tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Insulin Resistance in the Pathogenesis of NIDDM in Pima Indians
Authors: Clifton Bogardus
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

NIDDM in Pima Indians is characterized by obesity, abnormal insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and excess hepatic glucose output. Cross-sectional studies, and, as yet incomplete longitudinal studies of nondiabetic and diabetic Pima Indians suggest that the natural history of the disease begins with insulin resistance and, subsequently, when insulin secretion fails, increasing hepatic glucose output occurs, resulting in increasing fasting hyperglycemia. The insulin resistance that precedes the development of fasting hyperglycemia is not due solely to obesity. Insulin resistance aggregates in families and the trimodel frequency distribution of insulin action in vivo suggests it may have genetic determinants.
Optimal timing of operation for bleeding peptic ulcer
Authors: D L Morris, P W Dykes, M R B Keighley
Journal: BMJ (1984)

of "endoscopic stigmata," or considerable blood loss would be indications for surgery.Interestingly in Mr Morris's study the results in the elderly duodenal ulcer group treated conservatively do not support the authors' conclusion.Despite these patients being denied operation until their second rebleed or until they had sustained a considerable overall volume loss, apparently over 70% settled without surgery.Moreover, the mortality of this group was similar to that of those managed more aggressively.
Strengthening the Expanded Programme on Immunization in Africa: Looking beyond 2015
Authors: Shingai Machingaidze, Charles S. Wiysonge, Gregory D. Hussey
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2013)

Shingai Machingaidze and colleagues reflect on the successes and shortfalls of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in Africa, and the considerable challenges that must now be addressed to improve immunization systems.
Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)1A3 enzyme conjugates chenodeoxycholic acid in the liver
Authors: Jocelyn Trottier, Mélanie Verreault, Susan Grepper, Didier Monté, Julie Bélanger, Jenny Kaeding, Patrick Caron, Ted T. Inaba, Olivier Barbier
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) is a liver-formed detergent and plays an important role in the control of cholesterol homeostasis. During cholestasis, toxic bile acids (BA) accumulate in hepatocytes causing damage and consequent impairment of their function. Glucuronidation, a conjugation reaction catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes, is considered an important metabolic pathway for hepatic BA. This study identifies the human UGT1A3 enzyme as the major enzyme responsible for the hepatic formation of the acyl CDCA-24glucuronide (CDCA-24G). Kinetic analyses revealed that human liver and UGT1A3 catalyze the formation of CDCA-24G with similar K m values of 10.6 to 18.6 μmol/L, respectively. In addition, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transient transfection experiments revealed that glucuronidation reduces the ability of CDCA to act as an activator of the nuclear farnesoid X-receptor (FXR). Finally, we observed that treatment of human hepatocytes with fibrates increases the expression and activity of UGT1A3, whereas CDCA has no effect. In conclusion , UGT1A3 is the main UGT enzyme for the hepatic formation of CDCA-24G and glucuronidation inhibits the ability of CDCA to act as an FXR activator. In vitro data also suggest that fibrates may favor the formation of bile acid glucuronides in cholestatic patients.
The psychosis spectrum in a young U.S. community sample: findings from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort
Authors: Monica E. Calkins, Tyler M. Moore, Kathleen R. Merikangas, Marcy Burstein, Theodore D. Satterthwaite, Warren B. Bilker, Kosha Ruparel, Rosetta Chiavacci, Daniel H. Wolf, Frank Mentch, Haijun Qiu, John J. Connolly, Patrick A. Sleiman, Hakon Hakonarson, Ruben C. Gur, Raquel E. Gur
Journal: World Psychiatry (2014)

Little is known about the occurrence and predictors of the psychosis spectrum in large non-clinical community samples of U.S. youths. We aimed to bridge this gap through assessment of psychosis spectrum symptoms in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, a collaborative investigation of clinical and neurobehavioral phenotypes in a prospectively accrued cohort of youths, funded by the National Institute of Mental Health. Youths (age 11-21; N=7,054) and collateral informants (caregiver/legal guardian) were recruited through the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and administered structured screens of psychosis spectrum symptoms, other major psychopathology domains, and substance use. Youths were also administered a computerized neurocognitive battery assessing five neurobehavioral domains. Predictors of psychosis spectrum status in physically healthy participants (N=4,848) were examined using logistic regression. Among medically healthy youths, 3.7% reported threshold psychotic symptoms (delusions and/or hallucinations). An additional 12.3% reported significant sub-psychotic positive symptoms, with odd/unusual thoughts and auditory perceptions, followed by reality confusion, being the most discriminating and widely endorsed attenuated symptoms. A minority of youths (2.3%) endorsed subclinical negative/disorganized symptoms in the absence of positive symptoms. Caregivers reported lower symptom levels than their children. Male gender, younger age, and non-European American ethnicity were significant predictors of spectrum status. Youths with spectrum symptoms had reduced accuracy across neurocognitive domains, reduced global functioning, and increased odds of depression, anxiety, behavioral disorders, substance use and suicidal ideation. These findings have public health relevance for prevention and early intervention.
Carcinogenicity in mice and rats of heterocyclic amines in cooked foods.
Authors: H Ohgaki, H Hasegawa, T Kato, M Suenaga, M Ubukata, S Sato, S Takayama, T Sugimura
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1986)

Carcinogenicities of mutagenic heterocyclic amines in cooked foods have been tested in CDF1 mice and F344 rats of both sexes. Eight heterocyclic amines--Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, Glu-P-1, Glu-P-2, MeA alpha C, A alpha C, IQ, and MeIQ--were given to mice and/or rats at 0.02 to 0.08% in the diet continuously. In mice, all heterocyclic amines tested were demonstrated to be carcinogenic. Hepatocellular carcinomas were induced in a high incidence in all groups treated with heterocyclic amines. Hemangioendothelial sarcomas were also induced by Glu-P-1, Glu-P-2, MeA alpha C, and A alpha C. Most hemangioendothelial sarcomas were located in the interscapular brown adipose tissue. In mice given IQ, forestomach and lung tumors were also observed in a high incidence. Carcinogenicity tests on MeIQ are ongoing, and interim data by week 83 show that MeIQ also induces forestomach tumors in addition to liver tumors. In rats, hepatocellular carcinomas were induced by Trp-P-1, Glu-P-1, Glu-P-2, and IQ. In rats given Glu-P-1, Glu-P-2, and IQ, adenocarcinomas in the small and large intestines, squamous cell carcinomas in the Zymbal gland and clitoral gland were also observed in a high incidence.
Abnormalities in synovial fluid of patients with septic arthritis detected by gas-liquid chromatography.
Authors: I Brook, M J Reza, K S Bricknell, R Bluestone, S M Finegold
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1980)

Gas liquid chromatography was performed on synovial fluid of 94 patients with exudative arthritis. A relatively constant pattern of peaks was obtained in all synovial fluid samples. Lactic acid was increased in synovial fluid of patients with septic arthritis excluding gonococcal arthritis. In addition 2 constant peaks with retention time of 546 and 848 seconds in the chromatogram usually showed a significant increase in the synovial fluids of patients with septic arthritis (including gonococcal arthritis) but not in those from patients with sterile inflammatory or degenerative arthritis. In 1 patient with pseudomonas arthritis an increase in the peaks was noted with clinical and bacteriological relapse and subsequently there was a gradual return to normal levels during clinical improvement. Increase in synovial fluid lactic acid is useful in the diagnosis of septic arthritis. Identification of the compounds represented by the 2 peaks, which presumptively correspond to n-valeric and n-hexanoic acid, may provide further information on diagnosis, prognosis and pathogenesis of arthritis and may help in the differentiation between gonococcal and nongonococcal arthritis.
Immortalized intrahepatic mouse biliary epithelial cells: Immunologic characterization and immunogenicity
Authors: Gabriella Hreha, Douglas M. Jefferson, Chang-Hong Yu, Shelley A. Grubman, Randa Alsabeh, Stephen A. Geller, John M. Vierling
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis (NSDC), a process of T-cell-mediated destruction of biliary epithelia observed in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and hepatic allograft rejection (HAR), also occurs in the B10. D2-->BALB/c model of GVHD. To advance studies of immunopathogenesis in this murine model, we immortalized 4 BALB/c intrahepatic biliary epithelial cell (BEC) lines as a reliable source of target cells. Freshly isolated BEC, as well as each cell line, expressed cytokeratin-19 (CK-19), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). None expressed albumin. Immortalized cells also expressed SV40 large T antigen. Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) was expressed by >97% of immortalized cells, while class II MHC and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression ranged from 0% to 13% and 14% to 74%, respectively. Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) induced aberrant class II MHC expression and increased expression of ICAM-1. Variable proportions of immortalized cells expressed B7-1/B7-2 molecules and FAS. IFN-gamma significantly reduced B7-1 expression in some lines and significantly increased B7-2 expression in others. Allografts of freshly isolated and immortalized BEC injected into subscapular fat pads spontaneously formed duct-like structures. Inflammation was absent in BALB/c recipients. In contrast, inflammatory lesions in B10.D2 recipients were reminiscent of NSDC. Our results indicate that BALB/c-immortalized intrahepatic biliary cells: 1) retain the phenotype of mouse BEC; 2) can be induced to express aberrant class II MHC and increased ICAM-1; 3) express costimulatory B7-1/B7-2 molecules and FAS; and 4) spontaneously form duct-like structures after in vivo injection that are immunogenic in B10.D2 mice. These cell lines should facilitate future studies of the immunopathogenesis of NSDC in the B10. D2-->BALB/c murine model.
More Choices in Treating AIDS-Related Pneumonia
Authors: Rebecca Voelker
Journal: JAMA (1994)

THE NEWEST weapon against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is the antifolate trimetrexate glucuronate.  After nearly 8 years in development as a treatment for PCP, the drug received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) marketing approval late last month. Pharmaceutical maker US Bioscience Inc, West Conshohocken, Pa, will market it under the brand name NeuTrexin.  Approval of the drug is an important development for the 80% of AIDS patients who require treatment for PCP, says Robert Capizzi, MD, executive vice president of research and development at Bioscience.  But company officials and researchers involved in clinical trials of trimetrexate note that its main value is as a salvage medication rather than a drug of choice for PCP. It is indicated for patients who cannot tolerate the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX).  Trimetrexate works by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), the enzyme that both healthy human cells and P carinii require for metabolism and
Prevalence of symptomatic tinea capitis and associated causative organisms in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana
Authors: A.A. Hogewoning, M. Duijvestein, D. Boakye, A.S. Amoah, B.B. Obeng, E.M.H. van der
           Raaij-Helmer, C.C.G. Staats, J.N. Bouwes Bavinck, M. Yazdanbakhsh, A.P.M. Lavrijsen
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)
UK doctors' regulator strikes off GP for persistent dishonesty
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2013)

A partner in a general practice in Hampshire has been struck off for persistent dishonesty after being arrested and cautioned for presenting a forged prescription in the name of a fictitious patient, which purported to be signed by a former colleague.

The Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service found that Madappuliavatchige Sumidu Nishan Fernando, who qualified at Leeds University in 2003, lied to his practice partners about the reason for his arrest, claiming that it related to a road traffic offence.

He also failed to declare two previous periods of employment that had been …
Reference Ranges for Spirometry Across All Ages
Authors: Sanja Stanojevic, Angie Wade, Janet Stocks, John Hankinson, Allan L. Coates, Huiqi Pan, Mark Rosenthal, Mary Corey, Patrick Lebecque, Tim J. Cole
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2007)

Rationale: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) reference is currently recommended for interpreting spirometry results, but it is limited by the lack of subjects younger than 8 years and does not continuously model spirometry across all ages.Objectives: By collating pediatric data from other large-population surveys, we have investigated ways of developing reference ranges that more accurately describe the relationship between spirometric lung function and height and age within the pediatric age range, and allow a seamless transition to adulthood.Methods: Data were obtained from four surveys and included 3,598 subjects aged 4–80 years. The original analyses were sex specific and limited to non-Hispanic white subjects. An extension of the LMS (lambda, mu, sigma) method, widely used to construct growth reference charts, was applied.Measurements and Main Results: The extended models have four important advantages over the original NHANES III analysis as follows: (1) they extend the reference data down to 4 years of age, (2) they incorporate the relationship between height and age in a way that is biologically plausible, (3) they provide smoothly changing curves to describe the transition between childhood and adulthood, and (4) they highlight the fact that the range of normal values is highly dependent on age.Conclusions: The modeling technique provides an elegant solution to a complex and longstanding problem. Furthermore, it provides a biologically plausible and statistically robust means of developing continuous reference ranges from early childhood to old age. These dynamic models provide a platform from which future studies can be developed to continue to improve the accuracy of reference data for pulmonary function tests.
Mortality Among Hispanics
Authors: Carlos R. Herrera
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Sorlie et al<sup>1</sup>have highlighted an important issue in Hispanic health: the interaction between genetics and environment and the overall mortality of Hispanics.<sup>2</sup>Nevertheless, we would like to raise several issues regarding sampling, potential misclassification, and the analytic plan. It would have helped to describe the geographic distribution of the population sampled in this article. It appears the study may have undersampled Hispanics in that only 5.7% of the sample were Hispanics, whereas in the US populations their proportion is 8.3%.<sup>3</sup>To what extent did the survey sample Hispanics without telephones and those who are migrant farmworkers? Misclassification of vital status could be introduced by the reliance on the Social Security number. An Hispanic may have no number, a correct number, a friend's number, or a random number obtained in an unofficial identification card shop. Persons go to the latter to obtain an unofficial
Ferrochelatase gene polymorphism analysis for accurate genetic counselling in erythropoietic protoporphyria
Authors: S.D. Morris, N.G. Mason, G.H. Elder, J.L.M. Hawk, R.P.E. Sarkany
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Journal Article Ferrochelatase gene polymorphism analysis for accurate genetic counselling in erythropoietic protoporphyria Get access S.D. Morris, S.D. Morris St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, U.K Dr Susie D.Morris. E‐mail: drsm@dircon.co.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar N.G. Mason, N.G. Mason Department of Medical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, U.K Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar G.H. Elder, G.H. Elder Department of Medical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, U.K Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J.L.M. Hawk, J.L.M. Hawk St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, U.K Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R.P.E. Sarkany R.P.E. Sarkany St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, U.K Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 147, Issue 3, 1 September 2002, Pages 572–574, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04876.x Published: 01 September 2002 Article history Accepted: 25 February 2002 Published: 01 September 2002
Scrotal Scan in Traumatic Hematoma
Authors: STEVEN J. HARWOOD, ROBERT G. CARROLL
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1987)

The radionuclide scrotal scan is widely used to differentiate testicular torsion from epididymitis. Torsion is characterized by decreased vascularity. Epididymitis is characterized by increased vascularity on the affected side. The authors report a case, showing intermediate findings of a delayed hypervascularity due to traumatic formation of an intrascrotal hematoma, as demonstrated by the radionuclide scrotal scan and simultaneous ultrasound studies. The two procedures are complementary with the radionuclide study providing functional information on blood flow and ultrasound, showing anatomic details of the testes and epididymis. The complementary nature of these two modalities was demonstrated in the case of a cystic, hypervascular mass, which presumably represents an acute hematoma.
Keeping the bad news from journalists
Authors: R. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1997)

While death rates are going down for most groups in Britain, they are going up for the poorest and for young men (p 9). The already wide gap in mortality between rich and poor is getting wider. These new facts emerged from government statistics published just before Christmas. But are they news? The answer depends on how much attention you pay to the government press release and which newspaper you work for.

The function of press releases is to point journalists towards the story. Naturally, organisations put their own spin on the information and journalists have to be careful that a story is not being hidden and that they are not being fed a line that suits the masters of the news source. The government doesn't like “inequalities” in health. Even the word is banned: “variations” is the …
THERAPEUTIC EXPERIMENTS WITH ANTICROTALUS AND ANTIMOCCASIN SERA
Authors: Hideyo Noguchi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1906)

1. The action of different antivenins is highly, although not absolutely, specific for the venoms for which they are prepared. The antivenomous effect is demonstrable by experiments on toxicity (in vivo) and on haemolysis (in vitro). 2. Anticrotalus and antimoccasin sera possess therapeutic properties of high degree. By their employment before the stage of extreme prostration has been reached, poisoned guinea-pigs can be saved. 3. The standardization of antivenins must be made separately for the antitoxic and antihaemolytic actions, since these do not bear a constant and invariable relation to each other.
Daily profile of plasma endothelial-1 and -3 in pre-ascitic cirrhosis: relationships with the arterial pressure and renal functin
Authors: Franco Trevisani, Alessandra Colantoni, alexander L. Gerbes, Veit Gülberg, Giuseppe Sica, Paolo Caraceni, Stefania De Notariis, Antonello M. Morseilli-Labate, Amedeo Ligabue, Giovanni Gasbarrini, Mauro Bernardi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1997)
Anesthesia Care for Low-Risk Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopies
Authors: James Nielsen
Journal: JAMA (2012)

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Website of the week: Multidrug resistant tuberculosis
Authors: G. Yamey
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Bleeding, purging, bed rest, horseback riding, the mountains, the seashore, cod liver oil, castor oil, chaulmoogra oil, phrenic nerve interruption, thoracoplasty, and pneumothorax—these are just a few of the mostly useless treatments offered for “consumption” until the discovery of antituberculous therapy in the 1940s and 1950s.

The 1960s saw the development of the DOTS strategy involving directly observed administration of short course first line chemotherapy (p 574). By the early 1990s, the world …