tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Eugenics and human rights
Authors: D J Kevles
Journal: BMJ (1999)

During the Nazi era in Germany, eugenics prompted the sterilisation of several hundred thousand people then helped lead to antisemitic programmes of euthanasia and ultimately, of course, to the death camps. The association of eugenics with the Nazis is so strong that many people were surprised at the news several years ago that Sweden had sterilised around 60 000 people (mostly women) between the 1930s and 1970s. The intention was to reduce the number of children born with genetic diseases and disorders. After the turn of the century, eugenics movements—including demands for sterilisation of people considered unfit—had, in fact, blossomed in the United States, Canada, Britain, and Scandinavia, not to mention elsewhere in Europe and in parts of Latin America and Asia. Eugenics was not therefore unique to the Nazis. It could, and did, happen everywhere.

#### Summary points

Although eugenics programmes are usually associated with Nazi Germany, they could, and did, happen everywhere

They focused on manipulating heredity or breeding to produce better people and on eliminating those considered biologically inferior

In the 1920s and 1930s eugenic sterilisation laws were passed in 24 of the American states, in Canada, and in Sweden

Eugenics was criticised increasingly between the wars and was attacked widely when its role in the holocaust was revealed

Many people believed that individual human rights mattered far more than those sanctioned by science, law, and social needs

Modern eugenics was rooted in the social darwinism of the late 19th century, with all its metaphors of fitness, competition, and rationalisations of inequality. Indeed, Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin and an accomplished scientist in his own right, coined the word eugenics Galton promoted the ideal of improving the human race by getting rid of the “undesirables” and multiplying the “desirables.” Eugenics began to flourish after the rediscovery, in 1900, …
Management of diabetes at high altitude
Authors: J Admetlla, C Leal, A Ricart
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2001)

The football club doctor system EDITOR,-I read with interest the paper by Waddington et al 1 highlighting the inadequacies of the football club doctor system in Britain.This paper confirms the situation that many people already knew to exist.Advertisements for club doctors are rarely published in medical journals, doctors normally being appointed on a "who you know" basis.It is also particularly disappointing that, at a time when the specialty of sports and exercise medicine is being established in this country, the majority of doctors working with professional footballers have no qualifications or little experience in the specialty.However, this is not confined to football clubs and probably also applies to rugby clubs and many other sporting associations.One aspect not mentioned in the paper is medical litigation.It is to be hoped that doctors involved with football clubs have arranged medical defence cover, because, if a situation arises in which a player's sporting career is threatened by medical mismanagement and the doctor involved has no professionally recognised sports medicine qualification, he or she could be found guilty of medical negligence.With the amount of money involved in professional football, this could lead to dire consequences for the medical career of the practitioner involved.From a report commissioned by the Football League on the Hillsborough tragedy, the concept of the "crowd doctor" was introduced, meaning that any doctor involved in the medical care of the crowd at a football stadium would be required to possess at least the Diploma in Immediate Medical Care. 2 Before that, the situation was similar to that of the present club doctor system, and few doctors held any recognisable qualifications or training in medical emergencies and resuscitation.A similar recommendation by sports medicine authorities is required to enhance the quality of service provided to football clubs and increase the stature of the specialty.However, it is not a one sided situation.Football clubs must realise the importance of a medical team in looking after their prime assets, the players.Advertising of jobs in medical journals, insisting on experience and qualifications, adequate remuneration, and the provision of job descriptions and contracts should all be implemented.By working together to improve the current situation, a service can be provided in which both professional football players and the medical profession can have confidence.
Endothelial NF- B: the remote controller of the backyard fire in the vascular wall?
Authors: Z. Yang
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2012)

This editorial refers to ‘Importance of endothelial NF-κB signaling in vascular remodelling and aortic aneurysm formation’ by T. Saito et al ., pp. 106–114, this issue. 

It has been established in the past few decades that the vascular endothelium, the monolayer of cells covering the inner surface of the vessel wall, functions as a master regulator to maintain the physiological integrity of vascular function and structure by actively releasing numerous vasoactive hormones that control smooth muscle cell contraction and proliferation and inflammatory cell adhesion and infiltration into the vascular wall.1 Endothelial dysfunction, which usually refers to a decrease in bioavailability of the vasoprotective nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, hyperglycaemia, and ageing, includes also other functional alterations due to pro-inflammatory, pro-coagulant, and pro-thrombotic properties and plays an important role in promoting atherosclerotic vascular disease.1 This endothelium-centric ‘inside-out’ injury paradigm of pathogenesis of vascular disease was initially proposed by Ross and Glomset in 1970s2 and has led to the important concept that modification to preserve the luminal endothelial function would protect blood …
Impact of HIV infection on mortality in young men in a London health authority.
Authors: J. Aldous, M. Hickman, A. Ellam, B. Gazzard, S. Hargreaves
Journal: BMJ (1992)

To determine the number of deaths attributable to HIV infection among men aged 15-64 in a geographically defined population in the United Kingdom.Retrospective review of death certificates and linkage with local and national HIV and AIDS surveillance data.Riverside District Health Authority, London.Numbers of deaths attributed to HIV infection in male residents of Riverside aged 15-64 and 15-44 over a six month period. Proportion of attributed deaths were (i) identified from death certificates by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys as being due to HIV infection and (ii) reported as cases of AIDS or HIV related deaths to the Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre.34 of 213 (16%) deaths in men aged 15-64 and 27 of 69 (39%) deaths in men aged 15-44 were attributed to HIV infection. Six of 33 (18%) attributed deaths were identified by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys and 32/34 (94%) were reported to the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre.HIV infection was the leading cause of death in male residents of Riverside aged 15-44 and the third commonest cause of death in those aged 15-64. Most individuals dying of known HIV infection were reported to the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre but identification of the true cause of death from the process of death certification was poor. Measures to improve the certification of HIV and AIDS or the use of AIDS surveillance information correctly to code the cause of death needs to be considered to ensure that the true impact of HIV infection is reflected in routine mortality statistics.
A STUDY OF A FETAL STOMACH, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ORIGIN OF ACID SECRETING CELLS.
Authors: W. A. EVANS
Journal: JAMA (1901)

This specimen was examined with a view to determining the origin of the acid cells. It is proper to begin by considering the origin of the hydrochloric acid. We assume that the works of Wesener and others have demonstrated that the acid is derived not from the food, but from the cells of the stomach wall. Assuming then that it is proven that the acid is secreted, we pass to the question as to whether the acid is in combination with the ferment. A review of the literature convinces us that there is a loose chemical combination between them. Where is this combination effected? Is it in the same cell, or are there different sets of cells—one secreting ferments, another acid. Again, we conclude that there are different cells. If there is a division of function, which cells are secreting acid, and, as a subsidiary proposition, whence are these cells
Duration of the Phases of Left Ventricular Systole
Authors: ANDREW G. WALLACE, JERE H. MITCHELL, N. SHELDON SKINNER, STANLEY J. SARNOFF
Journal: Circulation Research (1963)

The effects of altering stroke volume, aortic pressure and heart rate on the duration of each phase of left ventricular systole were investigated in a denervated dog heart. Augmenting stroke volume was found to prolong ejection, shorten the isovolumic period and had little or no effect on the duration of total systole. Elevating mean aortic blood pressure shortened ejection time, prolonged the isovolumic phase and either had no effect or decreased slightly the duration of total systole. Increasing heart rate at constant aortic pressure and stroke volume reduced the duration of all phases of systole. Digitalis and norepinephrine shortened all phases of systole. These findings demonstrate that the duration of each phase of left ventricular systole is dependent upon existing hemodynamic conditions as well as on the contractile state of the myocardium. By means of intrinsic mechanisms the ventricle exhibits the remarkable capability of being able to adjust the duration of each phase of systole in a manner appropriate to changing hemodynamic conditions.
BMA annual representative meeting: Aborted babies born alive should receive full care
Authors: Linda Beecham
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The BMA has called for the NHS, the appropriate royal colleges, and the General Medical Council to work together to ensure that babies born alive as a result of a termination receive the same full neonatal care as that available to other babies.

Ms Ib Adedugbe, a medical student, said that the motion was not about the rights and wrongs of abortion, but about the 1% of abortions in the United Kingdom …
Theoretical Principles of Psychosomatic Medicine
Authors: M. Gelder
Journal: BMJ (1976)

This fairly advanced colour atlas of histology continues the tradition of the once famous Atlas and Textbook of Histology and Microscopic Anatomy by Sobotta, and it contains a series of colour-drawings from that work.It comprises 420 illustrations of all the tissues of the body.Most are in colour, the great majority being stained either with haema- toxylin and eosin or with Mallory-azan.
Including the Poor: The Fiscal Impacts of Medicaid Expansion
Authors: Kenneth E. Thorpe
Journal: JAMA (1989)

This article presents the fiscal impacts of the comprehensive reform of the Medicaid program put forth by the Health Policy Agenda for the American People. Proposed reforms include establishment of improved uniform eligibility standards, improvement in the scope and depth of coverage in state Medicaid programs, and increased provider payment rates. We estimate that expanding Medicaid coverage to all currently uninsured nonelderly persons below the federal poverty line would cost approximately $9 billion. A substantial portion of these costs would offset current spending elsewhere in the health care system. Improvement of state packages and increased provider payment could result in sharp increases in costs. We provide a range of estimates considering both the set of benefits provided and the behavior of the private insurance market. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1989;261:1003-1007)
Commercial transplantation in Pakistan and its effects on Western countries
Authors: M A Noorani
Journal: BMJ (2008)

In contrast to developed countries, where cadaveric donation is the main source of transplants, most of the world’s poor countries, including Pakistan, rely mainly on donations from unrelated live donors. It is claimed that these donations are voluntary, but in reality kidneys are often bought from poor people to be transplanted into affluent recipients. And where the donor is actually a relative, although on paper the donation may seem to be motivated by altruism, in a male dominated society such as Pakistan this is often not the case. Sadly the donors, almost all of whom are female, typically have no say in any affair connected to their lives. In my experience of surgery in Pakistan, 95% of donations from live relatives were from sisters, daughters, mothers, female cousins, or from one of several wives.

In the past few years “transplant tourism” has become a lucrative business in Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad. Private hospitals shamelessly advertise their services in newspapers and on the internet. Taxi drivers and touts …
HIV incidence among injecting drug users in New York City syringe-exchange programmes
Authors: Don C Des Jarlais, Michael Marmor, Denise Paone, Stephen Titus, Qiuhu Shi, Theresa Perlis, Benny Jose, Samuel R Friedman
Journal: The Lancet (1996)

BackgroundThere have been no studies showing that participation in programmes which provide legal access to drug-injection equipment leads to individual-level protection against incident HIV infection. We have compared HIV incidence among injecting drug users participating in syringe-exchange programmes in New York City with that among non-participants.MethodsWe used meta-analytic techniques to combine HIV incidence data from injecting drug users in three studies: the Syringe Exchange Evaluation (n=280), in which multiple interviews and saliva samples were collected from participants at exchange sites; the Vaccine Preparedness Initiative cohort (n=133 continuing exchangers and 188 non-exchangers, in which participants were interviewed and tested for HIV every 3 months; and very-high-seroprevalence cities in the National AIDS Demonstration Research (NADR) programme (n=1029), in which street-recruited individuals were interviewed and tested for HIV every 6 months. In practice, participants in the NADR study had not used syringe exchanges.FindingsHIV incidence among continuing exchange-users in the Syringe Exchange Evaluation was 1·58 per 100 person-years at risk (95% CI 0·54, 4·65) and among continuing exchange-users in the Vaccine Preparedness Initiative it was 1·38 per 100 person-years at risk (0·23, 4·57). Incidence among non-users of the exchange in the Vaccine Preparedness Initiative was 5 26 per 100 person-years at risk (2·41, 11·49), and in the NADR cities, 6·23 per 100 person-years at risk (4·4, 8·6). In a pooled-data, multivariate proportional-hazards analysis, not using the exchanges was associated with a hazard ratio of 3 35 (95% CI 1·29, 8·65) for incident HIV infection compared with using the exchanges.InterpretationWe observed an individual-level protective effect against HIV infection associated with participation in a syringe-exchange programme. Sterile injection equipment should be legally provided to reduce the risk of HIV infection in persons who inject illicit drugs.
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Production by Breast Cancers, Improved Survival, and Reduced Bone Metastases
Authors: M. A. Henderson, J. A. Danks, J. M. Moseley, J. L. Slavin, T. L. Harris, M. R. McKinlay, J. L. Hopper, T. J. Martin
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2001)

The currentstudy investigated the relationshipamong detection of PTHrP in primarybreast cancers, development of skeletalcomplications, and overall survival.From December 1, 1989, through De-cember 31, 1994, a total of 402 consec-utively accrued women with operable(stages 1–3) invasive primary breastcancer were followed prospectively fora median period of 67 months (range,3–120 months). Impalpable tumors de-tected by screening mammography ac-counted for 5% of the cancers. Patientswith previous malignancy or preopera-tive therapy before open biopsy wereexcluded (35 patients). The timing andsite of metastases and overall survivalwere recorded, as were routine prognos-tic factors. Patients were examined atleast twice a year for 3 years and thenannually. The study was approved bythe Human Research Ethics Committeeof St. Vincent’s Hospital (Fitzroy, Aus-tralia), and patients provided informedconsent according to institutional guide-lines.There were 367 eligible patients, andthe median age at diagnosis was 60years (range, 27–92 years). The majorityof these patients were postmenopausal(70%), the median tumor size was 26mm (range, 4–180 mm), and most pa-tients were axillary lymph node negative(60%) (Table 1). PTHrP was detected byimmunohistochemistry in 265 (72%) ofthe primary breast tumors and was asso-ciated with estrogen receptor (ER) status(odds ratio [OR] 2.4; 95% confidenceinterval [CI] 1.4 to 4.0;
Growth in renal failure
Authors: P R Betts, G. Magrath, R H R White
Journal: BMJ (1977)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Bacterial shape is physically determined by the peptidoglycan cell wall. The cell-wall-synthesis machinery responsible for rod shape in <i>Escherichia coli</i> is the processive ‘Rod complex’. Previously, cytoplasmic MreB filaments were thought to govern formation and localization of Rod complexes based on local cell-envelope curvature. However, using single-particle tracking of the transpeptidase PBP2, we found strong evidence that PBP2 initiates new Rod complexes by binding to a substrate different from MreB or any known Rod-complex component. This substrate is likely the cell wall. Consistently, we found only weak correlations between MreB and envelope curvature in the cylindrical part of cells. Residual correlations do not require any curvature-based Rod-complex initiation but can be attributed to persistent rotational motion. Therefore, local cell-wall architecture likely provides the cue for PBP2 binding and subsequent Rod-complex initiation. We also found that PBP2 has a limiting role for Rod-complex activity, thus supporting its central role.
Natural History of Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion in the Progression From Normal Glucose Tolerance to Impaired Fasting Glycemia and Impaired Glucose Tolerance: The Inter99 Study
Authors: Kristine Færch, Allan Vaag, Jens J. Holst, Torben Hansen, Torben Jørgensen, Knut Borch-Johnsen
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

The aim of this study was to describe the natural history of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in the development of isolated impaired fasting glycemia (i-IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (i-IGT), and combined IFG/IGT.Baseline and 5-year follow-up data from the Inter99 study were used. Individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) at baseline and i-IFG, i-IGT, combined IFG/IGT, or NGT at the 5-year follow-up were examined with an oral glucose tolerance test (n = 3,145). Insulin sensitivity index (ISI), homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS), early-phase insulin release (EPIR), and insulin secretion relative to insulin action (disposition index) were estimated.Five years before the pre-diabetes diagnoses (i-IFG, i-IGT, and IFG/IGT), ISI, HOMA-IS, EPIR, and disposition index were lower than in individuals who maintained NGT. During the 5-year follow-up, individuals developing i-IFG experienced a significant decline only in HOMA-IS, whereas individuals developing i-IGT experienced significant declines in ISI, EPIR, and disposition index. Individuals with IFG/IGT exhibited pronounced declines in ISI, HOMA-IS, EPIR, and disposition index during the 5-year follow-up.A stationary reduced insulin secretion followed by a decline in primarily hepatic insulin sensitivity characterizes the transition from NGT to i-IFG. In contrast, low whole-body insulin sensitivity with a secondary lack of beta-cell compensation is associated with the development of i-IGT. Thereby, i-IFG and i-IGT appear to result from different underlying mechanisms, which may have implications for the prevention and treatment of the diabetes that succeeds them.
Lessons from Living with Cancer
Authors: Robert M. Mack
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

IN March 1979, I was a successful 50-year-old surgeon, hard-driving and competitive, and subject to all the stressful pressures inherent in a busy surgical practice. In addition, during the previous 18 months I had experienced a barrage of major disruptions in my life, including the breakup of my marriage, the loss of my father through death, the "loss" of one child to college and another through separation when her mother and I parted, a serious ankle injury in another child, unexpected major surgery involving two close family members, a move from my home to an apartment, and of course numerous . . .
Review: Influenza vaccination reduces cardiovascular events in adults
Authors: Bruno Granwehr
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

ACP Journal Club18 February 2014Review: Influenza vaccination reduces cardiovascular events in adultsBruno Granwehr, MDBruno Granwehr, MDUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (B.G.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-160-4-201402180-02002 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationUdell JA, Zawi R, Bhatt DL, et al. Association between influenza vaccination and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk patients: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013;310:1711-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24150467Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Cardiology: References1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices–United States, 2013-2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62:1-43. [PMID: 24048214]. Google Scholar2 Hung IF, Leung AY, Chu DW, et al. Prevention of acute myocardial infarction and stroke among elderly persons by dual pneumococcal and influenza vaccination: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:1007-16. [PMID: 20887208] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (B.G.)This article was published at Annals.org on 4 February 2014. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byAberrant coagulation causes a hyper-inflammatory response in severe influenza pneumonia 18 February 2014Volume 160, Issue 4Page: JC2KeywordsCoronary revascularizationMyocardial infarctionStable coronary artery diseaseStrokeSystematic reviewsUnstable anginaVaccines ePublished: 18 February 2014 Issue Published: 18 February 2014 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2014 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Contempo '81. Editing
Authors: W. R. Barclay
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Medical editing is one subspecialty of medicine that few physicians are able to practice. Moreover, there is little formal training offered for those who would like to engage in editing, and most people in the field have entered it with little or no previous preparation. Most medical editors serve on a part-time basis, receive relatively little financial compensation for their efforts, and hold their appointments for less than ten years. There are fewer than a dozen full-time medical editors in the United States, and almost half of these are employed by the American Medical Association. Although this select specialty is not highly remunerative, it is one of the most intellectually satisfying and enjoyable fields of medicine. <h3>An Editor's Perspective</h3> We are living in a unique period of explosive growth in information and knowledge. The number of scientific articles published each year is increasing exponentially, and there are additional vast numbers