tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Nitric Oxide Radicals Choreograph a Radioadaptive Response
Authors: Hideki Matsumoto, Akihisa Takahashi, Takeo Ohnishi
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract The reduced biological effects of radiation exposure seen in cells after conditioning exposures to a low dose or at a low-dose rate (i.e., the acquisition of resistance against high-dose radiation) is called the “radioadaptive response” and many studies concerning this phenomenon have been reported since the 1980s. Radioadaptive responses have been observed using various end points, such as chromosomal aberrations, mutations, and clonogenic survival. However, the mechanisms of the radioadaptive response are not fully known. Here, we show that radiation-induced nitric oxide (NO) radicals contribute to the induction of radioresistance as determined by cell survival after a subsequent high-dose exposure. An accumulation of inducible NO synthase was produced, and the concentration of nitrite in the culture medium increased when cells were exposed to γ-rays at a low-dose rate or to X-rays for a low dose followed by an acute high-dose X-irradiation. In addition, the induction of radioresistance was not observed in the presence of an inhibitor of inducible NO synthase or a scavenger of NO radicals. Moreover, radioresistance was observed when cultures were treated with a NO radical–generating agent. These findings suggest that NO radicals are an initiator of the radioadaptive response. [Cancer Res 2007;67(18):8574–9]
The Charles University of Prague
Authors: Vladko Puchta
Journal: JAMA (1965)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In a letter in the Jan 4 issue (<b>191</b>:58, 1965) Dr. Vinzenz Lachnit says, "Prague itself was the first German University having been founded in 1348 by the German emperor, Charles IV, who had his residence in Prague." Few people are well acquainted with the historical status of Prague, or the establishment of its university, in 1348. The country of Bohemia had been under the dynasty of the house of Luxembourg for some years, and Charles IV, born at Prague in 1316 was of that family. He became King of Bohemia in 1346 following the death of his father, King John, at Crécy. He was Bohemian. Because of some other disputes the German electors at Rense in 1346 had chosen him to be king of Germany, as the papal candidate. Civil strife ceased with the death of Louis the IVth and Charles became undisputed king of
Effect of cigar smoking on carboxyhaemoglobin and plasma nicotine concentrations in primary pipe and cigar smokers and ex-cigarette smokers
Authors: J A M. Turner, R W Sillett, M W McNicol
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Five ex-cigarette smokers and five primary pipe and cigar smokers each smoked a large cigar. Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) and plasma nicotine levels were measured. In the ex-cigarette smokers mean COHb rose from 2.9% to 9.6% and plasma nicotine from 79.0 nmol/l to 281 nmol/l (12.8-45.6 ng/ml). This response was similar to that of cigarette smokers smoking cigarettes, which indicated that the subjects had inhaled and absorbed significant amounts of nicotine. In the primary pipe and cigar smokers the mean COHb rose from 0.8% to 1.0% and the plasma nicotine from 21 nmol/l to 32 nmol/l (3.4-5.2 ng/ml), indicating neither significant inhalation nor significant nicotine absorption.Since ex-cigarette smokers do not seem to lose their habit of inhaling when they change to cigars, measures aimed at persuading smokers to switch to cigars will have little effect on their health. Pipe and cigar smokers who have never smoked cigarettes do not inhale, which probably accounts for their reduced incidence of coronary heart disease and lung cancer. But they also appear not to absorb nicotine, which suggests that nicotine is absorbed largely from the lung and that the buccal mucosa is unimportant. It also raises the interesting question of why primary pipe and cigar smokers do smoke.
TUBERCULOSIS OF FASCIA.
Authors: JAMES E. MOORE
Journal: JAMA (1899)

Very few writers mention connective tissue as a primary seat of tuberculosis. Senn, in his "Principles of Surgery," gives the only article of importance upon this subject that I have been able to find, and that is a very brief one. We are learning, however, that the fasciæ of various parts of the body are not infrequently the primary seat of disease. Every surgeon is familiar with tuberculosis of fascia secondary to gland, bone and joint disease, but in these cases the communicating sinuses can be found and the relation between the disease of the fascia and the gland, bone or joint easily established. I have the history of quite a number of cases in which there was no disease of gland, bone or joint and in which there was extensive disease of the fascia. There are two varieties. In
Peroral Small Bowel Mucosal Biopsy
Authors: B. H. Sullivan
Journal: JAMA (1960)

Specimens of mucosa from the small intestine were obtained from several hundred persons by using the Crosby intestinal biopsy capsule. Normal histologic variations have been recognized. Acute diarrheal diseases, including Asiatic cholera, were found to be characterized by inflammatory changes, while specimens from patients with severe tropical or nontropical sprue showed inflammation, atrophy, and amorphous proteinaceous amphophilic precipitates in the stroma. In cases of Whipple's disease the characteristic finding was heavy infiltration of the lamina propria by macrophages which contain polysaccharide stained by para-aminosalicylic acid. There are many research applications for this technique for obtaining fresh, small samples of intestinal mucosa, unaffected by surgical trauma or postmortem autolysis. It has been particularly useful in establishing the diagnosis and evaluating the treatment in patients with intestinal malabsorption syndrome.
Evidence favours an association between saturated fat intake and coronary heart disease
Authors: J. Mann, R. McLean, L. Te Morenga
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Malhotra provides useful reminders about the causes of coronary heart disease (CHD),1 which are complex, with no single factor being “the major issue.”1 Many patients who now present with myocardial infarction are overweight and have features of the metabolic syndrome.

However, contrary to Malhotra’s statement that “advice [to reduce saturated fat intake] has, paradoxically, increased our cardiovascular …
SOME TECHNICAL SUPPLEMENTS IN COMPLICATED ENUCLEATIONS.
Authors: M. F. WEYMANN
Journal: JAMA (1901)

pagation.The only point, therefore, which remained to be proved was the fact that fomites which might be con- sidered of the worst kind should likewise fail to do so even within the regular yellow fever zone, and that the very men who had been exposed with impunity to their action, would thereafter take the infection through the bite of a contaminated mosquito; all of which the ex- perimenters have demonstrated to perfection.That not only fomites.but anything that might be considered as a possible receptacle for live mosquitoes,
The International Alliance of Patients' Organisations
Authors: Jane Cassidy
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The International Alliance of Patients’ Organisations (IAPO) bills itself as the only global organisation promoting patient centred healthcare around the world and representing patients of all nationalities across all disease areas. The alliance headquarters is in London, and more than 200 members span more than 50 countries, encompassing an estimated 365 million patients, their families, and carers.

IAPO’s recent campaigning has included a call for patients to set the agenda on non-communicable and chronic diseases, made at a side meeting to the WHO World Health Assembly in Geneva, Switzerland in May. The meeting was hosted by IAPO and two member patient groups—Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI), and the Multiple Sclerosis International Federation (MSIF)—and members urged a stronger role for patient advocates in the design and delivery …
Genetics of inherited retinal disease
Authors: P. J Francis
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2006)

The introduction of ophthalmoscopy towards the end of the 19th century afforded physicians for the first time detailed views of the fundus of the eye. Over the subsequent 150 years, a huge number of articles have been dedicated to the description of the various patterns of hereditary retinal diseases, also known as retinal dystrophies. Advances over the last two decades in gene identification and cell biology techniques have led to a step change in our understanding providing real insights into the genetic defects and molecular pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie these conditions. Only now, at the beginning of the 21st century, are there realistic prospects that these blinding conditions may be cured.

The retina is a wonderful tool for the study of genetic disease for several reasons. Not only can a wide-variety of phenotypes be directly visualized and documented photographically but their effects on the organ can be quantified by psychophysical measures (acuity, field, colour contrast) and retinal electrophysiology (by which it is now possible to dissect the function of each retinal cell type individually). Since retinal dystrophies are slowly progressive and may not become visually handicapping until adult life, families with these conditions often become large enough for genetic linkage studies. Finally, the ease with which the retina can be visualized has led to the discovery of a large number of animal models which in turn have led to a better understanding of the genetic and biochemical mechanisms resulting in photoreceptor death.1
Diagnosis of Pneumoconiosis-Reply
Authors: Edwin R. Fisher
Journal: JAMA (1981)

In Reply.—  It is apparent that Green and associates have failed to receive the message delivered by our recent study. The data indicate that there is a substantial overlap in the incidence of those microscopic features that have been heretofore regarded as inviolable evidence of CWP in the lungs of coal miners and urban dwellers. Dr Green and associates fail to indicate in what manner the selection of the two populations would detract from the conclusion rendered. According to them, one might conclude that a large segment of the urban population exhibits pulmonary changes warranting a diagnosis of CWP. That such persons or that all miners suffer from such a disease is not supported by clinical, radiological, or other evidence. What then is there about the identical changes encountered in the lungs of coal miners that prompts Dr Green and associates to intimate that these changes in lungs of coal
The Treatment of Hypertension with Hexamethonium
Authors: E. D. FREIS, F. A. FINNERTY, H. W. SCHNAPER, R. L. JOHNSON
Journal: Circulation (1952)

Hexamethonium by subcutaneous injection in doses of 10 to 75 mg. of the ion every 8 or 12 hours produced significant reductions of arterial pressure and symptomatic improvement in a high percentage of patients with benign or malignant hypertension.Methods for preventing tolerance and undesirable side effects are presented, and the advantages as well as the limitations of hexamethonium therapy are discussed.IN 1948 Paton and Zaimis' introduced a series of polymethylene bistrimethylammonium compounds of which the decame- thonium (C10) member exhibited curariform properties while the penta-and hexamethonium (C5 and C6) compounds produced a blockade of all autonomic ganglions.Arnold, Goetz and Rosenheim2 and Burt and Graham3 demonstrated the marked vaso- dilator and hypotensive properties of pentamethonium in man.Kay and Smith4 noted a marked reduction of gastric acidity after hexamethonium in patients with peptic ulcer, this effect apparently being due to inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system.Favor- able reports5'8 have appeared concerning the use of C5 and/or C6 in the treatment of essen- tial hypertension.Previous studies in this laboratory indicated that hexamethonium, C6, produced greater vasodilatation in the toes than either tetraethylammonium or Priscoline.9Quantitative meas- urements of the increase in foot blood flow
Risk factors and outcomes in lung transplant recipients with nodular invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Nina Singh, Jose F. Suarez, Robin Avery, Cornelia Lass-Flörl, Christian Geltner, Alessandro C. Pasqualotto, G. Marshall Lyon, Michelle Barron, Shahid Husain, Marilyn M. Wagener, Jose G. Montoya
Journal: Journal of Infection (2013)
A CASE OF "FIBROID PNEUMONIA."
Authors: A. G. Auld
Journal: BMJ (1905)

236.Le-G3 -"FIBROID PNEUMONIA."[FE nB I9O3.normal, and nothing fresh was noted till November 22nd, when the eyes were suffused, sneezing occurred, and several Koplik's spots were seen; temperature, 980.9.30 p.m. Several faint macules on the cheeks and behind the ears; streaks of deposit on the tonsils; temperature, I103°N ovember 23rd, 13.45 a.m.Rash gone; no catarrhal symptoms beyond suffusion of eyes, Koplik's spots, and stomatitis; temperature, 97°.7.15 p.m. Face puffy and dotted over with macular eruption; urticarial wheals on thighs and knees; scarlatiniform rash on inner iside of thighs; erythematous patch on right calf; temperature, ioIO.K0.30 p.m. Urticaria and scarlatiniform rash gone; eruption on face and erythema on calf fainter; temperature, 'ox .60.November 24th.Typical measles rash.
Fibroblast growth factor 23 and bone mineralisation
Authors: Yu-Chen Guo, Quan Yuan
Journal: International Journal of Oral Science (2015)

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a hormone that is mainly secreted by osteocytes and osteoblasts in bone. The critical role of FGF23 in mineral ion homeostasis was first identified in human genetic and acquired rachitic diseases and has been further characterised in animal models. Recent studies have revealed that the levels of FGF23 increase significantly at the very early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may play a critical role in mineral ion disorders and bone metabolism in these patients. Our recent publications have also shown that FGF23 and its cofactor, Klotho, may play an independent role in directly regulating bone mineralisation instead of producing a systematic effect. In this review, we will discuss the new role of FGF23 in bone mineralisation and the pathophysiology of CKD-related bone disorders. A hormone secreted by bone-forming cells may play a critical role in the bone disorders in kidney disease. In their review Quan Yan, from the West China Hospital of Stomatology in Chengdu, and colleagues noted that levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) increase with a decline in kidney function. Elevated levels have been linked to end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular disease and death. The mechanisms underlying this association with poor outcomes could be explained by the hormone's ability to increase inflammation. FGF-23 is also thought to play a critical role in mineral ion disorders and bone metabolism in these patients. The authors suggest studying whether deactivating FGF-23 in kidney disease would halt bone damage without having other adverse effects on the body.
PTU-039 Mortality and utility of prognostic scoring models in cirrhotic patients admitted to a tertiary non-transplant intensive care unit (ICU) in the UK: Abstract PTU-039 Table 1
Authors: H Lewis, T Reynolds, A Lillis, K Maitland, G R Foster, J Hadley
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Patients with liver cirrhosis admitted to ICU have a poor prognosis with reported ICU, in-hospital and 1-year mortality rates of 37%&gt;65%, 49–74% and 69–81% respectively. Prognostic models may enable accurate discrimination at admission of those who will benefit from ICU admission. Organ failure scoring models have been shown to be good predictors of ICU mortality, but there are few reports of their utility in non-transplant centres in Europe. We aimed to describe mortality and the prognostic value of commonly used predictors in patients with cirrhosis admitted to the ICU of a tertiary non-transplant London teaching hospital ICU. <h3>Methods</h3> Retrospective analysis of the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre database of all patients with cirrhosis admitted to ICU from January 2006 to November 2010. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS V. 19. The area under receiver operating curve (AUROC) was used to assess the prognostic accuracy of the scoring models. <h3>Results</h3> 135 out of 4890 (2.8%) admissions had diagnosed cirrhosis. Mean age was 53. 77% were white, 16% were Asian, and 7% were black. 74% were male. Cause of cirrhosis was alcohol in 70.4%, HCV in 9.6%, HBV in 4.4% and NASH in 5.2%. Admission was for sepsis in 34% of patients, GI bleeding in 24%, and encephalopathy in 12%. Mortality was 39% in ICU, 55% at 30 days and 59% at 1 year. 30-day mortality in those who required renal replacement therapy (RRT), advanced cardiovascular support, mechanical ventilation or CPR was 75%, 65%, 58% and 70% respectively. Overall all-cause ICU mortality was 19.4% for this period. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Mortality in this series compares favourably with published rates, particularly at 1 year. Mortality in patients who require CPR or RRT is high at 70% and 75%, but is appreciably better than the 100% and 89% mortality previously reported. SOFA score has the best predictive value for mortality, but is not strongly predictive. All predictive scores have a worse AUROC for mortality than previously seen suggesting a reduced prognostic validity in the non-transplant UK setting. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared.
Effect of Surfactant on Morbidity, Mortality, and Resource Use in Newborn Infants Weighing 500 to 1500 g
Authors: Rachel M. Schwartz, Anastasia M. Luby, John W. Scanlon, Russell J. Kellogg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

The administration of surfactant decreased mortality, morbidity, and costs of care for very-low-birth-weight infants in clinical trials. The extent to which these benefits can be achieved in the usual clinical settings is not known.
Government needs to take lead in preventing injuries in children
Authors: Oona Mashta
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Primary care trusts, along with local authorities, should draw up local strategies to help prevent some of the two million visits of unintentionally injured children to emergency departments each year in the United Kingdom, says a new report from the Audit Commission and the Healthcare Commission.

The joint report says that the government has failed to tackle the problem and should spell out what is needed locally to prevent accidental injuries.

Injuries such as those caused by burns, falling down stairs, and poisoning are a leading cause of …
Charity for homeless launches GP service for hostel residents
Authors: Mark Gould
Journal: BMJ (2005)

A partnership between the NHS and a charity that seeks to provide homeless people with a “normal” NHS GP service was launched this week. Homeless charities complain that without a permanent address homeless people can't register with a GP. Now some 93 residents of a central London hostel run by the charity St Mungo's have their own in-house GP and practice nurse.

Camden Primary Care Trust already sends GPs and nurses to homeless drop-in centres and shelters in central London. Now Kristinn Tan, a doctor (pictured above with hostel resident Hassan Ruef-Ali) and Camille Warren, a nurse, hold twice weekly surgeries in the hostel that was once a school. St Mungo's provides the rooms for free.

The launch comes as St Mungo's publishes the …
Evaluation of Microcrystalline Griseofulvin Therapy in Tinea Capitis
Authors: Nardo Zaias
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Three hundred twenty-four cases of scalp ringworm among Negro school children were studied in Miami, Fla. Approximately one half of these were nonfluorescent infections due to<i>Trichophyton tonsurans</i>, the remainder being fluorescent<i>Microsporum</i>infections, of which one in every four cases was due to<i>M rivalieri</i>, a newly described African species closely related to<i>M audouinii</i>. In the<i>T tonsurans</i>infections, neither a single 3-gm dose of microcrystalline griseofulvin nor four 1-gm doses at weekly intervals was considered effective therapy. Daily doses of griseofulvin are recommended for the treatment of nonfluorescent tinea capitis. In contrast, a single 3-gm dose plus a topically applied benzoic and salicylic acid (Whitfield's) ointment was curative in 88% of the<i>Microsporum</i>infections. Attention is again drawn to the increasing incidence of nonfluorescent<i>Trichophyton</i>infections of the scalp in the United States.
Release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor from freshly harvested porcine endothelial cells.
Authors: A Hartmann, M Saeed, R J Bing
Journal: Circulation Research (1987)

Vascular relaxation in rabbit aortic preparations induced by acetylcholine is endothelium-dependent. The nature of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) has not been ascertained because it is very labile (reported half-life 6-50 seconds). To obtain a stable source of EDRF, a system was developed in which the relaxing factor was continuously produced by freshly harvested porcine endothelial cells. Endothelial cells were collected from aortas by exposing the endothelial lining to collagenase 0.1%. Cells were washed and concentrated by repeated centrifugation to obtain a high cell count (7.2 X 10(6) cells/ml). Endothelium-deprived aortic strips from rabbits were incubated in these cells suspended in tissue culture medium and fetal calf serum. The strips were precontracted with histamine. Acetylcholine was added to induce EDRF release. Significant relaxation of endothelium-deprived aortic strips was observed. Superoxide dismutase, an enzyme known to protect EDRF against inactivation, caused further relaxation, which was inhibited by the addition of hemoglobin, an agent known to inhibit the relaxing action of EDRF. Even without the addition of acetylcholine, hemoglobin caused contraction of the denuded aortic strips in suspension of porcine endothelial cells, demonstrating spontaneous EDRF release. Hemoglobin had no effect in cell-free medium. Endothelial-cell-dependent relaxation occurred without attachment of endothelial cells to the endothelium-deprived aortic strips: when the cell suspension was replaced by cell-free medium, relaxation did not occur after acetylcholine. Scanning electron microscopy showed no attachment of endothelial cells to the subendothelial layer. It can be concluded that freshly harvested endothelial cells produce endothelium-derived relaxing factor with an without stimulation by acetylcholine.
Deferral Aims to Deter Chagas' Parasite
Authors: Andrew Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1991)

REJECTING prospective blood donors who are at risk of carrying the Chagas' disease parasite may help prevent the spread of the potentially fatal disease in the United States without significantly reducing blood supplies, even in communities that have a large number of immigrants from areas of Latin America where the disease is endemic. This is the conclusion of a study by the Los Angeles County—University of Southern California Hospital Blood Bank that was presented in November at the annual meeting of the American Association of Blood Banks, held in Los Angeles. The study describes the effects of a donor screening policy adopted last year after one case of transfusion-associated Chagas' disease was reported in California and one in New York, NY (<i>JAMA</i>. 1989;262:1433). The blood bank's policy calls for the questioning of prospective donors who were born in or who traveled to areas of Latin America where Chagas' disease is