tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Genetical Variation in Human Populations; Symposia of the Society for the Study of Human Biology
Authors: C. C. Li
Journal: JAMA (1962)

This is the fourth symposium volume put out by the Society for the Study of Human Biology in Great Britain, the membership of which consists largely of physical anthropologists, human biologists and geneticists, as well as medical scientists. This volume may be read in conjunction with the second symposium volume (1959) entitled<i>Natural Selection in Human Populations</i>. This little book contains 6 readable reviews by distinguished authors in their respective fields: (1) blood groups by Mourant, (2) hemoglobins and enzyme deficiency by Allison, (3) haptoglobins and transferrins by Barnicot, (4) urinary amino acids by Gartler, ( 5 ) dermatoglyphic patterns by Holt, and (6) pigmentation by Harrison. The general theme is to study human genetic polymorphism. The traits mentioned above are all genetically determined, some of which cause serious diseases while others have only very minor effects. The present papers are essentially dealing with the world geographic and racial distribution of the
The Autonomy of Idiopathic Erosive Proctitis
Authors: Eddy D. Palmer
Journal: JAMA (1975)

HIGH ON the list of badly underpublicized diseases of the gastrointestinal tract stands idiopathic erosive proctitis. Its poor press is explained by the usual habit of lumping it with common ulcerative colitis. The fact: it is an entirely different disease, no more like ulcerative colitis than amebic colitis. <h3>The Subjective Picture</h3> Idiopathic erosive proctitis usually begins during the third or fourth decade. Most patients are women, although I am unable to suggest in what proportion. To the patient, the onset seems sudden. The patient feels well but all at once sees red blood on stool or toilet tissue. Rectal bleeding is the main manifestation at the beginning and throughout the course of the illness. It tends to persist daily for many weeks or months, sometimes with brief periods of spontaneous improvement, but in most patients it shows a doggedness that leads to chronic discouragement among all concerned. The blood is
719. Specific Cancer Regression by Trans- Splicing Ribozyme-Mediated Replacement of K- RASV12 Transcript
Authors: Ju Hyun Kim, Sung Jin Kim, Sun Young Jang, Seong-Wook Lee
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

RAS genes encode guanine nucleotide binding proteins and are ubiquitously expressed although different level of expression in each tissue. RAS proteins play essential roles in transducing several crucial signaling pathways that regulate normal cellular proliferation. However, RAS genes are frequently mutated in human cancers, particularly in pancreatic and colon carcinoma. Mutant RAS oncogenes often harbor point mutations, leading the oncogenic proteins in a persistently activated GTP-bound state. Especially, point mutations in codon 12, 13, and 61 of the K-RAS gene are necessary for an early event in lung cancer. Such K-RAS point mutations are found in 30% to 56% of pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Therefore, K-RAS is a good target for cancer therapy. Several approaches specifically targeting mutant RAS genes have been performed for cancer therapy. However, they have some limitations in target specificity and/or therapeutic efficacy. Here, we describe a novel approach to human cancer gene therapy that is based on targeted replacement of cancer-specific mutant K-RAS (K-RASV12) transcripts using Tetrahymena group I intron-based trans-splicing ribozyme. RNA replacement approach with trans-splicing ribozyme will have the advantage of cumulative effects such as mutant K- RAS level reduction and simultaneous anti-cancer gene induction specifically in the mutant RNA-expressing cancer cells. These ribozymes were designed to specifically recognize mutated codon 12 site of K-RAS RNA, cleave the downstream sequence of the targeted site, and ligate with and hence induce the specific expression of reporter gene which was tagged at 3′ exon of the ribozymes in human cells as well as in vitro. Importantly, expression of the specific ribozyme with HSV-tk gene as 3′ exon caused efficient and specific cell regression with GCV treatment only in cancer cells expressing K-RASV12 transcript. Taken together, K-RASV12-targeting trans- splicing ribozyme could be a specific and potent agent for the treatment of tumors which express the mutant K-RAS transcript.
Has child protection become a form of madness? No
Authors: M. Spinelli, L. M. Howard
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<b>Alain Gregoire</b> and <b>Simonetta Hornby</b> (doi:10.1136/bmj.d3040) argue that child protection fails to detect many children in need of help while becoming ever more bureaucratic and unhelpful, while <b>Margaret Spinelli</b> and <b>Louise Howard</b> believe that child protection interventions are essential to prevent abuse
Progress in Medical Virology
Authors: Daniel L. Weiss
Journal: JAMA (1973)

Once in a while a volume comes to hand and provides an unusual wealth of up-to-date information in a well-written form. This 15th volume on progress in medical virology is such a book. The articles are topical reviews that completely survey a variety of virological subjects and place them in perspective, without expending too many pages in technological detail except where necessary to understand the interpretation of cultural and serological data. The first group of articles covers problems of neonatology. Blattner, Williamson, and Heys discuss the role of viruses in the etiology of congenital malformations; Gear and Measrock present the spectrum of coxsackievirus infections of the newborn; Lerner and Wilson analyze the problem of virus myocardiopathy; Plummer offers a survey of cytomegaloviruses of man and animals; Ward discusses the viruses of the respiratory tract. Each of these articles covers the clinical, laboratory, epidemiological, and pathological aspects of their subjects, with
Points: Corticosteroids and peptic ulcer
Authors: G W Hanks
Journal: BMJ (1985)

The chance of a dialysis patient in France receiving a transplant in 1983 was 1:13, in Italy it was 1:29, while in the United Kingdom it was greater than 1:4.Surely the way to increase the number of patients being treated (Mrs Elizabeth Ward's leading article, 22-29 December, p 1712) is to inform our colleagues of the successful parts of our renal failure programme while working hard to improve those areas in which we are deficient.
Sources of Gas Gangrene in Hospital
Authors: G. A. J. Ayliffe, E. J. L. Lowbury
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Of four cases of postoperative gas gangrene in three hospitals three followed amputation of legs with gangrenous lesions, and one followed gastrectomy. Clostridium welchii was isolated from the wounds and the faeces of each patient; small numbers of Cl. welchii were found on the floors of the theatres where the operations had been performed.Two infections occurred in one hospital on successive days. Typing of strains of Cl. welchii from these patients showed that they were serologically distinct. Further studies suggested that in each of the four cases infection was probably acquired from the patients' intestinal flora, probably through faecal contamination of skin.In 76 patients sampling of the skin with surface contact plates showed occasional heavy contamination of the thighs, groins, and buttocks with Cl. welchii, most of which were present as spores or sporing bacilli; Cl. welchii was more commonly found in patients with incontinence of faeces. Compresses of povidone-iodine applied for 30 minutes were found greatly to reduce the numbers of Cl. welchii, and swabbing with 70% alcohol was effective in some cases; washing with soap and water had no effect on the numbers of Cl. welchii on the skin.
Report on injuries sustained by patients treated at the Birmingham General Hospital following the recent bomb explosions.
Authors: T A Waterworth, M J Carr
Journal: BMJ (1975)

As a result of recent bomb explosions a total of 82 patients were treated at the Birmingham General Hospital, 61 with minor injuries. Bomb injuries may be divided into three main groups due to the blast effect (such as blast lung and ruptured tympanic membranes), the flash (such as burns to the exposed part of the body), and shrapnel (which may cause a wide variety of injuries). The amount of warning of such explosions is usually minimal, and so the prepared accident schemes of most hospitals are inappropriate. If the disaster occurs outside normal working hours much responsibility initially falls on the resident staff. This report gives some idea of the type of injuries they are likely to see.
Water fluoridation is safe and effective
Authors: J. F Beal
Journal: BMJ (1998)

EDITORőI was not surprised that Gibson and Gibson1 had to rely on a paper published 50 years ago to support their claim that water fluoridation was not effective in preventing tooth decay and that it was harmful to health. However, the paper they cited2 did not mention either a delay in tooth eruption or an increase in infant mortality, both …
NEW METHODS OF STUDYING GASTRIC PERISTALSIS
Authors: WALTER C. ALVAREZ
Journal: JAMA (1922)

It is hard for a moment to realize that our knowledge as regards gastric physiology is today in much the same stage as it was as regards cardiac physiology back in the early seventies, before the sequence of the beat in sinus, auricles and ventricles had been studied by means of graphic records. In those days the research workers simply watched the slowly beating hearts of dying amphibians and tried to understand the movements which they saw, much as we, today, try to understand the sequence of the gastric waves as they appear before us on the fluorescent screen. To be sure, we obtain graphic records by taking plates, but such plates are snap shots which cannot help the physiologist very much. A few roentgenologists, notably Rieder in Europe and Cole in America, have secured interesting serial roentgenograms of the stomach; but the technic has been so difficult and the
Control of Anticoagulant Therapy with the Thrombotest
Authors: Theodore Rodman
Journal: JAMA (1962)

SOME THEORETICAL and practical objections have been raised concerning the use of the Quick one-stage determination of prothrombin complex activity for the laboratory control of anticoagulant therapy with prothrombinopenic drugs. Several more complex tests of the clotting mechanism have been suggested to replace it, but in our laboratory these were not found to be superior to the Quick procedure. One of the important theoretical objections to the Quick technique and its modifications is that, because a potent tissue thromboplastin is added to the test plasma in the performance of the tests, they are completely insensitive to deficits of clotting factors which act in the first stage of clot formation, the generation of plasma thromboplastin. Since coumarin and indanedione derivatives depress the hepatic synthesis of Factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component, Christmas Factor) and Factor X ( Stuart-Prower ), both of which function in the generation of plasma thromboplastin, it would be
Stool DNA and Colorectal-Cancer Screening
Authors: Douglas J. Robertson, Jason A. Dominitz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

Colorectal-cancer screening in the United States is a success story. The American Cancer Society recently reported that rates of death from colorectal cancer are down by 46% from their peak.1 There is good evidence that screening efforts have played an important role in the trend.2 However, work remains to be done, since approximately one third of Americans report not being current with screening.3 One approach to increase screening uptake is to broaden the available test options. On the basis of current U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guidelines, there are three recommended options: fecal occult blood testing, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy. . . .
The forgotten children
Authors: D H S Reid
Journal: BMJ (2000)

See p 229 

The term “forgotten children” could cover a wide variety of children in Britain. What I mean by the term is the children who have or have had a parent in jail.

Many people will remember the film The Railway Children , which was based on a book by Edith Nesbit (1858–1924). This told the story of a family struggling to survive in reduced circumstances after the father had been falsely imprisoned. The children were not told that their father was in prison. Their memory was of a devoted father whom they loved dearly. When the eldest child discovered that her father was in prison by reading a newspaper report she became distraught, and her evident distress upset the other two children.

> These children are …
Blood glucose and diabetic retinopathy.
Authors: L. Orosz, M. Udvardy, A. Feher, P. Vincze, L. Madacsy
Journal: BMJ (1992)

diseases, including cholera.A recently infected victim who did not have any knowledge about cholera might take antacids or refrain from taking liquids-the worst possible management.At the beginning of the campaign few rural dwellers
THE MENTAL HEALTH OF THE UNMARRIED
Authors: GENEVIEVE KNUPFER, WALTER CLARK, ROBIN ROOM
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1966)

Data from the 785 interviews of married and never married respondents in a sample of the adult population of San Francisco are presented by marital status. On most of our indices of adjustment it was found that more single men are maladjusted than single women, and more single men are maladjusted than married men, thus confirming and enlarging on the results of other studies. These findings were discussed in terms of two general types of explanatory factors: selective factors and reactive factors. Because of the greater freedom of choice men have in the marriage market, it seems likely that those among them who are either unable or unwilling to get married were more psychologically impaired to begin with. Evidence from our data for this argument is the higher proportion of childhood stress among single men than among any other group. Explanations in terms of reactive factors suggest that without marriage men, more than women, have a tendency to become socially isolated and antisocial. While our data show that single men are in fact more socially isolated and more antisocial than single women (and than married men) it is not possible to say whether this is due to reaction or to selection. Of interest is the fact that in some ways single men are more "masculine" than married men (in their lack of moral strictness, and in the value they place on being free to do as they choose) while in other ways they are less "masculine" (in their greater passivity). Similarly, single women are in some ways more "feminine" than married women (in their moral strictness) and in other ways are less "feminine" (in their lesser degree of phobic reactions and in their greater dominance).
Cancer Risks near Nuclear Facilities: The Importance of Research Design and Explicit Study Hypotheses
Authors: Steve Wing, David B. Richardson, Wolfgang Hoffmann
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

In April 2010, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission asked the National Academy of Sciences to update a 1990 study of cancer risks near nuclear facilities. Prior research on this topic has suffered from problems in hypothesis formulation and research design.We review epidemiologic principles used in studies of generic exposure-response associations and in studies of specific sources of exposure. We then describe logical problems with assumptions, formation of testable hypotheses, and interpretation of evidence in previous research on cancer risks near nuclear facilities.Advancement of knowledge about cancer risks near nuclear facilities depends on testing specific hypotheses grounded in physical and biological mechanisms of exposure and susceptibility while considering sample size and ability to adequately quantify exposure, ascertain cancer cases, and evaluate plausible confounders.Next steps in advancing knowledge about cancer risks near nuclear facilities require studies of childhood cancer incidence, focus on in utero and early childhood exposures, use of specific geographic information, and consideration of pathways for transport and uptake of radionuclides. Studies of cancer mortality among adults, cancers with long latencies, large geographic zones, and populations that reside at large distances from nuclear facilities are better suited for public relations than for scientific purposes.
Large outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi B infection caused by a goats' milk cheese, France, 1993: a case finding and epidemiological study
Authors: J.-C. Desenclos, P. Bouvet, E. Benz-Lemoine, F. Grimont, H. Desqueyroux, I. Rebiere, P. A Grimont
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To assess the magnitude of a nationwide outbreak of infection with Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi B and identify the vehicle and source of infection. <b>Design</b>: A case finding study of S paratyphi B infection between 15 August and 30 November 1993; a pair matched case-control study; an environmental investigation at a processing plant that produced a raw goats9 milk cheese incriminated in the outbreak; phage typing and genotyping of food and human S paratyphi B isolates. <b>Setting</b>: France, 15 August to 30 November 1993. <b>Subjects</b>: 273 patients with S paratyphi B infection; 59 pairs of cases and controls matched for age, sex, and city of residence. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Numbers of cases and incidence rates by region of residence and age; matched odds ratios for dairy food preferences. <b>Results</b>: Among the 273 cases there was one death; 203 (78%) strains belonged to phage type 1 var 3. The incidence of infection was greatest in the region where goats9 milk cheese is commonly produced. Comparison of cases and controls showed a 12-fold greater risk of illness (95% confidence interval 1.6 to 92.3) from eating brand A unpasteurised goats9 milk cheese. S paratyphi B isolates of phage type 1 var 3 were recovered from cheese A, goats9 milk at the plant processing cheese A, and goats9 milk supplied to the plant by a single farm. Genotypic IS 200 typing of food and human 1 var 3 phage type isolates showed a common IS 200 pattern. <b>Conclusion</b>: This outbreak emphasises the potential health hazards of widely distributed unpasteurised milk products in France and the need for their close bacterial monitoring. <h3>Key messages</h3> Key messages Though the cheese was probably contaminated for more than two months, the outbreak continued undetected for a further two months The source of the infection was goats9 milk from one of the 40 farms that supplied the cheese processing plant Internal microbiological monitoring at the plant was not sensitive enough to detect the salmonella contamination initially Any batch of unpasteurised cheese or milk product should be closely monitored for Salmonella and should not be distributed until known to be clear
Incorporating a Rapid-Impact Package for Neglected Tropical Diseases with Programs for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria
Authors: Peter J Hotez, David H Molyneux, Alan Fenwick, Eric Ottesen, Sonia Ehrlich Sachs, Jeffrey D Sachs
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

Hotez et al. argue that achieving success in the global fight against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria may well require a concurrent attack on the neglected tropical diseases.
The Social Structure of a Heroin Copping Community
Authors: PATRICK H. HUGHES, GAIL A. CRAWFORD, NOEL W. BARKER, SUZANNE SCHUMANN, JEROME H. JAFFE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1971)

A field worker was assigned to a heroin distribution site or "copping area" in a Chicago neighborhood for a period of one year. He identified and monitored 127 different dealers and consumers who were regular visitors to the site. Thirty-four of these addicts were involved in a home visit and outreach treatment project. These sources of data permitted the authors to describe the role structure of a local heroin maintenance system, the distribution of its membership in various roles, and the social and treatability characteristics of the occupants of these roles. Their findings suggest that neighborhood heroin distribution systems are amenable to study and manipulation by treatment programs.
Anthropometric Measures at Multiple Times Throughout Life and Prostate Cancer Diagnosis, Metastasis, and Death
Authors: Axel Gerdtsson, Jessica B. Poon, Daniel L. Thorek, Lorelei A. Mucci, Michael J. Evans, Peter Scardino, Per-Anders Abrahamsson, Peter Nilsson, Jonas Manjer, Anders Bjartell, Johan Malm, Andrew Vickers, Stephen J. Freedland, Hans Lilja, David Ulmert
Journal: European Urology (2015)
The common cold: Effects of intranasal fluticasone propionate treatment☆☆☆★★★
Authors: Tuomo Puhakka, Mika J. Mäkelä, Kristiina Malmström, Matti Uhari, Johannes Savolainen, Erkki O. Terho, Markku Pulkkinen, Olli Ruuskanen
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1998)
Confusing Names of Drugs
Authors: Henry Taylor
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I recently compiled a listing of drugs whose names look alike or sound alike. When a pharmacist takes a prescription over the telephone or attempts to decipher a physician's handwriting, a drug product not intended by the prescribing physician might be dispensed. Such an error might be the result of sound-alike or look-alike drugs. Here is a list of ten. Aerolone—Aralen—Arlidin Demerol—Dicumarol—Temaril Desoxyn—digoxin—digitoxin Dilantin—Delalutin—Deladumone Edecrin—Ecotrin—Medaprin Esimil—Isomyl—Estomul Ethamide—ethionamide— ethinamate Felsol—Feosol—Festal Haldrone—Halodrin—Haldol Maalox—Marax—Maolate It could as easily be a hundred. Perhaps when names like Tetracyn, Tetrastatin, and Terrastatin have a common parent, avoidance of confusion is impossible. However, at the present time great caution must be exercised by physicians when writing prescriptions, and even more when transmitting them by telephone. The mode of flattery which, being at once safe and efficacious, is the best adapted to the purposes of
Reversal of flecainide-induced ventricular arrhythmia by hypertonic sodium bicarbonate vs. normal saline in dogs: A blinded randomized comparison
Authors: David M. Salerno, MaryAnn M. Murakami, David A. Asinger, Roland B. Johnston, Daniel E. Keyler, Paul E. Pentel
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
Toward a Rational Grading Policy
Authors: Hilliard Jason, Jane Westberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

Grades are symbols intended to summarize estimates of students' abilities and accomplishments. Assigning grades, like prescribing drugs, can be helpful or harmful and can have direct effects and side effects. Most grading practices evolved to serve purposes other than the promotion of learning; many are scientifically unsound. This essay touches on some of the many issues involved in formulating a sound policy on grading. The challenge is not grading more effectively but learning to gather, summarize and use information about students, whether or not grades are assigned.Appropriate Purposes of GradingGrades should, but often do not, provide information needed . . .
Atypical Metastasis From Prostate Cancer
Authors: Daniel T. Tell
Journal: JAMA (1985)

We review our experience with the immunoperoxidase technique of staining tissue for prostate-specific antigen in four patients with atypical metastases from prostate cancer. Our results indicate that this test is clinically useful for the diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer in patients with an unsuspected primary prostate malignancy. Further, application of prostatic-specific antigen testing may confirm metastatic prostate cancer in atypical sites in patients with a previously diagnosed prostate malignancy. (<i>JAMA</i>1985;253:3574-3575)