tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-2–induced Increased Airway Responsiveness and Lung Th2 Cytokine Expression Occur after Antigen Challenge through the Leukotriene Pathway
Authors: Sammy Nag, Bouchaib Lamkhioued, Paolo M. Renzi
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

Previous studies have shown that the allergic late airway response (LR) is dependent on the leukotriene (LT) pathway in Brown Norway (BN) rats. In this same model, interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been shown to increase allergic airway responses without increasing LT production. This study examined the relationship between the upregulation of cellular immunity with IL-2 and the LT pathway in ovalbumin-sensitized BN rats. Airway responsiveness to LTD4 was significantly increased in BN rats pretreated with IL-2 (20,000 U twice a day for 4.5 days). Treatment with montelukast, a cysteinyl LT1 receptor antagonist, blocked IL-2's induced increase of the LR to ovalbumin challenge. When cytokine expression was assessed either by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction or in situ hybridization, we found that montelukast decreased the amount of IL-4 mRNA expression in the lungs while increasing the amount of interferon-γ mRNA expression 8 hours after challenge. These results indicate that upregulation of cellular immunity with IL-2 can increase the sensitivity of the airways to LTD4 and that inhibition of the LT pathway will block the LR and modulate cytokine expression after antigen challenge.
Sulfonamide Hepatic Injury
Authors: Carlos A. Dujovne, Chao H. Chan, Hyman J. Zimmerman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1967)

A NUMBER of adverse reactions to sulfonamides has been reported during the thirty years that have elapsed since the introduction of these drugs.1 , 2 Hepatic injury, one of the most important adverse effects, has been described many times; yet some of the current pharmacology textbooks omit mention of this possibility. The importance of this side effect has not been diminished by the advent of the many other antimicrobial agents, since sulfonamides continue to be prescribed extensively.3 A review of the world literature has revealed 57 reports of sulfonamide hepatotoxicity, which included a total of 106 cases. Almost all (96 of 106) . . .
Genioglossus Activity During Sleep in Normal Control Subjects and Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Eliot S. Katz, David P. White
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

Children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) have more collapsible airways compared with normal subjects, yet sustain stable breathing during wakefulness and part of sleep. This indicates successful neuromuscular compensation. Using a custom intraoral surface electrode to record pharyngeal dilator muscle activity (the genioglossus [EMGgg] normalized to the wakeful baseline), we performed overnight polysomnograms in three groups of children: (1) patients with OSAS without continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (n = 13); (2) patients with OSAS with CPAP (n = 5); and (3) control subjects without CPAP (n = 13). Our objective was to evaluate the EMGgg as a function of sleep state and during disordered breathing, compared with stable sleep and wakefulness. In control subjects, the EMGgg decreased from wakefulness to Stage 2 (mean +/- SD, 65 +/- 6%), and further during REM (51 +/- 9%) (p < 0.05). In patients with OSAS, the EMGgg for apneic breaths during REM (37 +/- 9%) was lower than during stable breathing (83 +/- 17%) (p < 0.05) and wakefulness (p < 0.05). CPAP lowered the EMGgg in patients with OSAS during all sleep states. These data indicate that (1) EMGgg compensatory mechanisms remain active during sleep in patients with severe OSAS; (2) EMGgg reductions are temporally associated with sleep apnea events; and (3) REM sleep is associated with the lowest and most variable EMGgg.
Hypothalamic Immunopathology in Anti-Ma–Associated Diencephalitis With Narcolepsy-Cataplexy
Authors: Yves Dauvilliers, Jan Bauer, Valérie Rigau, Nicole Lalloyer, Pierre Labauge, Bertrand Carlander, Roland Liblau, Christelle Peyron, Hans Lassmann
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2013)

<h3>Importance</h3> Idiopathic narcolepsy with cataplexy is thought to be an autoimmune disorder targeting hypothalamic hypocretin neurons. Symptomatic narcolepsy with low hypocretin level has been described in Ma antibody–associated encephalitis; however, the mechanisms underlying such an association remain unknown. <h3>Observations</h3> We described a 63-year-old man with clinical criteria for diencephalic encephalitis with sleepiness, cataplexy, hypocretin deficiency, and central hypothyroidism, together with brainstem encephalitis reflected by supranuclear ophtalmoparesis and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder with underlying abnormalities on brain magnetic resonance imaging. An autoimmune process was demonstrated by the detection of antibodies against Ma protein. Death occurred 4 months after disease onset without any tumor detected. Neuropathology, immunohistochemistry, and immunoreactivity results were compared with those obtained in idiopathic narcolepsy-cataplexy and with normal control brains. The principal findings revealed almost exclusive inflammation and tissue injury in the hypothalamus. The type of inflammatory reaction suggests cytotoxic CD8<sup>+</sup>T lymphocytes being responsible for the induction of tissue injury. Inflammation was associated with complete loss of hypocretinergic neurons. Autoantibodies of the patient predominantly stained neurons in the hypothalamus and could be absorbed with Ma2. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> The encephalitic process, responsible for narcolepsy-cataplexy and hypocretin deficiency, reflects a CD8<sup>+</sup>inflammatory-mediated response against hypocretin neurons.
Anti-acetylcholine-receptor antibody concentrations after thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis.
Authors: M E Seybold, R N Baergen, B Nave, J M Lindstrom
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Serum concentrations of anti-acetylcholine-receptor (anti-AChR) antibody were measured in patients with myasthenia gravis. In those patients undergoing thymectomy concentrations were measured before and after the operation to see whether there might be a connection between the thymus and antibody production. We found no correlation between antibody concentration and either thymectomy or duration and severity of the disease before the operation. Our results suggest that if anti-AChR antibodies are the principal pathogenic factor in myasthenia gravis then immunological and neurophysical variables other than the total serum anti-AChR antibody concentration contribute to the severity of the disease.
A Prospective Study of Serially Performed Pleural Biopsies.
Authors: Joseph Scerbo
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

Meeting Abstracts1 May 1970A Prospective Study of Serially Performed Pleural Biopsies.Joseph Scerbo, M.D., Harold Keltz, M.D., F.A.C.P., Daniel J. Stone, M.D., F.A.C.P.Joseph Scerbo, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Harold Keltz, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, Daniel J. Stone, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-72-5-809_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of performing pleural biopsy in every patient with pleural disease, regardless of the presence of fluid. A total of 211 biopsies were performed in 161 patients, using the Abrams needle technic. Routine histologic examination of all biopsy specimens was done and special staining where indicated. In the last 59 specimens, culture in 7H 9 liquid media was routinely performed. The results demonstrated that a positive histologic diagnosis can be obtained on first biopsy attempt in 24% of patients. A second biopsy, at a 10 to 14 day interval, increased the yield by... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Bronx, N.Y. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByREACTIONS WITH HYDRAZONOYL HALIDES XXIV [1] : SYNTHESIS OF SOME NEW UNSYMMETRICAL AZINES AND DIHYDRO-1,3,4-THIADIAZOLES 1 May 1970Volume 72, Issue 5Page: 809-809KeywordsBiopsyProspective studiesStaining Issue Published: 1 May 1970 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Glioma-Associated Cancer-Initiating Cells Induce Immunosuppression
Authors: Jun Wei, Jason Barr, Ling-Yuan Kong, Yongtao Wang, Adam Wu, Amit K. Sharma, Joy Gumin, Verlene Henry, Howard Colman, Raymond Sawaya, Frederick F. Lang, Amy B. Heimberger
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Glioblastoma multiforme is a lethal cancer that responds poorly to therapy. Glioblastoma multiforme cancer-initiating cells have been shown to mediate resistance to both chemotherapy and radiation; however, it is unknown to what extent these cells contribute to the profound immunosuppression in glioblastoma multiforme patients and if strategies that alter their differentiation state can reduce this immunosuppression.We isolated a subpopulation of cells from glioblastoma multiforme that possessed the capacity for self-renewal, formed neurospheres in vitro, were capable of pluripotent differentiation, and could initiate tumors in vivo. The immune phenotype of these cells was characterized including the elaboration of immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines by ELISA. Functional immunosuppressive properties were characterized based on the inhibition of T-cell proliferation and effector responses, triggering of T-cell apoptosis, and induction of FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells. On altering their differentiation state, the immunosuppressive phenotype and functional assays were reevaluated.We found that the cancer-initiating cells markedly inhibited T-cell proliferation and activation, induced regulatory T cells, and triggered T-cell apoptosis that was mediated by B7-H1 and soluble Galectin-3. These immunosuppressive properties were diminished on altering the differentiation of the cancer-initiating cells.Cancer-initiating cells contribute to tumor evasion of the immunosurveillance and approaches that alter the differentiation state may have immunotherapeutic potential.
Trophic interactions between rat nerves and blood vessels in denervated peripheral arteries and in anterior eye chamber transplants.
Authors: M E Todd
Journal: Circulation Research (1986)

This investigation was undertaken to examine trophic interrelationships between nerves and arteries in male Wistar rats. Two approaches were used. (1) Surgical denervation of two peripheral muscular arteries in the thigh (the superficial epigastric and saphenous) was carried out on young animals (5-20 days old). (2) Arteries from young adults, either with a high density of innervation in situ (the tail artery), or virtually uninnervated (the femoral artery), were transplanted into intact or sympathectomized anterior eye chambers of adult rat hosts. In the denervation experiments, the maximum length of time before reinnervation occurred was 15 days postoperatively. The only evidence of morphological change in the vessel wall was in the external elastic lamina that became irregular and laminated. Reinnervation followed the typical developmental sequence, and was accelerated in the younger animals and by a double lesion. Translocating the proximal part of the nerve carrying the vasomotor innervation indicated that sprouting was directional toward the muscular arteries, bypassing an artery with very sparse innervation. The transplant experiments into the anterior eye chamber showed that only an artery densely innervated in situ (the tail artery) could induce reinnervation by iridean nerve sprouting. The tail artery, in the chamber lacking adrenergic innervation of the iris, became reinnervated by terminals with small agranular vesicles. These vesicles were part of Schwann cell complexes, at a similar relative density, occupying the same position in the vessel wall, as the ingrowing nerves in the fully innervated iris. The latter also had a proportion of terminals with the small clear vesicles. A small population of large granular vesicles could also be found in both types of terminals. Therefore, tissue normally having only sympathetic innervation cannot be assumed to be completely noninnervated when transplanted into a sympathectomized anterior eye chamber. The denervation and transplant experiments described here demonstrated the presence of trophic interactions between nerves and arteries, but also revealed a heterogeneity of response between vessels with very high and extremely low levels of innervation in situ.
Mesial frontal cortex and super mirror neurons
Authors: Marco Iacoboni
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract Depth electrode recordings in the human mesial frontal cortex have revealed individual neurons with mirror properties. A third of these cells have excitatory properties during action execution and inhibitory properties during action observation. These cells – which we call super mirror neurons – provide the neural mechanism that implements the functions of layers 3+4 of the shared circuits model (SCM).
The 2010 outbreak of poliomyelitis in Tajikistan: epidemiology and lessons learnt
Authors: M L Yakovenko, A P Gmyl, O E Ivanova, T P Eremeeva, A P Ivanov, M A Prostova, O Y Baykova, O V Isaeva, G Y Lipskaya, A K Shakaryan, O M Kew, J M Deshpande, V I Agol
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2014)

A large outbreak of poliomyelitis, with 463 laboratory-confirmed and 47 polio-compatible cases, took place in 2010 in Tajikistan. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral VP1 gene suggested a single importation of wild poliovirus type 1 from India in late 2009, its further circulation in Tajikistan and expansion into neighbouring countries, namely Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Whole-genome sequencing of 14 isolates revealed recombination events with enterovirus C with cross-overs within the P2 region. Viruses with one class of recombinant genomes co-circulated with the parental virus, and representatives of both caused paralytic poliomyelitis. Serological analysis of 327 sera from acute flaccid paralysis cases as well as from patients with other diagnoses and from healthy people demonstrated inadequate immunity against polio in the years preceding the outbreak. Evidence was obtained suggesting that vaccination against poliomyelitis, in rare cases, may not prevent the disease. Factors contributing to the peculiarities of this outbreak are discussed. The outbreak emphasises the necessity of continued vaccination against polio and the need, at least in risk areas, of quality control of this vaccination through well planned serological surveillance.
INFLAMMABLE SPECTACLE AND EYE-GLASS FRAMES
Authors: V. A. Chapman
Journal: JAMA (1918)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Perhaps it is pertinent at this time to warn all those in military service against the wearing of spectacle frames and eye-glass frames made of any inflammable material. It might be disastrous in the presence of fire, explosions, etc., to which active service may expose the wearer.
Increase in methotrexate dose in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have an inadequate response to infliximab
Authors: P. Ornetti, E. Solau, P. Gaudin, J. Sibilia, Jean-Marie Berthelot, X. Puechal, C. Tavernier, J. F. Maillefert
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

This case illustrates the usefulness of a therapeutic trial of colchicine monitored objectively by frequent acute phase protein measurements in patients with undiagnosed periodic fever syndromes.It also raises the possibility that a low threshold for analysing the FMF gene might disclose a wider spectrum of associated disease.
MESANGIOCAPILLARY NEPHRITIS, PARTIAL LIPODYSTROPHY, AND HYPOCOMPLEMENTÆMIA
Authors: D.K. Peters, J.A. Charlesworth, J.G.P. Sissons, D. Gwyn Williams, J.M. Boulton-Jones, D.J. Evans, O. Kourilsky, L. Morel-Maroger
Journal: The Lancet (1973)
Arterial reactivity is significantly impaired in normotensive young adults after successful repair of aortic coarctation in childhood.
Authors: H M Gardiner, D S Celermajer, K E Sorensen, D Georgakopoulos, J Robinson, O Thomas, J E Deanfield
Journal: Circulation (1994)

Despite successful repair of coarctation of the aorta in childhood, adult survivors often have hypertension at rest or on exercise, and their life expectancy is shorter than normal because of premature coronary and cerebrovascular disease. This may be related to persistent structural and functional arterial abnormalities after surgery.Using high-resolution ultrasound, we studied the right brachial arteries of 25 normotensive young adults who had undergone successful repair of coarctation in childhood (mean age at repair, 62 months; range, 0 to 167 months, including 8 patients operated on in infancy; mean age at study, 19 years; range, 14 to 27 years) and 50 age- and sex-matched control subjects. We assessed the degree of reactive hyperemia (RH) produced after distal cuff occlusion and release and the changes in arterial diameter in response to RH (with increased flow causing endothelium-dependent dilation) and to glyceryltrinitrate (GTN, an endothelium-independent dilator). The response of the right femoral artery to GTN was also measured in 12 coarctation subjects and 12 control subjects. Studies were performed 13.7 years (range, 7 to 21 years) after surgery. RH was significantly lower in coarctation subjects (343 +/- 130% versus 482 +/- 147%), as were endothelium-dependent dilation (3.8 +/- 3.3% versus 8.8 +/- 3.6%) and GTN response (13.3 +/- 6.0% versus 20.5 +/- 6.1%) (P < .001 for each), reflecting abnormal dilatory capacity in both the resistance and conduit arteries. In contrast, GTN-induced dilation in the femoral arteries was similar to that in control subjects (9.5 +/- 2.6% versus 10.1 +/- 4.1%, P = .70). On multivariate analysis, GTN response and systolic blood pressure at peak exercise were inversely correlated (r = -.52, P = .04). Vascular responses were not related to the age at repair.Despite successful repair of coarctation in childhood, arterial dilation is significantly impaired in the precoarctation vascular bed of healthy young adults. This may be an important contributor to exercise-related hypertension and late morbidity or mortality.
Brian Arthur Sides
Authors: J. A. C. Wilson
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> <h3>Introduction</h3> Polypharmacy is increasingly common and can increase the risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), accounting for a significant proportion of hospital admissions. It may also impair functional status and quality of life. Current efforts to improve polypharmacy take place largely in primary care, but there may be a role for increased support from medicines specialists in the secondary care setting. <h3>Methods</h3> We developed a pilot polypharmacy clinic in secondary care, led by clinical pharmacologists and pharmacists. Medicines were deprescribed as appropriate, based on clinical need and symptoms suspected of being ADRs. An ADR symptom burden was recorded pre- and post-intervention to identify any clinical changes following deprescribing. <h3>Results</h3> Twenty-four individuals were reviewed. The total number of medicines prescribed to each patient was reduced by a median of 4 (interquartile range (IQR) 2–5), resulting in annual savings in discontinued medicines of £4,957.44. The ADR burden fell from a median of 15 (IQR 14–17) to a median of 7 (IQR 4–11). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Our pilot clinic reviewed a small number of patients, but demonstrated the potential of such a service to offer both clinical improvements and cost savings. This service could be extended, integrated and sustained to improve care for people taking multiple medicines.
Effect of peptide histidine valine on cardiovascular and respiratory function in normal subjects.
Authors: E R Chilvers, C M Dixon, Y Yiangou, S R Bloom, P W Ind
Journal: Thorax (1988)

Non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves may have an important role in regulating airway calibre. A recently discovered peptide, peptide histidine valine, is a potent relaxer of airway smooth muscle in vitro and has been proposed as a possible neurotransmitter in this tissue. The cardiovascular and respiratory effects of graded infusions of this peptide (2.5-10 pmol kg-1 min-1) have been examined in six normal subjects in a placebo controlled, randomised double blind study. The mean (SEM) peak plasma concentration of peptide histidine valine during the highest infusion rate was 2392 (170) pmol/l, representing a 29 fold increase above the basal concentration. This was accompanied by flushing, a significant increase in heart rate of 28 (3.7) beats/min and skin temperature of 1.8 degrees (0.16 degrees) C, but no effect on systolic or diastolic blood pressure. Despite these high plasma concentrations of the peptide and the substantial tachycardia and increase in skin blood flow, there was no change in partial expiratory flow at 40% of vital capacity (Vp40) or in the airway response to inhaled histamine (geometric PD40 9.37 and 9.73 mumol during saline and peptide histidine valine infusion respectively). Although these findings provide no support for a physiological role of peptide histidine valine in controlling airway function in healthy subjects, important effects of locally released peptides in the vasoactive intestinal peptide family cannot be excluded.
Case 40-1984
Authors: Richard C. Cabot, Robert E. Scully, Eugene J. Mark, Betty U. McNeely, Dwight R. Robinson, Sara E. Kirkham
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

Presentation of CaseA 33-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of abdominal pain and hematochezia.There was a four-year history of crampy lower abdominal pain and the passage of loose, brown stools that occurred before menses. A barium-enema examination, performed elsewhere 1 1/2 years before admission, was reported to be negative. Naproxen was prescribed, with relief of the discomfort. For several months before admission she experienced postprandial heartburn that was not accompanied by nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain. Four months before entry a purpuric pretibial rash, ankle edema, and arthralgia at the wrists and ankles developed while the . . .
Arterial Remodeling in the Subclinical Carotid Artery Disease
Authors: Hunter R. Underhill, Chun Yuan, Vasily L. Yarnykh, Baocheng Chu, Minako Oikawa, Nayak L. Polissar, Stephen M. Schwartz, Gail P. Jarvik, Thomas S. Hatsukami
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2009)
Annual Number of Tranfusion Deaths
Authors: A. L. Rosenzweig
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> InThe Journalfor Aug 31, 1964 (<b>189:</b>660) there appeared a communication, "Hospital Transfusion Committee," by D. V. Walz, MD, in which it is stated that "Approximately 3,000 people die each year from transfusions." The reference cited is Hirsh, B.L.: Responsibilities in Blood Transfusion,<i>Medicolegal Digest</i><b>1:</b>21-26 [June] 1960. In the communication by Hirsh, no references are cited and no source for the validity of the statement is made. To repeat an undocumented statement in a reputable medical journal does an injustice to all involved in the operation of a transfusion service and gives lay writers cause to continue the output of scathing articles decrying transfusion practices.