tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Magnesium Sulfate and Risk of Cerebral Palsy in Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Authors: Karin B. Nelson
Journal: JAMA (1996)

Very low-birth-weight infants, those born weighing less than 1500 g, are at high risk for neurologic disability: 1 in 20 survivors has disabling cerebral palsy,<sup>1</sup>and many have other neurologic or sensory difficulties. Mortality among these tiny infants, almost all of whom are very premature, has decreased strikingly, but the rate of births in that weight group has not lessened. The increasing contribution of this group to the burden of disability is a source of concern.<sup>2</sup>A measure that might reduce neurologic morbidity among surviving very low-birth-weight infants would be desirable indeed. See also p 1805. Recent studies<sup>3,4</sup>have found that prenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate in very low-birth-weight infants was associated with reduction in cerebral palsy. Dr Schendel and colleagues<sup>5</sup>have now confirmed and extended these findings. The contribution of their work is 3-fold: First, they provide evidence that the inverse association of magnesium sulfate
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF VOLUNTARY ACTION, MEMORY, EMOTION AND THOUGHT.An address delivered before the Anthropological Society of Yonkers, N. Y.. March 4, 1892.
Authors: EDWARD C. MANN
Journal: JAMA (1892)

<i>Mr. President, and Ladies and Gentlemen:</i>I will ask your attention to a few introductory remarks on the psychical life of man before proceeding to discuss my main topic, which is the physical basis of voluntary action, memory, emotion and thought. PART 1. A psychological investigation of man is necessary for the reason that though anatomy and physiology furnish us with stronger grounds in favor of the unity of mankind as a species, than the arguments advanced for the opposite theory they cannot alone be considered as decisive, and even if they were conclusive they would lose their validity if it could be proved there existed permanent psychical differences, presenting impassible barriers to the development of individual races. If it is somewhat difficult to arrive at a just estimation of the mental capacity of individuals, it is still more difficult to estimate the psychological capacity of whole nations and races.
Forest William Fyfe
Authors: H. Dickson
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Lecturer in anatomy Aberdeen University 1939-55 and professor of anatomy Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, 1956-78 (b Aberdeen 1913; q Aberdeen 1937), died from congestive heart failure on 13 April 2001.






Always one who delighted in the use of words, Forest took great pride in representing Canada on the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. A skilled sketch artist, sculptor, photographer, and user of his collection of fine tools, Forest made many props and models for his anatomy lectures, including a 20 times full size human larynx, sculpted from wood and complete with rubber tissues and muscles. He co-authored Anatomy of the Human Body, which has been printed in four languages. The text is heavily illustrated, and Forest took part in preparing the many dissections and in assisting with the artwork. He leaves four children and a small attic full of medical photographic prints, slides, film loops, and electron and x ray microscope pictures.
INHIBITION OF SYNTHESIS OF SULFATED MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES BY ESTRADIOL
Authors: Robert E. Priest, R. Marlene Koplitz
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1962)

The influence of estradiol upon incorporation of isotopes into the sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides of connective tissues of the rat has been studied. Administration of the hormone for 3 weeks significantly reduces the in vitro incorporation of S(35)-sulfate into cartilage and thoracic aorta without significantly altering the amount of hydrolyzable sulfate in these tissues. The reduction of sulfate incorporation into these tissues by estradiol represents reduced synthesis since the hormone reduces incorporation of sulfate into the acid mucopolysaccharides of the tissue to the same extent and since reduction in incorporation of C(14)-glucose also parallels S(35)-sulfate incorporation into acid mucopolysaccharides. The rate of synthesis of sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides is greater in thoracic aorta than abdominal aorta or cartilage. Since the amount of hydrolyzable sulfate is the same in these two portions of aorta, the turnover is also more rapid in the thoracic aorta.
The Last Resort — The Use of Physical Restraints in Medical Emergencies
Authors: G J Annas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

Public awareness of the use of restraints in medicine has been greatly heightened by a five-part investigative series on physical restraints in psychiatric hospitals by the Hartford Courant and reaction to it by Connecticut's U.S. senators, Joseph Lieberman and Christopher Dodd.1 In October 1998 the Courant 's 50-state survey identified 142 patients who had died while in restraints or seclusion in the past decade, and the total number is probably much higher.2 The newspaper advocated the need for national standards for the use of restraints, impartial oversight, and accountability “for behavior that is cruel and even criminal.”1 The use of . . .
An Empirical Assessment of Exposure Measurement Error and Effect Attenuation in Bipollutant Epidemiologic Models
Authors: Kathie L. Dionisio, Lisa K. Baxter, Howard H. Chang
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2014)

Using multipollutant models to understand combined health effects of exposure to multiple pollutants is becoming more common. However, complex relationships between pollutants and differing degrees of exposure error across pollutants can make health effect estimates from multipollutant models difficult to interpret.We aimed to quantify relationships between multiple pollutants and their associated exposure errors across metrics of exposure and to use empirical values to evaluate potential attenuation of coefficients in epidemiologic models.We used three daily exposure metrics (central-site measurements, air quality model estimates, and population exposure model estimates) for 193 ZIP codes in the Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan area from 1999 through 2002 for PM2.5 and its components (EC and SO4), as well as O3, CO, and NOx, to construct three types of exposure error: δspatial (comparing air quality model estimates to central-site measurements), δpopulation (comparing population exposure model estimates to air quality model estimates), and δtotal (comparing population exposure model estimates to central-site measurements). We compared exposure metrics and exposure errors within and across pollutants and derived attenuation factors (ratio of observed to true coefficient for pollutant of interest) for single- and bipollutant model coefficients.Pollutant concentrations and their exposure errors were moderately to highly correlated (typically, > 0.5), especially for CO, NOx, and EC (i.e., "local" pollutants); correlations differed across exposure metrics and types of exposure error. Spatial variability was evident, with variance of exposure error for local pollutants ranging from 0.25 to 0.83 for δspatial and δtotal. The attenuation of model coefficients in single- and bipollutant epidemiologic models relative to the true value differed across types of exposure error, pollutants, and space.Under a classical exposure-error framework, attenuation may be substantial for local pollutants as a result of δspatial and δtotal with true coefficients reduced by a factor typically < 0.6 (results varied for δpopulation and regional pollutants).
Lymphokine-activated killer cells in rats. III. A simple method for the purification of large granular lymphocytes and their rapid expansion and conversion into lymphokine-activated killer cells.
Authors: N L Vujanovic, R B Herberman, A A Maghazachi, J C Hiserodt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

A simple method for the purification and rapid expansion of large granular lymphocytes into cells with efficient broad antitumor cytotoxicity after stimulation by human rIL-2 is described. Nylon-wool nonadherent splenic mononuclear leukocytes from Fischer 344 rats were cultured in medium containing 1,000 U/ml rIL-2. The initial response of a small subpopulation of cells (less than 2%) to rIL-2 was their adherence to the plastic surface. This response was noted as soon as 2 h after addition of rIL-2. 2-h rIL-2-activated plastic adherent lymphocytes were 90-98% LGL, expressed surface markers characteristic of rat NK cells (OX8 [CD8]+, asialo GM1, laminin+, OX19 [CD5]-, R1-3B3 [CD5]-, W3/25 [CD4]-, OX39 [CD25]-, Ia-, and Ig-), and expressed very high levels of cytotoxicity against YAC-1 target cells. In addition to the above markers, plastic-adherent LGLs obtained at 24, 48, or 72 h progressively expressed Ia surface antigens, but were not phagocytic and contained less than 1% monocytes/macrophages by morphology. When 24- or 48-h plastic-adherent LGL/NK cells were cultured over 3-4 d in rIL-2, the cells expanded between 30- and 100-fold, reaching densities between 2-3 X 10(6) cells/ml. These rapidly expanding LGL/NK cells also generated very high levels of LAK activity (including lysis of fresh NK-resistant solid tumor cells), expressed a phenotype characteristic of activated rat NK/LAK cells, and incorporated [3H]TdR into DNA. This technique not only provides a novel method for the purification of LGL/NK cells for in vitro studies but also provides a means for the rapid expansion of highly purified cells with high levels of broad antitumor (LAK) cytotoxicity.
Effect of Helicobacter pylori status on intragastric pH during treatment with omeprazole.
Authors: E F Verdu, D Armstrong, R Fraser, F Viani, J P Idstrom, C Cederberg, A L Blum
Journal: Gut (1995)

To test the hypothesis that Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with a decreased intragastric acidity during omeprazole therapy, ambulatory 24 hour dual point gastric pH recordings were performed in 18 H pylori positive and 14 H pylori negative subjects. There was a four to six week washout period between the two pH recordings made in each subject after one week courses of placebo or omeprazole, 20 mg daily. During placebo, median 24 hour pH values were not different in the corpus (H pylori positive = 1.5, negative = 1.4; p = 0.9) or antrum (H pylori positive = 1.3, negative = 1.2; p = 0.1). However, during omeprazole treatment, median 24 hour pH values were higher in H pylori positive subjects, both in the corpus (H pylori positive = 5.5, negative = 4.0; p = 0.001) and antrum (H pylori positive = 5.5, negative = 3.5; p = 0.0004). During placebo treatment, the only difference between the two groups was a higher later nocturnal pH in the antrum in the H pylori positive group. During omeprazole treatment, gastric pH was higher both in the corpus and in the antrum in the H pylori positive group for all periods, except for mealtime in the corpus. These data indicate that omeprazole produces a greater decrease in gastric acidity in subjects with H pylori infection than in those who are H pylori negative. It is not, however, known whether there is a causal relationship between H pylori infection and increased omeprazole efficacy.
Endoscopic ultrasound in hepatobiliary hydatid disease
Authors: M. Sharma, A. Somasundaram, A. Pathak, E. Simon, M. Cloa
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

Rupture into the biliary tract is an unusual complication of hepatic hydatidosis seen in 1 – 25 % of cases [1]. We present a case of hepatic hydatidosis with biliary rupture identified by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS).
DRESSING FOR BURNS
Authors: Harry S. Fist
Journal: JAMA (1927)

In the treatment of burns, paraffin-impregnated gauze is the dressing most in vogue. A dressing, to be suitable, should be sterile, nonirritating and nonadherent, should facilitate drainage, and should promote granulation. The more one is able to promote rapid healing and prevent infection, the less will be the formation of scar tissue. When gelatin and formaldehyde are placed together, a rubber-like substance is formed, which is impervious to water. Many printing press rollers are made of this preparation. A dressing that presents several advantages may be prepared by dipping gauze into a hot, dilute, aqueous solution of pure gelatin, drying it, and then treating with solution of formaldehyde U. S. P. of half strength, and finally washing and drying. The result is a gauze that is unaffected by moisture; it will not stick to a granulating surafce, and may be kept in a warm climate or sterilized in an autoclave.
GLUCOCORTICOIDS AND CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN VITRO
Authors: Irun R. Cohen, Lary Stavy, Michael Feldman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1970)

We studied the influence of glucocorticoids on the sensitization phase as well as on the cytolytic effector phase of an in vitro lymphocyte-mediated immune reaction. Lymphocytes obtained from the spleens or lymph nodes of unimmunized inbred rats were sensitized against foreign rat or mouse embryonic fibroblasts in cell culture. The capacity of the sensitized lymphocytes to produce a cytolytic effect was tested by transferring them to target fibroblast cultures. Injury to target fibroblasts was measured by release of radioactive 51Cr from previously labeled fibroblasts or by direct count of viable fibroblasts after incubation with sensitized lymphocytes. Various concentrations of water-soluble hydrocortisone or prednisolone were added to cell cultures during the 5 day sensitization phase and/or during the subsequent cytolytic effector phase and the influence of these hormones on the number and cytolytic capacity of the lymphocytes was measured. During the sensitization phase, the presence of glucocorticoid hormones, at concentrations of about 1 µg/ml, led to a profound decrease in the total number of recoverable lymphocytes. However, the per cent of large transformed lymphocytes was much greater in these treated cultures. The antigen-specific cytolytic capacity per cell of the glucocorticoid-treated lymphocytes, after the hormone was removed, was several times greater than that of lymphocytes sensitized in the absence of added hormones. Glucocorticoids influenced the effector phase of the reaction by inhibiting lymphocyte-mediated injury to target fibroblasts. The hormones, at concentrations of about 1 µg/ml, inhibited the cytolytic effect by about 50% without reducing the viability of the sensitized lymphocytes. Dose-dependent toxicity to lymphocytes and increasing inhibition of cytolytic effect appeared at higher concentrations of hormones. Thus, hydrocortisone and prednisolone, at concentrations of about 1 µg/ml, did not suppress the induction of sensitization, a process which they seem to facilitate in vitro. However, similar concentrations of these hormones appear to inhibit the cytolytic effector mechanism of sensitized lymphocytes. These findings may be relevant to the use of glucocorticoids as immunosuppressive agents in vivo.
The Evaluation of Pilot Clinics
Authors: Vlado A. Getting, Herbert L. Lombard
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1952)

IN 1948 and 1949 the Massachusetts Medical Society became interested in the development of multiple screening. After a series of meetings of several committees the Committee on Public Health recommended the establishment of a research screening program.The Council of the Society, at its annual session in Worcester on May 23, 1949, voted to adopt the following motion: "It is the opinion of the Committee (Public Health) that not more than five pilot clinics should be held in pivotal localities throughout the State to offer, on a voluntary basis, health examinations under the auspices of district medical societies in co-operation . . .
Lack of<i>c-kit</i>mutation in familial urticaria pigmentosa
Authors: J L Rosbotham, N M Malik, P Syrris, S Jeffery, A Bedlow, S Gharraie, V A Murday, C A Holden, N D Carter
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1999)

Somatic mutations within c-kit have been reported in individuals with mastocytoses, including urticaria pigmentosa (UP). We have identified three siblings with UP. We aimed to determine whether the c-kit proto-oncogene was playing a part in the aetiology of UP in these three siblings. Using seven microsatellite repeat markers spanning an 8-cM interval encompassing the c-kit gene we followed the transmission of the c-kit gene in this family. Furthermore, single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis was used to scan exon 17 of the c-kit gene for mutations in genomic DNA of all family members and somatic DNA extracted from skin of the eldest affected sibling, the proband. No mutations were found in exon 17 in either genomic DNA of all family members or somatic DNA of the proband. Patients with UP have been shown to possess somatic mutations of the c-kit gene. However, this locus has been excluded as playing a part in the three siblings examined here in whom a second gene locus must be determining their UP. Therefore, this study emphasizes genetic heterogeneity in UP. Future study to identify primary molecular determinants of UP should include affected sib-pair studies.
Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis
Authors: WALTER R. WILSON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

From January 1963 until January 1974, 45 patients had prosthetic valve endocarditis. Symptoms of prosthetic valve endocarditis developed within 2 months after operation (early onset) in 16 patients (36%) and more than 2 months after operation (late onset) in 29 patients (64%). Overall mortality among the 45 patients was 56% (88% among those with early onset and 40% among those with late onset). Medical therapy alone was curative in 60% of the surviving patients. Combined medical and surgical therapy was curative in 40% of the survivors. The most frequent isolates in the early-onset group were Staphylococcus aureus (44%) and Gram-negative bacilli (38%); associated mortality was 86% and 83%, respectively. The most frequent isolates in the late-onset group were viridans streptococci (41%) and Gram-negative bacilli (31%); the mortality was 25% and 22% respectively. Suggestions are offered for operative antimicrobial prophylaxis and for medical and surgical treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Prompt surgical replacement of an infected prosthesis is necessary when medical therapy fails.
Self-Management Training for Children with Chronic Bronchial Asthma
Authors: Thomas L. Creer, Kenton L. Burns
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1979)

We have described examples of behaviors that occur antecedent to, concurrent with, or as a consequence of childhood asthma. Ways these patterns can be altered have also been described. Three points should be emphasized: first, social learning techniques can contribute to a child acquiring self-monitoring and self-management skills over his or her affliction. Thus, youngsters with asthma can learn self-responsibility over their affliction. Second, while we do have follow-up data indicating that youngsters continue to perform simüar behaviors once they leave the Center and return to their families, such generalization does not automatically occur. For this reason, we have initiated several programs for working with a child's family. Finally, what about the youngster who is never admitted to an asthma facility such as the National Asthma Center? It is here where we are beginning to focus most of our efforts. By teaching a child and his or her family ways that the youngster can learn to manage asthma means that the disease will become less of a disruptive influence within the home, that costs of the affliction can be contained, and that the youngster can remain within the mainstream of both his or her family and community. Future reports from the Center will describe efforts we are making in this direction.
Fresh thinking about the Declaration of Helsinki
Authors: M. D E Goodyear, L. A Eckenwiler, C. Ells
Journal: BMJ (2008)

A comprehensive approach to ethical research

The Declaration of Helsinki is the cornerstone of research ethics.1 Its periodic revision provides an opportunity for debate about its purpose and effectiveness.2 The sixth revision, being considered by the World Medical Association (WMA; www.wma.net/e/ethicsunit/helsinki.htm) this October, follows extensive consultation.1 2 However, debate about the operational details often loses sight of the objectives and principles.2 Much has changed in the nature of research and bioethical thinking since the declaration was conceived.1 2 3 Public confidence in research is at an all time low, and the current model and traditional ethical tools seem to be failing to meet their objectives. It is time for fresh thinking.

The declaration’s objectives were framed, in response to past abuses, to protect human subjects in research.2 However, the framework put in place to protect subjects has been criticised as paternalistic and for failing to address the full scope of ethically responsible research.1

We propose an alternative comprehensive framework in which basic ethical principles collectively inform, support, and direct all aspects of research—from the design of the research agenda and research questions, through the process of evaluation and execution, to the dissemination of results and distribution of benefits. This would broaden the scope of ethical research beyond that of the behaviour of the …
Medicine Re-Enters the Workplace
Authors: William N. Rom
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

Occupational medicine in this country has traditionally been a medical specialty characterized by low prestige, few accredited residencies, with even fewer residents, and a paucity of board-certified specialists practicing in the field. Little, if any, occupational medicine has been taught in the curriculum for medical students. Likewise, training for nurses in prevention and treatment of occupational disease has been almost nonexistent. Programs to develop the industrial hygienist who can recognize, evaluate and design controls for occupational hazards have been few and far between.The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare highlighted the crisis in occupational disease in 1970 by estimating . . .
Sudden Death: A New Syndrome?
Authors: Hugh H. Hussey
Journal: JAMA (1974)

In a brief report in<i>Science</i>(185:1062, 1974), Pirkle and Carstens describe the pathologic findings in six patients (five women, one man) who died suddenly from what appears to be a new syndrome—platelet aggregates in small pulmonary arteries and arterioles. The patients' ages ranged from 17 to 40 years, and their clinical histories had nothing in common except the absence of noteworthy antecedent disease. In three instances, the terminal episode was observed and was marked by extreme respiratory distress lasting from less than 1 minute to about 30 minutes. Since five of the patients were women in the child-bearing age, the question of antiovulatory medication arose. This was definitely excluded in three cases and could be neither excluded nor established in the other two cases. Microscopical findings in all cases were identical. Small pulmonary arteries and arterioles were almost universally plugged by platelet aggregates. In a few areas the aggregates
Acute myocardial infarction. Prognostic value of white blood cell count and blood glucose level
Authors: B. Modan
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Data obtained in the course of a nationwide study of patients with first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) demonstrated substantially higher hospital mortality among patients with leukocytosis or elevated blood glucose levels, or both. It is suggested that the combination of these two measurements could be used as a handy diagnostic indicator in the evaluation of some AMI patients and as a criterion for the patients' immediate disposition to a coronary care unit, rather than to a general ward.