tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Fibreoptic examination of the colon: a review of 255 cases
Authors: R. H. Teague, P. R. Salmon, A. E. Read
Journal: Gut (1973)

The results of fibreendoscopy of the colon are described in 255 consecutive examinations. Of the examinations, 26·5% resulted in a diagnosis being made solely by endoscopy. This included 17 cases of carcinoma, 15 patients with polyps, and 25 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The most common reason for referral was undiagnosed rectal bleeding (75 cases) and endoscopy alone was successful in diagnosing the probable or definitive source of bleeding in 50% of the cases referred. It is not yet clear, however, to what extent this figure may reflect the inadequacy of conventional radiology. A definitive radiological diagnosis was refuted in 11 patients and an unnecessary laparotomy avoided in seven of these. There is no doubt that fibreoptic colonoscopy increases diagnostic accuracy in large bowel disease and is especially helpful in cases where radiology is either negative or equivocal.
Going Inter-Professional: Working Together for Health and Welfare
Authors: L. Ridsdale
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Ed Audrey Leathard Routledge, pounds sterling14.99, pp 244 ISBN 0 415 09286 8

For workers in primary care, working with other professionals raises many unanswered questions: How can members of different professions get on more effectively? To what extent can professionals work together without identifying themselves with the stereotypes associated with their professional group? Can doctors working in primary care stop speaking as though they have the master language? Can social scientists working in university departments stop asserting that general practitioner colleagues are second rate?

Having trained initially in social science and then worked in hospitals and general practice, I have learnt to recognise …
SDF-1 tells stem cells to mind their P’s and Ζ’s
Authors: Connie J. Eaves
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

Stromal cell–derived factor–1 (SDF-1) is a chemokine with unique functions, including a role in the trafficking of primitive blood precursor cells. A better understanding at a molecular level of how the binding of SDF-1 to its cell surface receptor, CXCR4, elicits specific biological responses in these cells has now been achieved through the identification of PKC-ζ activation as a common downstream signal. This finding suggests that treatment of a variety of clinical conditions might benefit from the targeting of PKC-ζ.
Suicide Risk in Bipolar Disorder During Treatment With Lithium and Divalproex
Authors: Frederick K. Goodwin
Journal: JAMA (2003)

Several studies have suggested that lithium treatment reduces risk of suicide in bipolar disorder, but no research has examined suicide risk during treatment with divalproex, the most commonly prescribed mood-stabilizing drug in the United States.To compare risk of suicide attempt and suicide death during treatment with lithium with that during treatment with divalproex.Retrospective cohort study conducted at 2 large integrated health plans in California and Washington.Population-based sample of 20 638 health plan members aged 14 years or older who had at least 1 outpatient diagnosis of bipolar disorder and at least 1 filled prescription for lithium, divalproex, or carbamazepine between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 2001. Follow-up for each individual began with first qualifying prescription and ended with death, disenrollment from the health plan, or end of the study period.Suicide attempt, recorded as a hospital discharge diagnosis or an emergency department diagnosis; suicide death, recorded on death certificate.In both health plans, unadjusted rates were greater during treatment with divalproex than during treatment with lithium for emergency department suicide attempt (31.3 vs 10.8 per 1000 person-years; P<.001), suicide attempt resulting in hospitalization (10.5 vs 4.2 per 1000 person-years; P<.001), and suicide death (1.7 vs 0.7 per 1000 person-years; P =.04). After adjustment for age, sex, health plan, year of diagnosis, comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions, and concomitant use of other psychotropic drugs, risk of suicide death was 2.7 times higher (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-6.3; P =.03) during treatment with divalproex than during treatment with lithium. Corresponding hazard ratios for nonfatal attempts were 1.7 (95% CI, 1.2-2.3; P =.002) for attempts resulting in hospitalization and 1.8 (95% CI, 1.4-2.2; P<.001) for attempts diagnosed in the emergency department.Among patients treated for bipolar disorder, risk of suicide attempt and suicide death is lower during treatment with lithium than during treatment with divalproex.
Protective role of major histocompatibility complex class II Ebd transgene on collagen-induced arthritis.
Authors: M A Gonzalez-Gay, G H Nabozny, M J Bull, E Zanelli, J Douhan, M M Griffiths, L H Glimcher, H S Luthra, C S David
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is an animal model of autoimmune inflammatory polyarthritis that has features similar to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Much like RA, susceptibility to mouse CIA is influenced by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), H-2, and restricted to the H-2q and H-2r haplotypes. Whereas the role of the H-2A molecule in susceptibility to CIA is well established, little is known about the role of H-2E molecule in the disease. In this study, we analyzed the effect of a transgenic E beta d molecule on CIA susceptibility in a recombinant mouse B10.RQB3, which expresses the CIA susceptible Aq genes and an Eak gene, but does not produce an E molecule since Ebq is nonfunctional. In the presence of an Ebd transgene, a viable E molecule is generated. Whereas B10.RQB3 were susceptible to CIA, B10.RQB3-E beta d+ showed a dramatic reduction in the incidence of arthritis as well as a decrease in the level of anti-mouse and anti-bovine CII antibodies in their serum. No clear cut differences in the expression of T cell receptor (TCR) V beta was observed between E beta d+ and E beta d- transgenic mice. Mechanisms underlying the protective effect of E beta d transgenic molecule on CIA may shed light on how HLA-DR molecules influence human RA.
Evaluating and researching the effectiveness of educational interventions
Authors: L. Hutchinson
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Members of the medical profession seem reluctant to value research into the effectiveness of educational interventions.1 One reason for this reluctance may be that there is a fundamental difficulty in addressing the questions that everyone wants answered: what works, in what context, with which groups, and at what cost? Unfortunately, there may not be simple answers to these questions. Defining true effectiveness, separating out the part played by the various components of an educational intervention, and clarifying the real cost:benefit ratio are as difficult in educational research as they are in the evaluation of a complex treatment performed on a sample group of people who each have different needs, circumstances, and personalities.

### Summary points

Choosing a methodology to use to investigate a research question is no different in educational research than it is in any other type of research. Careful attention …
Paraxanthin Theory of Poisoning.
Authors: B. K. Rachford
Journal: JAMA (1899)

Cincinnati, June 27, 1899.  To the Editor:  —You do me great injustice in your paraxanthin editorial in theJournalof June 24. In the heading you use the word disprove while Putnam and Pfaff only claim that their research indicates, etc. Dr. Pfaff, in the original title of his paper, used the word disprove, but after my discussion of his paper, which you have not seen, he changed the title to read indicates. The facts are that the leucomain theory of the origin of migraine is now stronger than ever, and Dr. Pfaff, after my discussion of his paper, did not claim that he had disproved the theory. In a forthcoming paper I shall make this matter plain, and in the meantime I refer you to the discussion of Dr. Pfaff's paper for further information. The use of the word disprove is most unfortunate in view of the large circulation
A CASE OF PEMPHIGUS VEGETANS, WITH INVESTIGATIONS, AND THE EFFECT OF TREATMENT UPON IT
Authors: K. C. BAILEY, B.Chir Cantab
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1936)

Journal Article A CASE OF PEMPHIGUS VEGETANS, WITH INVESTIGATIONS, AND THE EFFECT OF TREATMENT UPON IT Get access K. C. BAILEY, M.A., M.B., K. C. BAILEY, M.A., M.B. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B.Chir Cantab B.Chir Cantab Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 48, Issue 7, 1 July 1936, Pages 370–377, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1936.tb10359.x Published: 01 July 1936
Effect of Sustained Maternal Hyperglycaemia on the Fetus in Normal and Diabetic Pregnancies
Authors: N. W. Oakley, R. W. Beard, R. C. Turner
Journal: BMJ (1972)

The effect of prolonged maternal hyperglycaemia on fetal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations was investigated in eight normal and nine diabetic patients. It was found that under fasting conditions the fetal glucose concentration in gestational diabetic pregnancies tended to be lower than in normal pregnancies. Insulin measurements suggested that this may be due to fetal hyperinsulinism in the diabetic group. During glucose infusion, regardless of the degree of maternal hyperglycaemia, the fetal glucose concentration was limited in 12 out of 13 cases to less than 200 mg/100 ml, with only small differences between normal and diabetic pregnancies. It is proposed that the placenta prevents unlimited transport of glucose to the fetus; yet in diabetic pregnancies a sequence of increased maternal-fetal glucose transport, fetal hyperinsulinism, and fetal hypoglycaemia may contribute to the observed perinatal mortality.
Getting sedentary people moving through active travel
Authors: A. A. Laverty, T. H. de Sa, C. A. Monteiro, C. Millett
Journal: BMJ (2015)

<h3>Abstract</h3> We examined reasons for pupal death following expression of certain transgenes with predominantly eye-disc expressing <i>GMR-GAL4</i> or <i>sev-GAL4</i> drivers in <i>Drosophila. GMR-GAL4</i> or <i>sev-GAL4</i> driven expression of activated Ras producing <i>UAS-Ras1</i><sup><i>V12</i></sup> transgene caused early (~23-25 Hr pupation) and late pupal death, respectively. Co-expression of <i>UAS</i>-<i>hsrω-RNAi</i> transgene or <i>EP3037</i> (lncRNA <i>hsrω</i> gene's GAL4-driven over-expressing allele) with <i>sev-GAL4&gt;UAS-Ras1</i><sup><i>V12</i></sup> advanced death to 23-25 Hr after pupation. We show that the normal ecdysone surge was absent in 23 Hr old <i>GMR-GAL4&gt;UAS-Ras1</i><sup><i>V12</i></sup> pupae or those co-expressing <i>sev-GAL4&gt;UAS-Ras1</i><sup><i>V12</i></sup> with <i>hsrω-RNAi</i> or <i>EP3037</i>. Microarray and immunostaining data revealed Dilp8 and several members of JNK pathway to be elevated in &gt;16 Hr old <i>GMR-GAL4&gt;UAS-Ras1</i><sup><i>V12</i></sup>, <i>sev-GAL4&gt;UAS-Ras1</i><sup><i>V12</i></sup><i>hsrω-RNAi</i> and <i>sev-GAL4&gt;UAS-Ras1</i><sup><i>V12</i></sup><i>EP3037</i> pupae. Down-or up-regulation of hsrω transcripts exaggerates Ras signalling resulting in elevated JNK signalling and consequent more Dilp8 secretion by the affected eye discs. We show for the first time that the intriguing early pupal death following expression of certain transgenes by the predominantly eye-specific <i>GMR-GAL4</i> or <i>sev-GAL4</i> drivers activates JNK-mediated Dilp8 secretion which reduces post-pupal ecdysone and thus leads to pupal death. <h3>Summary Statement</h3> <i>GMR-GAL4</i> or <i>sev-GAL4</i> driven expression of activated Ras in <i>Drosophila</i> eye discs triggers enhanced JNK-Dilp8 activity, resulting in reduced post-pupation ecdysone and pupal death.
Small Bowel Metastasis From Lung Cancer Detected on FDG PET/CT
Authors: Mark Tulchinsky, Stephanie Coquia, Henry Wagner
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

Lung cancer rarely metastasizes to the small bowel, but it can cause severe complications when it does. These include incapacitating abdominal pain, intestinal obstruction, bleeding, and bowel rupture. This case illustrates how a small bowel metastasis can be identified by F-18 fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography. The key to the diagnosis is in precise fusion of abnormal activity on F-18 fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography with bowel wall thickening on the corresponding computed tomography. Differential diagnoses include inflammatory lesions (such as diverticulitis), a second primary, and prominent physiological uptake.
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonist Candesartan as an Angiogenic Inhibitor in a Xenograft Model of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Michio Kosugi, Akira Miyajima, Eiji Kikuchi, Yutaka Horiguchi, Masaru Murai
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Purpose: There have been several studies on the antitumor activity of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonists. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of the AT1R antagonist candesartan in bladder cancer. Experimental Design: For the study in vitro, human bladder cancer cells (KU-19-19) were cultured with or without angiotensin II and candesartan. Various cytokines and cell viability were analyzed. For the study in vivo, a tumor xenograft model was prepared in nude mice using KU-19-19 cells. Mice were given candesartan daily by oral gavage. Microvessel density, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and apoptosis were assessed. Results: Candesartan did not induce direct toxicity in KU-19-19 cells, but VEGF and interleukin-8 were significantly lower in candesartan-treated cells (2.55 ± 0.25 and 6.58 ± 0.48 pg/103 cells) than in the angiotensin II–treated control cells (3.16 ± 0.42 and 7.91 ± 0.69 pg/103 cells). In mice, candesartan both at doses of 2 and 10 mg/kg/d significantly suppressed tumor growth in mice (35.4% and 33.5% reduction in tumor volume). Microvessel density was significantly decreased by candesartan (9.8 ± 2.8 per field) compared with the control group (17.6 ± 6.0 per field), and VEGF expression was significantly suppressed by this AT1R antagonist. However, candesartan did not induce apoptosis of cancer cells in the tumor. Conclusions: Specific blockade of AT1R prevented bladder tumor growth by inhibiting angiogenesis. However, its antitumor effect was not due to direct toxicity. Because AT1R antagonists are widely used to treat hypertension, and a 2 mg/kg/d dose level of candesartan is clinically achievable, this AT1R antagonist could also be used to treat bladder cancer.
Wider Access Provided to AIDS Drugs With Actions Against HIV, CMV Infections
Authors: Paul Cotton
Journal: JAMA (1990)

PHYSICIANS NOW HAVE broader access to two more treatments for patients who have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).  Dideoxycytidine (ddC, Hoffmann-LaRoche, Nutley, NJ) is being offered to patients who cannot take zidovudine (AZT, Burroughs Wellcome, Research Triangle Park, NC), the only approved drug that fights the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) linked to AIDS.  Foscarnet (trisodium phosphonoformate, Astra Pharmaceuticals, Westborough, Mass) is available for patients who cannot take ganciclovir (Cytovene, Syntex, Humacao, PR) the sole treatment for cytomegalovirus. Foscarnet is also being offered to patients who have acyclovir-resistent herpes. Its main side effect is renal toxicity.  Ganciclovir can induce neutropenia, and both zidovudine and ganciclovir suppress bone marrow, to the extent that one is a contraindication for the other in patients who have anemia. Both agents also tend to become ineffective after prolonged use.  The drug ddC has been available to patients who cannot take zidovudine or dideoxyinosine (ddI, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New
Mental Disorders
Authors: Leo E. Hollister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

THE introduction of chlorpromazine and reserpine for treating schizophrenias in 1954 initiated the modern era of psychopharmacology. Not only were these pioneer drugs followed by many others for treating schizophrenic patients, but new types of drugs were soon available for other types of emotional disorders. By 1957, both iproniazid and imipramine had been proposed as treatments for patients with depression. By the mid-1960's, lithium carbonate had finally won acceptance as a treatment for mania. During this entire period, new sedative drugs were developed for treating patients with anxiety. Now we have an abundance of psychotherapeutic drugs, contributing more to the . . .
Psychiatric Residents: A Survey of Training Needs, Satisfactions, and Social Attitudes
Authors: FREDERICK E. FRIED, EDMUND G. DOHERTY, LOLAFAYE COYNE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1973)

An intensive survey of the residents at one psychiatric training center revealed their views on a variety of personal and professional issues not previously studied in the literature. The authors investigated the residents' achievement levels, training needs, satisfaction with training, difficulty in formulating professional goals, attitudes toward their house staff organization (HSO), and opinions on various social issues. These data were correlated with their level of participation in the program's HSO, year of residency, and whether they were graduates of an American or a foreign medical school. The results of the study are reviewed in the context of the crises of role transition and the residents' professional development.
Radioimmunoassay of growth hormone-dependent insulinlike growth factor binding protein in human plasma.
Authors: R C Baxter, J L Martin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

A specific radioimmunoassay has been established for a growth hormone-dependent insulinlike growth factor (IGF) binding protein (BP) from human plasma. Although the assay was directed against a 53-kD, acid-stable BP subunit, the main immunoreactive BP in the circulation had an apparent molecular mass of approximately 125 kD. Only higher primate species showed cross-reactivity, and IGF-I, IGF-II, and other peptides were without effect. Circulating BP levels in healthy subjects rose threefold from early childhood to puberty. In 65 adults aged 18 to 65, the mean level (+/- SD) was 6.12 +/- 1.43 micrograms/ml, and declined with age. Strong growth hormone-dependence of BP was also seen; there was a 2.2-fold increase in active acromegaly and a 50-80% reduction in growth hormone deficiency. Poorly controlled diabetic subjects had BP levels 40% below normal, whereas in renal failure and third-term pregnancy a mild elevation was seen. Measurement of BP may provide a useful adjunct to IGF assays in growth disorders.
Reducing Mitochondrial ROS Improves Disease-related Pathology in a Mouse Model of Ataxia-telangiectasia
Authors: Anthony D D'Souza, Ian A Parish, Diane S Krause, Susan M Kaech, Gerald S Shadel
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2012)

The disease ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) has no cure and few treatment options. It is caused by mutations in the ATM kinase, which functions in the DNA-damage response and redox sensing. In addition to severe cerebellar degeneration, A-T pathology includes cancer predisposition, sterility, immune system dysfunction, and bone marrow abnormalities. These latter phenotypes are recapitulated in the ATM null (ATM−/−) mouse model of the disease. Since oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are implicated in A-T, we determined whether reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) via overexpression of catalase targeted to mitochondria (mCAT) alleviates A-T–related pathology in ATM−/− mice. We found that mCAT has many beneficial effects in this context, including reduced propensity to develop thymic lymphoma, improved bone marrow hematopoiesis and macrophage differentiation in vitro, and partial rescue of memory T-cell developmental defects. Our results suggest that positive effects observed on cancer development may be linked to mCAT reducing mitochondrial ROS, lactate production, and TORC1 signaling in transforming double-positive cells, whereas beneficial effects in memory T cells appear to be TORC1-independent. Altogether, this study provides proof-of-principle that reducing mitochondrial ROS production per se may be therapeutic for the disease, which may have advantages compared with more general antioxidant strategies. The disease ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) has no cure and few treatment options. It is caused by mutations in the ATM kinase, which functions in the DNA-damage response and redox sensing. In addition to severe cerebellar degeneration, A-T pathology includes cancer predisposition, sterility, immune system dysfunction, and bone marrow abnormalities. These latter phenotypes are recapitulated in the ATM null (ATM−/−) mouse model of the disease. Since oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are implicated in A-T, we determined whether reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) via overexpression of catalase targeted to mitochondria (mCAT) alleviates A-T–related pathology in ATM−/− mice. We found that mCAT has many beneficial effects in this context, including reduced propensity to develop thymic lymphoma, improved bone marrow hematopoiesis and macrophage differentiation in vitro, and partial rescue of memory T-cell developmental defects. Our results suggest that positive effects observed on cancer development may be linked to mCAT reducing mitochondrial ROS, lactate production, and TORC1 signaling in transforming double-positive cells, whereas beneficial effects in memory T cells appear to be TORC1-independent. Altogether, this study provides proof-of-principle that reducing mitochondrial ROS production per se may be therapeutic for the disease, which may have advantages compared with more general antioxidant strategies.
WHO takes up issue of child abuse
Authors: Sophie Arie
Journal: BMJ (2005)

In efforts to stop violence against children, the World Health Organization is launching a campaign in which the health sector around the world will play a role. According to WHO, every year across Europe and Central Asia, at least 1300 children die after being beaten or otherwise mistreated by their parents, teachers, or carers. Other deaths are misreported as suicides or accidents, meaning the true figure could be much higher.

For each death, there are also many babies and children in daily misery at the hands of their parents, teachers, or carers. And yet, for now, the problem is little known or understood in many countries across Europe because of social acceptance, taboos, and children's fear of coming forward, which leads to a lack of evidence.

Since 2002, WHO has been arguing that violence is a predictable and preventable health problem. But the overwhelming majority of health centres and many family doctors still see child abuse as mainly the concern of the police and social services.

“What we need is a change of mindset,” said Roberto Bertollini, chief of WHO's environment and health programme for Europe. “The public health approach is a new way of looking at this problem. Evidence is crucial if you want to know what is below the tip of the iceberg—even in well off societies. Public health services are the ones who can gather that evidence.”

Although police …