tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Gallium 67 Scans in Small Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Jacob D. Bitran
Journal: JAMA (1979)

To the Editor.—  My colleagues and I read with interest the experience reported by Brereton et al (240:666, 1978) on gallium scans for the staging of small cell carcinoma of the lung. We, too, have been evaluating gallium 67 scans for the staging of small cell carcinoma of the lung and have presently studied 53 consecutively untreated patients with small cell carcinoma. Our conclusions on the accuracy of gallium 67 scans in detecting extrathoracic sites of disease greatly differ from those of Brereton et al. Fifty-five extrathoracic sites of disease were identified by either physical examination, chest roentgenogram, or technetium Tc 99m bone, brain, or liver scans in 25 patients with widespread metastatic disease (III M1 ). Gallium 67 scans in these patients were compared with bone, brain, and liver scans to determine sensitivity and specificity. In our hands, a gallium 67 scan in patients with small cell carcinoma had a
Wilms' Tumor: Clinical and Biological Manifestations
Authors: Ruth Andrea Seeler
Journal: JAMA (1985)

The complexity of pediatric oncology is evidenced by this multiauthored (23) work on a single tumor. This comprehensive monograph designed for clinicians, experts, and researchers has grown by over 50% since the first edition nine years ago. According to the preface, it is divided into three sections but in actuality contains two, to this reviewer's mind. It begins with a clinical presentation and diagnostic and laboratory workup, with the management using a multi-disciplinary approach at the end (section 3). In between are a number of chapters covering the biological and research aspects, genetics, and histogenesis of this interesting tumor. The individual clinical chapters are self-contained complete reviews. The initial historical chapter provides a prelude to current successful modern therapy. A masterful description of the clinical presentation of Wilms' tumor follows. Well-illustrated chapters on roentgenographic, isotopic, and ultrasonic imaging complete the general introduction. Additional chapters on cytogenetic abnormalities and the association
Effect of Torso Resistivity Variation on the Electrocardiograms of Children, Using a Grid Lead System
Authors: EUGENE J. FISCHMANN, MARK R. BARBER, HERBERT H. LEHNER
Journal: Circulation (1970)

Most clinical ECG leads determine cardiac currents from a few surface potential samples, without quantitating torso geometry and structure, by empirical-intuitive methods. The present report is part of a broader study asking whether the known limitations of ECG can be reduced by multi-electrode grid leads which sample extensively, measure torso geometry and structure, and use clearly defined biomathematics. One torso characteristic not measured in clinical ECG is torso resistivity ρ, while past studies of the cardiac dipole moment replaced measurement of ρ by assuming that it is 480 ohms-cm. In essence this amounts to using Ohm's law: Current = voltage/resistance without consideration of the resistance term. The present work attempts to measure each patient's ρ as part of the ECG recording procedure, by one of two methods: Dipole moment and ρ are separately determined and the measured dipole moment (Mm) is later corrected by computer, or the ECG recorder is calibrated for the patient's ρ, resulting in an ECG directly read as corrected dipole moment, ma-cm. The effect of ρ variation on the ECG was assessed in 51 children by comparing instantaneous and maximal Mm and its components when ρ was an arbitrary 480 ohms-cm (Mm 480) or individually measured (Mmi). Measured ρ was less than 480 ohms-cm in all subjects and decreased with age. The differences between Mm 480 and Mmi were typically half to a third of the mean Mm 480 and about half of the Mm 96 percentile. Correction of the ECG for individual ρ should result in revaluation of estimates of the heart's total force, as did area correction in previous reports of this series.
Tumor necrosis factor α-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance involves suppression of AMP-kinase signaling
Authors: Gregory R. Steinberg, Belinda J. Michell, Bryce J.W. van Denderen, Matthew J. Watt, Andrew L. Carey, Barbara C. Fam, Sofianos Andrikopoulos, Joseph Proietto, Cem Z. Görgün, David Carling, Gökhan S. Hotamisligil, Mark A. Febbraio, Thomas W. Kay, Bruce E. Kemp
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2006)
Alteration in Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow
Authors: BARRY W. LEVINE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

Physiological evaluation of lung function including distribution of perfusion and ventilation with xenon-133 was conducted in seven subjects, ages 9 to 49 years, with homozygous alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Four subjects, ages 36 to 49, had mildly impaired air flow rates, hypoxemia, increased alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients, and decreased carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. Altered distribution of pulmonary perfusion with loss of the normally occurring perfusion gradient from base to apex was present in these four as well as in a 14-year-old subject who was otherwise physiologically normal. The other two subjects, ages 9 and 12, were entirely normal. These findings suggest that pulmonary vascular bed is involved early in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, and obstructive airways disease appears later as shown by the temporal sequence of development of obstructive lung disease in these seven subjects.
Effects of endogenously produced leukotrienes, thromboxane, and prostaglandins on coronary vascular resistance in rabbit myocardial infarction.
Authors: A S Evers, S Murphree, J E Saffitz, B A Jakschik, P Needleman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

In an effort to evaluate the synthesis and function of eicosanoids in myocardial infarction, we have developed a technique of in vivo myocardial infarction in rabbits followed by ex vivo cardiac perfusion. Isolated Langendorff perfused infarcted hearts (removed 1 or 4 d after infarction) responded to the inflammatory cell agonist N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) with (a) the release of leukotrienes B4, C4, and D4; (b) the release of large amounts of thromboxane (235 +/- 66 ng/5 min), prostacyclin (714 +/- 285 ng/5 min), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (330 +/- 108 ng/5 min); and (c) a coronary vasoconstriction (21.1 +/- 2.5% increase in coronary perfusion pressure) that was specifically inhibited by the peptidoleukotriene receptor antagonist FPL-55712. While noninfarcted hearts challenged with fMLP also released leukotrienes B4, C4, and D4, they released only small amounts of the cyclooxygenase products (thromboxane, 30 +/- 9 ng/5 min; prostacyclin, 120 +/- 54 ng/5 min; PGE2, 27 +/- 10 ng/5 min) and showed minimal vasoconstriction (5.6 +/- 2.1% increase in perfusion pressure). Similarly, hearts challenged with fMLP 30 d following infarction released only small amounts of the cyclooxygenase products (thromboxane, 42 +/- 8 ng/5 min; prostacyclin, 386 +/- 31 ng/5 min; PGE2, 79 +/- 25 ng/5 min). When bradykinin was administered, no leukotrienes were produced, but acutely infarcted hearts released 10 times more thromboxane, prostacyclin, and PGE2 than normal hearts and significantly larger amounts of these products than 30-d infarcted hearts. Histologic analysis showed no inflammatory cells in normal hearts, a prominent polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in 1-d infarcted tissue, fibroblast proliferation with mononuclear cell invasion in 4-d infarcted tissue, and a fibrotic scar with scanty mononuclear cell infiltrate in 30-d infarcted tissue. Inflammatory cell invasion was temporarily associated with augmented cyclooxygenase metabolism, suggesting that infiltrating leukocytes may be responsible for production of thromboxane, prostacyclin, and PGE2 in acutely infarcted hearts. The finding that endogenously produced peptidoleukotrienes are potent coronary vasoconstrictors in infarcted rabbit hearts suggests that these products may contribute to tissue injury in myocardial infarction.
Changes in interstitial adenosine during hypoxia: relationship to oxygen supply:demand imbalance, and effects of adenosine deaminase
Authors: T. Wang, J. Sodhi, R. M Mentzer, D. G L V. Wylen
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

The aim was to determine the changes in coronary blood flow and intramyocardial interstitial fluid (ISF) adenosine and adenosine metabolites during systemic hypoxia, and to evaluate (1) whether the increase in ISF adenosine during hypoxia is augmented if the hypoxic hyperaemia is prevented, and (2) the effects of adenosine deaminase on ISF adenosine and coronary blood flow during sustained hypoxia.Anaesthetised dogs were instrumented with a flow probe around the left anterior descending coronary artery to measure coronary blood flow and with a microdialysis probe in the myocardium perfused by this artery to sample intramyocardial ISF. Dialysate purine metabolite levels were used as indices of ISF levels. Systemic hypoxia was induced by a reduction in the FIO2.Acute systemic hypoxia (PaO2 approximately 3.9 kPa) resulted in a 60% increase in dialysate adenosine, along with increases in dialysate levels of the adenosine metabolites inosine (74%), hypoxanthine (33%), and xanthine (32%). If the hypoxic hyperaemia was prevented, dialysate adenosine increased by 180% during hypoxia, and the increases in adenosine metabolites were augmented as well. During sustained hypoxia, intracoronary administration of adenosine deaminase decreased dialysate adenosine below prehypoxia levels, but did not alter the hypoxic hyperaemia.While ISF adenosine is increased during acute systemic hypoxia and is increased in relation to the oxygen supply:demand imbalance, consistent with a role of adenosine in hypoxic hyperaemia in the heart, adenosine is not necessary for the maintenance of a sustained increase in coronary blood flow during hypoxia.
Once-Daily Treatment with Beclomethasone Dipropionate Nasal Aerosol 320 μg Provides 24-Hour Nasal Symptom Relief in Patients with Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Albert F. Finn, Bruce Prenner, Robert A. Nathan, Michael Ruff, Leith Kelley, Sudeesh Tantry
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
Underfunding of Australian health system leads to 1500 unnecessary deaths a year, doctors say
Authors: B. Bland
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The Australian Medical Association has warned that the country’s public health system is facing a major crisis because of underinvestment and claims that 1500 hospital patients die unnecessarily every year as a result.

It said that public hospitals urgently require a $A3bn (£1.3bn; €1.5bn; $1.9bn) cash injection to meet the existing nationwide shortfall of 3750 beds and to ensure that “lives are not at risk.”

Speaking after the release of the association’s annual public hospital “report card,” Rosanna Capolingua, the association’s president, said that the hospital system, which is jointly …
Reply to Letter to the Editor: ‘Toxic epidermal necrolysis in patients with malignancies’, by G. Gravante, G. Esposito, M. Marianetti, D. Delogu, G. Sconocchia &amp; A. Montone (doi:10.1093/annonc/mdl089)
Authors: G. Curigliano, G. Spitaleri, F. de Braud, A. Goldhirsch
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2006)
Sudden Death in a Young Asthmatic
Authors: I. Gregg, J. Batten
Journal: BMJ (1969)

A 14-year-old boy with severe asthma was treated with prednisone and disodium cromoglycate with considerable subjective improvement, though there was persistent airways obstruction. After several weeks' freedom from symptoms he died in a severe attack of nocturnal asthma. Necropsy findings suggested that hypersecretion had been occurring in die medium-sized airways for several days before death.
Post-intubation laryngeal injuries and extubation failure: a fiberoptic endoscopic study
Authors: Jean-Marc Tadié, Eva Behm, Lucien Lecuyer, Rania Benhmamed, Stéphane Hans, Daniel Brasnu, Jean-Luc Diehl, Jean-Yves Fagon, Emmanuel Guérot
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2010)
Hospital merger is blocked because of failure to prove patient benefits
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The first proposed merger of two hospitals in England since new rules on competition came into force under the Health and Social Care Act last year has been blocked on the grounds that it would not benefit patients.

The Royal Bournemouth and Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust have been working on proposals to merge since November 2011, saying that changes to services were essential to ensure their future sustainability.

In a statement the trusts said that they were “deeply disappointed” by the Competition Commission’s decision to prevent the merger, a move they described as “fundamentally wrong.”

Last week the BMJ revealed that the trusts had spent £1.8m (€2.4m; $3.2m) on legal and consultancy fees related to the merger.1 Securing further efficiency savings would now be more …
Biomarkers for Great Lakes priority contaminants: halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons.
Authors: M M Feeley
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

One of the major goals of the Great Lakes Action Plan is to actively accumulate and assess toxicological information on persistent toxic substances found in the Great Lakes basin. As part of Health Canada's commitment to this plan, a review of biomarkers for the environmental contaminants polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) was conducted. In general, while food consumption was identified as the major source of human exposure to both contaminant groups, certain commodities, such as fish, milk and dairy products, and meat, were found to predominate. Due to the ubiquitous nature of these environmental contaminants and their propensity to bioaccumulate, all humans will have detectable body burdens, which in certain cases can be positively associated with the consumption of particular foods (i.e., PCBs and freshwater fish from the Great Lakes). When dealing with environmental exposure only, relating specific effect biomarkers to contaminant exposure or tissue levels was difficult, due in part to the complex nature of the exposure and the nonspecific nature of the effect. For PCBs, the most likely biomarkers of effect included some form of alteration in lipid metabolism (serum triglyceride/cholesterol levels) and elevation of hepatic-related enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Cross-species extrapolation also indicates the potential for neurotoxicologic effects to occur in humans. For PCDDs/PCDFs, dermatologic lesions (chloracne) and indications of hepatic enzyme induction have been documented, but primarily due to occupational or high acute accidental exposures. Recent evidence suggests that neonates may represent a potential at-risk population due to relatively high exposure to PCDDs/PCDFs, as with PCBs, during breast feeding as compared to standard adult dietary intake. Future areas of potential benefit for biomarker development include immunologic and endocrine effects, primarily based on biologic plausibility from experimental animal research.
Body Sway in Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Luigi Uccioli, Pier Giorgio Giacomini, Giovanna Monticone, Antonio Magrini, Laura Durola, Ernesto Bruno, Leo Parisi, Stefano Di Girolamo, Guido Menzinger
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of peripheral neuropathy on body sway assessed by posturography. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The age-matched study subjects included 10 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients with peripheral neuropathy (DN), 23 IDDM patients without peripheral neuropathy (D) according to the San Antonio Consensus Conference guidelines, and 21 control subjects (C). All subjects with symptoms and/or clinical signs of postural instability were excluded from the study. RESULTS The trace surface was significantly larger in the DN than in the C and D groups (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and the trace length was longer in the DN than in the C and D groups (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Mean velocity was faster in the DN than in the other two groups (P &amp;lt; 0.001). A direct relationship was found between the parameters of posturography and some parameters of the nerve conduction velocity. CONCLUSIONS Diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy demonstrate a relative deficit in their ability to maintain posture. Posturography allows an early disclosure of the failure of postural control.
Aetiologies of creeping eruption: 78 cases
Authors: C. Vanhaecke, A. Perignon, G. Monsel, S. Regnier, L. Paris, E. Caumes
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

Creeping eruption is a migratory linear cutaneous trail. In addition to hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (HrCLM), other diseases can also be revealed by this sign.To report the different aetiologies of creeping eruption.All consecutive patients with creeping eruption presenting to our unit in Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris between 1 March 2008 and 31 January 2013 were included. The diagnoses were based on microscopic data when available (hookworm folliculitis, strongyloidiasis) or the association of epidemiological, clinical, biological features and good outcome after specific treatment (HrCLM, loiasis, gnathostomiasis).Seventy-four patients (95%) presented with HrCLM. All but one had been travelling in a tropical country; seven (9%) also presented with folliculitis. Skin scraping of hookworm folliculitis lesions was performed in five cases and revealed living nematode larvae in three cases. Two patients (3%) with cutaneous gnathostomiasis after returning from Bali and Japan presented with intermittent creeping dermatitis on the foot and thigh, respectively. One patient (1%), native to Cameroon, was diagnosed with loiasis and one patient (1%), with no travel history, presented with 'creeping hair'.Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans explains 95% of the cases of creeping eruption; gnathostomiasis, loiasis and cutaneous pili migrans may also be diagnosed.
ABC of Work Related Disorders: OCCUPATIONAL INFECTIONS
Authors: D. Snashall
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Occupational groups at risk of infections contracted at work Specific infections due to work are not * Veterinary surgeons-leptospirosis, Q fever common, but some systemic ones are serious *~Ṽ eeinr sugoslpoprss Q.ee and easy to miss unless there iS a high index of * Farm workers-ringworm, leptospirosis, orf, tetanus, perhaps bovine suspico.ully taking a patient's spongiform encephalopathy suspicion.Carefully taking a patient's * Poultry workers-ornithosis, histoplasmosis, Newcastle disease occupational history may reveal the diagnosis * Health workers-hepatitis, HIV for an unusual illness.Superficial infections * Construction workers-tetanus are less serious but may be difficult to * Butchers and abattoir workers-Streptococcus suis, Q fever diagnose and treat and can be transmitted to * Forestry workers-Lyme disease others.Some infections may cause an allergic * Engineering workers-skin infection r * Overseas workers returning home-tropical diseases, brucellosis, anthrax response (such as farmer's lung), and endotoxins and mycotoxins can cause acute * No of cases of leptospirosis notified: 32 in 1989 20 in 1990 18 in 1993 * In 1989-90 two patients received benefit for occupationally acquired leptospirosis Reemergence of tuberculosis* Notifications of tuberculosis have been rising since 1987 * Numbers of cases increased by 7% between 1991 and 1992, and by 2% between 1992 and 1993 * 5920 cases were notified in England and Wales in 1993 * Patients who received benefit for occupationally acquired tuberculosis: 32 in 1980-1 6 in 1983-4 3 in 1988-9 0 in 1989-90 * An increasing proportion of notified cases are non-respiratory * Notification rates are rising particularly in younger age groups *There are substantial regional differences in notification rates: 25/100 000 in Northwest Thames region 4/100 000 in Wessex region 33% of notifications are in Greater London area * Strains with multiple drug resistance continue to emerge
Type I and type II T-cell profiles in aplastic anemia and refractory anemia
Authors: Hiroyuki Tsuda, Hiroshi Yamasaki
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2000)

Immune-mediated suppression of hematopoiesis has been considered the most important mechanism in the development of idiopathic aplastic anemia (AA) and some types of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Using flow cytometric analysis of intracellular cytokine expression at the single-cell level, we analyzed helper-T (Th) and cytotoxic-T (Tc) subsets in patients with AA and MDS of refractory anemia (RA) subtype. The results showed marked increases in the Th1/Th2 ratio and Tc1/Tc2 ratio in both AA and MDS/RA. Overproduction of cytokines inhibitory to hematopoiesis reported so far might be a reflection of imbalanced development of Th and Tc. Determination of the factors that affect Th and Tc profiles may lead to further understanding of immunological states and the development of effective immunotherapy in AA as well as some types of MDS.
Is There a Star Tree Paradox?
Authors: Bryan Kolaczkowski, Joseph W. Thornton
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

Concerns have been raised that posterior probabilities on phylogenetic trees can be unreliable when the true tree is unresolved or has very short internal branches, because existing methods for Bayesian phylogenetic analysis do not explicitly evaluate unresolved trees. Two recent papers have proposed that evaluating only resolved trees results in a “star tree paradox”: when the true tree is unresolved or close to it, posterior probabilities were predicted to become increasingly unpredictable as sequence length grows, resulting in inflated confidence in one resolved tree or another and an increasing risk of false-positive inferences. Here we show that this is not the case; existing Bayesian methods do not lead to an inflation of statistical confidence, provided the evolutionary model is correct and uninformative priors are assumed. Posterior probabilities do not become increasingly unpredictable with increasing sequence length, and they exhibit conservative type I error rates, leading to a low rate of false-positive inferences. With infinite data, posterior probabilities give equal support for all resolved trees, and the rate of false inferences falls to zero. We conclude that there is no star tree paradox caused by not sampling unresolved trees.
Infections Metastatic to the Vertebral Column
Authors: James I. Kendrick, James T. Hartman
Journal: JAMA (1963)

THE INSIDIOUS ONSET of symptoms and the lack of early objective signs in infections of the spine lead frequently to a delay in accurate diagnosis and proper treatment. Since the inception of antibiotic therapy the course of this disease and its treatment have changed. However, the delay in diagnosis, frequently because of poor localizing signs, is still with us. A history of persistent backache accompanied by generalized aching and, at times, fever and chills should alert the physician to the possibility of this diagnosis. In those patients with spontaneous onset, the route of infection is hematogenous, so there must of necessity have been a prior infection of one of the surfaces of the body. Frequently, no such history of this can be obtained. The differential diagnosis of persistent backache in children or adults must always include metastatic sepsis to the spine. A high index of suspicion will lead to this