tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Global Influenza Seasonality: Reconciling Patterns across Temperate and Tropical Regions
Authors: James Tamerius, Martha I. Nelson, Steven Z. Zhou, Cécile Viboud, Mark A. Miller, Wladimir J. Alonso
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

BackgroundDespite the significant disease burden of the influenza virus in humans, our understanding of the basis for its pronounced seasonality remains incomplete. Past observations that influenza epidemics occur in the winter across temperate climates, combined with insufficient knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza in the tropics, led to the perception that cool and dry conditions were a necessary, and possibly sufficient, driver of influenza epidemics. Recent reports of substantial levels of influenza virus activity and well-defined seasonality in tropical regions, where warm and humid conditions often persist year-round, have rendered previous hypotheses insufficient for explaining global patterns of influenza.ObjectiveIn this review, we examined the scientific evidence for the seasonal mechanisms that potentially explain the complex seasonal patterns of influenza disease activity observed globally.MethodsIn this review we assessed the strength of a range of hypotheses that attempt to explain observations of influenza seasonality across different latitudes and how they relate to each other. We reviewed studies describing population-scale observations, mathematical models, and ecological, laboratory, and clinical experiments pertaining to influenza seasonality. The literature review includes studies that directly mention the topic of influenza seasonality, as well as other topics we believed to be relevant. We also developed an analytical framework that highlights the complex interactions among environmental stimuli, mediating mechanisms, and the seasonal timing of influenza epidemics and identify critical areas for further research.ConclusionsThe central questions in influenza seasonality remain unresolved. Future research is particularly needed in tropical localities, where our understanding of seasonality remains poor, and will require a combination of experimental and observational studies. Further understanding of the environmental factors that drive influenza circulation also may be useful to predict how dynamics will be affected at regional levels by global climate change.
"Shortcomings in care" to blame for avoidable epilepsy deaths
Authors: S. Hargreaves
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Poor management of patients with epilepsy may contribute to a substantial number of avoidable deaths related to epilepsy each year, an audit report published this week says.

The report highlights weaknesses in service provision and calls for a renewed focus on prevention, investigation, and management of deaths related to epilepsy.

“Bear in mind that 70% of people with epilepsy respond well to treatment and can be rendered seizure free,” Henry Smithson, one of the authors, told the BMJ . “The high number of …
Artifact on lodine-131 Whole Body Scan Due to Contaminated Handkerchief
Authors: BELUR S. CHANDRAMOULY, THOMAS SCAGNELLI, CRAIG K. BURGESS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

A 70-year-old man had papillary carcinoma of the thyroid with right cervical lymph node metastases. He underwent subtotal thyroidectomy and six weeks later was treated with 29.7 mCi of iodine-131 for ablation of remnant thyroid tissue. A whole body scan performed four days after therapy demonstrated focal intense activity in the right gluteal region. This was proven to be an artifact secondary to iodine-131 nasal secretion contamination in the handkerchief kept in the right hip pocket.
Drug Interactions: A Source Book of Adverse Interactions, Their Mechanisms, Clinical Importance and Management
Authors: Leo E. Hollister
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Awareness of drug interactions has become almost an obsession. Many of those cited in various collections are of little clinical importance or extremely rare. Almost all are bad, although one can think of several that are good and are exploited to great advantage. Those that are important or frequent are of great concern, for they may at best interfere with treatment and at worst cause disabling or fatal consequences. This is the latest of a number of books directed mainly at providing a reference to which busy clinicians can turn to determine whether the drugs they are prescribing may interact in untoward ways. The author begins properly by pointing out the frailty of much of the data. With this warning in mind, the reader is introduced to the basic mechanisms of drug interactions. After this opening chapter, the remaining 20 chapters consider interactions between single drugs (alcohol) or classes of
Targeting the eIF4F Translation Initiation Complex: A Critical Nexus for Cancer Development
Authors: Jerry Pelletier, Jeremy Graff, Davide Ruggero, Nahum Sonenberg
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract Elevated protein synthesis is an important feature of many cancer cells and often arises as a consequence of increased signaling flux channeled to eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F), the key regulator of the mRNA–ribosome recruitment phase of translation initiation. In many cellular and preclinical models of cancer, eIF4F deregulation results in changes in translational efficiency of specific mRNA classes. Importantly, many of these mRNAs code for proteins that potently regulate critical cellular processes, such as cell growth and proliferation, enhanced cell survival and cell migration that ultimately impinge on several hallmarks of cancer, including increased angiogenesis, deregulated growth control, enhanced cellular survival, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis. By being positioned as the molecular nexus downstream of key oncogenic signaling pathways (e.g., Ras, PI3K/AKT/TOR, and MYC), eIF4F serves as a direct link between important steps in cancer development and translation initiation. Identification of mRNAs particularly responsive to elevated eIF4F activity that typifies tumorigenesis underscores the critical role of eIF4F in cancer and raises the exciting possibility of developing new-in-class small molecules targeting translation initiation as antineoplastic agents. Cancer Res; 75(2); 250–63. ©2014 AACR.
Classification of Primary Hyperlipidemia
Authors: Irwin J. Schatz
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Classification of the hyperlipoproteinemias permits a rational approach to the diagnosis and management of these conditions. This study included 214 patients with primary hyperlipidemia. The Fredrickson-Lees criteria were used. There were no type 1 cases, 75 type 2, 12 type 3, 71 type 4, 12 type 5, and 44 unclassifiable. Abnormal responses to glucose tolerance tests occurred in 3 of 23 patients with type 2 and 52 of 54 patients with types 3, 4, and 5 disease. Most cases may be classified successfully if the patient's clinical history, fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and serum lactescence are known; in this group, the omission of lipoprotein electrophoresis altered classification in no type 2, six type 3, and four type 4 patients.
Australia Antigen and Hepatitis in Accra, Ghana
Authors: R. H. Morrow, F. T. Sai, L. F. Barker
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Viral hepatitis in young adults in Accra, Ghana, is associated with Australia antigen (H.A.A.). Sera from 85 patients in hospital with viral hepatitis were available for determinations of H.A.A. Of the 16 patients whose serum was obtained within the first week of symptoms, 15 were positive. The only factor related to finding H.A.A. was the time between onset of symptoms and the collection of the serum sample. Persistence of H.A.A. was associated with persistence of jaundice in men but not in women. Previous epidemiological studies in Accra found no evidence for parenteral transmission of viral hepatitis and showed a shanty-town predilection pointing to faecal-oral transmission. It thus seems that H.A.A.-associated hepatitis is transmitted in West Africa either faecal-orally or by shanty-town associated arthropods. The finding that H.A.A. hepatitis is the usual hepatitis in young adults in Accra is in accord with the high prevalence of H.A.A. elsewhere in the general population in Africa and may be related to the high rate of cirrhosis and hepatoma in Africa.
Validation of the Derogatis Stress Profile Using Laboratory and Real World Data
Authors: Patricia L. Dobkin, Robert O. Pihl, Claude Breault
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1991)

The Derogatis Stress Profile (DSP) is unique among the numerous measures of 'stress' in that it incorporates the interactional model of Lazarus and Folkman in a multidimensional structure. Derogatis has studied the psychometric properties of the DSP but its validity has not been demonstrated in the 'real world' nor has it been related to psychophys-iological data. The present investigation was aimed at testing the validity of the DSP in these two areas. Forty-three men between the ages of 18 and 30 years completed the DSP, the Daily Hassles Scale (DHS), the Life Experiences Survey (LES), the Profile of Mood States (bipolar form), and the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI). Participants were exposed to stressors in a laboratory setting as well as in the field while their heart rate was being monitored. Results supported the validity of the DSP, in part. The correlation between the DSP and JPI anxiety scores was significant as was the correlation between the DSP and the daily depression scores. The correlation between the Total Stress Score (TSS) of the DSP and DHS was significant as were the correlations between the TSS and LES scores. Moreover, the DSP scores were related to heart rate reactivity both in the laboratory and in the field.
Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis is a mitogen for liver progenitor cells
Authors: Janina E. E. Tirnitz-Parker, Cornelia S. Viebahn, Aniela Jakubowski, Borut R. S. Klopcic, John K. Olynyk, George C. T. Yeoh, Belinda Knight
Journal: Hepatology (2010)

Liver progenitor cells (LPCs) represent the cell compartment facilitating hepatic regeneration during chronic injury while hepatocyte-mediated repair mechanisms are compromised. LPC proliferation is frequently observed in human chronic liver diseases such as hereditary hemochromatosis, fatty liver disease, and chronic hepatitis. In vivo studies have suggested that a tumor necrosis factor family member, tumor necrosis factor–like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), is promitotic for LPCs; whether it acts directly is not known. In our murine choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) model of chronic liver injury, TWEAK receptor [fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14)] expression in the whole liver is massively upregulated. We therefore set out to investigate whether TWEAK/Fn14 signaling promotes the regenerative response in CDE-induced chronic liver injury by mitotic stimulation of LPCs. Fn14 knockout (KO) mice showed significantly reduced LPC numbers and attenuated inflammation and cytokine production after 2 weeks of CDE feeding. The close association between LPC proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells in chronic liver injury prompted us to investigate whether fibrogenesis was also modulated in Fn14 KO animals. Collagen deposition and expression of key fibrogenesis mediators were reduced after 2 weeks of injury, and this correlated with LPC numbers. Furthermore, the injection of 2-week-CDE-treated wildtype animals with TWEAK led to increased proliferation of nonparenchymal pan cytokeratin–positive cells. Stimulation of an Fn14-positive LPC line with TWEAK led to nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) activation and dose-dependent proliferation, which was diminished after targeting of the p50 NFκB subunit by RNA interference. Conclusion: TWEAK acts directly and stimulates LPC mitosis in an Fn14-dependent and NFκB-dependent fashion, and signaling via this pathway mediates the LPC response to CDE-induced injury and regeneration. (Hepatology 2010)
Prescription of Barbiturates and Other Dangerous Drugs
Authors: Michael A. Luongo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1950)

PRESCRIPTION OF BARBITURATES AND OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGSA great deal of confusion exists among both physicians and pharmacists in Massachusetts regarding the refilling of prescriptions of the so-called "dangerous drugs." This is partly the result of conflict between state and federal laws concerning the retail sale of drugs. The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Law restricts the refilling of prescriptions for: all dangerous drugs of any kind, including barbiturate preparations, regardless of the amount of barbiturate involved; and all packages and preparations that contain the printed legend "to be dispensed only by or upon the prescription of a physician" or . . .
HIV Infection Rapidly Induces and Maintains a Substantial Suppression of Thymocyte Proliferation
Authors: Marie-Lise Dion, Jean-François Poulin, Rebeka Bordi, Myriam Sylvestre, Rachel Corsini, Nadia Kettaf, Ali Dalloul, Mohamed-Rachid Boulassel, Patrice Debré, Jean-Pierre Routy, Zvi Grossman, Rafick-Pierre Sékaly, Rémi Cheynier
Journal: Immunity (2004)
Orphan Drugs: Creating a Policy
Authors: CAROLYN H. ASBURY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1981)

Ensuring the development and availability of drugs that are medically important but commercially unprofitable poses a significant problem in our free market economy. Recent attempts by the federal government to develop a policy regarding these "orphan" drugs provides an important first step. The federal Interagency Task Force on Drugs of Limited Commercial Value recommendations propose initiation of a wide spectrum of administrative and legislative changes; these are designed to create incentives for industry to cooperate with government in developing and making orphan drugs available to those who need them. But before the proposed recommendations are accepted or rejected, a clearer understanding is needed of the nature of interrelated problems of orphan drugs. Thereafter, the wide spectrum of "stakeholders" involved in and affected by orphan drug policies or programs should seek means for interactive planning to determine desired ends and to devise means for achieving them.
Liver vitamin D receptor, CYP2R1, and CYP27A1 expression: relationship with liver histology and vitamin D3 levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or hepatitis C virus
Authors: Ilaria Barchetta, Simone Carotti, Giancarlo Labbadia, Umberto Vespasiani Gentilucci, Andrea Onetti Muda, Francesco Angelico, Gianfranco Silecchia, Frida Leonetti, Antonio Fraioli, Antonio Picardi, Sergio Morini, Maria Gisella Cavallo
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Evidence suggests an association between low serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3) ] levels and the presence and prognosis of liver disease. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been widely detected in the liver, but its expression in the course of liver disease has never been investigated. We evaluated the hepatic expression of VDR along with that of vitamin D 25-hydroxylases in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and its relationship with hepatic histological features and serum 25(OH)D(3) levels. We evaluated 61 patients (25 NASH and 36 CHC) who had undergone liver biopsy for clinical purposes and 20 subjects without liver disease. Serum 25(OH)D(3) was measured via colorimetric assay. Expression of VDR, CYP2R1, and CYP27A1 was evaluated via immunohistochemistry in hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and liver inflammatory cells. Parenchymal and inflammatory cells from liver biopsies of patients with NASH and CHC expressed VDR, CYP2R1, and CYP27A1. In NASH patients, VDR expression on cholangiocytes was inversely correlated with steatosis severity (P < 0.02), lobular inflammation (P < 0.01), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease score (P < 0.03). Moreover, expression of CYP2R1 in hepatocytes correlated strongly with VDR positivity on liver inflammatory cells. In CHC subjects, fibrosis stage was associated with low hepatic CYP27A1 expression, whereas portal inflammation was significantly higher in patients with VDR-negative inflammatory cells (P < 0.009) and low VDR expression in hepatocytes (P < 0.03).VDR is widely expressed in the liver and inflammatory cells of chronic liver disease patients and its expression is negatively associated with the severity of liver histology in both NASH and CHC patients. These data suggest that vitamin D/VDR system may play a role in the progression of metabolic and viral chronic liver damage. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;56:2180-2187).
Pressor response to 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II (saralasin) in hypertensive subjects.
Authors: G H Anderson, D H Streeten, T G Dalakos
Journal: Circulation Research (1977)

An angiotensin II (A II) analogue (1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II) (saralasin) was infused into 418 untreated hypertensive subjects during a 1-day evaluation while blood pressure was recorded every 2 minutes by Arteriosonade. At 5 mug/kg per min, saralasin produced a change in mean blood pressure which correlated significantly (r=-0.54, P less than 0.001) with the stimulated plasma renin activity (PRA) (after intravenous furosemide and ambulation for 2 hours. Saralasin caused a rise inmean blood pressure of at least 7.0 mm Hg in 97 hypertensive subjects, who also had a low stimulated PRA (1.3+/-SEM, 0.1 ng/ml per hour; normal range, 1.7-8.5). On a low sodium diet, the pressor response of hypertensive subjects to saralasin continued and was an even better indicator of a low stimulated PRA. Infusion of saralasin at 10 mug/kg per min into normal subjects on an unrestricted diet, a low sodium diet, and a high sodium diet produced, respectively, no change, a fall (P less than 0.05), and a rise (P less than 0.005) in blood pressure. The same saralasin dose in six hypertensive subjects who showed a pressor response to the analogue in the 1-day study also produced a rise in blood pressure when given on a low sodium diet, and this rise was more than twice that seen in normal subjects on a high sodium diet. Hypertensive subjects who showed the pressor response had a significantly greater (P less than 0.01) pressor sensitivity to A II than did hypertensive nonresponders to saralasin and noraml subjects on an uncontrolled diet. The affinity of the vascular receptors for the analogue was greater in the hypertensive group that showed the pressor response to saralasin. In summary, the pressor response to saralasin, as defined above, occurred in 23% of a large unselected group of hypertensive subjects and was associated with salt loading, a low stimulated PRA, and increased pressor sensitivity to A II.
Bell's Palsy Following Organophosphate Poisoning
Authors: Stephen J. Victor
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> After reading the article by Jeffrey Fisher, MD, on Guillain-Barré syndrome following organophosphate poisoning (238:1950, 1977), I recalled a recent case of Bell's palsy that followed the ingestion of an organophosphate material by about two weeks. A 53-year-old woman was admitted to the psychiatric floor at St Barnabas Medical Center following ingestion of an insecticide that contains 13% of an organophosphate material as well as other neutral materials. She also was treated briefly with pralidoxime chloride and atropine only for gastrointestinal cramps. About a week later she noted a sensation that her lip was swollen, and 13 days later her physician noticed left facial paresis. I was called for neurological consultation. On examination she was alert but appeared uninterested and unconcerned about her facial paresis. Examination of the cranial nerves showed a left peripheral facial palsy involving the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles with only a
Improving Care for the End of Life: A Sourcebook for Health Care Managers and Clinicians
Authors: Ernlé W. D. Young
Journal: JAMA (2008)

As the authors claim in their preface, “this sourcebook features . . . strategies to improve care, with a focus on those that any manager of any healthcare system can try almost immediately” (p xi). This is not a vain promise but one inherently kept in the pages that follow:
Squamous cell carcinoma arising in Hailey–Hailey disease of the vulva
Authors: S.E. Cockayne, D.M. Rassl, S.E. Thomas
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2000)

Abstract A 61–year-old woman, who was known to have Hailey–Hailey disease, presented with increasing vulval soreness. Biopsy showed vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) 3 and subsequent histology from a vulvectomy specimen showed extensive VIN with early invasive squamous cell carcinoma. This may be another example of chronic inflammation of the vulval area leading to the development of squamous cell carcinoma. However, in this case, chronic human papillomavirus may also have played a part, leading to VIN and reactivation of the Hailey–Hailey disease. We can find no previous reports of squamous cell carcinoma developing in the setting of Hailey–Hailey disease.
Practical recommendations for the use of ACE inhibitors, beta‐blockers, aldosterone antagonists and angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure: Putting guidelines into practice
Authors: John McMurray, Alain Cohen‐Solal, Rainer Dietz, Eric Eichhorn, Leif Erhardt, F.D. Richard Hobbs, Henry Krum, Aldo Maggioni, Robert S. McKelvie, Ileana L. Piña, Jordi Soler‐Soler, Karl Swedberg
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2005)
Innovative use of anthralin. An overview of past, present and future developments
Authors: EUGENE M. FARBER, LEXIE NALL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1981)

Journal Article Innovative use of anthralin. An overview of past, present and future developments Get access EUGENE M. FARBER, EUGENE M. FARBER Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar LEXIE NALL LEXIE NALL Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 105, Issue s20, 1 August 1981, Pages 111–114, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1981.tb01024.x Published: 01 August 1981