tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of the In Vitro Proliferative Responses of Blood and Synovial Fluid Leukocytes of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Authors: Michael D. Reynolds, Nabih I. Abdou
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

Lymphocyte-rich suspensions from blood and synovial fluid (SF) of 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and from blood of 12 normal subjects, were cultured with heat-aggregated, aggregate-free, and native human gamma globulin (HGG), with autologous IgG separated from RA-SF by anion-exchange chromatography and with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). No significant differences were noted between the in vitro proliferative responses of blood lymphocytes of RA and normal controls to any of these preparations. Significant differences were noted between blood and SF lymphocytes of RA patients with respect to their responses to the aggregate-free HGG and to PHA. Incubation of RA-SF cells but not RA-blood cells with aggregate-free HGG before their culture with the aggregated HGG markedly suppressed the in vitro proliferative response to the latter. The observed differences between blood and SF lymphocytes and the suppression of blastogenic response of SF cells by exposure to the aggregate-free preparation raise the possibility of modulating the immune and/or the inflammatory responses in RA.
Erythema and skin blood content
Authors: LAWRENCE W. ARGENBRIGHT, P.DONALD FORBES
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1982)

SUMMARY We have studied the inflammatory response produced by painting pigs and hairless mice with anthracene and subsequently exposing the skin to fluorescent blacklight lamps. Erythema and oedema appeared in pig skin shortly after the onset of irradiation; oedema but no erythema was evident in mouse skin. The response in both animals became increasingly severe as long as irradiation continued, and began to resolve when irradiation ceased. Hyperaemia (increased tissue blood content) was quantified by the increase in 51Cr-RBC content (c.p.m./wet weight) of the skin. Erythema (appearance of redness) was assessed by the use of an ‘erythema grading scale’ consisting of red gelatin filters of increasing red saturation sandwiched between clear acrylic sheets. Mouse skin responded with a nine-fold hyperaemia compared with unirradiated skin, although no erythema was produced. In contrast, pig skin responded with intense erythema with no corresponding increase in hypaercmia. It is apparent that a stimulus which produces hyperaemia will not necessarily produce erythema, and erythema can develop without hyperaemia.
RNA Tumor Viruses
Authors: Tucker W. LeBien
Journal: JAMA (1975)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The prodigious discovery of reverse transcriptase (the enzyme that codes for the production of DNA off an RNA template) represents a milestone in the annals of molecular biology. As such, I would like to call attention to an erroneous paragraph that appeared in a recent article in the MEDICAL NEWS section ofThe Journal(231:335, 1975). The original observation of the presence of reverse transcriptase in RNA tumor viruses was reported independently but concomitantly by Howard Temin and Satoshi Mizutani of the University of Wisconsin and by David Baltimore of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Both reports were published in a single issue of<i>Nature</i>in June 1970.<sup>1,2</sup>In addition, Temin and his colleagues conducted their investigations at the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research in Madison, Wis, not at the National Institutes of Health. Third, and least importantly, Howard Temin holds a PhD, not an MD,
Benzodiazepine use and risk of Alzheimer's disease: case-control study
Authors: S. Billioti de Gage, Y. Moride, T. Ducruet, T. Kurth, H. Verdoux, M. Tournier, A. Pariente, B. Begaud
Journal: BMJ (2014)

<b>Objectives</b> To investigate the relation between the risk of Alzheimer's disease and exposure to benzodiazepines started at least five years before, considering both the dose-response relation and prodromes (anxiety, depression, insomnia) possibly linked with treatment. <b>Design</b> Case-control study. <b>Setting</b> The Quebec health insurance program database (RAMQ). <b>Participants</b> 1796 people with a first diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and followed up for at least six years before were matched with 7184 controls on sex, age group, and duration of follow-up. Both groups were randomly sampled from older people (age &gt;66) living in the community in 2000-09. <b>Main outcome measure</b> The association between Alzheimer's disease and benzodiazepine use started at least five years before diagnosis was assessed by using multivariable conditional logistic regression. Ever exposure to benzodiazepines was first considered and then categorised according to the cumulative dose expressed as prescribed daily doses (1-90, 91-180, &gt;180) and the drug elimination half life. <b>Results</b> Benzodiazepine ever use was associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (adjusted odds ratio 1.51, 95% confidence interval 1.36 to 1.69; further adjustment on anxiety, depression, and insomnia did not markedly alter this result: 1.43, 1.28 to 1.60). No association was found for a cumulative dose &lt;91 prescribed daily doses. The strength of association increased with exposure density (1.32 (1.01 to 1.74) for 91-180 prescribed daily doses and 1.84 (1.62 to 2.08) for &gt;180 prescribed daily doses) and with the drug half life (1.43 (1.27 to 1.61) for short acting drugs and 1.70 (1.46 to 1.98) for long acting ones). <b>Conclusion</b> Benzodiazepine use is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. The stronger association observed for long term exposures reinforces the suspicion of a possible direct association, even if benzodiazepine use might also be an early marker of a condition associated with an increased risk of dementia. Unwarranted long term use of these drugs should be considered as a public health concern.
Pex/PEX tissue distribution and evidence for a deletion in the 3' region of the Pex gene in X-linked hypophosphatemic mice.
Authors: L Beck, Y Soumounou, J Martel, G Krishnamurthy, C Gauthier, C G Goodyer, H S Tenenhouse
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

PEX, a phosphate-regulating gene with homology to endopeptidases on the X chromosome, was recently identified as the candidate gene for X-linked hypophosphatemia. In the present study, we cloned mouse and human Pex/PEX cDNAs encoding part of the 5' untranslated region, the protein coding region, and the entire 3' untranslated region, determined the tissue distribution of Pex/PEX mRNA, and characterized the Pex mutation in the murine Hyp homologue of the human disease. Using the reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) and ribonuclease protection assays, we found that Pex/PEX mRNA is expressed predominantly in human fetal and adult mouse calvaria and long bone. With RNA from Hyp mouse bone, an RT/PCR product was generated with 5' but not 3' Pex primer pairs and a protected Pex mRNA fragment was detected with 5' but not 3' Pex riboprobes by ribonuclease protection assay. Analysis of the RT/PCR product derived from Hyp bone RNA revealed an aberrant Pex transcript with retention of intron sequence downstream from nucleotide 1302 of the Pex cDNA. Pex mRNA was not detected on Northern blots of poly (A)+ RNA from Hyp bone, while a low-abundance Pex transcript of approximately 7 kb was apparent in normal bone. Southern analysis of genomic DNA from Hyp mice revealed the absence of hybridizing bands with cDNA probes from the 3' region of the Pex cDNA. We conclude that Pex/PEX is a low-abundance transcript that is expressed predominantly in bone of mice and humans and that a large deletion in the 3' region of the Pex gene is present in the murine Hyp homologue of X-linked hypophosphatemia.
Origin and funding of the most frequently cited papers in medicine: database analysis
Authors: Nikolaos A Patsopoulos, John P A Ioannidis, Apostolos A Analatos
Journal: BMJ (2006)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To evaluate changes in the role of academics and the sources of funding for the medical research cited most frequently over the past decade. <b>Design</b> Database analysis. <b>Data sources</b> Web of Knowledge database. <b>Methods</b> For each year from 1994 to 2003, articles in the domain of clinical medicine that had been cited most often by the end of 2004 were identified. Changes in authors9 affiliations and funding sources were evaluated. <b>Results</b> Of the 289 frequently cited articles, most had at least one author with a university (76%) or hospital (57%) affiliation, and the proportion of articles with each type of affiliation was constant over time. Government or public funding was most common (60% of articles), followed by industry (36%). The proportion of most frequently cited articles funded by industry increased over time (odds ratio 1.17 per year, P = 0.001) and was equal to the proportion funded by government or public sources by 2001. 65 of the 77 most cited randomised controlled trials received funding from industry, and the proportion increased significantly over time (odds ratio 1.59 per year, P = 0.003). 18 of the 32 most cited trials published after 1999 were funded by industry alone. <b>Conclusion</b> Academic affiliations remain prominent among the authors of the most frequently cited medical research. Such research is increasingly funded by industry, often exclusively so. Academics may be losing control of the clinical research agenda.
Patient-Reported Problems After Office Procedures
Authors: Eleni Linos, Mackenzie R. Wehner, Dominick L. Frosch, Louise Walter, Mary Margaret Chren
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

To the Editor:

Even though 83 million procedures are performed in medical offices in the US each year,1 patients are only rarely asked about problems they experience after these procedures. This oversight may highlight a key opportunity to improve health care because patient self-reporting is known to offer both clinical and scientific value.2,3 To inform decision-making for office-based procedures we studied patients treated for Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), the most common malignancy,4 which is most often treated with an office procedure.
Changing Values for the Normal Thyroid Radioactive Iodine Uptake Test
Authors: Edward T. Wong
Journal: JAMA (1977)

The normal range for thyroid radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake values in the Minneapolis area has shifted twice in the past 20 years. The mean 24-hour thyroid RAI uptake value in 29 normal subjects was 20.5% +/- 6.1% (SD) in 1975, whereas only four years previously it was found to be 11.5% +/- 4.4% (SD) in 51 normal subjects. In a previously published study, the mean thyroid RAI uptake value in normal subjects in this area was 25% +/- 8% (SD) in 1957. The iodine content of commercially baked white bread currently available in this area was found to average only 26 microgram per single slice of bread; the change in the mean 24-hour thyroid RAI uptake value that we observed between 1971 and 1975 is most likely due to a marked reduction in this source of dietary iodine.
Clinical commissioning groups are better than primary care trusts, say GPs
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Fewer than half of GPs surveyed believe that decisions made by clinical commissioning groups reflect their views. However, in general they consider them to be an improvement on primary care trusts, shows a survey published on the first anniversary of the reorganisation of the NHS in England.

The research, which had a response rate of less than 30% and which was published by the health think tanks the Nuffield Trust and the King’s Fund, shows that GPs believe that clinical commissioning groups are much more likely to listen to them than primary care trusts …
Psoriasis heritability: 125 years and counting
Authors: J. Barker
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

In 1888, the same year that the British Journal of Dermatology (BJD) was founded, Henry Radcliffe Crocker wrote the first of several editions of a book called Diseases of the Skin, described by a former editor of the BJD, John Burton, as 'one of the great medical textbooks of the nineteenth century'.1 2 Contained within it is a condition termed 'dermatitis repens', which many consider to be the first description of pustular psoriasis. As Lionel Fry points out in his 1988 BJD centenary review on psoriasis,3 this was one of many important contributions to the clinical description of psoriasis and its many phenotypic variants, such that by the end of the nineteenth century it was well established as a clinical entity. Heritability had been hinted at by many, but Radcliffe Crocker made two prescient observations.4 Firstly, he stated that 'Like other hereditary diseases it may skip a generation. Except heredity, we are still in the dark with regard to the aetiology of psoriasis'. Secondly, he observed 'two classes of psoriasis, that of the young and that of the gouty; the latter beginning in adult age'. It was 100 years before Christophers and Henseler provided a scientific rationale for type 1 and 2 psoriasis based, in great part, on genetic associations.5
Value of x ray examinations of the cervical spine.
Authors: C A Heller, P Stanley, B Lewis-Jones, R F Heller
Journal: BMJ (1983)

The value of x ray examination of the cervical spine was studied. In one district general hospital it has been estimated that such examinations occupy one radiographer and one room for four hours a week. Eighty-five per cent of patients aged 60 or more who had been referred for an x ray examination of the neck in one year were reported as having cervical spondylosis, and there were no unexpected findings of infection or malignancy at any age. The reports of patients referred for x ray examination of the cervical spine were compared with those of control patients who had originally attended for barium studies. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of cervical spondylosis between the two groups, although the severity of the disc changes was greater among cases than controls. There were no consistent relations between symptoms and changes seen on x ray films. It is suggested that x ray examinations should be performed only when there is a clinical suspicion of malignancy or infection, after trauma, or when surgery may be indicated. There is little point in taking x ray films of the neck to diagnose cervical spondylosis.
A warning to scholars
Authors: Elizabeth Wager
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Dr Wedderburne gave mee this Medicall Counsayle. That I should not be sicke before I was sicke, Noteing the puling spirits of some, & generally of Scholars, who doe allwayes phantsy themselves to be sicke, or sickly, & by phantsye & frequent medicines doe make themselves sick indeede.

John Beale writing to Robert Boyle in 1663, quoted in: Jardine L. The Curious Life of Robert Hooke. London: Harper Perennial, 2003
S141 BMP9 is required for LPS-mediated neutrophil recruitment to PAH-patient derived blood outgrowth endothelial cells with BMPR-II mutations
Authors: SL Appleby, J Deighton, CM Yates, MR Toshner, GB Nash, ER Chilvers, NW Morrell
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor II (BMPR-II) are present in &gt;70% of patients with heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (hPAH) and 15–26% of idiopathic PAH (iPAH) cases. The genetic data strongly implicates the endothelium as the initiating cell type in PAH, and BMP9 is the major circulating ligand for BMPR-II on endothelial cells (EC). Since inflammation is emerging as a potential trigger for disease in BMPR-II mutation carriers, we hypothesised that BMP9 and BMPR-II mutation might impact on endothelial:leukocyte interaction. <h3>Methods</h3> We employed blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOEC) isolated from healthy donors (control-BOEC) and BOEC derived from PAH patients with BMPR-II mutations (PAH-BOEC) in this study.BOEC can be generated from venous blood and are recognised as a non-invasive source of patient-derived EC. Endothelial:neutrophil interaction was studied using an <i>in vitro</i> flow-based model. Neutrophil recruitment to LPS (100 ng/ml; 4h)-stimulated BOECs was quantified in the presence or absence of BMP9 (5 ng/ml; 16h) under physiologically relevant sheer stress (0.1 Pa). Surface expression of E-selectin was quantified using flow cytometry, ELISA was used to assess the secretion of IL-8 and mRNA levels were quantified by qPCR. <h3>Results </h3> LPS stimulation induced robust neutrophil recruitment to control-BOEC, whereas BMP9 had no effect.Co-stimulation with LPS and BMP9 resulted in a synergistic increase in neutrophil recruitment and control-BOEC E-selectin and IL-8 expression, compared to stimulation with LPS alone. Moreover, BMP9 stimulated the upregulation of TLR4 on control-BOEC (the receptor for LPS), thus providing a potential mechanism for the enhanced inflammatory response seen with LPS and BMP9 co-stimulation. In contrast to the findings in control-BOEC, LPS stimulation failed to induce neutrophil recruitment in PAH-BOEC. However, co-stimulation with LPS and BMP9 restored neutrophil recruitment in PAH-BOEC. <h3>Conclusions </h3> BMP9 markedly enhances neutrophil recruitment to the endothelium in response to LPS. Deficiency in BMP9 signalling (as a consequence of BMPR-II mutations in PAH-BOEC) impairs this process, and BMP9 restores normal endothelial:neutrophil interactions in PAH-BOECs. These findings identify a hitherto unknown role for BMP9 in endothelial:neutrophil interaction and implicate this process in the pathobiology of PAH.
Registration of 3D trans-esophageal echocardiography to X-ray fluoroscopy using image-based probe tracking
Authors: Gang Gao, Graeme Penney, Yingliang Ma, Nicolas Gogin, Pascal Cathier, Aruna Arujuna, Geraint Morton, Dennis Caulfield, Jaswinder Gill, C. Aldo Rinaldi, Jane Hancock, Simon Redwood, Martyn Thomas, Reza Razavi, Geert Gijsbers, Kawal Rhode
Journal: Medical Image Analysis (2011)
Lithium-Induced Diabetes Insipidus: Manic Symptoms, Brain and Electrolyte Correlates, and Chlorothiazide Treatment
Authors: STEVEN T. LEVY, JOHN N. FORREST, GEORGE R. HENINGER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1973)

A patient with lithium-induced, vasopressin-insensitive diabetes insipidus was studied during two consecutive manic episodes that were successfully treated with lithium. Polyuria occurred several days after lithium-induced brain electrical changes were observed, and at serum lithium concentrations close to 1.0 mEq./liter. Polyuria began during a period of behavioral improvement and persisted after the manic symptoms subsided. Polyuria did not occur in association with serum lithium concentrations over 1.8 mEq./liter, and a fourfold increase in sodium intake did not reduce the polyuria. Chlorothiazide reduced polyuria and permitted the patient to continue the lithium treatment.
Half of patients in intensive care receive suboptimal care
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Consultants need to be more available to supervise emergency medical admissions to improve the care of acutely sick patients, recommends a report.



A study by the charity the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD) shows that a quarter of patients who were admitted to intensive care units in England and Wales in one month in 2003 died. Nearly half of these patients received care that was judged to be less …
Exfoliative Dermatitis Due to Codeine
Authors: John H. Moyer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1948)

CODEINE has been in use as a narcotic since 1832,1 when it was first extracted from opium. Chemically, it is the methyl ester of morphine2 containing a phenanthrine nucleus.3 Today it is used in massive amounts, especially in sanatoriums, and yet drug eruptions due to sensitivity to this agent are extremely rare. Seidmann1 stated that up to 1943 only 10 such cases had been reported in the literature. Since then at least 2 additional cases have been reported. The following case is presented because of the severity of both the skin and systemic manifestations.Case ReportA 34-year-old man was . . .
Long-term Risk of Tuberculosis Among Foreign-born Persons in the United States
Authors: Patrick L. F. Zuber
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Cases of tuberculosis (TB) in the United States have declined for 4 consecutive years, but cases among foreign-born persons account for an increasing percentage.To describe the risk of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons with respect to their length of residence in the United States.Cross-sectional analysis of national surveillance data.The United States.All verified TB cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between 1986 and 1994.Stratum-specific incidence rates of TB by age, place of birth, length of residence, age at arrival in the United States, or combinations of these variables.Several groups of persons from countries with a high prevalence of TB had incidence rates higher than 20 per 100,000 person-years more than 20 years after arrival. Among long-term residents, those who arrived in the United States after their fifth birthday had incidence rates of TB 2 to 6 times higher than those of similar age who arrived before their fifth birthday. A total of 45% of the TB cases were among persons younger than 35 years and an additional 18% were among persons who arrived in the United States before their 35th birthday.Imported Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (active or latent) is responsible for most TB cases among foreign-born persons in the United States. Detection of active cases among recent arrivals is the main priority in these populations, but many cases were in persons who arrived in the United States before the age of 35 years that could potentially have been avoided with preventive therapy. Elimination of TB in the United States may not be feasible using available diagnostic and treatment modalities without increased efforts to address the global burden of this disease.
EARLY DETECTION OF SEVERE MICROVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION WITH MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMMEDIATELY AFTER PRIMARY ANGIOPLASTY IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Koichi Tamita, Shuichiro Kaji, Toshiharu Iwamura, Mika Maeda, Toshiki Fujiwara, Junichi Yoshikawa
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)