tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Gains in malaria control will be lost if funding stalls
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Recent successes in controlling malaria in Africa could be put at risk if the funding for control programmes is not maintained, a new analysis shows.

The temptation to shift funding from countries that have done well to those that are still gearing up against malaria should be resisted, the authors warn. Although the successes may seem striking, they are fragile and could quickly be reversed, because even where control programmes have been most successful the potential for malaria transmission remains. 

The analysis, launched on Monday 19 September in New York by …
Hyperhidrosis in acromegaly: effectiveness of topical aluminium chloride hexahydrate solution.
Authors: I A MacFarlane, D Knass, C G Beardwell, S M Shalet
Journal: BMJ (1979)

TABLE ii-O-diphenoloxidase estimationi in serum Duration Increase in optical density at 480 and 525 nm* No of Age and sex of disease Substrates cases (years) Mean ± SE Value of t (range) Normal subjects ..15 20-45; 8M, 7F DL-DOPA 8 x 10-2M 0 00 Catechol 0 01 M 0 00 Tyrosine 2 x 10-IM 0 00 Patients with tuberculoid leprosy .. .. 15 20-45; 8M, 71 1-8 DL-DOPA 8 x 10-2M 0 00 Catechol 0-01 M 0 00 Tyrosine 2 x 10-2M 0 00 Patients with lepromatous leprosy for over 2 years ..10 20-45; 6M, 4F 4-8 LL-DOPA 8 x 10-2M 0 179±-0-171 0 69<2-130-05; significant
Maharishi Ayur-Veda
Authors: Tim Gorski
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —"Letter From New Delhi"1 did not merit publication in<i>JAMA</i>as a serious article. Ayur-Veda as it is described by the authors is not at all the kind of "science of life" that we know as biology. Furthermore, they err when they identify modern medical science with the obsolete superstition of allopathy. Indeed, it is Ayur-Veda's preoccupation with correcting "imbalances" among its three "doshas" and numerous "subdoshas," which have only a poetic connection with known physiologic processes at best, that most closely resembles those prescientific ideas about balancing body "humors" that were the basis of allopathy. That substances with pharmacologic effects have been found in herbal remedies used by Ayur-Veda does nothing to validate the theoretical basis for this "medical system." If it did, then we would have to give serious attention to the ideas that led our prescientific forebears to practice bleeding and purging, since salicylates,
The Association Between Diabetic Complications and Exercise Capacity in NIDDM Patients
Authors: Raymond O Estacio, Judith G Regensteiner, Eugene E Wolfel, Barrett Jeffers, Matthew Dickenson, Robert W Schrier
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

OBJECTIVE Exercise capacity has been used as a noninvasive parameter for predicting cardiovascular events. It has been demonstrated previously in NIDDM patients that several risk factors (i.e., obesity, smoking, hypertension, and African-American race) are associated with an impaired exercise capacity. We studied 265 male and 154 female NIDDM patients who underwent graded exercise testing with expired gas analyses to determine the possible influences of diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy on exercise capacity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between diabetic neuropathy, urinary albumin excretion (UAE), and retinopathy with respect to peak oxygen consumption (Vo2). Neuropathy was assessed by neurological symptom and disability scores, autonomic function testing, and quantitative sensory exams involving thermal and vibratory sensation. Three categories of UAE were used: normal albuminuria (&amp;lt;20 μg=min), microalbuminuria (20–200 μg/min), and overt albuminuria (&amp;gt;200 μg/min). Retinopathy was assessed by stereoscopic fundus photographs. Multiple linear regression analyses were then performed controlling for age, sex, length of diagnosed diabetes, duration of hypertension, race and ethnicity, GHb, BMI, and smoking to determine whether there was an independent effect of these diabetic complications on exercise capacity. RESULTS Univariate analyses revealed that the presence of diabetic retinopathy (P = 0.03), neuropathy (P = 0.002), microalbuminuria (P = 0.04), and overt albuminuria (P = 0.06) were associated with a lower peak Vo2. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine independent relationships with peak Vo2. The results revealed that increasing retinopathy stage (Parameter estimate [PE] = −0.59 ± 0.3 ml · kg−1 · min−1; P = 0.026) and increasing UAE stage (PE = −0.62 ± 0.3 ml · kg−1 · min−1; P = 0.044) were associated with a decrease in peak Vo2. CONCLUSIONS In the present study of NIDDM subjects, a significant independent association was demonstrated between diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy with exercise capacity. These results were obtained controlling for age, sex, length of diagnosed diabetes, hypertension, race, and BMI. Thus the findings in this large NIDDM population without a history of coronary artery disease indicate a potential pathogenic relationship between microvascular disease and exercise capacity.
Hopkins scientist tunes in to treat tuberculosis
Authors: S. Bloom
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

If Richard Chaisson is successful, the antibiotic moxifloxacin will be the first new treatment for tuberculosis (TB) in more than four decades.And Chaisson is not a man who is used to failure.An infectious disease expert and professor of medicine, epidemiology, and international health at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Chaisson is now leading two global studies to test the effectiveness of moxifloxacin to treat TB.The drug is already approved in the US and dozens of other countries to treat various respiratory infections.Chaisson's analyses are part of a series of studies on moxifloxacin coordinated by the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development.Data will be collected from 2,500 patients in the US, Canada, Brazil, Spain, South Africa, and Uganda to assess the ability of moxifloxacin to shorten the treatment period required to cure the disease.TB is a highly communicable bacterial disease that is the leading cause of death in HIV/ AIDS patients.More than 2 billion people are infected with the organism, and over the next 15 years TB disease will afflict an estimated 140 million people, killing 35 million of them.Current TB treatment is usually supervised by a caregiver and consists of a regimen of four antibiotic drugs that must be taken many times a day for six to eight months.Although this course of therapy is successful 95 percent of the time, the long period of drug use is problematic for many patients, who often miss doses and thereby decrease the drugs' efficacy.Substituting moxifloxacin for one of the four antibiotic drugs currently used could shorten the treatment period by many months, increasing the success of treatment while also decreasing the cost.The JCI spoke to Chaisson about this new project, the future of TB therapy, and his other ambitious endeavors.JCI: Why is TB such an enormous public health problem?Chaisson: Despite having had drugs to treat and prevent TB for 50 years and a vaccine for 80 years, TB still kills 2 million people per year, mostly in developing countries.The current vaccine is clearly inadequate, and the current drugs require at least six months of treatment, posing a huge challenge to health systems around the world.The incidence of TB is increasing each year, with 9 million cases last year, and a large Richard Chaisson is leading two global studies that could change the way TB is treated.
Science, medicine, and the future: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: C D Buckley
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Rheumatoid arthritis is the commonest form of inflammatory arthritis and affects about 1% of the population. The clinical presentation is heterogeneous with a wide variation in age at onset, degree of joint involvement, and severity. In addition, it is difficult to predict at diagnosis which patients will develop severe disease. Nearly 90% of patients with aggressive disease will become clinically disabled within 20 years. Furthermore, in patients with severe disease or extra-articular symptoms mortality is equal to that for patients with triple artery coronary artery disease or stage IV Hodgkin's lymphoma. Thus the view that rheumatoid arthritis is a benign disease has been discredited. Fig 1 Cellular components and sites of destruction in rheumatoid joint7 For the past 20 years the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis has been developed on the premise that the prognosis of the disease is generally good. Treatment has been based on the sequential use of drugs starting with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs progressing to disease modifying agents such as gold, sulphasalazine, and methotrexate. This pyramid approach has had limited success at preventing joint destruction or improving long term outcome. In fact, up to 90% of patients with aggressive synovitis have evidence of bone erosions within two years of diagnosis despite treatment.1 This has led to a move towards using disease modifying drugs early in the disease.2 The future of rheumatoid arthritis is currently at an exciting cross roads with management focusing on early diagnosis, intensive induction therapy, and intensification of treatment for resistant disease. This review highlights how recent developments in our understanding of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis have led to the discovery of new targets for treatment. #### Possible future developments
The Cardiac Pathology of Chronic Exogenous Obesity
Authors: KAMEL H. AMAD, JAMES C. BRENNAN, JAMES K. ALEXANDER
Journal: Circulation (1965)

Appraisal of the gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart was carried out at necropsy in 12 subjects (six men, six women) with marked chronic obesity. In each case the observed heart weight was considerably greater than that predicted at ideal body weight. Nine of the 12 subjects were found to have increase in left ventricular wall thickness, and two increase in right. The increases in heart weight and ventricular wall thickness were due to muscle hypertrophy involving the left ventricle or both left and right ventricles. Neither isolated nor predominant right ventricular hypertrophy was observed. It has been concluded that myocardial hypertrophy is a more specific and significant anatomic alteration in the hearts of very obese subjects than are the previously reported findings of excess epicardial fat and fatty infiltration of the myocardium. The relationship between chronic augmentation of the work of the heart in these subjects and the development of cardiac hypertrophy has been discussed. The findings in this study have been interpreted as providing further support for the propositions that manifestations of myocardial insufficiency do occur in very obese subjects without evidences of other heart disease, that these manifestations are those of predominant left ventricular or biventricular failure, and that isolated cor pulmonale does not develop in the absence of pulmonary embolization.
A lysosomal storage disorder of the epidermis characterized by a deficiency of α-mannosidase and an accumulation of mannose-rich materials
Authors: J W.H. MALI, A.M.G. BERGERS, JOSE J.M.A. HURK, P.D. MIER, W.J.B.M. STAAK
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1976)

Laboratory investigation of a patient diagnosed as ichthyosiform erythroderma bullosa revealed the following abnormalities: (1) alpha- and beta-galactosidases were elevated in the lesion. (2) alpha-mannosidase activity was extremely low both in the lesion and in relatively normal epidermis. (3) The mannose:glucose ratio of water-soluble hexose-containing material in the scales was very high. (4) Membrane-limited vacuoles, apparently enlarged secondary lysosomes, were observed. We conclude that this patients is the first documented example of a lysosomal storage disease in which overt clinical lesions are confined to the epidermis.
Testicular plasmacytoma: Report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Gabriel Anghel, Nicola Petti, Daniele Remotti, Carla Ruscio, Fortunato Blandino, Ignazio Majolino
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2002)

Plasmacytomas of the testis are rare neoplasias; they may occur as isolated tumors or in concomitance with generalized multiple myeloma. We report the case of a 77-year-old man with previous clinical evidence of multiple myeloma involving skin, ribs, and lungs, and initially treated with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy attaining partial response. Fourteen months after the onset, the patient presented with left testicular enlargement due to plasmacytoma. Immunohistochemical stains showed monoclonal cytoplasmic IgA-lambda in tumour cells; serum M component showed the same immunoglobulin. Following radiotherapy the tumour mass disappeared. Nonetheless, 2 months later while on chemotherapy, disease recurred with progressive increase of skeletal lesions. The patient is currently alive with disease progression 22 months after onset. On the basis of a review of the literature, the clinical significance of testicular myeloma localization is discussed.
Role of endogenous atrial natriuretic peptide after chronic inhibition of angiotensin II activity in heart failure
Authors: Atsuyuki Wada, Yukiharu Maeda, Daisuke Fukai, Masato Ohnishi, Keiko Maeda, Tomoko Hisanaga, Takayoshi Tsutamoto, Masahiko Kinoshita
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Molecular and cellular basis of the mammary gland susceptibility to carcinogenesis
Authors: Jose Russo, Lee K. Tay, Daniel R. Ciocca, Irma H. Russo
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

Mammary carcinomas induced by the administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) to young virgin rats arise from undifferentiated terminal ductal structures called terminal end buds (TEBs). TEBs that normally differentiate into alveolar buds (ABs) and lobules under the influence of DMBA develop intraductal proliferations which progress to carcinoma. The high susceptibility of the young virgin rat TEBs to neoplastic transformation is due to its large proliferative compartment, with cells cycling every 10 hr, and to a higher 3H-DMBA uptake. Progressive differentiation of TEBs into ABs and lobules or their regression to terminal ducts (TDs) is seen with aging. Complete differentiation of the gland is attained only through pregnancy and lactation. The greater differentiation of the gland is manifested as permanent structural changes, consisting in the disappearance of TEBs and in a diminution of the number of TDs due to their differentiation into ABs and lobules. This greater differentiation results in a diminished or total refractoriness of the gland to the carcinogen because ABs and lobules have a lower proliferative compartment and a longer cell cycle than TEBs and TDs. Cells of parous rats have both in vivo and in vitro a lower DMBA-DNA binding capacity, a lower DNA synthesis and a greater ability to repair DMBA damaged DNA than cells of young virgin rats. The more efficient DNA repair capacity of the parous rat mammary gland is demonstrated by the induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis and a removal of DMBA-DNA adducts.
Munich surgeons perform world's first transplantation of whole arms
Authors: A. Tuffs
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The world’s first double transplantation of complete arms was performed last month in a 16 hour operation by a group of 40 surgeons and nurses at the Munich Technical University Hospital.

On 1 August the two surgeons responsible for the operation, Hans-Gunther Machens and Christoph Hohnke, held a press conference in Munich to announce that the operation had taken place and that the patient was doing well.

Double hand and forearm transplantations have been done before in the United States and in Austria. The operation in Munich is the first to connect short upper arm stumps with almost …
Hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors of chronic myeloid leukemia express leukemia-associated antigens: implications for the graft-versus-leukemia effect and peptide vaccine-based immunotherapy
Authors: A S M Yong, K Keyvanfar, R Eniafe, B N Savani, K Rezvani, E M Sloand, J M Goldman, A J Barrett
Journal: Leukemia (2008)
[<sup>18</sup>F]Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography for Lung Antiinflammatory Response Evaluation
Authors: Delphine L. Chen, Timothy J. Bedient, James Kozlowski, Daniel B. Rosenbluth, Warren Isakow, Thomas W. Ferkol, Betsy Thomas, Mark A. Mintun, Daniel P. Schuster, Michael J. Walter
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2009)

Rationale: Few noninvasive biomarkers for pulmonary inflammation are currently available that can assess the lung-specific response to antiinflammatory treatments. Positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) is a promising new method that can be used to quantify pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation.Objectives: To evaluate the ability of FDG-PET to measure the pulmonary antiinflammatory effects of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) and recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) in a human model of experimentally-induced lung inflammation.Methods: Eighteen healthy volunteers were randomized to receive placebo, lovastatin, or rhAPC before intrabronchial segmental endotoxin challenge. FDG-PET imaging was performed before and after endotoxin instillation. The rate of [18F]FDG uptake was calculated as the influx constant Ki by Patlak graphical analysis. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed to determine leukocyte concentrations for correlation with the PET imaging results.Measurements and Main Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in Ki in the lovastatin-treated group that was not seen in the placebo-treated group, suggesting attenuation of inflammation by lovastatin treatment despite a small decrease in BAL total leukocyte and neutrophil counts that was not statistically significant. No significant decrease in Ki was observed in the rhAPC-treated group, correlating with a lack of change in BAL parameters and indicating no significant antiinflammatory effect with rhAPC.Conclusions: FDG-PET imaging is a sensitive method for quantifying the lung-specific response to antiinflammatory therapies and may serve as an attractive platform for assessing the efficacy of novel antiinflammatory therapies at early phases in the drug development process.Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00741013).
THE ADDRESS ON SURGERY.Delivered at the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at It'ashington, D.C., May, 1891.
Authors: JOSEPH M. MATHEWS
Journal: JAMA (1891)

I am familiar with the fact that it is expected that the general address on surgery read to this Association shall be a<i>résumé</i>of the advances made in each and every department of the science and art of surgery, since the previous meeting. To have gone over this entire field would have consumed more of your valuable time than you would like to grant, and involved a task too burdensome for me to undertake. I, therefore, determined to select some single subject for my address. I was then confronted by the fact that every single subject of importance would be fully discussed in the section on surgery; hence I was embarassed in selecting one, for the reason that I wished to edify rather than fatigue you. This, then, was the rub. Having confined myself for fifteen years to a special line of practice, it occurred to me that it
Surgery of Repair as Applied to Hand Injuries
Authors: George E. Omer
Journal: JAMA (1974)

This relatively small book covers a wide range of subjects and techniques related to hand surgery. The 19 chapters are grouped under five topics: general subjects; primary, intermediate, and secondary treatment; and special aspects. General subjects include surgical anatomy and techniques for examination of an injured hand. Primary treatment includes the evaluation of "tidy" and "untidy" wounds and methods of wound closure. The authors make an excellent argument for delayed primary closure of untidy wounds such as gunshot, electrical, or crush injuries. Chapters on intermediate treatment are concerned with physical and surgical techniques to reestablish joint mobility. Chapters on secondary treatment discuss scar replacement and delayed tendon or nerve repair techniques. Amputations and mutilating injuries are also discussed. Special aspects include burns, prostheses, and injuries in children, as well as assessment of disability. A serious defect of this text is the limited number of references, the majority of which were
Photodynamic Therapy Enhancement of Antitumor Immunity Is Regulated by Neutrophils
Authors: Philaretos C. Kousis, Barbara W. Henderson, Patricia G. Maier, Sandra O. Gollnick
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a Food and Drug Administration–approved local cancer treatment that can be curative of early disease and palliative in advanced disease. PDT of murine tumors results in regimen-dependent induction of an acute local inflammatory reaction, characterized in part by rapid neutrophil infiltration into the treated tumor bed. In this study, we show that a PDT regimen that induced a high level of neutrophilic infiltrate generated tumor-specific primary and memory CD8+ T-cell responses. In contrast, immune cells isolated from mice treated with a PDT regimen that induced little or no neutrophilic infiltrate exhibited minimal antitumor immunity. Mice defective in neutrophil homing to peripheral tissues (CXCR2−/− mice) or mice depleted of neutrophils were unable to mount strong antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses following PDT. Neutrophils seemed to be directly affecting T-cell proliferation and/or survival rather than dendritic cell maturation or T-cell migration. These novel findings indicate that by augmenting T-cell proliferation and/or survival, tumor-infiltrating neutrophils play an essential role in establishment of antitumor immunity following PDT. Furthermore, our results may suggest a mechanism by which neutrophils might affect antitumor immunity following other inflammation-inducing cancer therapies. Our findings lay the foundation for the rational design of PDT regimens that lead to optimal enhancement of antitumor immunity in a clinical setting. Immune-enhancing PDT regimens may then be combined with treatments that result in optimal ablation of primary tumors, thus inhibiting growth of primary tumor and controlling disseminated disease. [Cancer Res 2007;67(21):10501–10]