tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Superoxide Dismutases in the Lung and Human Lung Diseases
Authors: Vuokko L. Kinnula, James D. Crapo
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

The lungs are directly exposed to higher oxygen concentrations than most other tissues. Increased oxidative stress is a significant part of the pathogenesis of obstructive lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, parenchymal lung diseases (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lung granulomatous diseases), and lung malignancies. Lung tissue is protected against these oxidants by a variety of antioxidant mechanisms among which the superoxide dismutases (SODs) are the only ones converting superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide. There are three SODs: cytosolic copper-zinc, mitochondrial manganese, and extracellular SODs. These enzymes have specific distributions and functions. Their importance in protecting lung tissue has been confirmed in transgenic and knockout animal studies. Relatively few studies have been conducted on these enzymes in the normal human lung or in human lung diseases. Most human studies suggest that there is induction of manganese SOD and, possibly, extracellular SOD during inflammatory, but not fibrotic, phases of parenchymal lung diseases and that both copper-zinc SOD and manganese SOD may be downregulated in asthmatic airways. Many previous antioxidant therapies have been disappointing, but newly characterized SOD mimetics are being shown to protect against oxidant-related lung disorders in animal models.
<i>In Vivo</i> Regulation of Human Glutathione Transferase GSTP by Chemopreventive Agents
Authors: Colin J. Henderson, Aileen W. McLaren, C. Roland Wolf
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Relatively little progress has been made in determining the in vivo regulation of glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP), particularly the human enzyme hGSTP1, despite being identified as a significant factor in carcinogenesis and development of drug resistance in tumor cell lines. Here, we report the characterization of a transgenic reporter mouse that reveals how hGSTP1 is regulated in vivo by chemopreventive agents. Basal expression was found in crypts and villi of the small and large intestine, bronchiolar epithelial cells, the epidermis and hair follicles, gall bladder epithelium, choroid plexus, and biliary epithelium. Expression was induced in different tissues by the antioxidant chemopreventive agents ethoxyquin and butylated hydroxyanisole. However, genetic deletion of the Nrf2 transcription factor, which directs central genetic programs of detoxification and protection against oxidative stress, increased rather than attenuated GSTP1 expression. In vitro investigations with mouse embryonic fibroblasts revealed factors, in addition to Nrf2, that control the expression of GSTP1, offering further insights into regulation. The new reporter mouse described here provides a useful tool to gain deeper insights into the mechanisms of action of chemopreventive compounds and other environmental agents.
Inhalation Studies: Foundations and Techniques
Authors: R. S. Kutzman, R. F. Phalen
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1984)

1. Aerosols and Gases. Introduction. Direct Observation of Aerosol Particles. Cigarette Smoke: A Familiar Aerosol System. Particle Size. Size Distributions. Aerosol Properties. Aerosol Dynamics. Particle Size and Toxicity. Properties of Gases. 2.The Respiratory Tract. Introduction. Postnatal Development. Compartments. Gross Anatomy. Cells and Tissues. Ventilation. Deposition of Inhaled Particles. Uptake of Inhaled Gases. Defenses. 3. Establishing and Controlling Exposures. Introduction. Cleaning and Conditioning. Throughput Air. Aerosol Generation. Gas Generation. Mixed Aerosols and Gases. Principles for Stabilizing the Exposure Atmosphere. 4. Characterizing Exposures. Introduction. The Breathing Zone. What should be Measured? Instrumentation. Eliminating Measurement Interferences. Sampling Protocols. 5. Methods for Exposing Subjects. Introduction. Basic Types of Exposure Systems. Aging the Atmosphere. Ammonia as a Contaminant. Determination of the Inhaled Dose. Ethical Responsibilities of the Investigators. 6 Testing for Toxicity. Introduction. Qantitation. Anatomical Considerations. Morphometry. Pulmonary Function. Other Endpoints. Controls. Batteries of Endpoints. 7. Experimental Designs. Introduction. Basic Statistical Considerations. Examples of Common Designs. Multicomponent Atmospheres. 8. Facilities and Support Considerations. Introduction. Facilities Components. Facilities Location. 9. Animal Models. Introduction. Extrapolation from Laboratory Animals to Humans. Comparative Dose Distribution. Comparative Physiology and Anatomy. Common Laboratory Animal Models. 10. Regulations and Guidelines. Introduction. Guidelines vs. Regulations. Protection of Laboratory Personnel. Protection of Research Subjects. Inhalation Toxicity Testing Guidelines.
Prostaglandin E2–EP4 signaling promotes immune inflammation through TH1 cell differentiation and TH17 cell expansion
Authors: Chengcan Yao, Daiji Sakata, Yoshiyasu Esaki, Youxian Li, Toshiyuki Matsuoka, Kenji Kuroiwa, Yukihiko Sugimoto, Shuh Narumiya
Journal: Nature Medicine (2009)
Influence of radiographic phenotype on risk of hip osteoarthritis within families
Authors: P Lanyon
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

<b>Objective:</b> To determine whether the magnitude of the genetic influence on the development of hip osteoarthritis (OA) varies according to the radiographic phenotype within families. <b>Participants and methods:</b> 331 families in which at least one sibling (index participant) had undergone total hip replacement for OA and whose preoperative <i>x</i> ray findings were available; 505 siblings of these index participants, who have high exposure to genetic risk of hip OA; and 1718 participants who had previously undergone intravenous urography, representative of the average general population exposure to genetic risk. Prevalence of hip OA was determined by individual radiographic features and minimum hip joint space. OA phenotype was partitioned according to pattern of femoral head migration and osteophyte bone response. Age adjusted odds ratios for hip OA in siblings, stratified according to phenotypic pattern in their index sibling, were assessed by unconditional logistic regression. <b>Results:</b> The superior pattern of femoral head migration was more common in men, and the axial pattern more common in women. A poor bone response (absent osteophytosis) was associated with an indeterminate pattern of migration. The age adjusted odds ratios for definite hip OA were twofold higher in siblings of index participants who had no osteophyte response than in siblings whose index case had any degree of osteophyte (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.76). The risk of the siblings from these families having undergone hip replacement themselves was threefold higher. Patterns of migration and bone response were not concordant within families, even among same sex siblings. <b>Conclusion:</b> Careful phenotypic characterisation is essential for genetic studies of hip OA. The results of these studies are likely to be influenced by the phenotypic pattern of hip disease, particularly osteophyte bone response.
A View From Out There
Authors: Theodore B. Schwartz
Journal: JAMA (1989)

WHAT is it like to begin the practice of medicine in a small city after a professional lifetime as an academician? The short answer, with some important disclaimers, is that it is fun. This realization comes as a surprise after years, now, of constant pounding by medical editorialists who bemoan the takeover of the profession by commercial and political interests, by harsh critics who range from the lunatic fringe that sees us as demonic tormentors of helpless animals or as sleazy conspirators who withhold cancer cures to social planners whose proposals imply that we are nothing more than greedy manipulators of regulations put in place to constrain that very greed.  While I have been a part of the medical community in the city of Boise, Idaho, for the past 6 years, I have engaged in solo practice only for the past 2 years, not enough time, perhaps, to identify the
Transcriptional control of regulatory T cell development and function
Authors: Chong T. Luo, Ming O. Li
Journal: Trends in Immunology (2013)

•An intermediate amount of T cell stimulation induces Foxp3 transcription.•Treg cell lineage factor Foxp3 cooperates with its partners to promote Treg cell function.•Cell signaling-regulated Foxo1 is indispensable for Treg cell function. Regulatory T (Treg) cells differentiate from thymocytes or peripheral T cells in response to host and environmental cues, culminating in induction of the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) and the Treg cell-specific epigenome. An intermediate amount of antigen stimulation is required to induce Foxp3 expression by engaging T cell receptor (TCR)-activated [e.g., nuclear factor (NF)-κB] and TCR-inhibited (e.g., Foxo) transcription factors. Furthermore, Treg cell differentiation is associated with attenuated Akt signaling, resulting in enhanced nuclear retention of Foxo1, which is indispensable for Treg cell function. These findings reveal that Treg cell lineage commitment is not only controlled by genetic and epigenetic imprinting, but also modulated by transcriptional programs responding to extracellular signals. Regulatory T (Treg) cells differentiate from thymocytes or peripheral T cells in response to host and environmental cues, culminating in induction of the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) and the Treg cell-specific epigenome. An intermediate amount of antigen stimulation is required to induce Foxp3 expression by engaging T cell receptor (TCR)-activated [e.g., nuclear factor (NF)-κB] and TCR-inhibited (e.g., Foxo) transcription factors. Furthermore, Treg cell differentiation is associated with attenuated Akt signaling, resulting in enhanced nuclear retention of Foxo1, which is indispensable for Treg cell function. These findings reveal that Treg cell lineage commitment is not only controlled by genetic and epigenetic imprinting, but also modulated by transcriptional programs responding to extracellular signals.
The Case of the Disappearing Headache
Authors: Mary E. Moore, Albert J. Finestone
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

IT is not at all uncommon for a chief complaint to vanish once the patient reaches the hospital, often suggesting to the attending physicians that the complaint was functional in origin. This note describes the circumstances surrounding one case in which such a conclusion was not warranted.Case ReportA.J., a 47-year-old woman, was admitted to Temple University Hospital with a complaint of almost constant headaches for the previous three weeks. She admitted to a history of "migraine" headaches for many years but stated that the recent headaches were of a different sort, being constant and not associated with nausea . . .
A Softer Place
Authors: Floyd Skloot
Journal: JAMA (1990)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
"SERUM DIAGNOSIS OF SYPHILIS"
Authors: J. J. Seelman
Journal: JAMA (1918)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Permit me to voice a protest against the adoption by Army and Navy laboratories of the method of performing the Wassermann test proposed by Dr. Hideyo Noguchi inThe Journal, April 20, 1918. This method is open to a number of sources of error which would on the one hand tend to brand innocent men with the stigma of syphilis, and on the other cause cases of syphilis to escape detection which could be detected by more exact methods. I think the matter of sufficient importance to request the space necessary to point out these sources of error. In every complement fixation test the complement acts as a unit of measurement by which the fixing power of a serum under examination is measured. It must be apparent even to the uninitiated that this measuring unit must be a known quantity in order that it may be effectively
Learning, techniques, and complications of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling in gastroenterology: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Technical Guideline
Authors: M. Polkowski, A. Larghi, B. Weynand, C. Boustière, M. Giovannini, B. Pujol, J.-M. Dumonceau
Journal: Endoscopy (2011)

This article is the second of a two-part publication that expresses the current view of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) about endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling, including EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) and EUS-guided Trucut biopsy. The first part (the Clinical Guideline) focused on the results obtained with EUS-guided sampling, and the role of this technique in patient management, and made recommendations on circumstances that warrant its use. The current Technical Guideline discusses issues related to learning, techniques, and complications of EUS-guided sampling, and to processing of specimens. Technical issues related to maximizing the diagnostic yield (e. g., rapid on-site cytopathological evaluation, needle diameter, microcore isolation for histopathological examination, and adequate number of needle passes) are discussed and recommendations are made for various settings, including solid and cystic pancreatic lesions, submucosal tumors, and lymph nodes. The target readership for the Clinical Guideline mostly includes gastroenterologists, oncologists, internists, and surgeons while the Technical Guideline should be most useful to endoscopists who perform EUS-guided sampling. A two-page executive summary of evidence statements and recommendations is provided.
The Anatomy Lesson
Authors: Munier Hossain
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Rembrandt’s famous painting The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Pulp (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Rembrandt\_Harmensz.\_van\_Rijn\_007.jpg) was a group portrait commissioned by the Guild of Surgeons of Amsterdam. Rembrandt was only 26 at the time he painted it. The itinerant painter had travelled from his native Leiden to Amsterdam. Luck readily smiled on him.

Dr Tulp—the newly appointed reader of the Guild of Surgeons—needed a portrait to befit his new status. Rembrandt’s genius was in transcending the limited appeal of a group portrait to become a chronicler of anatomy dissection of his time. What is the story behind this autopsy? Where did …
Constitutively Signaling G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and Human Disease
Authors: Leandros Arvanitakis, Elizabeth Geras-Raaka, Marvin C Gershengorn
Journal: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism (1998)

Dysregulation of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) function has been shown to be associated with a growing number of human diseases. In some diseases, mutation of an endogenous GPCR causes the receptor to lose the ability to bind agonist or signal (;loss of function' mutation), whereas another mutation causes the receptor to be in an active state in the absence of agonist (;gain of function' mutation), leading to ;constitutive signaling activity'. A number of constitutively active GPCRs are tumorigenic in vitro and in animal models, and cause syndromes of hyperfunction and/or tumors in humans. The recent characterization of a constitutively active GPCR in the genome of a disease-associated, human herpesvirus provides a potential novel mechanism for viral tumorigenesis.
Use of cochlear implants needs to be increased in the UK
Authors: A. Dunlop
Journal: BMJ (2014)

I can personally attest to the transformative potential of cochlear implants as described by Ibrahim.1

Sadly, however, cochlear implants are underutilised, as highlighted by a recent report.2 Although around 250 000 people have a cochlear implant throughout the world, with more than 5000 in the UK, evidence suggests that only about 5% of UK adults with severe to profound hearing …
Echinocytosis—An unusual manifestation of hemangioma
Authors: Ivy Altomare, Garrett Desman, Louis M. Aledort
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2006)

The case of a 21 year-old female with echinocytosis and a littoral cell hemangioma is reported. The patient had no significant past medical history and presented with abdominal pain and splenomegaly. A large percentage of echinocytes were noted on her peripheral smear in the absence of any known causes. A CT-recognized splenic mass led to splenectomy and a benign hemangioma was found. Red blood cell abnormalities resolved immediately after the surgery. This is the first case reported in the literature of echinocytosis as a consequence of a hemangioma.
Introduction of Exogenous T-cell Receptors Into Human Hematopoietic Progenitors Results in Exclusion of Endogenous T-cell Receptor Expression
Authors: Dimitrios N Vatakis, Balamurugan Arumugam, Sohn G Kim, Gregory Bristol, Otto Yang, Jerome A Zack
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2013)

Current tumor immunotherapy approaches include the genetic modification of peripheral T cells to express tumor antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs). The approach, tested in melanoma, has led to some limited success of tumor regression in patients. Yet, the introduction of exogenous TCRs into mature T cells entails an underlying risk; the generation of autoreactive clones due to potential TCR mispairing, and the lack of effective negative selection, as these peripheral cells do not undergo thymic selection following introduction of the exogenous TCR. We have successfully generated MART-1-specific CD8 T cells from genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSC) in a humanized mouse model. The advantages of this approach include a long-term source of antigen specific T cells and proper T-cell selection due to thymopoiesis following expression of the TCR. In this report, we examine the molecular processes occurring on endogenous TCR expression and demonstrate that this approach results in exclusive cell surface expression of the newly introduced TCR, and the exclusion of endogenous TCR cell surface expression. This suggests that this stem cell based approach can provide a potentially safer approach for anticancer immunotherapy due to the involvement of thymic selection.
Urinary endothelin and renal vasoconstriction with cyclosporine or FK506 after liver transplantation
Authors: Stephen C. Textor, John C. Burnett, J. Carlos Romero, Vincent J. Canzanello, Sandra J. Taler, Russell Wiesner, Michael Porayko, Ruud Krom, Gregory Gores, Eileen Hay
Journal: Kidney International (1995)
The Guillain–Barre Syndrome as a Manifestation of Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: John Q. Durfey, John E. Allen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

NEUROPATHOLOGICAL changes associated with generalized infectious mononucleosis have frequently been described in the medical literature. The case presented below demonstrated a typical picture of the Guillain–Barré syndrome in which the only manifestation of infectious mononucleosis was a markedly positive heterophil-antibody titer with an associated positive titer in the cerebrospinal fluid.To our knowledge this is the first reported case of this type in which no other manifestations of infectious mononucleosis were present.Case ReportA 4-year-old girl had apparently been in good health until admission to the hospital on February 23, 1955, when she complained of weakness in her left . . .
Abstract 2801: Dual Targeting Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) with a Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor (ZSTK474) and a Proteasome Inhibitor (Velcade)
Authors: Dong Yin, Daria Gaut, Quoc H. Ho, H. Phillip Koeffler
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Proteasome inhibitor has been proven to be an effective anticancer compound in many tumor models, including Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). In this study, we found that the proteasome inhibitor Velcade (PS-341/bortezomib) activated the PI3K/Akt pathway although causing GBM cells death. Therefore, we sought to investigate if the PI3K inhibitor, ZSTK474, would enhance the effectiveness of PS-341 in anticancer therapy. Three GBM cells lines (U87, U251, U138) were exposed to Velcade (10-7 M, 24 hr). We found that phosphorylation of Akt, 4E binding protein-1 (4EBP1), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was induced by Valcade in these GBM cells compared to the controls. To study the role of the PI3K/Akt signal pathway in the Velcade induced growth arrest in GBM cells, this pathway was blocked using the PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474. These three cell lines were treated with serial dilutions of either Velcade or ZSTK474 or both drugs together, and MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay results showed that combination of ZSTK474 and Velcade synergistically inhibited proliferation of GBM cell lines. In the presence of ZSTK474, the phosphorylation of Akt, 4EBP1, and mTOR was markedly decreased in all cell lines. Cells apoptosis was increased when exposed to Velcade and ZSTK474 in combination as shown by Annexin V analysis. To confirm the decrease of p-4EBP1 in the presence of both drugs, the unphosphorylated binding protein 4EBP1 was also detected. In all cell lines in the presence of Velcade and ZSTK474, 4EBP1 becoming unphosphorylated. Cyclin D1, another protein promoting proliferation in the PI3K/Akt pathway, was up-regulated in the presence of Velcade alone, but down-regulated in the presence of both Valcade and ZSTK474 together. In summary, the anticancer ability of Valcade is increased by combination with PI3K pathway inhibitor ZSTK474 in glioblastoma multiforme. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2801. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2801
External beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer
Authors: E. M. Horwitz, G. E. Hanks
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2000)

Men with non-metastatic prostate cancer have many treatment options. For over 35 years, radiation therapy has been a mainstay of treatment for this disease. With improvements in technology and better use of pretreatment prognostic factors, such as prostate specific antigen level and Gleason score, biochemical and clinical results have steadily improved. This article reviews the current status of radiation therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer. Results of treatment utilizing three-dimensional conformal and conventional techniques are compared and contrasted. The appropriate use of adjuvant hormones and particle beam therapy in the management of this disease is also discussed. Finally, the toxicity and future directions of radiation therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer are addressed.