tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Randomized Trial of Peginterferon alfa-2b and Ribavirin for 48 or 72 Weeks in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 and Slow Virologic Response
Authors: Maria Buti, Yoav Lurie, Natalia G. Zakharova, Natalia P. Blokhina, Andrzej Horban, Gerlinde Teuber, Christoph Sarrazin, Ligita Balciuniene, Saya V. Feinman, Rab Faruqi, Lisa D. Pedicone, Rafael Esteban
Journal: Hepatology (2010)

The benefit of extending treatment duration with peginterferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) from 48 weeks to 72 weeks for patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection has not been well established. In this prospective, international, open-label, randomized, multicenter study, 1,428 treatment-naïve patients from 133 centers were treated with PEG-IFN alfa-2b (1.5 μg/kg/week) plus RBV (800-1,400 mg/day). Patients with detectable hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA and a ≥2-log10 drop in HCV RNA levels at week 12 (slow responders) were randomized 1:1 to receive 48 weeks (n = 86) or 72 weeks (n = 73) of treatment. Sustained virologic response (SVR) rates were 43% in slow responders treated for 48 weeks and 48% in slow responders treated for 72 weeks ( P = 0.644). Relapse rates were similar in slow responders treated for 48 or 72 weeks (47% versus 33%, P = 0.169). The safety profile was similar in both treatment arms; serious adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment were observed in 3.5% of slow responders treated for 48 weeks and 8.2% of those treated for 72 weeks. Among slow responders with a &lt;2-log drop in HCV RNA at week 8, SVR was 39% in the 72-week arm and 19% in the 48-week arm. Conclusion: These data suggest that 48 weeks of therapy with PEG-IFN alfa-2b plus RBV (800-1,400 mg/day) should remain a standard-of-care treatment for treatment-naïve G1 slow responders. (Hepatology 2010)
Review: Prostate cancer screening using PSA does not decrease mortality
Authors: Roger Luckmann
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

ACP Journal Club18 January 2011Review: Prostate cancer screening using PSA does not decrease mortalityRoger Luckmann, MD, MPHRoger Luckmann, MD, MPHUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA (R.L.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-154-2-201101180-02002 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationDjulbegovic M, Beyth RJ, Neuberger MM, et al. Screening for prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2010;341:c4543. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20843937Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: References1 Hugosson J, Carlsson S, Aus G, et al. Mortality results from the Göteborg randomised population-based prostate-cancer screening trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:725-32. [PMID: 20598634] Google Scholar2 Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, et al. Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1320-8. [PMID: 19297566] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA (R.L.)This article was published at Annals.org on 4 January 2011. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 18 January 2011Volume 154, Issue 2Page: JC1-2KeywordsAge distributionAntigensCancer screeningProstate cancerRisk managementSystematic reviews ePublished: 18 January 2011 Issue Published: 18 January 2011 CopyrightCopyright © 2011 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Augmented tissue oxygen supply during striated muscle contraction in the hamster. Relative contributions of capillary recruitment, functional dilation, and reduced tissue PO2.
Authors: B Klitzman, D N Damon, R J Gorczynski, B R Duling
Journal: Circulation Research (1982)

To investigate the relative contributions of alterations in blood flow, capillary density, and tissue PO2 to elevated oxygen delivery in working muscle, we conducted experiments on the suffused hamster cremaster muscle, using in vivo microscopic techniques. Muscle PO2 was measured during striated muscle twitch contraction at 1 Hz. Tissue oxygenation was changed by using suffusion solutions equilibrated with 0%, 5%, 10%, 21%, or 50% oxygen. Contraction caused an increase in capillary density (capillary recruitment), whose magnitude was related to the equilibration gas and, thus, to the suffusate PO2. Capillary recruitment first increased as the oxygen content was raised, peaked with 10% oxygen, and then diminished with higher oxygen content. Arteriolar functional dilation was also observed; when oxygen was raised above 21%, dilation was decreased. The data suggest that oxygen supply is increased primarily by arteriolar conductance changes with low suffusion solution oxygen (0% to 5%), and by capillary recruitment and increased PO2 gradients above 10% oxygen. When vasomotor tone was increased by addition of norepinephrine to the suffusion medium, the changes observed were similar to those observed when oxygen was increased. Therefore, we propose that the altered microvascular responses during vasoconstriction are a function of vascular tone rather than the levels of tissue PO2. A model is proposed which may partially explain the relations among vascular tone, functional dilation, and capillary recruitment. Our data also suggest that tissue PO2 may not be precisely regulated about a narrowly defined set point in this striated muscle but that, instead, tissue PO2 is a dependent variable controlled by the integrated effects of capillary recruitment, functional vasodilation, and altered metabolism.
Involvement of thromboxane A2, leukotrienes and free radicals in puromycin nephrosis in rats
Authors: Yumiko Shibouta, Zen-ichi Terashita, Yoshimi Imura, Akio Shino, Masaki Kawamura, Kayoko Ohtsuki, Shigenori Ohkawa, Kohei Nishikawa, Yoshihiro Fujiwara
Journal: Kidney International (1991)
Sugar, not fat, is the culprit
Authors: D. C. G. Lim
Journal: BMJ (2013)

For decades, a diet high in fat (particularly, saturated fat) has been cited as the cause of cardiovascular disease.1 But not everything stacks up. Epidemiological studies of populations such as the Inuit, who traditionally survive almost entirely on animal food sources (and consume large amounts of saturated fat) have a very low incidence of cardiovascular disease. By demonising …
Computer analysis of intraluminal pressure records.
Authors: J J Misiewicz, S L Waller, M J Healy, E A Piper
Journal: Gut (1968)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine with potent deactivating properties on macrophages and T cells and plays an important role in atherosclerotic plaque maturation and rupture. A guanine (G) to adenine (A) substitution in the IL-10 gene at -1082bp (rs1800896) has been associated with reduced in IL-10 production in vitro. We aimed to test the association of IL-10 -1082G/A with early or severe presentation of coronary artery disease (CAD) using a systematic review and updated meta-analysis of published association studies. <h3>Methods</h3> Relevant studies were identified following a comprehensive online search on PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Scopus databases and stratified into two groups based on mode of CAD presentation: early or severe and non-severe. Study level odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using random effects employing a Z test. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 24 studies were included for quantitative synthesis with a sample of 19,135 (11,143 cases/7,992 controls). A significant association was derived for IL-10 -1082G/A and early or severe CAD via dominant, recessive, and allelic genetic model comparisons [OR 1.24 (95% CI 1.02, 1.50), p= 0.03; OR 1.32 (95% CI 1.03, 1.69), p= 0.03 and OR 1.18 (95% CI 1.02, 1.36), p= 0.02 respectively]. In contrast, no significant association was seen for the pooled group or non-severe CAD (p= NS). Sensitivity analysis was performed for both subgroups across all three genetic model comparisons. Sensitivity analysis was performed where studies were excluded one after another, and the analysis was repeated after each omission. In the early or severe CAD subgroup, lower bound of the 95% CI generally remained over 1.0, indicating no significant deviation from the main association. (Figure 1, Panel A) Similarly, we observed consistency for the non-severe CAD subgroup, which remained non-significant after each omission. (Figure 1, Panel B). <h3>Conclusions</h3> IL-10 -1082G/A appears to be associated with early or severe presentation of CAD. Further studies are warranted to confirm this association.
Over the counter antibiotics
Authors: J. Hollis-Triantafillou
Journal: BMJ (1996)

“She's had a really high temperature for five days now doctor,” said my patient's husband anxiously over the phone, “and the cough's getting worse even though she's taking this thing called Amoxil that the pharmacist gave her—”

“It's not a thing called Amoxil,” I interrupted nastily, “it's an antibiotic and probably inappropriate in your wife's case but I'll be round to see her as soon as possible.”

We are in the throes of a flu epidemic, and although I have had many similar calls over the past few weeks I get just as furious every time. Antibiotics, along with most other drugs, are available without prescription, on demand …
DIABETES MORTALITY IN NEW YORK CITY DURING THE THIRTY-YEAR PERIOD 1901-1931
Authors: GODIAS J. DROLET
Journal: JAMA (1933)

In 1901 there were 501 deaths from diabetes recorded in New York City; in 1931, nearly four times as many, namely, 1,921 deaths, even though insulin had been available for a decade. True, during these thirty years, New York's population has materially increased; in fact, doubled from three and a half millions to seven millions. Secondly, in that metropolitan center is included an unusually large proportion of Jews, with their higher susceptibility to diabetes, who are estimated to total now nearly two millions, or almost 30 per cent of the entire city. Thirdly, there has also to be taken into consideration the fact that—with the decreasing birth rate, 24 per thousand in 1901 and only 16 in 1931, along with the more effective control of infectious diseases, especially among children, and of tuberculosis, more prevalent among younger adults—the composition or age distribution of the population has been materially altered; or,
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gold fiducial marker placement for intraoperative identification of insulinoma
Authors: J. Ramesh, J. Porterfield, S. Varadarajulu
Journal: Endoscopy (2012)

Insulinomas are the most common functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm, comprising 30 % – 45 % of these tumors. Although laparoscopic resection is safe, minimally invasive, and is associated with shorter length of hospital stay, tumor localization at surgery can be challenging. We describe endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fiducial placement as a new technique for intraoperative localization of pancreatic insulinoma.
Oncogenes and Cancer
Authors: Carlo M. Croce
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

This review — the first in a series concerning the biology of cancer — is a comprehensive survey of oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and microRNA genes in cancer cells. Work on the recently discovered microRNA genes in malignant cells has revealed new complexities in the regulation of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes and new opportunities for the treatment of cancer.
Fish Consumption May Limit the Damage of Smoking on the Lung: From the Authors
Authors: Dan S. Sharp, Po-Huang Chyou, J. David Curb
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

"Fish Consumption May Limit the Damage of Smoking on the Lung: From the Authors." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 151(5_pt_1), pp. 1688–1689
The Effect of Thyroid Hormone on Skeletal Integrity
Authors: Susan L. Greenspan
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Background: Thyroid disease and osteoporosis are common problems often managed by primary care physicians. Despite many studies, confusion still exists about the effect of thyroid hormone on skeletal health. Purpose: To review evidence on the effect of thyroid hormone (from hyperthyroidism, exogenous or endogenous suppression of thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], and thyroid hormone replacement therapy) on skeletal integrity. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search of papers published between 1966 and 1997. Data Selection: Cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies, and meta-analyses that had appropriate control groups (patients matched for age, sex, and menopausal status), made comparisons with established databases, or defined thyroid state by TSH level or thyroid hormone dose were reviewed. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Data synthesis was not straightforward because of changes in doses and types of thyroid hormone preparations; changes in definitions of thyroid hormone replacement therapy and suppressive therapies; problems with study design; differences in skeletal sites assessed (hip, spine, forearm, or heel) and techniques used to measure bone mineral density; and inclusion of heterogenous and changing thyroid disease states. Overall, hyperthyroidism and use of thyroid hormone to suppress TSH because of thyroid cancer, goiters, or nodules seem to have an adverse effect on bone, especially in postmenopausal women; the largest effect is on cortical bone. Thyroid hormone replacement seems to have a minimal clinical effect on bone. Conclusion: Women with a history of hyperthyroidism or TSH suppression by thyroid hormone should have skeletal status assessed by bone mineral densitometry, preferably at a site containing cortical bone, such as the hip or forearm.
Death of a heart surgeon: reflections on press accounts of the murder of Victor Chang.
Authors: D Lupton, S Chapman
Journal: BMJ (1991)

foundation chair in hygiene.At the outbreak of the American Civil War she organised the National Sanitary Aid Institute and chaired a registration com- mittee for the training and deployment of nurses.Although Elizabeth remained single throughout her life, she adopted a 7 year old orphan.*When Elizabeth thought that her various American enterprises were able to fend for themselves she settled in the south of England in Hastings
Rapid Resolution of Spleen Scan Changes After Trauma
Authors: SHAMIL MORAYATI, VIDYA V. SAGAR, NABIL F. WARSAL, DENNIS MARTENZ
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1983)

MORAYATI, SHAMIL M.D.; SAGAR, VIDYA V. M.D.; WARSAL, NABIL F. M.D.; MARTENZ, DENNIS B.S., CNMT Author Information
Estimated annual numbers of US acute‐care hospital patients at risk for venous thromboembolism
Authors: Frederick A. Anderson, Maxim Zayaruzny, John A. Heit, Dogan Fidan, Alexander T. Cohen
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2007)

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major US health problem. However, the total number of US inpatients who are at risk for VTE is unknown. Our objective was to estimate the number of US acute-care hospital inpatients who were at risk for VTE according to criteria established by the Seventh American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) Consensus Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy guidelines for VTE prevention. Using the 2003 Nationwide Inpatient Sample from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), patient diagnoses and procedures were examined to identify major surgery patients (age > or = 18 years, length of hospital stay > or = 2 days) and medical patients (age > or = 40 years, length of hospital stay > or = 2 days). ACCP guidelines were used to estimate the number of surgical and medical patients at risk of developing VTE. Of an estimated 38,220,659 discharges in 2003, 7,786,390 (20%) were surgical inpatients; 44% of which were at low risk for VTE, while 15%, 24%, and 17% were at moderate, high, and very high risk for VTE, respectively. Of the remaining 15,161,586 medical patients, 7,742,419 (51%) met ACCP VTE risk criteria. Over 12 million patients, comprising 31% of US hospital discharges in 2003, were at risk of VTE. Given the existence of internationally-accepted evidence-based guidelines for prevention of VTE, research is required to establish if this patient population is receiving recommended VTE prophylaxis.
Geography Matters: Relationships among Urban Residential Segregation, Dialysis Facilities, and Patient Outcomes
Authors: Rudolph A. Rodriguez, Saunak Sen, Kala Mehta, Sandra Moody-Ayers, Peter Bacchetti, Ann M. O'Hare
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2007)

Background: End-stage renal disease disproportionately affects black Americans. However, the impact of residential segregation by race—a prominent feature of many U.S. cities—on outcomes of patients receiving dialysis and on facility performance has not been evaluated. Objective: To examine the relationship among racial composition of ZIP codes in metropolitan areas, outcomes of patients receiving dialysis, and characteristics of dialysis facilities. Design: Retrospective cohort study of patients receiving dialysis and cross-sectional study of dialysis facilities. Setting: U.S. metropolitan ZIP codes with differing percentages of black residents. Patients: Black and non-Hispanic white patients who initiated long-term dialysis between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2002 (n = 399 424) and dialysis facilities in operation in December 2004 (n = 3244). Measurements: Mortality and time to transplantation among patients receiving dialysis, and performance of dialysis facilities on the basis of quality indicators (anemia management, dialysis adequacy, and facility-level mortality rates). Results: Most black patients (50.3%) but few white patients (5%) lived in the 3% (n = 769) of ZIP codes in which most residents were black. In analyses adjusted for patient and ZIP code characteristics, mortality rates were higher among white patients but not among black patients living in areas with a higher percentage of black residents (adjusted hazard ratio for ZIP codes with ≥75% black residents vs. <10% black residents, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.07 to 1.21] for white patients and 1.02 [CI, 0.99 to 1.06] for black patients). Time to transplantation was longer among both black and white patients (adjusted hazard ratio for ZIP codes with ≥75% black residents vs. <10% black residents, 0.84 [CI, 0.78 to 0.92] and 0.63 [CI, 0.57 to 0.71] for black patients and white patients, respectively). Dialysis facilities located in areas with a higher percentage of black residents were more likely to have higher-than-expected mortality rates and were less likely to meet performance targets. Limitations: Patient-level analyses were restricted to black and non-Hispanic white patients. Patient-level and facility-level analyses focused only on the percentage of black residents in each ZIP code. Conclusions: The racial composition of urban residential areas is associated with time to transplantation and dialysis facility performance on standard quality measures. Closer scrutiny of care provided to patients receiving dialysis who live in predominantly black residential areas and to dialysis facilities operating in these areas may be warranted.
Driving after Ventricular Arrhythmias
Authors: Timothy W. Smith
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

Many Americans consider driving a basic necessity for everyday life. Yet driving is an activity that is inherently dangerous both to the driver and to others. Society must therefore restrict driving privileges only to those who are able to drive without placing themselves and others at risk. We achieve this goal by requiring drivers to demonstrate an acceptable ability to operate an automobile.What about patients with cardiac arrhythmias who are at risk of losing consciousness while driving if an arrhythmia recurs? For patients who have had an episode of ventricular tachyarrhythmia, treatment often involves the implantation of a cardioverter–defibrillator, . . .
The perfused liver is capable of producing all transferrin glycan variants found in the sera of intact rats
Authors: Wei-Li Hu, Paul A. Chindemi, Erwin Regoeczi
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

The single oligosaccharide attachment in rat transferrin exhibits marked structural microheterogeneity. In this study we examined whether all microheterogeneous forms of rat transferrin found in plasma are derived from a single organ, such as the liver. To this end we analyzed the glycans of rat transferrin synthesized by the isolated perfused rat liver by a method established earlier for rat transferrin isolated from rat plasma. Our observations provide evidence that the liver can and does produce all variant rat transferrin glycans present in plasma. However, this discovery does not preclude the possibility that extrahepatic sources with an active rat transferrin gene may contribute to the circulation rat transferrin molecules, which bear glycan variants identical to those made by the liver. The glycan spectra of rat transferrin in plasma and in liver perfusate compared closely with each other in a quantitative sense. Nevertheless, rat transferrin in the perfusate was sialylated to a lesser extent and fucosylated to a greater extent than rat transferrin in plasma. These differences could not be eliminated by supplementation of the medium with insulin, dexamethasone, pyruvate and adenine or adenosine either alone or in combinations, nor could it be eliminated by use of a fluorocarbon O2 carrier. In contrast, epidermal growth factor normalized both parameters. The pH of the perfusing medium also influenced sialylation and fucosylation in such a way that higher pH brought these parameters closer to their values in plasma rat transferrin. Lower pH, on the other hand, reduced sialylation and left the fucosylation index unchanged. (HEPATOLOGY 1992;16:1049–1054.)
Negative effects of GM-CSF signaling in a murine model of t(8;21)–induced leukemia
Authors: Shinobu Matsuura, Ming Yan, Miao-Chia Lo, Eun-Young Ahn, Stephanie Weng, David Dangoor, Mahan Matin, Tsunehito Higashi, Gen-Sheng Feng, Dong-Er Zhang
Journal: Blood (2012)
Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma and Ectopic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Mediastinum
Authors: Doina Piciu, Andra Piciu, Alexandru Irimie
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma is defined as a papillary thyroid cancer measuring <10 mm in its largest diameter. We present the scan images of a 36-year-old white woman, with the diagnosis of an incidental papillary thyroid microcarcinoma of 2 mm developed from lymphatic thyroiditis, associated with an invasive papillary thyroid carcinoma with lymph node metastases occurring in an ectopic thyroid gland in the mediastinum. This case underlines the need to evaluate individually and carefully every patient with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, to accurately plan a therapeutic strategy.