tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Biological evolution and behavioral evolution: Two approaches to altruism
Authors: Howard Rachlin, Matthew L. Locey, Vasiliy Safin
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Abstract Altruism may be learned (behavioral evolution) in a way similar to that proposed in the target article for its biological evolution. Altruism (over social space) corresponds to self-control (over time). In both cases, one must learn to ignore the rewards to a particular (person or moment) and behave to maximize the rewards to a group (of people or moments).
TCT-390 AXXESS TREatment for bifurcation coronary disease. A Multicentre rEgistry: first Italian experience. (Estreme-I Registry).
Authors: Gennaro Sardella, Carlo Briguori, Alessandra Pecoraro, Michael Donahue, Simone Calcagno, Luigi Lucisano, Mauro Pennacchi, Filippo Placentino, Rocco Stio, Massimo Mancone, Francesco Fedele
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
The Medical Industrial Complex
Authors: William Golden
Journal: JAMA (1985)

As we all know, the 1980s have ushered in an era of corporate medicine. A competitive mode of providing health care is forcing professionals to question the goals and values of the health field and has threatened the viability of the provision of health care to those without adequate financial resources. Journal readers have waded through editorials, particularly the early commentaries of Arnold Relman, editor of the<i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>,<sup>1</sup>describing the threats and benefits of this transformation of the health care system, but only now are data beginning to emerge as to what is actually going on. Dr Wohl's book is a disappointment. He has taken the editorial viewpoint that the growth of the for-profit industry in health care is a threat to traditional professional values. It is informative to note, however, that he had originally embarked on this project at the request of a brokerage
Effect of a Cardiac Glycoside (Cedilanid) on the Sodium and Potassium Balance of the Human Heart
Authors: F. GONLUBOL, A. SIEGEL, R. J. BING
Journal: Circulation Research (1956)

Previous studies on the isolated heart have demonstrated that digitalis glycosides can mobilize potassium from the heart muscle. Using catheterization of the coronary sinus of dogs' hearts, it could also be shown that the injection of acetyl strophanthidin results in negative myocardial balances of potassium and in positive balances of sodium. The results described in this report, using Cedilanid in therapeutic dosages, indicate that this glycoside has no effect on the sodium and potassium balance of the human heart. A significant increase in potassium concentration in arterial and coronary sinus blood occurred. The findings suggest that Cedilanid, in therapeutic doses, causes potassium liberation primarily from extracardiac tissues.
Prognosis after the onset of coronary heart disease. An investigation of differences in outcome between the sexes according to initial coronary disease presentation.
Authors: J M Murabito, J C Evans, M G Larson, D Levy
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND Differences exist between men and women in prognosis after the onset of coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS AND RESULTS All Framingham Heart Study subjects with the onset of clinically apparent coronary disease from 1951 through 1986 were studied to compare prognosis in men and women according to CHD presentation. Coronary disease presentations included angina, coronary insufficiency (unstable angina), recognized myocardial infarction, unrecognized myocardial infarction, and coronary death. Less than 1% of subjects were lost to follow-up for overall mortality. Cox modeling was used to examine the sex differences in outcome for each coronary presentation. New nonfatal coronary disease developed in 750 men (mean age, 63 years) and 583 women (mean age, 67 years). After onset of angina, men were at greater risk than women for myocardial infarction (hazards ratio [HR], 2.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45 to 3.34) and coronary death (HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.32 to 3.36) after adjustment for age and coronary disease risk factors. After a recognized myocardial infarction, there was a trend toward greater risk for overall mortality in women than men after adjustment for age and risk factors (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.53 to 1.08). In contrast, after an unrecognized myocardial infarction, men were at increased risk for death compared with women (HR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.28 to 3.15). CONCLUSIONS Women fare at least as poorly as men after recognized myocardial infarction, whereas women have a more favorable outlook than men after the onset of angina or unrecognized myocardial infarction. The favorable outcome in women after angina and unrecognized myocardial infarction is due, in part, to greater misclassification of these coronary events in women than in men.
Assessment of the accuracy and role of self-recorded blood pressures in the management of hypertension.
Authors: B A Gould, H A Kieso, R Hornung, D G Altman, P M Cashman, E B Raftery
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Self-recording of the blood pressure by patients away from hospital or office ("home blood pressure") has been advocated as providing a better estimate of "true" blood pressure. The reliability of home blood-pressure recording has been assessed only by standard indirect methods which themselves are subject to considerable error and variability. The accuracy of self-recorded blood pressures was therefore assessed in 57 patients with essential hypertension by comparison with simultaneous measurements of clinic blood pressures and with intra-arterial blood pressures recorded at home and at hospital. Home systolic blood pressures showed good agreement with clinic and intra-arterial pressures, but home diastolic blood pressures overestimated intra-arterial pressures, as did clinic diastolic pressures. The clinic and home diastolic pressures showed good agreement. There was considerable variability in individual differences comparing the indirect and intra-arterial methods, though the two indirect methods showed much closer agreement. This study suggests that home blood pressures are as accurate as clinic readings but may be recorded more frequently and thus provide more useful information. Neither is likely to approximate the intra-arterial blood pressure.
803-2 Genetic predictive factors for restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Authors: Pascalle S Monraats, Willem R.P Agema, Aeilko H Zwinderman, Robbert J de Winter, Rene A Tio, Pieter A.F.M Doevendans, Harry J.G.M Crijns, Moniek P.M de Maat, Douwe E Atsma, Arnoud van der Laarse, Ernst E van der Wall, J.Wouter Jukema
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Hospital work load produced by breast-cancer screening programme run by trained non-medical staff.
Authors: W D George, R A Sellwood, D A Asbury, G Hartley
Journal: BMJ (1980)

In a feasibility study of mass population screening for breast cancer by annual clinical examination and mammography the findings of non-medical staff (nurses and radiographers) were used to estimate the hospital work load generated by such a programme. Among 2490 women who attended for the first time by invitation the rate of referral for a surgical opinion based on the findings of the non-medical staff was 7.9% and the biopsy rate 2.5%. In the second and third years referral rates fell to 4.3% and 2.7% respectively and the biopsy rates to 1.1% and 1.4%. The rates of referral and biopsy among 1203 women who referred themselves for screening were higher, but many self-referred women were symptomatic; those without symptoms had rates of referral and biopsy similar to those of the invited women. Extrapolation of these findings to a population of 200,000 in a typical health district showed that the hospital work load would be high in the first year of screening with 44 outpatient referrals per week and 14 biopsies. By the third year, however, only seven referrals and four biopsies a week could be expected. The work load would be reduced by a third if screening were confined to women over the age of 50.
Diagnosis of Mandibular Osteomyelitis in Probable Coexisting Tumor Recurrence: Role of Tc-99m Ciprofloxacin Imaging
Authors: Baljinder Singh, Vikas Prasad, Anish Bhattacharya, Ajay K. Singh, Asseem Bhatnagar, Bhagwant Rai Mittal, Kumar Ashok Gupta
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

We demonstrate the use of Tc-99m ciprofloxacin imaging in a follow-up case of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue post hemi-mandibulectomy with clinical suspicion of local recurrence of osteomyelitis. On Tc-99m ciprofloxacin scan, we observed a focus of sharply increasing radiotracer concentration in the left side of the mandible after 24 hours, indicating active bacterial infection. Histopathologic analysis revealed no evidence of local recurrence, whereas the culture examination showed bacterial growth sensitive to ciprofloxacin. A follow-up Tc-99m ciprofloxacin scan after debridement and 8 weeks of antibiotic treatment showed no focus of tracer concentration in the region of the mandible.
COMPLETE AURICULOVENTRICULAR BLOCK, WITH AURICULAR FIBRILLATION AND VENTRICULAR EXTRASYSTOLES: REPORT OF TWO CASES
Authors: George H. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1925)

This is the report of two cases of complete heart block with auricular fibrillation and ventricular extrasystoles. The first patient had frequent Adams-Stokes seizures in the early part of the disease, but lived two and one-half years after the condition was first recognized. This case came to necropsy. The second case has been under observation eleven months. <h3>REPORT OF CASES</h3><h3>Case 1.</h3> —A man, aged 59, was admitted to the county infirmary, in the winter of 1921, from the hospital, where he had been confined because of frozen toes. At that time he had no other complaint. In November, 1921, he suddenly fell off a chair and lost consciousness for a few seconds. From then on, he had similar seizures as often as four or five times daily for six months. The number of seizures depended on the amount of exercise taken. Finally, when, because of the frequency of the
Serum procalcitonin in pneumococcal pneumonia in children
Authors: M. Korppi, S. Remes
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

Serum procalcitonin (PCT), a marker of bacterial infection, was measured in children with pneumonia to examine whether PCT can be used to screen pneumococcal (PNC) from viral pneumonia. The number of patients was 132; mean age 3.0 yrs, and 64% were males. In all cases, pneumonia was radiologically confirmed, being alveolar in 46 and interstitial in 86 cases. The aetiology of infection was studied by a panel of serological tests for PNC, for five other respiratory bacteria and for seven common respiratory viruses. PNC infection was found in 25, mixed viral-PNC infections in 13 and viral infection in 17 cases. In general, serum PCT was not associated with the type or aetiology of pneumonia. PCT values were &gt;1.0 mg·L −1 in 40% of PNC cases, as compared to 12–15% in viral or mixed cases, respectively (p&lt;0.05). PCT values were significantly higher in &gt;2 yrs old children than in younger ones. The cut-off limits of 0.5 ng·mL −1 , 1.0 ng·mL −1 and 2.0 ng·mL −1 were tested for screening between PNC and viral pneumonia. The highest sensitivity of 55% was found at the 0.5 ng·mL −1 cut-off level, whereas the highest specificity of 88% was reached at the level of 1.0 ng·mL −1 . The likelihood ratios, however, were far from optimal for both the positive and negative results. Although marginally higher in pneumococcal pneumonia than in viral pneumonia, serum procalcitonin cannot be used to discriminate between these two types of pneumonia.
Beware of cytogenetic results after successful bone marrow transplantation
Authors: N. Hammadieh, K. Sharif, M. Afnan, S. Papaioannou, B. Ola
Journal: BMJ (2001)

EDITOR—Bone marrow transplantation is used in several haematological diseases, such as acute and chronic leukaemia, aplastic anaemia, and severe congenital immunodeficiencies.1 The survival rate has improved greatly over the past decade.2 Patients who have had successful bone marrow transplantation have peripheral blood cells originating from the donated bone marrow, and results of cytogenetic studies of these blood cells will relate to the donor. This is an important point to note if confusion is to …
VASCULAE PHENOMENA DIAGNOSTIC OF LATENT PSORIASIS.*
Authors: G. HOLTI
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1964)

Journal Article VASCULAE PHENOMENA DIAGNOSTIC OF LATENT PSORIASIS. Get access G. HOLTI G. HOLTI Consultant Dermatologist, Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 76, Issue 12, 1 December 1964, Pages 503–510, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1964.tb15499.x Published: 01 December 1964
Long-term effects of CPAP on daytime functioning in patients with sleep apnoea syndrome
Authors: A Munoz, L.r Mayoralas, F Barbe, J Pericas, A.G.n Agusti
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2000)

Daytime sleepiness, impaired cognitive performance and dysphoric mood are often present in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (SAS). This prospective controlled study evaluates the effects of treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during 1 yr on daytime functioning in a large group of patients with SAS. The authors studied 80 patients (mean+/-sem 49+/-1 yrs) with SAS with a mean apnoea-hypopnoea index of 60+/-2 h-1, and 80 healthy control subjects matched for sex and age (46+/-1 yrs.). Measurements were obtained at the beginning of the study and 12+/-1 months later, and included: daytime sleepiness (Epworth scale), depression and anxiety (Beck tests), vigilance (Steer-Clear) and reaction time (Psychometer Vigilance Test 192). Drug, coffee and alcohol intake, as well as the sleep schedule, were also recorded. Results showed that, before treatment, patients were more somnolent (p&lt;0.001), anxious (p&lt;0.01) and depressed (p&lt;0.001) than control subjects. Also, they had a longer reaction time (p&lt;0.05) and poorer vigilance (p&lt;0.01). The use of CPAP improved significantly the levels of somnolence (p&lt;0.0001) and vigilance (p&lt;0.01), but failed to modify anxiety and depression. Reaction time changes were minor. Variables with a potential confounding effect did not change during the study. These results provide firm evidence to substantiate the use of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with sleep apnoea syndrome.
Gingival and Dental Complications of Orotracheal Intubation
Authors: James B. Boice
Journal: JAMA (1976)

WITH increasingly widespread use of endotracheal intubation in neonates, the spectrum of iatrogenic complications enlarges. It includes laryngeal edema and tracheitis,<sup>1</sup>subglottic stenosis,<sup>2</sup>tracheal stenosis,<sup>3</sup>nasal stricture,<sup>4</sup>swallowing of the tube,<sup>5</sup>laryngotracheobronchitis, mucosal and submucosal necrosis, and hoarseness.<sup>6</sup>This report concerns the gingival and dental complications following the use of an orotracheal tube in an immature infant. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> An 850-gm twin boy was born to a 34-year-old gravida 2 para 1 woman. The pregnancy, labor, and delivery were uncomplicated. The infant was in immediate respiratory distress, reflected by a oneminute APGAR score of 1. A chest roentgenogram demonstrated the reticulogranular pattern of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Because of the small diameter of the infant's nares, an orotracheal tube was inserted. The tube, measuring 7 cm in length and 0.3 cm in diameter, was the smallest available in the newborn intensive care
480. Examination of the Relationship between the Level of Gene Transfer and the Number of Envelope Proteins That Are Incorporated Per Retrovirus Particle When High Doses of Purified Virus Stocks Are Used to Transduce Cells
Authors: Natalia Landázuri, Joseph M. Le Doux
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

An improved understanding of retrovirus-cell interactions is needed to achieve more predictable outcomes in gene transfer protocols. Transduction efficiency is determined largely by the interaction between the virus envelope proteins and their receptors. Nevertheless, little quantitative information is available about the relationship between gene transfer and envelope protein number. This motivated us to examine the relationship between the number of envelope proteins per retrovirus particle and the number of genes transferred when undiluted virus stocks are used, as is done in most human gene therapy clinical trials. We constructed a panel of several clonal amphotropic murine leukemia virus packaging cell lines, each of which were derived from the same parental cell line (TELCeB6 cells). These packaging cell lines (TELCeB6-A) differed only in the amount of envelope protein that they expressed. In agreement with the findings of others, we found that virus titer increased as the number of envelope proteins that were associated with the virus particles increased. In addition, we found that the virus stocks contained high levels of free envelope protein that strongly inhibited infection when undiluted virus stocks were applied directly to cells.
"MEDICINE AND THE COMMUNITY OF SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT"
Authors: G. H. Van Dyke
Journal: JAMA (1924)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The editorial on "Medicine and the Community of Scientific Thought" is the best expression I ever saw. It gives point to the thought I have had that the general practitioner is hopelessly ignorant of his task, no matter how hard he tries. The subject is too large for any man. Yet the present-day specialist cannot replace him.
Thyroid eye disease. Disfiguring and capricious condition.
Authors: K McHardy, A D Dick
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Thyroid eye diseaseMore treatment options EDrTOR,-Donald Munro clearly reviews the pathogenesis and treatment of dysthyroid eye disease.'There are, however, alternative treat- ments which merit consideration.Lid retraction may be asymptomatic but a considerable proportion of patients benefit from upper or lower eyelid lengthening procedures.2These can be very effective in improving the cosmetic appearance and protecting the cornea.These procedures are preferable to lateral tarsor- rhaphy because the cosmetic results are better and anterior displacement of the globe is not restricted (thus lessening the risk of optic nerve compression).High dose steroid treatment is effective in relieving compressive optic neuropathy, but the disease often progresses when the dose is gradually reduced to a more modest level.So, in many cases, long term maintenance treatment is required.Local treatment is therefore preferable and avoids the well known side effects of steroids.Surgical decompression of the orbit into the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses is a successful procedure for many patients, including those for whom the "eye signs are disfiguring or disabling."Complications include double vision due to stra- bismus and infraorbital hypoaesthesia.Radiotherapy is dismissed by Munro: "Britain has few enthusiasts for local irradiation of the orbit."Carefully planned low dose external beam radiotherapy is very effective in patients with progressive disease,34 particularly disease of less than two years' duration.The long term risk of neoplasia is low.It is negligible in elderly patients, for whom this treatment is particularly indicated because of the problems associated with taking steroids long term.
Improved specificity of the PABA test with p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS).
Authors: F J Hoek, F A van den Bergh, J T Klein Elhorst, J L Meijer, E Timmer, G N Tytgat
Journal: Gut (1987)

Until now use of the PABA test together with [14C] PABA to calculate the PABA excretion index has probably been the best adaptation suggested to enhance the specificity of this non-invasive pancreatic function test. Drawbacks of the method are the application of radioactivity, the fact that children, pregnant women, and patients with renal insufficiency have to be excluded from the test, and the possible interference of drugs and isotopes. We propose simultaneous administration of p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) in the PABA test and quantification of the urinary PABA and PAS excretion with liquid chromatography. Urinary PABA and PAS excretion in six hours are comparable (69.5 +/- 8.4% and 65.6 +/- 18.4% respectively in five healthy volunteers). Application of the PABA/PAS ratio was compared with the urinary PABA excretion in 21 normal controls, 38 patients with pancreatic disease, and 42 patients without pancreatic pathology. The PABA/PAS ratio and the per cent PABA excretion correlated very well in pancreatic patients: (PABA/PAS ratio) = 0.0149 (% PABA) + 0.052 (r = 0.902). Use of the PABA/PAS ratio enhanced the specificity of the test from 76 to 89%.
WHO calls for more money to fight tuberculosis
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The number of deaths from tuberculosis remains “unacceptably large” despite falling rates of the disease, the World Health Organization has said.

WHO’s annual report on tuberculosis estimated that 8.6 million people developed the disease and 1.3 million died (including 320 000 deaths among HIV positive people) in 2012. It said that the number of deaths “remains unacceptably large given that most are preventable.”1

Globally, tuberculosis mortality has reduced by 45% since 1990 meaning that the world is on track to reach the 2015 millennium development goal target of a 50% reduction in tuberculosis deaths. Two WHO regions—the Americas and Western Pacific—have already hit their targets for reduced incidence. However, the African …
A MEMORABLE PATIENT
Authors: J P Payne
Journal: BMJ (1996)

As a young research assistant in anaesthesia I found myself occasionally undertaking tasks that, to say the least, were unconventional. The most bizarre perhaps was when I was asked by our professor of surgery to anaesthetise his pet monkey for a total dental clearance.

Jacko, a small rhesus monkey, had several party tricks, not all of which were socially acceptable. On inquiring further, it seemed that he had taken to biting people, including the hand that fed him. It was decided that his teeth should be removed, and the task was to be undertaken by a senior dental surgeon, apparently in the professorial operating theatre. I had my doubts, and these were confirmed when …