tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Zinc supplementation prevents diarrhoea and pneumonia
Authors: G. Yamey
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Dietary zinc supplementation reduces the incidence of childhood pneumonia by 41% and the prevalence of diarrhoea by up to 25% according to a systematic review of 10 randomised controlled trials all performed in the developing world (Journal of Pediatrics 1999;135:689-97).

This compares favourably with other preventive interventions for diarrhoea, such as sanitation and breast feeding, and is more effective than any other intervention to prevent pneumonia.

Zinc deficiency is common in young children in the developing world and is associated with reduced immunocompetence and increased rates of serious infectious diseases. Several trials in poor countries have shown the benefit of zinc supplementation in reducing infection (BMJ …
False Positive Findings in F-18 FDG PET and Whole Body Scans With I-131 in Warthin Tumor of the Parotid Gland
Authors: Julia Gekeler, Jan-Christoffer Luers, Thomas Krohn, Dirk Beutner
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2010)

A 52-year-old woman underwent total thyroidectomy, bilateral cervical lymphadenectomy, and radioiodine therapy, with 7.9 GBq (213 mCi), iodine-131 for papillary thyroid cancer (T3). Six months later, F-18 FDG PET-CT scans revealed a suspicious lesion of the left parotid gland with focal glucose uptake and increased uptake of iodine-131 on scintigraphy. Thyroglobulin level was about 4 ng/L. After radioiodine therapy with 9.3 GBq (251 mCi) iodine-131, the follow-up scintigraphy still showed a suspicious radioiodine uptake, and the patient was referred for parotidectomy. Here, histopathologic examination revealed a Warthin tumor of the parotid gland. This case shows that increased uptake of iodine-131 in scintigraphy and of glucose in PET can occur in benign parotid gland disease.
Medical aspects of the work of a moorland rescue team.
Authors: H R Guly
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1996)

To describe the work of a moorland rescue team and, in particular, the medical aspects of this work.A retrospective study of 25 years of callouts of the Dartmoor Rescue Group (DRG)-the mountain rescue team (MRT) for Dartmoor. These were analysed by cause, year, month, day of the week, and time of day. Injuries and other medical problems in casualties are described.276 callouts are described. The most common cause was searching for missing persons, but 62 callouts were to known casualties. The most common medical problem was cold exhaustion. The most common injuries were to the lower leg. However, a wide variety of other medical problems including heat exhaustion was also seen.The Mountain Rescue Council represents MRTs in mountainous regions and those covering lower hills and moorland. It produces an annual report containing details of the incidents attended by its affiliated teams. The work of the DRG is very different from that of the Mountain Rescue Council as a whole. Medical problems other than cold exhaustion and lower leg injuries are uncommon and moorland rescue teams do not need to equip themselves to treat other medical problems but in view of the wide variety of medical problems encountered a long way from a road, good first aid training of team members is essential.
Tobacco: For Consenting Adults in Private Only
Authors: George D. Lundberg
Journal: JAMA (1986)

The health hazards of tobacco have been on the American Medical Association's (AMA) agenda at least since the very first issue ofThe Journal, on July 14, 1883, which included an anecdotal account of the harmful effects of smoking by children. 1 The AMA's official policies on tobacco have been developing steadily, along with our advancing knowledge of what has been proved to be one of the most damaging substances freely available in our society. Landmark scientific articles linking smoking with lung cancer 2 and many other diseases 3 were published inThe Journal; evidence mounted in many other places as well. In June 1963, the AMA House of Delegates formally recognized the deleterious effect of various toxic substances, including tobacco, on health 4 ;  year later, the House called smoking itself a serious health hazard. 5   AMA's Efforts in the 1980s  The AMA has continued over the years to attempt
Hepatic inflammation and fibrosis: Functional links and key pathways
Authors: Ekihiro Seki, Robert F. Schwabe
Journal: Hepatology (2014)

Inflammation is one of the most characteristic features of chronic liver disease of viral, alcoholic, fatty, and autoimmune origin. Inflammation is typically present in all disease stages and associated with the development of fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In the past decade, numerous studies have contributed to improved understanding of the links between hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we review mechanisms that link inflammation with the development of liver fibrosis, focusing on the role of inflammatory mediators in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and HSC survival during fibrogenesis and fibrosis regression. We will summarize the contributions of different inflammatory cells, including hepatic macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells and platelets, as well as key effectors, such as cytokines, chemokines, and damage-associated molecular patterns. Furthermore, we will discuss the relevance of inflammatory signaling pathways for clinical liver disease and for the development of antifibrogenic strategies.
Darfur teetering “on the verge of mass starvation”
Authors: Peter Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The threat of famine is looming in the Darfur region of western Sudan, warns Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF), whose recent study shows “dangerously high levels of malnutrition and mortality with a rapidly deteriorating food security situation.”

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The onset of rains in Darfur is causing problems for aid access

Credit: PETER MOSZYNSKI

The United Nations says that over two million people are now affected by the crisis, and MSF warns that “the whole population is teetering on the verge of mass starvation.”

The charity's report cites a nutritional survey conducted in Wadi Saleh and Mukjar provinces that found that …

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Pathogenesis of Viral Infections of the Nervous System
Authors: Richard T. Johnson, Cedric A. Mims
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

IN 1936 Hurst's1 review of the pathogenesis of virus disease of the nervous system crossed the boundaries of traditional disciplines by "taking into account both the viruses and the terrain on which they manifest their activity." The concepts of neurotropism, routes of infection and selective vulnerability that he developed proved useful for many years, but recent advances in virology, anatomy and immunology make necessary a reappraisal.Viral infections of the nervous system must now be considered uncommon but important complications of systemic infections. They can no longer be explained on the basis of rare agents with a special affinity for . . .
Dietary and nutritional advice
Authors: J. T. McMahon
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Banerjee and colleagues’ article does not deal adequately with the nutritional management of a vomiting infant.1

Conditions such as cow’s milk protein intolerance, lactose intolerance, and gastro-oesophageal reflux occur in breastfed infants and can be managed without the use of infant formulas.2

Table 1 is misleading. Firstly, partly hydrolysed …
Problem Solving in Clinical Medicine
Authors: William R. Barclay
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Reaching a secure diagnosis is a formidable task for the medical student, which consumes many hours of history taking, physical examination, and scanning of laboratory test data. The experienced clinician who instructs students appears to arrive at a diagnosis by intuition with relative ease and only a small expenditure of time. Actually the skilled diagnostician uses a highly developed system of quickly testing hypotheses that might fit the case under consideration and eliminates all but the most probable diagnosis by careful questioning and by astute observation. This skill, or perhaps we should call it art, can be developed early in one's medical career through proper instruction, and that is what Paul Cutler's book is all about. In eight short chapters he describes the process and lays down the rules for becoming a good diagnostician. These chapters are followed by 65 case presentations that any physician will encounter in a primary
Coexistence of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis and Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Kyung Hoon Min, Seoung Ju Park, So Ri Kim, Min Hee Lee, Chi Ryang Chung, Hyo Jin Han, Kyoung Hwa Choi, Myoung Ja Chung, Yong Chul Lee, Gong Yong Jin, Min Ho Kim
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)
Obstetric care in the central Canadian Arctic.
Authors: T F Baskett
Journal: BMJ (1978)

All pregnancies that occurred during 1971-5 among 4000 Canadian Eskimos living in isolated settlements in a district of the North-west Territories were reviewed. Obstetric care was provided in settlement nursing stations, at a base hospital manned by general practitioners, and at a teaching hospital in Winnipeg. Of the 622 infants delivered in 1971-5 218 were delivered in nursing stations by midwives, 338 in the base hospital, and 54 in the teaching hospital. Caesarean sections were performed in 10 cases, and the perinatal mortality was 25.7 per 1000 births. Though it is hard to defend patients delivering their babies in remote areas with no medical help, the results seemed to be acceptable. The credit for this goes to experienced midwives, a liberal evacuation policy, close co-operation from general practitioners, and the specialist visiting and consulting service.
Call for Medical Quotations
Authors: Edward J. Huth
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Letters1 January 1996Call for Medical QuotationsEdward J. Huth, MDEdward J. Huth, MDEditor Emeritus, Annals of Internal Medicine; Philadelphia, PA 19106Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-124-1_Part_1-199601010-00034 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail The American College of Physicians has asked Jock Murray, present Chairman, Board of Regents, and me to serve as editors for a book of medical quotations. The book will illustrate the historical development of concepts and practice in medicine (diseases, apparatus, procedures), represent the states of life—birth, growth, pain, death—that are concerns of the patient and the physician, and illuminate the relations of patient and physician. All fields of medicine are to be covered, not solely internal medicine.We invite members of the College and other readers of Annals to submit quotations to be considered for publication in this collection.... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Edward J. Huth, MDAffiliations: Editor Emeritus, Annals of Internal Medicine; Philadelphia, PA 19106 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 January 1996Volume 124, Issue 1_Part_1Page: 78KeywordsRacial and ethnic issues ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 January 1996 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1996 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Serology and bacteriology in reactive arthritis.
Authors: C G van Bohemen, A J Nabbe, H C Zanen, H S Goei The
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1986)

SIR, Dr Geczy suggests that differences in the details of the techniques used can account for our failure to find any clear evidence of cytotoxic activity of anti-klebsiella sera against B27+AS+ lymphocytes.It is suggested in particular that our procedure for the cytotoxicity test is unconven- tional; in fact it has been in common use for at least 20 years.1 2 Dealing with two minor points raised, firstly, saline was added, as is common practice, at the end of the assay merely to stop the reaction and to facilitate transfer of the radioactive supernate for measurement in the gammacoun- ter.Secondly, the antilymphocytic serum used was obtained by bleeding a NZ white rabbit three weeks after a single intravenous injection of pooled human lymphocytes.It was only 'active' in the absence of complement up to a dilution of 1:4 with a 51Cr release assay, and thus the cytotoxicity of this serum when used in high dilution was a check on the activity of the complement.In regard to the major point as to whether simultaneous or sequential addition of complement is important, we did in fact carry out experiments following his method in all respects and using one of the antisera supplied by him and two local anti-K43 sera, and this made no difference to the results obtained.Moreover, when the sequential method as described by Geczy was used in a microcytotoxicity assay negative results were also obtained.Conversely, when our method was used in the case of anti-B27 alloantisera high levels of cytotoxicity were obtained comparable with those described by Geczy and his colleagues.Workers in other laboratories (Kinsella (per- A =Y enterocolitica 3; B=Y enterocolitica 9; C=S typhimurium; D=Shigella flexneri 2a; E=Klebsiella pneumoniae K43; F=C jejuni.The gel containing the above bacteria was incubated in acute phase serum as described previously.2
In Vitro Fragmentation of Gallstones with Lithotriptors for Use in Laparoscopic Cholecystotomy
Authors: B. Mentges, G. Bueß, H. Werner, M.O. Schurr, H.D. Becker
Journal: Endoscopy (1992)

In preliminary in vitro experiments, five different lithotriptors for use in laparoscopic cholecystotomy were tested to determine the fragmentation time and rate of a defined group of gallstones. The Alexandrit laser and the ultrasonic lithotriptor were too ineffective to warrant further investigation. In phantom tests with pig gallbladders, the pulsed dye laser and the electrohydraulic lithotriptor had a fragmentation rate of 100%, but the rate of clearing of the gallbladder was 0% as stone debris always remained in the gallbladder. The clearing rate of the RotoLith mechanical lithotriptor was 84.6%. The RotoLith lithotriptor was the most effective device because the stones were ground into such small particles that they could easily be rinsed out of the gallbladder. As the RotoLith procedure does not need to be monitored optically, the opening of the gallbladder need not exceed 3 mm compared to 10 mm for the other lithotriptors. This makes closure of the gallbladder safer and it would seem feasible to perform the procedure using the RothoLith lithotriptor under local anaesthesia.
THE INOPERABLE NATURE OF THE PULMONARY TUBERCULAR LESION.
Authors: HORACE J. WHITACRE
Journal: JAMA (1902)

In no department of surgery have the advances of the past few years been more signal than in that which pertains to the surgery of the chest. Conditions which, as recently as ten years ago, were considered to be irremediable by any method of treatment or were, perhaps, classed among the hopeless medical cases, have now been transferred to the domains of surgery and surprisingly good results have been obtained. The pericardium and the heart have been invaded; the mediastinum has been employed as an avenue of approach; lesions of the pleura that have previously been considered as hopeless have been brought within the pale and the surgery of the lung has become established on a firm scientific basis. Perhaps the most fascinating part of chest surgery is that which concerns the lung, since it is here that best results have been obtained. Acute simple abscess of the lung and
False-Positive Dopamine in Pheochromocytoma Treated With Tyrosine Derivative
Authors: P. A. Serrano
Journal: JAMA (1973)

To the Editor.—  Alpha-methyl- p -tyrosine is a drug under experimental use for the the treatment of pheochromocytoma, which also blocks the biosynthesis of catecholamine, inhibiting the tyrosine hydroxylase. Usually it gave a satisfactory control of arterial hypertension, together with a clear decrease in the excretion of norepinephrine and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (vanillylmandelic acid [VMA]). Recently, we had the opportunity to study four patients with nonmalignant pheocromocytoma; three of them were excreting dopamine in higher levels than the normal rate during the control period. The tumors were localized; three extra-adrenally and one on the adrenal gland. After administration of alpha-methyl- p -tyrosine (500 to 2,000 mg/day), blood pressure was satisfactorily controlled and the excretion of norepinephrine and VMA markedly decreased. The dopamine, which was in levels above 1,000μg/24 hr increased in the patients with high dopamine excretion and reached values up to 8,000μg/24 hr in one of the patients after five
p53 transcriptional activity is selectively suppressed by estrogen in SNP309 mdm2 overexpressing breast cancer cells.
Authors: A Brekman, K Talbott, J Bargonetti
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #4065 p53 is a tumor suppressor frequently inactivated in cancers. Mdm2 targets p53 for proteasomal degradation via E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and represses p53 transcriptional activity by co-localization with p53 on the chromatin. Mdm2 overexpression is associated with estrogen signaling in breast cancer. To investigate estrogen-associated tumorigenesis and p53 pathway suppression, we examined estrogen receptor positive and p53 wild-type breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and ZR-75-1. MCF-7 cells are heterozygous for the mdm2 gene single nucleotide polymorphism from T to G at position 309 (SNP309 T/G) and ZR-75-1 are SNP309 homozygous T/T. Cells that carry the G-allele overexpress Mdm2. We found that in the presence of estrogen, the transcriptional activity of p53 in MCF-7, but not in ZR-75-1 cells, was selectively compromised. When MCF-7 cells were treated with the DNA-damaging drug etoposide or the Mdm2 antagonist Nutlin-3, transcription of p53 target genes p21, mdm2, puma and gadd45 was upregulated. However in the presence of estrogen, transcription of puma and gadd45, and not of mdm2 or p21, was downregulated. In ZR-75-1 cells, we did not observe selective inhibition of p53 transcriptional activity in the presence of estrogen. Importantly, we could potentiate p53 transcriptional activity by adding mdm2 siRNA in the presence of estrogen. The coordination between suppression of p53 transcriptional activity and mdm2 SNP309 genotype suggests that estrogen downregulates the p53 response in breast cancer cells by selecting for cells that overexpress Mdm2. This suggests that downregulating Mdm2 in ER+ breast cancer cells could be a beneficial therapeutic approach.&amp;#x2028; This work was supported by The Breast Cancer Research Foundation and was facilitated by grant number RR-03037 from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 4065.
Medicine in Rural China: A Personal Account
Authors: En Ma
Journal: JAMA (1989)

"It may take people a long time to realize the significance of [a] new, progressive and far-reaching idea," says Dr C. C. Chen, an internationally known pioneer in the Chinese health experience and current professor of community medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences, Chengdu. Chen has devoted nearly six decades to diffusing modern medicine in rural China. The search for the best means of doing so has been the central concern of his life and is the central thesis of his memoirs,<i>Medicine in Rural China: A Personal Account</i>. When C. C. Chen graduated from the Rockefeller Foundation—sponsored Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) in China in 1929, more than 85% of the Chinese lived in villages, almost entirely beyond the reach of modern medical care. Facing poverty, ignorance, poor health, and lack of public spirit, Chen determinedly went to Dingxian, a rural district in North China, to pioneer
TCT-88 Outcomes of Cardiac Surgery are Preserved Following the MitraClip Procedure.
Authors: Alfredo Trento, Wen Loong Yeow, Takashi Matsumoto, Asma Hussaini, Swaminatha V. Gurudevan, Takahiro Shiota, Saibal Kar
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Educating tomorrow's doctors
Authors: N. Chanchlani, F. Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Student BMJ aims to meet their needs in rapidly changing times

In spring 1992, Student BMJ was launched as one of the first international peer reviewed journals written by and for medical students.1 The journal was created as a place for students and junior doctors to find out about developments in medical education, career planning, and research, and to access education and opinion on matters that might not be comprehensively taught at medical school.

Twenty years on, much has changed. For example, in 1993 British universities adopted undergraduate core curriculums to standardise medical education. And in 2009, implementation of the European Working Time Directive (EWTD) restricted junior doctors’ hours of work across the European Union to 48 hours a week. At the BMJ our aim has been to help students and educators keep abreast of these changes and to understand what they mean for curriculums and careers. With a monthly print readership of 21 000, 24 000 unique visitors each month online from around the world, and growing opportunities for interactivity, …
Goiter and Plasma Inorganic Iodide Concentration in Pregnancy
Authors: Robert H. Caplan
Journal: JAMA (1979)

MANY physicians believe that goiter frequently develops during normal pregnancy.<sup>1,2</sup>In the course of gestation, increased urinary losses of iodide diminish the concentration of plasma inorganic iodide (PII) and produce a relative iodide deficiency.<sup>3</sup>Increased thyroidal clearance of iodide, frequently associated with thyroid gland enlargement, maintains normal absolute iodide uptake and thyroid hormone synthesis.<sup>3</sup> Dietary iodide deficiency may be another goitrogenic stimulus since goiters associated with pregnancy are more common in areas of reduced iodide intake.<sup>4</sup>Because dietary iodide intake has substantially increased in our geographic area,<sup>5</sup>we undertook the present study to reassess the prevalence of goiter and to determine the current concentration of PII during pregnancy. <h3>Subjects and Methods</h3> One of us (R.H.C.) examined 125 women within 24 hours of delivery. A brief history was taken and the size of the thyroid gland estimated by palpation. We consider a normal thyroid gland to