tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Fructosamine Concentrations in General Population of Kawerau
Authors: John Baker, Patricia Metcalf, Robert Scragg
Journal: Diabetes Care (1988)

We measured fructosamine concentrations in nonfasted serum from 7094 residents (82.8% of the estimated population) of Kawerau, New Zealand, including 65 known diabetic patients (prevalence of 0.92%). Fructosamine results showed a trimodal frequency distribution, with cutting points corresponding to 5th and 95th percentile values. Forty-two diabetic individuals had levels that exceeded the 95th percentile. These individuals had more severe metabolic abnormalities, characterized by lower plasma C-peptide and elevated fasting plasma glucose concentrations. Mean fructosamine values also showed a significant increase with age and a highly significant age-ethnic interaction that paralleled the higher frequency of diabetes in older age groups and among elderly Maori people. However, as a screening method in the general population, fructosamine measurement was diagnostically deficient because of a weak correlation with serum albumin. Arithmetic correction for albumin concentration in the sample did not increase the diagnostic usefulness of the test.
BLOOD VISCOSITY
Authors: Lovell Langstroth
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1919)

A rise in venous pressure caused by application of a loose binder to the arm results in a marked increase in the viscosity of the whole blood which is primarily due to a concentration of the blood in the capillaries. This concentration is shown by an increase in the viscosity and total nitrogen of the plasma, an increase in the relative volume of the red blood cells, and an increase in the relative percentage of hemoglobin. Change in the viscosity of whole blood following venous stasis apparently bears no demonstrable relation to the carbon dioxide or oxygen content.
IMPACT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ON PLATELET-PREDOMINATE GENE EXPRESSION
Authors: Waldemar E. Wysokinski, Alfonso Tafur, Thomas G. McLeod, Naser Ammash, Win-Kuang Shen, Diane D. Grill, Jessica Sonbert, Shelly L. Whelan, Jozef Mruk, Robert D. McBane
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA)
Authors: Sol Sherry
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

IN an unsigned editorial published in the Journal of the American Medical Association 25 years ago, entitled "Requirements for an Ideal Thrombolytic Agent," I concluded, "Thus, an ideal thrombolytic agent would be specific for effecting clot dissolution, adequately standardized, and capable of being given to patients without significant hazard...."1 The plasminogen activators streptokinase and urokinase, which subsequently became available for clinical use, were shown to be effective in dissolving thrombi and emboli but were not specific for fibrin. They activated plasminogen in the circulation as well as that bound to fibrin; whereas the latter action was responsible for clot dissolution, . . .
Renin and Hypertension
Authors: Walter M. Kirkendall
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article by Laragh and associates inTHE JOURNAL(241:151, 1979) concerning renin profiling for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertensive patients puts the renin-angiotensin system in a unique position in regard to other humoral substances. There is question whether it deserves this lofty position over other vasoactive materials. When one attempts to use the authors' plan for predicting successful therapy, the many failures emphasize the incompleteness of our knowledge at this time.<sup>1</sup> One section of the article that is misleading concerns the effect of renin on morbidity in the hypertensive patient. In the article, the authors indicate that given two hypertensive patients with equal blood pressures, one with an elevated plasma renin activity and one with low activity, the physician would have a different attitude of the pace and severity of the two disorders and, therefore, about both direction and urgency of workup and treatment
TELOMERE LENGTH IS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR OF DISEASE SEVERITY IN OLDER PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH NON-ST ELEVATION ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
Authors: Jonathan Adam Batty, Meedya Sharifpour, Murugapathy Veerasamy, Hannah Sinclair, Dermot Neely, Carmen Martin-Ruiz, Gabriele Saretzki, Vijayalakshmi Kunadian
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2015)
C3-07: Preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A multicenter phase II trial of the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK)
Authors: Roger Stupp, Roger Kann, Abderrahim Zouhair, Michael Mayer, Sandra Thierstein, Rolf Stahel, Daniel Betticher, Sabine Balmer Majno, Hans-Beat Ris, Miklos Pless
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
The Application of Psychodynamic Principles to the Learning Objectives in a General Practice Vocational Training Scheme in the Setting of a Small Group
Authors: Deirdre Paulley, Ian G. Tait
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1983)

This paper is the result of 12 years' work and describes the application of psychodynamic principles to the structuring and conducting of a course for general practitioners in the Ipswich Vocational Training Scheme. The overall aims are to release the potential of each trainee for life-long self-motivated study and for emotional sensitivity through self-awareness. We have attempted to integrate the emotional and factual learning of the trainee by applying the procedures found valuable in psychoanalytic therapy to the learning process, thus enabling him to go through some of the integrative experience present in therapy. This will help him to use the doctor/patient relationship more creatively. A secondary aim is to provide him with the necessary skills to enable him to become a better partner, trainer and educationist. The course to which this was applied started 12 years ago with a unique feature. It was constructed so as to have 8 members who worked together throughout the 3 years of their training; the first 2 years being spent in rotating hospital posts and the last in general practice. Throughout the 3 years the 8 members came together with two staff for weekly sessions in a small group setting. Since the beginning of the scheme we have had six cohorts of 8 members, with 2 'drop-outs' and 'drop-ins', making a total of 50 doctors.
Some Observations on our Out-Patient Departments
Authors: E. H. Sieveking
Journal: BMJ (1894)

ORour OUT-PA.T1.NT DEPAART..I.N'lEs,r, carezful elaboration,ailed would, assuniitilg tlle naiaii pprinciple tobe accesptable^, probably be b)est solvedd by a diseuission of tllie poiiits o f praetetliali(,tniportam-e by frie ndl, lyf tinvioifo thel pllysiciaiis aii(
Republished research: Prevention of acute knee injuries in adolescent female football players: cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Markus Waldén, Isam Atroshi, Henrik Magnusson, Philippe Wagner, Martin Hägglund
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2012)

▸ This article is an abridged version of a paper that was published on bmj.com. Cite this article as: BMJ 2012; 344 :e3042

Study question Does a neuromuscular warm-up programme reduce the rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury in adolescent female football players?

Summary answer The neuromuscular warm-up programme reduced the overall rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury by 64%.

What is known and what this paper adds Knee injuries are common in football regardless of the playing level, and adolescent female players are more susceptible to anterior cruciate ligament injury than their male counterparts. Almost two thirds of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in adolescent female football players can be …
Biomarker strategies to evaluate the environmental effects of chemicals.
Authors: C H Walker
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

Environmental risk assessment of chemicals depends on the production of toxicity data for surrogate species of mammals, birds, and fish and on making comparisons between these and estimated or predicted environmental concentrations of the chemicals. This paper gives an overview of biomarker assays and strategies that might be used as alternatives, that is, to replace, reduce, or refine currently used ecotoxicity tests that cause suffering to vertebrates. In the present context a biomarker is a biologic response to an environmental chemical at the individual level or below which demonstrates a departure from normal status. Of immediate interest and relevance are nondestructive assays that provide a measure of toxic effect in vertebrate species and that can be used in both laboratory and parallel field studies. A major shortcoming of this approach is that such assays are currently only available for a limited number of chemicals, primarily when the mode of action is known. Nondestructive assays can be performed on blood, skin, excreta, and eggs of birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians. An interesting recent development is the use of vertebrate cell cultures, including transgenic cell lines that have been developed specifically for toxicity testing. The ultimate concern in ecotoxicology is the effects of chemicals at the level of populations and above. Current risk assessment practices do not address this problem. The development of biomarker strategies could be part of a movement toward more ecologic end points in the safety evaluation of chemicals, which would effect a reduction in animal tests that cause suffering.
Book Review Nurturing Yesterday's Child: A portrait of the Drake collection of paediatric history By Mary Spaulding and Penny Welch. 338 pp., illustrated. Philadelphia, B.C. Decker, 1991. $59.50. ISBN 1–55664–258-X . (Distributed in the U.S. by Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis.)
Authors: Mary Ellen Avery
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)
Hypoxia and asymmetrical fibrosis of the liver in children
Authors: M. L. Ghosh, J. L. Emery
Journal: Gut (1973)

The liver in children contains a greater amount of connective tissue in relation to parenchymal tissue than in adults and there is often more in the left than in the right lobe. Livers from 150 children who died between birth and 12 years of age, under different circumstances, were studied. The findings suggested that hypoxia was an important factor leading to increase in fibrous tissue in children9s livers. Children who had cyanosis at birth and prolonged hypoxia associated with pathological conditions showed the highest ratio of connective tissue to liver parenchyma. The predominant non-hepatic lesions found were cyanotic congenital heart disease, coarctation of the aorta, acute respiratory distress, congenital malformation of the central nervous system, and shock after abdominal surgery.
EVALUATION OF A CANCER DETECTION CLINIC
Authors: E. E. Cliffton
Journal: JAMA (1952)

Many cancer detection clinics have been established throughout the country on the premise that cancer can be diagnosed in the apparently well persons, and that as a result of early diagnosis the rate of long-term survival following treatment can be improved. Reports from various centers indicate that 0.5 to 1% of asymptomatic persons in the so-called cancer age groups may be expected to have detectable malignant growths.<sup>1</sup>However, the clinics that can qualify as detection centers are so limited by regulations that evaluation of their work is most difficult. The value of such clinics with respect to the number of cancers detected as compared to the amount of time and money expended has been seriously questioned. Much opposition to the detection clinics has developed for obvious reasons, which need not be discussed, and many substitutes have been suggested. Unfortunately, no truly objective reports have come from such substitute groups
Influences on control in diabetes mellitus: patient, doctor, practice, or delivery of care?
Authors: M Pringle, C Stewart-Evans, C Coupland, I Williams, S Allison, J Sterland
Journal: BMJ (1993)

OBJECTIVE--To assess patient, doctor, practice, and process of care variables for their effect on glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus, and to quantify their relative effects. DESIGN--Search of general practice medical records, patient questionnaires and examination, doctor questionnaire, videotaping and analysis of consultations, and practice questionnaire. SETTING--12 practices with 32 participating general practitioners in Nottinghamshire. SUBJECTS--318 patients randomly selected from those with diabetes in each practice, 10 for each participating doctor. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Glycaemic control as measured by random glycated haemoglobin A1c estimation (random haemoglobin A1 measurement). RESULTS--Glycaemic control was significantly related to the disease process as measured by years since diagnosis, treatment group, and number of diabetes related clinical events. Females had significantly worse control than males. Other patient factors, such as age, social class, lifestyle, attitudes, satisfaction, and knowledge, had no association with glycaemic control. Of all the doctor factors examined, only doctors who professed a special interest in diabetes achieved significantly better glycaemic control. Bigger and better equipped practices and those with a diabetic miniclinic had patients with significantly better glycaemic control, as did those with access to dietetic advice. Patients attending hospital clinics had worse glycaemic control, but this seemed to be attributable to the case mix and practice characteristics. Shared care did not contribute to the multiple linear regression model. CONCLUSION--Glycaemic control among diabetic patients in the community is related to such factors as treatment group, sex, and years since diagnosis; it is also related to the organisation and process of care. The findings support concentrating diabetic care on partners with special interests in diabetes in well equipped practices with adequate dietetic support.
Disruption of the Type III Adenylyl Cyclase Gene Leads to Peripheral and Behavioral Anosmia in Transgenic Mice
Authors: Scott T. Wong, Kien Trinh, Beth Hacker, Guy C.K. Chan, Graeme Lowe, Anuj Gaggar, Zhengui Xia, Geoffrey H. Gold, Daniel R. Storm
Journal: Neuron (2000)
Clinical significance of serum bilirubin levels under ursodeoxycholic acid therapy in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Anne-Marie Bonnand, Jenny E. Heathcote, Keith D. Lindor, Renée Eugénie Poupon
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

We determined whether the normalization of serum bilirubin level (SBL) induced by ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapy was associated with an improved clinical outcome in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). We estimated the prognostic values of SBL measured after 6 months of UDCA treatment for survival free of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). We used a database of 548 patients with PBC followed in three trials of UDCA. Among UDCA–treated patients, we compared survival free of OLT in patients with normalized SBL (≤17 μmol/L) with those who had persistently elevated SBL. Difference in survival was tested between UDCA–treated patients whose SBL normalized with treatment and placebo patients who had normal baseline SBL. We evaluated, in each treatment group, the prognostic value of 6–month SBL. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared by the Cox model. Survival free of OLT was significantly longer in patients who had normalized SBL ( P &lt; .0001; relative risk [RR]: 3.7, UDCA group). Survival free of OLT was not significantly different between UDCA patients with normalized SBL and placebo patients with a normal baseline SBL ( P = .69). For several cutoffs of 6–month SBL, RRs of OLT or death were similar in UDCA–treated and placebo patients: the RR of OLT or death associated with a 6–month SBL more than 30 μmol/L was 6.0 for UDCA and 5.7 for placebo groups. In conclusion, normalization of SBL during therapy is associated with improved clinical outcome. SBL under UDCA therapy is a prognostic factor in PBC. SBL under UDCA therapy should be interpreted as in untreated patients.
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Or Pressure Bullae
Authors: Kenneth A. Arndt
Journal: JAMA (1972)

To the Editor.—  Plaut and Mirani have recently described a case of toxic epidermal necrolysis due toEscherichia coli1which, in fact, is not TEN but is an excellent example of pressure-induced cutaneous blisters.2  Toxic epidermal necrolysis is a syndrome characterized by acute onset in a patient who was previously well, wide-spread erythema, subsequent epidermolysis (Nikolsky's sign), and rapid healing. Pressure bullae, in contrast, are most often found in comatose patients over pressure points such as elbows, medial and lateral parts of the knees, ankles, and feet. The primary pathogenetic lesion is one of ischemic necrosis with resultant anoxia, and thus, the low flow states and decreased peripheral perfusion induced by shock accentuate the process. The bullae in both syndromes are always sterile initially and become infected only secondary to local factors or systemic sepsis. The histopathologic findings in both are distinctive. Such studies should be done in
Insensitivity of guinea pig ventricular delayed rectifier IK to intracellular trypsin: implications for channel structure and function
Authors: L. C Freeman, R. S Kass
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1992)

Objective: Intracellular application of proteolytic agents modifies the function of many voltage gated ion channels. The presence of a trypsin sensitive inhibitory domain in a channel protein may be important for G protein dependent activation. Guinea pig ventricular IK is modulated by a direct G protein pathway. The aim was to determine if guinea pig ventricular IK is also modified by intracellularly applied trypsin. Methods: Whole cell and excised inside out configurations of patch clamp were used to record IK from guinea pig ventricular myocytes before and after cytosolic application of trypsin (1 mg·ml−1). We used previously reported effects of trypsin on the L type calcium current (ICa) to monitor dialysis time and enzyme activity in whole cell experiments where IK and ICa were measured concomitantly. Results: Addition of trypsin to the solution bathing the cytosolic face of excised membrane patches had no effect on the amplitude or kinetics of Ik. When added to the pipette solution and introduced by cell dialysis, trypsin had no effect on whole cell Ik, even when significant effects on the amplitude and kinetics of ICa were evident. Conclusions: Guinea pig ventricular IK is not enhanced or otherwise altered by intracellularly applied trypsin. Therefore direct phosphorylation independent enhancement of IK by guanine nucleotides cannot depend on interactions between G protein subunits and trypsin sensitive inhibitory channel domains. The lack of trypsin modification of cardiac ventricular IK suggests that the structure of the endogenous delayed rectifier K+ channel may be different than that of other voltage gated channels. Cardiovascular Research 1992;26:1131-1136
Why Doctors Should Worry about Preemption
Authors: Gregory D. Curfman, Stephen Morrissey, Jeffrey M. Drazen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

A leading drug company may be poised to win a landmark legal victory next fall. If the drug manufacturer, Wyeth, prevails in a case soon to be argued before the U.S. Supreme Court (Wyeth v. Levine),1 drug companies could effectively be immunized against state-level tort litigation if their products that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are later found to be defective.A medical-device company won such a victory in April. In Riegel v. Medtronic,2 the Supreme Court determined that a product-liability lawsuit against Medtronic in a state court was preempted because the device . . .
Caspase-3 regulates cell cycle in B cells: a consequence of substrate specificity
Authors: Minna Woo, Razqallah Hakem, Caren Furlonger, Anne Hakem, Gordon S Duncan, Takehiko Sasaki, Denis Bouchard, Liwei Lu, Gillian E Wu, Christopher J Paige, Tak W Mak
Journal: Nature Immunology (2003)
Efficient generation of human hepatocytes by the intrahepatic delivery of clonal human mesenchymal stem cells in fetal sheep
Authors: Jason Chamberlain, Takashi Yamagami, Evan Colletti, Neil D. Theise, Jyoti Desai, Ana Frias, John Pixley, Esmail D. Zanjani, Christopher D. Porada, Graça Almeida-Porada
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Alternative methods to whole liver transplantation require a suitable cell that can be expanded to obtain sufficient numbers required for successful transplantation while maintaining the ability to differentiate into hepatocytes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess several advantageous characteristics for cell-based therapy and have been shown to be able to differentiate into hepatocytes. Thus, we investigated whether the intrahepatic delivery of human MSCs is a safe and effective method for generating human hepatocytes and whether the route of administration influences the levels of donor-derived hepatocytes and their pattern of distribution throughout the parenchyma of the recipient's liver. Human clonally derived MSCs were transplanted by an intraperitoneal (n = 6) or intrahepatic (n = 6) route into preimmune fetal sheep. The animals were analyzed 56–70 days after transplantation by immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry. The intrahepatic injection of human MSCs was safe and resulted in more efficient generation of hepatocytes (12.5% ± 3.5% versus 2.6% ± 0.4%). The animals that received an intrahepatic injection exhibited a widespread distribution of hepatocytes throughout the liver parenchyma, whereas an intraperitoneal injection resulted in a preferential periportal distribution of human hepatocytes that produced higher amounts of albumin. Furthermore, hepatocytes were generated from MSCs without the need to first migrate/lodge to the bone marrow and give rise to hematopoietic cells. Conclusion: Our studies provide evidence that MSCs are a valuable source of cells for liver repair and regeneration and that, by the alteration of the site of injection, the generation of hepatocytes occurs in different hepatic zones, suggesting that a combined transplantation approach may be necessary to successfully repopulate the liver with these cells. (Hepatology 2007.)
Dietary Fiber, Glycemic Load, and Risk of NIDDM in Men
Authors: Jorge Salmerón, Alberto Ascherio, Eric B Rimm, Graham A Colditz, Donna Spiegelman, David J Jenkins, Meir J Stampfer, Alvin L Wing, Walter C Willett
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

OBJECTIVE Intake of carbohydrates that provide a large glycemic response has been hypothesized to increase the risk of NIDDM, whereas dietary fiber is suspected to reduce incidence. These hypotheses have not been evaluated prospectively. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined the relationship between diet and risk of NIDDM in a cohort of 42,759 men without NIDDM or cardiovascular disease, who were 40–75 years of age in 1986. Diet was assessed at baseline by a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. During 6-years of follow-up, 523 incident cases of NIDDM were documented. RESULTS The dietary glycemic index (an indicator of carbohydrate's ability to raise blood glucose levels) was positively associated with risk of NIDDM after adjustment for age, BMI, smoking, physical activity, family history of diabetes, alcohol consumption, cereal fiber, and total energy intake. Comparing the highest and lowest quintiles, the relative risk (RR) of NIDDM was 1.37 (95% CI, 1.02–1.83, P trend = 0.03). Cereal fiber was inversely associated with risk of NIDDM (RR = 0.70; 95% CI, 0.51–0.96, P trend = 0.007; for &amp;gt; 8.1 g/day vs. &amp;lt; 3.2 g/day). The combination of a high glycemic load and a low cereal fiber intake further increased the risk of NIDDM (RR = 2.17, 95% CI, 1.04–4.54) when compared with a low glycemic load and high cereal fiber intake. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that diets with a high glycemic load and a low cereal fiber content increase risk of NIDDM in men. Further, they suggest that grains should be consumed in a minimally refined form to reduce the incidence of NIDDM.