tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Website of the week: The information gap
Authors: A. Vass
Journal: BMJ (2001)

www.scidev.net was launched last week to bridge the divide between knowledge rich developed countries and the knowledge poor developing world. Sponsored by the journals Nature and Science, the site was created on the premise that “those who stand to benefit most from modern science and technology tend to be those who have least access to information.”

Over the past few years there has been increasing recognition of impact of the knowledge gap on developing countries. To this end free access to medical research published by the BMJ has been possible via bmj.com since 1995. All 23 specialist journals published by the BMJ Publishing Group are currently available free of charge to 44 low income nations and there are plans to extend this access to 34 lower middle income countries. Earlier this year six of the world's leading medical publishers signed a “statement of intent” to provide free access to scientific information for more than 100 of the poorest countries in the world (BMJ 2001;323:65).

Against this background, scidev.net is now the first website dedicated to the needs of the developing world. It reports and discusses aspects of science and technology that are relevant to sustainable development and specific to the needs of developing countries. Each week up to four full length research articles from each of the journals Science and Nature are posted on the site. There is also a news section on development related scientific and policy issues, and in depth dossiers are being created on topics such as gene cloning, climate change, and malaria.

The site—funded by UK, Swedish, and Canadian development agencies—also advertises job opportunities and international meetings. Links are available to funding agencies, and other development agencies. Overall the site gives the feel of being a forum where connections are made, ideas exchanged, and information shared. Together with the changes in publishing, it shows how the electronic revolution could help to abolish the information gap.
Pathologic Diagnosis of Advanced Lung Cancer Based on Small Biopsies and Cytology: A Paradigm Shift
Authors: William D. Travis, Natasha Rekhtman, Gregory J. Riley, Kim R. Geisinger, Hisao Asamura, Elisabeth Brambilla, Kavita Garg, Fred R. Hirsch, Masayuki Noguchi, Charles A. Powell, Valerie W. Rusch, Giorgio Scagliotti, Yasushi Yatabe
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
Evolution of Critical Care Cardiology: Transformation of the Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit and the Emerging Need for New Medical Staffing and Training Models
Authors: David A. Morrow, James C. Fang, Dan J. Fintel, Christopher B. Granger, Jason N. Katz, Frederick G. Kushner, Jeffrey T. Kuvin, Jose Lopez-Sendon, Dorothea McAreavey, Brahmajee Nallamothu, Robert Lee Page, Joseph E. Parrillo, Pamela N. Peterson, Chris Winkelman
Journal: Circulation (2012)
Novel Dual Inhibitory Function Aptamer–siRNA Delivery System for HIV-1 Therapy
Authors: Jiehua Zhou, Haitang Li, Shirley Li, John Zaia, John J Rossi
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2008)

The successful use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for therapeutic purposes requires safe and efficient delivery to specific cells and tissues. In this study, we demonstrate cell type–specific delivery of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) siRNAs through fusion to an anti-gp120 aptamer. The envelope glycoprotein is expressed on the surface of HIV-1-infected cells, allowing binding and internalization of the aptamer–siRNA chimeric molecules. We demonstrate that the anti-gp120 aptamer–siRNA chimera is specifically taken up by cells expressing HIV-1 gp120, and that the appended siRNA is processed by Dicer; this releases an anti-tat/rev siRNA which, in turn, inhibits HIV replication. We show for the first time a dual functioning aptamer–siRNA chimera in which both the aptamer and the siRNA portions have potent anti-HIV activities. We also show that gp120 expressed on the surface of HIV-infected cells can be used for aptamer-mediated delivery of anti-HIV siRNAs. The successful use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for therapeutic purposes requires safe and efficient delivery to specific cells and tissues. In this study, we demonstrate cell type–specific delivery of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) siRNAs through fusion to an anti-gp120 aptamer. The envelope glycoprotein is expressed on the surface of HIV-1-infected cells, allowing binding and internalization of the aptamer–siRNA chimeric molecules. We demonstrate that the anti-gp120 aptamer–siRNA chimera is specifically taken up by cells expressing HIV-1 gp120, and that the appended siRNA is processed by Dicer; this releases an anti-tat/rev siRNA which, in turn, inhibits HIV replication. We show for the first time a dual functioning aptamer–siRNA chimera in which both the aptamer and the siRNA portions have potent anti-HIV activities. We also show that gp120 expressed on the surface of HIV-infected cells can be used for aptamer-mediated delivery of anti-HIV siRNAs.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Bone Fractures
Authors: Matteo Monami, Ilaria Dicembrini, Alessandro Antenore, Edoardo Mannucci
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

OBJECTIVE Thiazolidinediones and insulin are associated with a higher risk of fractures in type 2 diabetic patients. Incretin hormones increase bone density in experimental models, but the effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors on bone fractures has not been reported so far. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A meta-analysis was performed including all randomized clinical trials with a duration of at least 24 weeks, enrolling patients with type 2 diabetes, comparing DPP-4 inhibitors with placebo or active drugs. RESULTS Twenty-eight trials enrolling 11,880 and 9,175 patients for DPP-4 inhibitors and comparators, respectively, were included, reporting 63 fractures. DPP-4 inhibitors, compared with placebo or other treatments, were associated with a reduced risk of fractures (Mantel–Haenszel odds ratio [MH-OR] 0.60, 95% CI 0.37–0.99, P = 0.045), even after the exclusion of comparisons with thiazolidinediones or sulfonylureas (MH-OR 0.56, 0.33–0.93, P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis suggests that treatment with DPP-4 inhibitors could be associated with a reduced risk of bone fractures.
A Synthetic Lethal Therapeutic Approach: Poly(ADP) Ribose Polymerase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancers Deficient in DNA Double-Strand Break Repair
Authors: Alan Ashworth
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

Cancer cells frequently harbor defects in DNA repair pathways, leading to genomic instability. This can foster tumorigenesis but also provides a weakness in the tumor that can be exploited therapeutically. Tumors with compromised ability to repair double-strand DNA breaks by homologous recombination, including those with defects in BRCA1 and BRCA2, are highly sensitive to blockade of the repair of DNA single-strand breaks via the inhibition of the enzyme poly(ADP) ribose polymerase. This provides the basis for a novel synthetic lethal approach to cancer therapy.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymorphism of the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene in chronic lung disease.
Authors: N A Kalsheker, I J Hodgson, G L Watkins, J P White, H M Morrison, R A Stockley
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Specific gene probes were used to study restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the human alpha 1-antitrypsin gene. A polymorphism due to loss of a recognition site for the restriction enzyme Taq I was identified in eight of 42 patients with bronchiectasis and nine of 49 patients with pulmonary emphysema, none of whom had alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Among a control group without lung disease the polymorphism was significantly less frequent, being found in only five of 101 apparently healthy blood donors. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymorphism was also present in two of 14 unrelated patients with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, indicating a lack of association with any specific alpha 1-antitrypsin protein phenotype. The polymorphism identified in this study may be a new marker for genetic predisposition to chronic lung disease.
Cardiovascular effects of neuropeptide Y: receptor interactions and cellular mechanisms
Authors: B. J McDermott, B C. Millar, H M. Piper
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1993)

Journal Article Cardiovascular effects of neuropeptide Y: receptor interactions and cellular mechanisms Get access Barbara J McDermott, Barbara J McDermott Department of Therapeutics and Pharmacology, The Queen's University of Belfast, The Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT7 9BL. United Kingdom: B J McDermott. B C Millar; Physiologisches Institut I, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany: H M Piper. Correspondence to Dr Millar. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B Cherie Millar, B Cherie Millar Department of Therapeutics and Pharmacology, The Queen's University of Belfast, The Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT7 9BL. United Kingdom: B J McDermott. B C Millar; Physiologisches Institut I, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany: H M Piper. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H Michael Piper H Michael Piper Department of Therapeutics and Pharmacology, The Queen's University of Belfast, The Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT7 9BL. United Kingdom: B J McDermott. B C Millar; Physiologisches Institut I, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany: H M Piper. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 27, Issue 6, June 1993, Pages 893–905, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/27.6.893 Published: 01 June 1993 Article history Accepted: 08 January 1993 Published: 01 June 1993
P384Analysis of circadian micro alternations in ECG using dispersion mapping
Authors: GM Halaby, GG Ivanov
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Purpose: This research aims to evaluate daily ECG recordings of healthy subjects and that of patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease using dispersion-mapping (DM), a new technology that allows the quantitative evaluation of the energy and metabolic processes in the myocardium at the cellular level while taking into account the circadian fluctuations of metabolic processes.
Endobronchial Ultrasound With Transbronchial Needle Aspiration for Restaging the Mediastinum in Lung Cancer
Authors: Felix J.F. Herth, Jouke T. Annema, Ralf Eberhardt, Kazuhiro Yasufuku, Armin Ernst, Mark Krasnik, Robert C. Rintoul
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

To investigate the sensitivity and accuracy of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) for restaging the mediastinum after induction chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).One hundred twenty-four consecutive patients with tissue-proven stage IIIA-N2 disease who were treated with induction chemotherapy and who had undergone mediastinal restaging by EBUS-TBNA were reviewed. On the basis of computed tomography, 58 patients were classified as having stable disease and 66 were judged to have had a partial response. All patients subsequently underwent thoracotomy with attempted curative resection and a lymph node dissection regardless of EBUS-TBNA findings.Persistent nodal metastases were detected by using EBUS-TBNA in 89 patients (72%). Of the 35 patients in whom no metastases were assessed by EBUS-TBNA, 28 were found to have residual stage IIIA-N2 disease at thoracotomy. The majority (91%) of these false negative results were due to nodal sampling error rather than detection error. Overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of EBUS-TBNA for mediastinal restaging after induction chemotherapy were 76%, 100%, 100%, 20%, and 77%, respectively.EBUS-TBNA is a sensitive, specific, accurate, and minimally invasive test for mediastinal restaging of patients with NSCLC. However, because of the low negative predictive value, tumor-negative findings should be confirmed by surgical staging before thoracotomy.
Litigation, Regulation, and Education — Protecting the Public's Health through Childhood Immunization
Authors: Ross D. Silverman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Recently, three special masters of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims issued carefully reasoned, strongly worded opinions rejecting claims that medical and scientific evidence could demonstrate causal links between thimerosal-containing vaccines or measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccination and the development of chronic health conditions such as autism, immune dysfunction, and gastrointestinal dysfunction. The three cases were test cases drawn from more than 5000 similar claims filed under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP), which was established in 1988 in response to concerns that injury lawsuits against vaccine manufacturers and administrators were threatening the nation's childhood-vaccine supply. Because the injuries claimed in . . .
Direct Positive Inotropic Effect of Acetylcholine on Myocardium
Authors: ROBERT A. BUCCINO, EDMUND H. SONNENBLICK, THEODORE COOPER, EUGENE BRAUNWALD
Journal: Circulation Research (1966)

The effects of acetylcholine and nicotine on isometric tension, in the presence and absence of atropine, hexamethonium, and endogenous norepinephrine stores, were examined in isolated cat atria and papillary muscles. Acetylcholine exerted a negative inotropic effect, competitively inhibited by atropine, in atrial and papillary muscle; in higher concentrations in papillary muscles, it produced a positive inotropic effect that was independent of cardiac norepinephrine stores and that was not blocked by atropine or hexamethonium. Nicotine, in addition to releasing norepinephrine, was found to exert, in higher concentrations, a direct positive inotropic effect, not antagonized by hexamethonium. These data are compatible with the existence of two distinct cholinergic receptors in the myocardium: a muscarinic receptor intimately associated with vagal nerve endings; and a spatially separate receptor, whose stimulation produces responses similar to those produced by nicotine. This hypothesis allows for the reconciliation of much apparently contradictory data concerning acetylcholine and parasympathetic control of the heart; it accounts for the opposite inotropic effects of acetylcholine on atria (negative) and ventricles (positive) and for the opposite effects of vagal nerve stimulation (negative) and exogenous acetylcholine (positive) on ventricular myocardium.
Follow-up Report on AIDS Commission Recommendations Goes to President Soon
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1988)

SOME GROUPS are less than enthusiastic about the White House's ten-point "action plan" in response to the 597 recommendations of the Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Epidemic (<i>JAMA</i>1988;260:602). The President's response to the HIV commission's report was developed by Donald Ian Macdonald, MD, director of the Drug Abuse Policy Office. Macdonald will continue to monitor this plan and will make a follow-up report to the President later this month. In the meantime, Jean McGuire, executive director, Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Action Council, says: "The council [which represents more than 380 community-based service organizations] is deeply disappointed that the plan falls so far short of the vision espoused by the commission." The decision that seems to have caused the most disappointment is the lack of endorsement for the commission's view that, if people are going to come forward for testing and counseling, federal antidiscrimination laws must protect those
Radiologic Detection of Breast Cancer
Authors: Norman L. Sadowsky, Lester Kalisher, George White, Joseph T. Ferrucci
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

In response to recent public demand for mammographic examination after the discovery of breast cancer in two women of national prominence, the Ad Hoc Committee on Mammography of the Massachusetts Radiological Society reviewed the present indications, benefits, and risks of radiologic technics used in the detection of neoplastic breast disease. Either low-dose film mammography or xeromammography can provide diagnostic information with minimal radiation hazard, and thermography is a sensitive though nonspecific technic for interim follow-up observations and for screening of large groups of well patients. Mammographic examination should be performed before contemplated breast operations and in women at high risk for the development of breast cancer, especially those who have had previous neoplastic breast disease. Routine mammographic studies on well women may be initiated after the age of 35 years, the frequency of periodic re-examination being determined by clinical and mammographic findings.
Lesson of the Week: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children
Authors: A. R Lloyd-Thomas, G. Lauder
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is well recognised in adults. It occurs in children but is rarely mentioned in paediatric textbooks. Children presenting with painful limbs often have many investigations and the diagnosis may be considerably delayed. This results in prolonged distressing pain for the child, anxiety for parents, and difficulty with treatment. We describe four cases to show the characteristics of the disease in children.

### CASE 1

An 11 year old athletic girl presented to this hospital with a 10 week history of increasing pain in her right leg. She had first seen her general practitioner with pain over the tibial tubercle of her right knee but no history of trauma. Her local orthopaedic service had diagnosed Osgood-Schlatter's disease and she had been advised to rest and use crepe bandage and elasticated tubular bandage.

Five days later her leg became cold and blue below the knee, with burning pain radiating from the knee to the foot. Deep vein thrombosis was diagnosed and she was treated with anticoagulant drugs. After a week anticoagulant treatment was stopped, but the leg continued to be painful, cold, and blue when in a dependent position. A full length plaster of Paris cast was applied in an attempt to relieve the pain of the Osgood-Schlatter's disease, but within days the symptoms were worse, affecting her whole leg up to mid-thigh. The blueness resolved only when her leg was elevated. The plaster of Paris was removed, but by this stage the pain was so severe that she would not put her foot on the ground and she was confined to a wheelchair.

On first examination at this hospital the leg was noted to be cold and blue and the foot oedematous. She had allodynia (pain provoked by a stimulus that does not normally cause pain) and hyperaesthesia up to her …
Does bipolar electrocoagulation time affect vessel weld strength?
Authors: J D Harrison, D L Morris
Journal: Gut (1991)

The value of the bipolar electrocoagulator in the haemostasis of bleeding ulcers is controversial. We have therefore investigated the effect of different coagulation times on vessel weld strength achieved by the bipolar device. Welds were then made in vessels of known diameter using a standard 10F endoscopic haemostatic probe at coagulation times of two and 20 seconds. The intravascular temperature achieved at each time was measured. Vessel weld strength achieved by bipolar electrocoagulation was much greater at 20 seconds (approximately twice that at two seconds) and was highly significantly greater at all vessel diameters. There was a gradual reduction in weld strength with increasing vessel diameter, an effect that was seen for both two and 20 seconds of electrocoagulation. Intravascular temperature was significantly higher at 20 seconds than at two seconds. We conclude that vessel weld strength is related to coagulation time and that any future studies comparing the bipolar electrocoagulator with other haemostatic devices should use longer periods of bipolar electrocoagulation and record the coagulation time in order to optimise the clinical value of the device.
Does reduced regional fluorodeoxyglucose uptake with proportionate reduction in blood flow always indicate nonviable myocardium in coronary artery disease?
Authors: Pasquale Perrone-Filardi, Simone Maurea, Stephen L. Bacharacn, Vasken Dilsizian, Liisa-Maria Voipio-Pulkki, Joseph A. Frank, Robert O. Bonow
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
Survival in HIV-infected persons following liver transplantation is influenced by viral co-infection: Poorer outcome in HCV-infected persons
Authors: S. Norris, J.G. O'Grady, C. Taylor, B.C. Portmann, A.S. Knisely, M. Bowles, P. Muiesan, M. Rela, N. Heaton
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)
Vitamin E administration improves impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with coronary spastic angina
Authors: Takeshi Motoyama, Hiroaki Kawano, Kiyotaka Kugiyama, Osamu Hirashima, Masamichi Ohgushi, Ryusuke Tsunoda, Yasushi Moriyama, Yuji Miyao, Michihiro Yoshimura, Hisao Ogawa, Hirofumi Yasue
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Bronchial Asthma: Mechanisms and Therapeutics
Authors: Valentin T. Popa
Journal: JAMA (1977)

In this comprehensive, monumental text on bronchial asthma, the editors have enrolled 109 authors, most of whom are international authorities. The book is divided into two almost equal parts: "Mechanisms of Bronchial Asthma" and "Diagnosis and Treatment." In the 39 chapters of the first part, the epidemiologic, genetic, immunologic, pharmacologic, physiologic, biochemical, and pathological aspects of asthma are thoroughly and delightfully reviewed. The authors have completely avoided the specialized, esoteric language and, at the same time, discuss the techniques and basic mechanisms. In the second part, the first seven chapters cover the clinical, radiological, and pathological methods used in diagnosing asthma. The next 37 chapters take up diagnosis and treatment. Many topics frequently omitted in other textbooks are comprehensively presented: hypnosis, psychosomatic aspects in asthma, rehabilitation, the role of surgery, anesthesia, preoperative and postoperative evaluation, pregnancy and asthma. The book, well organized, presents a balanced view of asthma and is
MEDICAL LITERATURE....
Authors: W. W. DAWSON
Journal: JAMA (1989)

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