tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the impact of quality improvement collaboratives: systematic review
Authors: Loes M T Schouten, Marlies E J L Hulscher, Jannes J E van Everdingen, Robbert Huijsman, Richard P T M Grol
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<h3>Objectives</h3> Recent results from ‘ORAL Surveillance’ trial have raised concerns regarding the cardiovascular safety of tofacitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We further examined this safety concern in the real-world setting. <h3>Methods</h3> We created two cohorts of patients with RA initiating treatment with tofacitinib or tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFI) using deidentified data from Optum Clinformatics (2012–2020), IBM MarketScan (2012–2018) and Medicare (parts A, B and D, 2012–2017) claims databases: (1) A ‘real-world evidence (RWE) cohort’ consisting of routine care patients and (2) A ‘randomised controlled trial (RCT)-duplicate cohort’ mimicking inclusion and exclusion criteria of the ORAL surveillance trial to calibrate results against the trial findings. Cox proportional hazards models with propensity score fine stratification weighting were used to estimate HR and 95% CIs for composite outcome of myocardial infarction and stroke and accounting for 76 potential confounders. Database-specific effect estimates were pooled using fixed effects models with inverse-variance weighting. <h3>Results</h3> In the RWE cohort, 102 263 patients were identified of whom 12 852 (12.6%) initiated tofacitinib. The pooled weighted HR (95% CI) comparing tofacitinib with TNFI was 1.01 (0.83 to 1.23) in RWE cohort and 1.24 (0.90 to 1.69) in RCT-duplicate cohort which aligned closely with ORAL-surveillance results (HR: 1.33, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.94). <h3>Conclusions</h3> We did not find evidence for an increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes with tofacitinib in patients with RA treated in the real-world setting; however, tofacitinib was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes, although statistically non-significant, in patients with RA with cardiovascular risk factors. <h3>Trial registration number</h3> NCT04772248.
Early Treatment for HIV
Authors: Gerald H. Friedland
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1990)

Serologic testing for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has shown that millions of persons are infected worldwide. What proportion of these will have progression to symptomatic and indeed fatal disease, and at what rate, are critical questions.Meticulous studies of the virologic features and natural history of HIV infection are now providing answers and a grim vision of the future. Viral replication can be detected even while infection appears to be clinically quiescent, and it increases enormously as clinical disease approaches.1 In approximately half the persons infected with HIV, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) develops within a 10-year period.2 Although . . .
THE INJURED KIDNEY
Authors: James F. Glenn
Journal: JAMA (1960)

From over 200 cases of suspected kidney injury, 84 proved cases were selected for analysis of diagnostic methods, management techniques, and sequelae. The degree of renal injury was classified according to radiographic findings as severe, moderate, minimal, or negligible. Diagnostic criteria included history of trauma, demonstrable hematuria, physical findings, and radiographic evidence. Retrograde pyelography proved diagnostic in 18 of 20 patients, while excretory pyelograms were diagnostic in 31 of 66 patients. Two patients died; 9 required renal surgery; 52 were followed 2 months or more; 5 developed hypertension as a consequence of renal injury, and in 9 cases there were persistent radiographic renal defects. The study indicates that radiographic classification of renal injury provides a key to clinical management, that most kidney injuries may be managed conservatively, that some renal injuries may result in permanent damage or hypertension, and that, if the complications of renal trauma are to be appreciated, persistent follow-up is essential.
Are HLA class II and immunoglobulin constant region genes involved in the pathogenesis of mixed cryoglobulinemia type II after hepatitis C virus infection?
Authors: Antonio Amoroso, Monica Berrino, Lorena Canale, Maura Cornaglia, Simonetta Guarrera, Gina Mazzola, Silvana Savoldi, Francesco Scolari, Matti Sällberg, Massimo Clementi, Armando Gabrielli
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1998)
HERNIA IN A WOMAN 104 YEARS OLD
Authors: G. W. Cottis
Journal: JAMA (1925)

Mrs. A. P., born 1820, had a right femoral hernia, which became strangulated in 1851. A messenger was sent on horseback to Dunkirk, 30 miles away, for a surgeon, whose name has been forgotten. An operation relieved strangulation, but hernia promptly recurred. Strangulation occurred again in 1865. An operation was done by Dr. Cornelius Ormes, with reduction of the strangulated bowel. The hernia persisted, and in 1893 strangulation necessitated a third operation, which was performed by Drs. Rice and Scofield. From this time on the hernia grew progressively larger until the sac, when distended, was as large as a coconut. It was impossible to retain the contents after reduction, and the patient learned to reduce the hernia when the pressure became sufficient to cause pain. Her family physician was called with increasing frequency as reductions became more difficult. March 2, 1924, the hernia became irreducible. The symptoms of intestinal obstruction
Management of Thyroid Disorders
Authors: E. B. Astwood
Journal: JAMA (1963)

THERE IS PROBABLY no field of medicine in which there are so many different opinions and practices as in that of diseases of the thyroid gland. In some clinics, most thyroid disorders are treated by surgical means and in others medical management is employed. It would seem profitable to review this unusual situation and to attempt to trace its origins.  Although iodine-containing substances were used to treat goiter before recorded medical history, no other medical remedies that are now considered effective were introduced until the end of the last century; by then, even iodine therapy had been abandoned, presumably because of the occurrence of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, which, by the way, was beautifully described in 18211before the spontaneous disease was recognized. Although administration of thyroid as a treatment for simple goiter was noted to be effective in 18942and was used extensively in the years to follow,
Endotoxins and gastroduodenal ulceration after burns.
Authors: D Fumarola
Journal: BMJ (1979)

fetal serum AFP that enters the amniotic fluid in the presence of a normal conceptus.Our results and those of Ruoslahti and colleagues emphasise that the AFP con A- binding assay on amniotic fluid has particular value in detecting the presence of communi- cating fetal abnormalities during the period when amniocenteses are usually performed, between the 14th and 18th weeks, in cases where the elevations of amniotic fluid AFP are equivocal or when gestational aging is uncertain.
The relationship between carbon dioxide sensitivity and sprint or endurance performance in young swimmers.
Authors: S P McGurk, B A Blanksby, M J Anderson
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1995)

There has been some evidence that extremes of CO2 sensitivity can indicate an individual's potential for sprint or endurance athletic performance. This study examined the responses to CO2 rebreathing, and previously validated sprint and endurance tests by subjects who were involved in regular, but not intensive, swimming training. The aim was to determine whether subjects with low CO2 sensitivity might perform better on endurance tests, whilst those subjects with high CO2 sensitivity would be more successful in the sprint tests. Initially, 168 young (mean mean(s.d.) age = 12.4(2.1) years) swimmers were measured using a modified version of the Read CO2 rebreathing technique. From this sample, 17 high (mean means(s.d.) = 2.24(0.39) 1 min-1 mmHg-1) CO2 responders were matched by gender, age, height, weight and FVC with 17 low (mean means(s.d.) = 0.57(0.19) 1 min-1 mmHg-1) responders. Each of these 17 pairs underwent two sprint tests (10 s Tri-level alactic power, 50 m run) and two endurance tests (PWC170, 1.6 km run) in order to determine whether any differences existed between the two groups and the sprint and endurance parameters. The subjects remained unaware of their results of the rebreathing test throughout testing. A dependent t test was then used to compare the results collected from each group. The low CO2 responders recorded a significantly faster 1.6 km run time, but were not superior on the PWC170 ergometer test, than the high CO2 responders. The high CO2 responding group recorded significantly higher results on the 10 s alactic power test, but not the 50 m sprint run, than the low responders. Hence, further study is required to ascertain underlying causes as to why significant differences occurred with CO2 rebreathing, the 1.6 km run and the 10 s alactic power test, but not with the PWC170 and the 50m sprint run.
Targeting Quiescent Tumor Cells via Oxygen and IGF-I Supplementation
Authors: Alastair H. Kyle, Jennifer H.E. Baker, Andrew I. Minchinton
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Conventional chemotherapy targets proliferating cancer cells, but most cells in solid tumors are not in a proliferative state. Thus, strategies to enable conventional chemotherapy to target noncycling cells may greatly increase tumor responsiveness. In this study, we used a 3-dimensional tissue culture system to assay diffusible factors that can limit proliferation in the context of the tumor microenvironment, with the goal of identifying targets to heighten proliferative capacity in this setting. We found that supraphysiologic levels of insulin or insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in combination with oxygen supplementation were sufficient to initiate proliferation of quiescence cells in this system. At maximal induction with IGF-I, net tissue proliferation increased 3- to 4-fold in the system such that chemotherapy could trigger a 3- to 6-fold increase in cytotoxicity, compared with control conditions. These effects were confirmed in vivo in colon cancer xenograft models with demonstrations that IGF-I receptor stimulation was sufficient to generate a 45% increase in tumor cell proliferation, along with a 25% to 50% increase in chemotherapy-induced tumor growth delay. Although oxygen was a dominant factor limiting in vitro tumor cell proliferation, we found that oxygen supplementation via pure oxygen breathing at 1 or 2 atmospheres pressure (mimicking hyperbaric therapy) did not decrease hypoxia in the tumor xenograft mouse model and was insufficient to increase tumor proliferation. Thus, our findings pointed to IGF-I receptor stimulation as a rational strategy to successfully increase tumor responsiveness to cytotoxic chemotherapy.
THE EFFECT OF SOME CHEMICALS ON PURIFIED INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: C. A. Knight, W. M. Stanley
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1944)

A study was made of the effect of 0.05 and 0.5 N solutions of 20 different chemicals on the activity of purified PR8 influenza virus in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. It was found by tests in chick embryos and in mice that virus activity was destroyed by strong oxidizing agents such as iodine, by salts of heavy metals, by mercurochrome, by formaldehyde, and by the detergents phemerol, roccal, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Reducing agents appeared to have little if any inactivating effect with the exception of 0.05 N ascorbic acid. At the concentrations tested, sulfathiazole sodium exerted only a weak inactivating effect. 0.5 N phenol inactivated the virus promptly, but solutions of the strength more commonly used for bactericidal purposes were only weakly virucidal. The virus appeared relatively unaffected by glucose, ammonium sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium thiosulfate, and arginine.
Reagent Strip Glucose Monitoring Methods in Chronic Hemodialysis
Authors: Candace J Wason, Jacqueline Green, Clara Miller, David M Roxe
Journal: Diabetes Care (1985)

Reagent strip blood glucose testing methods have not been extensively validated in dialysis patients, a serious omission as thousands of diabetic patients are now entering dialysis. Severe anemia and uremia are potentially confounding variables that might impair those testing methods. Various methods were tested pre- and postdialysis, and compared with standard laboratory results. In general, strip methods (SM) underestimated laboratory results by approximately 15%. Extremes of blood urea nitrogen, hematocrit, or blood glucose levels did not affect this reliability. Such methods appear to be suitable for use in chronic hemodialysis patients.
Effects of fat on insulin-stimulated carbohydrate metabolism in normal men.
Authors: G Boden, F Jadali, J White, Y Liang, M Mozzoli, X Chen, E Coleman, C Smith
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

We have examined the onset and duration of the inhibitory effect of an intravenous infusion of lipid/heparin on total body carbohydrate and fat oxidation (by indirect calorimetry) and on glucose disappearance (with 6,6 D2-glucose and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) in healthy men during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia. Glycogen synthase activity and concentrations of acetyl-CoA, free CoA-SH, citrate, and glucose-6-phosphate were measured in muscle biopsies obtained before and after insulin/lipid and insulin/saline infusions. Lipid increased insulin-inhibited fat oxidation (+40%) and decreased insulin-stimulated carbohydrate oxidation (-63%) within 1 h. These changes were associated with an increase (+489%) in the muscle acetyl-CoA/free CoA-SH ratio. Glucose disappearance did not decrease until 2-4 h later (-55%). This decrease was associated with a decrease in muscle glycogen synthase fractional velocity (-82%). The muscle content of citrate and glucose-6-phosphate did not change. We concluded that, during hyperinsulinemia, lipid promptly replaced carbohydrate as fuel for oxidation in muscle and hours later inhibited glucose uptake, presumably by interfering with muscle glycogen formation.
Oral rehydration without added bicarbonate for childhood gastroenteritis.
Authors: H V Price, J A Dodge, M K Thomas
Journal: BMJ (1984)

and agar) was probably not sensitive enough to isolate C difficile in the original episode of diarrhoea.The absence of toxin in faeces does not reliably indicate the absence of an organism.Histological examina- tion of the rectal biopsy specimen, however, showed no evidence of pseudomembranous colitiE.C difficile is rarely found outside the bowel,2 though two recent reports have described its isolation from the frontal bone in a patient with osteomyelitis3 and from a splenic abscess,4 both cases being due to spread in the blood.There have also recently been increased reports of polymicrobial septicaemia, and some workers have recommenced subsequent subculture of previous positive cultures.5 Our case shows that C difficile is indeed capable of dissemination from the gastrointestinal tract and the value of repeat subcultures of previous positive blood cultures.We thank Mr W Morris-
Eradicating Legionella From Hospital Water
Authors: Janet E. Stout, Victor L. Yu
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on transmission of nosocomial legionnaires disease<sup>1</sup>documents failure to eradicate<i>Legionella</i>organisms from the water distribution systems of 2 hospitals despite the use of hyperchlorination, thermal disinfection, and/ or metal ionization. The efficacy of these decontamination methods can be compromised by a variety of factors. The duration of thermal decontamination (160°F/71°C at the tap) used in hospital Y was only 5 minutes. The original report on the use of this method specified a 30-minute flush at the tap.<sup>2</sup>Thus, failure to maintain the elevated temperature for a sufficient period undoubtedly contributed to this failure to eradicate<i>Legionella</i>. In fact, when one California hospital applied thermal eradication with a flush time of 5 minutes, as recommended by the CDC, distal site colonization by<i>Legionella</i>organisms was unaffected. When the process was repeated using a 30-minute flush
Danazol Therapy in Myelodysplasia
Authors: DOUGLAS B. CINES
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

Platelet-associated IgG was markedly elevated in three patients with myelodysplasia and severe thrombocytopenia that had become refractory to platelet transfusions. The patients were treated with danazol because of its efficacy in treating immune thrombocytopenic purpura where platelet destruction is primarily mediated by IgG autoantibodies. After danazol therapy, the platelet counts of each patient rose and clinical bleeding stopped, and a decline in hemolysis was seen in two patients. Danazol probably impeded the peripheral clearance of cells by macrophages; however, a beneficial effect of danazol on hematopoiesis cannot be excluded.
Abstract 3504: Generation and optimization of a chimeric antigen receptor against human CD22: A new immunotherapeutic agent for adoptive immunotherapy
Authors: Waleed Haso, Daniel Lee, Richard Morgan, Ira Pastan, Crystal Mackall, Rimas J. Orentas
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract CD22 is expressed on a number of hematologic malignancies. A recombinant immunotoxin composed of an anti-CD22 Fv fused to a 38 kDa fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (Moxetumomab pasudodtox, HA22) is currently being evaluated in the treatment of B cell malignancies. We used the Fv sequence to construct a series of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to determine the optimal affinity, domain structure, and signaling required for optimal anti-leukemic activity. The original anti-CD22 binding domain, BL22, or a newer generation high-affinity domain, HA22, were fused to transmembrane and signaling sequences derived from the TCR zeta-chain, CD28, and CD137. In some constructs we extended the binding domain away from the membrane using constant domains from IgG (CH2CH3). Retroviral gene vectors were used to transduce activated primary T cells with CAR constructs. We found: HA22 Fv, 2 as opposed to 3 signaling motifs, and non-CH2CH3 containing CARs were superior in short-term in vitro tumor cell cytolysis assays, indicating that Fv affinity, signaling, and 3-D structure of the CAR all impact the anti-leukemic effectiveness of CARs. Finally, direct comparison to CD19-specific CAR showed an equivalent or superior killing activity in 2 out of 3 ALL lines tested. Using Scatchard analysis to define the number of CD22 molecules on the surface, the ALL line with the lowest number of CD22 molecules was also the least able to be killed by CAR-transduced T cells. The superior lytic activity of CD19-CAR for this single cell line was due to preservation of high levels of CD19 at the cell surface. We are currently testing the in vivo activity of anti-CD22 CAR in an immunodeficient mouse model bearing human cell lines and primary patient-derived ALL. Our results indicate that CD22-CAR should be developed for the immunotherapy of CD22+ malignancies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3504. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3504
Isoflurane Attenuates cAMP-Mediated Vasodilation in Rat Microvessels
Authors: K.W. Park, H.B. Dai, E. Lowenstein, A. Darvish, F.W. Sellke
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Endothelium-dependent vasodilation mediated by cGMP is known to be attenuated by the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane. The present study examines the effect of isoflurane on β-adrenergic and cAMP-mediated vasodilation. Methods and Results Fifty-three subepicardial coronary arteries (diameter, 103±13 μm) from Wistar rats were studied in vitro in a pressurized (40 mm Hg), no-flow state with use of optical density video detection system. After preconstriction of vessels with the thromboxane A 2 analogue U46619 10 −6 mol/L, concentration response curves to the nonselective β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, the G S protein activator sodium fluoride, the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, the cAMP analogue 8-Br-cAMP, or the phosphodiesterase inhibitor RO20-1724 were obtained either in the presence or absence (control) of 2% isoflurane. Relaxations to all the agents tested were significantly reduced in the presence of isoflurane compared with controls. Conclusions Isoflurane attenuates cAMP-mediated vasodilation. The impairment appears to be distal to adenylate cyclase and is not due to enhancement of cAMP phosphodiesterase.
Activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 and oncogene-induced senescence in skin tumours
Authors: Y. Hida, Y. Kubo, S. Arase
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

The activation of oncogenes is an important step in tumorigenesis, and recently, oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) was proposed as a critical barrier against malignant transformation in normal primary cells.The aim of this study was to examine the activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) as an oncogene product and OIS in human skin tumours.We investigated the activation of FGFR3 and OIS by mutation and immunohistochemical analysis in skin tumours, including seborrhoeic keratosis, actinic keratosis (AK), Bowen's disease (BD), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).Activated point mutations of FGFR3 were identified in four of 22 cases (18%) of seborrhoeic keratosis, but no mutation was detected in the other skin tumours. Twenty-seven of 31 cases (87%) of seborrhoeic keratosis showed moderately to strongly positive expression of the FGFR3 protein, but almost all the other skin tumours were negative. On the other hand, almost all the seborrhoeic keratoses showed negative immunoreactivity for antiphoshohistone H2AX (gamma-H2AX) as a marker of OIS, but 17 of 22 cases (77%) of AK were moderately to strongly positive. Immunoreactivity for gamma-H2AX was significantly greater in AK than in seborrhoeic keratosis, BD, BCC and SCC.The activation of FGFR3 might be a common feature in the tumorigenesis in seborrhoeic keratosis, although the activation does not induce a typical oncogenic signal in keratinocytes. In addition, OIS due to some oncogenic signals rather than activation of FGFR3 might be involved in the early skin carcinogenesis related to chronic ultraviolet radiation exposure.
Diffusely Increased Colonic F-18 FDG Uptake in Acute Enterocolitis
Authors: MICHAEL A. MEYER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

A 60-year-old woman with a remote history of colon carcinoma was studied with F-18 FDG PET imaging 5 days after admission for acute toxigenic enterocolitis. Marked and diffusely increased uptake was noticed throughout the ascending and transverse colon, which was noticed to be edematous and thickened on contrast CT examination. The study emphasizes the need to consider nonneoplastic entitles, such as enterocolitis in the differential diagnosis of intensely hypermetabolic colonic lesions on F-18 FDG PET examinations.
THE PNEUMOTHORAX MANOMETER
Authors: Edward von Adelung
Journal: JAMA (1913)

I have been surprised to note that while all physicians who employ artificial pneumothorax agree on the great importance of being closely guided by the manometer readings, they are reading their manometers in different ways. As in many other instances in which the records of one man must be compared with those of others, it is of crucial importance that a uniform method of recording be agreed on. The commonly used manometer is constructed as depicted, Figure 1, being simply a Class tube filled to zero with a fluid, water. Thoracic pressures are transmitted through a tube, m,<i>x</i>, depress or "suck up" the fluid. If the pressure varies, as during breathing, of course the columns will oscillate. For example, the left column (Fig. 1), under negative pressure, oscillates from a' to a", and simultaneously the right oscillates from b' to b". During breathing they are in constant motion. Now the question answered so variously is, How