tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A NEW MAXILLARY ANTRUM WASH TUBE
Authors: Earl L. Vernon
Journal: JAMA (1923)

This improved maxillary antrum wash tube is made of silver, fitted to a brass, nickel-plated connection which can be attached direct to either tubing or cutoff as desired, thus eliminating the additional connection used on so many other models. By so doing, the weight of the instrument is reduced to a minimum and the technic of the operation also is thus simplified. The openings of this instrument are placed laterally, assuring full capacity flow when in the sinus. The openings of many other models are placed anteroposteriorly, and apt to be occluded if in contact with the posterior antral wall. It is patterned after the fashion of the eustachian catheter, and is adapted to either antrum alike, thus eliminating the necessity of right and left instruments.
Intracellular demonstration of active TGFbeta1 in B cells and plasma cells of autoimmune mice. IgG-bound TGFbeta1 suppresses neutrophil function and host defense against Staphylococcus aureus infection.
Authors: T E Caver, F X O'Sullivan, L I Gold, H D Gresham
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Infection remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with SLE. To investigate this, previously we assessed the host defense status of autoimmune MRL/lpr mice and found that elaboration of active TGFbeta suppressed neutrophil function and decreased survival in response to Staphylococcus aureus infection. The purpose of the present work was to elucidate the molecular form and the cellular source of the active TGFbeta involved. Here, we report for the first time that TGFbeta1 is found in the active form inside B cells and plasma cells and that it circulates in the plasma complexed with IgG in two murine models of systemic autoimmunity and in some patients with SLE. IgG-bound active TGFbeta1 is many times more potent than uncomplexed active TGFbeta1 for suppression of neutrophil function in vitro and host defense against S. aureus infection in vivo. These data indicate that TGFbeta1 is in the active form inside B cells and plasma cells, that the formation of a complex of IgG and active TGFbeta1 is greatly accelerated in autoimmunity, and that this complex is extremely potent for suppression of PMN function and host defense against bacterial infection.
Electrogenic sodium/bicarbonate cotransport in rabbit renal cortical basolateral membrane vesicles.
Authors: T Akiba, R J Alpern, J Eveloff, J Calamina, D G Warnock
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

The present studies examined the mechanism of bicarbonate transport across basolateral membrane vesicles prepared from rabbit renal cortex. Isotopic sodium uptake was stimulated by bicarbonate when compared with gluconate (2.5 nmol/mg protein per 5 s versus 1.4 nmol/mg protein per 5 s), and this process was inhibited by disulfonic stilbenes. Imposition of an interior-positive potassium diffusion potential further stimulated isotopic sodium uptake to 3.4 nmol/mg protein per 5 s, an effect that occurred only in the presence of bicarbonate and was blocked by disulfonic stilbenes. Kinetic analysis of the rate of bicarbonate-dependent sodium uptake as a function of sodium concentration revealed saturable stimulation with a Vmax of 2.7 nmol/mg protein per 2 s and a Km of 10.4 mM. The effect of bicarbonate concentration on bicarbonate-dependent sodium uptake was more complex. The present results demonstrate an electrogenic (negatively charged) sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter in basolateral membrane vesicles from the rabbit renal cortex. The electrogenicity implies a stoichiometry of at least two bicarbonate ions for each sodium ion.
Aerosol delivery from a metered-dose inhaler during mechanical ventilation. An in vitro model.
Authors: J B Fink, R Dhand, A G Duarte, J W Jenne, M J Tobin
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

Successful bronchodilator therapy with a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) in intubated, mechanically ventilated patients requires adequate delivery of aerosol to the lower respiratory tract. We determined the effect of ventilator mode, inspiratory flow pattern, humidity, and spontaneous respiratory effort on albuterol delivery in a model of the trachea and bronchi. The model was ventilated through an endotracheal tube during controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV), assist control (AC), pressure support (PS), and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), separately with a dry and humidified ventilator circuit. Delivery of albuterol administered by a MDI and spacer on filter placed at the ends of the bronchi was measured by spectrophotometry (246 nm). Under dry conditions and with a frequency of 10 breaths/min, albuterol delivery with CMV (VT, 800 ml; 30.3 +/- 3.4%), AC (VT, 800 ml; 31.9 +/- 1.3%), PS 10 cm H2O (VT, 700 ml; 28.8 +/- 4.5%), or PS 20 cm H2O (VT, 800 ml; 30.9 +/- 1.8%) was lower than that observed with simulated spontaneous breaths with CPAP (VT, 800 ml; 39.2 +/- 1.4%) (p < 0.01 for all modes). Delivery was greater under dry (28.8 to 39%) than under humidified conditions (15.9 to 20.2%) (p < 0.005 in all modes). Albuterol delivery showed a linear correlation with both inspiratory time and duty cycle (r > 0.91). Lower respiratory tract delivery of aerosol from a MDI varied from 4.9 to 39.2%. We conclude that in addition to other known factors such as dose, type of spacer, and its position the technique of administering MDIs in mechanically ventilated patients markedly influences lower respiratory tract aerosol delivery.
Physical association of Fc receptor γ chain homodimer with IgA receptor
Authors: K SAITO, K SUZUKI, H MATSUDA, K OKUMURA, C RA
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1995)

The receptor for IgA, FcαR, consists of one IgA-binding α chain and a signal-transducing dimeric FcRγ chain. Immunoprecipitation with an anti-FcαRα chain monoclonal antibody from the lysates of U937 cells (human monocytic cell line) revealed an association of 20 kd (unreduced) and 10 kd (reduced) molecules to FcαRα chain on sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). These molecules were confirmed to be FcRγ chain by immunoblotting probed with anti-FcRγ chain antibody. A serial immunoprecipitation with both antibodies further ascertained the FcRγ association with FcαRα. The lysates precleared with anti-FcRγ antibody were subjected to the second immunoprecipitation with an anti-FcαRα monoclonal antibody. By this preclearance, FcRγ disappeared, and the FcαRα appeared to be significantly decreased on SDS-PAGE, suggesting that a part of FcαRα was co-absorbed with FcRγ. Therefore, it may be likely that FcαR is expressed in two forms, namely, with or without FcRγ. We next reconstituted the FcαRα-FcRγ association by introducing both chains into host cells. The expression of FcαRα was achieved by introducing FcαRα alone, and the co-introduction of FcRγ did not enhance FcαRα expression on the cell surface, suggesting again the occurrence of the two forms of FcαR. (J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL 1995;96:1152-60.)
Natural family planning. Cheap, effective, and free of side effects.
Authors: M B Wilson
Journal: BMJ (1993)

good of all, and above all, for the protection of the weak."2I submit that, no matter how appealing a marketplace model may seem for the NHS, it is a business model.As such the destruction of either purchaser or provider is eventually certain, with the barbarisation of the survivor.It is not too late for consortiums of purchasers and consortiums of providers to join forces and become one NHS again.
Prevalence of proximal faecal stasis in active ulcerative colitis.
Authors: M C Allison, R Vallance
Journal: Gut (1991)

Proximal faecal stasis may occur when faecal matter accumulates in the uninflamed colon above an area of active ulcerative colitis. This phenomenon is thought to be the cause of symptoms in some patients with distal disease. It is not known, however, how often patients with active distal colitis exhibit slow colonic transit. Fifty two consecutive patients with active ulcerative colitis each ingested 10 radio-opaque markers nightly for 14 days. Minimum colonic transit times were derived from counts of retained markers shown by plain abdominal radiography on the 15th day. The transit times for each patient were related to their disease extent and bowel frequency. Four patients had colonic transit times greater than one week and two others had evidence of relative stasis. The results indicate that approximately 10% of attacks of distal colitis are associated with faecal stasis.
Norway's new principles for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: age differentiated risk thresholds
Authors: O. F. Norheim, B. Gjelsvik, T. O. Klemsdal, S. Madsen, E. Meland, S. Narvesen, A. Negard, I. Njolstad, S. Tonstad, F. Ulvin, T. Wisloff
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Norway decided not to follow European guidelines on preventing cardiovascular disease and instead developed its own with age based thresholds. <b>Ole Norheim and colleagues</b> explain the rationale behind them
Effects of Prophylactic Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Koon K. Teo
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To investigate the effects of prophylactic therapy with antiarrhythmic agents on mortality in patients with myocardial infarction. <h3>Data Sources and Study Selection.</h3> —Data were obtained from all completed, published or unpublished, randomized, parallel controlled trials of antiarrhythmic agents, regardless of sample size. Investigators were contacted for data on patients excluded after randomization. <h3>Data Extraction.</h3> —Data on mortality were extracted by one author and confirmed where necessary by the others. <h3>Data Synthesis.</h3> —Mortality data from 138 trials on 98 000 patients were combined by the Yusuf-Peto adaptation of the Mantel-Haenszel method. There were 660 deaths among 11 712 patients allocated to receive class I agents and 571 deaths among 11 517 corresponding control patients (51 trials: odds ratio [OR], 1.14;95% confidence interval [Cl], 1.01 to 1.28;<i>P</i>=03). Of 26 973 patients allocated to receive β-blockers (class II agents), 1464 died compared with 1727 deaths among 26 295 control patients (55 trials: OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.87;<i>P</i>=.00001). Of 778 patients allocated to receive amiodarone (a class III agent), 77 died compared with 101 deaths in 779 control patients (eight trials: OR, 0.71; 95% Cl, 0.51 to 0.97;<i>P</i>=.03). There were 982 deaths in 10 154 patients allocated to receive a class IV agent (calcium channel blockers) and 949 deaths in 10 188 control patients (24 trials: OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.95 to 1.14;<i>P</i>=.41). <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —The routine use of class I antiarrhythmic agents after myocardial infarction is associated with increased mortality. β-Blockers have been conclusively demonstrated to reduce mortality. The limited data on amiodarone appear promising. Data on calcium channel blockers remain unpromising. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1993;270:1589-1595)
Testing to check success of treatment to eradicate H pylori
Authors: P S Phull, M R Jacyna
Journal: BMJ (1996)

EDITOR,—Two letters1 comment on our paper assessing the use of dyspeptic symptoms as a test for eradication of Helicobacter pylori2 and cite work that is supposedly at variance with our results.3 4 The authors fail, however, to appreciate important differences between these studies and our paper. Both of the quoted studies investigated patients with duodenal and gastric ulceration,3 4 whereas we studied only patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulceration. Patients with haemorrhage and perforation were included in one of …
855 ONCE-DAILY REGIMENS OF THE HCV NS3/4A-PROTEASE INHIBITOR TMC435350 ARE PREDICTED TO PROVIDE THERAPEUTIC EXPOSURE IN PLASMA AND LIVER
Authors: G.A.E. van t Klooster, I. Vanwelkenhuysen, R. Hooijmaijers, K. Bol, M. Voets, J. Van Houdt, R.A.L. Verloes, F. Aharchi, K. Marien, P. Van Remoortere, F. Broeckaert, H. De Kock, K.A. Simmen
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer — When, Why, and How?
Authors: Robert D. Madoff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Although colon cancer and rectal cancer share many features, clinicians should be aware of important differences in the clinical behavior and treatment of these two distinct diseases. Prominent among these is the tendency for rectal cancer — but not colon cancer — to recur locally. Local recurrence of rectal cancer is often catastrophic: it is difficult to cure, and the associated symptoms are debilitating. Accordingly, preventing local recurrence is one of the main goals of rectal-cancer treatment.In 1990, a National Institutes of Health consensus conference recommended postoperative adjuvant chemoradiotherapy for patients with stage II rectal cancer (node-negative disease with . . .
The prevalence of allergy to egg: a population‐based study in young children
Authors: M. Eggesbø, G. Botten, R. Halvorsen, P. Magnus
Journal: Allergy (2001)

Background: The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of adverse reactions to egg, as population‐based prevalence estimates based on objective diagnostic procedures are lacking. Methods: The parents of 2721 children in a population‐based birth cohort completed questionnaires on the occurrence of any reaction to food at 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Children with parentally reported reactions to eggs at the age of 2 years were selected for further examination. A stepwise diagnostic procedure was developed that included diet trials at home, skin prick tests, and open and double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenges. The mean age of the children at the time of the examination was 2.5 years (CI 2.5–2.6). A sample of children without perceived reactions to egg was also selected for assessment of unrecognized reactions. Results: The estimated point prevalence of allergy to egg in children aged 2½ years was 1.6% (CI 1.3–2.0%), with an upper estimate of the cumulative incidence by this age calculated roughly at 2.6% (CI 1.6–3.6). Almost all reactions were IgE mediated. In general, two‐thirds of the parentally perceived reactions were verified. However, the positive predictive value of a parentally perceived reaction depended on the number of times it had been reported, and increased from 50% to 100%, for reactions reported one and three times, respectively. Unrecognized reactions were infrequent. Conclusions: This study confirms that allergy to egg is frequent in a child population.
Cyclin D1, B and A expression and cell turnover in psoriatic skin lesions before and after cyclosporin treatment
Authors: C. Miracco, M. Pellegrino, M.L. Flori, R. Vatti, M. Materno, L. Andreassi
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2000)

Cyclosporin induces a dramatic reversal to normality in psoriatic lesions, with a reduction of inflammatory infiltrate and epidermal proliferation. It is known that the cell cycle and cell proliferation are regulated by the sequential activation of cyclin-dependent kinase/cyclin complexes.We evaluated epidermal cell turnover and thickness, as well as the expression of cyclins D1, B and A in psoriatic skin before and after therapy with cyclosporin.Epidermal thickness, mitotic and apoptotic indices (MI, AI), as well as the percentages of epidermal cell nuclei positive for Ki-67 and cyclins D1, B and A were calculated. Cytoplasmic positivity to cyclin B was also evaluated.After 6 weeks of therapy, we observed a clinical improvement of the disease and normalization of the epidermis. Epidermal thickness and Ki-67-, cyclins B- and A-positive nuclei percentage were significantly higher before therapy than after (0.52 +/- 0.05 mm vs. 0.21 +/- 0.03 mm, P < 0.001; 19 vs. 2.6, 19 vs. 3, and 12 vs. 1, respectively; P < 0.0005); cytoplasmic positivity to cyclin B was slightly higher before therapy (score 3 vs. 2-3). Cyclin D1 was negative or expressed in a low percentage of nuclei in psoriasis before therapy (0.78), whereas it was always negative after therapy. MI was 0.15 before therapy, whereas mitoses were almost absent afterwards. Apoptoses were undetectable before therapy, whereas a few apoptoses were observed after treatment (AI = 0.4).Overexpression of cyclins B and A, rather than D1 seems to characterize psoriasis. Their evaluation could provide further insights in understanding the development of this disorder and could be used to verify the efficacy of currently used therapies as well as future ones.
Corticosteroids reduce treatment failure in severe community acquired pneumonia, trial shows
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Corticosteroid therapy significantly reduces treatment failure in patients hospitalised with severe community acquired pneumonia who have high inflammatory response, a study has found.

Community acquired pneumonia is currently the leading cause of death from infectious disease in developed countries. Mortality is high in patients who are hospitalised with the condition, particularly in those with severe pneumonia and in the 10-20% whose treatment fails.

The trial, reported in JAMA ,1 included 120 patients admitted to three Spanish teaching hospitals with severe community acquired …
Abstract 2420: The association between severe treatment-related lymphopenia and progression free survival in patients with newly diagnosed squamous cell head and neck cancer.
Authors: Jian L. Campian, Guneet Sarai, Xiaobu Ye, Shanthi Marur, Stuart A. Grossman
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background: Severe treatment-related lymphopenia (TRL) occurs in 50% of glioblastoma and pancreatic cancer patients and is associated with early death from tumor progression. We sought to determine if similar findings were seen in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Patients and Methods: Eligible patients for this retrospective study had: 1) HNSCC cancer diagnosed in 2007-2009, 2) good performance status, 3) platinum-based chemoradiation, and 4) follow-up at Johns Hopkins. Serial total lymphocyte counts (TLC), overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed accounting for known prognostic factors. Results: Fifty-six adults met eligibility criteria: median age: 57 years, female: 21%, HPV+: 61%, surgery prior to chemoradiation: 16%, stage IVA-IVB: 77%, T stage 3-4: 40% and N stage 2b-3: 56%. Changes in TLC are shown below: Median TLC:Baseline Median TLC: 2 months post-Rx % with TLC &amp;lt;500: 2 months post-Rx Overall 1660 448 61% HPV- (n = 22) 1770 550 36% HPV+ (n = 34) 1610 320 76% 14/56 patients (25%) had tumor recurrence and 9 (16%) died of their tumor. HPV+ patients had longer PFS (p=0.01) and OS (p=0.006) than HPV- patients. 10/22 HPV- patients had disease progression and 7 died. HPV- patients who developed grade III-IV TRL two months after beginning chemoradiation had a strikingly higher hazard rate for disease progression than those whose TLC remained higher (multivariate analysis HR 6.2, 95%CI: 1.1-35.2; p=0.039). Too few events occurred in the HPV+ cohort for analysis. Conclusion: TLCs were normal before chemoradiation. However, two months after chemoradiation ∼60% of patients had severe TLC regardless of HPV status. HPV- patients with severe TRL were much more likely to have disease progression than those without TRL. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings which are similar to those reported in other cancers. Preservation of the immune system during chemoradiation may be important to improving PFS and OS. Citation Format: Jian L. Campian, Guneet Sarai, Xiaobu Ye, Shanthi Marur, Stuart A. Grossman. The association between severe treatment-related lymphopenia and progression free survival in patients with newly diagnosed squamous cell head and neck cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2420. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2420 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Prophylaxis for early onset group B streptococcal sepsis is not so effective in practice
Authors: P. Owen
Journal: BMJ (2002)

EDITOR—Oddie and Embleton highlight the dangers of and risk factors for early onset group B streptococcal sepsis.1 They analysed their data retrospectively and estimate that most cases (78%) could have received effective antenatal or intrapartum prophylaxis but accept that …
Bacterial Sulfonamide-Sensitivity Testing
Authors: Arthur E. Cocco
Journal: JAMA (1961)

MANY CLINICIANS have had the experience of prescribing a sulfonamide drug for the treatment of a urinary tract infection with gratifying clinical results, only to receive, several days later, a bacterial sensitivity report, alleging the infecting organism to be sulfonamide-resistant. Such disparity between laboratory estimation of bacterial resistance to sulfonamides and the clinically curative action of these drugs is a source of insecurity to clinicians, for clinicians are constantly admonished to prescribe appropriate or specific chemotherapy in accordance with laboratory-determined bacterial sensitivity. A degree of fortitude, of folly, or of both, is required of the clinician who prescribes a drug that has been reported by the laboratory to be ineffective as an inhibitor of the bacteria causing the infection he wishes to control. More conservative clinicians eliminate sulfonamides from consideration and find refuge in the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.  Possible explanations for this phenomenon of clinic-laboratory dissociation are laboratory
John Richard Humphrey Humphreys
Authors: P. Warren, A. Humphreys, P. Richmond, M. Johnson, V. Sekules, R. Gamble
Journal: BMJ (2010)

John was different. He was witty and wise; a huge spirit, who radiated benevolence. After he died on the 16 October 2009, his vicar said, “It was a great joy for the congregation to sing Happy 80th Birthday to John in Church on the 11 October. It was a shock to have to announce the following Sunday that John had died in his sleep.”

The oration tributes (qv) from church, science, and the worlds of the arts, books, and music illustrate how dearly he was loved and missed by family, friends, and colleagues.

John was born on 11 October 1929 in Denham, Buckinghamshire. He studied at Bradfield College, and qualified from St Thomas’ Hospital, London, in 1955. He first worked as a ship’s doctor in the Merchant Navy, on ships to and from Argentina, when he was once chased around the deck by a knife-wielding seaman who had run amok.

He became colonial medical officer in British North Borneo in 1958, based in Kudat, from where he made expeditions into the interior to bring healthcare to the indigenous Rungus Dusun people, and investigated an outbreak of cholera on an offshore island. In Tawau, he was asked to patch up captured pirates so that they would be fit enough to stand trial and be hanged. He was also able to indulge his lifelong interest in natural history, plants, butterflies, birds, and shells.

In 1962 John became part of the Beaufort Medical Group of British North New Borneo and looked after workers on rubber and timber plantations. Additional duties included drinking pink gins in tropical sunsets, with isolated planters, on outstation verandahs fringed by bougainvillea, redolent of the short stories of Somerset Maugham.

In 1963 self-government was granted, and Malaysia was formed. It was also the year that John met Alison, …
CD44: A Cancer Stem Cell–Related Biomarker with Predictive Potential for Radiotherapy
Authors: Michael Baumann, Mechthild Krause
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract CD44, a cancer stem cell (CSC)-related surface marker, correlates with local control after radiotherapy of early laryngeal cancer. For the first time, a CSC-related marker has been functionally validated for radiotherapy in patients. CD44 expression bears the potential to predict the outcome of radiotherapy by assessment of CSC density. Clin Cancer Res; 16(21); 5091–3. ©2010 AACR.