tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mandatory Premarital HIV Testing: The Illinois Experience
Authors: Leo I. Stemp
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I strongly disagree with the conclusions of Dr Turnock and Mr Kelly<sup>1</sup>and Dr Joseph<sup>2</sup>regarding the results of the study on mandatory premarital testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Illinois. A 22% reduction in marriage licenses issued (which I presume is statistically significant compared with the numbers in previous years) is astounding, no matter how you look at it, and cannot simply be disregarded. If indeed the 22% reduction in marriage licenses in Illinois is actually due to the mandatory premarital testing for HIV, then it seems to me that the goal of public policy has in fact been achieved—that is, to alter public awareness and action. The fact that there was a corresponding increase in the rates in neighboring states makes the implications for<i>national</i>public health policy that much more significant and obvious. Whether national legislation mandating premarital HIV testing would
Neuropsychologic status at the age 4 years and atopy in a population‐based birth cohort
Authors: J. Julvez, M. Torrent, M. Guxens, J. M. Antó, S. Guerra, J. Sunyer
Journal: Allergy (2009)

Background: Mental health has been reported to be associated with allergy, but only a few cohort studies have assessed if neurodevelopment predicts atopy. Objective: To investigate if neurobehavioral status of healthy 4‐year‐old children was associated with specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) at the same age and skin prick test results 2 years later. Methods: A population‐based birth cohort enrolled 482 children, 422 of them (87%) provided neurobehavioral data, 341 (71%) had specific IgE measured at the age of 4 years; and 395 (82%) had skin prick tests completed at the age of 6 years. Atopy was defined as IgE levels higher than 0.35 kU/l to any of the three tested allergens at the age of 4 or as a positive skin prick test to any of the six tested allergens at the age of 6. McCarthy Scales of Child Abilities and California Preschool Social Competence Scale were the psychometric instruments used. Results: Twelve percent of children at the age of 4 and 17% at the age of 6 were atopic. Neurobehavioral scores were negatively associated with 6‐year‐old atopy after adjustment for socio‐demographic and allergic factors, A relative risk of 3.06 (95% CI: 1.30–7.24) was associated with the lowest tertile (scorings ≤90 points) of the general cognitive scale. Similar results were found for verbal abilities, executive functions, and social competence. Asthma, wheezing, rhinitis, and eczema at the age of 6, but not at the age of 4, were associated with neurodevelopment at the age of 4. Conclusions: Neuropsychologic functioning and later atopy are negatively associated in preschool age children.
Minimal Brain Dysfunction: Toward an Understanding Between School and Physician
Authors: Jerry Newton
Journal: JAMA (1976)

The pendulum of medical thinking is constantly swinging. In the past 15 to 20 years, many physicians throughout the United States have become actively involved in the interdisciplinary management of children with minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) and school learning problems. This trend has progressed to a degree that has caused a note of caution to be raised. Are physicians delving too far into the field of education? What is MBD? Before we lessen our involvement in this complicated medical-educational problem, let us remember a little history and reassess our position. Even though classical dyslexia was first described more than 75 years ago, only in the past 15 to 20 years have relatively large numbers of school children with normal intelligence and no readily detectable physical defects been identified as having specific learning disability. These are the children who, in many cases, have come to be classified as having MBD. From
Fetal serum β2-microglobulin predicts postnatal renal function in bilateral uropathies
Authors: Marc Dommergues, Françoise Muller, Sandrine Ngo, Patrick Hohlfeld, Jean-François Oury, Laurent Bidat, Dominique Mahieu-Caputo, Paul Sagot, Gilles Body, Romain Favre, Yves Dumez
Journal: Kidney International (2000)
Are all born equal? Incidence of febrile convulsions by season of birth.
Authors: Z Kurtz, C Peckham, E Ross
Journal: BMJ (1982)

<h3>Objective</h3> Despite a high number of the internationally produced and implemented clinical guidelines, the adherence with them is still low in healthcare. This study aimed at exploring the perspectives and experiences of senior doctors and nurses towards the barriers of adherence to diabetes guideline. <h3>Setting</h3> The Palestinian Primary Health Care-Ministry of Health (PHC-MoH) and Primary Health Care-United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (PHC- UNRWA) in Gaza Strip. <h3>Participants</h3> Individual face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 senior doctors and nurses who were purposefully selected. <h3>Methods</h3> Qualitative design was employed using the theoretical framework by Cabana <i>et al</i> to develop an interview guide. Semi-structural and audio-recorded interviews were conducted. Data were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. <h3>Results</h3> The key theme barriers identified by participants that emerged from the analysed data were in regard of the PHC-MoH lack reimbursement, lack of resources and lack of the guideline trustworthiness, and in regard of PHC-UNRWA the time constraints and the lack of the guideline trustworthiness. The two key subthemes elicited from the qualitative analysis were the outdated guideline and lack of auditing and feedback. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The analysis identified a wide range of barriers against the adherence to diabetes guideline within the PHC-MoH and PHC-UNRWA. The environmental-related and guideline-related barriers were the most prominent factors influencing the guideline adherence. Our study can inform the policy makers and senior managers to develop a tailored interventions that can target the elicited barriers through a multifaceted implementation strategy.
Hypocapnic but Not Metabolic Alkalosis Impairs Alveolar Fluid Reabsorption
Authors: Pavlos M. Myrianthefs, Arturo Briva, Emilia Lecuona, Vidas Dumasius, David H. Rutschman, Karen M. Ridge, George J. Baltopoulos, Jacob Iasha Sznajder
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Acid-base disturbances, such as metabolic or respiratory alkalosis, are relatively common in critically ill patients. We examined the effects of alkalosis (hypocapnic or metabolic alkalosis) on alveolar fluid reabsorption in the isolated and continuously perfused rat lung model. We found that alveolar fluid reabsorption after 1 hour was impaired by low levels of CO2 partial pressure (PCO2; 10 and 20 mm Hg) independent of pH levels (7.7 or 7.4). In addition, PCO2 higher than 30 mm Hg or metabolic alkalosis did not have an effect on this process. The hypocapnia-mediated decrease of alveolar fluid reabsorption was associated with decreased Na,K-ATPase activity and protein abundance at the basolateral membranes of distal airspaces. The effect of low PCO2 on alveolar fluid reabsorption was reversible because clearance normalized after correcting the PCO2 back to normal levels. These data suggest that hypocapnic but not metabolic alkalosis impairs alveolar fluid reabsorption. Conceivably, correction of hypocapnic alkalosis in critically ill patients may contribute to the normalization of lung ability to clear edema.
WATER METABOLISM IN HYPERTENSIVE RATS
Authors: Kurt A. Oster, Oscar Martinez
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1943)

The water intake in hypertensive rats was investigated. Rats made hypertensive by renal ischemia increased their water consumption by 75 per cent over the preoperative level. Polyuria was associated with this polydipsia and the independence of these occurrences from a number of other factors was demonstrated. It was found that the presence of a normal kidney exerted a compensatory influence which may mask either hypertension or polyuria or both. The appearance or exacerbation of the changes upon removal of the normal kidney, on the one hand, and the elimination or mitigation of the symptoms upon removal of the ischemic kidney on the other support the view that the changes observed cannot have been due to passive elimination of the kidney tissue by ischemia, but to active malfunction of the renal, and especially the tubular, mechanism upon withdrawal of oxygen. The view is put forward that polyuria is a primary sequel of ischemia rather than secondary to the intra- and extrarenal effects of hypertension. A number of concomitant observations are in harmony with this hypothesis.
Mutational Bias Affects Protein Evolution in Flowering Plants
Authors: H.-c. Wang
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2003)

Amino acid sequences from several thousand homologous gene pairs were compared for two plant genomes, Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana. The Arabidopsis genes all have similar G+C (guanine plus cytosine) contents, whereas their homologs in rice span a wide range of G+C levels. The results show that those rice genes that display increased divergence in their nucleotide composition (specifically, increased G+C content) showed a corresponding, predictable change in the amino acid compositions of the encoded proteins relative to their Arabidopsis homologs. This trend was not seen in a "control" set of rice genes that had nucleotide contents closer to their Arabidopsis homologs. In addition to showing an overall difference in the amino acid composition of the homologous proteins, we were also able to investigate the biased patterns of amino acid substitution since the divergence of these two species. We found that the amino acid exchange matrix was highly asymmetric when comparing the High G+C rice genes with their Arabidopsis homologs. Finally, we investigated the possible causes of this biased pattern of sequence evolution. Our results indicate that the biased pattern of protein evolution is the consequence, rather than the cause, of the corresponding changes in nucleotide content. In fact, there is an even more marked asymmetry in the patterns of substitution at synonymous nucleotide sites. Surprisingly, there is a very strong negative correlation between the level of nucleotide bias and the length of the coding sequences within the rice genome. This difference in gene length may provide important clues about the underlying mechanisms.
Scalene Node Metastases In Prostatic Cancer
Authors: Lino J. Arduino
Journal: JAMA (1970)

To the Editor.—  In a medical news item, ( 212 :251, 1970) in regard to the rarity of supraclavicular lymph node metastases in prostatic cancer, James J. Butler, MD, reported two patients with metastatically enlarged supraclavicular nodes in 100 consecutive admissions with prostatic cancer.  A study of routine bilateral scalene (supraclavicular) node biopsy in 194 patients with prostatic carcinoma ( J Urol  103 :458, 1970) investigated 128 consecutive (new) patients with stage 3 and 4 prostatic cancer over a period of 38 months, and 66 similar patients who had been under treatment for 6 months to five years, who also had a scalene node biopsy during the same period.  In 41 patients with stage 4 prostatic carcinoma there were 8 with palpable supraclavicular nodes which were positive on biopsy, and 13 more with nonpalpable nodes but showing microscopic metastatic cancer deposits. This gave an incidence of 51%. In stage 3, there were
The 5-Minute Clinical Consult—1994
Authors: John J. Massarelli
Journal: JAMA (1994)

The concept upon which this book is based is an excellent one: brief ("5minute"), tightly structured, entirely clinically oriented articles on a wide variety of conditions encountered in family practice, including obstetrics and pediatrics as well as adult medicine. It is written in almost telegraphic style. Each topic is presented either by a specialist in the area or by one or more nonacademic practitioners who presumably have considerable experience with their subject. One thousand topics are included, arranged alphabetically in two sections. In one section of 450 topics, the entries clustered in the back of the book are quite brief (closer to 1-minute consults), and most are little more than dictionary definitions. The 550 longer articles—each occupies two facing pages—are divided into six sections: basics, diagnosis, treatment, medications, follow-up, and miscellaneous. Each section is headed by a computer-like icon. References are usually to chapters of standard textbooks, and I could
LOCAL SPECIFIC THERAPY OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Fred W. Stewart
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1928)

1. With properly selected strains of Type II pneumococci, fatal meningitis may be produced by intrathecal infection in dogs. 2. The pathology of the disease differs from that produced by Type I pneumococci, at least with the strains employed. 3. Type II meningitis is characterized by early, very marked reactions, a very heavy fibrin exudation, and a tendency toward the rapid establishment of blocks. 4. Extreme vasodilatation and. hemorrhage are common. 5. The fibrinopurulent exudate tends to involve the walls and perivascular sheaths of deeply penetrating vessels, thereby causing thrombosis. 6. Thrombosis leads to foci of parenchymatous softening which, on subsequent infection, become brain abscesses. 7. The lateral venticles are a "point of election" for the luxuriant growth of pneumococci. Conversely there is evidence that Type II organisms tend somewhat to disappear from other regions, owing either to spontaneous phagocytosis or to filtration into the blood stream. The lateral ventricles, however, continually renew the supply. 8. Hydrocephalus occurs early-sometimes during the 2nd day of the disease. 9. Central myelitis is common and appears early in the disease. 10. Deep nerve cell lesions with necrosis and neuronophagia are encountered. Their pathology suggests a toxic source. 11. In most cases treatment has been impossible owing to severe early reactions, and only as a prophylactic has optochin-serum therapy any real value. It delays death, but has in no instance cured established disease in the dog. 12. Systemic generalization of Type II meningeal infection in the dog occurs, but it is rarely of sufficient extent to modify prognosis.
Controversies: does the CD4+ cell count reflect clinical efficacy?
Authors: S. Kinloch-de-Loes
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —The response by Drs Kinloch-de-Loës and colleagues to my Controversies reiterates the difficulty in knowing whether surrogate markers give a true insight into a clinical benefit. I maintain my premise that drug therapy should mimic the natural cellular immune responses associated with low viral RNA to control HIV and sustain a longterm asymptomatic course. Kinloch-de-Loës et al emphasized neutralizing antibodies, but these most likely have no effect on a clinical course: the cellular immune response is the major component in preventing progression to disease. My emphasis has been on approaches to increase this cellular immune activity, which can control HIV by a variety of mechanisms, particularly suppression of virus replication.<sup>1</sup>This comment, however, does not negate the conclusion by Kinloch-de-Loës et al (with which I agree) that a treatment regimen needs to be judged by its clinical effectiveness, not by any particular measure, although the reason for the effectiveness
Evaluation of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for species identification of Acinetobacter strains isolated from blood cultures
Authors: K. Kishii, K. Kikuchi, N. Matsuda, A. Yoshida, K. Okuzumi, Y. Uetera, H. Yasuhara, K. Moriya
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2013)
Orthopaedic surgery can transform the lives of adults with spasticity
Authors: R. T. Freeman, S. Pickard, S. Jarvis
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Surgery has a role in managing spasticity in adults.1 We run a monthly clinic for adult patients with spasticity after stroke, multiple sclerosis, brain injury, and cerebral palsy. Several surgical procedures improve the quality of such patients’ lives, including wrist fusions, …
NOTES ON A SERIES OF BRAIN TUMORS
Authors: Francis C. Grant
Journal: JAMA (1953)

The outcome of any surgical attack on an intracranial tumor depends on the cell type of the lesion and its position within the skull. Tumors composed of glial elements, the true brain tumors, have a much poorer prognosis than lesions with basic cell types that are fibroblastic, glandular, or vascular in origin. Tumors composed of these three types might well be termed intracranial rather than brain tumors, since their cell types are not those of the brain itself. Glial tumors tend to infiltrate the brain to a varying extent, and, for this reason, total extirpation is frequently impossible. Furthermore, since these tumors are invasive, the neurological deficits they produce are due to permanent brain damage and may persist even after the tumor has been extirpated. Nonglial tumors, on the other hand, do not invade the brain but force it to one side. A line of cleavage always exists between such
THE RELATION OF NEURASTHENIA TO INSANITY.
Authors: JOHN PUNTON
Journal: JAMA (1898)

The vast increase of our knowledge of the nervous system and its application to disease has been found to be most useful in the correction of certain former erroneous inferences. Hence a complete revolution has taken place in our knowledge of its pathologic states, which has also been the means of greatly enlarging the range of its organic lesions, at the same time materially limiting the scope and significance of its so-called functional affections. In spite of our grand success, however, in unraveling the secrets of the morbid changes in both structure and function of the neuron, much still remains to be done before we can successfully cross the Rubicon that separates organic lesions from those that are of purely functional origin. This uncertainty of our knowledge has led to the formation and maintenance of a false system of nomenclature which not only confuses but greatly hinders the progress of
Trials of streptokinase in severe acute ischaemic stroke
Authors: Eyal Shahar, PaulG. McGovern, Marc Hommel, Jean Pierre Boissel, GeoffreyA. Donnan, StephenM. Davis, BrianR. Chambers, PeterC. Gates, GraemeJ. Hankey, JohnJ. McNeil, David Rosen, EdwardG. Stewart-Wynne, RogerR. Tuck
Journal: The Lancet (1995)
Reply to Alexander I. Hinev's Letter to the Editor re: Martin C. Schumacher, Fiona C. Burkhard, George N. Thalmann, et al. Good Outcome for Patients with Few Lymph Node Metastases After Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy. Eur Urol 2008;54:344–52
Authors: Urs E. Studer
Journal: European Urology (2008)
The Oncofetal Protein IMP3: A Useful Marker to Predict Poor Clinical Outcome in Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung
Authors: Alessandro Del Gobbo, Valentina Vaira, Elena Guerini Rocco, Alessandro Palleschi, Gaetano Bulfamante, Dario Ricca, Stefano Fiori, Silvano Bosari, Stefano Ferrero
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2014)
Blood Pressure in the Unanesthetized Rat. I
Authors: FREDERICK OLMSTED, A. C. CORCORAN, IRVINE H. PAGE
Journal: Circulation (1951)

Methods of indirectly determining blood pressure in the rat are reviewed and their drawbacks noted. A new method is described which has the advantage of objectivity and provides permanent graphic record of each determination. The end point used is the reappearance of pulsation in the foot distal to a slowly deflating leg cuff. Application of the method is described and its use compared with tail plethysmography.
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Suppress Intracellular Calcium Mobilization and Membrane Current Induced by Lysophosphatidylcholine in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Keiko Yokoyama, Toshiyuki Ishibashi, Hiroshi Ohkawara, Junko Kimura, Isao Matsuoka, Takayuki Sakamoto, Kenji Nagata, Koichi Sugimoto, Sotaro Sakurada, Yukio Maruyama
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is known to increase intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in endothelial cells. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) on the increase in [Ca2+]i and membrane current induced by LPC.[Ca2+]i was determined in cultured human aortic endothelial cells by fura-2 assay, and membrane current was measured by whole-cell patch clamp. The [Ca2+]i increase induced by LPC was abolished by inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC). Statins markedly decreased the [Ca2+]i increase caused by LPC. This suppressive effect was quickly reversed by geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) and was mimicked by inhibitors of Rho and Rho kinase. LPC induced the translocation of the GTP-bound active form of RhoA into membranes within 1 minute as determined by a pull-down assay and reduced the levels of RhoA in the cytoplasm, indicating that LPC quickly increases the GTP/GDP ratio of RhoA and induces membrane translocation. Statins prevented the GTP/GDP exchange of RhoA and its membrane translocation from the cytoplasm caused by LPC, and these effects of statins were reversed by GGPP. The responses of RhoA activation to statins and GGPP concurred with their effects on Ca2+ mobilization. LPC also induced a nonselective cation current after a lag. Statins prolonged the lag and decreased the current amplitude, and GGPP abolished the inhibitory effect on the current.LPC induced Ca2+ mobilization and membrane current via a Rho activation-dependent PLC pathway in endothelial cells, and statins blocked these effects by preventing the GGPP-dependent lipid modification of Rho. The present study implicates Rho in LPC stimulation of Ca2+ movement.
Patterned Activity, Synaptic Convergence, and the NMDA Receptor in Developing Visual Pathways
Authors: M Constantine-Paton, H T Cline, E Debski
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (1990)

The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Its ...Read More