tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Legislative Efforts to Protect Children From Tobacco
Authors: Joseph R. DiFranza
Journal: JAMA (1987)

Public health laws intended to prevent children from smoking have been enacted in many states. We surveyed the relevant laws in all states and the District of Columbia. The efficacy of one such law prohibiting the sale of tobacco to individuals under the age of 18 years was assessed with the cooperation of an 11-year-old girl. She was successful in 75 of 100 attempts to purchase cigarettes. On the basis of this experience and a review of existing laws, we have made recommendations for a model law. These include a prohibition of the possession of tobacco by minors, a prohibition of the sale of tobacco to minors, a requirement for a warning sign at the point of sale, a ban on cigarette vending machines, and a reward for individuals reporting violators of vending laws. (<i>JAMA</i>1987;257:3387-3389)
Thrombotic Angiitis and Congenital Asplenia
Authors: Gordon J. Gilbert
Journal: JAMA (1965)

THE SPLEEN has a well-known role in the regulation of blood thrombocyte levels, and its absence may contribute to the occurrence of recurrent infections, as cited by Smith et al<sup>1</sup>and Finland.<sup>2</sup>We have recently cared for a middle-aged man with congenital absence of the spleen, who had pneumonia, an acute inflammatory aortic-arch syndrome, and multiple arterial thromboses with cerebral infarction which led to his death. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 41-year-old white man, in May 1962, experienced the onset of headaches which involved the left side of the face and the left eye, lasted an hour or two, and occurred almost daily. The headaches were associated with an intense redness and lacrimation of the left eye and were treated by injections of histamine acid phosphate, given at first twice weekly in small doses which were gradually increased. In June 1962, the headaches had disappeared, and the patient
Principles and Practice of Spinal Anesthesia
Authors: John B. Stetson
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Dr. Lund has promised the reader a book "primarily based upon the experiences gained in the course of a personally controlled series exceeding 25,000 spinal anesthetics, 8,000 diagnostic spinal taps and 2,000 myelograms..." At 4.3 cents per page, it might have been better if this promise had been kept with a shorter "How I do it" monograph. The first 300 pages of the book are devoted to history, anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and equipment. Perhaps this reviewer was soured in the first 11 pages of the book. The portraits of J. Leonard Corning and Rudolph Matas have been exchanged and appear over incorrect captions. There has obviously been a very long lead time between writing and publication. Recent references that Dr. Lund probably has in his files are absent from the extensive lists of references. The references will form a valuable index for physicians in training. The very succinct presentations dealing
Changes in vascular capacity in awake dogs in response to carotid sinus occlusion and administration of catecholamines.
Authors: T D Bennett, C R Wyss, A M Scher
Journal: Circulation Research (1984)

Changes in cardiac filling pressure (central venous pressure) were measured following carotid occlusion and infusions of catecholamines in awake dogs while cardiac output was held constant. After carotid occlusion in dogs with vagi blocked, central venous pressure increased about 0.8 mm Hg (an estimated decrease in vascular capacity of 2.4 ml/kg). Carotid occlusion before vagal block or following vagal block and beta-adrenergic block with propranolol caused no significant changes in central venous pressure. Phenylephrine (0.1-2.0 micrograms/min per kg) caused dose-dependent increases in arterial pressure, but changed central venous pressure (ca. 2.5 mm Hg) only at the highest doses. Epinephrine in doses (0.03-0.51 micrograms/min per kg) that caused little change in arterial pressure increased central venous pressure up to 5.3 mm Hg (an estimated decrease in vascular capacity of 12.0 ml/kg); this response was attenuated about 50% by propranolol. Isoproterenol (0.01-0.40 micrograms/min per kg) decreased arterial pressure and caused changes in central venous pressure similar to those seen with epinephrine. These responses were abolished by propranolol. Vascular compliance, determined from the change in central venous pressure following known changes in vascular blood volume, averaged 3.0 +/- 0.6 ml/mm Hg per kg. In the conscious, resting dog, both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors are involved in the reflex control of cardiac filling pressure. The beta-adrenergic responses predominate.
TCT-488 Risk of stent thrombosis with 6 vs. 12 months dual antiplatelet therapy after new generations drug-eluting stents implantation: final results of the multicenter prospective ESTROFA-DAPT study
Authors: Jose M. De la Torre Hernandez, Juan F. Oteo Dominguez, Felipe Hernandez, Tamara Garcia Camarero, Omar Abdul-Jawad Altisent, Fernando Rivero-Crespo, Jose D. Cascon, German Zavala, Federico Gimeno, Antonio L. Arrebola-Moreno, Leire Andraka, Antonio Gomez Menchero, Francisco Bosa, Xavier Carrillo, Angel Sanchez-Recalde, Fernando Alfonso, Armando Pérez de Prado, Ramon Lopez Palop, Juan Sanchis, José A. Diarte de Miguel, Rocio De Lemos, Luz Muñoz, Antonio Ramirez Moreno, Helena Tizon-Marcos
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Neural representation of sensory data
Authors: Jonathan Polimeni, Eric Schwartz
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

In the target article Pylyshyn revives the spectre of the “little green man,” arguing for a largely symbolic representation of visual imagery. To clarify this problem, we provide precise definitions of the key term “picture,” present some examples of our definition, and outline an information-theoretic analysis suggesting that the problem of addressing data in the brain requires a partially analogue and partially symbolic solution. This is made concrete in the ventral stream of object recognition, from V1 to IT cortex.
The Challenge of Deadopting Low-Value Care
Authors: Benjamin R. Roman, David A. Asch
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

Letters2 December 2014The Challenge of Deadopting Low-Value CareBenjamin R. Roman, MD, MSHP and David A. Asch, MD, MBABenjamin R. Roman, MD, MSHPFrom Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Search for more papers by this author and David A. Asch, MD, MBAFrom Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/L14-5031-2 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:We agree with Dr. Schwartz that high costs have many origins. However, our main point was that addressing medical overuse will require more than just setting new standards of appropriateness and providing education and guidance to reach those standards. Our difficulty giving up low-value services arises less because physicians might be self-interested or socialized toward the wrong goals and more because physicians are human and susceptible to characteristically human errors in thinking. These include optimism bias, confirmation bias, loss aversion, the affect heuristic, and perhaps other decision processes that are not the products of reason but reflections of ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Disclosures: Disclosures can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M14-0212. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoFaded Promises: The Challenge of Deadopting Low-Value Care Benjamin R. Roman and David A. Asch Faded Promises: The Challenge of Deadopting Low-Value Care Benjamin R. Roman and David A. Asch The Challenge of Deadopting Low-Value Care Frederic H. Schwartz The Challenge of Deadopting Low-Value Care Frederic H. Schwartz Metrics 2 December 2014Volume 161, Issue 11Page: 843KeywordsDisclosureMedical education ePublished: 2 December 2014 Issue Published: 2 December 2014 CopyrightCopyright © 2014 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Laboratory Detection of Marijuana Use-Reply
Authors: Richard H. Schwartz
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> The statement cited by Dr Fody requires some clarification. While it was meant to be associated primarily with the EMIT single-test assay, this was perhaps not clear. Unconfirmed positive results can occur due to technician errors or cross-reacting substances, and, in the case of marijuana, they can occur when the confirmation method is less sensitive than the screening method. This is frequently the case when immunoassay screens are used at their lower limits to assay for the many metabolites of THC in the aggregate and the confirmation method is assaying only for free 9-carboxy-THC, one of the metabolites that make up the mixture. This is probably the case for most of those "false-positives" reported in the cited literature above. This issue is discussed in the second paragraph of the "Comment" section of the article. This is not to imply that errors do not occur; where good quality control
Influenza in Africa
Authors: Maria Yazdanbakhsh, Peter G. Kremsner
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2009)

How Little We KnowWhereas in Europe and North America most of the influenza cases are reported between December and March, in tropical and subtropical regions such as in Brazil [1] or in Hong Kong [2] cases are seen throughout the year.Epidemic peaks in the tropical areas mostly occur in between those found in the Northern and Southern hemispheres.A recent survey over 7 years in Brazil showed that annual peaks of influenza cases occurred in association with the rainy seasons [3].Important reports on spatial and temporal data that describe the global circulation of influenza highlight the fact that there is virtually no data from Africa [4,5].Indeed, until recently, the burden of influenza in Africa was believed to be negligible.However, sporadic reports from the Gambia [6], Senegal [7], Congo [8], Madagascar [8], Kenya [9], Ivory Coast [10], and from Gabon [11], have indicated that influenza is circulating and may be causing epidemics regularly.The study in Gabon recorded extremely high levels of antibodies to influenza A H3N2 virus in schoolchildren [11].The haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies to this influenza A virus at titers of 1,530 (ranging from 80 to 17,920) indicated that the virus had been circulating within the community in the recent past.In addition, almost all children, had anti-H1N1 HI titers above 40, while 40% showed antibodies to influenza B with HI titers of 40 or above, again highlighting the fact that multiple influenza virus strains are present in the region.The recent swine flu pandemic provides an interesting example.In the WHO influenza A (H1N1 swine flu) update of May 2009, many countries, but none in Africa, reported virus victims [12]; whereas two reports appeared in October 2009 that showed data on confirmed swine flu cases from South Africa [13] and Kenya [14], indicating that the virus was circu-lating in Africa, but because of the lack of a rigorous surveillance system, it was not reported as readily.The Essay section contains opinion pieces on topics of broad interest to a general medical audience.
Levamisole Is Inferior to Placebo in the Hyperimmunoglobulin E Recurrent-Infection (Job's) Syndrome
Authors: Haig Donabedian, David W. Alling, John I. Gallin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

THE hyperimmunoglobulin E recurrent-infection syndrome (HIE), also known as Job's syndrome, is a disorder of unknown cause characterized by high levels of circulating IgE, a leukocyte chemotactic defect, and recurrent skin and sinopulmonary bacterial infections.1 2 3 4 These patients also frequently have eczematoid skin rashes, eosinophilia, and peculiarly "cold" skin abscesses with little surrounding inflammation. There is evidence that the syndrome has a familial pattern of incidence and may be inherited.5 Several reports describe treatment of patients with HIE with such agents as ascorbic acid,6 transfer factor,7 cimetidine,8 and levamisole,9 10 11 12 with various degrees of success.The immunopotentiating drug levamisole has been found . . .
Skin-Test Infiltrating Lymphocytes Early Predict Clinical Outcome of Dendritic Cell–Based Vaccination in Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Erik H.J.G. Aarntzen, Kalijn Bol, Gerty Schreibelt, Joannes F.M. Jacobs, W. Joost Lesterhuis, Michelle M. Van Rossum, Gosse J. Adema, Carl G. Figdor, Cornelis J.A. Punt, I. Jolanda M. De Vries
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

The identification of responding patients early during treatment would improve the capability to develop effective new immunotherapies more rapidly. Here, we describe a bioassay that may link early T-cell-mediated immune responses to later clinical benefits. This bioassay rests upon the tenet of immunotherapy that tumor-specific effector T cells capable of invading peripheral tissue can recognize tumor antigens and exert cytotoxic functions there. To show its utility, we conducted a retrospective study of a large cohort of metastatic melanoma patients (n = 91) enrolled in dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination protocols to examine a hypothesized correlation of posttreatment skin-infiltrating lymphocytes (SKIL) with overall survival (OS). Stringent immunologic criteria were defined to identify long-term survivors. The presence of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific CD8(+) T cell populations within SKILs (criterion I) was highly predictive for long-term survival. Further restriction by selecting for the presence of TAA-specific CD8(+) T cells specifically recognizing tumor peptide (criterion II) was also associated with improved OS. Recognition of naturally processed antigen (criterion III) maximized the accuracy of the test, with a median OS of 24.1 versus 9.9 months (P = 0.001). Our results show that detailed characterization of SKILs can permit an accurate selection of metastatic melanoma patients who benefit most from DC-based vaccination. This simple and robust bioassay integrates multiple aspects of cellular functions that mediate effective immune responses, thereby offering an effective tool to rapidly identify patients who are responding to immunotherapy at an early stage of treatment.
Gastrointestinal regulatory peptide storage granule abnormalities in jejunal mucosal diseases.
Authors: J Dawson, M G Bryant, S R Bloom, T J Peters
Journal: Gut (1984)

The mucosal concentrations of seven regulatory peptides and the density properties and integrity of their storage granules have been studied in mucosal biopsies from the human jejunum in eight gastrointestinal disease states and compared with normal controls. In diseases with associated mucosal inflammation (coeliac disease, Crohn9s disease with jejunal involvement, postinfective tropical malabsorption, and common variable immunodeficiency) there was a selective increase in fragility of the gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and somatostatin storage granules. The gastrin, motilin, enteroglucagon, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide granules had normal properties in these conditions. In diseases in which diarrhoea occurred in the absence of changes in jejunal mucosal histology (irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatic insufficiency, jejuno-ileal bypass for morbid obesity, and purgative abuse) there were no abnormalities of the storage granules. Increased mucosal concentrations of all peptides except vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were found in coeliac disease and selective increases of VIP found in Crohn9s disease, motilin in the irritable bowel syndrome and gastrin and GIP in pancreatic insufficiency. It is suggested that the storage granule abnormalities in the diseases with abnormal mucosal histology are secondary to the inflammatory changes.
Successful transfusion of platelets “mismatched” for HLA antigens to alloimmunized thrombocytopenic patients
Authors: René J. Duquesnoy, Donald J. Filip, Glenn E. Rodey, Alfred A. Rimm, Richard H. Aster
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1977)

Abstract A critical factor limiting the availability of histocompatible platelet transfusions for alloimmunized, thrombocytopenic patients is the large pool of HL‐typed donors needed to procure platelets perfectly matched for HLA antigens. We have, therefore, investigated the effectiveness of platelets obtained from donors having lesser degrees of histocompatibility. In 421 transfusions administered to 59 alloimmunized patients who were refractory to “random donor” platelets, it was found that platelets mismatched for 1 or 2 “cross‐reactive” HLA antigens were in most instances as effective in increasing circulating platelet levels as perfectly matched platelets. A significant number of patients also responded to platelets from donors selectively mismatched for non‐cross‐reactive HLA antigens. The latter group had a significantly reduced frequency of the antigen HLA‐A2 (13%) in comparison to the total patient population (49%). Use of donors whose HLA antigens are serologically cross‐reactive with those of alloimmunized patients provides approximately 10 times as many prospective donors as does selection based on matching for HLA and simplifies the procurement of hemostatically effective platelets for such patients.
Severe deficiency of switched memory B cells (CD27+IgM−IgD−) in subgroups of patients with common variable immunodeficiency: a new approach to classify a heterogeneous disease
Authors: Klaus Warnatz, Axel Denz, Ruth Dräger, Moritz Braun, Christoph Groth, Guido Wolff-Vorbeck, Hermann Eibel, Michael Schlesier, Hans Hartmut Peter
Journal: Blood (2002)
Measuring Psychiatric Competence and Curriculum in Undergraduate Medical Education
Authors: JOHN R. GRAHAM
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1969)

The author describes an evaluation procedure to assess student competence in making clinical judgments. After viewing a videotape interview between a psychiatrist and patient, students record their observations, feelings about the patient, and plans for diagnosis and treatment. Analyses of responses from undergraduates and medical students at Queen's University and from faculty, staff, and students at the University of New Mexico are presented. Such evaluation procedures can aid faculty in assessing the effectiveness of the curriculum by identifying student difficulties in learning and ensuring that stated objectives are attained.
Distinct Commensals Induce Interleukin-1β via NLRP3 Inflammasome in Inflammatory Monocytes to Promote Intestinal Inflammation in Response to Injury
Authors: Sang-Uk Seo, Nobuhiko Kamada, Raúl Muñoz-Planillo, Yun-Gi Kim, Donghyun Kim, Yukiko Koizumi, Mizuho Hasegawa, Stephanie D Himpsl, Hilary P Browne, Trevor D Lawley, Harry L T Mobley, Naohiro Inohara, Gabriel Núñez
Journal: Immunity (2015)
EFFECT OF CHRONIC HYPOTHALAMIC STIMULATION UPON CHOLESTEROL-INDUCED ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN THE RABBIT*
Authors: C. G. Gunn, Meyer Friedman, Sanford O. Byers
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1960)

The possible role of the central nervous system (CNS) in the pathogenesis of experimental atherosclerosis has received scant investigative scrutiny. Indeed, it can even be stated that the majority of investigators in the field of experimental atherosclerosis are frankly skeptical of any possible etiological relationship between dysfunction of any central neural mechanisms and peripheral atherosclerosis. Certainly in most of the recent American reviews concerned with atherosclerosis the subject of nervous factors in the etiology of atherosclerosis has either been minimized or totally neglected. Despite this seeming exclusion of the CNS from laboratory studies of atherosclerosis by many investigators, certain experimental and clinical data make this neglect appear rather unfortunate.
Prazosin and priapism.
Authors: A K Bhalla, B I Hoffbrand, P S Phatak, S R Reuben
Journal: BMJ (1979)

medium to anaerobic organisms that quickly invade the uterine cavity in the early puerperium.3When a patient known to have fibroids develops symptoms and signs of endometritis after delivery she should be treated initially with antibiotics appropriate to anaerobic organisms.In some cases, such as in our case 1, specimens for culture cannot be obtained.Treatment should then be started on suspicion of anaerobic infection alone.
Remission Rates with Antithyroid Drug Therapy: Continuing Influence of Iodine Intake?
Authors: BARBARA L. SOLOMON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

We retrospectively reviewed the therapeutic efficacy of antithyroid drugs for Graves disease. Sixty-nine patients were divided into three categories according to their response: 28 (40.6%) were unable to achieve a remission; 6 (8.7%) achieved a remission and subsequently had a relapse; and 35 (50.7%) were able to sustain a remission. The mean duration for sustained remissions was 33 months. Our earlier review of outcome of antithyroid therapy showed markedly reduced remission rates, which appeared to be related to increases in dietary iodine intake. Although the greater percentage of patients entering remission today is in marked contrast to the 1973 report, average dietary iodine content has been decreasing. A continuing role for antithyroid drugs should be maintained as an option in the management of Graves disease. Daily dietary iodine intake may influence the anticipated remission rate after antithyroid drug therapy.
The Physician and the Legal System
Authors: Herbert C. Modlin
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Social systems theory provides a frame of reference for understanding interactions between physicians and lawyers. The legal system in any community has its unique boundaries, processing methods, concepts, vocabulary, and ethics, which vary markedly from those of the medical system. Like science, the law is skeptical and employs many procedures to control bias, misperception, self-interest, and skewed judgment. The physician who enters this alien system, for example, as an expert witness in court, must expect to be subjected to complex rules of conduct, the legal concept of truth, fragmentation of functions among many legal agencies and agents, and the adversary method of developing data.
Clinical Problem-Solving — A New Feature in the<i>Journal</i>
Authors: Jerome P. Kassirer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

IN this issue of the Journal we begin a new series, "Clinical Problem-Solving," which focuses on the difficult diagnostic, therapeutic, and ethical challenges that physicians face every day. Each installment will consist of a description of a clinical problem encountered in an actual patient, a lightly edited transcript of an impromptu discussion of the clinical situation by an invited clinician, and an illuminating commentary on the problem. The focus on a single patient is intentional; even though we must rely on extensive data from clinical studies to guide our diagnostic and therapeutic practices, we also learn a great deal about . . .
Recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2, an inhibitor of the tissue factor/factor VIIa complex, in patients undergoing elective coronary angioplastyAppendix
Authors: Arno H.M Moons, Ron J.G Peters, Nick R Bijsterveld, Jan J Piek, Martin H Prins, George P Vlasuk, William E Rote, Harry R Büller
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)