tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The unicorn. A paradigm of human thought
Authors: W. C. Ellerbroek
Journal: JAMA (1968)

The unicorn was a fabulous beast who inhabited only the realm of mankind's imagination. But the student of human thinking will find it well worth his while to pursue such trails as the unicorn offers—not hoof marks in the forest, but black print on white or yellowed pages: the lair of<i>this</i>beast is in the library stacks, and not in the fields or on the wooded hills. The origins of the unicorn story are found back in the beginnings of recorded history. The Talmud in three places refers to a great ox with one horn that was the leader of Adam's herd, which was Adam's first sacrifice to his God. It also reports that the unicorn was too large to take in the Ark, and thus was forced to swim along behind—but when fatigued, was allowed to briefly rest the tip of its horn on the stern. The only
The Nature of Cancer Anaemia and its Bearing on the Immunological Theory of Cancer
Authors: H. N. Green, J. Wakefield, G. Littlewood
Journal: BMJ (1957)

PROPHYLACTIC IMMUNIZATION AGAINST INFLUENZA BDITisHRNAL 779 months period of observation has never been higher in the control population than 5%.At times of such minor prev- alence of influenza, a dilution of the latter by the inclusion of other diagnostically confusing illness seems inevitable.So that, on the whole, it has been surprising that a reduction of illness has been demonstrated at all (Table II).Yet TABLE II.-
Hemodynamics Is a Key Epigenetic Factor in Development of the Cardiac Conduction System
Authors: Maria Reckova, Carlin Rosengarten, Angela deAlmeida, Chiffvon P. Stanley, Andy Wessels, Robert G. Gourdie, Robert P. Thompson, David Sedmera
Journal: Circulation Research (2003)

The His-Purkinje system (HPS) is a network of conduction cells responsible for coordinating the contraction of the ventricles. Earlier studies using bipolar electrodes indicated that the functional maturation of the HPS in the chick embryo is marked by a topological shift in the sequence of activation of the ventricle. Namely, at around the completion of septation, an immature base-to-apex sequence of ventricular activation was reported to convert to the apex-to-base pattern characteristic of the mature heart. Previously, we have proposed that hemodynamics and/or mechanical conditioning may be key epigenetic factors in development of the HPS. We thus hypothesized that the timing of the topological shift marking maturation of the conduction system is sensitive to variation in hemodynamic load. Spatiotemporal patterns of ventricular activation (as revealed by high-speed imaging of fluorescent voltage-sensitive dye) were mapped in chick hearts over normal development, and following procedures previously characterized as causing increased (conotruncal banding, CTB) or reduced (left atrial ligation, LAL) hemodynamic loading of the embryonic heart. The results revealed that the timing of the shift to mature activation displays striking plasticity. CTB led to precocious emergence of mature HPS function relative to controls whereas LAL was associated with delayed conversion to apical initiation. The results from our study indicate a critical role for biophysical factors in differentiation of specialized cardiac tissues and provide the basis of a new model for studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in induction and patterning of the HPS in vivo.
Wogonin preferentially kills malignant lymphocytes and suppresses T-cell tumor growth by inducing PLCγ1- and Ca2+-dependent apoptosis
Authors: Sven Baumann, Stefanie C. Fas, Marco Giaisi, Wolfgang W. Müller, Anette Merling, Karsten Gülow, Lutz Edler, Peter H. Krammer, Min Li-Weber
Journal: Blood (2007)
Urea inhibits NaK2Cl cotransport in human erythrocytes.
Authors: J Lim, C Gasson, D M Kaji
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

We examined the effect of urea on NaK2Cl cotransport in human erythrocytes. In erythrocytes from nine normal subjects, the addition of 45 mM urea, a concentration commonly encountered in uremic subjects, inhibited NaK2Cl cotransport by 33 +/- 7%. Urea inhibited NaK2Cl cotransport reversibly, and in a concentration-dependent fashion with half-maximal inhibition at 63 +/- 10 mM. Acute cell shrinkage increased, and acute cell swelling decreased NaK2Cl cotransport in human erythrocytes. Okadaic acid (OA), a specific inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A, increased NaK2Cl cotransport by nearly 80%, suggesting an important role for these phosphatases in the regulation of NaK2Cl cotransport. Urea inhibited bumetanide-sensitive K influx even when protein phosphatases were inhibited with OA, suggesting that urea acted by inhibiting a kinase. In cells subjected to shrinking and OA pretreatment, maneuvers expected to increase the net phosphorylation, urea inhibited cotransport only minimally, suggesting that urea acted by causing a net dephosphorylation of the cotransport protein, or some key regulatory protein. The finding that concentrations of urea found in uremic subjects inhibited NaK2Cl cotransport, a widespread transport pathway with important physiological functions, suggests that urea is not only a marker for accumulation of other uremic toxins, but may be a significant uremic toxin itself.
Intraoperative Endoscopy in Oesophageal Atresia and Anorectal Anomalies
Authors: G. Willital, H. Groitl, H. Meier, C. Krebs
Journal: Endoscopy (1978)

In four children with oesophageal atresia and two children with high anorectal anomalies a magnetic bougienage respectively a magnetic pull-through procedure have been performed. In all cases the cylinders have been placed under endoscopic control. The endoscopic intraoperative procedure has proved to be very useful in these 6 cases. Having performed a successful bougienage the cylinder of the upper segment can pass distal to the thread in the stomach and can then be grasped with a flexible endoscope via gastrostomy. Endoscopy after magnetic pull-through procedure in anorectal anomalies is necessary in order to control the newly created pathway together with manometry and x-ray studies.
A fast analysis method for non-invasive imaging of blood flow in individual cerebral arteries using vessel-encoded arterial spin labelling angiography
Authors: Michael A. Chappell, Thomas W. Okell, Stephen J. Payne, Peter Jezzard, Mark W. Woolrich
Journal: Medical Image Analysis (2011)

Arterial spin labelling (ASL) MRI offers a non-invasive means to create blood-borne contrast in vivo for dynamic angiographic imaging. By spatial modulation of the ASL process it is possible to uniquely label individual arteries over a series of measurements, allowing each to be separately identified in the resulting angiographic images. This separation requires appropriate analysis for which a general Bayesian framework has previously been proposed. Here this framework is adapted for clinical dynamic angiographic imaging. This specifically addresses the issues of computational speed of the algorithm and the robustness required to deal with real patient data. An algorithm is proposed that can incorporate planning information about the arteries being imaged whilst adapting for subsequent patient movement. A fast maximum a posteriori solution is adopted and shown to be only marginally less accurate than Monte Carlo sampling under simulation. The final algorithm is demonstrated on in vivo data with analysis on a time scale of the order of 10 min, from both a healthy control and a patient with a vertebro-basilar occlusion.
Plasma Nicotine Levels Produced by Chewing Nicotine Gum
Authors: McKendree E. McNabb
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Nicotine chewing gum is designed to maintain plasma nicotine levels during a smoking cessation effort while the individual copes with the loss of the repetitive behavioral components of smoking. The plasma nicotine levels obtained with hourly gum chewing were compared with levels obtained with cigarette smoking in nine patients with lung disease. Chewing 2- and 4-mg nicotine gum hourly produced mean steady-state plasma nicotine levels of 11.8 and 23.2 ng/mL, respectively. This compares with a mean plasma nicotine trough level during usual smoking of 15.7 ng/mL and a mean trough level of 18.3 ng/mL with hourly smoking of a cigarette with a nicotine yield of 1.1 mg. Few side effects were seen with the use of either the 2- or 4-mg gum. In a short-term study, nicotine gum proved an acceptable source of nicotine for aiding smoking cessation.
Bcl-XL is required for heme synthesis during the chemical induction of erythroid differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells independently of its antiapoptotic function
Authors: Khalid Hafid-Medheb, Yvette Augery-Bourget, Marie-Nathalie Minatchy, Nicole Hanania, Jacqueline Robert-Lézénès
Journal: Blood (2003)
Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy in a Case of Multiple Spinal Canal and Cranial Paragangliomas
Authors: Diego Cecchin, Francesca Schiavi, Stefano Fanti, Marta Favero, Renzo Manara, Ambrogio Fassina, Chiara Briani, Vincenzo Allegri, Maddalena Sansovini, Franco Bui, Giovanni Paganelli, Giuseppe Opocher
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)
Frequent Amplification of a chr19q13.41 MicroRNA Polycistron in Aggressive Primitive Neuroectodermal Brain Tumors
Authors: Meihua Li, Kyle F. Lee, Yuntao Lu, Ian Clarke, David Shih, Charles Eberhart, V. Peter Collins, Tim Van Meter, Daniel Picard, Limei Zhou, Paul C. Boutros, Piergiorgio Modena, Muh-Lii Liang, Steve W. Scherer, Eric Bouffet, James T. Rutka, Scott L. Pomeroy, Ching C. Lau, Michael D. Taylor, Amar Gajjar, Peter B. Dirks, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Annie Huang
Journal: Cancer Cell (2009)
RELATION OF CLINICAL TO NECROPSY DIAGNOSIS IN CANCER AND VALUE OF EXISTING CANCER STATISTICS
Authors: H. GIDEON WELLS
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Among the factors often mentioned as responsible for the undeniable fact that more deaths from cancer have been recorded in recent years than formerly is the increment of cases of cancer recognized at necropsy that were unrecognized during life. These added cases help to swell the cancer death rate; and hence, the more advanced the medical profession of a given community, the more necropsies, and the smaller the number of cancers that escape inclusion in the vital statistics of the community. The experience of necropsy disclosure of a clinically unrecognized malignant growth is so common that this factor is always brought forward when the alleged increase in the frequency of cancer is under discussion; and it is universally admitted. Despite the recognition and acceptance of this factor, however, we have very little in the way of actual evidence as to its real importance. The most quoted paper is that of
Predictors of survival in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The Makerere University-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration.
Authors: C Whalen, A Okwera, J Johnson, M Vjecha, D Hom, R Wallis, R Huebner, R Mugerwa, J Ellner
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has changed both the epidemiology and natural history of tuberculosis. Despite a generally good response to effective antituberculous therapy, the prognosis remains poor. The objective of this analysis was to determine the independent predictors of survival in HIV-infected Ugandan adults with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. A total of 191 HIV-infected Ugandan adults with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis were enrolled into a clinical trial of chemotherapy for tuberculosis. The subjects received either rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide for two months, followed by rifampin and isoniazid for six months (n = 101) or streptomycin, thiacetazone, and isoniazid for two months followed by thiacetazone and isoniazid for eight months (n = 90). After standard measurements were made at baseline, the group was followed at regular intervals for a mean of 16 months to determine survival. During the course of follow-up, 82 (43%) of the patients died, six within the first month of therapy. The one-year survival proportion was 68% with an estimated median survival of 26 months and did not differ according to treatment regimen. The hazard for death was biphasic, high early in the course of therapy, and then again after about one year. After controlling for the treatment regimen, four independent predictors of survival were found: anergy to purified protein derivative, atypical chest roentgenogram, previous HIV-related condition, and lymphopenia. In this cohort of Ugandan adults, four simple and inexpensive predictors of survival were found. These factors suggest that the degree of immunosuppression was a major determinant of survival.
Desmond Alan Dill Montgomery
Authors: R. Clarke
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Former consultant physician Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, and honorary professor of endocrinology, Queen's University, Belfast (b China 1916; q Belfast 1940; CBE, MD, FRCP), d 7 July 2003.​2003.




Figure 1




He had an unusual wartime introduction to medicine as an administrative army doctor in Lucknow, where he was responsible for the reception and redirection of trainloads of sick and injured soldiers evacuated from Burma in 1942. After training posts in London he was appointed consultant physician to the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, in 1951. He was the first clinical endocrinologist, and subsequently developed an extensive cross-disciplinary team at the Sir George E Clarke Metabolic Unit for diabetes and endocrinology. He was co-founder in 1960 of the Corrigan Club, a cross-border visiting club with the object of promoting friendship among physicians in Ireland. He leaves a wife, Susan, and two children.
Surgeons get modern training facility
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Trainee surgeons at the Royal College of Surgeons' new Wolfson Surgical Skills Centre, in London, practise the techniques required for aligning joints during orthopaedic operations, such as knee replacements. The opening of the £3m (€4m; $6m) surgical skills facility this week marks the …
Thermography in Diagnosis Of Thyroid Nodule
Authors: Harold A. Karpman
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Thermography is a relatively new technique by which the temperature of two adjacent areas of the skin may be compared reliably and accurately. Thermography in the differential diagnosis of breast lesions and in the detection of occult breast malignancies has been extensively investigated, and its value has been clearly established.<sup>1-6</sup>The present case reports the use of thermography in the diagnosis of a thyroid nodule. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 44-year-old woman was well until Oct 28, 1970, at which time she noted the onset of a sensation of tenderness in the right anterior neck region which was followed by obvious swelling. The affected area gradually became more tender and increased in size over the next several weeks. The blood pressure was 140/80 mm Hg, the heart rate was 80 beats per minute, and the only important finding was an easily palpable, round, smooth, slightly tender
IL-17 and TNFα combination induces a HIF-1α-dependent invasive phenotype in synoviocytes
Authors: Saloua Zrioual, Vanina Lenief, Arnaud Hot, Pierre Miossec
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2012)

<h3>Objectives</h3> To examine the effect of IL-17 on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synoviocyte migration and invasiveness. <h3>Methods</h3> IL-17A and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) induced mRNA expression in RA synoviocytes was analysed using Affymetrix U133A microarrays. The capacities of IL-17 alone or in combination with TNFα to induce synoviocyte migration and invasion were tested using Boyden and transwell Matrigel invasion chambers. A functional DNA binding assay was used to evaluate the regulation of the key hypoxia related gene HIF-1α expression and activation. The role of metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) in IL-17 induced invasiveness was assessed using SiRNA. Hypoxia pathway gene expression was measured in blood of RA patients and healthy volunteers (HV) using Affymetrix microarrays. <h3>Results</h3> Among the genes induced by IL-17A in RA synoviocytes, a molecular pattern of inflammation-hypoxia-related genes, including CXCR4 and MMP2 was identified. Using immunofluorence microscopy, the expression of CXCR4 on synoviocytes was confirmed. IL-17A and TNFα induced synoviocyte migration and invasion through a CXCR4-dependent mechanism with a synergistic effect. The combination of IL-17A and TNFα activated HIF1-α in synoviocytes through a NFκB pathway. IL-17 enhanced invasion through MMP2 induction as demonstrated using SiRNA. Finally, hypoxia genes were over expressed in the blood of RA patients. <h3>Conclusion</h3> IL-17A, specifically when combined with TNFα may contribute to the progression of RA, notably through their effect on synoviocyte aggressiveness. Part of this effect results from CXCR4/SDF1 and hypoxia mediated pathways.
Traumnovelle (Dream Story)
Authors: John Quin
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Arthur Schnitzler (1862-1931) knew all about doctors and the temptations they face on their travels—in his words there is a “whiff of freedom, danger and adventure.” His 1926 book Traumnovelle (Dream Story)—which Stanley Kubrick made into his 1999 film Eyes Wide Shut —tells the tale of Fridolin, a doctor in Vienna who becomes jealously tormented when he realises that his wife, Albertine, whom he has taken too much for granted, has a secret life. Called out in the middle …
Cavernous Hemangiomas of the Liver
Authors: ARNOLD F. JACOBSON, SHARLENE A. TEEFEY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

To determine if the sonographic appearance of cavernous hemangiomas of the liver correlated with their detectability on Tc-99m labeled red blood cell (RBC) SPECT scintigraphy, studies of 30 cavernous hemangiomas, 14 with typical and 16 with atypical sonographic appearance, were retrospectively reviewed. The 14 typical hemangiomas had uniform hyperechoic sonographic appearance, and ranged in size from 0.8–3.9 cm (mean 2.0 cm). The 16 atypical hemangiomas ranged in size from 1.0–9.0 cm (mean 3.4 cm) and sonographic appearance was hypoechoic (n = 9), echogenic (with hypoechoic or cystic center [n = 3] or with irregular margins or shape [n = 2]); or heterogeneous (n = 2). Nine of 14 (64%) typical cavernous hemangiomas were identified on SPECT, compared with 15 of 16 (94%) atypical cavernous hemangiomas (P = 0.07). All 18 lesions ≥2 cm (6 typical, 12 atypical) were identified on SPECT. Sensitivity of SPECT for hemangiomas of smaller than 2 cm was 38% (3 of 8) for those with typical and 75% (3 of 4) for those with atypical sonographic appearance. Four of the five typical hemangiomas not seen on SPECT were ≤1 cm in at least one dimension. Detection of cavernous hemangiomas on RBC liver SPECT is primarily dependent on lesion size, with the influence of the sonographic appearance of these lesions mostly associated with the smaller size of those with typical characteristics.
Oral administration of persimmon leaf extract ameliorates skin symptoms and transepidermal water loss in atopic dermatitis model mice, NC/Nga
Authors: M. Matsumoto, M. Kotani, A. Fujita, S. Higa, T. Kishimoto, M. Suemura, T. Tanaka
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

We have previously shown that persimmon leaf extract and its major flavonoid constituent, astragalin, inhibited histamine release by basophils and that oral administration of these substances prior to the onset into an atopic dermatitis (AD) model mouse, NC/Nga, prevented development of dermatitis.This study was designed to assess the clinical therapeutic effect of persimmon leaf extract and astragalin in NC/Nga mice suffering from dermatitis and the dose-response preventive effects of persimmon leaf extract on dermatitis and transepidermal water loss (TEWL).The efficacy of persimmon leaf extract or astragalin in NC/Nga mice was judged by measurement of skin severity, scratching behaviour, serum IgE levels or TEWL.Oral administration of persimmon leaf extract (250 mg kg(-1)) or astragalin (1.5 mg kg-1) for 4 weeks into NC/Nga mice with overt dermatitis resulted in a decrease in the severity of the condition. The preventive effect of persimmon leaf extract on the dermatitis was dose-dependent and continuous intake of persimmon leaf extract significantly decreased its onset and development. In addition, TEWL was also suppressed at a persimmon leaf extract dose of 250 mg kg(-1). No significant adverse reaction by these substances could be observed.These observations suggest that persimmon leaf extract or the flavonoid astragalin may be alternative substances for the management of AD.
Clinical and prognostic effects of atrial fibrillation in heart failure patients with reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction
Authors: Gerard C.M. Linssen, Michiel Rienstra, Tiny Jaarsma, Adriaan A. Voors, Isabelle C. van Gelder, Hans L. Hillege, Dirk J. van Veldhuisen
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2011)
Sodium Sulfate Infusions and Hypercalcemia
Authors: Jacob Lemann
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Life-threatening hypercalcemia may occasionally be responsible for the primary symptoms among patients with different diseases affecting calcium metabolism. In these circumstances there is a need for methods that will rapidly lower the serum calcium to less dangerous levels while various diagnostic studies are carried out and difinitive treatment is planned. During the past few years there has been interest in the use of infusions of sodium sulfate to promote renal excretion of calcium and thus combat hypercalcemia. Walser and his associates have demonstrated that sodium sulfate lowers serum calcium levels by markedly accelerating urinary calcium excretion when large quantities of the drug are infused rapidly into dogs.<sup>1</sup>In addition, they have reported, in abstract, that sodium sulfate infusions are accompained by some lowering of serum calcium levels in patients with hypercalcemia secondary to malignant diseases.<sup>2</sup>Recently, a marked fall in serum calcium was reported in association with the
Hematopoiesis and Cerebellar Hemangioblastoma
Authors: Mortimer Lorber
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The data of Race et al in the Jan 11 issue ofThe Journal(<b>187</b>:150) may be interpreted differently. The occurrence of reticulocytosis after injection of tumor fluid into two normal rabbits is not necessarily evidence of a true erythropoietic effect,<sup>1</sup>but rather may reflect the development of a hemolytic state in those animals because the foreign protein extract contained heterologous antibodies to their red blood cells (RBC). It is unfortunate that no information on the RBC count, or hemoglobin or hematocrit levels was given to permit interpretation of the reticulocyte data. In addition, normal animals are poor subjects for the demonstration of erythropoietin<sup>2</sup>because of their insensitivity to administered hormone. Starved or polycythemic mice would have been better test animals for assay of any hormonal activity.<sup>3</sup>In view of the reported thrombocytosis which developed in the rabbits, it would have been of