tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
GMC hearing opens into doctor at centre of organ retention scandal
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The General Medical Council has begun its long delayed hearing into the case of pathologist Dick van Velzen, who illegally kept thousands of children's organs at Liverpool's Alder Hey Children's Hospital. The hospital had a public relations disaster in 1999, when an internal inquiry found that hundreds of children's organs had been kept after autopsy without parents' permission. The revelations triggered a temporary decline in organ donations, and led the government to promise new legislation on organ storage. That legislation was passed last year as the Human Tissue Act.

An independent inquiry led by Michael Redfern QC concluded in 2001 that Professor Van Velzen had …
Abstract 2343: Establishment of patients’ primary non-small cell lung cancer xenograft models for test of anticancer drugs
Authors: Changnian Liu, Daqiang Sun, Wenwei Li, Wen Zhou, Fang He, Rui Zhou, Xun Zhang
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract BACKGROUND Human xenograft tumor models established by transplantation of human tumor cell lines into immunodifficient mice have been routinely used for preclinical test of anticancer agents. But tumor cell lines have a relatively low transplantability and resulted in a limited number of tumor models available for selection of right models for preclinical testing novel agents based on their antitumor mechanism. Recently, we have developed a large number of patient primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) xenograft models by transplanting patients’ fresh tumor tissues into nude mice, which have been employed for preclinical test of anticancer agents. METHODS The fresh NSCLC tissues were collected from local hospitals. The tumor fragments of 1-2 mm were subcutaneously implanted in the flanks of the nude mice by trocar needle. Sixteen tumor fragments were grafted into four mice from one patient tumor tissue (passage 1). All therapeutic efficacy experiments used female mice bearing passage 5 xenografts. The test drugs included cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, gemcitabine, tarceva, and iressa. RESULTS A total of 142 patient primary NSCLC samples were implanted into nude mice, and 71 primary tumor models were established with a tumor taking rate of 50% for the first passage. The tumor taking rates were higher (80-100) in the later passages. The therapeutic efficacy of the test drugs in these models is consistent with their clinical findings. The histopathology and gene sequence of the established primary tumor xenografts were analyzed; their architecture, histopathological morphology, and genomic mutation status from five generations of xenografts retained the patients’ original tumor characteristics. CONCLUSIONS The patient primary NSCLC models have been employed for preclinical test of standard clinically used and novel anticancer agents. The primary tumor models retain a similarity in histology and genomic mutation status to their patients’ original tumors. They may predict more relevant clinical response rate and higher correlation with clinical findings than use of traditional xenograft models established from long-term cultured cancer cell lines. Especially, they have advantages for test of target-oriented therapeutics in new drugs development programs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2343. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2343
Phagocytosis and killing of bacteria and yeast by human milk cells after opsonisation in aqueous phase of milk.
Authors: J E Robinson, B A Harvey, J F Soothill
Journal: BMJ (1978)

<h3>HYPOTHESIS:</h3> We hypothesized that aerosol distribution in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis changes with positive expiratory pressure (PEP). <h3>METHODS:</h3> Eight patients were randomized to one of 2 conditions. On one study day, patients inhaled saline aerosol containing <sup>99m</sup>technetium generated by a Pari LC Plus nebulizer and exhaled through a Pari PEP device. On another day, the same patients exhaled through a low-resistance Pari filter (no PEP). Afterwards, they underwent gamma-camera lung imaging. Images were analyzed for lung deposition fraction, expressed as a percent of the initial nebulizer activity, and deposition pattern, expressed in terms of inner-outer and apical-basal ratios. <h3>RESULTS:</h3> Lung deposition fraction was significantly lower with the Pari PEP device; the mean ± SD deposition fraction was 6.10 ± 3.05% (median 6.20%) with PEP, compared to 10.76 ± 4.52% (median 10.32%) (p = 0.0078) without PEP. The inner-outer ratio was 2.01 ± 0.69 (median 2.23) with PEP, which was significantly lower than without PEP (2.76 ± 1.33, median 2.55) (p = 0.004). The apical-basal ratio was 0.82 ± 0.31 (median 0.80) with PEP, which was not significantly different from no PEP (1.00 ± 0.49, median 0.90). <h3>CONCLUSION:</h3> These results indicate that less aerosol is deposited in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis when the Pari LC Plus nebulizer is used with the Pari PEP device, as described in these experiments. Nevertheless, aerosol administration with this nebulizer and PEP device also results in a proportional redistribution of aerosol to the peripheral airways, compared to nebulization without the PEP device. The clinical relevance of this subtle redistribution of aerosol in cystic fibrosis patients will probably depend on the drug administered and disease severity.
Effect of intravenous albumin on systemic and hepatic hemodynamics and vasoactive neurohormonal systems in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Authors: Javier Fernández, Miguel Navasa, Juan Carlos Garcia-Pagan, Juan G-Abraldes, Wladimiro Jiménez, Jaume Bosch, Vicente Arroyo
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
What is total purchasing?
Authors: N. Mays, N. Goodwin, G. Bevan, S. Wyke
Journal: BMJ (1997)

“Total purchasing” by general practitioners who have been delegated a budget by their local health authority to purchase potentially all the hospital and community health services for their patients is the latest and most ambitious extension of the concept of general practitioner fundholding. Several pilots have been established to test the concept, and a national evaluation has been assessing the costs and benefits attributable to total purchasing. We present here a summary description of the English and Scottish total purchasing pilot projects based on the preliminary report of the national evaluation.1 Evaluative data are not yet available on the consequences of the pilot projects.

General practitioner fundholding was introduced into the National Health Service (NHS) as part of the Working for Patients reforms of 1991.2 Under this scheme volunteer general practices are allocated budgets to purchase a restricted range of services for their patients, predominantly elective hospital procedures and community health services. From an early stage, however, several general practitioner fundholders were interested in extending the concept to a wider range of services. Four “pioneer” total purchasing pilot projects began in 1994 with regional support in Bromsgrove, Runcorn, Berkshire, and Worth Valley, West Yorkshire.

The idea behind these local projects was rapidly taken up by the NHS Executive, which in October 1994 invited bids to establish a first wave of total purchasing pilot projects in England and Scotland to start their preparations for total purchasing in April 1995.3 The pilots were to start live purchasing in April 1996 and run until April 1998. Unlike fundholding, and in line with their status as pilots, they were all to be evaluated “to identify the most appropriate models.” Fifty three first wave national projects began in England and Scotland in April 1995 and were joined by 35 second wave projects …
Effects of Splenectomy on Red-cell Production in Myelofibrosis
Authors: G. Wetherley-Mein, N. F. Jones, J. M. Pullan
Journal: BMJ (1961)

of Haematological Findings (Fig. 2).-Thispatient maintained a haemoglobin level of between 8.3 and 12 g./100ml. for five years after the diagnosis of myelo- fibrosis.The haemoglobin level then fell to 5 g./ 100 ml. and could hardly be raised by transfusion.Isotope studies showed greatly reduced red-cell production and there was evidence of shortened red-cell life.Prednisone therapy had
Expression of the retinoblastoma protein RbAp48 in exocrine glands leads to Sjögren's syndrome–like autoimmune exocrinopathy
Authors: Naozumi Ishimaru, Rieko Arakaki, Satoko Yoshida, Akiko Yamada, Sumihare Noji, Yoshio Hayashi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2008)

Although several autoimmune diseases are known to develop in postmenopausal women, the mechanisms by which estrogen deficiency influences autoimmunity remain unclear. Recently, we found that retinoblastoma-associated protein 48 (RbAp48) induces tissue-specific apoptosis in the exocrine glands depending on the level of estrogen deficiency. In this study, we report that transgenic (Tg) expression of RbAp48 resulted in the development of autoimmune exocrinopathy resembling Sjögren's syndrome. CD4+ T cell–mediated autoimmune lesions were aggravated with age, in association with autoantibody productions. Surprisingly, we obtained evidence that salivary and lacrimal epithelial cells can produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in addition to interleukin-18, which activates IFN regulatory factor-1 and class II transactivator. Indeed, autoimmune lesions in Rag2−/− mice were induced by the adoptive transfer of lymph node T cells from RbAp48-Tg mice. These results indicate a novel immunocompetent role of epithelial cells that can produce IFN-γ, resulting in loss of local tolerance before developing gender-based autoimmunity.
The Differential Diagnosis of Living Alone
Authors: Kenneth E. Covinsky
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

this is likely due to ours being a population-based sample, whereas REACH is a sample of outpatients with preexisting CVD risk. 1 Nevertheless, our findings concur with those of Perissinotto et al 2 and Udell et al 1 that lack of social support, whether it be measured objectively (living arrangements) or subjectively (feelings of loneliness), has a negative impact on health and would be worth addressing in future intervention studies.
Patients who usually consult the trainee in general practice.
Authors: R Fairley
Journal: BMJ (1984)

An analysis of every tenth case record from each year of birth and for both sexes from a patient list in a practice with three partners showed that 13% of patients who attended the health centre at least twice a year had usually consulted a trainee. These patients were usually young adults, free from known important long term health problems, and they had closely similar clinical characteristics to those patients who did not usually consult the same principal. Few patients usually consulted each trainee over three years.
Company's attempt to switch its patients to a new drug is foiled
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2014)

A drug company’s attempt to switch its patients to a new formulation of one of its old drugs before the old drug’s patent ran out has been foiled by a New York federal court. The company tried to “hard switch” its patients to the new formulation by ceasing distribution of the old drug.

The company, Actavis, has decided to appeal against the court’s decision to compel its recently acquired subsidiary Forest Laboratories to keep distributing the Alzheimer’s disease treatment memantine (which it markets as Namenda) in its original, twice daily immediate release format. The case, brought by the state of New York, is the first use of federal antitrust law against the industry practice known as hard switching.1

Namenda IR (immediate release) reaches the end of its patent protection in July 2015, and payment plans would normally switch existing prescriptions to cheaper generic competitors, but the manufacturer has a patent valid until 2025 for an extended release, once daily version, Namenda XR. If patients switched to the XR format before next summer, health plans would not switch them back to a twice daily generic. To …
Captopril and Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: George S. Hughes, R. Stephen Porter
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Letters and Corrections1 October 1983Captopril and Primary Pulmonary HypertensionGEORGE S. HUGHES JR., M.D., R. STEPHEN PORTER, PHARM.D.GEORGE S. HUGHES JR., M.D.Search for more papers by this author, R. STEPHEN PORTER, PHARM.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-99-4-569_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Primary pulmonary hypertension is fatal within several months to 3 years of diagnosis (1). Numerous agents have produced minimal hemodynamic improvement or change. Captopril, an inhibitor of angiotension-converting enzyme, has been successfully used in only one case in which improved cardiac output and a fall in both pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance were noted (2). However, other investigators found that captopril exerts its major effect on systemic vasculature with little or no effect on the pulmonary circuit (3). We report both short- and long-term beneficial effects of captopril in two cases.Two patients had no underlying medical...References1. FISHMANPIETRA AG. Primary pulmonary hypertension. Ann Rev Med. 1980;3:421-31. CrossrefGoogle Scholar2. HOROWITZOLIVERGOBLE JLA. Effects of captopril (SQ 14, 225) in a patient with primary pulmonary hypertension. Postgrad Med J. 1981;57:115-6. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. LEIERBAMBACHNELSON CDS. Captopril in primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 1983;67:155-61. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. VIDTBRAVOFOUAD DEF. Captopril. N Engl J Med. 1982;306:214-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. FISHMAN A. Primary pulmonary hypertension: more light or more tunnel. Ann Intern Med. 1981;94:815-7. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByHemodynamic Changes with Enalapril in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Secondary to Congenital Heart DiseaseCaptopril Effects on Pulmonary and Systemic Hemodynamics in Chronic Cor PulmonaleVasodilator Therapy for Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Limitations and HazardsMILTON PACKER, M. D. 1 October 1983Volume 99, Issue 4Page: 569-569KeywordsCardiac outputEnzymesFallsHemodynamicsPulmonary hypertensionSystemic vascular resistance Issue Published: 1 October 1983 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Linkage-disequilibrium mapping without genotyping
Authors: Vivian G. Cheung, Jeffrey P. Gregg, Kathryn J. Gogolin-Ewens, Jonathan Bandong, Charles A. Stanley, Lester Baker, Michael J. Higgins, Norma J. Nowak, Thomas B. Shows, Warren J. Ewens, Stanley F. Nelson, Richard S. Spielman
Journal: Nature Genetics (1998)
ONE-YEAR CLINICAL OUTCOMES FOLLOWING TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE IMPLANTATION (TAVI) WITH BOTH EDWARDS SAPIEN AND COREVALVE DEVICES IN A SINGLE CENTER: THE MILAN EXPERIENCE.
Authors: Cosmo Godino, Marco Mussardo, Alfonso Ielasi, Micaela Cioni, Francesco Maisano, Alaide Chieffo, Matteo Montorfano, Azeem Latib, Paolo Denti, Andrea Giacomini, Maurizio Taramasso, Mauro Carlino, Antonio Grimaldi, Pietro Spagnolo, Giovanni La Canna, Ottavio Alfieri
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
THE WAX-PARAFFIN DRESSING.
Authors: SAMUEL H. FRIEND
Journal: JAMA (1898)

The wax paraffin dressing, as announced in the Medical News of October 23, 1897, is a mixture of equal parts of unpurified yellow beeswax and hard paraffin. <h3>Composition:</h3> Equal parts, by weight, of unpurified yellow beeswax and hard paraffin. <h3>Preparation:</h3> Melt these substances together, preferably over a sand bath (though a water bath will also answer), and after melting keep them liquified for one-half hour to complete mixture. The specific gravity of yellow wax is between .955 and .967; the melting point 63 degrees to 64 degrees C. (145.4 degrees to 147.2 degrees F.) Hard paraffin has a specific gravity of .900, and a melting point at 43 to 65 degrees C. (109 to 151 degrees F.) The object of boiling the two substances together for one-half hour is to diffuse them as much as possible. By covering the mouth of the bottle with wire gauze or
Value of Coloscopy in the Detection of Sigmoid Malignancy in Patients with Diverticular Disease
Authors: J. Glerum, D. Agenant, G. Tytgat
Journal: Endoscopy (1977)

Coloscopy was accurate in 83% of patients referred because of a radiological suspicion of malignancy in a diverticula-bearing sigmoid colon. In 17% the sigmoid could not be reached or inspected because of deformity or stenosis. All 13 coexisting carcinomas were correctly diagnosed endoscopically except for one which could not be reached. Coloscopy is therefore a valuable adjunct in detecting or eliminating cancer in colonic diverticular disease.
The modern way of developing clinical guidelines
Authors: B. G Higgins
Journal: Thorax (2007)

Challenges for the next 25 years The Society can congratulate itself on many things as it celebrates its 25th anniversary, but unquestionably one of the ways in which it has made an impact is as a producer of clinical guidelines. Guidelines are the most frequently visited section of our own website, and the BTS/SIGN asthma guideline1 has had more hits than any other on the SIGN site. Some clinicians do not like guidelines, feeling that they are somehow restrictive or that they promote medical laziness. Some feel that they do not need them. What most people would probably agree is that, if we are going to have guidelines, they should be good ones. The criteria for best practice in guideline production have changed considerably since the Society’s earliest work, and at our current milestone it is appropriate to look forward and consider how our high standards should be maintained. There is insufficient space here for a technically complete presentation on guideline methodology (and I doubt that most readers would want that), so I will simply highlight a few key issues. Keeping guidelines up to date while maintaining high quality is a major task, and any organisation like the BTS with an interest in this area needs to decide how to prioritise and to work on topics which will provide maximum benefit to patients. Guidelines can serve useful secondary purposes, such as demonstrating gaps in clinical evidence and encouraging research to address these, but primarily they should address a defined clinical need. The main criteria which might be used to select topics are:
Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis complicating thyrotoxicosis.
Authors: K Ali
Journal: BMJ (1975)

of the impacted safety pin had clearly ceased.Also the pin had caused epigastric pain and a small haemorrhage, and required removal.In view of the previous abnormalities in the right upper abdomen and the patients' cardiac status, laparotomy and duodenotomy would have been technically difficult and of considerable risk to the patient.Fibre-optic endoscopy has found a number of diagnostic and therapeutic applications in diseases of the upper digestive tract.Although the second part of the duodenum is accessible using the endoscope, the special devices marketed for the removal of foreign bodies were of little use in this case because of the extreme flexion of the tip required.Fortunately, the biopsy forceps fitted the loop of the ingested safety pin and the pin was lying the appropriate way for its retrograde removal.The advantages of endoscopic removal in this case are clear, but the obviation of general anaesthesia, laparotomy, and a period of postoperative recovery apply equally to the fit patient.If the patient had presented at hospital while the pin was still in the stomach its removal would have been much easier.Ingested foreign bodies that are likely to impact in the bowel should be removed from the stomach as a matter of urgency when endoscopy is to be used.
Dual Role for Fas Ligand in the Initiation of and Recovery from Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Kimberly A. Sabelko-Downes, Anne H. Cross, John H. Russell
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1999)

We have previously demonstrated a role for Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, using an active induction paradigm we could not distinguish between FasL expressed on activated CD4+ T cells from that expressed on other inflammatory or resident central nervous system (CNS) cells. To address this issue, we have conducted reciprocal adoptive transfer experiments of nontransgenic or myelin basic protein–specific T cell receptor transgenic wild-type, lpr, or gld lymphocytes into congenic wild-type, lpr, and gld hosts. We found that FasL expressed on donor cells is important for the development of EAE, as FasL-deficient lymphocytes transfer attenuated disease. Furthermore, Fas expressed in the recipient animals is important for the progression of EAE, as clinical signs of disease in lpr recipients were dramatically attenuated after transfer of either wild-type or lpr T cells. Surprisingly, these experiments also identified CNS cells as a source of functional FasL. Host-derived FasL appears to be especially important in the recovery from EAE, as many gld recipients of wild-type lymphocytes develop prolonged clinical signs of disease. Thus it appears that FasL plays distinct roles in EAE during the initiation of and recovery from disease.
MEASUREMENT OF ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS IN BRAIN AS RELATED TO POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: M. F. Utter, John M. Reiner, Harland G. Wood
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1945)

Experiments with mouse brain, homogenates show that the anaerobic glycolysis of such preparations can be increased tenfold by addition of appropriate coenzymes and phosphate esters. The previously reported alterations in anaerobic glycolysis during poliomyelitis, as measured with low activity preparations, are believed to be of doubtful value in so far as the changes may be related to any specific phase of metabolism. In order to obtain this type of information, the experiment usually must be designed specifically to measure the desired factor.
Aid for Prompt Recognition of Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Nathan Frank
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> An extremely useful clinical "pearl" helps in the recognition of pulmonary embolism. Approximately 60% of patients with heart disease who come to necropsy are found to have pulmonary emboli, and only 10% have been recognized antemortem. Embolism is a shocking and usually unexpected cause of death in patients following relatively minor surgery such as herniorrhaphy, hysterectomy, and hip fracture. Early diagnosis and prompt therapy such as anticoagulation can be very effective. The electrocardiogram is a valuable aid in the detection of pulmonary embolism. However, the classic findings originally described by McGinn and White in 1935 will be observed only in approximately 10% of proven cases, if the ECG is recorded shortly after the embolism has occurred. The classical changes that they described were as follows: (1) a deep S<sub>1</sub>, (2) prominent Q<sub>3</sub>and inversion of T<sub>3</sub>, (3) depression of ST segment in lead II