tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Monros of Edinburgh
Authors: Paul B. Ferrary
Journal: JAMA (1962)

To the Editor:—  In general, I have been pleased with your recent emphasis on medical history inThe Journal, but your editorial (JAMA180:58 [April 7] 1962) on the 3 Alexander Monros of Edinburgh clouded the issue somewhat. Nowhere can I find a good word for Alexander Tertius, who, like all inferior sons trading on the names of their fathers, appears to have been a complete waste of time. The dynasty effectively died with his father, not with him.  Garrison (Introduction to History of Medicine, [4th ed.] Philadelphia: Saunders, 1929) quotes Lonsdale as follows: [Tertius] unconcernedly at noon ate cranberry tarts in the midst of grinning students at a small pastry cook's, and with digestion unimpaired the next hour read his grandfather's essays on hydrophobia as part of an anatomical course.  Garrison also says: John Bell assailed 'the windy and wordy school,' and of Monro said, 'in Dr. Monro's
Decreased in vivo glucose uptake but normal expression of GLUT1 and GLUT4 in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats.
Authors: B B Kahn, L Rossetti, H F Lodish, M J Charron
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

This study was designed to determine whether altered glucose transporter expression is essential for the in vivo insulin-resistant glucose uptake characteristic of streptozocin-induced diabetes. Immunofluorescence in rat skeletal muscle colocalizes GLUT4 with dystrophin, both intrinsic to muscle fibers. In contrast, GLUT1 is extrinsic to muscle fibers, probably in perineurial sheath. Immunoblotting shows that levels of GLUT1 and GLUT4 protein per DNA in hindlimb muscle are unaltered from control levels at 7 d of diabetes but decrease to approximately 20% of control at 14 d of diabetes. This decrease is prevented by insulin treatment. In adipose cells of 7 d diabetic rats, GLUT4 levels are depressed. Thus, GLUT4 undergoes tissue-specific regulation in response to diabetes. GLUT4 and GLUT1 mRNA levels in muscle are decreased 62-70% at both 7 and 14 d of diabetes and are restored by insulin treatment. At 7 d of diabetes, when GLUT4 protein levels in muscle are unaltered, in vivo insulin-stimulated glucose uptake measured by euglycemic clamp is 54% of control. This reflects impairment in both glycogen synthesis and glycolysis and the substrate common to these two pathways, glucose-6-phosphate, is decreased approximately 30% in muscle of diabetic rats. These findings suggest a defect early in the pathway of glucose utilization, probably at the step of glucose transport. Because GLUT1 and GLUT4 levels are unaltered at 7 d of diabetes, reduced glucose uptake in muscle probably reflects impaired glucose transporter translocation or intrinsic activity. Later, at 14 d of diabetes, GLUT1 and GLUT4 protein levels are reduced, suggesting that sequential defects may contribute to the insulin-resistant glucose transport characteristic of diabetes.
Single dose oral treatment in urinary schistosomiasis: a double blind trial.
Authors: R N Pugh, C H Teesdale
Journal: BMJ (1983)

A double blind trial of three oral preparations given in single doses for the treatment of Schistosoma haematobium infection was carried out in schoolchildren; selection was biased towards those who excreted large quantities of eggs. Praziquantel 40 mg/kg was the most effective drug giving a greater than 97% reduction in egg output six months after treatment; combined treatment with niridazole 25 mg/kg and metrifonate 10 mg/kg gave a reduction of greater than 92% and metrifonate 10 mg/kg alone a reduction of greater than 86%. Fewer children continued to have moderate to heavy infections (excretion greater than 124 ova/10 ml urine) six months after treatment with praziquantel (5%) and the combined regimen (7%) than with metrifonate (16%). Though our findings show that praziquantel appears to be the most effective and convenient drug available for individuals with S haematobium infection, the combined regimen is a cheaper alternative for treatment where cost is important and parasitological cure not an essential objective.
Public Health and Genetic Constitution of the San ("Bushmen"): Carbohydrate Metabolism and Acetylator Status of the! Kung of Tsumkwe in the North-western Kalahari
Authors: T. Jenkins, H. Lehmann, G. T. Nurse
Journal: BMJ (1974)

Intolerance to lactose owing to deficiency of lactase is particularly prevalent among non-Caucasian peoples. Special caution is therefore needed in offering them milk supplements. Lactose tolerance has been investigated among the!Kung in the north-western Kalahari. The opportunity was taken also to examine their acetylator status, as this affects their ability to detoxicate drugs given for the treatment of tuberculosis and other diseases. The preliminary studies reported here suggest that not more than 10% of the!Kung are tolerant to lactose, but only one person out of 30 was a slow acetylator.
Abstract 3385: A systems view of epithelial – mesenchymal transition signaling states
Authors: John D. Haley, Stuart Thomson, James Bean, Gretchen M. Argast, David M. Epstein
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Epithelial – mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important contributor to the invasion and metastasis of epithelial-derived cancers. While considerable effort has focused in the regulators involved in the transition process, we have focused on consequences of EMT to prosurvival signaling. Changes in distinct metastable and ‘epigentically-fixed’ EMT states were measured by correlation of protein, phosphoprotein, phosphopeptide and RNA transcript abundance. The assembly of 1167 modulated components into functional systems or machines simplified biological understanding and increased prediction confidence highlighting four functional groups: cell adhesion and migration, metabolism, transcription nodes and proliferation/survival networks. A coordinate metabolic reduction in a cluster of 17 free-radical stress pathway components was observed and correlated with reduced glycolytic and increased oxidative phosphorylation enzyme capacity, consistent with reduced cell cycling and reduced need for macromolecular biosynthesis in the mesenchymal state. An attenuation of EGFR autophosphorylation and a switch from autocrine to paracrine-competent EGFR signaling was implicated in the enablement of tumor cell chemotaxis. A similar attenuation of IGF1R, MET and RON signaling with EMT was observed. In contrast, EMT increased prosurvival autocrine IL11/IL6-JAK2-STAT signaling, autocrine fibronectin-integrin α5β1 activation, autocrine Axl/Tyro3/PDGFR/FGFR RTK signaling and autocrine TGFβR signaling. A relatively uniform loss of polarity and cell-cell junction linkages to actin cytoskeleton and intermediate filaments was measured at a systems level. A more heterogeneous gain of ECM remodeling and associated with invasion and migration was observed. Correlation to stem cell, EMT, invasion and metastasis datasets revealed the greatest similarity with normal and cancerous breast stem cell populations, CD49fhi/EpCAM-/lo and CD44hi/CD24lo respectively. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3385. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3385
Submucosal Cysts of the Large Bowel: Report of a Case with Clinical Regression
Authors: S. Kobayashi, T. Kasugai
Journal: Endoscopy (1973)

A case of colonic submucosal cysts suggestive of colitis cystica profunda which has significantly regressed with conservative treatment is presented. The diagnosis of the disease can be made by a deep endoscopic biopsy of the colonic lesions containing the submucosa. An unnecessary cancer operation can be avoided if a biopsy procedure makes a definitive diagnosis of benignancy for the submucosal cysts in this disease. Furthermore, the presented case suggests the possibility of regression in this disease with conservative treatment.
Letter: Adrenal tumours and hypertension.
Authors: J B Ferris, J J Brown, D L Davies, R Fraser, E Haywood, A W Kay, J I Robertson, K Owen, W S Peart
Journal: BMJ (1975)

It seems clear that the only spastic infant in our series would have been equally likely to be handicapped had it been delivered by caesarean section and, in our hands, prolonged resuscitation did not keep alive spastics caused by the mode of delivery, so depressing our perinatal loss rate.I thank Mr. E. 0.
Targeting PKC in multiple myeloma: in vitro and in vivo effects of the novel, orally available small-molecule inhibitor enzastaurin (LY317615.HCl)
Authors: Klaus Podar, Marc S. Raab, Jing Zhang, Douglas McMillin, Iris Breitkreutz, Yu-Tzu Tai, Boris K. Lin, Nikhil Munshi, Teru Hideshima, Dharminder Chauhan, Kenneth C. Anderson
Journal: Blood (2006)
Intermedin induces loss of coronary microvascular endothelial barrier via derangement of actin cytoskeleton: role of RhoA and Rac1
Authors: Muhammad Aslam, Dursun Gündüz, Dominik Schuler, Ling Li, Fatemeh Sharifpanah, Daniel Sedding, Hans Michael Piper, Thomas Noll
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2011)

AimsIntermedin (IMD) is a novel member of the calcitonin gene-related peptide family, which acts via calcitonin receptor-like receptors (CLRs), mediating activation of cAMP signalling. The main objective of the present study was to analyse the molecular mechanisms of the differential effects of IMD on the macromolecule permeability of endothelial cells of different vascular beds.
Serendipity in Diagnostic Imaging: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Breast
Authors: W. F. Lawrence, W. Liang, J. S. Mandelblatt, K. F. Gold, M. Freedman, S. M. Ascher, B. J. Trock, P. Chang
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1998)

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast has been proposed as a noninvasive diagnostic test for evaluation of suspicious ("index") lesions noted on mammography and/or clinical breast examination (CBE). However, women may have incidental ("serendipitous") lesions detected by MRI that are not found on mammography or CBE. To understand better whether or not biopsy procedures should be performed to evaluate serendipitous lesions, we estimated the breast cancer risk for women with this type of lesion. Methods: A decision analysis model was used to estimate the positive predictive value (i.e., the chance that a woman with a serendipitous lesion has cancer) of MRI for serendipitous lesions in women who had an abnormal mammogram and/or CBE suspicious for cancer (where a biopsy procedure is recommended). We restricted the analysis to data from women whose index lesions were noncancerous and used meta-analysis of published medical literature to determine the likelihood ratios (measures of how test results change the probability of having cancer) for MRI and the combination of CBE and mammography. The positive predictive value of MRI was calculated using the U.S. population prevalence of cancer (derived from registry data) and the likelihood ratios of the diagnostic tests. Results: Under a wide variety of assumptions, the positive predictive value of MRI was extremely low for serendipitous lesions. For instance, assuming sensitivity and specificity values for MRI of 95.6% and 68.6%, respectively, approximately four of 1000 55- to 59-year-old women with serendipitous lesions would be expected to have cancer (positive predictive value = 0.44%, 95% confidence interval = 0.24%-0.67%). Conclusion: In women with a suspicious lesion discovered by mammography and/or CBE that is found to be benign, serendipitous breast lesions detected by MRI are extremely unlikely to represent invasive breast cancer. Immediate biopsy of such serendipitous lesions may, therefore, not be required.
To Lessen the Impropriety
Authors: Charles D. Aring
Journal: JAMA (1974)

IT IS the nature of things for a family beset with hopeless illness to seek endlessly for help. This is the more so when medical advice is lacking or relatives are uneasy about the assistance that has been proffered. The plight of patients with an incurable disease is saddening, but the milk of human kindness tends to curdle on finding them in the coils of the entrepreneur. It is disheartening to witness some of the things done to desperately ill people in the name of treatment. It is difficult for the physicians to maintain equanimity under these circumstances, and the indignity is compounded when quacks associate themselves, as they are wont to do, with heroic figures of the stamp of Semmelweis and Pasteur. To make of the dying a business requires a considerable titer of delusion or depravity. Our "Founding Father" was not referring to the desperately ill in the
Esophageal Dilatation after Surgical Resection
Authors: J.H. Siegel
Journal: Endoscopy (1986)

Strictures of the esophagus following surgical resection present uncommonly. Reports are few describing the occurrence and management of this entity especially in the contemporary literature. In general a postoperative stricture is approached in the same manner as any other type of esophageal stricture, i.e., by clinical, radiographic and endoscopic evaluation. In particular, the stricture is carefully examined endoscopically, appropriate biopsies and/or cytology obtained and dilation carried out. Methods of dilating these strictures include those techniques most commonly used and especially the method which is most familiar and comfortable for the endoscopist. Standard Eder-Puestow bougies, Maloney and Hurst dilators and Savary-Gilliard bougies exert forces along a longitudinal axis which may be more uncomfortable for the patient and associated with higher morbidity than balloon dilators, which exert forces along a radial axis. Dilatation of post-surgical esophageal strictures is performed as safely as possible with minimal discomfort to the patient and should provide long-term results requiring infrequent interventions.
Physical Measures for the Prevention and Treatment of Deformities Following Burns
Authors: George H. Koepke
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Deeply burned tissues undergo inflammatory changes that often lead to contractures and ultimate deformity. Less deformity will occur if the burned segments of the body are placed in a functional position and if passive exercises are given during the periods of debridement and initial grafting. Reconstructive procedures should be followed immediately by the judicious use of splints that will maintain the corrected position and reduce the need for repeated operations.
A8.19 Non-lymphoid CD103+ dendritic cells are required for the initiation of collagen-induced arthritis
Authors: M I Ramos, S Garcia, W Baum, B Helder, S Aarrass, K A Reedquist, G Schett, P P Tak, M C Lebre
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

<h3>Background and Objectives</h3> Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for the initiation of synovial inflammation, but it is unclear which subset of DCs performs this task. We have shown that FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L)-dependent DCs are important for disease development in a mouse model for RA. However since Flt3L-/- mice have reductions in all conventional (c)DCs it remained unclear which subset is required for disease induction. <h3>Materials and Methods</h3> CIA was induced in Flt3L-/-, Batf3-/- (mice lacking both CD103<sup>+</sup> and CD8a<sup>+</sup>DCs) and WT C57/BL6 littermates. In vitro and in vivo uptake and migration was performed using bone marrow (BM)-DCs and dermal DCs. Antigen presentation was studied in vivo by adoptive transfer of CFSE-labeled OT-I or OT-II T cells + OVA in Flt3L-/- and WT mice and in vitro by culturing BM-DCs with OT-I and OT-II cells. T cell proliferation was analysed by CFSE dilution. To study BM-DC function qPCR array (Dendritic and Antigen Presenting Cell PCR Array- Qiagen) for 84 genes was performed. To test the potential of a Flt3 inhibitor (CEP701) in the prevention of CIA, an in vivo study was performed injecting CEP701 before the onset of disease in DBA-1 mice. <h3>Results</h3> Flt3L-/- mice were susceptible to innate K/BxN arthritic model and arthritic T cell transfer. Batf3-/- mice lacking both CD103 + and CD8a + DCs were resistant to CIA, demonstrating that CD11b + and monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) were not sufficient to induce CIA. The amount of DCs carrying antigen reaching the LN in Flt3L-/- mice was reduced compared with WT. Uptake and migratory capacity was similar in Flt3L-/- BM-DCs compared to WT BM-DCs. CEP701 (a Flt3L inhibitor) treatment prevented CIA induction, and reduced dramatically CD103 + DCs in the lymph nodes and synovium. Human CD141hi DCs, homologues of mouse CD103 + DCs, were present and increased in inflamed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Antigen presentation in Flt3L-/- mice is impaired. As CD103 + DCs are absent in Flt3L-/- mice and are important in (cross)-presenting antigens our data reveals a crucial role for CD103 + DCs in the induction of CIA. As a consequence of CD103 + DC absence Flt3L-/- mice showed a reduction in T cell activation in particularly reduced CD8 T cell responses. Hence this study identified non-lymphoid CD103 + DCs as the main subset orchestrating the initiation of cell-mediated immunity in arthritis. Targeting this DC subset might be of interest in individuals at risk of developing autoimmune disorders.
Identification of COL4A5 defects in Alport's syndrome by immunohistochemistry of skin
Authors: Frank T.L. Van Der Loop, Leo A.H. Monnens, Cornelis H. Schröder, Henny H. Lemmink, Martijn H. Breuning, Erika D.J. Timmer, Hubert J.M. Smeets
Journal: Kidney International (1999)
Emergence of Adverse Events Following Discontinuation of Treatment With Extended-Release Venlafaxine
Authors: Maurizio Fava, Rosemarie Mulroy, Jonathan Alpert, Andrew A. Nierenberg, Jerrold F. Rosenbaum
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1997)

The rate of adverse events following discontinuation of treatment with extended-release venlafaxine was compared with the rate associated with discontinuation of placebo administration.The subjects were 20 outpatients with major depressive disorder who had participated in a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of the new extended-release formulation of venlafaxine.During the 3 days after discontinuation of treatment with the study drug, seven (78%) of the nine venlafaxine-treated subjects and two (22%) of the nine placebo-treated patients reported the emergence of adverse events, a statistically significant difference.These results suggest that clinicians discontinuing venlafaxine treatment should consider tapering the medication dose gradually.
Brain neural activity patterns yielding numbers are operators, not representations
Authors: Walter J. Freeman, Robert Kozma
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

Abstract We contrapose computational models using representations of numbers in parietal cortical activity patterns (abstract or not) with dynamic models, whereby prefrontal cortex (PFC) orchestrates neural operators. The neural operators under PFC control are activity patterns that mobilize synaptic matrices formed by learning into textured oscillations we observe through the electroencephalogram from the scalp (EEG) and the electrocorticogram from the cortical surface (ECoG). We postulate that specialized operators produce symbolic representations existing only outside of brains.
Hemoglobin C disease
Authors: Barbara J. Bain
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2014)

The patient consented to bone marrow aspiration during cholecystectomy. The aspirate showed erythroid hyperplasia and dyserythropoiesis. The image on the right shows two cytologically disparate erythroblasts joined by a cytoplasmic bridge. A number of the erythroblasts show an irregular nuclear margin and an abnormal chromatin pattern, characteristic features of hemoglobin C homozygosity, which correlate with the disorganized nuclei with intranuclear clefts and loss and irregularity of parts of the nuclear membrane that have been described on ultrastructural examination 1.
IS THERE A DIFFERENCE IN VASCULAR RESPONSE BETWEEN BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER-BASED VERSUS NONPOLYMER-BASED BIOLIMUS-ELUTING STENT? SHORT-TERM INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND RESULTS FROM STEALTH AND BIOFREEDOM TRIAL
Authors: Byoung-Keuk Kim, Hiromasa Otake, Katsuhisa Waseda, Daisaku Nakatani, Kenji Sakata, Yoshihisa Shimada, Tomomi Koizumi, Yasuhiro Honda, Eberhard Grube, Peter J. Fitzgerald
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Studies of Delayed-Action Medication
Authors: Leo E. Hollister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

PROLIFERATION of delayed-action or sustained-release drugs is exceeded only by the claims made for them. These preparations are alleged to serve two purposes: a large single dose of drug may be given that, because of slowed release, will be therapeutically active longer, eliminating repeated dosage; and a sustained therapeutic level is attained, avoiding peaks of concentration with unwanted side effects or valleys with diminished therapeutic effects. For these benefits costs are considerably greater than for equal amounts of drug in the usual tablet form.Comparatively little investigative work has been done to verify these claims, a lack of which has . . .
Is resectable hepatocellular carcinoma a contraindication to liver transplantation? A novel decision model based on “number of patients needed to transplant” as measure of transplant benefit
Authors: A Vitale, A Cucchetti, G L Qiao, M Cescon, J Li, R Ramirez Morales, A C Frigo, Y Xia, F Tuci, F Shen, U Cillo, A D Pinna
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Effect of cigarette smoking on fetal breathing movements in normal pregnancies.
Authors: F Manning, E Wyn Pugh, K Boddy
Journal: BMJ (1975)

In 18 women with uncomplicated pregnancies smoking two cigarettes significantly reduced the proportion of the time that fetal breathing movements were present.Among 18 women with uncomplicated pregnancies of 32-38 weeks gestation who smoked at least 5 cigarettes daily, smoking 2 cigarettes in succession significantly reduced the proportion of time that fetal breathing movements were present. Using a Smith Kline Ekoline 20 ultrasonoscope, the proportion of time that fetal chest wall movements were present was recorded for each successive 5-minute period for 90 minutes. During the control period, fetal chest movements were present an average of 65% of the time. It is difficult to determine the mechanism responsible for this reduction; it could have been due to action on the mother or the fetus, to the nicotine content of the cigarette, or to the carbon monoxide generated. It is also difficult to relate these observations on the acute effects of smoking 2 cigarettes to the long-term epidemiological reports. It is hoped these results will be of value to clinical physiologists and obstetricians who are beginning to use fetal breathing movements as an index of health.
Matters Gray and White: A Neurologist, His Patients, and the Mysteries of the Brain
Authors: Charles D. Aring
Journal: JAMA (1987)

John Ferrier, the subject of this book, is a young, well-trained neurologist. The name is a pseudonym, lifted immodestly, as it is explained, from the great John Hughlings Jackson and his contemporary Sir David Ferrier. Both were famous British pioneers in neurology. The current Dr Ferrier is busily and thoughtfully following in their foot-steps, after residencies and research fellowships at Oxford, Vancouver, Denver, Cornell, and Columbia. He finally returns home to take up a private practice of neurology in a medium-sized Rocky Mountain city. The author, a writer and friend of Ferrier's since boyhood, obtains his permission to follow him in his daily rounds, "like a harried man Friday," he writes. He had envied the job that afforded "the daily luxury of abandoning the suffocating self-absorption of a writer" in favor of direct, intimate, and undivided attention to the lives and concerns of others. But it was not only the