tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cutting emissions by drug industry is crucial to reducing NHS's carbon footprint
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Two thirds of the total greenhouse gas emissions accounted for by the NHS in England come from sources not directly controlled by the NHS: drugs, medical devices, business services, and manufactured products have a far larger “carbon footprint” than do hospitals, ambulances, or catering. Drugs alone account for more than 20% of total emissions and devices another 8%.

The figures make it clear that the drug and medical device industry is important if the NHS as a whole is to reduce its impact on the environment. New guidelines (http://bit.ly/XhJVGn), just published by Environmental Resources Management, a leading consultancy in international sustainability, provide a systematic way of working out the greenhouse gas emissions for drugs and medical products, as a conference held …
Sequence Variants at 22q13 Are Associated with Prostate Cancer Risk
Authors: Jielin Sun, Siqun Lilly Zheng, Fredrik Wiklund, Sarah D. Isaacs, Ge Li, Kathleen E. Wiley, Seong-Tae Kim, Yi Zhu, Zheng Zhang, Fang-Chi Hsu, Aubrey R. Turner, Pär Stattin, Wennuan Liu, Jin Woo Kim, David Duggan, John Carpten, William Isaacs, Henrik Grönberg, Jianfeng Xu, Bao-Li Chang
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract To search for genetic variants that are associated with prostate cancer risk in the genome, we combined the data from our genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a population-based case-control study in Sweden with publicly available GWAS data from the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (CGEMS) study. We limited the cases to those with aggressive disease in an attempt to identify risk variants that are associated with this most clinically relevant form of the disease. Among the most likely candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) identified from the two GWAS, we sequentially confirmed one SNP at 22q13 in two independent study populations: the remaining subjects in Cancer of the Prostate in Sweden and a hospital-based case-control study at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Association of aggressive prostate cancer with the SNP at 22q13 was also observed in the publicly available data of four additional study populations from the second stage of the CGEMS study. In all seven study populations examined, the frequency of allele “C” of rs9623117 at 22q13 was consistently higher in aggressive cases than in controls. The combined allelic test was highly significant, with P = 5.0 × 10−7. The odds ratio (OR) of allele C for aggressive prostate cancer was estimated to be 1.18 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.11-1.26]. However, the SNP was also associated with nonaggressive prostate cancer, with an estimated OR of 1.11 (95% CI, 1.04-1.19; P = 0.004). The risk-associated variants are located within the genomic region of TNRC6B, a gene involved in miRNA-mediated mRNA degradation. Additional studies are warranted to further confirm the association. [Cancer Res 2009;69(1):10–5]
Surgery of Arthritis
Authors: John G. Kuhns
Journal: JAMA (1964)

The appearance of a book on the surgery of arthritis is welcome. This subject should again be brought to the attention of physicians who are unaware of the help that surgery can give to arthritic disabilities. Many who treat arthritis will agree with the editor of this volume that surgery is too often unduly delayed in the therapy of arthritic disabilities so that procedures which, in the earlier stages of the disease, would be considered minor, become formidable and uncertain in results when applied as a last resort. The book, edited by Dr. Milch, consists of 14 chapters on the various joints commonly affected by arthritis, and each chapter, written by a different author, contains much that is new and of clinical value; but they are unequal in quality and in their ability to teach the busy reader. The sketches and pictures are good— one would like to see more
SHALL THE BOY STUDY MEDICINE?
Authors: Theodore Diller
Journal: JAMA (1922)

To the Editor:  —Regarding the requirements for medical education, as it appears from the standpoint of a young man preparing to enter the study of medicine, a little personal experience I have had lately has much impressed me, and I think it worth while to tell the readers of The Journal of it.  Rev. A. B. is pastor of a flourishing congregation in a small village. He is an educated man, highly respected in his community, and he is married and has four children. His salary is $1,600 yearly. His eldest child, a son aged 19, has finished his freshman year in one of the small colleges of Pennsylvania, and has a strong desire to study medicine and thereafter do laboratory work. His father consulted the dean of one of our best medical schools, and was informed that the boy must finish his college course before he can enter the
THE NAVAL LABORATORY.-ERROR CORRECTED.
Authors: W. S. W. Ruschenberger
Journal: JAMA (1883)

1932 Chestnut St.,Philadelphia, Aug. 29, 1883. <h3>Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association:</h3> In No. 6, August 18, p. 192, ofThe Journal of the American Medical Association, received the 27th, is a brief obituary notice of Dr. Benjamin Franklin Bache. It is stated in it that "he established the Naval Laboratory," etc. This is an error. It is of little significance in itself, but it is interesting in connection with historical accuracy and the immense importance of truth, which we all profess to respect. The Naval Laboratory at the Naval Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., was started by myself in the autumn of 1845, five years before Dr. Bache was connected with it. Its origin is due to a small circumstance. At that time medical supplies of all kinds were furnished to the navy on a contract awarded yearly to the lowest bidder. Late in a day
Early Indian Periodicals
Authors: G. R. McRobert
Journal: BMJ (1963)

EBRTIsH 1465 work.Much attention is paid to the follow-up of patients discharged from hospital, who are visited in their homes.The value of health education in clinics and factories is well recognized, while schoolchildren also receive a great deal.There are in the Union some 5,000 sanepids concerned with environmental hygiene, immunizations, and communicable diseases, in all of which spheres health education is of vital importance.Special schemes have been devised for rural areas and for factory workers.A comparatively new venture is the establishment of People's Health Universities, of which there are now 1,000.People of all classes attend them after work for a two-hour session twice a month.A certificate is given after two years' satisfactory attendance.This short book is packed wkh information about the Soviet Union, much of which will be new to British readers.It is quite clear that the visitors were greatly impressed by the way in which prevention and health education permeate the whole of -the Soviet Health Service.By comparison the health education done in England is puny, though, no doubt, the forthcoming report of the Committee of the Central Health Services Council will point the way to further development.It would be interesting to speculate on why the British are somewhat resistant to health educa- tion and why the Russians are avid for more and more.As in most books about the U.S.S.R. there are no vital statistics.Also, there are no concrete facts about changes in popular habits brought about by health education.W.H.O. is to be congratulated on putting the information contained in this volume at our disposal.
Abstract 1426: Functional analysis of membrane bound versus soluble RANKL: implications for cancer-induced osteolysis.
Authors: Jeremy J. McGuire, Mitsuru Futakuchi, Conor Lynch
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract The primary site of prostate cancer metastasis is the skeleton with the resultant metastases containing areas of extensive osteogenesis and osteolysis. The latter is a process controlled by multinucleated osteoclasts and receptor activator of nuclear kappa B ligand (RANKL) is critical for osteoclastogenesis. RANKL is a type II transmembrane molecule that forms a trimer on the cell surface and mediates its effects via RANK. We have shown that matrix metalloproteinases-3 and -7 (MMP-3, MMP-7) can process RANKL to a soluble form, sRANKL. The objective of this study is to determine the functionality of membrane bound RANKL versus sRANKL in promoting osteoclastogenesis. Full-length murine RANKL cDNA was isolated and inserted into the pcDNA 3.1(+) expression construct. In vitro translation experiments demonstrated that RANKL was being generated and could be processed by MMP-3 and MMP-7. N-terminal amino acid sequencing revealed that the site of cleavage occurs in the juxtamembrane region of RANKL between amino acids 145 and 146. We hypothesized that cleavage in the juxtamembrane region could generate an active soluble form of sRANKL. Osteoclastogenesis and resorption assays with myeloid precursors demonstrated the functionality of sRANKL. To determine whether RANKL or sRANKL is the major mediator of osteoclastogenesis in vivo we have generated RANKL mutants that are resistant to cleavage by MMPs and other proteases. Using a site directed mutagenesis kit we have designed a number of mutants and found that Δ158, (deletion of amino acids 71-157) and, Δ148, deletion of amino acids 72-147), were resistant to proteolytic cleavage. We anticipate that the while Δ158 and Δ148 are resistant to cleavage, they will be functional. We will therefore test the functionality of these two deletion mutants in-vitro by co-culturing myeloid precursor cells with Cos-7/Cos-1 cells expressing wild type and mutant RANKL proteins. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that RANKL is proteolytically cleaved to generate a soluble active form. We have generated non-cleavable mutant forms of RANKL that will allow us to assess the role of membrane bound versus soluble RANKL in-vitro and in-vivo. The results of these experiments will further elucidate the roles of RANKL and sRANKL in prostate to bone metastases in addition to being informative for the engineering of future RANKL based therapies. Citation Format: Jeremy J. McGuire, Mitsuru Futakuchi, Conor Lynch. Functional analysis of membrane bound versus soluble RANKL: implications for cancer-induced osteolysis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1426. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1426
The role of tyrosine kinases in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Friedrich Grimminger, Andreas Günther, Carlo Vancheri
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2015)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease with a median survival time from diagnosis of 2-3 years. Although the pathogenic pathways have not been fully elucidated, IPF is believed to be caused by persistent epithelial injury in genetically susceptible individuals. Tyrosine kinases are involved in a range of signalling pathways that are essential for cellular homeostasis. However, there is substantial evidence from in vitro studies and animal models that receptor tyrosine kinases, such as the platelet-derived growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and fibroblast growth factor receptor, and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, such as the Src family, play critical roles in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. For example, the expression and release of tyrosine kinases are altered in patients with IPF, while specific tyrosine kinases stimulate the proliferation of lung fibroblasts in vitro. Agents that inhibit tyrosine kinases have shown anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of pulmonary fibrosis. Recently, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib has shown positive results in two phase III trials in patients with IPF. Here, we summarise the evidence for involvement of specific tyrosine kinases in the pathogenesis of IPF and the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as treatments for IPF.
HIV Infection and Disease: Monographs for Physicians and Other Health Care Workers
Authors: Jerry D. Smilack
Journal: JAMA (1991)

The literature of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) grows probably as rapidly as the epidemic itself. Those seeking authoritative answers must often sift through countless journals, articles, texts, and even lay publications. A formidable, even daunting, task! Just when you thought there was no hope, this eminently readable collection of monographs provides welcome help. A thorough update of an earlier effort by a panel of experts assembled by the American Medical Association Council on Scientific Affairs, this book presents an excellent overview of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. How does this virus devastate the immune system? What are the key factors responsible for transmission? Once the immune system is weakened, what can the HIV-infected individual expect? What is the rationale behind anti-HIV therapeutic options? What can be done to prevent and treat the malignant neoplasms and opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection? Can patients be treated in the home? How
Electrogram patterns predicting successful catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia.
Authors: D M Fitzgerald, K J Friday, J A Wah, R Lazzara, W M Jackman
Journal: Circulation (1988)

Ventricular tachycardia in patients with remote myocardial infarction is thought to be due to reentry. To improve the efficacy of catheter ablation, we sought to identify electrograms identifying essential components of the reentrant circuit. In this study we compared the efficacy of shocks delivered at sites of early ventricular activation during tachycardia (presumably exit sites from the reentrant circuit) with that of shocks delivered at sites recording mid-diastolic potentials that were not continuous with the main ventricular potential recorded during the QRS complex, but that always remained associated with the tachycardia during initiation, termination, and resetting with extrastimuli (presumably activation of a segment of the slowly conducting region of the reentrant circuit). A total of 20 attempts was made to ablate 14 monomorphic ventricular tachycardias in 10 patients with remote myocardial infarction with use of one to five shocks of 50 to 370 J (200 J in 70%). All seven tachycardias in which isolated mid-diastolic potentials were targeted were successfully ablated, although one required a second attempt. Twelve attempts were made to ablate seven tachycardias by delivering shocks at sites of early activation during tachycardia when mid-diastolic potentials were not identified. Only three attempts (25%) were successful. Activation preceded the QRS complex by 60, 85, and 120 msec in the three successful attempts and by 20 to 110 msec (median 55 msec) in the nine unsuccessful attempts. For the total 20 attempts, there was no significant difference between successful and nonsuccessful ablation in the number of shocks or total energy delivered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Prostaglandin-Synthesis Inhibition and Exercise Bronchospasm
Authors: E. NEIL SCHACHTER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Letters and Corrections1 August 1978Prostaglandin-Synthesis Inhibition and Exercise BronchospasmE. NEIL SCHACHTER, M.D., HARVEY KREISMAN, M.D., AREND BOUHUYS, M.D.E. NEIL SCHACHTER, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, HARVEY KREISMAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, AREND BOUHUYS, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-89-2-287_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Kordansky and associates (Ann Intern Med88:508-511, 1978) present a unique, well-documented case of an adult with nonatopic, adult-onset asthma whose bronchospasm improved after the administration of well-established prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor drugs (aspirin, mefenamic acid, Ibuprofen). Idiosyncratic findings such as these, as well as in-vitro studies on the influence of prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitors on smooth muscle, have led some authors to postulate a fundamental role for prostaglandins in asthma (1). To guard against the uncontrolled use of such ubiquitous drugs as prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitors in a population known to have a high degree of aspirin intolerance (2), we wish to...References1. OREHEKDOUGLASBOUHUYS JJA: Contractile responses of the guinea-pig trachea in vitro: modification by prostaglandin synthesis-inhibiting drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 194:554-564, 1975 MedlineGoogle Scholar2. CHAFEESETTIPANE FG: Aspirin intolerance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 53:193-194, 1974 CrossrefGoogle Scholar3. HUMEEDDEY MV: Treatment of chronic airways obstruction with indomethacin. Scand J Respir Dis 58:284-286, 1977 MedlineGoogle Scholar4. SMITHDUNLOP AL: Prostaglandins and asthma (letter). Lancet 1:39, 1975 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. RUDOLFGRANTSAUNDERSBROSTOFFSALTWALKER MBKJPD: Aspirin in exercise-induced asthma (letter). Lancet 1:450, 1975 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT 06511 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByEffect of OKY-046 (Thromboxane A 2 Synthetase Inhibitor) On Exercise-Induced AsthmaCurrent Concepts on the Role of Eicosanoids in the Pathogenesis of Bronchial Asthma 1 August 1978Volume 89, Issue 2Page: 287-288KeywordsAspirinAsthmaDrug administrationDrugsExerciseIbuprofenProstaglandinsSmooth muscles Issue Published: 1 August 1978 PDF DownloadLoading ...
The Management of Bite Wounds
Authors: Gary R. Fleisher
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

Persons who have been bitten by animals usually seek medical treatment either immediately or at some later time because of concern about local erythema and swelling or, less commonly, fever. In each of these situations, physicians must make a series of decisions about management that require a thorough understanding of the risks associated with both trauma and infection.Animals can inflict serious, even fatal, injuries by biting. Each year attacks by dogs cause 10 to 20 deaths in the United States, predominantly among children. In attending to patients who have been bitten, physicians must focus initially on diagnosing and treating . . .
Arsenic levels in Oregon waters.
Authors: J C Stoner, P D Whanger, P H Weswig
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1977)

The arsenic content of well water in certain areas of Oregon can range up to 30 to 40 times the U.S.P.H.S. Drinking Water Standard of 1962, where concentrations in excess of 50 ppb are grounds for rejection. The elevated arsenic levels in water are postulated to be due to volcanic deposits. Wells in central Lane County, Oregon, that are known to contain arsenic rich water are in an area underlain by a particular group of sedimentary and volcanic rocks, which geologists have named the Fischer formation. The arsenic levels in water from wells ranged from no detectable amounts to 2,000 ppb. In general the deeper wells contained higher arsenic water. The high arsenic waters are characterized by the small amounts of calcium and magnesium in relation to that of sodium, a high content of boron, and a high pH. Water from some hot springs in other areas of Oregon was found to range as high as 900 ppb arsenic. Arsenic blood levels ranged from 32 ppb for people living in areas where water is low in arsenic to 250 ppb for those living in areas where water is known to contain high levels of arsenic. Some health problems associated with consumption of arsenic-rich water are discussed.
Pyridoxine responsive hereditary sideroblastic erythropoiesis and iron overload: Two microcytic subpopulations in the affected male, one normocytic and one microcytic subpopulation in the obligate female carrier
Authors: John W. Harris, Elizabeth H. Danish, Gary M. Brittenham, Christine E. McLaren
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1993)

Abstract Mild hepatic iron overload has been demonstrated by magnetic susceptibility measurements in a 22‐year‐old man with hereditary sideroblastic erythropoiesis despite hemoglobin levels in the normal range and a normal erythropoietin level. His grandfather's sideroblastic anemia has been found to be responsive to pyridoxine; his mother's hemoglobin has persisted in the normal range but red cell volume distribution analysis demonstrated two subpopulations; 30% with estimated geometric mean of 68 fl and 70% an estimated mean of 93 fl. Red cell distribution analysis of the grandson demonstrated two microcytic subpopulations; 46% with an estimated geometric mean of 45 fl and 54% an estimated mean of 70 fl. A therapeutic regimen is outlined to reduce to normal his iron stores and to prevent the future development of excessive iron overload. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low level physical training improves peak oxygen consumption in patients with congestive heart failure despite long term beta adrenergic blockade by enhancing vascular conductance and growth
Authors: Laura Demopoulos, Marco Testa, Gerardo Zullo, Marco Gentilucci, Margaret Jones, Michael Yeh, Pugazhendhi Vijayaraman, Patrick Moore, Thierry H. LeJemiel
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Comparison of Adrenergic Beta-blocking Drugs in Angina Pectoris
Authors: B. Sharma, M. K. Meeran, M. C. Galvin, A. T. Tulpule, W. Whitaker, S. H. Taylor
Journal: BMJ (1971)

The symptomatic, electrocardiographic, and haemodynamic effects of two adrenergic beta-blocking drugs, oxprenolol and propranolol, have been compared in equipotent intravenous doses in six patients with uncomplicated angina pectoris during treadmill exercise. The method of comparison included double-blind assessment and analysis with placebo control and randomized serial comparison in each patient. Both drugs produced an equal amelioration in symptoms in most of the patients. This was closely correlated with improvement in the electrocardiographic changes and a significant reduction in the exercising heart rate and systemic arterial pressure. This method of double-blind combined subjective and objective assessment carries distinct advantages in the comparative assessment of drug treatments in angina pectoris.
Is bronchoscopic lung biopsy helpful in the management of patients with diffuse lung disease?
Authors: S. A. Ensminger, U. B. S. Prakash
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2006)

Few studies have evaluated how the results of bronchoscopic lung biopsy (BLB) affect clinical management. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of BLB in the overall management of patients with diffuse pulmonary diseases. The study was a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent fluoroscopy-guided BLB over a 2-yr period. Patients whose biopsy was of a lung mass or single dominant lung nodule were excluded. The usefulness of BLB was assessed to determine whether the results affected the clinical management of these patients. During the study period, 603 patients underwent 651 BLB procedures. The results of BLB were clinically helpful in 494 (75.9%) out of 651 procedures. No diagnostic abnormality was identified in 107 (16.4%) out of the 651 biopsy procedures. This finding was clinically helpful in 59 (55.1%) out of 107 procedures, as the results excluded specific processes suspected before BLB. In 52 procedures (8% of all BLB), no lung parenchyma was obtained. In conclusion, bronchoscopic lung biopsy is a clinically useful test in approximately 75% of procedures. In the 25% of bronchoscopic lung biopsies that were clinically unhelpful, the reason for failure in approximately one-third of patients was the failure of the procedure to obtain an adequate quantity of lung parenchyma for a meaningful histological analysis.