tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
International Monetary Fund Programs and Tuberculosis Outcomes in Post-Communist Countries
Authors: David Stuckler, Lawrence P King, Sanjay Basu
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2008)

Previous studies have indicated that International Monetary Fund (IMF) economic programs have influenced health-care infrastructure in recipient countries. The post-communist Eastern European and former Soviet Union countries experienced relatively similar political and economic changes over the past two decades, and participated in IMF programs of varying size and duration. We empirically examine how IMF programs related to changes in tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates among these countries.We performed multivariate regression of two decades of tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality data against variables potentially influencing tuberculosis program outcomes in 21 post-communist countries for which comparative data are available. After correcting for confounding variables, as well as potential detection, selection, and ecological biases, we observed that participating in an IMF program was associated with increased tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates by 13.9%, 13.2%, and 16.6%, respectively. Each additional year of participation in an IMF program was associated with increased tuberculosis mortality rates by 4.1%, and each 1% increase in IMF lending was associated with increased tuberculosis mortality rates by 0.9%. On the other hand, we estimated a decrease in tuberculosis mortality rates of 30.7% (95% confidence interval, 18.3% to 49.5%) associated with exiting the IMF programs. IMF lending did not appear to be a response to worsened health outcomes; rather, it appeared to be a precipitant of such outcomes (Granger- and Sims-causality tests), even after controlling for potential political, socioeconomic, demographic, and health-related confounders. In contrast, non-IMF lending programs were connected with decreased tuberculosis mortality rates (-7.6%, 95% confidence interval, -1.0% to -14.1%). The associations observed between tuberculosis mortality and IMF programs were similar to those observed when evaluating the impact of IMF programs on tuberculosis incidence and prevalence. While IMF programs were connected with large reductions in generalized government expenditures, tuberculosis program coverage, and the number of physicians per capita, non-IMF lending programs were not significantly associated with these variables.IMF economic reform programs are associated with significantly worsened tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates in post-communist Eastern European and former Soviet countries, independent of other political, socioeconomic, demographic, and health changes in these countries. Future research should attempt to examine how IMF programs may have related to other non-tuberculosis-related health outcomes.
Early Synovectomy in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Currier McEwen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

FROM the earliest attempts to relieve arthritic disabilities by means of open operations on the affected joints, removal of diseased synovial tissue has been included in various reparative procedures. The value of synovectomy, both partial and "complete," in these "salvage" operations performed for the purpose of correcting damage that has already occurred is unquestioned today. In many patients the benefits include both improved function and marked relief of pain, and the operation can be accepted as a standard procedure for such purposes. More recently synovectomy has been performed relatively early in the course of rheumatoid arthritis as a means of . . .
More anthropology for medical students
Authors: I M Richardson
Journal: BMJ (1981)

<h3>Background and Objectives</h3> To study the relationship between the presence of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and acute hematoma characteristics among patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). <h3>Methods</h3> We pooled individual patient data from the Antihypertensive Treatment of Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage 2 (ATACH-2) trial and the Minimally Invasive Surgery Plus Alteplase for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation phase 3 (MISTIE III) trial. We included individuals with a brain MRI scan. Exposure was the presence of a CMB. The coprimary outcomes were admission ICH volume and hematoma expansion. Mixed-effects linear and logistic regression models were used, with demographics and comorbid conditions considered fixed effects and the study cohort treated as a random effect. Additional analyses assessed the relationship between CMB topography and number and hematoma characteristics. <h3>Results</h3> Of the 1,499 patients with ICH enrolled in the parent trials, 466 (31.1%) were included in this analysis, and 231 (49.6%) patients had CMBs. In adjusted models, presence of CMBs was associated with smaller ICH volume (β = −0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.44 to −0.08) and lower odds of hematoma expansion (odds ratio 0.65, 95% CI 0.40–0.95; <i>p</i> = 0.04). The strength of association between CMBs and hematoma characteristics increased with increasing number of CMBs. The location of the CMBs and the severity of leukoaraiosis did not modify these results. <h3>Discussion</h3> In a pooled cohort of patients with ICH, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that more severe underlying small vessel disease, as represented by CMBs, leads to smaller baseline hematoma volumes and reduced hematoma expansion. Underlying cerebral small vessel disease may be of prognostic significance after ICH. <h3>Trial Registration Information</h3> ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01176565 and NCT01827046. <h3>Classification of Evidence</h3> This study provides Class II evidence that the presence of microbleeds on MRI is associated with a smaller ICH volume at presentation and a lower rate of hematoma expansion on follow-up imaging.
Vincristine-induced autonomic neuropathy.
Authors: B W Hancock, A Naysmith
Journal: BMJ (1975)

Vincristine-induced Autonomic NeuropathyNeurological adverse effects are known to complicate vincristine treatment.In occasional reports of bowel and bladder disturbance it has not been possible to incriminate autonomic neuropathy.We report here three patients with symptoms and signs which could be ascribed to vincristine-induced autonomic neuropathy. Case ReportsCase 1.-A 75-year-old man presented with recurrent Hodgkin's disease.Chemotherapy with modified MOPP (intravenous mustine 6 mg/M2 and vincristine (Oncovin) 1 4 mg/M2 on days 1 and 8; oral procarbazine 100 mg/ m2 and prednisolone 40 mg/day for 14 days; 28 days between each course) was started.About 10 days after his first course he developed symptomatic postural hypotension, his blood pressure being 110/80 mm Hg lying and 70/40 mm Hg standing.The Valsalva response was characteristic of auto- nomic neuropathy.He also had marked peripheral neuropathy.Slow spon- taneous improvement occurred and chemotherapy was resumed using vinblastine instead of vincristine.Case 2.-A 77-year-old man presented with diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma.Cyclical chemotherapy was begun with COPAd (intravenous cyclophos- phamide 400 mg/M2 and vincristine 1-4 mg/M2 on days 1 and 8; oral predni- solone 40 mg/day for 14 days; intravenous adriamycin 40 mg/M2 on day 1; 28 days between each course).One week after his first course he developed severe postural hypotension (blood pressure 160/80 mm Hg lying and 90/50 mm Hg standing).The Valsalva response was abnormal.Over the next few days he also developed peripheral neuropathy.His symptoms improved over the next two weeks and chemotherapy was continued using vinblastine instead of vincristine.Case 3.-A 56-year-old man presented with generalized Hodgkin's disease and received three rourses of modified MOPP.He was admitted with generalized weakness, constipation, and retention of urine.Clinical and radiological examination showed paralytic ileus.His blood pressure was
What constitutes good prescribing?
Authors: N. Barber
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Drugs are the mainstay of medical treatment, yet there are few reports on what constitutes "good prescribing." What is more the existing guidance tends to imply that right answers exist, rather than recognising the complex trade offs that have to be made between conflicting aims. This paper proposes four aims that a prescriber should try to achieve, both on first prescribing a drug and on subsequently monitoring it. They are: to maximise effectiveness, minimise risks, minimise costs, and respect the patient's choices. This model of good prescribing brings together the traditional balancing of risks and benefits with the need to reduce costs and the right of the patient to make choices in treatment. The four aims are shown as a diagram plotting their commonest conflicts, which may be used as an aid to discussion and decision making.
BONE BAND AND BAND INTRODUCER
Authors: Franklin E. Hagie
Journal: JAMA (1926)

I have been using a bone band designed as shown in the accompanying illustration to take care of certain types of fractures. It is a two tongue band with the two cross parts or ends of twice the thickness of the rest of the material used. The band is made of german silver. The Parham clamp can be used in applying the band to the bone, as the tongues are the same size as the Parham band. The type of a fracture caused by direct violence where a triangular piece of bone has been broken off from the line of fracture is well taken care of by the band. The fractured area is cradled by the band, forcing all the fragments into close apposition and giving great rigidity to the fracture area. If a narrower band is wanted, the band is severed at the side of the center partition, giving
Diabetes may be undetected in many children in the UK
Authors: Tim Lobstein, Rachel Leach
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is not working in MalawiEditor-The paper by Plowe et al entitled "Sustained clinical efficacy of sulfadoxinepyrimethamine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria" might be better titled "Sustained lack of efficacy of sulfadoxinepyrimethamine. ..." 1 By the start of the study period five years ago, molecular genotyping showed that Plasmodium falciparum in Malawi had already acquired significant resistance to the combination. 1 2This explains the sustained lack of efficacy; 28 day cure rates in children with acute falciparum malaria remained steadily less than 40% over the five year study period.This is confirmed by the Malawi component of recent WHO-Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) multicentre trials; the 28 day cure rate with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in children with acute falciparum malaria was only 23%, 3 and this for a major killing disease of childhood.A 77% failure rate is among the worst responses ever documented.Only 7% (5/71) of reported trials on sulfadoxinepyrimethamine have had worse failure rates. 4efore sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine was introduced widely it was very effective in Malawi, but, since then, efficacy has fallen dramatically (table).The front page of the BMJ was wrong: sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is not "still working."A drug giving a cure rate of consistently less than 40% for a potentially life threatening infection cannot be described as having "good efficacy," particularly when highly effective alternatives exist.Can you imagine endorsing an antibiotic with a more than 60% failure rate for use in European or American children with those words?Demographic surveillance system data from eastern and southern Africa show that mortality attributable to malaria in children almost doubled between 1990 and 1998, whereas by contrast non-malaria related mortality fell.The use of ineffective drugs, such as sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Malawi, may well be to blame.
"SOME FEATURES OF HEATED MILK"
Authors: Harris Moak
Journal: JAMA (1924)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —It is with the deepest appreciation that I read your editorial entitled "Some Features of Heated Milk" (The Journal, November 1, p. 1434). The American Association of Medical Milk Commissions has always felt that there was a distinct need for some high grade raw milk, and it is generally conceded that the medical profession, through our association, carried the science of bacteriology into the cow stable. We have only striven to make milk better and safer and to furnish the medical profession a high grade basic product. We have never had any argument as to how it should be used. It may be heated, treated, modified or divided to suit the wishes of the physician, or it may be used raw with a high degree of confidence. It gives the physician his full privileges. Abundant experience has shown that if the methods and standards for the production
NEPHRITIS AND ITS RELATION TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Authors: WILLIAM OPHULS
Journal: JAMA (1931)

For the purpose of statistical investigation,<sup>1</sup>a series of 212 cases of diffuse nephritis have been segregated into the following groups: Acute nephritis, 21 cases. This group includes acute interstitial and acute glomerulonephritis with the exclusion of all purely degenerative lesions. Subacute nephritis, 41 cases. This group includes all cases of subacute and subchronic glomerulonephritis. Amyloid nephritis, 49 cases. This group includes all of the cases that would fall under the heading of "complicated nephrosis" of Fahr or of "degenerative Bright's disease" of Addis. Chronic nephritis, 101 cases. This group represents largely what by others has been designated as "malignant nephrosclerosis" or the "combination form of arteriosclerotic nephritis." In my opinion the cases of "benign nephrosclerosis" have a closer relation to cardiovascular disease than to nephritis because the lesions in the kidneys are relatively insignificant and, as will be shown later, are probably of no great functional importance. <h3>ACUTE</h3>
GPs shy away from discussing what end of life care they would like
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A survey has found that GPs are no better than the general public at discussing what care they would like at the end of their life.

The survey, conducted by the healthcare think tank the King’s Fund, found that two thirds (68%) of 501 GPs questioned have not discussed the type of end of life care they would like with their own doctor, family, or friends.

Only 5% of GPs said they had written a living will or advance care plan; less than half …
SOME REMARKS ON THE TREATMENT OF PROCIDENTIA UTERI
Authors: W. J. Anderson
Journal: BMJ (1854)

W4--nt'A f-pi"~1 * with a few Vas of bhle pifl, Iflowd by a war Abarb and mgnssia draught.I have seen the pai ya to quinHine aftr the failure of veratrine, aconitine, chloroform, and a host of liniments with opium.Should, however, the quinine fail, the next best remedies would, I believe, be found in arsenic, iron, and cod-liver oiL Ex- ternal applications are not of much service.
Brain SPECT Imaging With Tc-99m HMPAO in Hepatic Encephalopathy
Authors: BILL MOURATIDIS, FRED LOMAS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT imaging was performed in a 62-year-old man who had somnolence and loss of memory secondary to hepatic encephalopathy due to chronic alcoholism. The study demonstrated reduced perfusion to both temporal lobes that resolved after successful treatment of the encephalopathy. Reversible temporal lobe impairment predominates early in hepatic encephalopathy and explains much of the clinical features.
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Authors: B. Ansell
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1962)

The fourth edition of this well-known book has been brought up to date.There is a new chapter on the systemic rheumatic diseases and many sections have been revised.As the author states, this is a book for final-year students and General Practitioners.The difficulty in compressing the many aetiological theories from stress to auto-immunity has been overcome in a masterly manner.In a small book the opinions must inevitably be didactic, but a good balance has been obtained between the various treatments and sound advice is given on their suitability for different types of case.
Priorities in Multiple Trauma
Authors: W. G. Abel
Journal: JAMA (1980)

With the emergence of the full time emergency room physician whose broadly based training has prepared him to act quickly, decisively, and competently with a minimum of input, a new era has dawned in emergency care. The "total care concept" must begin at the scene of the accident, with continuous care until the victim is integrated into the hospital environment. Care at the scene and during transportation, coupled with the quality of care in the hospital emergency room, often determines the patient's prognosis. Recognizing the importance of each of these phases of care and their relation to the total care concept, this issue of the journal<i>Topics in Emergency Medicine</i>is presented as a source of information on standard treatment and as a vehicle to convey such concepts to emergency room physicians, nurses, and paramedics. The 12 chapters cover the usual range of system injuries, and include Priorities in Treatment,
Re: Franclim R. Ribeiro, Rui Henrique, Ana T. Martins, Carmen Jerónimo and Manuel R. Teixeira. Relative Copy Number Gain of MYC in Diagnostic Needle Biopsies is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Prostate Cancer Patients. Eur Urol 2007;52:116–25
Authors: AnnaMaria Cianciulli, Roberta Merola, Costantino Leonardo
Journal: European Urology (2007)
Negative Regulation of AKT Activation by BRCA1
Authors: Tao Xiang, Amiko Ohashi, Yuping Huang, Tej K. Pandita, Thomas Ludwig, Simon N. Powell, Qin Yang
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract The breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) plays a key role in mammary tumorigenesis. However, the reasons why silencing the Brca1 gene leads to tumorigenesis are not clearly understood. We report here that BRCA1 deficiency activates the AKT oncogenic pathway, one of the most common alterations associated with human malignancy. Mutation of Brca1 gene increases the phosphorylation and the kinase activity of AKT. The BRCA1-BRCT domains bind to phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) and lead to its ubiquitination toward protein degradation. BRCA1 mutant cells lacking the BRCT repeats accumulate nuclear pAKT and consequently inactivate the transcription functions of FOXO3a, a main nuclear target of pAKT. Our results show that BRCA1 is a negative regulator of the AKT pathway and imply the significance of the BRCA1/AKT pathway in tumorigenesis. [Cancer Res 2008;68(24):10040–4]
Rifampin and Warfarin: A Drug Interaction
Authors: JOHN A. ROMANKIEWICZ
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

The drug interaction between warfarin and rifampin is not well known. Rifampin has been reported to increase the warfarin requirements in human subjects ingesting these agents simultaneously. The concomitant administration of rifampin and warfarin resulted in the need for an unusually high maintenance dose of warfarin (20 mg per day) in order to produce a therapeutic effect. Withdrawal of rifampin decreased the warfarin requirement by 50%. This effect may be mediated by the ability of rifampin to induce microsomal enzymes and, thus, the catabolism of warfarin. The effect of rifampin on the warfarin requirement of our patient appeared to be maximal 5 to 7 days after the initiation of rifampin and extended a similar length of time after rifampin withdrawal. This interaction appears to be clinically significant.
Factors affecting drug-induced liver injury: antithyroid drugs as instances
Authors: Reza Heidari, Hossein Niknahad, Akram Jamshidzadeh, Narges Abdoli
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2014)

Methimazole and propylthiouracil have been used in the management of hyperthyroidism for more than half a century. However, hepatotoxicity is one of the most deleterious side effects associated with these medications. The mechanism(s) of hepatic injury induced by antithyroid agents is not fully recognized yet. Furthermore, there are no specific tools for predicting the occurrence of hepatotoxicity induced by these drugs. The purpose of this article is to give an overview on possible susceptibility factors in liver injury induced by antithyroid agents. Age, gender, metabolism characteristics, alcohol consumption, underlying diseases, immunologic mechanisms, and drug interactions are involved in enhancing antithyroid drugs-induced hepatic damage. An outline on the clinically used treatments for antithyroid drugs-induced hepatotoxicity and the potential therapeutic strategies found to be effective against this complication are also discussed. Keywords: Drug induced liver injury (DILI); Endocrinology; Hepatotoxicity; Idiosyncratic hepatic injury; Risk factors
A Booster for Tuberculosis Vaccines
Authors: Christopher Dye
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Pancreatic alkaline phosphatase and a tumour variant
Authors: T. W. Warnes, W. R. Timperley, P. Hine, G. Kay
Journal: Gut (1972)

Alkaline phosphatase has been extracted from human pancreas with n-butanol and has been shown to have distinctive isoenzyme characteristics when compared with the enzymes of small intestine and of normal serum. The enzyme has been demonstrated histochemically in a carcinoma of the pancreas and also in an islet cell tumour and the tumour enzyme has been shown to be unique, not only electrophoretically, but in being remarkably heat sensitive and in being activated by low molarities of urea.
A piece of my mind. Ashes, ashes
Authors: S. Massad
Journal: JAMA (1995)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal