tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Type I Interferon Induces Inhibitory 16-kD CCAAT/ Enhancer Binding Protein (C/EBP)β, Repressing the HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat in Macrophages: Pulmonary Tuberculosis Alters C/EBP Expression, Enhancing HIV-1 Replication
Authors: Yoshihiro Honda, Linda Rogers, Koh Nakata, Ben-Yang Zhao, Richard Pine, Yushi Nakai, Katsushi Kurosu, William N. Rom, Michael Weiden
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

We have previously observed that HIV-1 replication is suppressed in uninflamed lung and increased during tuberculosis. In vitro THP-1 cell–derived macrophages inhibited HIV-1 replication after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Suppression of HIV-1 replication was associated with inhibition of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) and induction of ISGF-3, a type I interferon (IFN)–specific transcription factor. Repression of the HIV-1 LTR required intact CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) sites. THP-1 cell–derived macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis, lipopolysaccharide, or IFN-β induced the 16-kD inhibitory C/EBPβ isoform and coincidentally repressed HIV-1 LTR transcription. C/EBPβ was the predominant C/EBP family member produced in THP-1 macrophages during HIV-1 LTR repression. In vivo, alveolar macrophages from uninflamed lung strongly expressed inhibitory 16-kD C/EBPβ, but pulmonary tuberculosis abolished inhibitory C/EBPβ expression and induced a novel C/EBP DNA binding protein. Therefore, in vitro, proinflammatory stimulation produces an IFN response inhibiting viral replication by induction of a C/EBPβ transcriptional repressor. THP-1 cell–derived macrophages stimulated with type I IFN are similar to alveolar macrophages in the uninflamed lung in vivo. In contrast, the cellular immune response in active pulmonary tuberculosis disrupts this innate immunity, switching C/EBP expression and allowing high level viral replication.
New Look at the Curriculum
Authors: J. Stephen
Journal: BMJ (1955)

<h3>Background</h3> Sporotrichosis is an implantation mycosis caused by <i>Sporothrix</i> species prevalent worldwide, which occasionally can also result in intraocular infection presenting as an exogenous or endogenous infection (disseminated sporotrichosis). Knowledge in its clinical recognition and management is limited. <h3>Aims</h3> To systematically review and analyse data from published literature with a view to comparing clinical outcomes between exogenous and endogenous endophthalmitis caused by <i>Sporothrix</i>. <h3>Methods</h3> Case reports of intraocular sporotrichosis, published from 1960 to 2016, were retrieved from MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, LILACS and SciELO databases. The entire data set was divided into two patient groups: (1) exogenous endophthalmitis and (2) endogenous endophthalmitis. Primary outcomes were differences in ocular findings and clinical ocular outcomes between the two groups. <h3>Results</h3> From 16 publications retrieved, a total of 8 eyes of 8 patients with exogenous endophthalmitis and 13 eyes of 10 patients with endogenous endophthalmitis were identified. Compared with exogenous endophthalmitis, endogenous endophthalmitis was more common in patients infected with HIV (p=0.001) and those from hyperendemic areas (p=0.036). Anterior uveitis (p=0.015) and posterior uveitis (p=0.04) were more common in the exogenous and endogenous endophthalmitis groups, respectively. The majority of patients with endogenous endophthalmitis had partial or full clinical resolution of ocular lesions with systemic amphotericin B alone or in combination with an oral antifungal, whereas patients with exogenous endophthalmitis had poor outcomes with irreversible vision loss, enucleation and evisceration. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Anterior uveitis is more common in exogenous endophthalmitis with worse overall outcomes and complications, compared with endogenous endophthalmitis where posterior uveitis is the most common clinical manifestation, especially in patients infected with HIV and those from hyperendemic areas. <i>Sporothrix</i> infection should be included in the differential diagnosis for ocular inflammation, regardless of the presence or absence of autoimmune comorbidities and whether the patient resides in an endemic area or not. Ophthalmologists should consider intravitreal and systemic antifungal therapy for exogenous and endogenous endophthalmitis caused by <i>Sporothrix</i>.
Detection of Melorheostosis on Bone Scan
Authors: WALTER E. DRANE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1987)

A case of melorheostosis that was first detected by bone scan during the staging evaluation of a patient with metastatic lung carcinoma is reported. The unique pattern of skeletal involvement of melorheostosis allowed its presumptive diagnosis on bone scan, with subsequent radiographic confirmation. A review of this disorder is presented.
A Snook at Society — Care for the Mentally Subnormal — And How Are You, Doctor?
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

IN a special article in the Sunday Express, Mr. Quintin Hogg1 suggested that if we were to ask who were the real heroes of the 1960's, we would be tempted to answer that they were the moon-shot men, the lone mariners who sailed round the world, the paratrooper who rowed the Atlantic and possibly, though more controversially, the surgeons and nurses who pioneered new and dramatic methods of saving life. He said that the moral of their achievement in each case is the same: it is the value of self-discipline, training, preparation for adventure and above all a life dedicated . . .
Allergen-induced cytokine production, atopic disease, IgE, and wheeze in children
Authors: J.Paola Contreras, Ngoc P. Ly, Diane R. Gold, Hongzhen He, Mathew Wand, Scott T. Weiss, David L. Perkins, Thomas A.E. Platts-Mills, Patricia W. Finn
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2003)
How big is your hand and should you use it to score skin in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma?
Authors: J.J. Scarisbrick, S. Morris
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

Assessing burn surface area is essential to triage patients and determine fluid resuscitation. The three commonly used methods are: (i) the palmar method, where palmar surface area is assumed to equal 1% of body surface area (BSA); (ii) the rule of nines; and (iii) the Lund and Browder method, where body parts are assigned a percentage surface area. Calculation of BSA involvement in dermatological disease is used to measure disease severity and treatment responses. The grid-point counting method may also be used. Mycosis fungoides (MF), a form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, typically presents with patches and plaques with progression to tumours and erythroderma in advanced disease. Quantifying skin involvement in MF requires assessment of both BSA involvement and lesion type. The severity-weighted assessment tool (SWAT) was designed for this purpose, using grid-point counting, and weighting patch as × 1, plaque as × 2 and tumour as × 3. The SWAT was modified in an international consensus paper to use Lund and Browder charts, and the weighting of tumours was increased to × 4. The patients' palm or hand is frequently the method of choice for skin scoring. However, both the definition of the palm and whether this includes the fingers or even the thumb, and the percentage BSA assigned to the palm, vary in the literature. A review of published planimetry studies found that the most consistent measure across age and race was the palm without fingers reflecting 0·5% total BSA. We recommend the use of the patient's palm to represent 0·5% BSA as the most convenient and reliable tool to measure surface area, and we introduce an iPhone application to record BSA electronically and calculate modified SWAT.
Fatal Bulbospinal Paralytic Poliomyelitis Due to &lt;italic&gt;ECHO 11&lt;/italic&gt; Virus
Authors: Alex J. Steigman
Journal: JAMA (1960)

There is some awareness of the possibility of clinical paralytic poliomyelitis of various grades of severity being caused by enteroviruses other than poliomyelitis, i. e., members of theCoxsackie AandBfamilies, and theECHOviruses. Knowledge of these enteroviruses is relatively recent, and it may be some time before their entire clinical-pathological spectrum is delineated. In the mean time, it would seem important to record any documented instance of clinical paralytic poliomyelitis due to a virus other than one of the three serotypes of poliovirus, especially when the associated presence of poliovirus can be excluded.  Report of a Case  A 2-year-old female infant entered hospital on May 25, 1959, after acute onset of sore throat, restlessness, and crying out in her sleep the previous day. On the morning of admission, flaccid weakness of both lower extremities appeared and began to progress rapidly to involve both hips and the
Management of closed injuries of the innominate artery.
Authors: G Keen, W E Thomas
Journal: Thorax (1982)

Two cases of closed traumatic rupture of the innominate artery are described. Both patients underwent surgical reconstruction, for which one patient was cooled to 15 degrees C on cardiopulmonary bypass. In the management of these rare and severe injuries, which almost invariably need surgical repair, protection of the cerebral circulation is vital; cerebral blood flow and function should be monitored during the operation, for which cardiopulmonary bypass, hypothermia, or local shunting should be available. Failure to recognise the features of these injuries lead to a high death rate, and aortography should be performed whenever there is clinical or radiological suspicion.
Abstract 5173: The circadian factor period 2 modulates p53 stability and function in downstream signaling.
Authors: Carla V. Finkielstein, Tetsuya Gotoh, Marian Vila-Caballer, carlo santos, jingjing liu, jianhua yang
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract The human Period 2 (hPer2) factor is a transcriptional regulator placed at the core of the circadian clock mechanism responsible for generating the negative feedback loop that sustains the clock. Its relevance to human diseases is underlined by alterations in its function that impacts many biochemical and physiological processes and, when absent, results in the development of various cancers. The tumor suppressor role of Per2 is speculated to involve transcriptional activation of p53, altered expression of cell cycle components, and regulation of the DNA-damage response pathway. However, it is entirely unclear how Per2 operates mechanistically. First, we identified hPer2 binds the C-terminus half of human p53 (hp53) and forms a stable trimeric complex with hp53’s negative regulator, the oncogenic protein Mdm2. Second, we determined that hPer2 binding to hp53 prevents Mdm2 from ubiquitinating and targeting hp53 by the proteasome. Accordingly, downregulation of hPer2 expression directly impacts hp53 levels whereas its overexpression influences both hp53 protein stability and transcription. Furthermore, we spatially define the distribution of the trimeric complex and determine the site for processing to be located in the nucleus. Third, we establish that hp53-mediated gene transcription is influenced by the presence of hPer2. Target genes such as 14-3-3σ, hp21WAF1/CIP1, and gadd45α show a synergistic increase in expression when hPer2 and hp53 are co-expressed in a hp53-deficient background. This result is the direct consequence of hPer2 dissociation of hp53 as result of checkpoint activation as shown by studies performed using a constitutively bound form of the hPer2/hp53 complex. Overall, our findings directly place hPer2 at the heart of the hp53-mediated response by modulating its stability and controlling its function. Citation Format: Carla V. Finkielstein, Tetsuya Gotoh, Marian Vila-Caballer, carlo santos, jingjing liu, jianhua yang. The circadian factor period 2 modulates p53 stability and function in downstream signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5173. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5173 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Abstract LB-169: Metformin reduces somatic cell mutation rate by inhibiting mitochondrial ROS production: relevance to cancer prevention
Authors: Michael N. Pollak, carolyn Algire, Gerardo Ferbeyre
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Pharmacoepidemiological studies provide evidence that use of metformin, a drug commonly prescribed for type II diabetes, is associated with a substantial reduction in cancer risk. Experimental models show that metformin inhibits the growth of certain neoplasms by cell autonomous mechanisms such as activation of AMP kinase with secondary inhibition of protein synthesis, or by an indirect mechanism involving reduction in gluconeogenesis leading to a decline in insulin levels and reduced proliferation of insulin-responsive cancers. Here we show that metformin attenuates paraquat-induced elevations in reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage and mutations, but has no effect on similar changes induced by H202, indicating a reduction in endogenous ROS production. Metformin also inhibited Ras-induced ROS production and DNA damage. Our results reveal previously unrecognized inhibitory effects of metformin on ROS production and somatic cell mutation, providing a novel mechanism for the reduction in cancer risk associated with exposure to this drug. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-169. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-169
Communication Between Doctors and Patients
Authors: Thomas J. Ruane
Journal: JAMA (1985)

To  Editor.—  Dr Waitzkin's 1 recent review inThe Journalof  sociologic study of doctor-patient interactions is to be commended on several counts. First among these is that it provides for  general medical public a review of this fascinating area of inquiry. A second laudable characteristic is that Dr Waitzkin clearly identifies his perspective in presenting this review as related to his concerns about the social structural issues that impede effective [doctor-patient] communication. This degree of self-reflection is rare in medical publications. He goes on to present a thorough and fair review of  field addressed, including a wide range of data, some of which support and some of which weaken his case for supposing that social structural issues are at  root of  poor doctor-patient communication purportedly demonstrated in  research data reviewed.  In two well-documented areas, however, Dr Waitzkin deals little with phenomena that
Molecular Diagnosis of Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase Deficiency: Genetic Basis for Azathioprine and Mercaptopurine Intolerance
Authors: Charles R. Yates, Eugene Y. Krynetski, Thrina Loennechen, Michael Y. Fessing, Hung-Liang Tai, Ching-Hon Pui, Mary V. Relling, William E. Evans
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Background: Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPM) catalyzes the S-methylation (that is, inactivation) of mercaptopurine, azathioprine, and thioguanine and exhibits genetic polymorphism. About 10% of patients have intermediate TPM activity because of heterozygosity, and about 1 in 300 inherit TPM deficiency as an autosomal recessive trait. If they receive standard doses of thiopurine medications (for example, 75 mg/m2 body surface area per day), TPM-deficient patients accumulate excessive thioguanine nucleotides in hematopoietic tissues, which leads to severe and possibly fatal myelosuppression. Objective: To elucidate the genetic basis and develop molecular methods for the diagnosis of TPM deficiency and heterozygosity. Design: Diagnostic test evaluation. Setting: Research hospital. Patients: The TPM phenotype was determined in 282 unrelated white persons, and TPM genotype was determined in all persons who had intermediate TPM activity (heterozygotes) and a randomly selected, equal number of persons who had high activity. In addition, genotype was determined in 6 TPM-deficient patients. Measurements: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were developed to detect the G238C transversion in TPM*2 and the G460A and A719G transitions in TPM*3 alleles. Radiochemical assay was used to measure TPM activity. Mutations of TPM were identified in genomic DNA, and the concordance of TPM genotype and phenotype was determined. Results: 21 patients who had a heterozygous phenotype were identified (7.4% of sample [95% CI, 4.7% to 11.2%]). TPM*3A was the most prevalent mutant allele (18 of 21 mutant alleles in heterozygotes; 85%); TPM*2 and TPM*3C were more rare (about 5% each). All 6 patients who had TPM deficiency had two mutant alleles, 20 of 21 patients (95% [CI, 76% to 99.9%]) who had intermediate TPM activity had one mutant allele, and 21 of 21 patients (100% [CI, 83% to 100%]) who had high activity had no known TPM mutation. Detection of TPM mutations in genomic DNA by PCR coincided perfectly with genotypes detected by complementary DNA sequencing. Conclusions: The major inactivating mutations at the human TPM locus have been identified and can be reliably detected by PCR-based methods, which show an excellent concordance between genotype and phenotype. The detection of TPM mutations provides a molecular diagnostic method for prospectively identifying TPM-deficient and heterozygous patients.
Medical Aid to the Spanish Republic During the Civil War (1936-1939)
Authors: MARTIN F. SHAPIRO
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

During international or civil wars, private citizens of noncombatant nations often provide medical aid to one of the contending factions. To examine the role of such an aid campaign in a military conflict, I did a detailed historical analysis of the prominent campaign in the United States to provide medical aid to the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War (1936 to 1939). Substantial medical aid was provided that clearly alleviated some suffering, but one of the major objectives of the campaign was to arouse public opinion sufficiently to end the boycott of aid to Republican forces by the American government; this objective was never achieved. I conclude that even a successful medical aid campaign to people in a military conflict may save some lives but may not affect substantially the course of the conflict. Persons who are primarily interested in influencing political or military developments may find tactics other than medical aid campaigns more useful in accomplishing their goals.
Vascular endothelial growth factor is an essential molecule for mouse kidney development: glomerulogenesis and nephrogenesis.
Authors: Y Kitamoto, H Tokunaga, K Tomita
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Homeostasis of body fluid is maintained by the kidneys, which contain two million glomeruli for blood filtration. A glomerulus is formed by growth of Bowman's capsule harmonized with a capillary during kidney development. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an essential angiogenic cytokine, and VEGF deficiency is known to be fatal in mice in early embryonic stages. As secretions of VEGF from cultured kidneys vary according to developmental stages, the role of VEGF in kidney development was studied in vivo by blocking the endogenous VEGF activity with antibody in newborn mice, in which most organs are already developed but kidneys are still developing. The antibody-treated animals showed normal growth but systemic edema. Vessel formation in the superficial renal cortex was disturbed, nephrogenic areas were diminished, and the number of developing nephrons decreased significantly. Many abnormal glomeruli, lacking capillary tufts, were observed in the antibody-treated mice, and VEGF expression in their Bowman's capsule showed a compensatory increase. These results suggest that VEGF mediates communication between the Bowman's capsule and capillary endothelial cells for developing a glomerulus as well as promoting nephrogenesis. In conclusion, VEGF is likely to be an essential molecule for kidney development, and especially for glomerulogenesis.
Lymphogranuloma Venereum A Cause of Cervical Lymphadenopathy
Authors: Sigurdur B. Thorsteinsson
Journal: JAMA (1976)

CERVICAL lymphadenopathy is a relatively common clinical problem. Differential diagnosis includes hematological, lymphoreticular, or metastatic malignancies, mycobacterial, bacterial, viral, or rickettsial infections, and diseases of unknown etiology such as sarcoidosis and catscratch fever. In this report, we describe a patient whose cervical lymphadenopathy was the presenting manifestation of lymphogranuloma venereum infection. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 31-year-old graduate student was admitted to the Houston Veterans Administration Hospital because of cervical lymphadenopathy. In the two months before admission, he noted anorexia, easy fatigability, and a 6.5-kg weight loss. Eight days before admission, he began to have a low-grade fever associated with enlarging lymph nodes on the left side of his neck. He denied recent infections of the teeth or tongue, penile lesions, or urethral discharge. Former medical history was unremarkable except for one year of prophylactic isoniazid therapy in 1969 for a positive tuberculin skin test. He admitted to moderate use
George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture. Lifestyles, major risk factors, proof and public policy.
Authors: J Stamler
Journal: Circulation (1978)

In this report major risk factors in coronary heart disease (CHD) are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the role of nutrition. International and national epidemiologic data indicate that reducing or eliminating certain risk factors (e.g., a diet high in cholesterol and saturated fats) may reduce the risk of premature CHD. Most trends indicate that many Americans are more concerned about diet for health reasons. Preventive measures for CHD are also discussed.
HGH and Athletes
Authors: Joan Stephenson
Journal: JAMA (2010)

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Cysticercosis Cerebri
Authors: James C. White, William H. Sweet, Edward P. Richardson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1957)

WITHIN a period of two years the diagnosis of infection of the human brain with the larval form of the pork tapeworm (cysticerci of Taenia solium) has been made in 3 cases at the Massachusetts General Hospital. In 2 patients with signs suggestive of a mid-line cerebellar tumor, the diagnosis was established by removal of a solitary cysticercus from the fourth ventricle; in the third, with diffuse cerebral involvement, it was based on the history of convulsive seizures and the demonstration of multiple calcified areas in both hemispheres.Cerebral cysticercosis was first clearly described in man by Panarolus in . . .