tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
S, M, L, XL . . .
Authors: T Wang
Journal: Gut (2002)

Methods of surveillance for Barrett’s oesophagus

Although the early detection of high grade dysplasia, the precursor of oesophageal adenocarcinoma, remains a primary task in the management of patients with Barrett’s oesophagus, several other key end points of screening and surveillance need to be considered (table 1). As dysplasia is rarely visually recognised during routine fibreoptic or video endoscopy, extensive four quadrant biopsy sampling every 1–2 cm of the entire mucosal surface using jumbo biopsy forceps (Seattle protocol) has been extensively practised, validated, and is currently recommended.1 In a recent report by the pioneers of this approach, the use of this systematic jumbo biopsy protocol every 1 cm in patients with high grade dysplasia who eventually developed cancer, 100% of cancers were detected.2 However, because the technique is labour intensive and requires a therapeutic endoscope, it is used by less than 20% of US gastroenterologists.3 Recently, many strategies and innovative techniques have been developed to improve the sensitivity of dysplasia detection and to overcome the problems of sampling error. Such approaches aim at enhancing the image contrast of the mucosa, detecting biochemical changes associated with dysplasia, and increasing the image resolution. The purpose of all of these approaches has been to improve from the small degree (S) of resolution and tissue penetration to medium (M), large (L), or even extra large (XL) levels of refinement, sensitivity, and specificity not only for dysplasia but also for a wider range of end points of screening and surveillance (table 1).

For the uninitiated endoscopist, these novel techniques are briefly described here and summarised in table 2. Chromoendoscopy uses a standard video endoscope to visualise the mucosal surface after application of a dye, such as methylene blue or indigo carmine.4 High magnification endoscopy employs a special endoscope that has additional lenses …
Health effects of anticipation of job change and non-employment: longitudinal data from the Whitehall II study
Authors: J. E Ferrie, M. J Shipley, M G Marmot, S. Stansfeld, G. D. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1995)

To assess the effect of anticipating job change or non-employment on self reported health status in a group of middle aged male and female white collar civil servants.Longitudinal cohort study (Whitehall II study). Questionnaire data on self reported health status and health behaviour were obtained at initial screening and four years later, during the period when employees of the department facing privatisation were anticipating job change or job loss.London based office staff in 20 civil service departments.666 members of one department threatened with early privatisation were compared with members of the 19 other departments.Self reported health status measures and health related behaviours, before and during anticipation of privatisation.In comparison to the remainder of the cohort, the profile of health related behaviours of cohort members who faced privatisation was more favourable, both before and during anticipation of privatisation. There were no significant differences in the changes in health behaviours between cohort members moving into a period of job insecurity and the remainder of the cohort. Self reported health status, however, tended to deteriorate among employees anticipating privatisation when compared with that of the rest of the cohort.The application of a longitudinal design, allowing the same individuals to be followed from job security into anticipation, provides more robust evidence than has previously been available that anticipation of job loss affects health even before employment status has changed.
Sex Education in Schools— A Polemic
Authors: Thomas E. Shaffer
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I wish to commend the editorial, "Sex Education in the Schools," and second the recommendation that "the medical profession can render a public service by emphasizing the need for public sex education programs, by supporting and improving existing programs, and by encouraging extension of these programs to all segments of the school population." The recommended guidelines for sex education are essential principles for proper attention to this indispensible preparation of young people for responsible attitudes and behavior. Basic responsibility for teaching about sex does belong in the home. However, the school has a role in adding to the family's efforts, and this may be considerable when the education at home is inadequate. Granted that there will be occasional instances of inappropriate presentation of sex education in the schools, this does not invalidate the necessity and the opportunity for such teaching. It emphasizes the need for better preparation
COMPARISON OF FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREENING (FMS) SCORE IN FUTSAL PLAYERS
Authors: M Mendes de Almeida Gomide Leite, C Bolling, D Reis
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Background The FMS (Functional Movement Screening) is a functional assessment based on mobility and stability and mechanical factors which contributes to develop injury prevention programs. Objective To compare FMS score between different categories in futsal athletes. Design This is a cross sectional, retrospective study using FMS assessment method. Setting This study was conducted with national level futsal players, during preseason in a Brazilian sports club. Participants 37 male athletes were evaluated, 16 athletes from under 20 years category, with a mean age of 19.28 years (±1.34), mean weight of 71.52 kg (±6.70), average height of 181.61 cm (±9.82 ) and 21 athletes of professional category, with a mean age of 20.93 years (±4.44), mean weight of 77.35 kg (±11.61) and average height of 174.93 cm (±6.51). Interventions All the athletes were evaluated by a physiotherapist experienced in FMS method. Each test was performed once to record the score of the athlete. Main outcome measurements 7 tests (deep squat, hurdle step,in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight leg raise, trunk stability push up, rotational stability) were performed. The scores were compared by student's t-test, using SPSS software. Results The mean score of under 20 category was 15 (±1.75) and 15.90 (±1.86) for professional. Comparative analysis between categories showed no significant difference (P&lt;.05 ). Conclusion The similarity in training and competition demands could explain the absence of difference in functional measurements between under 20 and professional athletes. Many under 20 players are part of professional team, so prevention strategies in under 20 need to prepare the youth athletes to professional carrer.
Use of Engineering Terms in Bone Disease
Authors: Victor H. Frankel, Albert Berstein
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Drs. Pentecost, Murray, and Brindley are to be congratulated for systematizing a puzzling group of fractures ("Fatigue, Insufficiency, and Pathological Fractures,"<i>JAMA</i><b>187</b>:1001 [March 28] 1964). We wish to comment on the use of engineering terminology to explain the mechanical behavior of bone. Stress is the internal force per unit area that one face of an internal plane of a body exerts on the other face, and is measured in pounds per square inch or kilograms per square millimeter. The magnitude and direction must also be given. Strain is the change in shape of a body due to applied loads or temperature variation. Elasticity is the ability of the body to return to its original shape immediately after the removal of external loads. If stress is plotted against strain, a straight line will result for a linearly elastic body. <i>Stress, strain</i>, and<i>load</i>cannot be used
Abstract 1571: Nek2 as an effective molecular target for cancer treatment
Authors: Toshio Kokuryo, Takeshi Senga, Yukihiro Yokoyama, Masato Nagino, Michinari Hamaguchi
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Nek2 (NIMA-related kinase 2) is a member of the serine/threonine kinase family, Nek, structurally related to the essential mitotic regulator NIMA. Nek2 is involved in cell division and mitotic regulation by centrosome splitting. Increased expression of Nek2 has been reported in cell lines derived from cervical and prostate cancer as well as lymphomas. We, therefore, examined the expression levels of Nek2 in various cancer cell lines, such as cholangiocarcinoma (HuCCT1, TFK1, HuH28, CCKS1, ETK1, RBE, IHGGK), breast cancer (BT20, BT474, Hs578T, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, T47D, ZR-75-1) and colorectal cancer (HCT-15, DLD-1, Colo205, Colo320). These cancer cells expressed higher levels of Nek2 mRNA and protein than those of HFF, a cell line derived from normal human fibroblast. The expression of Nek2 was also elevated in breast cancer and colorectal cancer tissue in compared with that of normal tissue. The Nek2 suppression with siRNA resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation and induced cell death in these cancer cell lines. We next examined the effect of Nek2 siRNA treatment on the growth of cholangiocarcinoma tumor in xenograft-nude mouse model. Mean tumor volumes in Nek2 siRNA-treated mice were substantially reduced in comparison with those of the control mice. The Nek2 expression in the tumor tissues was dramatically suppressed in Nek2 siRNA treated tumors, as compared with those of control siRNA treated tumors. Nek2 siRNA also resulted in reduction of tumor size as compared with those of control siRNA injection in breast cancer tumor and colorectal cancer tumor. To further evaluate the effects of Nek2 siRNA treatment, we challenged siRNA in the peritoneal dissemination model. It should be noted that peritoneal dissemination is one of the major undesirable complications frequently associated with inoperable cases. In peritoneal dissemination model, Nek2 siRNA-treated mice showed statistically longer survival periods in comparison with those of the control siRNA-treated mice. Survival rates of the Nek2 siRNA-treated mice were approximately 1.5 times higher than those of the control siRNA-treated mice. Taken together, for the improvement of cancer therapy, identification of specific molecular targets critical for its tumorigenicity is an important issue. Nek2 plays a critical role in tumorigenic growth of various cancers, and inhibition of Nek2 expression with its siRNA causes suppression of cancer growth and survival. Our data in vivo provides a strong rationale for the further investigation of Nek2 inhibitors as a new cancer therapy, holding the potential to provide regression of multiple human malignancies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1571.
Predicting ventricular tachycardia cycle length after procainamide by assessing cycle length-dependent changes in paced QRS duration.
Authors: F E Marchlinski, A E Buxton, M E Josephson, C Schmitt
Journal: Circulation (1989)

To determine if paced cycle length-dependent changes in the QRS duration correlate with the change in ventricular tachycardia (VT) cycle length after procainamide, we measured the QRS duration during sinus rhythm and during right ventricular pacing before and after procainamide (mean concentration, 9.9 micrograms/ml) in 18 patients with morphologically identical VT induced at both study periods. Pacing was performed at 600 msec or the longest cycle length that allowed for uninterrupted capture and at a cycle length that was within 50 msec of the VT cycle length observed during the control study (mean, 313 +/- 51 msec). After procainamide, the VT cycle length increased from 285 +/- 62 to 368 +/- 70 msec (percent change, 30 +/- 13%). The QRS duration during sinus rhythm increased from 125 +/- 25 to 145 +/- 29 msec (percent change, 16%). The QRS duration at both paced cycle lengths was the same in the baseline state (191 +/- 26 msec). However, the change in QRS duration after procainamide at the shorter paced cycle length compared to a 39 +/- 13 msec (18%) increase at the longer paced cycle, p less than 0.001. There was a significant correlation between the percent change in QRS duration at the shorter paced cycle length and the percent change in VT cycle length (r = 0.84, p less than 0.001) with the relation expressed by the regression equation: percent change in VT cycle length = -2.8 + 1.16 x percent change in QRS duration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Enhanced anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic efficacy of a novel liposomal fenretinide on human neuroblastoma
Authors: Daniela Di Paolo, Fabio Pastorino, Guendalina Zuccari, Irene Caffa, Monica Loi, Danilo Marimpietri, Chiara Brignole, Patrizia Perri, Michele Cilli, Beatrice Nico, Domenico Ribatti, Vito Pistoia, Mirco Ponzoni, Gabriella Pagnan
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2013)
Renal Failure Associated with Laxative Abuse
Authors: Paul M. Copeland
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1994)

Eating disorder patients often abuse laxatives in an attempt to purge excess food. Laxative abuse can cause hypokalemia and volume depletion. Hypokalemia, in turn, can lead to rhabdomyolysis. Laxative-induced hypokalemia and volume depletion have been previously reported to cause renal insufficiency, but not severe enough to require hemodialysis. A 27-year-old woman with a long history of laxative abuse presented with severe renal failure associated with hypokalemia and volume depletion. She required acute hemodialysis for worsening acidosis (pH 7.05) despite assisted ventilation. A prior episode of hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis at age 23 had resulted in only mild renal insufficiency. Her later episode of severe renal failure was linked to profound volume depletion (blood urea nitrogen 135 mg/dl). This patient calls attention to a potentially life-threatening complication of laxative abuse and indicates that volume depletion can exacerbate laxative-associated renal failure.
Group A streptococci resistant to lincomycin.
Authors: J. Kohn, J. H. Hewitt, C. A. Fraser
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Group A Streptococci Resistant to Lincomycin SIR,-We have isolated group A strepto- cocci resistant to lincomycin, erythromycin, and oleandomycin from patients under treat- ment with lincomycin.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: N. Bhala, T. Usherwood, J. George
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A 45 year old man with known hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and central obesity presents with fatigue and mild discomfort in the abdominal right upper quadrant. Repeated blood tests show a persistent alanine aminotransferase concentration of 100 IU/l (reference range 10-50) and a γ glutamyl transferase concentration of 80 IU/l (range 10-50) with serum bilirubin and other liver test results in the normal range. He drinks two glasses of wine a month and denies any history of excessive alcohol consumption. Tests (including negative serology for hepatitis B and C viruses) exclude other causes of liver dysfunction. You explain that he is likely to have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, occurs predominantly in patients with central obesity, hypertension, abnormal glucose tolerance, and dyslipidaemia. It is now the most common cause of abnormal liver function test results, with a prevalence approaching 30% in unselected patients throughout the world.

Fatigue and abdominal pain are sometimes reported but are uncommon. Most patients are asymptomatic and come to attention only because of incidental findings on liver tests or hepatic ultrasound (which you should ask for if you suspect non-alcoholic fatty liver disease). As well as the metabolic syndrome, other disorders can predispose patients to the disease, such as …
Myeloid, Erythroid, and Immune System Defects in a Family
Authors: JOSEPH A. LINSK
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Four of six siblings, offspring of Sicillian first cousins, developed a clinical disorder in early adulthood affecting the hematopoietic and immunoglobulin-producing systems. A female sibling died at age 21 with myeloid aplasia and agranulocytosis. A male sibling, at age 17, presented with erythroid and plasma cell aplasia with hypogammaglobulinemia. Two other female siblings, ages 21 and 35, had a lymphoproliferative disorder associated with hypogammaglobulinemia. In two of the affected subjects there was complete absence of the enzyme leukocyte alkaline phosphatase. Electron microscopic studies of the peripheral leukocytes from these two subjects and from one of the two asymptomatic siblings showed curious intranuclear and intracytoplasmic linear "crystalloid" structures in the mature neutrophils. It is postulated that the family contains a genetic defect, transmitted as an autosomal recessive by the heterozygous parents, that produces a stem-cell disorder manifested by myeloid, erythroid, and plasma cell aplasias, unique electron microscopic findings, and morphologic and functional abnormalities in later generations of cells.
DIRECT DETERMINATION OF LIPASE WITHIN THE SMALL INTESTINE: A TEST FOR PANCREATIC FUNCTION
Authors: Jacob Buckstein
Journal: JAMA (1922)

The method ordinarily employed for the determination of lipase within the intestinal fluid of the human being consists first in obtaining this fluid by means of a rubber tube inserted into the small intestine. A specimen of this fluid, obtained by means of a syringe, is then placed in a test tube or other vessel and examined. The same serious objections apply to the test tube method of studying the enzymotic content of intestinal fluid, as apply to the test tube method of studying intestinal digestion. These objections have already been outlined.<sup>1</sup>The objections, in brief, are these: There is a very definite alteration in the environment when fluid from the small intestine is placed within a test tube. As a result of this change, it is reasonable to suppose that the fluid may behave in a different manner. There is a stasis of the fluid within the test
Thioridazine-Induced Inhibition of Masturbatory Ejaculation in an Adolescent
Authors: HARVEY R. GREENBERG, CARLOS CARRILLO
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1968)

A case of ejaculatory inhibition during masturbation in an adolescent male treated with thioridazine is reported. Noteworthy is the fact that the patient waited almost a month before revealing the symptom to his physician, unlike the cases involving adults, who complained promptly. Since adolescents are often extremely unwilling to discuss sexual matters, the practitioner prescribing thioridazine to a teenager should be vigilant for the development of this side effect and should not wait for the patient to tell him about it. The role of thioridazine-induced ejaculatory inhibition as a castration threat and therefore as a potential source of anxiety or even of considerable psychic disruption is stressed.
Abstract 95: Increased hypomethylation of LINE-1 and Alu in human colorectal cancer metastasis
Authors: Keun Hur, Francesc Balaguer, Masanobu Takahashi, Takeshi Nagasaka, Junichi Koike, Hiromichi Hemmi, Minoru Koi, Clement Richard Boland, Ajay Goel
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background: Global hypomethylation of cytosines within CpG dinucleotides is one of the distinguishing features of the neoplastic cells in human cancers. More specifically, hypomethylation of evolutionarily conserved repetitive elements (Alu and LINE-1) is associated with increased chromosomal instability in colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent data indicates that transcription start sites of certain proto-oncogenes are located within these repeat elements, and increased hypomethylation of these regions may induce the expression of illegitimate oncogenic transcripts. Primary CRCs demonstrate frequent global Alu and LINE-1 hypomethylation; however, it is unclear whether hypomethylation of these repeat sequences may be associated with a metastatic phenotype Aim: This study was aimed to determine the role of increased hypomethylation of Alu and LINE-1 sequences in CRC metastasis development. Materials and Methods: We analyzed a panel of CRC cells with different metastatic potential, as well as tissues from 50 CRC patients with matched primary colon cancer and corresponding liver metastasis tissues. Alu and LINE-1 methylation levels were determined by quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing. Results: Lower levels of Alu and LINE-1 methylation were observed in CRC cell lines that came from metastatic foci. When we analyzed Alu and LINE-1 methylation levels in clinical specimens, the levels of Alu methylation in liver metastatis were significantly lower compared to the matched primary CRC tissues (77.2%±8.3 and 80.9%±10.7, respectively; P&amp;lt;0.01). Similarly, the levels of LINE-1 methylation in metastasized liver foci was significantly lower compared to the corresponding matched primary CRC (61.2%±9.7 vs 65.8%±7.0 (P&amp;lt;0.01). The relative demethylation level was higher in LINE-1 (4.6%) than Alu (3.7%) sequences. In further support of our results, methylation analysis of surrounding normal liver tissue showed higher methylation levels for Alu (82.2%±4.7) and LINE1 (71.3%±8.3) compared with both primary CRC and liver metastasis. Conclusion: Our results provide evidence that increased Alu and LINE-1 hypomethylation is a novel feature of liver metastasis from CRC. We speculate that hypomethylation of these repeat elements may inadvertently permit activation of previously silenced proto-oncogenes, which may facilitate a more aggressive malignant phenotype in these advanced stage cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 95. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-95
Scleroderma involving the urinary bladder
Authors: G. L. Painter
Journal: JAMA (1978)

To the Editor.—  We report a case of progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) that we believe involves the urinary bladder.  Report of a Case.—  A 33-year-old woman was noted in 1971 as having Raynaud's phenomenon. This progressed with skin changes of the hands, forearms, and face that led to the diagnosis of scleroderma in 1974. In September 1976 she was treated for vaginitis and a urinary tract infection, but she continued to complain of frequency. A cystometrogram showed a small bladder (150-ml capacity) with normal contractility.  The patient came to us in May 1977 with the complaint of frequency, voiding every four hours during the day and night. We found a maximum bladder capacity of 250 ml with no residual urine and normal contractility. Cystoscopy showed a pale epithelial surface containing blood vessels with attenuated branches, an appearance similar to a postirradiation bladder. The patient refused permission for a bladder biopsy.