tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Substance Use Disorders and Clinical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: John D. Corrigan
Journal: JAMA (2008)

UBSTANCE USE DISORDERS, TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are commoninmilitaryandcivilianpopulations,andoften occur together. A substantial proportion of militarypersonnelmisusealcohol.AstudyoftheUKarmedforces 1 reported that 67% of men and 49% of women had scores of 8 or higher, defined as hazardous drinking, on the Alcohol UseDisordersIdentificationTest,comparedwith38%ofmen and16%ofwomeninthegeneralpopulation.Inapopulationbased cohort of US soldiers returning from service in Iraq, 2 11.8% reported alcohol misuse on a 2-item alcohol screening test. Recent military service is also associated with TBI, PTSD,anddepression.Ina2008survey, 3 19.5%ofUSarmed servicespersonnelreturningfromserviceinAfghanistanand Iraq reported experiencing a possible TBI, 18.5% met criteria for PTSD or depression, and 7.3% both reported a possible TBI and met criteria for PTSD or depression. By comparison, the lifetime prevalence of PTSD estimated for the general US population is 7.8%, and of those 51.9% of men and27.9%ofwomenhavealifetimeprevalenceofbothPTSD and alcohol abuse or dependence. 4 Substance use disorders, TBI, and PTSD may occur together for several reasons. Alcohol use, for example, may beacauseoraconsequenceofTBI.Studieshaveshownthat depending on the setting studied, 18% to 66% of patients with TBI have a history of alcohol abuse, 5 and one-third to one-half of persons with TBI are intoxicated at the time of their injuries. 6 This is not surprising, considering that alcohol use is a recognized risk factor for motor vehicle injuries, falls, and violence, all of which are important causes of TBI. Hazardous drinking may also persist after TBI. A recentAustralianstudy 5 reportedthathazardousdrinkinginitially decreased after the TBI event and then increased by 2 years postinjury to 25.4% of the cohort. Traumatic brain injury has been reported to be associated with PTSD, 7 and PTSD may be associated with sub
Atrial Overdrive Pacing in Patients with Sleep Apnea with Implanted Pacemaker
Authors: Lars Lüthje, Christina Unterberg-Buchwald, Dani Dajani, Dirk Vollmann, Gerd Hasenfuß, Stefan Andreas
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Rationale: Atrial overdrive pacing markedly improved sleep-disordered breathing in a recent study. Objectives: Using a single-blind, randomized, crossover design, we aimed to reproduce these findings and investigate the possible underlying mechanisms. Methods: Twenty ambulatory patients with an implanted pacemaker or cardioverter defibrillator were studied by polysomnography on 3 consecutive nights in a randomized, single-blind, crossover study in which devices were programmed for nonpacing or for overdrive pacing at 7 or 15 beats/minute faster than the mean nocturnal heart rate. Ventilation and biomarkers (urinary norepinephrine excretion, amino-terminal portion of the precursor of brain natriuretic peptide, or NT-proBNP, were also evaluated. Measurements and Main Results: Neither the primary endpoint apnea–hypopnea index, nor the apnea index, oxygen desaturation, ventilation, or biomarkers were affected by the nocturnal atrial overdrive pacing. A small, clinically insignificant, rate-dependent reduction in the hypopnea index was evoked by pacing (nonpacing, 13.4 ± 1.4; pacing 7, 12.9 ± 1.4; pacing 15, 10.9 ± 1.0; p < 0.01, analysis of variance). Conclusions: The lack of effect on the apnea–hypopnea index means that atrial overdrive pacing is inappropriate for treating sleep-disordered breathing.
THE ACTION OF HEPATIC, RENAL AND OTHER CELLS ON PHENOL AND INDOL, UNDER NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Authors: C. A. Herter, A. J. Wakeman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1899)

It is the object of this communication to give the results of experimental observations on the behavior of various animal cells toward certain substances belonging to the aromatic type, notably phenol and indol.]:he inquiry was prompted by the interest wMch attaches to a Study of the natural defenses of the organism against various ]~inds of damage through chemical agencies.Prominent among the problems that arise in connection with such an inquiry are, first, the determination of the seat of the defensive action of the organism, whether chiefly in the blood or in the cells; second, the relative activity of the different kinds of cells in the neutralization of the toxic properties of the particular chemical agents employed; and third, the character of any chemical transformation that may take place, when these substances are acted upon by living cells.Indol and phenol were selected for use in the inquiry for two reasons.First, these substances are normal products of proteid clea~vage in the intestine, under the influence of bacteria and of the proteo~ytic ferment of the pancreatic juice, and they are often farmed in excessive amounts in the course of digestive derangements.Greater interest thus attaches to the fate of these substances in the organism than to that of wholly foreign poisons.Second, both indol and phenol are recognizable by means of delicate, color reactions, and it becomes possible by means of the procedures to.be described to make use of these color tests far the purpose of comparing the relative proportion of phenol and indol present in different solutions.The Contact Method.--Twomethods were pursued in our observations.In the i~rst, the organs of healthy rabbits were quickly removed, after
Tumour necrosis factor inhibitor treatment for sarcoidosis refractory to conventional treatments: a report of five patients
Authors: C Pritchard
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

<b>Objective:</b> To study the effectiveness of tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) inhibitor treatment for sarcoidosis refractory to conventional treatments. <b>Methods:</b> Five patients (two men, three women) were treated with infliximab. All patients received a loading dose of 3 mg/kg at 0, 2, and 6 weeks and then maintenance infusions every 4–8 weeks. Patients had their dose increased or the dosing interval reduced when the disease relapsed. These patients had active disease despite treatment with corticosteroids and other immunomodulatory agents. All patients had a negative tuberculin skin test. <b>Results:</b> Sarcoidosis in all patients improved significantly without any serious adverse reactions. <b>Conclusion:</b> This study suggests that TNFα is effective in patients for whom conventional treatment fails.
DEATH FROM PRESSURE ON LARYNX BY EXTREME ANTERIOR CURVATURE OF CERVICAL SPINE
Authors: Alfred H. Noehren
Journal: JAMA (1918)

Miss U., aged 66, was admitted to the Lutheran Church Home as an inmate about twenty years ago. Since that time, she had been in fairly good health, except that she had experienced constant difficulty in swallowing. Thus she had been unable to eat her oatmeal without picking out any lumps that might be in it. She had also been markedly hunchbacked ever since she had been in the institution. The cause of this deformity could not be ascertained. I saw her for the first time, the morning of Jan. 5, 1918. During the two previous days, her difficulty in swallowing had markedly increased, and for twelve hours she had been unable to swallow anything. Only a very superficial examination was possible, as the patient was in great distress and could not breathe except when curled up on her left side. The most obvious symptom was her extreme dyspnea, not
Different Models of Analytic Group Psychotherapy
Authors: S. Verhaest, R. Pierloot
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1980)

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on and to compare various psychoanalytic models which are used in the conceptualisation of the processes occurring in small psychotherapeutic groups. Three tendencies are roughly differentiated: (1) the tendency to analyse the individual patient in the group (Slavson, WolfsonandSchwartz, Kuiper); (2) the tendency to stress the importance of the group as a whole (Bion, Ezriel, WhitakerandLieberman), and (3) the tendency to consider the group more as a network of interpersonal relations (Foulkes). For each model the following aspects are analysed: the importance of the group or the individual; the role and the attitude of the therapist, and the factors which are considered therapeutic.
Adjuvant capecitabine in combination with docetaxel and cyclophosphamide plus epirubicin for breast cancer: an open-label, randomised controlled trial
Authors: Heikki Joensuu, Pirkko-Liisa Kellokumpu-Lehtinen, Riikka Huovinen, Arja Jukkola-Vuorinen, Minna Tanner, Raija Asola, Riitta Kokko, Johan Ahlgren, Päivi Auvinen, Akseli Hemminki, Outi Paija, Leena Helle, Lauri Nuortio, Kenneth Villman, Greger Nilsson, Sirpa-Liisa Lahtela, Kaisa Lehtiö, Marjo Pajunen, Paula Poikonen, Paul Nyandoto, Vesa Kataja, Petri Bono, Mika Leinonen, Henrik Lindman
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2009)
Training for Community Mental Health in an Urban Setting
Authors: M. ROBERT HARRIS, BETTY L. KALIS, LIDA SCHNEIDER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1967)

The nation's investment in community mental health requires not only that significant numbers of specialists be trained but also that all mental health professionals acquire some basic skills in the theory and method of this field. The authors describe the community mental health training program at Langley Porter, which began in 1960. They believe that this kind of training should be a required rather than an elective assignment in the training of psychiatric residents.
PHOSPHODIESTERASE IN PSORIASIS
Authors: F. ZAEUBA, M. A. KARASEK, E. M. FARBER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1969)

SUMMARY. . Phosphodiesterase activity was determined by a fluorometric method using thymidine‐5′‐3–0‐methoxy fluorescein phosphate as a substrate, in blood serum, finger‐blood, normal skin, foreskin and psoriatic skin. Higher enzyme activity was found in psoriasis both in blood‐serum and finger‐blood in comparison with normal controls. Higher enzyme activity was found in involved psoriatic skin in comparison with uninvolved skin and normal skin. The paper supports the theory that in psoriasis there are specific defects in the enzyme systems concerned with protein metabolism.
Intestinal Absorption of Bile Pigments
Authors: Roger Lester, Wiliam Schumer, Rudi Schmid, Armand M. Matusen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1965)

ESTIMATION of urine urobilinogen is widely used as a rapid laboratory method for evaluation of hepatobiliary function and the production of bile pigment. Interpretation of the results is based on the concept of a functioning enterohepatic circulation of urobilinogens that are formed by bacterial reduction of bilirubin in the large bowel (Fig. 1). Although this concept is generally accepted, largely as a result of the classic studies by Watson,1 direct demonstration of intestinal absorption and re-excretion of urobilinogen has not heretofore been possible. The methodologic difficulties inherent in this problem have now been circumvented by the preparation of an isotopically . . .
Abstract 3231: Chronic nicotine stimulates lung adenocarcinoma in vivo and in vitro via modulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor regulated excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission characteristic of nicotine addiction
Authors: Hussein A. Al-Wadei, Mohammed H. Al-Wadei, Hildegard M. Schuller
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Nicotine addiction is characterized by changes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain to increase the production of excitatory neurotransmitters noradrenaline/adrenaline while reducing inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). We tested the hypothesis that nAChR-regulated neurotransmitters regulate lung adenocarcinoma (AC) and that nAChR changes in AC cells analogous to nicotine addiction in the brain contribute to the development and progression of this cancer. Mice carrying xenografts of the human AC cell line NCI-H322 received no treatment or were given nicotine in the drinking water for 30 days with and without intraperitoneal injections of GABA. Xenograft sizes were measured. Noradrenaline and adrenaline in serum and cAMP in blood cells and tumor cells were measured by immunoassays. Protein expression of α7nAChR, α4β2nAChR, p-CREB, p-ERK1/2, glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and GABA in xenografts were analyzed by Western blotting. Nicotine increased xenograft sizes and upregulated receptor protein of both nAChRs in xenografts while increasing noradrenaline, adrenaline and cAMP in the blood. Xenograft expression of GAD65 and GABA were suppressed by nicotine while p-CREB, p-ERK and cAMP were induced. GABA reversed all these effects of nicotine. In vitro exposure of AC cells for 7 days to nicotine upregulated and sensitized the α7nAChR, resulting in a significant increase in noradrenaline/adrenaline production in response to agonist and enhancement of its cAMP-dependent signaling responses. At the same time, the α4nAChR was desensitized by chronic nicotine causing a significant reduction in GABA production. Nicotine-induced predominance of stimulatory noradrenaline and deficiency in inhibitory GABA in AC cells analogues to the nicotine addicted brain may therefore contribute to the development and progression of AC in smokers and GABA may be useful for the marker-guided prevention and adjuvant therapy of AC. Supported by a grant from the National Lung Cancer Partnership and LUNGevity Foundation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3231.
Toxic effects of lignocaine on the circulation.
Authors: P. F. Binnion
Journal: BMJ (1968)

There is little doubt concerning the efficacy of lignocaine (Xylo caine) in the treatment of many cardiac arrhythmias, parti cularly during cardiac catheterization (Southworth et al., 1950), during intubation and induction of anaesthesia and cardiac surgery (Weiss, 1960), and after myocardial infarction (Lown et al., 1967; Jewitt et al., 1968; Spracklen et al., 1968). In spite of the apparent value of the drug there is little information on its haemodynamic effects, and this communication is con cerned with evaluating its effect in small doses in man and much larger doses in dogs. This investigation was done to determine whether a continuous infusion of lignocaine could be used in all patients after myocardial infarction to suppress the common ventricular ectopic beats, and possibly act as a prophylactic measure to prevent arrhythmias causing further myocardial deterioration. Lown et al. (1967) expressed the opinion that antiarrhythmic drugs might jeopardize survival after myocardial infarction by reducing myocardial contractile force.
Closed-Loop Basal Insulin Delivery Over 36 Hours in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Daniela Elleri, Janet M. Allen, Kavita Kumareswaran, Lalantha Leelarathna, Marianna Nodale, Karen Caldwell, Peiyao Cheng, Craig Kollman, Ahmad Haidar, Helen R. Murphy, Malgorzata E. Wilinska, Carlo L. Acerini, David B. Dunger, Roman Hovorka
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

We evaluated the safety and efficacy of closed-loop basal insulin delivery during sleep and after regular meals and unannounced periods of exercise.
Taking money from the devil
Authors: G. Cannon
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Pyogenic liver abscesses are uncommon in clinical practice and are usually polymicrobial in nature, with members of the <i>Enterobacteriacae</i> family often implicated. This report describes the use of tigecycline to treat a liver abscess caused by meticillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, which was refractory to therapy with standard antimicrobials.
Clofibrate Treatment of Diabetes Insipidus
Authors: Ener Suha
Journal: JAMA (1974)

To the Editor.—  I would like to add my experience in treating idiopathic diabetes insipidus to that of Drs. Hamuth and Gelb (224:1041, 1973).  Report of a Case.—  A 19-year-old white man was first seen in November 1973 with a history of polydipsia for two years. The diagnosis of idiopathic diabetes insipidus was established and he responded well to treatment with vasopressin (Pitressin tannate in oil) as well as the other antidiuretic drugs, until two months prior to his visit. At this time, polydipsia and polyuria (7 to 8 liters/day) persisted despite daily injections of vasopressin.  An intravenous pyelogram showed marked dilation of the ureters. A skull roentgenogram showed a normal sella turcica with minimal calcification of the pineal body. Creatinine clearance was 121.5 ml. The blood pressure was 135/85 mm Hg, and blood urea nitrogen was 20 mg/100 ml. Prior to treatment, urine volume had been 420 ml/hr (9
Telomerase Expression in Noncancerous Bronchial Epithelia Is a Possible Marker of Early Development of Lung Cancer
Authors: Yuka Matsuoka Miyazu, Teruomi Miyazawa, Keiko Hiyama, Noriaki Kurimoto, Yasuo Iwamoto, Hiroo Matsuura, Koji Kanoh, Nobuoki Kohno, Masahiko Nishiyama, Eiso Hiyama
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Centrally located lung cancers in smokers frequently associated with subsequent primary tumors. We evaluated the telomerase expression chronologically in noncancerous epithelia as a risk factor of susceptibility to lung cancer development. Telomerase protein expression was examined in situ by immunohistochemistry in 26 noncancerous bronchial epithelia adjacent to centrally located early-stage lung cancers in sequential 23 patients treated by photodynamic therapy or surgery among 206 patients who underwent autofluorescence bronchoscopy from 1997 to 2003. Among the 15 lesions in 12 patients treated by photodynamic therapy alone, 11 lesions achieved complete remission after photodynamic therapy, and none of their noncancerous bronchial epithelia was telomerase positive. On the contrary, in the remaining four lesions, either recurrence or secondary lung cancer developed adjacent to the successfully treated primary cancer within 26 months, and the telomerase protein expression in noncancerous epithelia was detected before the secondary cancer development (P < 0.001). The overall relationship of human telomerase reverse transcriptase positivity in noncancerous epithelia and subsequent lung cancer development, including patients treated by radiation or surgery, showed higher significance (P < 0.0001). Histologically "normal" bronchial epithelia in smokers may unphysiologically express telomerase as a field, and such epithelia are likely susceptible to develop lung cancer. We propose that ectopic expression of telomerase in bronchial epithelia may precede transformation in human lung cancer development and that detection of telomerase protein in noncancerous bronchial epithelia will become a useful marker detecting high-risk patients for lung cancer development.
Abstract 2712: Inflammation in the background cirrhotic tissue might accelerate the promotion in the HCC development from HCV-associated cirrhosis
Authors: Kazuo Tarao, Kaoru Miyakawa, Yuichi Endoh, Satoshi Kobayashi, Makoto Ueno, Shinichi Ohkawa, Soichiro Morinaga, Yoshiyasu Nakamura, Yohei Miyagi, Yoichi Kameda, Masahiko Okudaira
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Aim: Hamada et al. succeeded in converting ER-1, a weakly tumorigenic cloned cell line of a rat mammary carcinoma, into a highly tumorigenic and metastatic cell line by interaction with host cell reactive to a foreign body (plastic plates). They attributed these phenomenon to the cytokines such as LL-6 derived from host reactive inflammatory cells crowded around the foreign body. It is possible that the same mechanism is involved in the development of human HCC, and that inflammation in the background cirrhotic tissue might accelerate the process of promotion. Methods: Curative hepatic resection for HCC with LC was performed in 223 patients during the past 8 years in Kanagawa Cancer Center hospital. Of 223 patients 182 patients were anti-HCV-positive or HCV-RNA positive without habitual alcohol intake. Out of 182 patients, 32 patents whose HCC revealed only one small HCC nodule of less than 3 centimeter in diameter were selected for this study. For the evaluation of inflammation in the background LC, modified Knodell's histology activity index (HAI) was used. (for the evaluation of pure inflammation, items of fibrosis was omitted); piece meal necrosis (1-4), intra lobular cellular degeneration and focal necrosis (1-4), portal cellular inflammation (1-4), were estimated by two well experienced pathologist. In each case, the HAI score was estimated in five field and average HAI score was calculated. All the sections of resected HCC tissue was examined pathologically in all patients for determining the grade of malignancy according to Edmondson Steiner's classification; Ed I (well differentiated), Ed II (moderately diff.), Ed III (poorly diff.) Results: The average HAI score in the non-cancerous cirrhotic portion in HCC patients with Ed III was 5.50 ± 0.98 (mean ± SD), and was significantly larger than that in HCC patients without Ed III (4.18 ± 0.70, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Furthermore, the occurence rate of HCC containing Ed III component in the HCC patients whose HAI score was more than 5.0 was as high as 88.9% (16 out of 18), and was highly significant as compared with those in HCC patients whose HAI score was less than 5.0% (3 out of 14, 21.4%, p &amp;lt; 0.005).Conclusions: It is suggested that inflammation in the surrounding non-cancerous cirrhotic tissue would accelerate the process of promotion in the HCC development. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2712. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2712
Traumatic Rupture of the Aorta in a Child
Authors: John A. Meyer
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Although a highly lethal lesion, rupture of the thoracic aorta due to nonpenetrating trauma has been recognized and corrected surgically with increasing frequency in recent years. Review of the 212 clinically reported cases in the English literature discloses very few instances in children and no previous reports of diagnosis or treatment of acute rupture in a child. Emergency repair of this injury was undertaken successfully in an 8-year-old boy.
Chemotherapy of bronchitis.
Authors: K Jensen
Journal: BMJ (1970)

unteers on the off-chance that their organs might one day be suitable for transplanta- tion.It would have been more appropriate if the subcommittee had directed attention to the main ethical dilemma of organ trans- plantation-namely, the fact that only some 10% of the 2,000-3,000 young people -needing treatment for terminal renal disease are being helped, the rest being allowed to die, despite the established fact that many of them would be provided with worthwhile therapy if more donor kidneys were avail- able.A change in the law with provision for "contracting out" is the only way in which there can be a solution to the shortage of donor organs.
Aging in Modern Society
Authors: Richard L. Grant
Journal: JAMA (1969)

This book collects the articles presented at a conference held under the joint auspices of the University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, and the American Psychiatric Association's Committee on Research. The 21 authors were drawn from the many workers in basic and clinical medicine, sociology, and the behavioral sciences who are active in the general field of aging. The psychological and sociological problems presented by the increasing number of people over age 65 receive the major emphasis. The book aptly meets its goal of drawing attention to the urgent need for increased research, educational and training activities concerning the mental health of the aged and aging. Lamentably, there was more "Let's you other guys do something about this" than "Here's how we are implementing, augmenting, or changing our training program to meet the need." Henry, in "The Confrontation of the Elderly and the Mental Health Professional," strikes at