tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Contagiousness of Varicella in Vaccinated Cases
Authors: Jane F. Seward, John X. Zhang, Teresa J. Maupin, Laurene Mascola, Aisha O. Jumaan
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Limited data are available on the contagiousness of vaccinated varicella cases.To describe secondary attack rates within households according to disease history and vaccination status of the primary case and household contacts and to estimate varicella vaccine effectiveness.Population-based, active varicella surveillance project in a community of approximately 320,000 in Los Angeles County, California, during 1997 and 2001. Varicella cases were reported by child care centers, private and public schools, and health care clinicians and were investigated to collect demographic, clinical, medical, and vaccination data. Information on household contacts' age, varicella history, and vaccination status was collected.Varicella secondary attack rate among household contacts; vaccine effectiveness using secondary attack rates in unvaccinated and vaccinated children and adolescents.A total of 6316 varicella cases were reported. Among children and adolescents aged 1 to 14 years, secondary attack rates varied according to age and by disease and vaccination status of the primary case and exposed household contacts. Among contacts aged 1 to 14 years exposed to unvaccinated cases, the secondary attack rate was 71.5% if they were unvaccinated and 15.1% if they were vaccinated (risk ratio [RR], 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-0.30). Overall, vaccinated cases were half as contagious as unvaccinated cases. However, vaccinated cases with 50 lesions or more were similarly contagious as unvaccinated cases whereas those with fewer than 50 lesions were only one third as contagious (secondary attack rate, 23.4%; RR, 0.32 [95% CI, 0.19-0.53]). Vaccine effectiveness for prevention of all disease was 78.9% (95% CI, 69.7%-85.3%); moderate disease, 92% (50-500 lesions) and 100% (clinician visit); and severe disease, 100%.Under conditions of intense exposure, varicella vaccine was highly effective in preventing moderate and severe disease and about 80% effective in preventing all disease. Breakthrough varicella cases in household settings were half as contagious as unvaccinated persons with varicella, although contagiousness varied with numbers of lesions.
Asking older patients about their memory is simply practising evidence based medicine properly
Authors: D. Oliver
Journal: BMJ (2013)

For two reasons I disagree with McCartney’s view that older patients admitted to hospital should not routinely be asked about their memory.1

Firstly, one in four hospital beds is occupied by a patient with dementia, yet around half have never been diagnosed before presenting, often in acute crisis and already fairly dependent; the dementia is …
Coronary Dissection and Occlusion due to Sports Injury
Authors: Ronald Hazeleger, Ron van der Wieken, Ton Slagboom, Peter Landsaat
Journal: Circulation (2001)

A 29-year-old man presented with heavy chest pain of 1 hour duration.Two months earlier, after a violent body check while playing American football, he had the same discomfort, albeit to a lesser degree, on slight exertion.Previously, he had been healthy, with no risk factors for coronary artery disease.Physical examination was unremarkable.The ECG showed an extensive acute anterior infarction.Nitroglycerin, tirofiban, and aspirin were administered intravenously, and an emergency coronary angiography was performed from the right radial artery (Figure 1).The left anterior descending artery was occluded proximally, and a large obtuse marginal
The Causation of Anaemia and the Blood Changes Produced by Uric Acid
Authors: A. Haig
Journal: BMJ (1893)

The present study examined the predictive values of amyloid PET, <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET, and nonimaging predictors (alone and in combination) for development of Alzheimer dementia (AD) in a large population of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). <b>Methods:</b> The study included 319 patients with MCI from the Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. In a derivation dataset (<i>n</i> = 159), the following Cox proportional-hazards models were constructed, each adjusted for age and sex: amyloid PET using <sup>18</sup>F-florbetapir (pattern expression score of an amyloid-β AD conversion–related pattern, constructed by principle-components analysis); <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET (pattern expression score of a previously defined <sup>18</sup>F-FDG–based AD conversion–related pattern, constructed by principle-components analysis); nonimaging (functional activities questionnaire, apolipoprotein E, and mini-mental state examination score); <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET + amyloid PET; amyloid PET + nonimaging; <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET + nonimaging; and amyloid PET + <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET + nonimaging. In a second step, the results of Cox regressions were applied to a validation dataset (<i>n</i> = 160) to stratify subjects according to the predicted conversion risk. <b>Results:</b> On the basis of the independent validation dataset, the <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET model yielded a significantly higher predictive value than the amyloid PET model. However, both were inferior to the nonimaging model and were significantly improved by the addition of nonimaging variables. The best prediction accuracy was reached by combining <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET, amyloid PET, and nonimaging variables. The combined model yielded 5-y free-of-conversion rates of 100%, 64%, and 24% for the low-, medium- and high-risk groups, respectively. <b>Conclusion:</b><sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET, amyloid PET, and nonimaging variables represent complementary predictors of conversion from MCI to AD. Especially in combination, they enable an accurate stratification of patients according to their conversion risks, which is of great interest for patient care and clinical trials.
CD4 Counts as Surrogate Markers for Progression to AIDS
Authors: Stephen D. Nightingale
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Letters1 January 1994CD4 Counts as Surrogate Markers for Progression to AIDSStephen D. Nightingale, MDStephen D. Nightingale, MDUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX 75235Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-120-1-199401010-00016 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Dr. Choi and colleagues [1] found CD4 percent to be a better surrogate marker for progression to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) than the CD4 count, particularly in patients who had not progressed to AIDS after 16 weeks of therapy. In our patients, the logarithm of the CD4 count can account for 97% of the variation in 1-year survival and 89% of the variation in 1-year progression to AIDS [2]. How does this compare with the CD4 percent?The Cox proportional-hazards model used by the authors assumes a constant risk for progression to AIDS over time [3]. ...References1. Choi S, Lagakos SW, Schooley RT, Volberding PA. CD4+ lymphocytes are an incomplete surrogate marker for clinical progression in persons with asymptomatic HIV infection taking zidovudine. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 118:674-80. Google Scholar2. Nightingale SD, Jockusch JD, Haslund I, Cal SX, Peterson DM, Loss SD. Logarithmic relationship of the CD4 count to survival in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med. 1993; 153:1313-8. Google Scholar3. Lee ET. Statistical Methods for Survival Data Analysis. Second edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1992:250. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX 75235 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 January 1994Volume 120, Issue 1Page: 87-88KeywordsAIDSBiomarkersClinical trialsDrugs Issue Published: 1 January 1994 CopyrightCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Speeding Drug Approvals
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
METHYL VIOLET AND BLUE.Read before the Ohio State Medical Society, Cincinnati, May G, 1892.
Authors: JAMES T. WHITTAKER
Journal: JAMA (1892)

As I am able in the short time allotted to each paper to present but part of my subject, I will ask permission to read a short résumé of the observations made by others, and then report my own cases in what time is left. The first general knowledge of the aniline preparations came to us through the studies of the bacteriologists. As is now well known, the tubercle bacillus was discovered and declared by Koch in 1882 with the aid of methylene blue. The next reference was the claim by Kremiansky, 1888, to destroy this bacillus by causing patients to inhale this coloring matter. Then J. Stilling, Professor of the University of Strasburg, 1890, made the discovery that certain aniline dyes exercise a destructive effect upon bacteria in the living organism, and especially upon<i>suppurating surfaces</i>, hence he gave one of them the name pyoktanin. from πυον, pus, and
Antibiotic Therapy and Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Authors: Benjamin A. Lipsky, Jan V. Hirschmann
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Letters and Corrections1 August 1987Antibiotic Therapy and Chronic Obstructive Lung DiseaseBENJAMIN A. LIPSKY, M.D., JAN V. HIRSCHMANN, M.D.BENJAMIN A. LIPSKY, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, JAN V. HIRSCHMANN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-107-2-254 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Anthonisen and coworkers' (1) article on antibiotic treatment for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was enlightening. The study's unique design, careful performance, and thoughtful discussion are exemplary, especially compared with previous investigations. We do, however have a few specific questions.The authors state that an approximately equal percentage of patients receiving antibiotics and placebo also were treated with corticosteroids, but they do not specify the distribution of prednisone recipients among the three types of exacerbations. In type 1 exacerbations (where antibiotics seemed most beneficial) a disproportionately greater use of steroids in patients receiving antibiotics compared with...Reference1. ANTHONISENMANFREDAWARRENHERSHFIELDHARDINGNELSON NJCEGN. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:196-204. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: *JEFFERSON T. [Letter to Judge William Johnson. 1823], The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. Volume XV. Washington, D.C.: The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association; 1904:419-23. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByDo Bacteria Cause Exacerbations of COPD? 1 August 1987Volume 107, Issue 2Page: 254-254KeywordsAntibioticsChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseLungsSteroids Issue Published: 1 August 1987 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Prevalence of HTLV-III/LAV in Household Contacts of Patients With Confirmed AIDS and Controls in Kinshasa, Zaire
Authors: Jonathan M. Mann, Thomas C. Quinn, Henry Francis, Nzila Nzilambi, Ngaly Bosenge, Kapita Bila, Joseph B. McCormick, Kalisa Ruti, Pangu Kaza Asila, James W. Curran
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Household members of 46 patients with confirmed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and 43 human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV)-seronegative controls from Kinshasa, Zaire, were identified and sought for serologic testing for evidence of HTLV-III/LAV infection. Twenty (9.8%) of 204 case-household members and three (1.9%) of 155 control-household members were HTLV-III/LAV seropositive (relative risk = 5.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.7 to 15.2). Eleven (61.1%) of 18 spouses of patients with AIDS were HTLV-III/LAV seropositive, compared with one (3.7%) of 27 control spouses (relative risk = 16.5; 95% confidence interval, 3.7 to 75.0). Except for spouses, the rate of HTLV-III/LAV seropositivity did not differ significantly between case and control households. Furthermore, for adults in case households who were not spouses, the number seropositive for HTLV-III/LAV was identical to that predicted from sex- and age-specific HTLV-III/LAV seroprevalence rates. These data from Zaire confirm the results of US and European studies of household contacts of infected hemophiliacs and pediatric patients with AIDS.
Environmental chemicals and changes in sex ratio: analysis over 250 years in finland.
Authors: T Vartiainen, L Kartovaara, J Tuomisto
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

It has been proposed that environmental chemicalization is responsible for the recent decline in male ratio, but these speculations are based on statistics going back only a few decades. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether Finnish long-term data are compatible with the hypothesis that the decrease in the ratio of male to female births in industrial countries is caused by environmental factors. We analyzed the sex ratio of births from the files of Statistics Finland and all live births in Finland from 1751 to 1997. Running averages of 9 years (1751-1904) or 5 years (1905-1997) were analyzed for sex ratios. Additionally, to identify potential explanations for the findings, births from 1990 to 1997 were correlated with various family parameters. We found an increase in the proportion of males from 1751 to 1920; this was followed by a decrease and interrupted by peaks in births of males during and after World War I and World War II. None of the family parameters (paternal age, maternal age, age difference of parents, birth order) could explain the time trends. The turning point of male proportion precedes the period of industrialization or the introduction of pesticides or hormonal drugs, rendering a causal association unlikely. Moreover the trends are similar to those observed in other countries with worse pollution and much greater pesticide use.
Hospital Topics: Examination of the Whole Colon with the Fibreoptic Colonoscope
Authors: C. Williams, T. Muto
Journal: BMJ (1972)

During examination of the intact colon with the Olympus CF LB 185-cm colonoscope it has proved possible to reach the caecum or terminal ileum in 47 out of 50 cases (94%). Careful bowel preparation, moderately heavy sedation, and some x-ray screening are necessary for the procedure, but it was well tolerated by all patients and there was no morbidity. The average time taken to the caecum was 40 minutes and the average time to completion of examination 90 minutes. The long colonoscope was as convenient to use as the fibresigmoidoscope in examinations confined to the sigmoid colon or in patients with a colostomy, ileostomy, or ileorectal anastomosis. Of the two, the long colonoscope is the instrument of choice for clinical use.Because of the expense, time, and equipment involved colonoscopy appears to be best offered as a specialist service after x-ray studies. There is alo a limited place for colonoscopy during abdominal surgery, when it is technically an easier procedure. In this series 10 patients were saved exploratory laparotomy by examination with the colonocope, and we also diagnosed four resectable carcinomas not seen on double-contrast barium-enema studies. The colonoscope provides an effective new means of diagnosis of lesions throughout the colon.
Abstract 4692: ABT-888 synergizes treatment of colon cancer cell lines with irinotecan
Authors: David Davidson, Yunzhe Wang, Raquel Aloyz, Lawrence Panasci
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Numerous studies have associated poly [ADP-ribosolose] polymerase 1 (PARP1) with DNA-damage repair. PARP1 rapidly localizes to DNA damage sites where it alters target proteins, (e. g. histones, topoisomerase I and DNA dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK)), through the addition of poly-ADP ribose side chains. By this mechanism, PARP1 plays a role in diverse repair pathways including homologous recombination/non-homologous end joining (HRR/NHEJ). Presently, third generation PARP inhibitors are in use clinically. These drugs have resulted in meaningful clinical responses and an increase in survival in metastatic breast and ovarian cancer patients bearing BRCA-deficient or triple negative tumors. The Abbott lead compound, ABT-888, is a potent PARP1 inhibitor that sensitizes many cancer cells in-vitro and in-vivo to temozolomide. In the present work, we hypothesized that colon cancers would be sensitized to the DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agent, irinotecan by ABT-888. Since PARP1 is involved in DNA repair, we propose that its inhibition would increase irinotecan-induced DNA damage and cell death in colon cancer cells lines. Using the sulforhodamine B assay (SRB), significant synergy (I&amp;lt;1 indicates synergy) was observed between ABT-888 and irinotecan at concentrations as low as 0.06 μM (Table 1). Levels of synergy observed in the SRB assay correlated with levels of PARP1 inhibition measured biochemically in cell lysates. Furthermore, 24h post treatment combinations of ABT-888/SN38 resulted in increased G2/M cell cycle arrest and increased levels of DNA damage as determined by γH2AX staining and comet assay. Additionally, 48h post treatment increased levels of apoptosis were associated with this drug combination. In conclusion this study suggests that ABT-888 may be a clinically effective adjuvant to current colon cancer therapies that include the use of irinotecan. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4692. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4692
Single‐Step Assembly of Multimodal Imaging Nanocarriers: MRI and Long‐Wavelength Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Nathalie M. Pinkerton, Marian E. Gindy, Victoria L. Calero‐DdelC, Theodore Wolfson, Robert F. Pagels, Derek Adler, Dayuan Gao, Shike Li, Ruobing Wang, Margot Zevon, Nan Yao, Carlos Pacheco, Michael J. Therien, Carlos Rinaldi, Patrick J. Sinko, Robert K. Prud'homme
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2015)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)- and near-infrared (NIR)-active, multimodal composite nanocarriers (CNCs) are prepared using a simple one-step process, flash nanoprecipitation (FNP). The FNP process allows for the independent control of the hydrodynamic diameter, co-core excipient and NIR dye loading, and iron oxide-based nanocrystal (IONC) content of the CNCs. In the controlled precipitation process, 10 nm IONCs are encapsulated into poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) stabilized CNCs to make biocompatible T2 contrast agents. By adjusting the formulation, CNC size is tuned between 80 and 360 nm. Holding the CNC size constant at an intensity weighted average diameter of 99 ± 3 nm (PDI width 28 nm), the particle relaxivity varies linearly with encapsulated IONC content ranging from 66 to 533 × 10(-3) m(-1) s(-1) for CNCs formulated with 4-16 wt% IONC. To demonstrate the use of CNCs as in vivo MRI contrast agents, CNCs are surface functionalized with liver-targeting hydroxyl groups. The CNCs enable the detection of 0.8 mm(3) non-small cell lung cancer metastases in mice livers via MRI. Incorporating the hydrophobic, NIR dye tris-(porphyrinato)zinc(II) into CNCs enables complementary visualization with long-wavelength fluorescence at 800 nm. In vivo imaging demonstrates the ability of CNCs to act both as MRI and fluorescent imaging agents.
Multi-infarct Dementia
Authors: Herbert Emmanuel Cohen
Journal: JAMA (1987)

To the Editor.—  The article by Meyer et al1on the natural history of multi-infarct dementia (MID) and its reversibility with control of certain risk factors represents a major contribution to the study of dementia. However, it is surprising that the authors have not noted another potentially important risk factor—the high incidence of supraventricular arrhythmias in MID—or commented on the possibility that many strokes among patients with MID may be caused by arrhythmia-induced embolism rather than thrombosis.  The high incidence of heart disease and arrhythmias in patients with MID has been noted before,2and I have found a 59% incidence of major supraventricular arrhythmias in 27 consecutive patients with dementia. Forty-four percent had sick sinus syndrome, including three with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation as part of a bradycardia-tachycardia variant of sick sinus syndrome. Four more had paroxysmal or fixed atrial fibrillation as a primary arrhythmic disorder. (Twenty-six percent of
Ultrasonic Testing in Human Renal Allografts
Authors: Alan R. Winterberger
Journal: JAMA (1972)

B-scan ultrasonography was used as an aid in the evaluation of 15 human renal allotransplantations. Repeated studies detect changes in the kidney outline and the kidney cross-section, and the presence of abnormal acoustic interfaces in the perirenal areas. Over 70 studies were completed in this series. Of six cases of graft injection with functional, angiographic, radioactive isotope, and histologic confirmation, four showed a corresponding increase in size by ultrasonic laminography during the acute rejection phase, with reversal following correction of rejection. Seven cases of perirenal fluid collection caused by either lymph or other fluids were generally asymptomatic but were confirmed in four cases by subsequent clinical studies. They were initially discovered by this technique. Ultrasonic laminography is readily adaptable for the initial and follow-up evaluation of patients undergoing human renal allotransplants.