tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
US bill to shield drug companies from product liability
Authors: Jeanne Lenzer
Journal: BMJ (2005)

US federal legislation that could shield drug companies from product liability lawsuits will be reintroduced in the Senate within two months, says Jack Finn, spokesperson for Senator John Ensign of Nevada state.

Senator Ensign sponsored an earlier version of the planned bill (S11) that would prohibit product liability awards for drugs or medical devices that “comply with Food and Drug Administration standards.”

The provision, known as the “FDA compliance” or “pre-emption” defence, does not apply if FDA officials were bribed or if the manufacturer withheld information about product safety.

Proponents of the legislation say that …
Syringe and needle exchange to prevent HIV infection
Authors: R. Heimer
Journal: JAMA (1994)

To the Editor.  —Despite scientific and meta-analytical studies supportive of needle and syringe exchanges as an HIV risk reduction strategy,1opposition to such programs remains. The recentJAMAarticle by Watters et al2is important in demonstrating to needle-exchange opponents that such programs do not undermine drug abuse prevention efforts while slowing the spread of HIV. Their conclusions are seconded by results from the legal NEP that has been operating in New Haven, Conn, since November 1990. In New Haven, the needle exchange operates as a mobile, neighborhood-based program in which individuals receive new syringes for old, supplies for safer injection, condoms, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) transmission and HIV testing information, and encouragement to enter drug treatment.  Our evaluation reveals that the program actually hastens the entry of current IDUs into treatment without encouraging new IDUs as it decreases the transmission of HIV. During the initial 7.5 months
Aberrant overexpression of microRNAs activate AKT signaling via down-regulation of tumor suppressors in natural killer–cell lymphoma/leukemia
Authors: Yasuo Yamanaka, Hiroyuki Tagawa, Naoto Takahashi, Atsushi Watanabe, Yong-Mei Guo, Keiko Iwamoto, Junsuke Yamashita, Hirobumi Saitoh, Yoshihiro Kameoka, Norio Shimizu, Ryo Ichinohasama, Ken-ichi Sawada
Journal: Blood (2009)
The decay of the latent reservoir of replication-competent HIV-1 is inversely correlated with the extent of residual viral replication during prolonged anti-retroviral therapy
Authors: Bharat Ramratnam, John E. Mittler, Linqi Zhang, Daniel Boden, Arlene Hurley, Fang Fang, Catherine A. Macken, Alan S. Perelson, Martin Markowitz, David D. Ho
Journal: Nature Medicine (2000)
Nasal anatomy for the dermatological surgeon
Authors: T.J. Oliphant, J.A.A. Langtry
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

The nose is an important site of skin pathology and skin cancer in particular, underlining the importance of the nose to the practice of dermatology. This article is intended to serve as an overview of the anatomy of the nose for dermatologists and dermatological surgeons. Areas of clinical relevance are emphasized with examples.
Eisenhower's Billion-Dollar Heart Attack — 50 Years Later
Authors: Franz H Messerli, Adrian W Messerli, Thomas F Lüscher
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Fifty years ago this week, on Saturday, September 24, 1955, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was playing golf at the Cherry Hills Country Club outside Denver. On the ninth hole, he started to complain about an upset stomach. He suspected that it was indigestion, since he had eaten a hamburger with slices of Bermuda onion for lunch. Nonetheless, he decided to call it a day, and he returned home. Shortly after midnight, he woke up with severe chest pain. He asked his wife, Mamie, for milk of magnesia, but she was concerned enough to call his personal physician, Dr. Howard Snyder, . . .
Abstract 998: Oncogenic potential of mitochondria regulate the cellular tumor characteristics
Authors: Yewei Ma, Vineet Gupta, Robert Trieu, Lee Tin Lap, Benny A. Kaipparettu, Lee-Jun Wong
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Mitochondrial-nucleus cross-talks and mitochondrial retrograde regulation of nuclear genes can play significant role in cellular properties. Several studies reported that somatic mitochondrial DNA alterations are often detected in cancer cells. Most of such alterations are polymorphisms without functional significance. Here we use a transmitochondrial cybrid (cybrids) approach to understand the significance of mitochondrial property in regulating the oncogenic properties of a cell irrespective of its mutational and nuclear status. Cybrid models in two differently defined nuclear backgrounds were studied. In the first model, mitochondria depleted rho zero (≥0) from an aggressive osteosarcoma cell lines 143B TK− was used as a common nuclear background. 143B β0 cells were fused with mitochondria from non-cancerous breast epithelial cell line MCF10A, low metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468 and highly metastatic 143B TK− cell lines. In the second model, we used the common nuclear background of A1N4, a non-tumorigenic immortalized breast epithelial cell. A1N4 β0 cells were fused with MCF-10A and metastatic breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. Studies in parental mitochondrial donor cells suggested that cancer cell lines have reduced ATP synthesis, oxygen consumption and respiratory chain activities compared to non-cancerous cells. Interestingly, in spite of the common nuclear backgrounds, cybrids also showed properties similar to their parental cells under both cancerous and non-cancerous nuclear backgrounds. Functional studies in cybrids under non-cancerous nuclear background observed that fusion with cancerous mitochondria resulted in loss of growth contact inhibition, induction of colony formation potential in soft agar and increased survival potential under serum starvation. Similarly, functional studies in cybrids with cancerous nuclear background suggested that non-cancerous mitochondria could reverse different oncogenic characteristics of cancer cell including cell proliferation, viability under hypoxic condition, anti-apoptotic properties, resistance to anti-cancer drug, invasion, colony formation in soft agar, and in vivo tumor growth in nude mice. Microarray analysis of cybrids under cancerous nuclear background suggested that several oncogenic pathways are inhibited due to non-cancerous mitochondria. Interestingly, under non-cancerous nuclear background, induction of important oncogenes was observed in cybrids containing cancerous mitochondria. These results suggest that mitochondrial-nuclear cross talk have significant contribution to cancer cell properties. Also it highlights mitochondria as a promising target in cancer therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 998. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-998
Using pictures in the <i>BMJ</i>
Authors: Trish Groves, Jan Croot
Journal: BMJ (2005)

We want lots of pictures, but have policies on using them ethically 

W e encourage authors to include pictures in submissions to the BMJ to add useful and relevant information. We also use pictures to help the journal to look good, to be well read, to entertain and stimulate readers, and sometimes to cast different perspectives on familiar subjects. Surveys show that readers may lose interest when faced with slabs of unbroken print, so we include some pictures to make articles more engaging and to draw readers in.

But there are pitfalls in publishing pictures in a medical journal, and we receive a handful of complaints each year about ours. Readers have two main concerns—that publishing pictures of patients may compromise privacy and confidentiality and that pictures may be altered and might thereby mislead.

The BMJ …
Geometric Determinants of Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation
Authors: Thanh-Thao Ton-Nu, Robert A. Levine, Mark D. Handschumacher, David J. Dorer, Chaim Yosefy, Dali Fan, Lanqi Hua, Leng Jiang, Judy Hung
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Background— Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is an important predictor of morbidity and mortality in heart failure. We aimed to examine the 3D geometry of the tricuspid valve annulus (TVA) in patients with functional TR, comparing them with patients with normal tricuspid valve function and relating annular geometric changes to functional TR. Methods and Results— TVA shape was examined by real-time 3D echocardiography in 75 patients: 35 with functional TR and 40 with normal tricuspid valve function (referent group). The 3D shape of the TVA was reconstructed from rotated 2D planes, and the annular plane was computed by least-squares fitting. Annular area and mediolateral, anteroposterior, and high (superior)-low (inferior) distances were calculated. TR was assessed by vena contracta width. The normal TVA has a bimodal pattern (high-low distance=7.23±1.05 mm). High points were located anteroposteriorly, and low points were located mediolaterally. With moderate or greater TR (vena contracta width 5.80±2.62 mm), the TVA became dilated (17.24±4.75 versus 9.83±2.18 cm 2 , P &lt;0.0001, TR versus referent), more planar with decreased high-low distance (4.14±1.05 mm), and more circular with decreased ratio of mediolateral/anteroposterior (1.11±0.09 versus 1.32±0.09, P &lt;0.0001, TR versus referent). Conclusions— The normal TVA has a bimodal shape with distinct high points located anteroposteriorly and low points located mediolaterally. With functional TR, the annulus becomes larger, more planar, and circular. These changes in annular shape with TR have potentially important mechanistic and therapeutic implications for tricuspid valve repair.
Neurophysiological assessment of skeletal muscle fatigue in patients with congestive heart failure.
Authors: J R Minotti, P Pillay, L Chang, L Wells, B M Massie
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND Recent research has demonstrated that patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) exhibit significant functional impairment of skeletal muscle and that these changes may be important determinants of exercise capacity. Although muscle strength may be mildly reduced, the most significant abnormality is markedly enhanced muscle fatigue. The goal of the present study is to determine whether accelerated fatigue is caused by impaired muscle activation, as a result of inadequate central motor drive or neuromuscular transmission, or by a change in the muscle itself. METHODS AND RESULTS The study population consisted of nine patients with New York Heart Association class I-III CHF and eight sedentary, age- and sex-matched control subjects. Maximal voluntary contraction force of the foot dorsiflexors (primarily the tibialis anterior) was quantified as a measure of muscle strength, isometric endurance was quantified by the time required for force to decline to 60% of maximal during a sustained maximal contraction, and dynamic endurance was defined as the number of maximal contractions required for force to decline to 60% of maximal under a protocol of six repetitions per minute with an incremental duty cycle. The degree of central motor drive failure was quantified by the degree of force augmentation produced by a superimposed tetanic stimulus delivered to the peroneal nerve during the initial maximal voluntary contraction and at the time when force during the sustained isometric contraction declined to 60% of maximal. Neuromuscular junction transmission was examined by quantifying the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential (M wave) in response to a single nerve stimulus during fatiguing exercise. Muscle strength was relatively preserved in the CHF patients versus the control subjects (93 +/- 41 versus 105 +/- 34 lb; p = NS), but isometric endurance (time to decline to 60%, 34 +/- 15 versus 54 +/- 19 seconds; p less than 0.02) and dynamic endurance (number of repetitions before decline to 60%, 30 +/- 6 versus 43 +/- 7 contractions; p less than 0.001) were both impaired. Tetanic nerve stimulation increased force by similar degrees in the two groups, and the amplitude of the M wave did not decline in either group during exercise. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that enhanced muscle fatigue in patients with CHF is not caused by impaired central motor drive or an abnormality of neuromuscular junction transmission but rather by an abnormality in the muscle itself.
Literacy in India-Reply
Authors: Dale E. Hammerschmidt
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> The 10% literacy figure was given to us by our group's liaison with the Indian tourist board; he cited the recent introduction of compulsory primary education as grounds for a projection that a 30% to 40% literacy rate would be achieved by the end of this century. I do not know how his statistics were derived; neither do I know how statistics in the<i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>were derived. I therefore simply do not know which is the more accurate reflection of the truth. It could well be that both are accurate, depending on what definition is used for literacy.
Treating dizziness with vestibular rehabilitation
Authors: L Yardley, L Luxon
Journal: BMJ (1994)

anticholinergic or vasoactive drugs; ,B adrenergic antagonists have been favoured in an attempt to modify the ventricular baroreceptor response.One formal trial of medical treatment has shown no significant improvement mainly because the rate of recurrence was so low.'2Treatment of not so simple faints is unsatisfactory.The precise diagnosis of a faint also has important social consequences.People who are prone to simple predictable faints are allowed to drive, whereas people liable to sudden loss of consciousness are not.Doctors must decide, appreciating that no incontrovertible test exists to help them.An accurate history tells all.
Sewage as a Resource
Authors: STEPHEN R. REDMOND
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Comments and Corrections1 March 1975Sewage as a ResourceSTEPHEN R. REDMOND, M.D.STEPHEN R. REDMOND, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-82-3-425_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The editorial by Udall and Stansbury (Ann Intern Med 81:849-850, 1974) "Sewage: Our Most Neglected Resource" is ill informed, illogical, and ill conceived. Naturally there are the customary blast at public health professionals, the snide references to sanitary engineers, and the sly innuendo that water pollution experts and state health authorities are in the hip pocket of the industrial establishment.I question the appearance of this not so solid waste on the pages of your otherwise excellent journal. It is apparent the authors have given little thought to the densely populated urban areas of this country where... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Dutchess County Department of Health 22 Market Street Poughkeepsie, New York 12601 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 March 1975Volume 82, Issue 3Page: 425-425KeywordsEngineersHipPollutionPrevention, policy, and public healthUrban areas Issue Published: 1 March 1975 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Consumers' organisation raises questions over choice in the NHS
Authors: Ann McGauran
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The collective effect of individual choice carries grave risks, particularly in health care, where “payment by results”—the policy of allowing funding for each patient to follow his or her choice of provider—could lead to restrictions on access, says Which?, the United Kingdom's leading consumers' organisation.

It adds that although it remains an advocate of choice it does not think that the choices on offer in key areas, including health care, are “right for consumers or framed in such a way as to meet desirable policy objectives.”

The public will have a very limited role in deciding what choices are put before it, the organisation argues, “so there is no guarantee that the choices offered to patients at the end of the process will be the ones from which they want to choose.”

It says that the government must create a …
Book: Inequalities in Health: The Evidence The Widening Gap: Health Inequalities and Policy in Britain
Authors: J P Mackenbach
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Eds David Gordon, Mary Shaw, Daniel Dorling, George Davey Smith Policy Press, £18.99, pp 272 ISBN 1 86134 174 1 Mary Shaw, Daniel Dorling, David Gordon, George Davey Smith Policy Press, £16.99, pp 294 ISBN 1 86134 142 3 Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>, ![Graphic][3]</img>![Graphic][4]</img>![Graphic][5]</img> Inequalities in Health is a useful collection of state of the art papers, written by British experts for the Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health. The inquiry, commissioned by the newly elected Labour government in 1997 and chaired by Sir Donald Acheson, reviewed the evidence on inequalities in health in England in order to identify areas for policy development likely to reduce these inequalities. In 1998 it published its report with only a summary of the evidence, and now we have the complete evidence in our hands. There are 19 reports, on topics ranging from children to ethnic minorities, from housing to nutrition, and from mental to oral health. It is clear that this inquiry has done more than any previous commission, both in Britain and elsewhere, to base its recommendations on scientific evidence. In … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF HUMAN LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS UTILIZING AN HEMAGGLUTINATION TECHNIQUE
Authors: William W. Briner, Jackson W. Riddle, David G. Cornwell
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1959)

Hemagglutination is a specific and sensitive technique for investigating the purity of lipoproteins and the immunologic relationships between low density lipoprotein fractions. The S(f) 10-400 and S(f) 3-9 lipoprotein fractions, isolated from human serum by dextran sulfate-density gradient centrifugation procedure and repurified by centrifugation appeared to contain only lipoprotein antigens since these fractions did not stimulate the production of antibodies against other serum proteins. Cross-absorption experiments with lipoproteins carried on "tanned" cells demonstrated that the S(f) 3-9 lipoprotein fraction contains all the antigenic components of the S(f) 10-400 lipoprotein fraction together with additional antigenic components not found in the S(f) 10-400 lipoprotein fraction. Thus S(f) 3-9 and S(f) 10-400 lipoprotein fractions are immunologically similar but not identical. Low density lipoproteins contain no antigens in common with the high density lipoproteins. An S(f) 3-9 antiserum can be used to detect both S(f) 3-9 and S(f) 10-400 antigens. The S(f) 3-9 lipoprotein fraction used as an antigen will detect antibodies against both S(f) 3-9 and S(f) 10-400 lipoprotein fractions. The S(f) 3-9 and S(f) 10-400 antisera did not contain immune antibodies against erythrocytes of the different blood groups or against sheep, guinea pig, dog, calf, pig, horse, and chicken erythrocytes. Normal subjects and subjects with recent myocardial infarctions had no circulating autoantibodies against the S(f) 3-9 and S(f) 10-400 lipoprotein fractions.
Intracellular enzymes and kinin enzymes in synovial fluid in joint diseases. Origin and relation to disease category.
Authors: M K Jasani, M Katori, G P Lewis
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1969)

In recent years, increasing evidence (see Weiss- mann, 1967) has been presented by several workers that release of lysosomal hydrolases during cell injury or excessive phagocytosis might be the final common pathway for the mediation of local injury to the joint in various rheumatic diseases.In the present investigation we have studied chan- ges in the synovial fluid obtained from inflammatory and non-inflammatory joints, not only of lysosomal enzymes, but of five intracellular enzymes selected to represent different intracellular compartments.Although the study has not revealed a characteristic composition of the synovial fluid for any of the diseases studied, it has indicated that, in the rheu- matic diseases, the release of lysosomal enzymes is accompanied by the release of other intracellular enzymes.This suggests that the presence of lysosomal enzymes in the synovial fluid is the result of an overall change in cell permeability or of cell death rather than due to any specific change in the lysosomes.As kinins have been suggested as mediators of some of the pharmacological effects of the acute inflammatory reponse (Lewis, 1964), changes in the kinin-forming and kininase activities and alterations in the kininogen content have been studied in the same samples of synovial fluid.Recently, three independent groups of workers have located a weak kinin-forming activity and a kininase activity in leucocytes (Eisen, 1966; Greenbaum and Kim, 1967; Melmon and Cline, 1967) and have suggested that these polymorphonuclear leucocyte-born enzymes play a major role in the continuation of chro- nic inflammation.In the present study we describe several findings which suggest that, contrary to previous reports, the constituents of the kinin system in synovial fluid
Relationships between defecographic findings, rectal emptying, and colonic transit time in constipated patients.
Authors: U Karlbom, L Pahlman, S Nilsson, W Graf
Journal: Gut (1995)

The relations between defecographic findings, rectal emptying, and colonic transit time were analysed in 80 constipated patients (median age 49 years, range 22-87). Patients were classified into three clinically defined groups (slow transit, outlet obstruction, and a mixed group). Rectal evacuation was evaluation was evaluated by computer-based area calculation. There were no differences in defecographic findings except that evacuation was less efficient in the slow transit group compared with the mixed group (p < 0.01) and with the outlet obstruction group (P < 0.05). Transit time was prolonged in the slow transit and mixed groups compared with the outlet group (p < 0.001). Prominent impression of the puborectalis muscle during straining and the size of a rectocoele correlated with rectal emptying (p < 0.01). Perineal descent, anorectal angles, enterocoele, or intussusception were not significantly related to emptying. Prominent impression of the puborectalis muscle (p < 0.05) and impaired rectal emptying (p < 0.05) were more frequent in patients with prolonged transit time (six or more days). There was no significant correlation between transit time and rectal evacuation in the total study population. There was, however, an inverse relation between these variables (r = 0.40, p < 0.02) when all patients who claimed infrequent defecation (two or fewer/week) were analysed separately. These results did not confirm a direct relation between rectal evacuation and colonic transit time in constipated patients overall. The results are consistent with the suggestion that impaired colonic function may develop secondary to outlet obstruction in some patients.