tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sources and quantity of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in several tissues of the rat.
Authors: J van Doorn, D van der Heide, F Roelfsema
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1983)

The local conversion of thyroxine (T4), which is an important source of intracellular 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in several rat tissues, has been subject of recent investigations. In the present study the regulation of this phenomenon in vivo was investigated in various peripheral tissues of the rat. Intact euthyroid and radiothyroidectomized (Tx) rats received a continuous intravenous infusion of [125I]T4 and [131I]T3 until isotope equilibrium was attained. In addition to the labeled iodothyronines, Tx rats received a continuous intravenous infusion of 0.2 or 1.0 microgram carrier T4/100 g body wt per d, to create hypothyroid or slightly hypothyroid conditions, respectively. After the animals were bled and perfused the contribution of T3 derived from local conversion of T4 to T3 [Lc T3(T4)] to the total T3 in homogenates from several tissues and subcellular fractions from the liver, kidney, and anterior pituitary gland could be calculated. In all experiments T3 in muscle was derived exclusively from the plasma. In the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, however, most of the intracellular T3 was derived from the intracellular conversion of T4 to T3. It is demonstrated that for hypothyroid rats an increased relative contribution of Lc T3(T4) reduced the loss of total T3 in the brain. This phenomenon was also encountered for the anterior pituitary gland, although in this tissue the proportion of the total tissue T3, contributed by locally produced T3 was considerably lower than the values found for the cerebral cortex and cerebellum in all experiments. The present findings, regarding the source and quantity of pituitary nuclear T3 strongly suggest that both plasma T3 and T4 (through its local conversion into T3) play a role in the regulation of thyrotropin secretion. The contribution of Lc T3(T4) to the total pituitary nuclear T3 was of minor importance in euthyroid rats (approximately 20%), compared with that found for both groups in T4-supplemented athyreotic rats (approximately 40%). The total T3 concentration in the liver decreased from euthyroid to hypothyroid rats and was associated with a decrease in the tissue/plasma T3 concentration gradient. A minor proportion of hepatic T3 was contributed by Lc T3(T4), which in fact decreased significantly from the euthyroid to the hypothyroid state. In contrast to other subcellular fractions from the liver, no Lc T3(T4) could be demonstrated in the nuclear fraction. It is suggested that the liver plays an important role with respect to regulation of the circulating T3 concentration. In the kidney, a very small proportion of the total T3 was derived from locally produced T3 in all experiments (4-7%). As found in the liver, all nuclear T3 appeared to be derived from the plasma. In contrast to the liver, subcellular T3 pools in the kidney seemed to be exchangeable.
Interspecies comparison of rat and hamster alveolar macrophage antioxidative and oxidative capacity.
Authors: M Dörger, A M Allmeling, A Neuber, J Behr, W Rambeck, F Krombach
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

Generation of oxidants has been implicated in lung injury and disease caused by a variety of inhaled agents such as ozone, particles, and mineral fibers. Antioxidants in the pulmonary system presumably provide the initial defense against such oxidants. We designed the present study to assess the oxidative and antioxidative capacity of alveolar macrophages (AM) from rats and hamsters. These two laboratory animal species commonly used in biomedical research are well known for their disparate response to pulmonary irritants/toxicants. AM from CD rats and Syrian golden hamsters were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage. We assessed AM antioxidant levels by measuring the catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the intracellular concentrations of total glutathione, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol. We determined the AM oxidative capacity by assessing the ability of AM to oxidize extracellular glutathione (GSH) and to release superoxide anions. There were no significant differences in the intracellular antioxidant levels, except for catalase activity that was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher in hamster AM than in rat AM. However, AM oxidative capacity was markedly different between the two species studied. The amount of spontaneous and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced GSH oxidation was about 5-fold higher in rat AM than in hamster AM, whereas the PMA-induced superoxide anion release did not differ significantly between the two rodents. In summary, our data suggest that species variation exists between the oxidative capacity of rat and that of hamster AM. Whereas the oxidative capacity of hamster AM appears to be based mainly on the formation of reactive oxygen species, it is suggested that rat AM possess an additional oxidative system.
On “Incomplete” Anti-Rh Antibodies: Mechanism of Direct Agglutination Induced by Mercaptoethanol*
Authors: W. J. Mandy, H. H. Fudenberg, F. B. Lewis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1965)

Since there is little, if any, precedent to suggest that the incomplete anti-Rh antibody molecule differs structurally from other 7 S agglutinating or precipitating antibody molecules, we decided to in- vestigate this problem further.Our data, although not in accord with the original postulate of Pirof- sky and Cordova (8, 9), do suggest alternative ex- planations for the phenomenon they described. MethodsAnti-Rh serum.The various anti-Rh sera used in this investigation were obtained from donors in the San Francisco Bay area.Other sera were kindly supplied by Drs.Nicholas Costea, Herbert Perkins, and Marian Waller.Serological techniques. 1) Erythrocytes.Whole blood .,.in . .i l l * The 7 S anti-Rh -y-globulin was reduced and alkylated and passed through a column of Sephadex G-200.Peaks 1 and 2 represent the order of elution of protein from the column (Figure 2).t A 1:2 dilution contains 5 mg of protein per ml.
Current results with orthotopic liver grafting in Cambridge/King's College Hospital series.
Authors: R Williams, R Y Calne, K Rolles, R J Polson
Journal: BMJ (1985)

In the 12 months from 1 August 1983 to 31 July 1984, 29 orthotopic liver transplant operations were performed in 26 patients, 10 of whom were aged 20 or under. Results in this younger age group were very satisfactory, nine of the patients being alive at review, giving an actuarial predicted one year survival of 75%. In the older age group seven of the 16 patients were alive, perioperative bleeding and infection in association with malnutrition being major factors in the nine who died. Two patients in whom a blocked portal vein required disobliteration at the time of the operation made excellent recoveries. An increase in availability of donor organs made possible a greater use of retransplantation, and for the first time transplantation for severe liver failure due to subacute hepatic necrosis was successful.
Control of Communicable Diseases in Man
Authors: Warren E. Wheeler
Journal: JAMA (1961)

This Public Health pocket classic and best seller for over 40 years has just undergone its quinquennial revision. Designed for public health workers and the military, it has always been popular with practitioners. It is a veritable micro-encyclopedia, covering no less than 111 diseases, many of them tropical. The discussions are thumbnail sketches in uniform style, with no references, similar to those in the pediatrician's vade mecum, the American Academy of Pediatrics Redbook. In contrast to the latter handbook, you will find this one sometimes lacks the pediatrician's viewpoint and should probably be considered no more authoritative. It provides an excellent take-off for discussions with public health authorities and the military when it comes to updating communicable disease regulations and the management of epidemics. When examined critically, it gives evidence of the colossal task of providing all the information diverse people will want, and this as up-to-date as the publication
Obstruction of the Duodenal Bulb Caused by Gallstone Perforation
Authors: J. Weingart, A. Wilhelm, R. Ottenjann
Journal: Endoscopy (1979)

Because of acute symptoms in the upper abdomen, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed in a 75-year-old female patient. A large (5 cm x 10 cm) perforated gallstone was embedded in the duodenum, causing complete obstruction of the duodenal bulb. The stone was removed via pylorotomy. A fistula remained between the gallbladder and the duodenum. Cholecystectomy was not carried out because of the unfavourable cardiac condition of the patients. There was no complications.
Intérêt de la thérapie photodynamique (PDT) dans le traitement de la dysplasie de haut grade (DHG) et de l'adénocarcinome intramuqueux (CIM) multifocaux non visibles sur endobrachyoesophage (BE). Etude à long terme chez 23 malades
Authors: J Etienne, N Dorme, F Mal, P Validire, B Gayet
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

En cas de DHG il a été montré que l'incidence du cancer invasif dépendait du caractère unifocal ou multifocal de la DHG. La mucosectomie est un traitement efficace des lésions visibles et limitées de DHG et/ou de CIM. La PDT serait plus indiquée pour les lésions non visibles ou plus étendues. Le but de l'étude est d'analyser les résultats de la PDT chez les malades ayant des lésions de type DHG et/ou CIM plurifocales non visibles compte tenu de l'incidence du cancer invasif ou de récidive de la DHG.
Post-Traumatic Crepitation Falsely Suggesting Gas Gangrene
Authors: Robert M. Filler, N. Thorne Griscom, Arthur Pappas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

The appearance of extensive soft-tissue gas after trauma is often interpreted as a sign of gas gangrene. Three patients with minor finger wounds were referred for treatment of gas gangrene because widespread subcutaneous crepitus developed in each. None, however, had clostridial myositis or any other apparent infection. Thus, posttraumatic soft-tissue gas does not necessarily indicate gas gangrene. Other possible causes of crepitation include dissemination of trapped environmental air by muscular activity, accumulation of gas generated by the chemical reaction between a metallic foreign body and tissue fluid and spread of compressed air accidentally injected into the wound. Knowledge of the various bacterial and nonbacterial causes of soft-tissue gas permits proper treatment and prevents unwarranted extensive debridement, amputation or hyperbaric oxygenation.
Studies on the Epidemiology of Adverse Drug Reactions
Authors: Jay W. Smith, Joseph E. Johnson, Leighton E. Cluff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

THE remarkable lack of pharmacologic toxicity of penicillin is now well established, but penicillin hypersensitivity reactions have become a serious problem. A projection of statistics from some surveys estimates that 100 to 300 fatalities occur annually in the United States from reactions to penicillin,1 and an estimated 2,500,000 people in the United States are allergic to this widely used antibiotic.2 Adverse reactions to penicillin occur in 1 to 8 per cent of patients treated.3 The different reaction rates are probably related to numerous factors, including the difficulty in attributing reactions specifically to penicillin, particularly when several drugs are being administered . . .
Relieving Parental Anxiety: John Warren's 1792 Letter to the Father of a Burned Child
Authors: Manfred Waserman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

IN a 1792 letter from the Boston physician John Warren to the father of a burned child one finds much that can still serve as a standard for the profession's responsibility to relieve parental anxiety. Dr. Warren was 39 years old when he penned his letter to Mr. John Templeman, who was the father of the burned child, and who was in Philadelphia when the boy's accident occurred. By this time in his career Warren was already recognized as one of the leading physicians and teachers in Boston, his private practice was growing, and his activities both in and out . . .
Calcium polystyrene sulphonate: an unusual cause of inhalation pneumonia.
Authors: A J Chaplin, P R Millard
Journal: BMJ (1975)

carditis is difficult.Ideally, active infection should be eradicated first; the tissues hold sutures better and the hazard of infecting the valve replacement is decreased.Uncontrollable heart failure may require urgent surgery before completion of a full antibiotic course; however, early mortality rates approach 30%.4We wish to draw attention to the possible risk of I.U.D. insertion causing endocarditis, which in our case resulted in the death of a young, previously asymptomatic patient.Endocarditis still has a mortality of some 30%.5We therefore suggest that I.U.D. insertion in patients at risk from endocarditis should be covered by antibiotics.Because of the Gram-negative organisms in the vagina a broad- spectrum antibiotic such as ampicillin should be used.We are most grateful to Dr. P. J. Sanderson for the bacteriological studies.It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help of Mrs. C.
PWE-012 Audit Of Nhs Tayside Colonoscopy Surveillance Programme
Authors: K Elliott, L Gray, M Groome, J Rodger, C Mowat
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Symptoms associated with organic bowel disease such as cancer or adenomatous polyps are extremely non-specific.<sup>1</sup> Therefore, for individuals at moderate and high risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), the current practice involves surveillance colonoscopy.<sup>1</sup> The BSG Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance are a benchmark for UK clinicians.<sup>1</sup> Approximately 2500 patients are under regular endoscopic surveillance in NHS Tayside; appointments are booked following a review and telephone consult by nurse specialists. <h3>Methods</h3> <h3>Aim</h3> To determine the level of adherence to the BSG guidelines, and the pathology findings from recent colonoscopies. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients on the surveillance register who were reviewed between September 2012 and June 2013 were studied. Electronic data was retrieved from Unisoft, ICE and Clinical Portal to view colonoscopy reports, pathology findings and follow-up plans. <h3>Results</h3> 434 patients were reviewed. 319 requests adhered to the guidelines (adherence 73.5%), 328 patients (75.6%) were scoped: 27 declined, 1 moved out with Tayside, 1 referred to genetics, 31 weren’t required, 10 were unfit, 33 weren’t due for colonoscopy whilst 3 patients postponed. 44 patient’s colonoscopies fell out with the guidelines; 2 weren’t due, 4 weren’t required, with the rest (38) being brought back too early/late. Median age 66 (range 21 – 96); Males 60%. Females 40%. Indication for surveillance was previous polyps (71%), carcinoma (11%), IBD (4%) or a genetic family history (14%). Colonoscopy identified normal bowel (58%), polyps (40%; 67% of these were adenomas), IBD (2%) and cancer (1%). Of 132 patients under 3 year follow-up for previous polyps; 54% had normal colonoscopy, 32% had adenomas. Of 60 patients under 5 year follow-up for previous polyps, 67% had normal colonoscopy, 18% had adenomas. Of 21 patients under 5 year follow-up for previous carcinoma 67% were normal, 19% had adenomas and there was one cancer. An additional 8 patients had a history of cancer within 3 years; 3 were found to have adenomas. Of 45 genetic family history patients 69% had normal colonoscopy, 18% adenomas. Out of 13 IBD patients 7 had normal colonoscopy, 2 active IBD and 4 polyps with 1 being an adenoma. <h3>Conclusion</h3> In Tayside the adherence to BSG guidelines was 73.5%. The Nurse Specialist review saved a significant number of appointments. The majority of surveillance colonoscopies were normal; with the highest rate observed in those with a genetic family history. These findings suggest that alternative means of regular surveillance should be evaluated. <h3>Reference</h3> Value of symptoms and additional diagnostic tests for colorectal cancer in primary care; systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>BMJ </i>2010; 340:c1269doi:10.1136/bmj.c1269 <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.
Retroposon Insertions Provide Insights into Deep Lagomorph Evolution
Authors: Jan Ole Kriegs, Anja Zemann, Gennady Churakov, Andreas Matzke, Martina Ohme, Hans Zischler, Jürgen Brosius, Ute Kryger, Jürgen Schmitz
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)

The homogenous mammalian order Lagomorpha comprises about 80 species in two families, Ochotonidae (pikas) and Leporidae (rabbits and hares). However, the phylogenetic relationships among leporids are controversial. Molecular data, particularly from mitochondrial sequences, give highly homoplasious signals. To resolve the controversy between mitochondrial and nuclear data, we analyzed genomic orthologous retroposon insertion sites, a virtually homoplasy-free marker system. From a differential screen of rabbit genomic data for intronic retroposon insertions of CSINE elements, we polymerase chain reaction–amplified and sequenced 11 retroposons in eight representative lagomorphs. We found three retroposons shared among all lagomorphs but absent in outgroups, four confirmed the monophyly of leporids, and three significantly supported Pronolagus as the sister group to all other leporids. One retroposon supported the monophyly of Lepus. The position of Pronolagus outside of the remaining leporids supports the sequence-based signals of nuclear genes and clearly refutes the misleading signals of mitochondrial genes.
Rationing health care in New Zealand
Authors: M. Seddon, C. Feek
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Editor—In their article on rationing health care in New Zealand Feek et al call for clinicians to accept the link between clinical decision making and resource allocation.1 Clinicians in New Zealand are very aware of this link but ask that politicians accept the complexity and uncertainty inherent in clinical decisions, the changing knowledge base of medicine, and the heterogeneity of patients.

Guidelines to determine access to care have now been introduced for several services (predominantly surgical) in New Zealand. Making these guidelines explicit raises several concerns. Explicit evidence based guidelines may not best serve the interests of patients and society. Although it is optimal to attempt to practise using the best available evidence, this approach has limitations. Evidence is limited; randomised controlled trials cannot be done in all cases (because of ethical and cost constraints) and produce problems in generalising from highly selected subjects to patients seen in everyday practice. Guidelines that define an access cut off point tend to be rigid rather than guiding and, in the light of concerns about the validity of the scoring process itself, are inequitable. They are slow to change as the evidence changes, cannot accommodate complexity, and may threaten social cohesion,2 leading to anxiety and loss of confidence in the health system as a whole.

I am not advocating that we return to the era when all allocative decisions were hidden from view, but I question the assertion that explicitness trumps all other concerns. Policy makers in New Zealand should pause and debate its relative merits more openly. Although the authors state that the public has accepted the need for explicit rationing, a fairer description would be resignation. There has been a paucity of debate of the practical and ethical dimensions. The following quote from Feek demonstrates how limited the debate has been: “The ethical paradigm does not provide a useful framework for evaluation of any rationing decision.”3

Any allocative decision that involves public funds and the denial of services is concerned with the distributive theories of justice. Ethical issues are definitely involved with the rationing of renal dialysis on the basis of age,4 and, furthermore, the renal dialysis example focuses the debate on so called tragic choices.5 This risks distorting priorities away from complex chronic conditions, which, after all, consume more of the health dollar.
SECONDARY ANEMIA CAUSED BY SULFONES
Authors: Robert B. Price
Journal: JAMA (1960)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In the report to the Council on Drugs inThe Journal, May 28, page 363, "Current Status of the Therapy of Leprosy," appears the statement, "Secondary anemias caused by sulfones may be corrected by administration of ferrous sulfate alone or supplemented by liver extracts." Preceding this statement there appeared on page 368, in reference to the early work on glucosulfone by Faget and others, the sentence, "Moderate degrees of anemia continued to be frequent but were treated successfully with administration of inorganic iron." This reported response of a drug-induced anemia to the administration of iron seems atypical of general clinical experience with anemias due to chemical agents. Wintrobe makes the following statement on page 639 of his book "Clinical Hematology" (Philadelphia, Lea &amp; Febriger, 1956). "From clinical experience it is also evident that the materials required for blood formation are largely conserved when hemolysis occurs. Treatment with
Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Induced by Chemotherapy
Authors: Lauren E. Wiznia, Antonio Subtil, Jennifer N. Choi
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2013)

Several chemotherapeutic agents have been reported to induce subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE). To our knowledge, this is the first report to date of SCLE induced by monotherapeutic gemcitabine hydrochloride and includes a comprehensive review of all published cases of chemotherapeutic drug-induced SCLE.We describe a patient who developed a SCLE-like eruption after being administered gemcitabine and discuss 16 other published cases of chemotherapeutic drug-induced SCLE.This case and a review of the literature call attention to gemcitabine and other chemotherapeutic agents that have been reported to cause drug-induced SCLE. We also discuss the clinical features of the disease.
Liver Cell Uptake and Degradation of Soluble Immunoglobulin G Immune Complexes In Vivo And In Vitro In Rats
Authors: A G Johansson, T Lövdal, K Magnusson, T Berg, T Skogh
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

Immune complexes were formed between dinitrophenylated human serum albumin (DNP–HSA) and polyclonal rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti–DNP antibodies at antibody excess. The antigen was labelled with isotope (125I–tyramine–cellobiose) or fluorochrome, (6–[fluorescein–5–(and–6)–carboxamido] hexanoic–acid, succinimidyl ester). The radiolabelled antigen, native or antibody complexed, was given intravenously to rats. Radioactivity was measured in various organs at 1 hour following injection. The liver was the main site for removal of the antigen as well as of the immune complexes. Within the liver, immune complexes were mainly associated with nonparenchymal liver cells, the total recovery from Kupffer cells being about 10 times greater than from the liver endothelial cells. The uncomplexed radiolabelled antigen was readily degraded by both cells types. After IgG complexing, the degradation decreased, both in Kupffer cells and in liver endothelial cells. In vitro experiments with isolated liver cells, showed that IgG complexing increased antigen uptake to about the same extent in Kupffer cells and in liver endothelial cells. The degradation of both antigen and immune complexes was less efficient in vitro than in vivo . Immune complex uptake in vitro was shown also by confocal fluorescence microscopy in Kupffer cells and in liver endothelial cells. Also in vitro , only minor uptake was found in the hepatocytes. We conclude that both liver endothelial cells and Kupffer cells are involved in the hepatic handling of soluble IgG immune complexes, but we found no evidence for substantial uptake by hepatocytes.