tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Salmonella SPI-1-mediated neutrophil recruitment during enteric colitis is associated with reduction and alteration in intestinal microbiota
Authors: Inna Sekiro, Navkiran Gill, Maria Jogova, Nicola M. Tam, Marilyn L. Robertson, Rosa de Llanos, Yuling Li, B. Brett Finlay
Journal: Gut Microbes (2010)

Gastrointestinal infections involve an interactive tripartite relationship between the invading pathogen, the host, and the host's resident intestinal microbiota. To characterize the host inflammatory response and microbiota alterations during enteric salmonellosis, C57BL/6 mice were pre-treated with a low dose of streptomycin (LD model) and then infected with S. typhimurium strains, including mutants in the two Type III secretion systems, SPI-1 and SPI-2 (invAmut and ssaRmut, respectively). Cecal colonization and inflammation in the LD model were evaluated to assess infection success and progression, and compared to the traditional high dose (HD) model. Perturbations to the microbial community in the LD model were assessed via evaluation of total microbial numbers, the proportion of intestinal γ-Proteobacteria and tRFLP analysis. In the LD model, consistently high colonization by the parental strain (WT) and invAmut S. typhimurium was associated with significant intestinal pathology. However, microbial community profiles were more similar both in numbers and composition between mice infected with the mutant strains, than with the WT strain. Consequently, significant infection-induced inflammation did not always produce similar microbiota perturbations. Large numbers of luminal neutrophils were observed in the ceca of WT-infected, but not in invAmut or ssaRmut infected mice. Neutrophils were thus implicated as a potential mediator of microbiota perturbations during WT enteric salmonellosis. These studies offer a new model of S. typhimurium-induced intestinal disease that retains the three participants of the disease process and further defines the role of virulence factors, the host microbiota, and inflammation in S. typhimurium-induced intestinal disease.
Targeted Knockout of <i>BRG1</i> Potentiates Lung Cancer Development
Authors: Selina Glaros, Georgina M. Cirrincione, Ariel Palanca, Daniel Metzger, David Reisman
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1) is a catalytic subunit of the switch in mating type/sucrose nonfermentation complex and plays an important role in cancer development. Mouse homozygous knockout experiments testing the role of BRG1 in tumorigenesis have been hampered because BRG1 inactivation is embryonic lethal. To bypass this constraint, we developed a lung-specific conditional knockout of BRG1 and examined the effect of BRG1 inactivation in an ethyl carbamate lung carcinogenesis mouse model. We found that the heterozygous loss of BRG1 resulted in increases in both the number and size of tumors when compared with controls. In contrast, when both BRG1 alleles were inactivated, neither the number nor the size of tumors increased compared with controls. In mouse lung tissue where BRG1 was homozygously inactivated, immunostaining for apoptotic markers showed significant increase in Apo-BrdUrd and cleaved caspase-3. These data indicate that a loss of cell viability underlies why biallelic inactivation of BRG1 does not increase tumorigenesis. We also examined mice when exposed to the carcinogen ethyl carbamate and then subjected to BRG1 inactivation. In these cells, loss of BRG1 after carcinogen exposure potentiated tumor development. A subset of tumors retained BRG1 expression, whereas others showed either partial or complete loss of BRG1 expression. Tumors completely devoid of BRG1 expression were significantly larger and expressed higher levels of two markers of proliferation, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki67. Although biallelic inactivation of BRG1 could not initiate tumor development in untransformed cells, our results indicate that transformation and tumor progression are greatly affected by loss of BRG1. [Cancer Res 2008;68(10):3689–96]
Prevalence of Suspected Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Hispanic/Latino Individuals Differs by Heritage
Authors: Eric R. Kallwitz, Martha L. Daviglus, Matthew A. Allison, Kristen T. Emory, Lihui Zhao, Mark H. Kuniholm, Jinsong Chen, Natalia Gouskova, Amber Pirzada, Gregory A. Talavera, Marston E. Youngblood, Scott J. Cotler
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2014)
Including Physicians in Bundled Hospital Care Payments
Authors: Ateev Mehrotra, Peter Hussey
Journal: JAMA (2015)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Calcium Absorption and Achlorhydria
Authors: Robert R. Recker
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

Defective absorption of calcium has been thought to exist in patients with achlorhydria. I compared absorption of calcium in its carbonate form with that in a pH-adjusted citrate form in a group of 11 fasting patients with achlorhydria and in 9 fasting normal subjects. Fractional calcium absorption was measured by a modified double-isotope procedure with 0.25 g of calcium used as the carrier. Mean calcium absorption (±S.D.) in the patients with achlorhydria was 0.452±0.125 for citrate and 0.042±0.021 for carbonate (P<0.0001). Fractional calcium absorption in the normal subjects was 0.243±0.049 for citrate and 0.225±0.108 for carbonate (not significant). Absorption of calcium from carbonate in patients with achlorhydria was significantly lower than in the normal subjects and was lower than absorption from citrate in either group; absorption from citrate in those with achlorhydria was significantly higher than in the normal subjects, as well as higher than absorption from carbonate in either group. Administration of calcium carbonate as part of a normal breakfast resulted in completely normal absorption in the achlorhydric subjects. These results indicate that calcium absorption from carbonate is impaired in achlorhydria under fasting conditions. Since achlorhydria is common in older persons, calcium carbonate may not be the ideal dietary supplement. (N Engl J Med 1985; 313:70–3.)
Radiologists revise mammography guidelines
Authors: Beverly Merz
Journal: JAMA (1983)

The American College of Radiology (ACR) has issued revised guidelines for mammography that it hopes will result in increased use of that modality in screening for breast cancer. Actually, the new guidelines contain only two substantial departures from the previous guidelines, which were drafted in 1976: (1) The recommended frequency of screening mammograms for women older than 40 years has been increased from once every two to three years to once every one to two years. (2) The recommended dosage of radiation has been reduced to less than 1 rad to the midbreast for a two-view examination. These revisions are expected to alleviate some of the fears concerning radiation exposure generated by a 1976 report issued by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) advising that "the routine use of mammography may take almost as many lives as it saves." That statement was derived from data from two sources. A study conducted
Excessive activation of matrix metalloproteinases coincides with left ventricular remodeling during transition from hypertrophy to heart failure in hypertensive rats
Authors: Yoshitaka Iwanaga, Takeshi Aoyama, Yasuki Kihara, Yoko Onozawa, Takeshi Yoneda, Shigetake Sasayama
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Pericarditis Due to Histoplasmosis
Authors: Edward J. Young
Journal: JAMA (1978)

PERICARDITIS due to infection with<i>Histoplasma capsulatum</i>is rare and has a variable course. It may resolve spontaneously or recur; occasionally, it leads to pericardial calcification.<sup>1,2</sup>We describe a case of<i>Histoplasma</i>pericarditis in which the infecting organism was isolated from the pericardial fluid. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 57-year-old man with a history of hypertension and alcohol abuse was admitted to the hospital for exertional dyspnea of three months' duration. For three days before admission he had orthopnea and leg edema. He denied fever, chills, cough, or chest pain. He had not been a farmer, he did not own birds, and he had not traveled outside the surburban Houston area. On admission he was acutely ill, with a blood pressure of 140/85 mm Hg; pulse rate, 120 beats per minute; respirations, 29/min; and oral temperature, 38 °C. He had rales in both lung bases, a grade 2/6 holosystolic
Abstract 2432: Phosphorylation of Raptor by pemetrexed-activated AMPK is sufficient to suppress mTORC1 activity promoted by loss of p53 and TSC2
Authors: Stuti Agarwal, Catherine M. Bell, Richard G. Moran
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract The key sensor of energy status, AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK), can be activated by intracellular ZMP generated directly from the aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) or from inhibition of purine synthesis by the antifolate pemetrexed (PTX). In spite of this common mechanism, signaling from AMPK activated by PTX or AICAR differed: PTX-activated AMPK phosphorylated the mTORC1 component Raptor but not tuberin (TSC2), whereas AICAR-activated AMPK phosphorylated both targets. This dichotomy proved to be due to p53 function: although p53 accumulated after either treatment, AICAR robustly activated the transcriptional profile of p53, including expression of p53 target genes TSC2 and sestrin2 whereas, in PTX-treated cells, p53 was virtually inactive as a transcriptional activator. Accordingly, activation of AMPK by PTX initiated a cell growth inhibition that was p53 and TSC2 independent, whereas p53 and TSC2 wild-type HCT116 colon carcinoma cells were more sensitive to AICAR than isogenic cells null for p53 or both p53 and TSC2. Furthermore, in cells null for p53, mTORC1 was hyperactive, apparently caused by lower TSC2 function, higher Rheb bound to mTORC1, and a concomitantly lower inhibition of mTORC1 by PRAS40. Although TSC2 was deficient and mTORC1 activity enhanced in the absence of p53 function, Raptor phosphorylation by AMPK following PTX was robust and independent of both p53 and TSC2. This provides insight into the therapeutic activity of PTX against human lung cancers lacking p53 function and with hyperactive mTORC1, a feature atypical of other antifolates. We concluded that phosphorylation of Raptor by AMPK after PTX treatment was both necessary and sufficient to suppress the kinase activity of mTORC1, even under conditions of limited TSC2 and enhanced mTORC1 function, suggesting the use of pemetrexed for treatment of Tuberous Sclerosis. Citation Format: Stuti Agarwal, Catherine M. Bell, Richard G. Moran. Phosphorylation of Raptor by pemetrexed-activated AMPK is sufficient to suppress mTORC1 activity promoted by loss of p53 and TSC2. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2432. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2432
Establishing practical guidelines for exercise in insulin treated diabetics
Authors: Ann Redgrave, Ian Gallen, Zoe Hudson
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Abstract Practical guidelines for exercise in insulin treated diabetics – a prospective cohort series of insulin treated diabetics using a simple questionnaire and continuous glucose monitoring to assess the influence of specific guidelines on blood sugar levels before, during and after exercise. Background Scientific literature suggests that if a diabetic on insulin can achieve euglycaemia during exercise the metabolic response to exercise is normalised. Problems occur both during and post exercise due to swings in blood sugar that are aggravated by the diabetic’s response to these swings. Objectives The principle objective was to establish practical exercise guidelines for insulin treated diabetics that could be used as a safe reference by diabetics themselves and sports physicians/general practitioners. The guidelines were set to minimise the swings into hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia commonly seen in diabetics during exercise. A secondary objective was to assess whether use of the guidelines could approximate the blood sugar of the diabetic during exercise to that of the non-diabetic during exercise. Design Using a cohort of insulin treated diabetics the efficacy of practical exercise guidelines were assessed before, during and after exercise using a simple questionnaire and continuous interstitial glucose monitoring. Subjects Nine insulin treated diabetics were recruited from a diabetic sports clinic in the Buckinghamshire Hospitals NHS Trust, which took referrals from anywhere in England. Two non-diabetic, elite athletes were recruited for comparison. Results On questioning 86% of subjects reported a reduction in exercise associated hypoglycaemia and 28% reported an improvement in exercise performance when using the guidelines. There was a narrowing of the glucose oscillations in 85% of the subjects studied however the difference in the recording of interstitial glucose outside the range of 4–10 mmol/l before and after using the exercise guidelines was statistically not significant p&gt;0.05 (p=0.058). Conclusions The outcomes of this study suggest that these guidelines are effective clinically in reducing blood sugar oscillations during exercise in insulin treated diabetics; however the outcomes were not statistically significant probably as a result of the small sample size. Further study with a larger sample size is merited to validate these guidelines further.
Case 22-1982
Authors: Richard C. Cabot, Robert E. Scully, Eugene J. Mark, Betty U. McNeely
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

Presentation of Case A nine-year-old girl was admitted to the hospital because of virilization. The child was born of a normal pregnancy and delivery to a mother aged 26 years, who took phenytoin sodium for epilepsy but received no other medication during pregnancy; the birth weight was 3.4 kg. The patient was well until the age of four years, when the presence of pubic hair was observed. She was admitted to another hospital, where examination was negative except for Tanner Stage II pubic hair. The blood pressure was normal. The height was 101.6 cm (75th percentile), and the weight 14.8 . . .
<i>PRKAR1A</i> Inactivation Leads to Increased Proliferation and Decreased Apoptosis in Human B Lymphocytes
Authors: Audrey J. Robinson-White, Wolfgang W. Leitner, Eiman Aleem, Philipp Kaldis, Ioannis Bossis, Constantine A. Stratakis
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract The multiple neoplasia syndrome Carney complex (CNC) is caused by heterozygote mutations in the gene, which codes for the RIα regulatory subunit (PRKAR1A) of protein kinase A. Inactivation of PRKAR1A and the additional loss of the normal allele lead to tumors in CNC patients and increased cyclic AMP signaling in their cells, but the oncogenetic mechanisms in affected tissues remain unknown. Previous studies suggested that PRKAR1A down-regulation may lead to increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Here, we show that, in lymphocytes with PRKAR1A-inactivating mutations, there is increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and B-raf phosphorylation and MAPK/ERK kinase 1/2 and c-Myc activation, whereas c-Raf-1 is inhibited. These changes are accompanied by increased cell cycle rates and decreased apoptosis that result in an overall net gain in proliferation and survival. In conclusion, inactivation of PRKAR1A leads to widespread changes in molecular pathways that control cell cycle and apoptosis. This is the first study to show that human cells with partially inactivated RIα levels have increased proliferation and survival, suggesting that loss of the normal allele in these cells is not necessary for these changes to occur. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(21): 10603-12)
Evaluation of Spatial Relationships between Health and the Environment: The Rapid Inquiry Facility
Authors: Linda Beale, Susan Hodgson, Juan Jose Abellan, Sam LeFevre, Lars Jarup
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

BackgroundThe initiation of environmental public health tracking systems in the United States and the United Kingdom provided an opportunity to advance techniques and tools available for spatial epidemiological analysis integrating both health and environmental data.ObjectiveThe Rapid Inquiry Facility (RIF) allows users to calculate adjusted and unadjusted standardized rates and risks. The RIF is embedded in ArcGIS so that further geographical information system (GIS) spatial functionality can be exploited or results can be exported to statistical packages for further tailored analyses where required. The RIF also links directly to several statistical packages and displays the results in the GIS.MethodsThe value of the RIF is illustrated here with two case studies: risk of leukemia in areas surrounding oil refineries in the State of Utah (USA) and an analysis of the geographical variation of risk of esophageal cancer in relation to zinc cadmium sulfide exposure in Norwich (United Kingdom).ResultsThe risk analysis study in Utah did not suggest any evidence of increased relative risk of leukemia, multiple myeloma, or Hodgkin's lymphoma in the populations around the five oil-refining facilities but did reveal an excess risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that might warrant further investigation. The disease-mapping study in Norwich did not reveal any areas with higher relative risks of esophageal cancer common to both males and females, suggesting that a common geographically determined exposure was unlikely to be influencing cancer risk in the area.ConclusionThe RIF offers a tool that allows epidemiologists to quickly carry out ecological environmental epidemiological analysis such as risk assessment or disease mapping.
Fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus coinfected adults: Prospective analysis of 435 liver biopsy pairs
Authors: Monica A. Konerman, Shruti H. Mehta, Catherine G. Sutcliffe, Trang Vu, Yvonne Higgins, Michael S. Torbenson, Richard D. Moore, David L. Thomas, Mark S. Sulkowski
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection is associated with progressive liver disease. However, the rate of progression is variable and the ability to differentiate patients with stable versus progressive HCV disease is limited. The objective of this study was to assess the incidence of and risk factors for fibrosis progression in a prospective cohort of coinfected patients. Overall, 435 liver biopsy pairs from 282 patients without cirrhosis were analyzed. Biopsies were scored according to the METAVIR system by a single pathologist blind to biopsy sequence. Fibrosis progression was defined as an increase of at least one METAVIR fibrosis stage between paired biopsies. The majority of patients were African American (84.8%), male (67.7%), and infected with HCV genotype 1 (93.4%). On initial biopsy, no or minimal fibrosis was identified in 243 patients (86%). The median interval between biopsies was 2.5 years. Fibrosis progression was observed in 97 of 282 (34%) patients and 149 of 435 (34%) biopsy pairs. After adjustment, greater body mass index (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.04 per 1 unit increase), diabetes (aOR: 1.56), and hepatic steatosis (aOR: 1.78) at the time of initial biopsy were marginally associated with subsequent fibrosis progression. Between biopsies, elevated serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (AST, ALT) (aOR AST: 3.34, ALT: 2.18 for >25% values >100 U/L versus <25% values >100 U/L) were strongly associated with fibrosis progression.Fibrosis progression is common among HIV/HCV coinfected patients; these data suggest that progression can be rapid. Persistent elevations in serum transaminase levels may serve as important noninvasive markers to identify subsets of patients who are more likely to progress and thus warrant closer monitoring and consideration of HCV treatment.
Goitre in Kinefelter's Syndrome
Authors: G. R. Fraser
Journal: BMJ (1963)

that venous thrombosis is initiated by an injury of the vessel wall which causes a localized liberation of tissue thromboplastin to produce a clot attached to the area of injury."4There is more evidence against than in favour of this theory.Tissue thromboplastin is an intracellular particulate substance, and cellular destruc- tion, therefore, is necessary to release it.Further, the difference between thrombosis and intravascular coagu- lation has by now been well established.If Dr. Quick's theory was correct one would not expect venous thrombosis in factor VII deficiency cases.We have, however, observed post-operative thrombo-embolism in two patients with total factor VII deficiency.5Platelets play a major role in the first stages of thrombus formation.Since the discovery of adenosine diphosphate6 as a key-factor at this stage and the significance of the platelet surface clotting systems for the progression and consolidation of the platelet thrombus it seems more profitable to pursue this line of investigation along with studies on plasma coagulation.-I am, etc.,
Effects of prostaglandin E2 on disease activity, gastric secretion and intestinal permeability, and morphology in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: A E Henriksson, C Tagesson, A Uribe, K Uvnas-Moberg, C E Nord, R Gullberg, C Johansson
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1988)

The effects of oral natural prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on symptoms, disease activity, and gastrointestinal functions in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were studied in an open pilot trial. Twelve patients, six taking and six not taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), received 1 mg natural PGE2 three times a day for six weeks. The treatment was tolerated well and the only side effect noted was slightly looser stools in three patients. Half of the patients reported subjective improvement and none had aggravation of symptoms. The Ritchie articular index and several biochemical inflammation markers decreased and were significantly reduced at the end of the treatment period. The thickness of the small intestinal mucosa increased during the PGE2 treatment. The intestinal permeability pattern, measured by urinary excretion of polyethylene glycols (PEG 400), differed between the patients taking and not taking NSAIDs. The initially high urinary PEG 400 excretion values in the patients taking NSAIDs decreased and the initially low excretion values in patients not taking NSAIDs increased during the PGE2 treatment. The jejunal contents became sterile in 5/6 patients not taking NSAIDs and remained sterile in 1/6 patients taking NSAIDs at the end of the treatment. The treatment period was associated with a reduction of lactobacilli in patients not treated with NSAIDs. Thus the treatment appeared to decrease disease activity and to improve small intestinal functions in patients with RA, findings that need confirmation in a controlled trial.