tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Use of capitation formulas for primary care groups could result in chaos
Authors: Y. Baker
Journal: BMJ (1998)

EDITOR–Bevan is right in asserting that it will not be possible to have both clinical and financial equity for the new primary care groups.1 In Warwickshire the locality budgeting working party (a group of general practitioners and health authority staff) has attempted to determine unified budgets for five localities; these budgets would incorporate hospital and community services, prescribing, and cash limited general medical services.

Budgets based on historical activity were calculated with 1996-7 outturn applied to 1997-8 contract values; …
Risks of Serious Infection or Lymphoma With Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review
Authors: Parambir S. Dulai, Kimberly D. Thompson, Heather B. Blunt, Marla C. Dubinsky, Corey A. Siegel
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2014)
Treatment of chronic asthma.
Authors: J Rees
Journal: BMJ (1984)

The mainstay of treatment ofmild intermittent asthma is one ofthe selective (3 stimulants taken by inhalation.Their onset of action is fast, and salbutamol, terbutaline, and fenoterol have an effect lasting for four to six hours.If more than occasional doses are required their regular use should be jr iX.:considered, with additional symptomatic use as necessary.It makes little sense rigidly to restrict the daily dose to two puffs four times a day when an initial nebuliser dose in hospital may be five to 10 times this total dose.The dose needed varies between patients, as does the dose producing side effects such as tremor.A maximum daily dose, perhaps 20 puffs, should be established so that the patient can seek help if he feels he needs to exceed this dose.Patients should be taught to monitor their inhaler use and understand that if this increases or its effects get less these are danger signals indicating deterioration in asthmatic control and of the need for further treatment.The varietytof daevicets taOvailable j9>¢S°i*-In using a metered dose inhaler the patient should inhale slowly and allows most patients to inhale theirdrugs deeply and then hold his breath for five to 10 seconds.This technique should be checked at each visit until the patient is competent.Some patients never manage to master the technique, but alternative devices, such as
Vitamin D and bone health in children
Authors: N. Shaw
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The COhort of BRonchial obstruction and Asthma (COBRA) is a longitudinal cohort that involves 12 French academic institutions. DNA, serum samples and clinical data are collected at entry and every 6 months thereafter. Of 1080 patients with asthma recruited between 2007 and 2015, 401 had mild/moderate and 613 had severe asthma. In cross-sectional analyses, compared with patients with milder disease, patients with severe asthma had more symptoms, exacerbations, hospitalisations and visits to the emergency department during the preceding 12 months, higher numbers of blood eosinophils, and more comorbidities. More than 60% of patients with severe asthma were therapy-uncontrolled at entry, and 152 of them were being treated with omalizumab. In addition, patients with asthma who had the highest eosinophilia levels (&gt;300/mm<sup>3</sup>) had shorter asthma duration, lower lung function, and higher rates of severe exacerbations and unacceptable asthma control than patients with lower eosinophil counts. Longitudinal analyses performed in 427 patients with asthma with at least three differential blood cell counts demonstrated that both eosinophil numbers and eosinophil increase over time were associated with the number of exacerbations occurring until the next visit and with Juniper score. Studies with the COBRA cohort will help to improve knowledge concerning the risk and biological factors associated with asthma severity and to better understand their influence on the disease trajectory.
Down's Syndrome. Two Types Distinguished by a Serum Antigen (Australia Antigen).
Authors: Baruch S. Blumberg
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1967)

s1 May 1967Down's Syndrome. Two Types Distinguished by a Serum Antigen (Australia Antigen).Baruch S. Blumberg, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.P., Betty Jane S. Gerstley, M.D. (Associate), W. Thomas London, M.D., Alton I. Sutnick, M.D., F.A.C.P.Baruch S. Blumberg, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, Betty Jane S. Gerstley, M.D. (Associate)Search for more papers by this author, W. Thomas London, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Alton I. Sutnick, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-66-5-1040_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptA "new" apparently inherited serum isoantigen, "Australia antigen" (Au(I)), which has not been found in the normal United States population, is present in high frequency in patient's with Down's syndrome and leukemia. Forty-five Down's syndrome patients, of whom 19 had Au(1) and 26 did not (Au(0)), and 10 control mentally retarded patients without Down's syndrome were included in this study.Studies of their immunologic mechanisms revealed distinct differences between patients with and without Down's syndrome. These included lower influenza antibody titers, less reaction to the mumps skin test, and higher gamma-A immunoglobulin levels in Down's syndrome patients. Rebuck skin window... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byAUSTRAUA ANTIGEN, AUTOANTmODIES AND CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSES IN PATIENTS WITH DOWN'S SYNDROMEOCCURRENCE OF AUSTRALIA ANTIGEN IN PATIENTS WITH DOWN'S SYNDROME IN POLAND*Australia Antigen and Hepatitis: A Comprehensive ReviewViral Hepatitis: Revised Concepts as a Result of the Study of Australia AntigenAustralia antigen as a hepatitis virusAustralia antigen and the quest for a hepatitis virus 1 May 1967Volume 66, Issue 5Page: 1040-1040KeywordsAntigensDown syndromeMumpsSkin tests Issue Published: 1 May 1967 PDF downloadLoading ...
Controversy in Counting and Attributing Events in Clinical Trials
Authors: David L. Sackett, Michael Gent
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

WHICH events should be counted in a randomized clinical trial, and when they are counted, which treatment should be blamed? That a controversy exists is clear from reading "Letters" columns after publication of randomized clinical trials1 2 3 4 5 6 7; correspondents and authors debate whether all or just some events should have been analyzed and whether the original treatment should have been blamed for events occurring after trial therapy was stopped or switched to the alternative limb.This controversy flourishes both among and between clinicians and methodologists,8 and its key elements are, with rare exceptions,9 , 10 either skimmed over in "how-to" publications or treated . . .
EIGHT YEARS' EXPERIENCE WITH THE KETOGENIC DIET IN THE TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY
Authors: HENRY F. HELMHOLZ
Journal: JAMA (1930)

As the use of the ketogenic diet in the treatment of epilepsy was started at the Mayo Clinic, it seems well to report at this time on the original series of cases of children who have been observed during the last eight years. Since the introduction of the diet as outlined by Wilder<sup>1</sup>in 1921, the results of the treatment of idiopathic epilepsy in children have maintained the same proportion of cure and improvement to failure. Until April 1, 1930, we had prescribed the ketogenic diet for 272 children. Included in this number were twenty-nine cases of symptomatic epilepsy, and although two of the patients continue to be free from attacks, the results are not figured in the results in cases in which the patients have been observed for more than a year. In 1927, our cases were classified<sup>2</sup>so as to show every possible variation in type
Dependence of intestinal granuloma formation on unique myeloid DC-like cells
Authors: Atsushi Mizoguchi, Atsushiro Ogawa, Hidetoshi Takedatsu, Ken Sugimoto, Yasuyo Shimomura, Katsunori Shirane, Kiyotaka Nagahama, Takashi Nagaishi, Emiko Mizoguchi, Richard S. Blumberg, Atul K. Bhan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

Granulomas represent a localized inflammatory reaction that is characteristically observed in many inflammatory conditions. However, the mechanisms of granuloma formation have not been fully defined. Herein we demonstrate, by using experimental models of intestinal inflammation, that a unique CD11c+ DC-like cell subset that exhibits phenotypic and functional features of immature myeloid DCs and is characterized by the expression of a macrophage marker (F4/80) produces large amounts of IL-23 and directly induces the development of granulomas under a Th1-predominant intestinal inflammatory condition. Importantly, both IL-4 and IgG contribute to the suppression of F4/80+ DC-like cell-mediated granuloma formation by regulating the function and differentiation of this cell subset. In addition, enteric flora is required for the F4/80+ DC-like cell-mediated granuloma formation. Collectively, our data provide what we believe are novel insights into the involvement of F4/80+ DC-like cells in intestinal granuloma formation and demonstrate the role of host (IL-4 and IgG) and environmental (enteric flora) factors that regulate this function.
Placebo-Controlled Trial to Determine the Effectiveness of a Urea/Lactic Acid–Based Topical Keratolytic Agent for Prevention of Capecitabine-Induced Hand-Foot Syndrome: North Central Cancer Treatment Group Study N05C5
Authors: Sherry L. Wolf, Rui Qin, Smitha P. Menon, Kendrith M. Rowland, Sachdev Thomas, Robert Delaune, Diana Christian, Eduardo R. Pajon, Daniel V. Satele, Jeffrey L. Berenberg, Charles L. Loprinzi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) is a dose-limiting toxicity of capecitabine for which no effective preventative treatment has been definitively demonstrated. This trial was conducted on the basis of preliminary data that a urea/lactic acid-based topical keratolytic agent (ULABTKA) may prevent HFS.A randomized, double-blind phase III trial evaluated 137 patients receiving their first ever cycle of capecitabine at a dose of either 2,000 or 2,500 mg/m(2) per day for 14 days. Patients were randomly assigned to a ULABTKA versus a placebo cream, which was applied to the hands and feet twice per day for 21 days after the start of capecitabine. Patients completed an HFS diary (HFSD) daily. HFS toxicity grade (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] v3.0) was also collected at baseline and at the end of each cycle. The primary end point was the incidence of moderate/severe HFS symptoms in the first treatment cycle, based on the patient-reported HFSD.The percentage of patients with moderate/severe HFS symptoms was not different between groups, being 13.6% in the ULABTKA arm and 10.2% in the placebo arm (P = .768 by Fisher's exact test). The odds ratio was 1.37 (95% CI, 0.37 to 5.76). Cycle 1 CTCAE skin toxicity was higher in the ULABTKA arm but not significantly so (33% v 27%; P = .82). No significant differences were observed in other toxicities between groups.These data do not support the efficacy of a ULABTKA cream for preventing HFS symptoms in patients receiving capecitabine.
Anomalous insertion of papillary muscle directly into anterior mitral leaflet in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Significance in producing left ventricular outflow obstruction.
Authors: H G Klues, W C Roberts, B J Maron
Journal: Circulation (1991)

Obstruction to left ventricular outflow in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is usually due to systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. Occurrence of structural mitral valve abnormalities in HCM and their significance in producing outflow obstruction (even in the absence of typical systolic anterior motion) has not been fully appreciated.Analysis of 78 mitral valves excised from patients with obstructive HCM showed that 10 (13%) had anomalous insertion of one or both left ventricular papillary muscles directly into the anterior mitral leaflet. This malformation was identified by echocardiography, which demonstrated direct continuity between the hypertrophied papillary muscle and mitral leaflet, resulting in a long rigid area of midcavity narrowing that appeared to be solely or largely responsible for outflow obstruction. Basal subaortic pressure gradients were large (70-150 mm Hg). Mitral valve replacement reduced the outflow gradient substantially to 0-15 mm Hg in four patients with postoperative cardiac catheterization. However, two other patients who underwent septal myotomy/myectomy had persistent symptoms and incomplete relief of obstruction (gradients 60 and 70 mm Hg) because of continued midcavity apposition of papillary muscle and ventricular septum.Anomalous papillary muscle insertion into anterior mitral leaflet represents a mechanism of obstruction to left ventricular outflow in patients with HCM and differs considerably from typical dynamic obstruction caused by mitral valve systolic anterior motion that occurs in many other patients with HCM. Recognition of this malformation emphasizes the diverse morphological expression of HCM and also has important clinical implications for patients requiring operation because the gradient is likely to persist even after adequate myotomy/myectomy; consequently, mitral valve replacement would appear to be the operation of choice in most such patients.
Combination of Sumatriptan and Naproxen for Migraine—Reply
Authors: Jan Lewis Brandes, David Kudrow, Stuart R. Stark, C. Phillip O’Carroll, James U. Adelman, Francis J. O’Donnell, W. James Alexander, Susan E. Spruill, Pamela S. Barrett, Shelly E. Lener
Journal: JAMA (2007)
Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Charles N. Landen, Michael J. Birrer, Anil K. Sood
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

Ovarian carcinogenesis, as in most cancers, involves multiple genetic alterations. A great deal has been learned about proteins and pathways important in the early stages of malignant transformation and metastasis, as derived from studies of individual tumors, microarray data, animal models, and inherited disorders that confer susceptibility. However, a full understanding of the earliest recognizable events in epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis is limited by the lack of a well-defined premalignant state common to all ovarian subtypes and by the paucity of data from early-stage cancers. Evidence suggests that ovarian cancers can progress both through a stepwise mutation process (low-grade pathway) and through greater genetic instability that leads to rapid metastasis without an identifiable precursor lesion (high-grade pathway). In this review, we discuss many of the genetic and molecular disorders in each key process that is altered in cancer cells, and we present a model of ovarian pathogenesis that incorporates the role of tumor cell mutations and factors in the host microenvironment important to tumor initiation and progression.
Abstract 3585: Antitumor activities of JTP-74057 (GSK1120212), a novel MEK1/2 inhibitor, on colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Takayuki Yamaguchi, Reina Kakefuda, Nobuyuki Tajima, Yoshihiro Sowa, Toshiyuki Sakai
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Purpose: MAPK-pathway is one of the most important pathways for a new anticancer drug development. We performed a high-throughput screening for compounds that induce expressions of p15INK4b, and finally identified a novel MEK1/2 inhibitor JTP-74057 (GSK1120212) being evaluated in clinical trials. We characterized its antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo. Experimental design: The MEK inhibitory activity was evaluated using recombinant proteins, and its specificity was confirmed against multiple kinases. Several colorectal cancer cell lines were used for proliferation assay, apoptosis assay, and xenograft model. Results: JTP-74057 strongly inhibited MEK1/2 kinase activities, but did not inhibit other 98 kinase activities. Treatment with JTP-74057 resulted in growth inhibition accompanied with upregulation of p15INK4b and/or p27KIP1 in most colorectal cancer cell lines, which we tested. Daily oral administration of JTP-74057 for 14 days suppressed tumor growth both of HT-29 and COLO205 xenografts in nude mice. Interestingly, the tumor regression was observed only in COLO205 xenografts, and COLO205 was also much more sensitive to JTP-74057 for inducing apoptosis than HT-29 in vitro. Treatment with an Akt inhibitor enhanced the JTP-74057-induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells. Finally, JTP-74057 exhibited an additive or a synergistic effect in combination with the standard-of-care agents, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin or SN-38. Conclusions: JTP-74057, a highly specific and potent MEK1/2 inhibitor, exerts favorable antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo. Sensitivity to JTP-74057-induced apoptosis might be an important factor for the estimation of in vivo efficacy, and the treatment with an Akt inhibitor enhanced the induction of apoptosis. These results suggest the usefulness of JTP-74057 in therapeutic applications for colorectal cancer patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3585. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3585
Honorary and ghost authorship
Authors: P. K. Baskin, R. A. Gross
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Has not substantially declined, suggesting that standards need tightening up

What qualifies a person to be an author of a research paper? Is it simply a matter of enlisting a patient in a clinical trial, or does authorship require a particular level of participation in planning and executing a study? Should there be a “substantial” contribution to the writing? It may be that satisfactory answers to the complex questions around authorship are not feasible, desirable, or even possible. However, most would agree that pursuing clarity of contributions to a scientific article is a worthy goal. Journal editors serve the medical community best when readers can judge accurately how the work was done and communicated. Accurate identification of authors is the first step in creating transparency of contributions.

In the linked study (doi:10.1136/bmj.d6128), Wislar and colleagues compare the prevalence of honorary (guest) and ghost authors in six leading medical journals in 2008 and 1996.1 The authors used the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria to define honorary and ghost authorship.2 The results showed that inappropriate authorship declined from 29% of articles in 1996 to only 21% in 2008, an improvement from previous studies cited by the authors, which were also based on the ICMJE criteria but lacked the breadth of the authors’ 1996 and 2008 studies. However, this proportion of inappropriate authorship is a concern to institutions and journals responsible for integrity in scientific reporting. Despite some limitations …
Treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with peginterferon alfa-2a (40KD) (Pegasys) alone or in combination with ribavirin (copegus) results in long-lasting sustained virological response
Authors: M. Swain, M.-Y. Lai, M.L. Shiffman, W.G. Cooksley, A. Abergel, M. Diago, M. Brunda
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)
Prevalence Rates for Diabetes Mellitus in Puerto Rico
Authors: Lillian Haddock, Isis Torres de Conty
Journal: Diabetes Care (1991)

The aim of this study was to analyze prevalence data for diabetes mellitus obtained from a household interview of a random sample of the general population by the Department of Health of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico for the years 1975-1986. Details of the prevalence rate by sex and age were analyzed for the years 1981, 1984, 1985, and 1986 and for the urban and rural population in 1985. The mean prevalence rate of known cases of diabetes showed a tendency to increase from 3.1% in 1975 to 5.1% in 1986. Prevalence rates adjusted for age and sex showed an increase in the mean prevalence for 1986 compared with that of 1981. The prevalence rate was significantly higher for the rural population for the age-group 45-64 yr old and for the urban population for the age-group greater than or equal to 65 yr. The prevalence rate compares with that of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in the New York City area. On the basis of the prevalence data, approximately 90% of the diabetic population is non-insulin dependent and 10% are insulin dependent. Major risk factors thought to explain the increased prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes are increasing longevity of the Puerto Rican population, genetic predisposition, obesity, and changes in life-styles. In conclusion, Puerto Ricans, as other Hispanic Americans, have a higher prevalence of diabetes than the white American population.
Attentional dynamics and a chorus of geons
Authors: Eric Postma, Jaap van den Herik, Patrick Hudson
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

This commentary discusses three main requirements for models of vision, namely, translation and scale invariance, scalability, and hierarchy. Edelman's Chorus model falls short of fulfilling these requirements because it ignores the highly dynamic nature of vision. Incorporating an attentional mechanism and assuming geon-like prototype representations may enhance Chorus's plausibility as a model of human object recognition.
Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in premalignant and malignant lesions of human gallbladder
Authors: Takuya Kitada, Shuichi Seki, Hiroki Sakaguchi, Takao Yamada, Osuke Muroya, Hideki Fujii, Shin Minamitani, Sawako Kobayashi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2002)
A Note on the Surgical Treatment of Spina Bifida
Authors: L. Marshall
Journal: BMJ (1901)

finger.There is no eczema or excoriation of the anus or perineum, nor is there any evidence tbat th,e rectum resents the presence of the urine moreen les, perha than that of anyother flid.The frequency of defaecation depends lely upon the -amount of fluid ingested, and upon the degree of activity of the lad.Whieni playing about he requires to evacuate the urine at intervals of one.two, or tihree liours, but in bed at