tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Vertical gradient of regional lung inflation in adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Authors: P Pelosi, L D'Andrea, G Vitale, A Pesenti, L Gattinoni
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

We obtained chest computed tomography (CT) sections in 12 normal subjects (controls) and 17 patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to investigate regional lung inflation. A basal CT section (just above the diaphragm) was obtained in the supine position at zero cm H2O end-expiratory pressure. In each CT section the distance from ventral to dorsal surface (hT) was divided into 10 equal intervals, and 10 lung levels from ventral (no. 1) to dorsal (no. 10) were defined. Knowing the average density and the volume of each level, we computed: (1) the tissue volume; (2) the gas/tissue (g/t) ratio (index of regional inflation); (3) the hydrostatic pressure superimposed on each level (SPL), estimated as density x height. The total volume of the basal CT section was 49 +/- 2.5 ml x m-2 (mean +/- SE) in control subjects and 43 +/- 2.3 ml x m-2 in patients with ARDS (p = not significant [NS]). The tissue volume, however, was 16.7 +/- 0.8 ml x m-2 in control subjects and 31.6 +/- 1.7 ml x m-2 in patients with ARDS (p < 0.01). The g/t ratio in level 1 averaged 4.7 +/- 0.5 in control subjects and 1.2 +/- 0.2 in patients with ARDS (p < 0.01), and this ratio decreased exponentially from level 1 to level 10, both in controls and patients with ARDS. The Kd constant of the exponential decrease was 13.9 +/- 1.3 cm in control subjects and 7.8 +/- 0.8 cm in patients with ARDS (p < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TCT-703 Impact of Periprocedural Stroke on Mid-term Mortality after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
Authors: Giuseppe Ferrante, Paolo Pagnotta, Anna Sonia Petronio, Nedy Brambilla, Federico De Marco, Claudia Fiorina, Cristina Giannini, Federica Ettori, Silvio Klugmann, Francesco Bedogni, Patrizia Presbitero
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Problems of Diagnosis and the Definition of Comparable Groups: A Neglected Issue in Drug Research with Children
Authors: BARBARA FISH
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1969)

A review of the literature on child psychopharmacology reveals that many studies ignored differences in diagnosis, severity of illness, age, and IQ, which affect the response to treatment. Hyperactivity was often treated as if it represented a uniform group rather than a symptom which occurs with mild to severe disorders. Although reliable criteria may be lacking for the diagnosis of childhood disorders, the author recommends operational definitions to compare results and apply the findings in clinical practice.
A major outbreak of asthma associated with a thunderstorm: experience of accident and emergency departments and patients' characteristics
Authors: D. N Wallis, J. Webb, D. Brooke, B. Brookes, R. Brown, A. Findlay, M. Harris, D. Hulbert, G. Little, C. Nonoo, C. O'Donnell, G. Park, A. Soorma, A C. Davidson, J. Emberlin, A. D Cook, K. M Venables
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To investigate the time course of an epidemic of asthma after a thunderstorm, characteristics of patients affected, and the demand on emergency medical resources. <b>Design</b>: Study of registers and records in accident and emergency departments and questionnaire to staff. <b>Setting</b>: London area. <b>Subjects</b>: All patients presenting at 12 accident and emergency departments with asthma or other airways disease. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Numbers of patients, clinical features, information on shortage of resources—equipment, drugs, and staff. <b>Results</b>: The epidemic had a sudden onset on 24 June 1994; 640 patients with asthma or other airways disease attended during 30 hours from 1800 on 24 June, nearly 10 times the expected number. Over half (365) the patients were aged 21 to 40 years. A history of hay fever was recorded in 403 patients; for 283 patients this was the first known attack of asthma; a history of chronic obstructive airways disease was recorded in 12 patients. In all, 104 patients were admitted (including five to an intensive care unit). Several departments ran out of equipment or drugs, called in additional doctors, or both. <b>Conclusions</b>: This study supports the view that this epidemic was larger than previously reported epidemics and the hypothesis that "thunderstorm associated asthma" is related to aeroallergens. Demands on resources were considerable; a larger proportion of patients needing intensive care would have caused greater problems. <h3>Key messages</h3> Key messages People affected by thunderstorm associated asthma are characteristically young atopic adults who either are not known to have previously had asthma or are asthmatic but probably do not have steroid inhaler prophylaxis Thunderstorm associated asthma seems to have had a benign course in most patients in this epidemic, but many patients presenting to accident and emergency departments should not induce complacency in the treatment of acute asthma This kind of "major incident" puts a strain on emergency medical services in a way not usually anticipated because all hospitals in an area may be affected
Lack of Relation of Increased Malformation Rates in Infants of Diabetic Mothers to Glycemic Control during Organogenesis
Authors: J L Mills, R H Knopp, J L Simpson, L Jovanovic-Peterson, B E Metzger, L B Holmes, J H Aarons, Z Brown, G F Reed, F R Bieber
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1988)

To determine how much insulin-dependent diabetes increases a woman's risk of giving birth to a malformed infant and how that risk is influenced by metabolic control, we followed 347 diabetic and 389 control women who enrolled in the study within 21 days of conception (the early-entry group) and 279 diabetic women who entered later (the late-entry group). We detected major malformations in the infants of 4.9 percent of the early-entry diabetic women, 2.1 percent of the controls, and 9.0 percent of the late-entry diabetic women. Malformation rates were significantly higher among offspring of early-entry diabetic women than among those of controls (odds ratio, 2.45; lower one-sided 95 percent confidence limit, 1.12; P = 0.027), and higher among late-entry than among early-entry diabetic women (odds ratio, 1.91; lower one-sided 95 percent confidence limit, 1.07; P = 0.032). Mean blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels during organogenesis were not significantly higher in women whose infants were malformed. Hypoglycemia (glucose, ≤50 mg per deciliter [2.8 mmol per liter]) was not significantly more common in the same group. Hyperglycemia and glycosylated hemoglobin were not correlated with malformation. The data suggest that more sensitive measures are needed to identify the teratogenic mechanisms, or that not all malformation can be prevented by good glycemic control. Despite the increased malformation rate among infants of the early-entry diabetic women, as compared with the controls, the more favorable outcome seen in the former group as compared with the late-entry group justifies the attempt to achieve good metabolic control around the time of conception. (N Engl J Med 1988; 318:671–6.)
Gulf war syndrome case collapses
Authors: Clare Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Using a mouse mutagenesis screen, we have identified CD83 as being critical for the development of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells and for their function postactivation. CD11c<sup>+</sup> dendritic cells develop and function normally in mice with a mutated <i>CD83</i> gene but CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell development is substantially reduced. Additionally, we now show that those CD4<sup>+</sup> cells that develop in a CD83 mutant animal fail to respond normally following allogeneic stimulation. This is at least in part due to an altered cytokine expression pattern characterized by an increased production of IL-4 and IL-10 and diminished IL-2 production. Thus, in addition to its role in selection of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells, absence of CD83 results in the generation of cells with an altered activation and cytokine profile.
The importance of knowing context of hospital episode statistics when reconfiguring the NHS
Authors: L. Brennan, M. Watson, R. Klaber, T. Charles
Journal: BMJ (2012)

As part of an educational initiative to support frontline staff to better understand the importance of accurately capturing and coding patient episodes, we reviewed freely available data from HESonline.1 2 We found some interesting statistics.

On average, 1600 adults aged over 30 apparently attend outpatient child and adolescent psychiatry services in England each year (figure⇓). Indeed, the number of adults attending outpatient paediatric services since 2003 has increased …
Hepatic fibrosis: Concept to treatment
Authors: Christian Trautwein, Scott L. Friedman, Detlef Schuppan, Massimo Pinzani
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2015)

SummaryUnderstanding the molecular mechanisms underlying liver fibrogenesis is fundamentally relevant to developing new treatments that are independent of the underlying etiology. The increasing success of antiviral treatments in blocking or reversing the fibrogenic progression of chronic liver disease has unearthed vital information about the natural history of fibrosis regression, and has established important principles and targets for antifibrotic drugs. Although antifibrotic activity has been demonstrated for many compounds in vitro and in animal models, none has been thoroughly validated in the clinic or commercialized as a therapy for fibrosis. In addition, it is likely that combination therapies that affect two or more key pathogenic targets and/or pathways will be needed. To accelerate the preclinical development of these combination therapies, reliable single target validation is necessary, followed by the rational selection and systematic testing of combination approaches. Improved noninvasive tools for the assessment of fibrosis content, fibrogenesis and fibrolysis must accompany in vivo validation in experimental fibrosis models, and especially in clinical trials. The rapidly changing landscape of clinical trial design for liver disease is recognized by regulatory agencies in the United States (FDA) and Western Europe (EMA), who are working together with the broad range of stakeholders to standardize approaches to testing antifibrotic drugs in cohorts of patients with chronic liver diseases.
Surgical Treatment of Carcinoma of the Bronchus
Authors: J. R. Belcher, R. Anderson
Journal: BMJ (1965)

ResultsIntravenous regional analgesia was used in 77 patients.Analgesia was achieved for a wide range of surgical procedures on the hand, including median-nerve decompression, tendon repairs, and digital reconstructive operations.In 46 of the 77 cases E.C.G. records were obtained as described above.Analgesia.-This was classified as: complete in 78%, good in 7%, moderate in 12%, and poor in 3 %.
Increase and Redistribution of Cardiac Mast Cells in Auricular Thrombosis
Authors: Hans C. Bankl, Thaddäus Radaszkiewicz, Günter W. Klappacher, Dietmar Glogar, Wolfgang R. Sperr, Karl Großschmidt, Hans Bankl, Klaus Lechner, Peter Valent
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background The atrial appendage is a predilection site for thrombus formation. Mast cells (MC) are a rich source of mediators that may be involved in the regulation of thrombus formation. We examined number, distribution, and phenotype of MC in thrombosed versus unaffected auricles to elucidate their possible role in auricular thrombosis (AUTHR). Methods and Results Sections of atrial appendages (AUTHR, n=14; controls (CO), n=13) were analyzed for MC by Giemsa, toluidine blue, and berberine sulfate stains and by immunohistochemistry. Cardiac MC expressed CD antigens corresponding to the classic MC phenotype as well as tryptase, chymase, and heparin. Thrombosis was associated with a twofold increase in the number of MC in the total appendage (CO, 3.1±1.0 versus AUTHR, 6.4±1.1 MC/mm 2 , P &lt;.01). Moreover, in AUTHR, a redistribution of MC to the upper endocardium was observed (AUTHR, 5.3±1.4 versus CO, 0.07±0.15 MC/mm 2 , P &lt;.01). Mast cell growth factor (MGF) was expressed in the endothelium and subendothelial space of thrombosed appendages but not in the normal endocardium. Overexpression of MGF was accompanied by a weak or absent expression of the MGF receptor c -kit on redistributed MC in AUTHR. Patients with unilateral atrial appendage thrombosis did not exhibit a MC increase or redistribution in the unaffected contralateral appendage. No augmentation of other inflammatory cells was observed. Stimulation of isolated cardiac MC with MGF resulted in mediator release. Conclusions This study provides evidence that AUTHR is associated with MC increase and redistribution and MGF overexpression. The role of redistributed MC and their mediators in the pathophysiology of atrial thrombosis requires further investigation.
Antenatal Prediction of Haemolytic Disease of Newborn
Authors: A. H. C. Walker, R. F. Jennison
Journal: BMJ (1962)

FEMORO-POPLITEAL OCCLUSION M Barr=Anticoagulants such as phenindione, while having no effect on graft patency, may have a distinctly beneficial influence on the survival of the limb should the graft thrombose.The effects of sympathectomy appear uncertain, but if there is any beneficial effect it is on limb survival after graft occlusion.Sympath- ectomy does not favourably influence graft patency.There is a continued striking improvement in the clinical state of many of the legs even when grafts have occluded, as shown by the disappearance of previously palpable pedal pulses.That is to say, limbs that are technical failures remain therapeutic successes.The reason for this is not clear, but to some extent the improvement may be due to increased perfusion of the deep femoral artery following the clearing of the origin of this vessel prior to implanting the upper end of the graft.Despite these apparently disappointing results it must be stressed that they do represent salvage surgery.Forty-one of the patients had rest-pain, ulceration, and impending or frank gangrene; amputation was therefore the only practical alternative treatment in most of them.In fact, only 15 limbs were subsequently amputated, this giving an overall salvage rate of 65%.The majority of these latter patients either have a limb with palpable pedal pulses or one showing marked symptomatic improvement over its pre-operative state.Viewed in this light we believe that the surgical treatment of this increasingly common affliction well merits further endeavour. SummaryThe late results of homografts and prosthetic grafts in the management of femoro-popliteal occlusion are compared.Of 23 homografts followed for periods up to eight years 12 are still functioning.Four of the latter became aneurysmal and one has been replaced and remains functional.Of 24 teflon tubes inserted, 22 failed within a period of 20 months: two are still functioning.The effects of phenindione and sympathectomy on graft patency and limb survival are discussed.The "salvage " rate of limbs otherwise doomed to amputation was 65%.We thank Professor F. A. R. Stammers for his interest and encouragement in the preparation of this paper and for allowing us to use the facilities of his department.We
Review of endoscopic devices for weight reduction: old and new balloons and implantable prostheses
Authors: N. Tsesmeli, D. Coumaros
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

The worldwide epidemic of obesity is forecast to worsen with a concomitant increase in the burden of co-morbid conditions. Bariatric surgery has some disadvantages, and intragastric balloons (IGBs) represent a generally safe, reversible and less invasive approach to weight reduction, based on occupying gastric space to enhance the sensation of satiety. A literature review found that the majority of the published data on IGBs relates to the Bioenterics intragastric balloon (BIB). The evidence for the efficacy of the BIB as a primary means of weight loss is still unconvincing, but it appears to have value in subgroups of patients, for example to improve quality of life, ameliorate co-morbidities, or provide a bridge to surgery. Regarding other IGBs, even if there are promising weight loss results, more evidence and development is generally needed: it is difficult to evaluate the Heliosphere Bag because of the limited clinical experience; the Adjustable Totally Implantable Intragastric Prosthesis (ATIIP)-Endogast may have problems associated with the percutaneous endoscopic gastrotomy (PEG)-type insertion method; the Semistationary Antral Balloon (SAB) may require technical improvements; and the Silimed Gastric Balloon (SGB) warrants further investigation. Another implantable device, the endoscopic duodenal-jejunal sleeve is based on a different concept, that of mimicking bariatric surgery; it effectively bypasses the duodenum and jejunum, and shows promising results. Other endoscopically implantable devices, such as the "Butterfly" and tubular membranes are at an experimental stage.
Charles Alexander Russell Brown
Authors: W. Brown
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Charles Alexander Russell Brown (“Charlie” or “CAR”) came from a medical family. His father, George; his grandfather; and his uncle were in general practice in Kirkcaldy; both his maternal uncles were doctors; and his brother, William, is a GP in Wales.

Charlie completed the preclinical part of his qualification at St Andrews University, graduating from Manchester University in 1977. House jobs in Kirkcaldy …
Organochlorine-associated immunosuppression in prefledgling Caspian terns and herring gulls from the Great Lakes: an ecoepidemiological study.
Authors: K A Grasman, G A Fox, P F Scanlon, J P Ludwig
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

The objectives of study were to determine whether contaminant-associated immunosuppression occurs in prefledgling herring gulls and Caspian terns from the Great Lakes and to evaluate immunological biomarkers for monitoring health effects in wild birds. During 1992 to 1994, immunological responses and related variables were measured in prefledgling chicks at colonies distributed across a broad gradient of organochlorine contamination (primarily polychlorinated biphenyls), which was measured in eggs. The phytohemagglutinin skin test was used to assess T-lymphocyte function. In both species, there was a strong exposure-response relationship between organochlorines and suppressed T-cell-mediated immunity. Suppression was most severe (30-45%) in colonies in Lake Ontario (1992) and Saginaw Bay (1992-1994) for both species and in western Lake Erie (1992) for herring gulls. Both species exhibited biologically significant differences among sites in anti-sheep red blood cells antibody titers, but consistent exposure-response relationships with organochlorines were not observed. In Caspian terns and, to a lesser degree, in herring gulls, there was an exposure-response relationship between organochlorines and reduced plasma retinol (vitamin A). In 1992, altered White blood cell numbers were associated with elevated organochlorine concentrations in Caspian terns but not herring gulls. The immunological and hematological biomarkers used in this study revealed contaminant-associated health effects in wild birds. An epidemiological analysis strongly supported the hypothesis that suppression of T-cell-mediated immunity was associated with high perinatal exposure to persistent organochlorine contaminants.
Resistance of Shigellae to Ampicillin and Other Antibiotics
Authors: Sydney Ross
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Ampicillin resistance among shigellae has increased in the Washington area from 6% to 95% during the past four years. This parallels a similarly high incidence recently reported from England. There has been a concomitant but lesser increase in resistance to carbenicillin, the cephalosporins, tetracycline, and streptomycin. Chloramphenicol has remained effective in vitro. Aminoglycosides such as kanamycin, gentamicin, and neomycin have also maintained their in vitro efficacy against shigellae. There has also been a rapid increase in the development of multiresistant strains of shigellae. In this study, resistance patterns to sulfonamides, streptomycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin were common. Multiple drug resistance of shigellae was shown to be mediated by R-factor. The rapid spread of multiple resistance induced by R-factor among shigellae may be related to intensive use of ampicillin and other antibiotics during the past few years.
Effects of Maternal Geohelminth Infections on the Risk of Allergy during the First 3 Years of Life: Findings from a Birth Cohort in Rural Ecuador
Authors: Philip J. Cooper, Martha Chico, Leila Amorim, Carlos Sandoval, Laura Rodrigues, Mauricio L. Barreto, David P. Strachan
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015)
Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Hideaki Miura, Toru Miyazaki, Masahiko Kuroda, Teruaki Oka, Rikuo Machinami, Tatsuhiko Kodama, Masabumi Shibuya, Masatoshi Makuuchi, Yoshio Yazaki, Shin Ohnishi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1997)
Parasitology, Protozoology and Helminthology in Relation to Clinical Medicine (1960)
Authors: R. S. Benham
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Since the appearance of the second edition of "Chatterjee," I have left a copy on the desk in the Clinical Parasitology Laboratories of the University of Chicago Clinics. It is an excellent reference work; its small size and profusion of generally excellent figures make it valuable for students studying "unknowns," as well as for quick reference by the technical and professional personnel. It is a highly practical book at the working level and contains a large amount of information on its relatively few pages. I would like to see the footnote on page 13 that relates to small race<i>Entamoeba histolytica</i>expanded and possibly incorporated in the text. The book can be recommended essentially without reservation to anyone interested in parasitology of humans. It is perhaps of greater value in the temperate climates than in the tropics because of the generally lesser degree of familiarity with the practical aspects of
The Spatial QRS Loop in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy with Special Reference to the Initial Component
Authors: NOBLE O. FOWLER, ROBERT A. HELM
Journal: Circulation (1953)

Spatial vectorcardiograms were recorded from 18 subjects with normal electrocardiograms and from 14 subjects with electrocardiograms indicative of right ventricular hypertrophy. In the latter group there was a significant incidence of deviation of the initial portion of the QRS loop from the normal direction of inscription, suggesting that activation of the interventricular septum oftenproceeds in an abnormal manner in right ventricular hypertrophy. A statistically significant difference in the direction of rotation of the entire QRS loop in the transverse and sagittal planes was noted in the two groups. The relationship between the direction of inscription of the QRS loop in the transverse plane and the timing of the intrinsicoid deflections of precordial leads is discussed.
SOME CONSTITUTIONAL DERMATOSES
Authors: J. T. Ingram
Journal: BMJ (1935)

OF LEEDSIt cannot be too loudly or too frequently stressed that the medicine of the skin is no more and no less than a reflection of general medicine, and that in consequence the proper study of mankind is man's skin.It would indeed be an extraordinary circumstance for this one organ of the body, dependent upon the same physiological resources and controls as the rest of the organism, to maintain a separate existence and bear no close relationship to the reactions of that organism.In no sphere of medicine is the skin of more vital importance or of such valuable assistance to the observant clinician as in that of constitutional medicine, relating, as it does, the physical and temperamental characteristics of the individual and the peculiarities of his reaction to environmental changes of any and every kind.I believe that too little stress is laid upon the distinction between