tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hexachlorophene Bathing of Neonates
Authors: Hugh H. Hussey
Journal: JAMA (1975)

During 1971, reports of clinical experience and experiments on rats implicated hexachlorophene as a cause of serious brain damage.<sup>1,2</sup>Consequently, in February 1972, the Food and Drug Administration, the Committee on Fetus and Newborn of the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Center for Disease Control issued a joint recommendation to restrict the use of hexachlorophene-containing preparations for daily bathing of newborn infants. In a recent issue of the<i>American Journal of Diseases of Children</i>(129:595-599, 1975), Hyams et al reported the results of adhering to that pretentious pronouncement at the Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami. During the preceding 15 years, normal neonates had been routinely bathed with 3% hexachlorophene solution. When simple bar-soap bathing was substituted, colonization of infants by<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>promptly ensued, and an epidemic of<i>S aureus</i>infections resulted. The authors admitted that factors other than withdrawal of hexachlorophene may have been responsible. Yet, when
T- and B-cell responses to different hepatitis C virus antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection and in healthy anti- hepatitis C virus?positive blood donors without viremi
Authors: M Lechmann, H G Ihlenfeldt, I Braunschweiger, G Giers, G Jung, B Matz, R Kaiser, T Sauerbruch, U Spengler
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

As the host's immune response may determine the course of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, we studied the humoral and cellular immune responses to HCV–related antigens in subjects with different outcomes of HCV infection. Lymphoproliferative responses and circulating antibodies to a panel of HCV core– and E1–related 25–mer peptides were examined in 10 healthy anti–HCV–seropositive blood donors (group A) and in 29 patients with chronic hepatitis C (group B). In addition, cellular recognition of recombinant HCV proteins (core, NS3, NS4A, NS5A, NS5B) were investigated. In group A, stronger T–cell responses were detected against both HCV proteins (core, P = .03; NS4, P = .005; NS5B, P = .03) and peptides. Proliferation was induced by the same peptides in each group, defining at least five distinctive epitopes within core (amino acids [aa] of 20–44, aa 39–63, aa 79–103, aa 118–152 and aa 148–172) and three regions within E1(aa 198–252, aa 308–372, and aa 368–392). Subjects with strong T–cell responses had low or no detectable levels of peptide–specific antibodies, and vice versa. In particular, T–cell responses were more common in group A; B–cell responses were more common in group B. From our data, we conclude that a benign course of HCV infection may be the consequence of the effective activation of T–helper lymphocytes.
Abstract 1356: Real-time <i>in vivo</i> color-coded imaging of the interaction between immunocytes and tumor cells during cancer therapy
Authors: Hiroaki Kimura, Katsuhiro Hayashi, Hiroyuki Tsuchiya, Katsuro Tomita, Ryoichi Aki, Hiroyuki Kishimoto, Atsushi Suetsugu, Masashi Momiyama, Michael Bouvet, Robert M. Hoffman
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract We imaged the interaction between osteosarcoma cells and splenocytes using fluorescent proteins during chemotherapy or dendritic-cell (DC) therapy. GFP-expressing splenocytes (5 × 106), derived from GFP transgenic BALB/c mice, were transplanted to BALB/c nude mice. Then, RFP-143B human osteosarcoma cells (5 × 105) were injected in a skin flap raised in these mice. The mice were treated with doxorubicin (5 mg/kg), i.p. three days in a row. The RFP-expressing 143B tumor and the GFP splenocytes accumulation around the tumor were imaged for three days. Dendritic cells (1×106), which were activated with a 143B cells lysate, were injected into the inguinal lymph node of the mice. The tumor grew gradually in the control group, whereas in the chemotherapy group, the tumor became progressively smaller. In the DC group, the tumor regressed and was almost eradicated 12 days after treatment. In the DC group, GFP splenocytes accumulated in large numbers around the tumor three days after DC treatment. The accumulation of DC cells was diminished as the tumor became smaller. In the chemotherapy group, in contrast, accumulation of splenocytes gradually increased even though the tumor became progressively smaller. Future experiments will be on syngeneic models to determine the influence of an intact immune system on the interaction of splenocytes and DC cells with cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1356.
Abstract P1-13-16: Women commencing with anastrozole, letrozole or tamoxifen: The impact of comorbidity and demographics on initial choice
Authors: F Boyle, A Kemp, DB Preen, C Saunders, M Bulsara, E Malacova, EE Roughead
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background: Australian clinical guidelines recommend post-surgical endocrine therapy for all women with early, hormone-dependent breast cancer. Guidelines specify tamoxifen as first-line therapy for pre-menopausal women, and either tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor for post-menopausal women depending on their risk of recurrence which is based on tumour size and other prognostic indicators. Tamoxifen and the aromatase inhibitors have different side effect profiles and therefore comorbidity may also influence choice of therapy. We examined comorbidities, and the clinical and demographic characteristics of women initiated on different endocrine therapies for breast cancer in Australian practice. Method: We identified the first dispensing of tamoxifen, anastrozole or letrozole for women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the 45 and Up Study between January 2003 and December 2009 (n = 1383). Unit-level pharmacy and medical service claims, hospital separations, and Cancer Registry records were linked to self-reported data to determine menopause status at diagnosis, tumour size, age, change in subsidy restrictions, and specified comorbidities which may affect choice of therapy (i.e. arthritis, endometrial cancer, osteoporosis, thromboembolism). Chi-square tests and multivariate generalised linear models were used to compare the characteristics of post-menopausal women initiated on different therapies. Results: The majority of pre-menopausal women commenced therapy with tamoxifen (93%). Tamoxifen was the predominant therapy for post-menopausal women with tumours ≤1cm (54%), and anastrozole most common for those with larger tumours (49%). Post-menopausal women with osteoporosis were less likely to commence an aromatase inhibitor compared with tamoxifen (anastrozole RR = 0.7, 95%CI = 0.5-0.9, P = 0.019; letrozole RR = 0.6, 95%CI = 0.3-0.9, P = 0.033) and those with arthritis were 1.6-times more likely to commence with letrozole than anastrozole (95%CI = 1.6-2.3, P = 0.004). Tamoxifen was more likely to be initiated in women with large tumours who also had comorbid arthritis or were aged ≥75 years. Changes in subsidy restrictions were associated with significant increases in the proportion of post-menopausal women commencing an aromatase inhibitor rather than tamoxifen (anastrozole RR = 7.0; letrozole RR = 18.5). Conclusions: The findings show clinical guidelines regarding endocrine therapies are being followed in Australian practice, particularly in relation to menopause status and tumour size as a recurrence risk factor. The findings also indicate there is interplay of comorbidity and choice of therapy for older women and those with arthritis or osteoporosis. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P1-13-16.
Screening tests for tuberculosis before starting biological therapy
Authors: R. J. Hewitt, M. Francis, A. Singanayagam, O. M. Kon
Journal: BMJ (2015)

#### The bottom line

A 27 year old white woman born in the United Kingdom presented with diarrhoea and rectal bleeding. A diagnosis of Crohn’s disease was made after urgent flexible sigmoidoscopy and she was treated with high dose intravenous corticosteroid. She relapsed on conversion to oral drugs and was start on infliximab, a tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) inhibitor.

Biological drugs that target components of the immune system, such as TNF-α antagonists, interleukin 1 receptor antagonists, and interleukin 6 receptor antagonists, are licensed for the treatment of immune mediated inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease. These agents suppress the host immune response, so are associated with increased risk of opportunistic infections including viral infections (odds ratio 1.91, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 3.58), such as herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, and mycobacterial infections (3.73, 1.72 to 8.13), although risk varies with different agents.1

In about 95% of people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis the infection is controlled by the immune system. This results in a state of “latent tuberculosis infection,” with no features of active disease.2 However 5% of those with latent tuberculosis later develop reactivation of tuberculosis and active disease.2 TNF-α antagonists can cause such reactivation of latent infection and active disease.3 People with reactivation have a significantly higher risk of disseminated tuberculosis, and deaths have been recorded.3 Crucially, screening …
1325 CHARACTERISTICS OF ACUTE HEPATITIS C IN A HIV-COINFECTED COHORT: ANALYSIS OF IL28B AND VIRAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OUTCOME
Authors: J. Dietz, T. Lutz, G. Knecht, P. Gute, G. Grammatikos, C. Füller, B. Raziorrouh, H. Diepolder, W.P. Hofmann, S. Zeuzem, C. Sarrazin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Idiopathic pediatric chronic kidney disease: can genomic technology crack the case?
Authors: Martin R. Pollak
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2015)

In children, chronic kidney disease (CKD) that results from structural abnormalities and glomerular injury is readily diagnosed; however, most cases of pediatric CKD are of unknown etiology. In this issue of the JCI, Verbitsky and colleagues used chromosomal microarrays to evaluate genomic variation in children with CKD. Compared with control individuals, a substantial proportion of children with idiopathic CKD had clearly identifiable genomic imbalances. Moreover, in some cases, detailed analysis of these imbalances identified pathogenic alterations that were unsuspected based on clinical presentation. The results of this study support genome-wide evaluation for pediatric cases of CKD; however, more work will need to be done before such an approach is widely available in the clinic.
Intranasal Lidocaine for Treatment of Migraine
Authors: Carolyn J. Sachs
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Dr Maizels and colleagues<sup>1</sup>provide an interesting discussion of a hypothesized mechanism of migraine headache pain. However, I am concerned how, if at all, clinicians will use this information. The 55% efficacy of intranasal lidocaine is significantly lower than that reported for other headache medications (eg, prochlorperazine, 82%<sup>2</sup>; and sumatriptan, 75%<sup>3</sup>) administered in urgent care and emergency department settings. According to the authors, this efficacy may be inflated because the adverse effects of intranasal lidocaine likely allowed patients to discover when they received the study medication. Although the relapse rate of 42% for patients treated with intranasal lidocaine is comparable with that for sumatriptane, 5 of the 29 responders were lost to follow-up. Had these 5 patients experienced recurrence of their headaches, the relapse rate would be as high as 52%. Moreover, the authors note that adverse effects were limited to nasal and ocular burning and numbness,
Commission invites discussion on the future of genetics in reproduction
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2004)

A UK-wide discussion on the impact of genetic testing on people having children and its social implications was launched last week.

The Human Genetics Commission hopes that its document Choosing the Future: Genetics and Reproductive Decision Making will provide a platform for wide public debate that will inform advice to ministers on what limits to set around genetic testing.

The document draws on the opinions of many of the 100 members on the commission's consultative panel—many of whom are affected by genetic disorders—on the issues surrounding genetic …
The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ Pr; 1975
Authors: Guido Majno
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Ad Libitum15 February 1998The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ Pr; 1975Guido MajnoGuido MajnoSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-128-4-199802150-00017 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Pus is therefore a noble substance: it is made of brave cells that never sneak back into the blood vessels to escape; they all die in the line of duty. Note also the double meaning of suppuration: it indicates that there is an infection, but also that the body is fighting it well. The outcome of the battle can be predicted, to some extent, from the aspect of the pus, as was observed even in ancient times. The whitish, creamy kind (and therefore rich in polys) is “preferable,” because it indicates that an infection is being fought effectively. Hence its ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Previousarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byThe medical life cycle of surgery in Iran: past and present 15 February 1998Volume 128, Issue 4Page: 318KeywordsBacteriaBlood vesselsCells ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 February 1998 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Generalized Allergic Reaction to Bovine Thyrotropin
Authors: William B. Sherman, Sidney C. Werner
Journal: JAMA (1964)

IT IS GENERALLY recognized that repeated injections of any foreign protein may give rise to allergic or anaphylactic reactions. Such responses to corticotropin (ACTH) are familiar, and the hormone itself seems to be the responsible agent.<sup>1</sup>A similar reaction now appears to have occurred with thyrotropin. The hormone, or a protein closely related to and not separated from the hormone, appears to have been the antigen. Although highly purified, the commercial thyrotropin preparation used in the present patient to test thyroid function contains several contaminating serum proteins.<sup>2</sup>The material is prepared from bovine anterior pituitaries and is commonly given diagnostically<sup>3</sup>as a single injection. Mild to severe local reactions at the site of injection and low-grade febrile responses are not infrequent. However, generalized allergic reactions have not hitherto been reported, and the thyrotropin molecule proper has not been suspected as an antigen causing the minor reactions. It
Commercial Test Sensitivity to Cryptococcal Antigen
Authors: CARL B. LAUTER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

Comments and Correction1 February 1977Commercial Test Sensitivity to Cryptococcal AntigenCARL B. LAUTER, M.D., F.A.C.P.CARL B. LAUTER, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-86-2-240_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Recent studies have attempted to delineate factors predictive of the outcome in patients with cryptococcal meningitis (1). Diamond and Bennett (2) have presented information that a cryptococcal antigen titer (latex agglutination method) in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ≥ 8 at the end of therapy correlated with treatment failure. A latex agglutination cryptococcal antigen test is now available commercially (Crypto-LA Kit®, IBL Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland) and hence specimens for antigen testing may not have to be submitted to the reference laboratories of the Center for Disease Control or the state health department laboratories. We have been...References1. BINDSCHADLER D and BENNETT J: Serology of human cryptococcosis. Ann Intern Med 69:45-52, 1968 LinkGoogle Scholar2. DIAMOND R and BENNETT J: Prognostic factors in cryptococcal meningitis. A study in 111 cases. Ann Intern Med 80:176-181, 1974 LinkGoogle Scholar3. BENNETT J and BAILEY B: Control for rheumatoid factor in the latex test for cryptococcosis. Am J Clin Pathol 56:360-365, 1971 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: CARL B. LAUTER, M.D., F.A.C.P.Affiliations: Harper-Grace Hospitals 4160 John R Detroit, MI 48201 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited bySIGNIFICANCE OF ANTIBODY DETECTION IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITISVALUE OF LATEX TEST IN CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITISCommercial cryptococcal latex kit: clinical evaluation in a medical center hospital 1 February 1977Volume 86, Issue 2Page: 240-240KeywordsAntigensCerebrospinal fluidColony stimulating factorCryptococcal meningitisLatex ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 February 1977 PDF downloadLoading ...
Lifelong follow-up being urged for patients with cryptorchidism
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Health professionals are taking renewed interest in testicular germ cell tumors partly as a result of a new focus on the problem of undescended testes, a condition that affects about one in every 400 to 500 men. Discovery that one or both testicles have failed to descend usually results in earlier treatment now than it did even a few years ago. However, there are indications that, particularly if the treatment involves orchiopexy, previously cryptorchid men must be examined regularly, perhaps for life, because of an increased risk of testicular cancer. This risk is variously estimated to be from 15 to 40 times greater than in men whose testes have descended normally. Though testicular cancer probably accounts for less than 2% of all cancers, it is the third leading cause of death from cancer among men aged 15 to 34 years in this country. The latest work on the problem comes
Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism Is Associated With Myocardial Infarction, but Not With Retinopathy or Nephropathy, in NIDDM
Authors: Tomomi Fujisawa, Hiroshi Ikegami, Gong-Qing Shen, Eiji Yamato, Kiyoshi Takekawa, Yusuke Nakagawa, Yoichi Hamada, Hironori Ueda, Hiromi Rakugi, Jitsuo Higaki, Mitsuru Ohishi, Kenshi Fujii, Masakatsu Fukuda, Toshio Ogihara
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

OBJECTIVE To clarify the relationship between the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and diabetic micro- and macroangiopathy in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined 267 NIDDM patients with various stages of diabetic retinopathy, 61 patients with myocardial infarction (MI), and 136 patients without MI. An insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene was typed by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Although no association was found between ACE gene polymorphism and diabetic retinopathy or nephropathy, this polymorphism was associated with MI in the patients with NIDDM. Homozygotes for the deletion polymorphism (DD genotype) were found more frequently in diabetic patients with MI (31.1%) than in diabetic patients without ischemic heart disease (16.9%), with a relative risk of 2.22 (95% confidence interval 1.11–4.46, P = 0.024). CONCLUSION These data indicate that ACE gene polymorphism is associated with MI, but not with retinopathy or nephropathy, in patients with NIDDM and suggest that the ACE gene confers susceptibility to diabetic macroangiopathy but not to microangiopathy.
Tryptophan catabolites regulate mucosal sensitization to ovalbumin in respiratory airways
Authors: S. O. Odemuyiwa, C. Ebeling, V. Duta, M. Abel, L. Puttagunta, O. Cravetchi, C. Majaesic, H. Vliagoftis, R. Moqbel
Journal: Allergy (2008)

Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), the rate-limiting enzyme in tryptophan catabolism, is important in generating tolerance at the foetal-maternal interface. Studies using 1-methyl-tryptophan (1-MT), the specific inhibitor of IDO, showed that this enzyme is important in interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-dependent inhibition of allergic inflammation in the respiratory airway during immunotherapy.We investigated the role of IDO in the development of allergic sensitization, leading to allergic inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR).We used a mouse model to generate mucosal tolerance to lipopolysaccharide-free ovalbumin (OVA) following repeated intranasal inoculation of OVA over a 3-day period. We tested the successful induction of tolerance by subsequent intraperitoneal (i.p.) sensitization followed by intranasal challenge with OVA. A slow-release pellet of 1-MT implanted into mice was used to block IDO activity prior to repeated intranasal inoculation of OVA. We measured T-cell proliferation in response to OVA, determined airway inflammation, and measured AHR to intranasal methacholine to investigate the role of IDO in sensitization to OVA.Repeated intranasal administration of OVA generated tolerance and prevented a subsequent sensitization to OVA via the i.p. route. This response was inhibited in mice receiving a slow-release pellet of 1-MT. However, we successfully reconstituted tolerance in mice receiving 1-MT following intra-peritoneal injection of a mixture of kynurenine and hydroxyanthranilic acid.Our data suggest that, in addition to their role in IFN-gamma-mediated inhibition of allergic airway inflammation, products of tryptophan catabolism play an important role in the prevention of sensitization to potential allergens in the respiratory airway.
Effect of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis on a British renal unit.
Authors: A G Morgan, R P Burden
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Experience in the use of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) for the treatment of end stage renal failure in Nottingham was reviewed. During six years 150 patients aged from 11 to 73 received this type of treatment. At three years patient actuarial survival was 69% and CAPD technique survival was 41%. Although CAPD was satisfactory as a first treatment for many patients, its long term use was possible in only a few. Actuarial survival of patients who changed to haemodialysis was 64% at one year after the change, suggesting that unsuccessful CAPD increased the risk of death. Hospital haemodialysis was the only suitable form of treatment for most patients in whom CAPD had been abandoned. British renal units have adopted CAPD to a much greater extent than those in Europe, but care in the selection of patients is necessary to reduce mortality, and many patients may eventually need hospital haemodialysis. Greater numbers of hospital haemodialysis places will probably have to be made available to meet this extra demand.