tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer: a study from Japan.
Authors: T Hirayama
Journal: BMJ (1981)

In a study in 29 health centre districts in Japan 91 540 non-smoking wives aged 40 and above were followed up for 14 years (1966-79), and standardised mortality rates for lung cancer were assessed according to the smoking habits of their husbands. Wives of heavy smokers were found to have a higher risk of developing lung cancer and a dose-response relation was observed. The relation between the husband9s smoking and the wife9s risk of developing lung cancer showed a similar pattern when analysed by age and occupation of the husband. The risk was particularly great in agricultural families when the husbands were aged 40-59 at enrolment. The husbands9 smoking habit did not affect their wives9 risk of dying from other disease such as stomach cancer, cervical cancer, and ischaemic heart disease. The risk of developing emphysema and asthma seemed to be higher in non-smoking wives of heavy smokers but the effect was not statistically significant. The husband9s drinking habit seemed to have no effect on any causes of death in their wives, including lung cancer. These results indicate the possible importance of passive or indirect smoking as one of the causal factors of lung cancer. They also appear to explain the long-standing riddle of why many women develop lung cancer although they themselves are non-smokers. These results also cast doubt on the practice of assessing the relative risk of developing lung cancer in smokers by comparing them with non-smokers.
The Nature of the Association Between Childhood ADHD and the Development of Bipolar Disorder: A Review of Prospective High-Risk Studies
Authors: Anne Duffy
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2012)

The author reviewed prospective longitudinal studies of the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder to inform our understanding of the nature of the association between childhood ADHD and the risk of developing bipolar disorder in adolescence and young adulthood.A literature review of published prospective cohort studies of the offspring of bipolar parents since 1985 was undertaken using a comprehensive search strategy in several electronic databases. The author provides a qualitative synthesis of results focusing on ADHD and the association with bipolar disorder in prospectively assessed high-risk offspring. These results are discussed in light of findings from other prospective epidemiological and clinical cohort studies.From the reviewed high-risk studies, evidence suggests that the clinical diagnosis of childhood ADHD is not a reliable predictor of the development of bipolar disorder. However, the author found evidence that symptoms of inattention may be part of a mixed clinical presentation during the early stages of evolving bipolar disorder in high-risk offspring, appearing alongside anxiety and depressive symptoms. The author also found preliminary evidence that childhood ADHD may form part of a neurodevelopmental phenotype in offspring at risk for developing a subtype of bipolar disorder unresponsive to lithium stabilization.While childhood ADHD does not appear to be part of the typical developmental illness trajectory of bipolar disorder, subjective problems with attention can form part of the early course, while neurodevelopmental abnormalities may be antecedents in a subgroup of high-risk children.
Medical Practice in the Competitive Market
Authors: Philip R. Alper
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1987)

Four medical student preceptees were sitting opposite me when my office telephone rang. The daughter of a patient was calling to ask me to write a letter to her father's health plan. I had discovered acute myelogenous leukemia while treating her 54-year-old father for a sprained back, and the physician (and hospital) to whom I had referred him for intensive chemotherapy had told her that they had no contract with the patient's health plan. Consequently, he might have no insurance coverage for the expected six weeks of hospitalization that would determine whether he would live or die.Grimly, I dictated . . .
PTU-119 Histopathology and Long Term Clinical Prognosis in HCV. does the Biopsy still have anything to Add?
Authors: M White, J John, R E Swann, E Thomson, P Mills
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Hepatitis C (HCV) was first characterised in 1989 and most UK sufferers are infected in early adulthood. While a cirrhosis rate of 20% over 20 years is often quoted, life-long outcomes and factors predicting these are not fully defined. With increasing availability of noninvasive markers of fibrosis, liver biopsy is now rarely performed at diagnosis. This study aims to explore the value of baseline liver biopsy in determining long-term clinical prognosis. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients were identified from a historical HCV study cohort (n = 202) at one centre who had a diagnostic liver biopsy at baseline (between 1984 and 2004) and available follow up data. Clinical and histologic data were recorded. Kaplan-Meier plots of time to cirrhosis and multivariate Cox regression were performed. <h3>Results</h3> 146 patients had adequate follow up data. The mean duration of follow up from presumed date of infection was 22 (SD 8.51) years with a mean follow up from biopsy of 10 years (SD 5.3). The majority of patients were male 90 (62%) and had been infected through IV drug use 81 (55%). 58 patients (40%) had Genotype 1 infection. From baseline biopsies, 44 (30%) had moderate and 12 (8%) severe steatosis. 93 (64%) had Ishak fibrosis scores of 0 or 1 at baseline, 34 (23%) 2–3 and 10 (7%) 4–5. 9 patients (6%) had cirrhosis at baseline. A total of 31 (21%) developed clinical cirrhosis during follow up. From these, 11 decompensated and 5 developed hepatocellular carcinoma. Factors associated with shorter time to cirrhosis were later age at diagnosis (HR: 1.08, 95%CI 1.03–1.13) and increasing Ishak fibrosis score (HR: 2.13, 95%CI 1.59–2.85). The 10 year cirrhosis free survival from baseline biopsy was 93% for Ishak fibrosis scores of 0 or 1, compared with 78% and 27% for scores 2&amp;3 and 4&amp;5 respectively (see Fig 1.). 95 (65%) patients were treated, of whom 64 (67%) achieved a sustained virological response (SVR) with standard treatment. History of alcohol excess, genotype 1 and severe steatosis were significant negative predictors of SVR. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The rate of cirrhosis was similar to that expected over a 20 year period. Higher baseline fibrosis scores were associated with earlier development of cirrhosis and steatosis was a negative predictor of SVR. Overall, important prognostic information is available from initial diagnostic biopsies and may be useful in determining timing of treatment. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared
Fish oil has protective and therapeutic effects on proteinuria in passive Heymann nephritis
Authors: Wolfgang J. Weise, Yasuhiro Natori, Jerrold S. Levine, Yvonne M. O'Meara, Andrew W. Minto, Eric C. Manning, D. Jordi Goldstein, Dale R. Abrahamson, David J. Salant
Journal: Kidney International (1993)
A New and Highly Prognostic System to Discern T1 Bladder Cancer Substage
Authors: Bas W.G. van Rhijn, Theo H. van der Kwast, Sultan S. Alkhateeb, Neil E. Fleshner, Geert J.L.H. van Leenders, Peter J. Bostrom, Madelon N.M. van der Aa, David M. Kakiashvili, Chris H. Bangma, Michael A.S. Jewett, Alexandre R. Zlotta
Journal: European Urology (2011)
FADD/MORT1 and Caspase-8 Are Recruited to TRAIL Receptors 1 and 2 and Are Essential for Apoptosis Mediated by TRAIL Receptor 2
Authors: Martin R Sprick, Markus A Weigand, Eva Rieser, Charles T Rauch, Peter Juo, John Blenis, Peter H Krammer, Henning Walczak
Journal: Immunity (2000)
An Annotated Algorithm Approach to Clinical Guideline Development
Authors: David C. Hadorn
Journal: JAMA (1992)

The Urinary Incontinence in Adults Guideline Panel facilitated the ready elucidation of its guideline's management recommendations through the use of an annotated algorithm approach. The algorithms created as part of this guideline differ from previous algorithms in two ways: (1) they employ systematic annotation to link explicitly the algorithms' recommendations to the literature, and (2) they contain patient counseling and decision nodes to depict the major preference-dependent decision or branch points in the algorithm. We believe that these two innovations can help ensure the clinical validity of guidelines' algorithms while preserving appropriate clinical flexibility and respecting patient preferences. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1992;267:3311-3314)
A role for CD47 in the development of experimental colitis mediated by SIRPα+CD103− dendritic cells
Authors: Genevieve Fortin, Marianne Raymond, Vu Quang Van, Manuel Rubio, Patrick Gautier, Marika Sarfati, Denis Franchimont
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2009)

Mesenteric lymph node (mLN) CD103 (αE integrin)+ dendritic cells (DCs) induce regulatory T cells and gut tolerance. However, the function of intestinal CD103− DCs remains to be clarified. CD47 is the ligand of signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) and promotes SIRPα+ myeloid cell migration. We first show that mucosal CD103− DCs selectively express SIRPα and that their frequency was augmented in the lamina propria and mLNs of mice that developed Th17-biased colitis in response to trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. In contrast, the percentage of SIRPα+CD103− DCs and Th17 responses were decreased in CD47-deficient (CD47 knockout [KO]) mice, which remained protected from colitis. We next demonstrate that transferring wild-type (WT), but not CD47 KO, SIRPα+CD103− DCs in CD47 KO mice elicited severe Th17-associated wasting disease. CD47 expression was required on the SIRPα+CD103− DCs for efficient trafficking to mLNs in vivo, whereas it was dispensable on both DCs and T cells for Th17 polarization in vitro. Finally, administration of a CD47-Fc molecule resulted in reduced SIRPα+CD103− DC–mediated Th17 responses and the protection of WT mice from colitis. We thus propose SIRPα+CD103− DCs as a pathogenic DC subset that drives Th17-biased responses and colitis, and the CD47–SIRPα axis as a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease.
HLA-H mutations in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: P. Ferenci, Ch. Datz, L. Kazemi-Shirazi, W. Hackl, Th. Maier-Dobersberger, C. Polli, K. Kaserer, Ch. Österreicher, P. Steindl, F. Wrba, E. Penner
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1998)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Clinical Analysis
Authors: George E. Ehrlich
Journal: JAMA (1976)

We have come to expect from James Fries computer analyses of consummate clinical value. This short book does not disappoint; it surely must be essential reading for anyone who contemplates treating even one patient who may have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A summary of the various symptoms and signs ascribed to this disorder and the frequency of their occurrence comprises the largest portion of this book. From the standpoint of epidemiology, this is important information. In a single patient, it has less importance, for it can only suggest the probability that a given symptom is part of the syndrome, and this, in a given patient, is an all-or-none proposition. But the authors do not stop there. They analyze every single symptom in terms of its prognostic importance, and here they provide information not available elsewhere or, if available, only by a diligent search of all that has been written. Chapter
Renal Tubular Dysfunction in Chronic Alcohol Abuse -- Effects of Abstinence
Authors: Sergio De Marchi, Emanuela Cecchin, Antonio Basile, Alessandra Bertotti, Renato Nardini, Ettore Bartoli
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

Alcohol abuse may be accompanied by a variety of disorders of electrolyte and acid-base metabolism. The role of the kidney in the pathogenesis of these disturbances is obscure. We sought to evaluate the alcohol-induced abnormalities of renal function and improvement during abstinence and to assess the relation between renal dysfunction and electrolyte and acid-base disorders.We measured biochemical constituents of blood and renal function before and after four weeks of abstinence in 61 patients with chronic alcoholism who had little or no liver disease.On admission, 18 patients (30 percent) had hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia, 13 patients (21 percent) had hypocalcemia, and 8 patients (13 percent) had hypokalemia. Twenty-two patients (36 percent) had a variety of simple and mixed acid-base disorders. Twenty of these patients had metabolic acidosis, and among them, 80 percent had alcoholic acidosis. A wide range of defects in renal tubular function, with normal glomerular filtration rate, were detected in these patients. The defects included decreases in the threshold and maximal reabsorptive ability for glucose (38 percent of patients) and in the renal threshold for phosphate excretion (36 percent); increases in the fractional excretion of beta 2-microglobulin (38 percent), uric acid (12 percent), calcium (23 percent), and magnesium (21 percent); and aminoaciduria (38 percent). Seventeen patients (28 percent) had a defect in tubular acidification, and five an impairment in urinary concentrating ability. Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and alanine aminopeptidase were increased in 41 and 34 percent of patients, respectively. The abnormalities of blood chemistry and renal tubular function disappeared after four weeks of abstinence.Transient defects in renal tubular function are common in patients with chronic alcoholism and may contribute to their abnormalities of serum electrolyte and blood acid-base profiles.
Expression Levels of Co-Regulators in Early Breast Cancer.
Authors: M. Spears, J. Pedraza, J. Thomas, G. Kerr, W. Kerr, F. Campbell, L. McKay, I. Kunkler, D. Cameron, U. Chetty, J. Bartlett
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Introduction: The p160 (SRC) family of estrogen receptor (ER) co-activators have important implications in tamoxifen resistance. The SRC family play a central role in ER mediated transcription. There are three family members; SRC-1, SRC-2 and AIB1. AIB1 is amplified in 5-10% of human breast cancers. SRC-1 expression is associated with HER2 expression, increased risk of recurrence and insensitivity to endocrine treatment. Co-factors interact with the ER and basal transcriptional machine to activate or repress ER-mediated transcription. To investigate the role of ER and its co-factors in breast cancer we have carried out quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) to measure the relative expression of ERa and its co-factors.Methods: In this study we examined patients which were untreated or treated with chemotherapy or hormonal therapy following breast conservation surgery. RNA was extracted from 340 early breast cancer specimens from the Edinburgh Breast Conserving Surgery cohort (BCS). The BCS is a fully documented consectutive cohort of breast cancers treated by conservation surgery, axillary node sampling or clearance, and whole breast radiotherapy between 1981-1998. Clinico-pathological features and complete follow up (duration &amp;gt;10 years) is available for this cohort. qRT-PCR was carried out using primers for ER, SRC-1, SRC-2, AIB1, NCoR1 and SMRT.Results: This study demonstrated SRC-1 expression to be negatively correlated with both SRC-2 and AIB1 expression. SRC-1 expression was also negatively correlated with the co-repressors NCoR1 and SMRT expression. There was a strong correlation between the co-repressors, NCoR1 and SMRT and the co-activators SRC-2 and AIB1. Relapse-free survival (RFS) was estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves. Patients who had high expression of all three co-activators had reduced relapse-free survival (HR: 2.15 95%C.I. 1.175-3.921, p=0.01). No significant association was noted with overall survival. Exploratory subgroup analysis was under powered and showed no significant association with outcome.Conclusion: In conclusion, our study of expression levels of ER and its cofactors by quantitative RT-PCR in breast cancer samples revealed a correlation between the co-factors and co-repressors. These findings would suggest that ER and cofactors may play a synergistic role in the development and progression of breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2127.
SOME FEATURES OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MEDICINE DURING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: A. STUART M. CHISHOLM
Journal: JAMA (1913)

It must not be forgotten that in medicine as in all progressive, and especially in all intellectually progressive, pursuits any distinct period of time is the offspring of the previous and the parent of the succeeding period. Ideas have come over into it from its predecessors and have been transmitted with a variable increment of development to its successors. In this way the seventeenth century is the child of the sixteenth and the parent of the eighteenth century. In searching for a vital point about which the achievements of this period may group themselves; in seeking the one great fact that distinguishes the seventeenth century from those that preceded it and those that followed it, there can be little hesitation in acknowledging the theory of the circulation of the blood to be the most important contribution to medical science during this period. Prior to the discovery of Harvey, there had
Knee pain interventions show no net gain
Authors: James M Noon
Journal: BMJ (2006)

How doctors' anonymity in family courts is under threat Gornall is way out of dateEditor-Gornall is embarrassingly out of date in his detailed analysis of the B case (which was dealt with by the family courts nearly three years ago), and its relevance to proposed changes in the law to make the English family court system more transparent. 1 Since then, notwithstanding the ever increasingly exaggerated claims from some quarters that opening the family courts would harm children and deter court experts, the courts themselves are acknowledging the need for English family courts to do their business in the more transparent way that courts in Canada, Australia, and of course Scotland have done without apparent difficulty for years.Several High Court judgments have recorded judicial support for more openness to increase public confidence, and Gornall fails to mention that the president and many of his senior judges are in favour of change in this direction.In a landmark case which was decided on 3 November, Munby J agreed that an ongoing case where parents dispute expert evidence that they injured their child should be open to the media.The local authority concerned issued a "position statement" to the press and the reporting in the Times, Guardian, and the Mail on Sunday set out both sides' cases, as did the broadcasting media.A BBC "Real Story" programme on the case allowed a senior official from the local authority ample time to put their case.No vilification of any experts involved was reported.It is likely that more judges will follow Munby J's example and more public interest cases will be opened to the media pending any change in the law.Will the skies fall in?I doubt it, but your readers can judge for themselves.Hopefully they will understand that in complex childcare cases where expert evidence may be tenuous and the stakes for children are very high, public debate can stimulate awareness of the problems faced by all professionals involved in child protection.It's difficult getting the balance right, but doing it in secret doesn't help.
Compulsory Premarital Screening for HIV
Authors: Marianne C. Fahs
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Cleary et al<sup>1</sup>argue strongly against compulsory premarital screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity. Yet in citing an economic rationale, they rest their excellent technical and public health analysis on false grounds. According to Cleary et al, "the financial and opportunity costs of a national screening program would be enormous, probably exceeding $100 million annually." This expenditure is expected to prevent the transmission of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to 1150 adults and 250 newborns, "a small yield" in the authors' words. The weakness of their economic argument is exposed by proceeding to calculate a cost-benefit analysis. The most rigorous economic analysis presented so far calculates that this disease costs society more than $240 000 per victim.<sup>2</sup>It follows that the net benefit associated with the compulsory screening program detailed by Cleary et al is a<i>savings</i>of more than $160 000 for every life
Postdoctoral Research Training of Full-Time Faculty in Academic Departments of Medicine
Authors: Gerald S. Levey
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

This report shows the results of a survey of 5604 faculty in departments of medicine, 4200 of whom had postdoctoral research training. As a follow-up to a previous study of research activity in the same population, this retrospective survey focused on location of training, source of funding, structure of the training program, impact of the training experience on career development, and respondents' recommendations for changes in training programs. A predominant finding is that most postdoctoral training occurred in medical schools, and the primary source of funding was the National Institutes of Health. For faculty members with the MD degree, being an active researcher and principal investigator for a peer-reviewed research grant were associated with length of training. The average length of time between the end of postdoctoral research training and obtaining the first peer-reviewed research grant was 24 months, regardless of length of training, source of training support, training site, or type of academic degree (MD, MD-PhD, or PhD). The results of this survey suggest a tentative formula to be a successful researcher in academic medicine: 2 or more years of postdoctoral research training, including formal course work in the fundamental sciences pertinent to biomedical research; 2 to 3 years of full research support from the academic institution until the first extramural grant is obtained; and commitment of at least 33% of time to research activities. The results also suggest directions for change and improvement in future research training programs.