tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Direct Representatives on the General Medical Council
Authors: W. A. Wadsworth
Journal: BMJ (1896)

<h3>Objectives</h3> Men who have sex with men (MSM) are an at-risk population for HIV/AIDS<b>.</b> Accurately estimating the size of MSM is important to monitor the HIV/AIDS epidemic and to implement HIV/AIDS prevention in the MSM population. None of the current methods for MSM population size estimation is satisfactory, especially for internet samples. We try to use the modified Laska, Meisner and Siegel (LMS) method to estimate the size of MSM in tangible venues and internet virtual venues. <h3>Methods</h3> Laska, Meisner and Siegel developed an unbiased estimator for the size of a population in a single venue based on a single sample (LMS method). In this study, we modified the LMS method for the estimation of population size of MSM (LMS* procedure). Specially, we integrated the MSM size of traditional tangible venue with internet virtual venue. Currently, the latter is an important source of socialisation for MSM population. To do this, we added a few parameters to the original LMS method. Then we applied the LMS* procedure to estimate the size of MSM in Changsha, the capital city of the Chinese Province of Hunan. <h3>Results</h3> The LMS* procedure handled the complexity of socialisation among MSM population well. According to the LMS* procedure, the total number of MSM was 65 657 (95% CI 57 922 to 73 388), constituting a proportion of 5.43% (95% CI 4.79% to 6.07%) in the sexually active male population (15–64-year-olds) in Changsha. <h3>Conclusions</h3> We conclude that the LMS* procedure is suitable for the estimation of a hard-to-reach population, such as MSM, in tangible venues and internet virtual venues.
Short-term impact of the European Consensus Conference on the use of selective decontamination of the digestive tract with antibiotics in ICU patients
Authors: B. Misset, A. Artigas, D. Bihari, J. Carlet, A. Durocher, M. Hemmer, M. Langer, F. Nicolas, P. de Rohan-Chabot, H. P. Schuster, A. Tensillon
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (1996)
Reliability of reported family history of myocardial infarction.
Authors: F Kee, L Tiret, J Y Robo, V Nicaud, E McCrum, A Evans, F Cambien
Journal: BMJ (1993)

To assess the reliability of reported family histories of myocardial infarction.A case-control study in which reported histories of first degree relatives were validated from death certificates, general practitioners' records, and hospital notes.Participants enrolled in the Belfast centre of the World Health Organisation's study monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease (MONICA).200 men who survived myocardial infarction and 200 age matched controls drawn randomly from the population.The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and proportion of overall agreement with validated records of reported family histories of myocardial infarction in first degree relatives; odds ratios for myocardial infarction, given at least one reported relative or at least one verified relative being affected.349 of the 400 probands provided detailed family histories, reporting on 2812 first degree relatives. The overall sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of reported histories were 67.3%, 96.5%, and 70.5% for cases and 68.5%, 97.7%, and 73.8% for controls. The kappa coefficients were modest: 0.65 for cases and 0.68 for controls. The odds ratios for myocardial infarction, given at least one affected relative, were not substantially inflated by recall bias. Some recall bias was evident for the probands' reports of their siblings' histories of myocardial infarction, the odds ratio for a reported history being 1.67 (95% confidence interval 1.09 to 2.57) and for the validated history 1.54 (1.01 to 2.37).Although the relative risk of disease is correctly estimated, the predictive accuracy of a casual family history of myocardial infarction may limit the effectiveness of targeted screening programmes. They may, however, complement other strategies based on genetic testing.
OESOPHAGEAL VARICES ASSOCIATED WITH BUSULPHAN-THIOGUANINE COMBINATION THERAPY FOR CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA
Authors: NigelS. Key, PaulineM. Emerson, NormanC. Allan, PeterM.A. Kelly, RogerW.G. Chapman, JamesO'D. Mcgee
Journal: The Lancet (1987)
A STUDY OF THE TOXIC PROPERTIES OF TUBERCULO-PROTEINS AND POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Florence R. Sabin, Franklin R. Miller, Charles A. Doan, Bruce K. Wiseman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

The temperature reaction in tuberculous and normal guinea pigs and rabbits is elicited by the tuberculo-protein and probably not at all by the polysaccharides. The polysaccharides may have some killing power under certain conditions, but this is not as consistently related to dosage as in the case of the proteins. Both proteins and polysaccharides cause a change in the white blood cells when introduced by any route.
Mucosal manifestations of pemphigus vulgaris in ear, nose, and throat; before and after treatment
Authors: Reza Mahmoud Robati, Mohammad Rahmati-Roodsari, Peyman Dabir-Moghaddam, Ali Farnaghi, Farshid Mahboobi-rad, Hoda Rahimi, Parviz Toossi
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2011)
Applying results of randomised trials to clinical practice: impact of losses before randomisation.
Authors: M E Charlson, R I Horwitz
Journal: BMJ (1984)

The problem of generalisability in randomised clinical trials was highlighted by studies that entered only 10-14% of screened patients. To determine the magnitude and source of prerandomisation losses in clinical trials a survey was conducted of 41 trials listed in the 1979 inventory of the National Institute of Health. Two thirds of the trials maintained screening logs, but only half maintained any records of the number of patients who met the eligibility criteria but were not entered into the trial. Among 21 trials (51%) that kept data on the number of patients who were eligible but not entered, losses of eligible subjects were attributable to refusals by patients in 25% and refusals by physicians in 29%. Other protocol requirements accounted for the remaining losses of eligible patients. Only a few trials documented the characteristics of patients who were eligible but not entered; in those trials the patients who were not entered were similar demographically but differed clinically from those enrolled. Thus minimising prerandomisation losses of eligible patients requires the use of less restrictive criteria for entering patients. Twenty four of the trials achieved 75% or more of their recruitment goals, eight between 25% and 74%, and six less than 25%. Among trials that screened less than twice their projected sample size, only three out of 13 (23%) achieved 75% or more of their recruitment goal. By contrast, 12 out of 16 trials (75%) that screened more than twice their projected sample size achieved 75% or more of their recruitment goal. Screening large numbers of patients appears to be a pragmatic requirement for success in achieving recruitment goals; therefore, trials should not be criticised as lacking generalisability on that basis alone. The number and characteristics of eligible patients who were not entered, however, were documented by only a few trials; these data are critical in the assessment of generalisability. Additionally, the number of patients with the index disease who did not meet the eligibility criteria should also be documented. Together, these two types of data characterise the population to whom the trial results may be applied.
Evaluation of Arterial Stiffness and Hemodynamics by Oscillometric Method in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Murat Sunbul, Kursat Tigen, Gulsen Ozen, Erdal Durmus, Tarik Kivrak, Altug Cincin, Alper Kepez, Halil Atas, Haner Direskeneli, Yelda Basaran
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of peptide-specific human antidesmoplakin autoantibodies
Authors: G. Hinterhuber, M. Binder, Y. Marquardt, K. Cauza, E. Riedl, K. Rappersberger, K. Wolff, D. Foedinger
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Autoantibodies directed against desmoplakin (Dp) I and II have recently been characterized in a subset of patients with severe erythema multiforme (EM), a recurrent inflammatory skin disease with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. These autoantibodies recognize a peptide epitope localized within the extreme end of the carboxy terminal domain of Dp responsible for the assembly of keratin filaments to the desmosomal plaque. Using dot blot analysis with overlapping synthetic peptides, the binding epitope YSYSYS has been identified.To establish an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of peptide-specific anti-Dp autoantibodies in sera of patients with EM.A synthetic peptide containing the respective amino acid sequence was used as matrix for ELISA plates. Serum samples from patients with known EM and peptide-specific anti-Dp autoantibodies verified by immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation and epitope mapping were used.Establishing an index value of 42.0, 25 of 25 serum samples from five patients with peptide-specific anti-Dp autoantibodies were positive in the ELISA. From control sera, none of 31 bullous disease sera and only one (1.2%) of 83 normal human sera were positive.These data show that the ELISA presented in this study represents a sensitive and highly specific tool for the detection of peptide-specific anti-Dp autoantibodies in patients with EM.
Ear-Nose-Throat Casualties in the Middle East
Authors: E. G. Collins
Journal: BMJ (1943)

this last case it usually happens that the lung expands and impales itself on the end of the tube.The correct treatment may be either to remove the tube altogether or, if a cavity is still present, to put a longer one in past the site of ulceration.A lung will never ulcerate through contact with the smooth curved side of a tube, but only with the end of a simple tube or the relatively sharp projecting rim of a self-retaining tube.Other causes of temperature may be disease in the lungs or, very rarely, the development of another empyema, or some cause remote from the chest such as a sore throat.Fortunately rare complications are meningitis, encephalitis, and brain abscess, but these things should be kept in mind during the investigation of a case.Physiotherapy Next in importance to the maintenance of adequate drainage through the whole course of treatment is the prevention of chest and spinal deformities with their resulting bad posture and impaired respiratory function.The picture of a deformed and rigid chest, with shortness of breath on exertion, dizziness, lassitude, lack of appetite, and even clubbing of the fingers, may closely simulate a chronic empyema and yet the lung may be uniformly adherent to the chest wall.I have seen all these signs and symptoms, including the finger-clubbing, disappear after a month's spinal and breathing exercises.Physical training, starting in a small way, should begin the day after operation.Special exercises have now attained a high degree of perfection.Those who have no highly trained personnel
Techniques to Improve Physicians' Use of Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Daniel H. Solomon, Hideki Hashimoto, Lawren Daltroy, Matthew H. Liang
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Objectives.—To review the published literature on interventions aimed at improving physicians' testing practices and propose methodologic standards for these studies and to review selected studies using the PRECEDE framework, a behavioral model that helps categorize interventions based on which behavioral factors are being affected.Data Sources.—MEDLINE, EMBASE, and HEALTHStar databases were searched for the years 1966 to January 1, 1998, for English-language articles pertaining to diagnostic testing behavior; bibliographies were scanned to identify articles of potential interest; and researchers in health services, health behavior, and behavior modification were contacted for proprietary and other unpublished articles.Study Selection.—A total of 102 articles were identified that described the results of interventions aimed at changing physicians' testing practices. We included the 49 studies that compared diagnostic testing practices in intervention and control groups.Data Extraction.—Two investigators independently reviewed each article in a blinded fashion using a standard data collection form to obtain a methodologic score and to abstract the key elements of each intervention.Data Synthesis.—On a 38-point methodologic criteria scale, the mean±SD score was 13 ± 4.4. The desired behavior change was reported in the intervention group in 37 (76%) of 49 studies. Twenty-four (86%) of 28 interventions targeted at many behavioral factors were successful, while 13 (62%) of 21 studies aimed at a single behavioral factor were successful (P=.12).Conclusions.—A majority of interventions to improve physicians' testing practices reported in the literature claimed success, with interventions based on multiple behavioral factors trending toward being more successful. While methodologic flaws hamper drawing strong conclusions from this literature, application of a behavioral framework appears to be useful in explaining interventions that are successful and can facilitate interpretation of intervention results.
Sedation with propofol for interventional endoscopy by trained nurses in high-risk octogenarians: a prospective, randomized, controlled study
Authors: D. Schilling, A. Rosenbaum, S. Schweizer, H. Richter, B. Rumstadt
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

Background and study aims:Sedation with the short-acting anesthetic agent propofol has shown several advantages, particularly in interventional endoscopy. So far, however, there are no valid data on the safety of nurse-administered propofol sedation (NAPS) during interventional endoscopy in elderly high-risk patients.
The impact of immune-activating processes following transplantation on chronic allograft nephropathy
Authors: Christoph Heidenhain, Anja Reutzel-Selke, Ulrike Bachmann, Sven Jonas, Andreas Pascher, Frank Ulrich, Johann Pratschke, Peter Neuhaus, Hans-Dieter Volk, Stefan G. Tullius
Journal: Kidney International (2003)
Trichomoniasis in a Closed Community: Efficacy of Metronidazole
Authors: E. E. Keighley
Journal: BMJ (1971)

A retrospective survey of women treated in prison for trichomonal vaginitis with metronidazole showed that 488 of 496 (98.3%) were cured after one course of drugs. Five of the eight treatment failures were successfully treated by further courses of metronidazole.A regimen of 400 mg metronidazole twice daily for seven days is simple and effective when taken in prescribed dosage. Metronidazole is still the drug of choice for trichomonal vaginitis. No toxic reactions were observed and there was no evidence that the drug has lost efficacy in the last ten years.
Effect of platelet homogenate on in vitro glycosaminoglycans production by dermal fibroblasts from systemic sclerosis patients and normal controls
Authors: V. FALANGA, P.A. HEBDA, W.H. EAGLSTEIN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

Confluent cultures of dermal fibroblasts from the involved skin of systemic sclerosis patients (SF) and a matched skin site of normal controls (NF) were investigated for the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in response to various concentrations of human platelet homogenate (PH). Experiments were carried out in the presence of 1% and 15% human serum (HS). In the absence of PH, GAG synthesis was higher in SF than NF. An increase in GAG synthesis was demonstrated in both SF and NF as the concentration of PH was increased to 200 micrograms/ml of growth medium. The PH-stimulated GAG synthesis occurred in 15% HS treated SF and NF, but there was no GAG synthesis increase in 1% HS-treated NF. The absolute count of GAG synthesis was always greater in SF than NF. The addition of PH in concentrations higher than 200 micrograms/ml led to cell death of both SF and NF. These findings are the first to indicate a difference between SF and NF response to PH.
Effects of Corticosteroids on Human Monocyte Function
Authors: John J. Rinehart, Stanley P. Balcerzak, Arthur L. Sagone, Albert F. LoBuglio
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

This report examined the effect of corticosteroids in vitro on human peripheral blood monocytes, essential cells in both immune and nonimmune cellular defense mechanisms. Monocyte chemotaxis in response to sera, Escherichia coli filtrate, and lymphokine chemotactic factor was markedly reduced (P < 0.01) by hydrocortisone succinate (HCS) at 16 μg/ml. Methylprednisolone succinate and unesterified hydrocortisone produced similar impairment of monocyte chemotaxis while two drugs which unmodified do not enter cells, hydrocortisone phosphate (HCP) and cortisone acetate, had no effect on chemotaxis. HCS also significantly impaired monocyte random migration at 16 μg/ml. Monocyte bactericidal activity was reduced by HCS at 16 μg/ml (P < 0.01)) but was not affected by HCP even at 120 μg/ml. In comparison, HCS did not alter granulocyte chemotaxis even at 500 μg/ml, and bactericidal activity was reduced at 16 μg/ml (P < 0.01). Monocyte phagocytosis of cryptococci was reduced only 20% (P < 0.05) at 120 μg/ml. HCS at 120 μg/ml did not alter monocyte base-line or postphagocytic hexosemonophosphate shunt activity, viability by trypan blue exclusion, adherence to tissue culture flasks, or surface binding of IgG globulin. These corticosteroid-induced defects in monocyte function may contribute to reduced cellular defense during corticosteroid therapy.
Focus: Washington: Health care reform is touch and go
Authors: J Roberts
Journal: BMJ (1994)

For 30 years the US has been inching towards universal health care. As Congress finally edged up to the precipice last week it seemed to say, “No thanks. Not now. Maybe next year.”

Last week the Senate began to debate a specific health care bill - itself a major feat since no health reform bill has ever reached the full floor of either chamber. It was proposed by the majority leader, Senator George Mitchell, who had tried to amend a plan devised by a group of centrist Democrats and Republicans. That group has been the only real hope of a bipartisan …
TCTAP A-030 Pilot Registry of Stentys® Self-Apposing Stent for Medial and Distal Left Main Stenosis
Authors: Andrzej Ochala, Wojciech Wanha, Grzegorz Smolka, Tomasz Roleder, Michal Tendera, Wojciech Wojakowski
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2015)
Maternal Glucose at 28 Weeks of Gestation Is not Associated With Obesity in 2-Year-Old Offspring: The Belfast Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Family Study
Authors: Leda Chatzi, Eleni Papadopoulou, Marina Vafiadi, Angelos Pappas, Manolis Kogevinas
Journal: Diabetes Care (2010)

We read with great interest the article by Pettitt et al. (1). The authors examined the relation of glycemia during pregnancy with anthropometry in offspring of 1,165 nondiabetic pregnant women from the Belfast U.K. center of the multinational Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study. Overall, the correlations between maternal glucose during pregnancy and BMI Z score at age 2 years were weak and the only association that reached statistical significance was between categories of maternal 1-h glucose and BMI Z score ≥85th percentile at age 2 years ( P = 0.017). These findings are in line with an earlier study by Knight et al. (2) in 2007 …
Colorectal cancer: a cautionary tale
Authors: F. Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Open publishes a report of a trial that was stopped early in 1993 and was never published. 1 The report, by Tom Treasure and colleagues, is one of the first outputs of the "restoring invisible and abandoned trials" (RIAT) initiative, launched in an article in The BMJ last year. 2And in this week's journal Treasure and colleagues tell us the story of the trial, what its abandonment meant for the way clinical practice developed in the intervening years, and what its restored findings mean today.
Clostridium difficile and pseudomembranous colitis—the association with antibiotic therapy and with long-term treatment of acne
Authors: L.R. Lever, D.A. Leigh, J.D. Wilkinson
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

Prolonged antibiotic therapy can be associated with the development of pseudomembranous colitis. Clindamycin has been implicated in many cases but a wide variety of commonly used antibiotics have been responsible for causing this condition. Cases of pseudomembranous colitis seen at Wycombe General Hospital were reviewed and found to be associated with the use of many different antibiotics, several of which are frequently used to treat dermatological conditions. This included two recent patients being treated for acne with high potency antibiotic (minocycline). We were prompted to screen our patients who were on long-term antibiotics, most being treated for acne vulgaris, but also included were some being treated for acne rosacea and pustulosis. We have so far studied more than 40 patients on oxytetracycline, at a dose of at least 500 mg daily, or on other antibiotics at equivalent dosage for periods of 3 months to 10 years. Stool samples have been taken and cultured for Clostridium difficile. If the culture was positive, then the sample was tested for the presence of Clostridium difficile toxin. There was a low incidence of positive cultures and the significance of this and recent advances in the treatment of pseudomembranous colitis will be discussed.
Royal free (RFH) scoring system for unifocal hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) &lt;5 cm diameter: a valuable prognostic tool
Authors: Romano Colombari, Roberto Togni, Alberto Furlanetto, Alberto Quaglia, Arjun Dhillon, Francesca Demichelis, A. Spinoso, P. Capelli, L. Marchiori, N. Nicoli, Paulette Bioulac-Sage, Charles Balabaud, Amar Paul Dhillon
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2002)
Effect of Salsalate on Insulin Action, Secretion, and Clearance in Nondiabetic, Insulin-Resistant Individuals: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Sun H. Kim, Alice Liu, Danit Ariel, Fahim Abbasi, Cindy Lamendola, Kaylene Grove, Vanessa Tomasso, Hector Ochoa, Gerald Reaven
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

OBJECTIVE Salsalate treatment has been shown to improve glucose homeostasis, but the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salsalate treatment on insulin action, secretion, and clearance rate in nondiabetic individuals with insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a randomized (2:1), single-blind, placebo-controlled study of salsalate (3.5 g daily for 4 weeks) in nondiabetic individuals with insulin resistance. All individuals had measurement of glucose tolerance (75-g oral glucose tolerance test), steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG; insulin suppression test), and insulin secretion and clearance rate (graded-glucose infusion test) before and after treatment. RESULTS Forty-one individuals were randomized to salsalate (n = 27) and placebo (n = 14). One individual from each group discontinued the study. Salsalate improved fasting (% mean change −7% [95% CI −10 to −14] vs. 1% [−3 to 5], P = 0.005) but not postprandial glucose concentration compared with placebo. Salsalate also lowered fasting triglyceride concentration (−25% [−34 to −15] vs. −6% [−26 to 14], P = 0.04). Salsalate had no effect on SSPG concentration or insulin secretion rate but significantly decreased insulin clearance rate compared with placebo (−23% [−30 to −16] vs. 3% [−10 to 15], P &amp;lt; 0.001). Salsalate was well tolerated, but four individuals needed a dose reduction due to symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Salsalate treatment in nondiabetic, insulin-resistant individuals improved fasting, but not postprandial, glucose and triglyceride concentration. These improvements were associated with a decrease in insulin clearance rate without change in insulin action or insulin secretion.
A novel anti-CD37 antibody-drug conjugate with multiple anti-tumor mechanisms for the treatment of B-cell malignancies
Authors: Jutta Deckert, Peter U. Park, Sharon Chicklas, Yong Yi, Min Li, Katharine C. Lai, Michele F. Mayo, Christina N. Carrigan, Hans K. Erickson, Jan Pinkas, Robert J. Lutz, Thomas Chittenden, John M. Lambert
Journal: Blood (2013)