tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Intensive follow-up may be necessary for endoscopically resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma invading the muscularis mucosae, at least during the first year
Authors: M. Fujishiro, S. Nomura, K. Yamada, M. Kaminishi, M. Omata
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

We read with interest the article “Clinical outcome after endoscopic mucosal resection for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma invading the muscularis mucosae - a multicenter retrospective cohort study” by Katada et al. [1]. Endoscopic treatment for large esophageal squamous cell carcinoma has been actively performed especially in Japan after the introduction of the endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) technique [2]. Among these lesions, those that invade the muscularis mucosa (m3 lesions) are also included to some extent. Katada et al. report that the incidence of lymph node metastasis after endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for m3 lesions was only 1.9 % in their retrospective multicenter study. Although the targets of ESD may be slightly different from those of EMR, the extremely low rate and the fact that patients with m3 lesions who did not receive additional treatment did not develop lymph node metastasis encourage us to perform ESD for m3 lesions. Furthermore, according to a report from the 46th Congress of the Japanese Research Society for Esophageal Cancer and Chromoendoscopy, the incidence of lymph node metastasis becomes 4.3 % in low-risk lesions, including those that are less than 50 mm in size, are without vessel permeation, and are not poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with a 9.3 % overall incidence of lymph node metastasis in m3 lesions [3]. However, recently, we had experience of a case of an m3 lesion 2.2 cm in size, without vessel permeation, which developed metastases in the abdominal lymph nodes and the liver at 9 months after ESD ([Fig. 1]). The patient had a recurrent carcinoma at the inoperable stage and chemotherapy was the only choice of treatment. Katada et al. state that two patients developed lymph node metastasis at 21 and 48 months after EMR, and that repeated follow-up examinations by means of iodine chromoendoscopy and CT at least every 6 months after EMR may work appropriately, but, in view of our case, we recommend CT with abdominal ultrasonography at least every 3 months during the 1st year after ESD for follow-up of m3 lesions - although there is no answer as to whether this intensive follow-up can rescue a rare case of metastatic disease. In addition, the decision of whether to follow or to give additional treatment should be carefully taken with the consenting patient fully informed about the possibility of inoperable recurrence.
After-effects of Modern Treatment of Carcinoma
Authors: J. Phillips
Journal: BMJ (1938)

detect, will be handed on by a rayed individual to his offspring, and will form part of the general germinal stock of mankind. Most of them, according to our experience of other organisms, may be expected to be deleterious. Many will be lethals, whose effect is to cause early, often intra-uterine, death; but these are perhaps not so dangerous as the even larger class whose only effect is a slight lowering of viability.5 There are two further points which are of importance. First, the effects of successive doses of x rays are simply cumulative; two doses of one unit have the same effect on mutation as one dose of two units. Secondly, mutation may occur in cells at any stage of development and not only in mature gametes, so that after a period of temporary sterilization the newly formed gametes are liable to be affected, though it is probable that those with the strongest lethal effects are at least partially eliminated by cellular selection.' The frequency of occurrence of individuals showing a deleterious condition determined by a rare recessive gene is simply related to the mutation rate of the gene in the population and the effective fertility of the affected individuals; if the condition is due to an autosomal recessive and leads to death before breeding, the freqtuency of occurrence is half the mutation rate per life cycle. Thus any increase in mutation rate will eventually lead to an increased incidence of the pathological condition in the population. It is, however, the mutation rate within the whole population with which we are concerned, and from the point of view of human biology the important thing is not the x-ray dose given to single individuals but the total quantity of radiation applied to the whole population. A single individual in England contributes only about one fifty-millionth paTt of the germinal store of the next generation, and a doubling of the mutation rate within this fraction may legitimately be considered of minor importance. If x-ray treatment were applied to the greater part of the population the situation would be quite different, and a serious deterioration of the human material might be expected.-l am, etc., Strangeways Research Laboratory, C. H. WADDINGTON. Cambridge, March 7.
Intraluminal Containment of Commensal Outgrowth in the Gut during Infection-Induced Dysbiosis
Authors: Michael J. Molloy, John R. Grainger, Nicolas Bouladoux, Timothy W. Hand, Lily Y. Koo, Shruti Naik, Mariam Quinones, Amiran K. Dzutsev, Ji-Liang Gao, Giorgio Trinchieri, Philip M. Murphy, Yasmine Belkaid
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2013)

Shifts in commensal microbiota composition are emerging as a hallmark of gastrointestinal inflammation. In particular, outgrowth of γ-proteobacteria has been linked to the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease and the pathologic consequences of infections. Here we show that following acute Toxoplasma gondii gastrointestinal infection of mice, control of commensal outgrowth is a highly coordinated process involving both the host response and microbial signals. Notably, neutrophil emigration to the intestinal lumen results in the generation of organized intraluminal structures that encapsulate commensals and limit their contact with the epithelium. Formation of these luminal casts depends on the high-affinity N-formyl peptide receptor, Fpr1. Consequently, after infection, mice deficient in Fpr1 display increased microbial translocation, poor commensal containment, and increased mortality. Altogether, our study describes a mechanism by which the host rapidly contains commensal pathobiont outgrowth during infection. Further, these results reveal Fpr1 as a major mediator of host commensal interaction during dysbiosis.
PAX5 mutations occur frequently in adult B-cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and PAX5 haploinsufficiency is associated with BCR-ABL1 and TCF3-PBX1 fusion genes: a GRAALL study
Authors: J Familiades, M Bousquet, M Lafage-Pochitaloff, M-C Béné, K Beldjord, J De Vos, N Dastugue, E Coyaud, S Struski, C Quelen, N Prade-Houdellier, S Dobbelstein, J-M Cayuela, J Soulier, N Grardel, C Preudhomme, H Cavé, O Blanchet, V Lhéritier, A Delannoy, Y Chalandon, N Ifrah, A Pigneux, P Brousset, E A Macintyre, F Huguet, H Dombret, C Broccardo, É Delabesse
Journal: Leukemia (2009)
Changes in QRS voltage in cardiac tamponade and pericardial effusion: reversibility after pericardiocentesis and after anti-inflammatory drug treatment
Authors: Christian Bruch, Axel Schmermund, Nikolaos Dagres, Thomas Bartel, Guido Caspari, Stephan Sack, Raimund Erbel
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2001)
THE THYROID AND MANGANESE TREATMENT IN VARIOUS DISEASES
Authors: E. K. Mackenzie
Journal: BMJ (1925)

The impact of fluorescence microscopy has been limited by the difficulties of express-ing measurements of fluorescent proteins in numbers of molecules. Absolute numbers enable the integration of results from different laboratories, empower mathematical modelling, and are the bedrock for a quantitative, predictive biology. Here we develop a general algorithm to infer numbers of molecules from fluctuations in the photobleaching of proteins tagged with Green Fluorescent Protein. To untangle measurement noise from stochastic fluctuations, we use the linear noise approximation and Kalman filtering within a framework of Bayesian inference. Not only do our results agree with biochemical measurements for multiple proteins in budding yeast, but we also provide a statistically verified model of measurement noise for fluorescence microscopes. The experiments we require are straightforward and use only a wide-field fluorescence microscope. As such, our approach has the potential to become standard for those practising quantitative fluorescence microscopy.
OPTICO-CILIARY NEUROTOMY, WITH EXHIBITION OF SCISSORS.Read in the Section on Ophthalmology, at the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association held at San Francisco, June 5-8, 1894.
Authors: WM. ELLERY BRIGGS
Journal: JAMA (1894)

I wish to present for the consideration of this Society a modification of my ablation scissors: Scissors for performing optico-ciliary neurotomy. The original instrument was described in the<i>Archives of Ophthalmology</i>, Vol. xvi, No. 1. It consisted of two curved scissors placed parallel so as to enable one to cut a section of the optic and ciliary nerves without cutting any of the ocular muscles. The modifications consist in the addition of a pair of claws between the two scissors to insure the removal of the cut section of the nerves. Any one who has to perform the operation of removing a section of the nerves by first dividing the internal rectus and then uniting the muscle with sutures, as is done by some operators, has found it quite a formidable operation if it has to be done without the aid of trained assistants. These operators, I think, will find
Cost of physiotherapy in CF
Authors: K STALLARD
Journal: Thorax (2001)

Multidrug resistant tuberculosisWe read with interest the report by White and Moore-Gillon 1 on the resource implications of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in the UK.We studied the outcome of 44 HIV negative patients with MDR-TB admitted to two tertiary care tuberculosis units in the Netherlands between 1985 and 1998. 2 3 Most (38 patients) had pulmonary tuberculosis.The mean admission period was 164 days and all patients received an individually tailored combination of antituberculosis drugs for a mean period of 608 days.We estimated the cost of treatment per patient to be US$60 000 which included admission fee, costs for outpatient visits, and the costs of drug provision.Although we did not include cost of toxicity monitoring and additional procedures, our costs compare favourably with those of White et al 1 (mean £60 000) and Mahmoudi 4 (mean US$180 000).In the Netherlands the number of patients with tuberculosis resistant to any antituberculous drugs is limited to 11%, and only 0.6% of the bacilli are MDR.Between 1993 and 1997 only 43 cases of MDR-TB were identified, of which 28% had received previous treatment for tuberculosis (Index Tuberculosis 1998, Royal Netherlands Tuberculosis Association, The Hague, 2000).This suggests that transmission of MDR bacilli rather than inadequate treatment contributes to the resistance problem in the Netherlands.In poor resource countries, directly observed short course chemotherapy of tuberculosis is generally recommended to prevent the occurrence of MDR-TB.We feel that new rapid molecular methods for detecting resistance should be developed to limit the period of potential (nosocomial and community) transmission of MDR bacilli and thus prevent the emergence of MDR-TB.Such tests should then be made available to poor resource countries at an aVordable price.
Contamination of Operating-theatre Air with Cl. tetani
Authors: E. J. L. Lowbury, H. A. Lilly
Journal: BMJ (1958)

to suppose that this experimental design could help to solve the problem of insulin absorption from lipodystrophic sites.This study has shown that injection of insulin into atrophic fat sites does not appear to alter diabetic control and, similarly, that intramuscular injections of insulin do not cause an increased variation in blood-sugar levels.Instability in diabetic patients therefore appears to be entirely independent of the site of injection of the insulin.Similarly, in the three patients with hypertrophic lipo- dystrophy no fixed pattern of blood-sugar levels emerged.In only one patient did a significantly lower blood-sugar level occur when insulin was injected into the hypertrophic area.If this effect is due, as Lamar (1950) suggests, to the occasional flooding of insulin from these hypertrophic depots, then it is surprising that this phenomenon occurred only once in the whole study.It is more likely that this solitary episode of hypoglycaemia was entirely independent of the site of insulin injection. SummarySix unstable diabetic patients with severe atrophic lipodystrophy and three patients with severe hyper- trophic lipodystrophy were studied to ascertain whether insulin lipodystrophy was a factor in their instability.The experimental design was an adaptation of one used in 'insulin therapeutic trials, and each patient acted as her own control.No pattern of significant differences was observed in the blood-sugar curves obtained from different injection sites, and therefore lipodystrophy cannot be regarded as a cause of diabetic instability.In view of the belief that intramuscular injections of insulin cause tissue necrosis, it.is of interest that no untoward effects occurred from such injections given for four to seven days.We thank Dr. J. Adler and his assistant for the blood-sugar estimations, and the ward sisters, dietitian, and patients for their willing co-operation in these trials.Wc also thank
Drug regulators study global treaty to tackle counterfeit drugs
Authors: Liza Gibson
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Drug regulators from some 40 countries have decided that further discussions are needed before a global treaty is introduced to tackle the growing trade in counterfeit drugs, which is estimated to affect 5% to 7% of the pharmaceutical market worldwide and results in death, disability, and injury.

The regulators were responding to a “concept paper” on a proposed international framework convention to combat the illegal trade. The paper was presented by the World Health Organization's department of essential medicines and policy at a two day meeting preceding the International Conference of Drug Regulatory Authorities in Madrid last week.

Counterfeit drugs affect developed and developing countries, although the problem is far more pronounced in the developing world—for example, counterfeit drugs account for 40% to …
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Clinically Meaningful Primary Endpoints in Phase 3 Clinical Trials
Authors: Ganesh Raghu, Harold R. Collard, Kevin J. Anstrom, Kevin R. Flaherty, Thomas R. Fleming, Talmadge E. King, Fernando J. Martinez, Kevin K. Brown
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<MethodsClinically Meaningful End...MortalityHospitalizationAcute Exacerbation of IPFPatient-reported outcomesFunctional statusSurrogate endpointsComposite endpointsLung TransplantationConclusionsAreas for future researchReferencesCITING ARTICLES
Medicine 100 Years Ago
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1987)

THE PHYSICIAN today may dread any contact with the legal profession, but a century ago the relationships between physicians and the law were at least as bad, if not worse. Indeed, in 1885 the president of the American Medical Association, Henry F. Campbell, devoted most of his inaugural address to the subject.<sup>1</sup>He pointed to three separate areas of distress. Physicians were frequently called on to provide expert testimony in court. More often than not, such an occasion could be extremely "mortifying" to their pride and self-respect. The lawyers showed but little respect for the abilities or rectitude of a physician. His proper position would be that of an amicus curiae, an impartial "instructor" of the court on scientific questions. Instead, the physician was often made to appear only as a partisan witness. "The light of scientific truth," said Campbell with impressive rhetoric, "is even sometimes suspected as coming
Transformation and additional malignancies are leading risk factors for an adverse course of disease in marginal zone lymphoma
Authors: A.H. Meyer, A. Stroux, K. Lerch, J. Eucker, J. Eitle, K. Hohloch, M. Andrzejak, K. Possinger, B. Dörken, A. Pezzutto, C.W. Scholz
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2013)
Profile of microvolt T‐wave alternans testing in 1003 patients hospitalized with heart failure
Authors: Colette E. Jackson, Rachel C. Myles, Ioannis K. Tsorlalis, Jonathan R. Dalzell, Richard J. Spooner, John R. Rodgers, Vladimir Bezlyak, Nicola Greenlaw, Ian Ford, Stuart M. Cobbe, Mark C. Petrie, John J.V. McMurray
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2012)
Chronic Renal Diseases: Renoprotective Benefits of Renin–Angiotensin System Inhibition
Authors: Giuseppe Remuzzi, Piero Ruggenenti, Norberto Perico
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2002)

Progression to renal parenchymal damage and end-stage renal disease, which seems to be largely independent of the initial insult, is the final common pathway for chronic, proteinuric nephropathies in animals and humans. The key event is enhanced glomerular capillary pressure; this impairs glomerular permeability to proteins and permits excessive amounts of proteins to reach the lumen of the proximal tubule. The secondary process of reabsorption of filtered proteins can contribute to renal interstitial injury by activating intracellular events, including upregulation of the genes encoding vasoactive and inflammatory mediators. Both interstitial inflammation and progression of disease can be controlled by such drugs as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, which strengthen the glomerular permeability barrier to proteins and thereby limit proteinuria and filtered protein-dependent inflammatory signals. Clinical data strongly suggest that remission can now be achieved in some patients with chronic renal disease. Because of the current lag time between starting treatment and remission, however, a substantial proportion of patients still progress to end-stage renal disease before renal function begins to stabilize. A multimodal approach that centers on reducing or removing all risk factors associated with the progression of renal disease may decrease the time to remission of the disease for most patients with proteinuric nephropathies.
TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS OF THE KNEE-JOINT.
Authors: WISNER R. TOWNSEND
Journal: JAMA (1901)

The treatment of tuberculosis of the knee-joint may be conveniently discussed under two heads: 1. Constitutional. 2. Local. <h3>CONSTITUTIONAL TREATMENT.</h3> The constitutional treatment, as a rule, is much neglected by most surgeons, although we admit that no specific drug has been found that will cure or arrest the progress of the disease in every case. Yet as it is not only often a severe drain on the general health, and chronic in nature, special attention should be paid to strengthening the individual and, by proper attention to diet and to his general health, placing him in the best possible condition to resist the attack.<sup>1</sup>As in pulmonary tuberculosis, much benefit is often derived from climatic treatment and from out-of-door life, so in bone tuberculosis the patient should be encouraged to be out of doors as much as possible, and, where the means permit, sent to such climates as have
Effect of stents coated by an autologous vein graft on intimal hyperplasia in porcine coronary arteries
Authors: K. Toutouzas, C. Stefanadis, E. Tsiamis, C. Vlachopoulos, S. Vaina, D. Tsekoura, L. Haldi, N. Kostomitsopoulos, P. Toutouzas
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Strikes by Hospital Ancillaries
Authors: W. A. Murray
Journal: BMJ (1973)

long-term availability of reprints means that the reports will be more accessible to a wider audience than much work which is convention- ally published.One important feature of the I.R.C.S. is that it will provide ready access to work done in non-English-speaking parts of the world.At the mome:nt scitntists from such countries are usu- ally fully aware of what is published in English language journals.The reverse is unfortunately rarely true, and many English speakers seem to assume arrogantly if subconsciously that "if it's not in English it can-t be good."The I.R.C.S. offers an ideal method for the com- munication of results from non-English-speaking countries and there are already clear indications that it is being very warmly welcomed in Europe, the Soviet Union, and Japan.
Cardiac repair with injectable cell sheet fragments of human amniotic fluid stem cells in an immune-suppressed rat model
Authors: Yi-Chun Yeh, Wen-Yu Lee, Chu-Leng Yu, Shiaw-Min Hwang, Min-Fan Chung, Li-Wen Hsu, Yen Chang, Wei-Wen Lin, Ming-Song Tsai, Hao-Ji Wei, Hsing-Wen Sung
Journal: Biomaterials (2010)
The lipoprotein of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli: a B-lymphocyte mitogen.
Authors: F Melchers, V Braun, C Galanos
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1975)

The lipoprotein of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli is a B-cell mitogen in mice. Polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes was measured by an increase in thymidine uptake, by the development of plaque-forming cells against densely coupled trinitrophenylated sheep red cells, and by selectively increased rates of synthesis and secretion of leucine-labeled IgM. Murein-free and muropeptides-containing lipoprotein are effective in B-cell activation, while free murein is inactive. Removal of ester-linked fatty acids from the amino-terminal end of the lipoprotein by alkaline hydrolysis abolishes the mitogenicity of the lipoprotein. B lymphocytes from high responder (C3H/Tif and BALB/c nu/nu) or from low responder (C3H/HeJ) mice to the mitogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) both respond well to the lipoprotein. Anti-immunoglobulin antibodies inhibit the mitogenic stimulation of B cells by lipoprotein. A complex of structures including the Ig-receptor molecules, the LPS receptor, and the lipoprotein receptor appear involved in the regulation of mitogenic stimulation of B cells to proliferation and differentiation to IgM-secreting cells.