tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A novel subset of CD2-, CD3/T cell receptor alpha/beta+ human peripheral blood T cells. Phenotypic and functional characterization of interleukin 2-dependent CD2-CD3+ T cell clones.
Authors: D Kabelitz, P Conradt, S Schondelmaier, H Wagner, R Haars
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

It is generally believed that CD2 (T11, sheep erythrocyte receptor) is expressed on all human T cells. In the present study we have identified and characterized a minor subset of CD2- CD3/TCR alpha/beta+ T cells in the peripheral blood of healthy individuals. CD2-CD3+ T cells were enriched in PBMC depleted of plastic-adherent macrophages, E-rosetting (i.e., CD2+) T cells and surface Ig+ B cells. CD2-CD3+ T cells accounted for 0.1-0.8% of PBMC in six individuals. IL-2-dependent long-term clones of CD2-CD3+ T cells neither reacted with a panel of anti-CD2 mAbs nor expressed detectable levels of CD2 mRNA by Northern blot analysis. These clones, however, expressed a full-length TCR C beta mRNA and reacted with mAbs against TCR-alpha/beta, CD3, and CD4, and thus were mature T cells. CD2-CD3/TCR+ T cell clones could be triggered into proliferation, IL-2 production, and cytotoxic effector activity by anti-CD3 and anti-TCR mAbs. We conclude that (a) a minor subset of CD2-, CD3/TCR-alpha/beta+ T cells is present in normal peripheral blood; and (b) expression of CD2 at the level of protein and/or mRNA is not required for T cell signaling via the CD3/TCR molecular complex.
Incidence of Exercise‐Induced Asthma in Adult Asthmatics
Authors: Allan Bundgaard
Journal: Allergy (1981)

One‐hundred and fourteen adults (48 males, 66 females, average age 35.5 years, range 16‐61 years) were tested for bronchial asthma. Eighty‐nine were given the clinical diagnosis asthma bronchiale. Of these 89 patients 68 (76%) had exercise‐induced fall in PEF. Twenty‐one (24%) showed no fall in PEF. The incidence of exercise‐induced fall in PEF was the same among patients with extrinsic as among patients with intrinsic asthma. Out of 25, in whom the clinical diagnosis asthma bronchiale was not confirmed, only one patient had exercise‐induced fall in PEF. This patient had chronic bronchitis. Twelve adults without any disease showed no fall in PEF. after exercise.
Gulf war syndrome may be post-conflict dysfunction
Authors: R. Gabriel
Journal: BMJ (2002)

EDITOR—We have read the results of the questionnaire based study by Chalder et al from the Gulf war research unit at King's College.1 They found that 17% of the 2961 Gulf war veterans believe themselves to be suffering from Gulf war syndrome, although the group has found no evidence to support such a syndrome.2 The veterans' belief was reinforced if they knew someone with similar symptoms. We believe that this represents post-conflict dysfunction expressed according to health beliefs prevailing at the …
Methylene Blue Dye Injection: an Adjuvant Technique in the Management of Buried Bumper Syndrome?
Authors: N. Bhala, D. S. Sanders, M. E. McAlindon
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

A 66-year-old woman with a history of subarachnoid haemorrhage was fed for 2 years without complication via a Corflo-Dual GT percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) (Merck Pharmaceuticals, Inc.). She was admitted with a blockage of her gastrostomy tube, difficulty in infusing feeding formula, and peritubal leakage. Examination revealed an immovable healthy stoma site (”buried bumper syndrome”). Endoscopically, the internal bumper was not discernible on the anterior wall of the stomach. Injection of methylene blue dye allowed visualization of the location and patency of the partially epithelialized fistula. A guide wire was manipulated into the PEG tube, through the fistula, and into the gastric lumen. This was snared and brought out through the mouth. A new PEG was then sited using the standard ”pull” method.
Lineage Tree for the Venous Pole of the Heart
Authors: Fabienne Lescroart, Timothy Mohun, Sigolène M. Meilhac, Mike Bennett, Margaret Buckingham
Journal: Circulation Research (2012)

Genetic tracing experiments and cell lineage analyses are complementary approaches that give information about the progenitor cells of a tissue. Approaches based on gene expression have led to conflicting views about the origin of the venous pole of the heart. Whereas the heart forms from 2 sources of progenitor cells, the first and second heart fields, genetic tracing has suggested a distinct origin for caval vein myocardium, from a proposed third heart field.To determine the cell lineage history of the myocardium at the venous pole of the heart.We used retrospective clonal analyses to investigate lineage segregation for myocardium at the venous pole of the mouse heart, independent of gene expression.Our lineage analysis unequivocally shows that caval vein and atrial myocardium share a common origin and demonstrates a clonal relationship between the pulmonary vein and progenitors of the left venous pole. Clonal characteristics give insight into the development of the veins. Unexpectedly, we found a lineage relationship between the venous pole and part of the arterial pole, which is derived exclusively from the second heart field. Integration of results from genetic tracing into the lineage tree adds a further temporal dimension to this reconstruction of the history of venous myocardium and the arterial pole.
Infant B cell memory and gut bacterial colonization
Authors: Anna Rudin, Anna-Carin Lundell
Journal: Gut Microbes (2012)

Under normal conditions, the gut microbiota confers health benefits for the host. The microbiota aids in the nutrient processing and contributes to the construction of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Furthermore, animal models demonstrate the importance of stimulation from gut bacteria for a proper maturation of the immune system. In this addendum, we summarize our recent studyCitation1 in which we demonstrate that colonization with Escherichia coli and bifidobacteria in the first 2 months of life was related to higher numbers of CD27-positive memory B cells later in infancy. The numbers of total B cells or CD5+CD20+ B cells, on the other hand, were not related to the bacterial colonization pattern. Thus, the gut microbiota might affect the B cell maturation also in humans, and our study indicates that an early colonization pattern that includes E. coli and bifidobacteria might promote this maturation early in life.
Essential Hypertension: New Concepts About Mechanisms
Authors: MOHINDER P. SAMBHI
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Patients with benign essential hypertension in the early uncomplicated stage show several deviations from normal in their renal and adrenal hormonal systems. Levels of plasma aldosterone and progesterone and the secretion rate of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone are shown to be increased, and the metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone is shown to be decreased in these patients. Also, in vitro, the plasma, with added homologous renin, generated angiotensin at rates much higher than normal. Conflicting evidence is presented on plasma aldosterone measurements, including age-dependent decreases in plasma renin and aldosterone. The significance of these findings in pathogenesis of essential hypertension is discussed.
Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor–Mediated Vasodilation in Human Coronary Microarteries
Authors: Wendy W. Batenburg, Ingrid M. Garrelds, Catherine Chapuis Bernasconi, Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret, Jorge P. van Kats, Pramod R. Saxena, A.H. Jan Danser
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Angiotensin (Ang) II type 2 (AT2) receptor stimulation results in coronary vasodilation in the rat heart. In contrast, AT2 receptor-mediated vasodilation could not be observed in large human coronary arteries. We studied Ang II-induced vasodilation of human coronary microarteries (HCMAs).HCMAs (diameter, 160 to 500 microm) were obtained from 49 heart valve donors (age, 3 to 65 years). Ang II constricted HCMAs, mounted in Mulvany myographs, in a concentration-dependent manner (pEC50, 8.6+/-0.2; maximal effect [E(max)], 79+/-13% of the contraction to 100 mmol/L K+). The Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist irbesartan prevented this vasoconstriction, whereas the AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319 increased E(max) to 97+/-14% (P<0.05). The increase in E(max) was larger in older donors (correlation DeltaE(max) versus age, r=0.47, P<0.05). The PD123319-induced potentiation was not observed in the presence of the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME, the bradykinin type 2 (B2) receptor antagonist Hoe140, or after removal of the endothelium. Ang II relaxed U46619-preconstricted HCMAs in the presence of irbesartan by maximally 49+/-16%, and PD123319 prevented this relaxation. Finally, radioligand binding studies and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction confirmed the expression of AT2 receptors in HCMAs.AT2 receptor-mediated vasodilation in the human heart appears to be limited to coronary microarteries and is mediated by B2 receptors and NO. Most likely, AT2 receptors are located on endothelial cells, and their contribution increases with age.
What we have learnt from SARS epidemics in China
Authors: Nanshan Zhong, Guangqiao Zeng
Journal: BMJ (2006)

China's experience with SARS has important implications worldwide, and may improve preparedness for an epidemic if bird flu spreads to humansThe mainland of China experienced three outbreaks of SARS between November 2002 and May 2004.The first outbreak resulted in a pandemic and caused huge financial loss and social panic, but rigorous policies and control measures that were established circumvented further pandemics.Such efforts mean that SARS is currently under control.However, these outbreaks revealed some problems in the health system and in public understanding of emerging infectious diseases.The lessons we learn while facing up to these events can improve our medical performance in the future for management of new epidemics, such as human avian influenza. What have we learnt?Lesson one: honesty is needed In an emergent event, an information blackout makes absolutely no sense.The first case of SARS appeared in Guangdong province, China, in November 2002, 1 but information about it was not broadcast on Central TV, the official Chinese television station, until February 2003, 2 though rumours spread via cell phones and the internet.It was not until three months after the breakout of epidemics that a group of healthcare officials were sent to investigate.Before this, the absence of open news was an attempt to maintain social stability.But the silence led to panic buying of vinegar and some Chinese herbal drugs that were believed to help prevent this "mysterious" disease.Soaring prices for these goods extended to others, undermining the intended social stability.Things began to change when information, in the form of daily roundups on SARS epidemics and public education on disease prevention, reached the community.Honesty is what matters.The public needs to know the truth; concealing what happens may lead to a panic rather than to social stability.Prevention and control of communicable diseases remains critical for the improvement of public health.
Unexplained Fevers in Patients With Nasotracheal Intubation
Authors: Arthur R. Knodel
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Acute maxillary sinusitis developed in three critically ill patients whose conditions required mechanical ventilation. In all three, fever was the initial clinical manifestation. An obtunded state and an inability to speak delayed localization of the site of infection. Prolonged intubation, simultaneous use of nasal gastric tubes, poor healing, and large-diameter endotracheal tubes likely contributed to the disease pathogenesis. Acute maxillary sinusitis may be the cause of unexplained fevers in patients with nasotracheal intubation. (<i>JAMA</i>1982;248:868-870)
Foreseeable Risks? Informed Consent for Studies within the Standard of Care
Authors: Chana A. Sacks, Celestine E. Warren
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

The Office for Human Research Protections has drafted guidelines on disclosing reasonably foreseeable risks in trials involving interventions that are within the standard of care. But what risks, aside from those already seen in clinical care, are reasonably foreseeable?
Expression Profiling and Structural Characterization of MicroRNAs in Adipose Tissues of Hibernating Ground Squirrels
Authors: Cheng-Wei Wu, Kyle K. Biggar, Kenneth B. Storey
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2014)

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are important in regulating metabolic stress. In this study, we determined the expression and structural characteristics of 20 miRNAs in brown (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) during torpor in thirteen-lined ground squirrels. Using a modified stem-loop technique, we found that during torpor, expression of six miRNAs including let-7a, let-7b, miR-107, miR-150, miR-222 and miR-31 was significantly downregulated in WAT (P &amp;lt; 0.05), which was 16%–54% of euthermic non-torpid control squirrels, whereas expression of three miRNAs including miR-143, miR-200a and miR-519d was found to be upregulated by 1.32–2.34-fold. Similarly, expression of more miRNAs was downregulated in BAT during torpor. We detected reduced expression of 6 miRNAs including miR-103a, miR-107, miR-125b, miR-21, miR-221 and miR-31 (48%–70% of control), while only expression of miR-138 was significantly upregulated (2.91 ± 0.8-fold of the control, P &amp;lt; 0.05). Interestingly, miRNAs found to be downregulated in WAT during torpor were similar to those dysregulated in obese humans for increased adipogenesis, whereas miRNAs with altered expression in BAT during torpor were linked to mitochondrial β-oxidation. miRPath target prediction analysis showed that miRNAs downregulated in both WAT and BAT were associated with the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, while the miRNAs upregulated in WAT were linked to transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling. Compared to mouse sequences, no unique nucleotide substitutions within the stem-loop region were discovered for the associated pre-miRNAs for the miRNAs used in this study, suggesting no structure-influenced changes in pre-miRNA processing efficiency in the squirrel. As well, the expression of miRNA processing enzyme Dicer remained unchanged in both tissues during torpor. Overall, our findings suggest that changes of miRNA expression in adipose tissues may be linked to distinct biological roles in WAT and BAT during hibernation and may involve the regulation of signaling cascades.
Major histocompatibility complex genotyping with massively parallel pyrosequencing
Authors: Roger W Wiseman, Julie A Karl, Benjamin N Bimber, Claire E O'Leary, Simon M Lank, Jennifer J Tuscher, Ann M Detmer, Pascal Bouffard, Natalya Levenkova, Cynthia L Turcotte, Edward Szekeres, Chris Wright, Timothy Harkins, David H O'Connor
Journal: Nature Medicine (2009)
Television shows and education about sexually transmitted infections: no laughing matter
Authors: D. Kamerow
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Should we be concerned about medical misinformation on the HBO cable television network?



Human papillomavirus (HPV) is tough to figure out. Is it a disease or just an infection? We can’t really treat it, only its sequelae. With more than half of sexually active people infected with it at one time or another, it is common, but 90% of those who get it then clear the infection without treatment.1 Yet for some people the consequences of HPV are serious: genital warts and (for women) cervical cancer. Should we screen for HPV, and if so what do we do when we find it? Most importantly, how do we explain all of this concisely to patients?

One way not to do it is through a television comedy. Case in point: Girls , the new hit show on the US Home Box Office (HBO) cable television network, soon to appear worldwide. It is the story of four young women just after university, as they try to make their way in New York. Billed as a “comic look at the assorted humiliations and rare triumphs of a group of girls …
DBPCFCs In Children With A History Of Anaphylaxis To Foods: Are They Necessary And Safe?
Authors: B.J. Vlieg-Boerstra, E.J. Duiverman, S. van der Heide, C.M.A. Bijleveld, J. Kukler, A.E.J. Dubois
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
Endoscopic Surveillance for Gastric Remnant Cancer after Early Cancer Surgery
Authors: O. Hosokawa, Y. Kaizaki, K. Watanabe, M. Hattori, K. Douden, H. Hayashi, S. Maeda
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

Background and Study Aims: The aims of this article were to clarify the incidence of gastric remnant cancer after surgery for early gastric cancer, and to develop surveillance programs for patients who have undergone partial gastrectomy in order to detect such lesions at an early stage. Patients and Methods: A total of 642 patients with partial gastrectomy for early gastric cancer were enrolled in a surveillance program for gastric remnant cancer between 1985 and 1996. In 509 patients, the interval between endoscopic examinations was no more than 2 years. Results: Among the 509 patients examined periodically, 15 patients were diagnosed as having gastric remnant cancer; in 12 patients, the cancers were detected at an early stage. All gastric remnant cancers were found distant from the site of the anastomosis, and in eight patients the cancers were located on the lesser curvature. The cumulative 5-year prevalence rate was estimated as 2.4 % and the 10-year prevalence rate as 6.1 %. The initial tumors in the patients with gastric remnant cancer were of the microscopically intestinal type, without exception. The interval between the preceding examination and diagnosis was shorter in the patients with early cancer than in those with advanced cancer (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Periodical surveillance endoscopy for gastric remnant cancer is recommended after surgery for early gastric cancer, particularly in patients whose cancers are of the intestinal type. The examinations can be repeated at 2 - 3-year intervals, and special attention should be given to the lesser curvature away from the anastomotic site.
Retired GP admits helping three patients to end their lives
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2013)

A retired GP in Scotland who supports the legalisation of assisted dying has spoken publicly for the first time about how he, when in practice, helped three patients end their lives.

Iain Kerr, 66, told BBC Radio Scotland and the Herald newspaper that he had supplied drugs in three cases where patients thought that their lives had become intolerable and were considering suicide. Each case had been reported to the prosecuting authorities, which had decided that it would not be in the public interest to prosecute.

The General Medical Council suspended Kerr, who practised in Clarkston, East Renfrewshire, for …
Whipple's Disease in the Porcine Leaflets of a Carpentier–Edwards Prosthetic Mitral Valve
Authors: Norman B. Ratliff, James T. McMahon, Tammy J. Naab, Delos M. Cosgrove
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

WHIPPLE'S disease is often associated with pancarditis, which may result in major valvular dysfunction.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 We describe a patient in whom Whipple's disease also involved the porcine leaflets of a Carpentier–Edwards prosthetic cardiac valve that had been fixed in glutaraldehyde. This finding supports the view that Whipple's disease is caused by infection with a specific bacterium and suggests that when a patient with Whipple's disease requires a prosthetic cardiac valve, a tissue valve should not be used.Case ReportA 63-year-old man presented in 1967 with a 15-month history of weakness, weight loss, and passage of five to six watery stools . . .
Migraine and stroke in young women: case-control study
Authors: C L Chang, M. Donaghy, N. Poulter
Journal: BMJ (1999)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To investigate the association between migraine and ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke in young women. <b>Design:</b> Hospital based case-control study. <b>Setting:</b> Five European centres participating in the World Health Organisation Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. <b>Subjects:</b> 291 women aged 20-44 years with ischaemic, haemorrhagic, or unclassified arterial stroke compared with 736 age and hospital matched controls. <b>Intervention:</b> Questionnaire. <b>Main outcome measure:</b> Self reported history of headaches. <b>Results:</b> Adjusted odds ratios associated with a personal history of migraine were 1.78 (95% confidence intervals, 1.14 to 2.77), 3.54 (1.30 to 9.61), and 1.10 (0.63 to 1.94) for all stroke, ischaemic stroke, and haemorrhagic stroke respectively. Odds ratios for ischaemic stroke were similar for classical migraine (with aura) (3.81, 1.26 to 11.5) and simple migraine (without aura) (2.97, 0.66 to 13.5). A family history of migraine, irrespective of personal history, was also associated with increased odds ratios, not only for ischaemic stroke but also haemorrhagic stroke. In migrainous women, coexistent use of oral contraceptives or a history of high blood pressure or smoking had greater than multiplicative effects on the odds ratios for ischaemic stroke associated with migraine alone. Change in the frequency or type of migraine on using oral contraceptives did not predict subsequent stroke. Between 20% and 40% of strokes in women with migraine seemed to develop directly from a migraine attack. <b>Conclusions:</b> Migraine in women of childbearing age significantly increases the risk of ischaemic but not haemorrhagic stroke. The coexistence of oral contraceptive use, high blood pressure, or smoking seems to exert a greater than multiplicative effect on the risk of ischaemic stroke associated with migraine.
The first report of familial adult T‐cell leukemia lymphoma in the United States
Authors: Srdjan Denic, Jonathan Abramson, Ravi Anandakrishnan, Muthuswamy Krishnamurthy, Harvey Dosik
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1988)

Abstract Two patients, a daughter and her father, developed the acute type of adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) within a 3‐month period. Antibodies against HTLV‐I have been found in both wives of the father. The second wife acquired the infection from her husband within 3 years of marriage. The patients described represent the first cases of familial ATLL in the United States. ATLL continues to be frequently misdiagnosed in the United States. A positive family history consistent with this disease in a patient with a lymphoid malignancy may be a helpful clue for earlier diagnosis.
Safe Management of Fractures
Authors: John W. O'Meara
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1950)

A REVIEW of the titles of previous orations indicates that fractures were first discussed by an orator of this society in 1840. The speaker was A. L. Pierson, M.D. His must have been a sturdy audience if he read all that was printed, amounting to seventy-three pages of narrative and twenty-four additional pages combining case reports and fracture statistics of the period 1821 to 1840 from the Massachusetts General Hospital.Referring to treatment, the speaker made the following remarks:It is the duty of every good surgeon at all times to wait upon nature. But more especially is this true . . .