tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
AN EASILY CONSTRUCTED WANGENSTEEN SUCTION APPARATUS
Authors: E. E. Myers
Journal: JAMA (1941)

There is a definite need for an inexpensive, easy to operate, foolproof apparatus to provide suction of the Wangensteen type. The last two desiderata are provided by machines now obtainable from surgical supply houses, but the item of expense prevents most hospitals from possessing as many machines as they would like to have.  The accompanying illustration shows a suction apparatus inexpensive and easily constructed, simple in design and convenient in operation. This apparatus embodies a new principle, in that both bottles are kept in the inverted position, making the connections and operation simpler.  The construction, briefly described, is as follows: The stand is made from 1 inch (2.5 cm.) pipe and is 5½ feet (167.6 cm.) high; the base is 22 inches (55.8 cm.) wide. The center of the base employs a cross with side outlet. The wheel at the top is a clothesline pulley, obtainable at most hardware stores.
Factors Influencing Primary Cesarean Rates
Authors: Selma M. Taffel
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The article by Dr Parrish and colleagues<sup>1</sup>stimulated us to reanalyze national primary cesarean rates. Parrish et al found that demographic changes (maternal age, parity, birth weight, and plurality) in the childbearing population from 1970 through 1990 accounted for a quarter of the rise in primary cesarean rates in Washington State. We replicated their analysis using national data for 1971 through 1991 (national data on plurality was not available for 1970) and found that changes in maternal age, parity, birth weight, and plurality considered simultaneously accounted for 21% of the rise in the national primary cesarean rate over this 20-year period (from 4.4% in 1971 to 15.9% in 1991) (the 1971 rate is based on unpublished data from the 1971 National Hospital Discharge Survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics; the 1991 rate is based on birth certificate data from the national vital registration
Dysfibrinogenemia Associated with Hepatoma
Authors: Harvey R. Gralnick, Harry Givelber, Emanuel Abrams
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

Abnormal coagulation studies indicative of a dysfibrinogen were found in the plasma of four of seven patients with malignant hepatoma. The abnormal fibrinogen was characterized by prolonged prothrombin, thrombin and reptilase times and inhibition of the coagulation of normal plasma. Purified fibrinogen revealed abnormalities similar to those in plasma. The functional defect was one of delayed polymerization of the fibrin monomer. The carbohydrate content of the abnormal fibrinogen was increased, and this change was related to the abnormal fibrinogen function. Enzymatic cleavage of sialic acid from the abnormal fibrinogen restored fibrinogen function to normal. This hepatoma-associated dysfibrinogen (acquired dysfibrinogenemia) is similar in many respects to fetal fibrinogen and may represent the presence of a fetal form of fibrinogen in hepatoma.
Effects of Cold Air on Respiratory Airflow Resistance in Patients with Respiratory-Tract Disease
Authors: Roe E. Wells, James E. C. Walker, Roger B. Hickler
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

NORMAL man is able to function in an extremely cold environment without experiencing symptoms of respiratory difficulty or suffering injury to his airways.1 This protective ability may be due to the fact that the normal respiratory tract is highly effective in its ability to heat and humidify inspired air under extreme climatic conditions.2 Studies have shown that air delivered at the lips at -100°C. is heated to within 1 or 2° of body temperature by the time it reaches the tracheal bifurcation.3 On the other hand, patients with chronic respiratory disease, such as emphysema, bronchial asthma or chronic bronchitis, may . . .
Individual differences in neural sensitization and the role of context in illness from low-level environmental chemical exposures.
Authors: I R Bell, G E Schwartz, C M Baldwin, E E Hardin, N G Klimas, J P Kline, R Patarca, Z Y Song
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

This paper summarizes the clinical phenomenology of multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), outlines the concepts and evidence for the olfactory-limbic, neural sensitization model for MCS, and discusses experimental design implications of the model for exposure-related research. Neural sensitization is the progressive amplification of responsivity by the passage of time between repeated, intermittent exposures. Initiation of sensitization may require single toxic or multiple subtoxic exposures, but subsequent elicitation of sensitized responses can involve low or nontoxic levels. Thus, neural sensitization could account for the ability of low levels of environmental chemicals to elicit clinically severe, adverse reactions in MCS. Different forms of sensitization include limbic kindling of seizures (compare temporal lobe epilepsy and simple partial seizures) and time-dependent sensitization of behavioral, neurochemical, immunological, and endocrinological variables. Sensitized dysfunction of the limbic and mesolimbic systems could account in part for many of the cognitive, affective, and somatic symptoms in MCS. Derealization (an alteration in perception making familiar objects or people seem unfamiliar or unreal) is a common MCS symptom and has been linked with limbic dysfunction in clinical neuroscience research. Sensitization is distinct from, but interactive with, other neurobiological learning and memory processes such as conditioning and habituation (compare adaptation or tolerance). In previous studies, hypotheses for MCS involving sensitization, conditioning, and habituation (adaptation) have often been considered in isolation from one another. To design more appropriate chemical exposure studies, it may be important to integrate the various theoretical models and empirical approaches to MCS with the larger scientific literature on individual differences in these potentially interactive phenomena.
Science, medicine, and the future: osteoporosis
Authors: S. H Ralston
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Efficient processing of incoming sensory input is essential for an organism9s survival. A growing body of evidence suggests that sensory systems have developed coding strategies that are constrained by the statistics of the natural environment. Consequently, it is necessary to first characterize neural responses to natural stimuli to uncover the coding strategies used by a given sensory system. Here we report for the first time the statistics of vestibular rotational and translational stimuli experienced by rhesus monkeys during natural (e.g., walking, grooming) behaviors. We find that these stimuli can reach intensities as high as 1500 deg/s and 8 G. Recordings from afferents during naturalistic rotational and linear motion further revealed strongly nonlinear responses in the form of rectification and saturation, which could not be accurately predicted by traditional linear models of vestibular processing. Accordingly, we used linear–nonlinear cascade models and found that these could accurately predict responses to naturalistic stimuli. Finally, we tested whether the statistics of natural vestibular signals constrain the neural coding strategies used by peripheral afferents. We found that both irregular otolith and semicircular canal afferents, because of their higher sensitivities, were more optimized for processing natural vestibular stimuli as compared with their regular counterparts. Our results therefore provide the first evidence supporting the hypothesis that the neural coding strategies used by the vestibular system are matched to the statistics of natural stimuli.
Prognostic utility of the exercise thallium-201 test in ambulatory patients with chest pain: comparison with cardiac catheterization.
Authors: S Kaul, D R Lilly, J A Gascho, D D Watson, R S Gibson, C A Oliner, J M Ryan, G A Beller
Journal: Circulation (1988)

The goal of this study was to determine the prognostic utility of the exercise thallium-201 stress test in ambulatory patients with chest pain who were also referred for cardiac catheterization. Accordingly, 4 to 8 year (mean +/- 1SD, 4.6 +/- 2.6 years) follow-up data were obtained for all but one of 383 patients who underwent both exercise thallium-201 stress testing and cardiac catheterization from 1978 to 1981. Eighty-three patients had a revascularization procedure performed within 3 months of testing and were excluded from analysis. Of the remaining 299 patients, 210 had no events and 89 had events (41 deaths, nine nonfatal myocardial infarctions, and 39 revascularization procedures greater than or equal to 3 months after testing). When all clinical, exercise, thallium-201, and catheterization variables were analyzed by Cox regression analysis, the number of diseased vessels (when defined as greater than or equal to 50% luminal diameter narrowing) was the single most important predictor of future cardiac events (chi 2 = 38.1) followed by the number of segments demonstrating redistribution on delayed thallium-201 images (chi 2 = 16.3), except in the case of nonfatal myocardial infarction, for which redistribution was the most important predictor of future events. When coronary artery disease was defined as 70% or greater luminal diameter narrowing, the number of diseased vessels significantly (p less than .01) lost its power to predict events (chi 2 = 14.5). Other variables found to independently predict future events included change in heart rate from rest to exercise (chi 2 = 13.0), ST segment depression on exercise (chi 2 = 13.0), occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias on exercise (chi 2 = 5.9), and beta-blocker therapy (chi 2 = 4.3). The exclusion of myocardial revascularization procedures as an event did not change the results significantly. Although the number of diseased vessels was the single most important determinant of future events, the exercise thallium-201 stress test when considered as a whole (which included the number of segments demonstrating redistribution on delayed thallium-201 images, change in heart rate from rest to exercise, ST segment depression on the electrocardiogram, and ventricular premature beats on exercise) was equally powerful (chi 2 = 41.6). Combination of both catheterization and exercise thallium-201 data was superior to either alone (chi 2 = 57.5) for determining future events. Exercise stress test alone (without thallium-201 data) was inferior to the exercise thallium-201 stress test or cardiac catheterization for predicting future events (chi 2 = 30.6).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Intra-aortic Balloon Counterpulsation— A Versatile Assist
Authors: Samuel Vaisrub
Journal: JAMA (1978)

It is told of the late Charles Boyer that when he was aged and ailing, he had a ready answer to all inquiries about the state of his health. "Not good," he would concede, "but not too bad, considering the alternative." A similar reply could well be given to inquiries about the status of the intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABCP) in the treatment of shock complicating myocardial infarction. Considering the alternative of mortality approaching 100% in patients refractory to conventional medical treatment, the results of the IABCP assistance, however unimpressive statistically, are clearly not "too bad." When Kantrowitz et al<sup>1</sup>reported inThe Journalthe first use of IABCP in cardiogenic shock, expectations ran high. The principle of this device, suggested earlier by Moulopoulos et al,<sup>2</sup>is physiologically sound. Inflation in diastole of a balloon catheter placed at the top of the descending aorta increases coronary perfusion by augmenting the
Non-randomised studies
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2011)

In March 2008, a regulation was introduced in New York City that required restaurants to provide calorie information on all food purchases. The regulation applied only to restaurants with 15 or more stores nationwide. Researchers assessed the effects of the regulation on individual purchases. The primary outcome was the energy content of individual purchases, based on customers’ register receipts and the information provided on menus within the restaurant.1 A random sample of 168 locations of the most popular fast food chains in New York City was obtained. For nine weeks in the spring of 2007 and then again in the spring of 2009, all adult lunchtime customers at the sampled locations were interviewed. In total, 7309 adult customers were interviewed in 2007 and 8489 in 2009. The mean number of calories purchased after the regulation was slightly higher than that before, although the difference was not statistically significant (846 v 828; P=0.22). Which one of the following best describes the above study design?
Book Review Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology Third edition. Edited by Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Peter T. Scardino, William U. Shipley, Frans M.J. Debruyne, and W. Marston Linehan. 907 pp., illustrated. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, 2006. $199. 0-7817-4984-0
Authors: Daniel George, JoEllen C. Speca, Stephen J. Freedland
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)
Role of cyclic nucleotides in heart metabolism
Authors: L. H OPIE
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1982)

Journal Article Role of cyclic nucleotides in heart metabolism Get access LIONEL H OPIE LIONEL H OPIE From the MRC Ischaemic Heart Disease Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 16, Issue 9, September 1982, Pages 483–507, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/16.9.483 Published: 01 September 1982
Hypercalcaemia: changing causes over the past 10 years.
Authors: I. Greaves, A. J. Grant, D. A. Heath, J. Michael, D. Adu
Journal: BMJ (1992)

As this is not a controlled study it is not possible to prove that the number of hospital admissions from hypoglycaemia was reduced, but it is likely that some of 103 hypoglycaemic episodes in insulin dependent diabetic patients would have resulted in admission to hospital for treatment of hypoglycaemia if the patients had not received treatment by ambulance staff.Ten patients required intravenous glucose over nine months; this contrasts with 50 patients who required intravenous glucose in the same hospital over a seven month period in 1987 (A Collier, personal communica- tion.)3The ambulance staff were very enthusiastic and the patients grateful.We believe that the administration of Lucozade and glucagon by ambulance personnel is safe, effective, and financially beneficial.We recom- mend its extension to other areas.This practice has recently been extended to all of Scotland.
Ceramide-dominant barrier repair lipids alleviate childhood atopic dermatitis: Changes in barrier function provide a sensitive indicator of disease activity
Authors: Sarah L. Chamlin, Jack Kao, Ilona J. Frieden, Mary Y. Sheu, Ashley J. Fowler, Joachim W. Fluhr, Mary L. Williams, Peter M. Elias
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2002)
Three-dimensional microscopy of the tumor microenvironment in vivo using optical frequency domain imaging
Authors: Benjamin J Vakoc, Ryan M Lanning, James A Tyrrell, Timothy P Padera, Lisa A Bartlett, Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos, Lance L Munn, Guillermo J Tearney, Dai Fukumura, Rakesh K Jain, Brett E Bouma
Journal: Nature Medicine (2009)
OC-032 Outcome on home parenteral nutrition: 33 years experience from a national centre
Authors: M Dibb, G Carlson, A Bradley, I Anderson, J Shaffer, A Teubner, S Lal
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is an essential treatment modality for patients with Type 3 intestinal failure (IF), but long term data on the factors associated with HPN dependence and survival are limited. <h3>Methods</h3> Medical records of patients with IF who received HPN for more than 3 months from a national IF Unit between 1978 and 2011 were reviewed. Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression analysis were performed to identify factors associated with HPN dependence and poor prognosis. <h3>Results</h3> Case notes of 547 patients were reviewed. The overall probability of survival was 89%, 67%, 58% and 27% at 1, 5, 10 and 20 years after starting treatment. Multivariate analysis demonstrated an association between diagnosis and survival; Crohn9s disease, mesenteric ischaemia and pseudo-obstruction were associated with a better outcome. There was also an association with increasing age at IF diagnosis and poor outcome. There was no association between small bowel length or the occurrence of catheter-related infection and survival. 14.7% (25/170) of deaths were related to HPN complications. Line sepsis and IF-associated liver disease were considered to be the cause of death in 10 and 15 patients respectively (mean survival of these patients: 67 months (range 6–223); 32% within the first 2 years of treatment). Continued HPN dependence in survivors was 83%, 63%, 59% and 53% at 1, 5, 10 and 15 years respectively. 80% of those who achieved nutritional independence from HPN did so within the first 7 years of treatment. Surgical reconstruction resulted in a shorter period of HPN dependence than adaptation and/or medical therapies (19.8 vs 32.8 months respectively) p=0.008. On multivariate analysis, mechanism of IF was significantly associated with the likelihood of HPN independence: patients with gastro-intestinal dysmotility or malabsorption were less likely to achieve HPN independence, whereas those with short bowel syndrome with or without enterocutaneous fistula were more likely achieve HPN independence. Of the latter group, patients with a small bowel length &gt;150 cm were 3.5× more likely to achieve nutritional independence compared to those with &lt;50 cm. <h3>Conclusion</h3> This is the largest reported long-term experience of survival and dependence on HPN and will inform future decisions about evolving alternative therapies for type 3 IF, such as small bowel transplantation and lengthening. Nutritional autonomy can be achieved in a significant proportion of patients through adaptation, medical treatment of underlying disease and/or surgical reconstruction. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared.
Acquisition of Brain Na Sensitivity Contributes to Salt-Induced Sympathoexcitation and Cardiac Dysfunction in Mice With Pressure Overload
Authors: Koji Ito, Yoshitaka Hirooka, Kenji Sunagawa
Journal: Circulation Research (2009)

In animal models of salt-sensitive hypertension, high salt augments sympathetic outflow via central mechanisms. It is not known, however, whether pressure overload affects salt sensitivity, thereby modifying central sympathetic outflow and cardiac function. We induced left ventricular hypertrophy with aortic banding in mice. Four weeks after aortic banding (AB-4), the left ventricle wall thickness was increased without changing the percentage fractional shortening. AB-4 mice were then fed either a high-salt (8%) diet or regular-salt diet for additional 4 weeks. Cardiac dysfunction, wall thickness, and 24-hour urinary catecholamine excretion were increased with high-salt diet compared with regular-salt diet. We then examined brain Na sensitivity. Intracerebroventricular infusion of high-Na (0.2 mol/L) artificial cerebrospinal fluid into AB-4 mice and mice Sham-4 increased urinary catecholamine excretion, arterial pressure, and heart rate more in AB-4 mice than in Sham-4 mice. Intracerebroventricular infusion of an epithelial Na channel blocker (benzamil) into mice with high-salt diet significantly decreased urinary catecholamine excretion and improved cardiac function. Infusion of either an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker or a Rho-kinase inhibitor also attenuated the salt-induced sympathetic hyperactivation and cardiac dysfunction in mice with high-salt diet. The levels of angiotensin II type 1 receptor and phosphorylated moesin, a substrate of Rho-kinase, were significantly greater in AB-4 mice than in Sham-4 mice. These results suggest that mice with pressure overload acquire brain Na sensitivity because of the activation of epithelial Na channel via Rho-kinase and angiotensin II, and this mechanism contributes to salt-induced sympathetic hyperactivation, further pressure overload, and cardiac dysfunction.
Dynamics of ischemia-reperfusion injury evaluated by real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography: protective effects of a novel endothelin A antagonist BSF 461314
Authors: Alexander E. Hansen, Raffi Bekeredjian, Arthur Filusch, Marie-Luise Gross, Klaus Muenter, Marie Gebhardt, Anne Broillet, Helmut Kuecherer
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
TCT-658 Relationship between the severity of left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease and overall coronary atherosclerotic burden: The PROSPECT study
Authors: Takehisa Shimizu, Bernard De Bruyne, Naim Farhat, Shinji Inaba, Akiko Maehara, Steven Marso, Gary S. Mintz, Patrick W. Serruys, Gregg Stone, Giora Weisz
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Golfer's Rib Stress Fracture (Duffer's Fracture)
Authors: MANISH GOYAL, ARTHUR J. KENNEY, LAURENCE G. HANELIN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1997)

Stress fractures occur in athletes who participate in sports that involve repetitive, high-impact forces. Although golf is not generally considered a high-impact sport, there is a type of stress fracture that is specific to golfers. It usually occurs in beginners who golf frequently. They develop vague discomfort of the upper back, which is often mistaken for muscle strain. Plain radiographs may show rib fractures, but they are often normal. Bone scintigraphy shows a characteristic pattern of abnormal focal uptake in the medial aspect of one or more posterior upper ribs (usually the 2nd-7th ribs). The ribs affected are contralateral to the patient's dominant hand. A proposed mechanism is that inexperienced golfers, who have poor form, repetitively strike the ground when they swing their club. This causes a forceful traction of the serratus anterior muscle, which consequently places stress on the ribs.