tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Death and miasma in Victorian London: an obstinate belief
Authors: S. Halliday
Journal: BMJ (2001)

> “From inhaling the odour of beef the butcher's wife obtains her obesity.”
> 
> Professor H Booth, writing in the Builder , July 1844

This assertion is perhaps the most extravagant manifestation of a belief that prevailed in the medical profession for much of the 19th century and survived in some quarters into the 20th century. This belief held that most, if not all, disease was caused by inhaling air that was infected through exposure to corrupting matter. Such matter might be rotting corpses, the exhalations of other people already infected, sewage, or even rotting vegetation. The “miasmatic” explanation of the cause of disease figured prominently in the long debates among the people who were responsible for combating the cholera epidemics that afflicted Britain, and particularly London, between 1831 and 1866.

#### Summary points

In the Victorian period the “miasmatic” theory of disease causation took some strange forms among influential people

Dr John Snow's hypothesis of polluted water being a cause of cholera was not accepted in official circles at the time of his death in 1858

In 1858 the “Great Stink” concentrated the minds of legislators on the problems of metropolitan sewage

As a result of this, Joseph Bazalgette was finally allowed to proceed with his plan for the main drainage of London

London's final cholera epidemic, in 1866, in an area not yet protected by Bazalgette's system, helped to ensure that John Snow's hypothesis gained acceptance in official circles

In his letter to the Builder quoted above, Professor Booth expressed the orthodoxy of his time.1 Edwin Chadwick's (1800–90) Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain , published in 1842, argued for the improvement of house drainage to remove noxious smells from dwellings.2 In the same year Sir Francis Head, a colonial governor who had served in …
Controversies in Management: Should obstetricians see women with normal pregnancies? Obstetricians should be included in integrated team care
Authors: P. Walker
Journal: BMJ (1995)

donors and overcome the problem of finding a donor for non-white patients.Currently the Anthony Nolan Research Centre is recruiting donors from ethnic minorities in Britain.4The development of gene therapy should result in this treatment eventually replacing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for inborn errors of metabolism, immunodeficiency states, and haemoglobinopathies.'4
Indwelling time and risk of colonization of peripheral arterial catheters in critically ill patients
Authors: Raphael Khalifa, Claire Dahyot-Fizelier, Leila Laksiri, Stéphanie Ragot, Franck Petitpas, Hodanou Nanadoumgar, Bertrand Debaene, Olivier Mimoz
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2008)
Predicting Future Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Michael P. Stern, Pedram Fatehi, Ken Williams, Steven M. Haffner
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

Our objective was to compare the performance of oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and multivariate models incorporating commonly available clinical variables in their ability to predict future cardiovascular disease (CVD).We randomly selected 2,662 Mexican-Americans and 1,595 non-Hispanic whites, 25-64 years of age, who were free of both CVD and known diabetes at baseline from several San Antonio census tracts. Medical history, cigarette smoking history, BMI, blood pressure, fasting and 2-h plasma glucose and serum insulin levels, triglyceride level, and fasting serum total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol levels were obtained at baseline. CVD developed in 88 Mexican-Americans and 71 non-Hispanic whites after 7-8 years of follow-up. Stepwise multiple logistic regression models were developed to predict incident CVD. The areas under receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the predictive power of these models.The area under the 2-h glucose ROC curve was modestly but not significantly greater than under the fasting glucose curve, but both were relatively weak predictors of CVD. The areas under the ROC curves for the multivariate models incorporating readily available clinical variables other than 2-h glucose were substantially and significantly greater than under the glucose ROC curves. Addition of 2-h glucose to these models did not improve their predicting power.Better identification of individuals at high risk for CVD can be achieved with simple predicting models than with OGTTs, and the addition of the latter adds little if anything to the predictive power of the model.
Are 99mTc-Stannous Pyrophosphate Myocardial Scintigrams Clinically Useful?
Authors: James T. Willerson, Robert W. Parkey, L Maximilian Buja, Frederick J. Bonte
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1977)

Willerson, James T. M.D.; Parkey, Robert W. M.D.; Buja, L Maximilian M.D.; Bonte, Frederick J. M.D. Author Information
Sundown Medical Education: Top-Down Reform and Its Social Displacements
Authors: Robert L. Martensen
Journal: JAMA (1995)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Laser and other light therapies for the treatment of acne vulgaris: systematic review
Authors: F.L. Hamilton, J. Car, C. Lyons, M. Car, A. Layton, A. Majeed
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

Background Acne is common and can lead to scarring of the skin, as well as to psychological distress and reduced self-esteem. Most topical or oral treatments for acne are inconvenient and have side-effects. Laser and other light therapies have been reported to be convenient, safe and effective in treating acne. Objectives To carry out a systematic review of randomized controlled trials of light and laser therapies for acne vulgaris. Methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycInfo, LILACS, ISI Science Citation Index and Dissertation Abstracts International for relevant published trials. Results We identified 25 trials (694 patients), 13 of light therapy and 12 of light therapy plus light-activated topical cream (photodynamic therapy, PDT). Overall, the results from trials of light alone were disappointing, but the trials of blue light, blue–red light and infrared radiation were more successful, particularly those using multiple treatments. Red–blue light was more effective than topical 5% benzoyl peroxide cream in the short term. Most trials of PDT showed some benefit, which was greater with multiple treatments, and better for noninflammatory acne lesions. However, the improvements in inflammatory acne lesions were not better than with topical 1% adapalene gel, and the side-effects of therapy were unacceptable to many participants. Conclusions Some forms of light therapy were of short-term benefit. Patients may find it easier to comply with these treatments, despite the initial discomfort, because of their short duration. However, very few trials compared light therapy with conventional acne treatments, were conducted in patients with severe acne or examined long-term benefits of treatment.
Surveillance and treatment of duodenal adenomatosis in familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: A. Lepistö, T. Kiviluoto, J. Halttunen, H. Järvinen
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

Background and study aims: Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) are at increased risk for duodenal cancer whereas colorectal cancer is largely prevented by prophylactic colectomy. We analyzed the results of endoscopic surveillance and different treatment modalities of duodenal adenomatosis in patients with FAP.
Abstract 3410: Regulation of pluripotency and lineage differentiation in human male germ cell tumors
Authors: Nirmala Jagadish, Manjunath Kustagi, Geetu Mendiratta, Ritu Kushwaha, Mukesh Bansal, Kim R. Hyunjae, Pavel Sumazin, Mariano Alvarez, Celine Lefebvre, Agnes Viale, James E. Korkola, Jane Houldsworth, George J. Bosl, Andrea Califano, Raju SK Chaganti
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Pluripotent embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells derived from germ cell tumors (GCTs) are an excellent model system to study the interface between malignancy, pluripotency, and lineage differentiation. We previously characterized the gene expression profile (GEP) of a panel of 135 germ cell tumor (GCT) biopsies comprising all described differentiation lineages and 6 normal testes as controls, using the Affymetrix U133A+B arrays (Korkola et al. Cancer Res., 66: 820-7, 2006 and J. Clin. Oncol., 27: 5240-7, 2009). We applied the ARACNE reverse engineering algorithm to this GEP to obtain the first de novo and context-specific transcriptional interactome (GCTNet) comprising 1,310 transcription factors (TFs). GCTnet recapitulated 830 regulatory targets together of POU5F1, NANOG, and SOX2, the core pluripotency TFs. ChIP-seq and ChIP-PCR analysis of NT2/D1 embryonal carcinoma and H9 ES cells provided significant validation of ARACNe-inferred targets, besides providing the first detailed mapping of DNA binding sites of these 3 genes in human cells. Functional validation of ARACNe-inferred targets by stable knockdown of the POU5F1, NANOG and SOX2 in NT2/D1 cells also showed a significant enrichment of ARACNe targets. Analysis of GEP in a time-course of SOX2 knockdown by principal component analysis (PCA) identified 3 orthogonal gene expression programs: (1) genes with monotonic change (PC1), (2) genes showing a strong and focal gene expression at day 5 (PC2), and (3) genes which show oscillatory pattern of expression (PC3). Ingenuity and GO annotation analysis of PCA provided new insights into the pathways regulated by this TF. Our results provide a novel, comprehensive, and accurate regulatory networks responsible for pluripotency and lineage differentiation in GCTs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3410. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3410
Might wipe clean covers for mobile phones reduce risk of spread of pathogens?
Authors: J. D. D. Osborne, J. S. Phull, L. I. Matone
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Increasingly hospitals are enforcing “bare below the elbow” policies, so wrist watches are heading out.1

Mobile phone usage has been destigmatised in hospitals. Several “apps” have been developed for smart phones to replace the traditional …
A Paradigm Shift in Trauma Resuscitation
Authors: Matthew E. Kutcher, Lucy Z. Kornblith, Raja Narayan, Vivian Curd, Aaron T. Daley, Brittney J. Redick, Mary F. Nelson, Eberhard W. Fiebig, Mitchell J. Cohen
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2013)

The evolution of damage control strategies has led to significant changes in the use of resuscitation after traumatic injury.To evaluate changes in the administration of fluids and blood products, hypothesizing that a reduction in crystalloid volume and a reduced red blood cell (RBC) to fresh frozen plasma (FFP) ratio over the last 7 years would correlate with better resuscitation outcomes.Observational prospective cohort study.Urban level I trauma center.A total of 174 trauma patients receiving a massive transfusion (>10 units of RBCs in 24 hours) or requiring the activation of the institutional massive transfusion protocol from February 2005 to June 2011.Patients had to either receive a massive transfusion or require the activation of the institutional massive transfusion protocol.In-hospital mortality.The mean (SD) Injury Severity Score was 28.4 (16.2), the mean (SD) base deficit was -9.8 (6.3), and median international normalized ratio was 1.3 (interquartile range, 1.2-1.6); the mortality rate was 40.8%. Patients received a median of 6.1 L of crystalloid, 13 units of RBCs, 10 units of FFP, and 1 unit of platelets over 24 hours, with a mean RBC:FFP ratio of 1.58:1. The mean 24-hour crystalloid infusion volume and number of the total blood product units given in the first 24 hours decreased significantly over the study period (P < .05). The RBC:FFP ratio decreased from a peak of 1.84:1 in 2007 to 1.55:1 in 2011 (P = .20). Injury severity and mortality remained stable over the study period. When adjusted for age and injury characteristics using Cox regression, each decrease of 0.1 achieved in the massive transfusion protocol's RBC:FFP ratio was associated with a 5.6% reduction in mortality (P = .005).There has been a shift toward a reduced crystalloid volume and the recreation of whole blood from component products in resuscitation. These changes are associated with markedly improved outcomes and a new paradigm in the resuscitation of severely injured patients.
Ailing Leaders in Power 1914-1994
Authors: S. Satya-Murti
Journal: JAMA (1996)

Do you think I am trusty and faithful? Do you see no further than this facade, this smooth and tolerant manner of me? Have you no thought O dreamer that it may be<i>all maya</i>, illusion?—Walt Whitman, 1855. This is a book with a cautionary message about ailing world leaders, both in politics and in all manner of high office. The message is timely and topical in the American context as we enter an election year. Hugh L'Etang is a persuasive writer; he is your guide through a museum of morbidity and mortality among the powerful of this century. Some exhibits, such as the failing physical or mental powers of Roosevelt, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Churchill, are familiar to many of us. Less familiar figures under scrutiny are Brezhnev, Saddam Hussein, Oliver North, Imelda Marcos, and other living and dead US presidents. Marginalia include military personalities, judges, and business heads, some
Structure of the factor VIII C2 domain in a ternary complex with 2 inhibitor antibodies reveals classical and nonclassical epitopes
Authors: Justin D. Walter, Rachel A. Werther, Caileen M. Brison, Rebecca K. Cragerud, John F. Healey, Shannon L. Meeks, Pete Lollar, P. Clint Spiegel
Journal: Blood (2013)
Dysregulated Osteoprotegerin/RANK Ligand/RANK Axis in Clinical and Experimental Heart Failure
Authors: Thor Ueland, Arne Yndestad, Erik Øie, Geir Florholmen, Bente Halvorsen, Stig S. Frøland, Svein Simonsen, Geir Christensen, Lars Gullestad, Pål Aukrust
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Persistent inflammation appears to play a role in the development of heart failure (HF). Osteoprotegerin (OPG), the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK), and RANK ligand (RANKL) are newly discovered members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that are critical regulators in bone metabolism but appear also to be involved in immune responses. We hypothesized that the OPG/RANK/RANKL axis could be involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF), and this hypothesis was investigated in both experimental and clinical studies.Our main and novel findings were as follows: (1) In a rat model of postinfarction HF, we found persistently increased gene expression of OPG, RANK, and RANKL in the ischemic part of the left ventricle (LV) and, for OPG, in the nonischemic part that involved both noncardiomyocyte and in particular cardiomyocyte tissue. (2) Enhanced myocardial protein levels of OPG, RANK, and RANKL, in particular, were also seen in human HF, and using immunohistochemistry, we localized these mediators to cardiomyocytes within the LV in both experimental and clinical HF. (3) In human HF, we also found increased systemic expression of RANKL (T cells and serum) and OPG (serum), with increasing levels according to functional, hemodynamic, and neurohormonal disease severity. (4) RANKL increased total matrix metalloproteinase activity in human fibroblasts, which indicates a matrix-degrading net effect and suggests a potential mechanism by which enhanced RANKL expression in HF may contribute to LV dysfunction.These findings suggest a potential role for known mediators of bone homeostasis in the pathogenesis of HF and possibly represents new targets for therapeutic intervention in this disorder.
Improvements in asthma outcomes following 1 year of treatment with salmeterol/fluticasone or fluticasone alone when stepped up to achieve guideline-defined total control*1
Authors: H. Boushey, E. Bateman, J. Bousquet, W. Busse, T. Clark, R. Pauwels, S. Pedersen
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2004)
Forty-two novel<i>COL7A1</i>mutations and the role of a frequent single nucleotide polymorphism in the<i>MMP1</i>promoter in modulation of disease severity in a large European dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa cohort
Authors: J.S. Kern, G. Grüninger, R. Imsak, M.L. Müller, H. Schumann, D. Kiritsi, S. Emmert, W. Borozdin, J. Kohlhase, L. Bruckner-Tuderman, C. Has
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) is a severe genetic skin blistering disorder caused by mutations in the gene COL7A1, encoding collagen VII. Recently, the MMP1 promoter single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1799750, designated as 1G 2G, was shown to be involved in modulation of disease severity in patients with recessive DEB (RDEB), and was proposed as a genetic modifier.To identify the molecular basis of DEB in 103 individuals and to replicate the results of the MMP1 promoter SNP analysis in an independent patient group, as verification is necessary in such a rare and heterogeneous disorder.To determine the molecular basis of the disease, we performed COL7A1 mutation screening, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time quantitative PCR. The status of the MMP1 SNP was analysed by PCR and restriction enzyme digestion and verified by sequencing.We disclosed 42 novel COL7A1 mutations, including the first large genomic deletion of 4 kb affecting only the COL7A1 gene, and three apparently silent mutations affecting splicing. Even though the frequency of the high-risk allele was increased in patients with RDEB, no statistically significant correlation between disease severity and genotype could be made. Also, no correlation was observed with development of squamous cell carcinoma, a severe complication of DEB.Taken together, the results suggest that the MMP1 SNP is not the sole disease modifier in different forms of DEB, and other genetic and environmental factors contribute to the clinical phenotype.
Robert Culross Grieve
Authors: R. G. Grieve
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<b>Objective</b> To determine the risk of non-fatal self harm in the 12 months after discharge from psychiatric inpatient care. <b>Design</b> Cohort study based on national hospital episode statistics. <b>Setting</b> England. <b>Population</b> Patients aged 16-64 years discharged from psychiatric inpatient care between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2005 and followed up for one year. <b>Results</b> 75 401 people were discharged from psychiatric inpatient care over the study period, 4935 (6.5%) of whom were admitted at least once for self harm in the following 12 months. Risk of self harm was greatest in the four weeks after discharge; one third (32%, n=1578) of admissions for self harm occurred in this period. The strongest risk factor for self harm after discharge was admission for self harm in the previous 12 months (hazard ratio 4.9, 95% confidence interval 4.6 to 5.2). The risk of self harm was also higher in females, younger people, those with diagnoses of depression, personality disorders, and substance misuse, and those with short lengths of stay. <b>Conclusion</b> More than 6% of patients discharged from psychiatric inpatient care are readmitted for an episode of self harm within 12 months, with one third of these episodes occurring in the month after discharge. Self harm after discharge from hospital shares many of the features of suicide after discharge. Interventions should be developed to reduce risk in this period.
Radiation Therapy in Cancer
Authors: R. H. Chamberlain
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1955)

The use of radiation therapy in cancer includes its administration for essentially curative purposes and also for palliative relief that is often unattainable with any other agents now available.The wise em ployment of radiation therapy is blended of a considerable body of clinical experi ence and of exacting scientific disciplines in radiological physics and radiobiology.
Plasmapheresis for Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis: The Mystique of Dramatic Intervention
Authors: Eli A. Friedman
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Goodpasture's syndrome and its variant, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), both cause irreversible uremia in weeks to months. These diseases impose great pressure on the responsible clinician to do something more than observe a declining creatinine clearance. From its beginnings, the medical profession has been almost magically attracted to performance of procedures as an alternative to the frustration of watching a patient's condition deteriorate. Neanderthal healers trephined skulls to release evil spirits. Barber-surgeons of the Dark Ages applied cauteries to burn away disease. Renaissance practitioners bled patients into basins or used leeches to extract offending humors thought responsible for illness. As more current examples of vigorous though dubious measures, consider tonsillectomy to retard infections, carotid body extirpation for asthma, and gastric freezing to stop ulcer disease. From the perspective of contemporary clinical nephrology, treatment of RPGN using plasmapheresis cannot be fairly likened to these "blind" and primitive regimens of our past.
Aberrant Overexpression of IL-15 Initiates Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia through Chromosomal Instability and DNA Hypermethylation
Authors: Anjali Mishra, Shujun Liu, Gregory H. Sams, Douglas P. Curphey, Ramasamy Santhanam, Laura J. Rush, Deanna Schaefer, Lauren G. Falkenberg, Laura Sullivan, Laura Jaroncyk, Xiaojuan Yang, Harold Fisk, Lai-Chu Wu, Christopher Hickey, Jason C. Chandler, Yue-Zhong Wu, Nyla A. Heerema, Kenneth K. Chan, Danilo Perrotti, Jianying Zhang, Pierluigi Porcu, Frederick K. Racke, Ramiro Garzon, Robert J. Lee, Guido Marcucci, Michael A. Caligiuri
Journal: Cancer Cell (2012)