tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic-Related Groups
Authors: Bruce C. Vladeck
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The discussion of "Medical Practice, Case Mix, and Cost Containment" by Young and Saltman (1982;247:801) that focuses on a criticism of hospital reimbursement systems based on diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) appears to have been prepared without any detailed knowledge of the one DRG reimbursement system actually in place in New Jersey. Many of the comments in that article thus address problems that do not exist, or no longer exist, while the authors' proposed "alternative" actually resembles much of what is already in place in New Jersey. Specifically, DRG reimbursement in New Jersey now directly addresses the difference between fixed and variable costs, distinguishes among differing secondary diagnoses, and employs substantially less heterogeneous measures of case-mix, validated on a statewide population. Length of stay turns out to be as good a surrogate as any for resource consumption within major diagnostic categories, and no one really believes the notion that
388 CLONALITY ASSAYS BASED ON MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY AND RE-EXTIRPATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS FOR DIFFERENTIATING MULTICENTRIC LESION FROM INTRAHEPATIC METASTATIC LESION
Authors: K. Kubota, J. Kita, M. Shimoda, T. Sawada, J. Imura, T. Fujimori
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Activation of virus replication after vaccination of HIV-1-infected individuals.
Authors: S I Staprans, B L Hamilton, S E Follansbee, T Elbeik, P Barbosa, R M Grant, M B Feinberg
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1995)

Little is known about the factors that govern the level of HIV-1 replication in infected individuals. Recent studies (using potent antiviral drugs) of the kinetics of HIV-1 replication in vivo have demonstrated that steady-state levels of viremia are sustained by continuous rounds of de novo infection and the associated rapid turnover of CD4+ T lymphocytes. However, no information is available concerning the biologic variables that determine the size of the pool of T cells that are susceptible to virus infection or the amount of virus produced from infected cells. Furthermore, it is not known whether all CD4+ T lymphocytes are equally susceptible to HIV-1 infection at a given time or whether the infection is focused on cells of a particular state of activation or antigenic specificity. Although HIV-1 replication in culture is known to be greatly facilitated by T cell activation, the ability of specific antigenic stimulation to augment HIV-1 replication in vivo has not been studied. We sought to determine whether vaccination of HIV-1-infected adults leads to activation of virus replication and the targeting of vaccine antigen-responsive T cells for virus infection and destruction. Should T cell activation resulting from exposure to environmental antigens prove to be an important determinant of the steady-state levels of HIV-1 replication in vivo and lead to the preferential loss of specific populations of CD4+ T lymphocytes, it would have significant implications for our understanding of and therapeutic strategies for HIV-1 disease. To begin to address these issues, HIV-1-infected individuals and uninfected controls were studied by measurement of immune responses to influenza antigens and quantitation of virion-associated plasma HIV-1 RNA levels at baseline and at intervals after immunization with the trivalent influenza vaccine. Influenza vaccination resulted in readily demonstrable but transient increases in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels, indicative of activation of viral replication, in HIV-1-infected individuals with preserved ability to immunologically respond to vaccine antigens. Activation of HIV-1 replication by vaccination was more often seen and of greater magnitude in individuals who displayed a T cell proliferative response to vaccine antigens at baseline and in those who mounted a significant serologic response after vaccination. The fold increase in viremia, as well as the rates of increase of HIV-1 in plasma after vaccination and rates of viral decline after peak viremia, were higher in individuals with higher CD4+ T cell counts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Role of Anesthesia in Surgical Mortality
Authors: Robert D. Dripps
Journal: JAMA (1961)

The role of anesthesia in contributing to surgical mortality has been studied in 33,224 patients given either spinal anesthesia or a general anesthetic to which muscle relaxants were added. There were no deaths atributable to anesthesia in the 16,000 physically fit patients anesthetized by either technique. As the patients' physical condition worsened, deaths related to anesthesia increased in incidence; in the moribund patients, 1 in 16 patients given spinal anesthesia died of causes related to the anesthetic, and in 1 in 10 patients, general anesthesia could not be excluded as contributing to death. Of 6,000 physically fit patients who received a muscle relaxant, none died. No evidence of an inherent toxicity of muscle relaxants could be found. When deaths were related to the use of muscle relaxants, errors of omission or commission were always apparent.
Adolescent Pregnancy: Incidence and Cost-Reply
Authors: Robert W. Blum
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Bader is accurate in noting that nearly 500 000 births occur to adolescent females in the United States annually (most of which are to young women 18 and 19 years of age). According to the statistic that 10% of adolescent females become pregnant, based on annual percentage, when looked at over the span of adolescent years, a teenage female in the United States has a 40% chance of becoming pregnant before her 20th birthday.
Characterization of an Antigen That Is Recognized on a Melanoma Showing Partial HLA Loss by CTL Expressing an NK Inhibitory Receptor
Authors: Hideyuki Ikeda, Bernard Lethé, Frédéric Lehmann, Nicolas Van Baren, Jean-François Baurain, Charles De Smet, Hervé Chambost, Massimo Vitale, Alessandro Moretta, Thierry Boon, Pierre G Coulie
Journal: Immunity (1997)
SMALL ARTERY ELASTICITY AS A PREDICTOR OF ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES IN A NATIONALLY REPRESENTATIVE COHORT
Authors: Rajeev S. Sudhakar, Ankit Rathod, Aditya Bharadwaj, Apurva Badheka, Vikas Veeranna, Sony Jacob, Luis Afonso
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Involvement of histamine H3 receptors in scratching behaviour in mast cell-deficient mice
Authors: M.A. Hossen, Y. Sugimoto, R. Kayasuga, C. Kamei
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Although the roles of histamine H3 receptors have been studied in several tissues such as the brain, lung, spleen, colon and peripheral sensory nerve endings, the involvement of H3 receptors in skin responses particularly in relation to scratching behaviour are not well documented.This work was performed to study the effects of histamine H3 antagonists on scratching behaviour in mast cell-deficient mice.Histamine H3 antagonists iodophenpropit and clobenpropit, histamine and substance P were injected intradermally into the rostral part of the back of mast cell-deficient (WBB6F1 W/Wv) and wild-type (WBB6F1+/+) mice and scratching behaviour was measured for 60 min. The effects of H1 antagonists on scratching behaviour induced by H3 antagonists were also investigated.Intradermal injection of iodophenpropit and clobenpropit at doses of 10 and 100 nmol per site caused significant increases in scratching behaviour in both mast cell-deficient and wild-type mice. Histamine also caused a dose-related increase in the incidence of scratching behaviour, and a significant effect was observed at a dose of 100 nmol per site in both mast cell-deficient and wild-type mice. Substance P was also effective in causing scratching behaviour in both mast cell-deficient and wild-type mice. However, histamine H1 antagonists diphenhydramine and chlorphenamine failed to inhibit H3 antagonist-induced scratching behaviour in both types of mice.Our results indicated that intradermal injection of H3 antagonists induces scratching behaviour and that chemical mediators other than histamine seem to be involved in the response.
Pulsatile growth hormone secretion in normal man during a continuous 24-hour infusion of human growth hormone releasing factor (1-40). Evidence for intermittent somatostatin secretion.
Authors: M L Vance, D L Kaiser, W S Evans, R Furlanetto, W Vale, J Rivier, M O Thorner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

Growth hormone (GH) secretory patterns were studied in a patient with ectopic growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) secretion and in normal men given continuous infusions of human growth hormone releasing factor (1-40)-OH (hGRF-40). In the patient with ectopic GRF secretion, GH secretion was pulsatile despite continuously elevated immunoreactive GRF levels. To determine if pulsatile GH secretion is maintained in normal subjects, we administered to six healthy young men vehicle or hGRF-40, 2 ng/kg per min, for 24 h and gave a supramaximal intravenous bolus dose of hGRF-40, 3.3 micrograms/kg, after 23.5 h of infusion. hGRF-40 infusion resulted in greater GH secretion than did vehicle infusion and pulsatile GH secretion was maintained throughout hGRF-40 infusion. During the 23.5 h of vehicle infusion, total GH secretion (microgram; mean +/- SEM) was 634 +/- 151 compared with 1,576 +/- 284 during hGRF-40 infusion (P = 0.042). The GH response to the intravenous bolus of hGRF-40 was greater after vehicle infusion than after hGRF-40 infusion; 877 +/- 170 and 386 +/- 125 micrograms of GH was secreted after the bolus on vehicle and hGRF-40 days, respectively (P = 0.015). The total amount of GH secreted during the 25.5 h of the two study days was not different; 1,504 +/- 260 and 1,952 +/- 383 micrograms were secreted during vehicle and hGRF-40 days, respectively (P = 0.36). Not only was pulsatile GH secretion maintained during hGRF-40 infusion, but there was augmentation of naturally occurring GH pulses, which is in contrast to the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on gonadotropin secretion. We suggest that GH pulses are a result of GRF secretion that is associated with a diminution or withdrawal of somatostatin secretion.
The ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Jak1 modulates osteoclastogenesis by limiting interferon-β–induced inhibitory signaling
Authors: Youngkyun Lee, Seok-Won Hyung, Hee Jung Jung, Hyung-Joon Kim, Judith Staerk, Stefan N. Constantinescu, Eun-Ju Chang, Zang Hee Lee, Sang-Won Lee, Hong-Hee Kim
Journal: Blood (2007)
HMGB1 Enhances Immune Suppression by Facilitating the Differentiation and Suppressive Activity of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
Authors: Katherine H. Parker, Pratima Sinha, Lucas A. Horn, Virginia K. Clements, Huan Yang, Jianhua Li, Kevin J. Tracey, Suzanne Ostrand-Rosenberg
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Chronic inflammation often precedes malignant transformation and later drives tumor progression. Likewise, subversion of the immune system plays a role in tumor progression, with tumoral immune escape now well recognized as a crucial hallmark of cancer. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are elevated in most individuals with cancer, where their accumulation and suppressive activity are driven by inflammation. Thus, MDSCs may define an element of the pathogenic inflammatory processes that drives immune escape. The secreted alarmin HMGB1 is a proinflammatory partner, inducer, and chaperone for many proinflammatory molecules that MDSCs develop. Therefore, in this study, we examined HMGB1 as a potential regulator of MDSCs. In murine tumor systems, HMGB1 was ubiquitous in the tumor microenvironment, activating the NF-κB signal transduction pathway in MDSCs and regulating their quantity and quality. We found that HMGB1 promotes the development of MDSCs from bone marrow progenitor cells, contributing to their ability to suppress antigen-driven activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, HMGB1 increased MDSC-mediated production of IL-10, enhanced crosstalk between MDSCs and macrophages, and facilitated the ability of MDSCs to downregulate expression of the T-cell homing receptor L-selectin. Overall, our results revealed a pivotal role for HMGB1 in the development and cancerous contributions of MDSCs. Cancer Res; 74(20); 5723–33. ©2014 AACR.
Constitutively activated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K) is involved in the defect of apoptosis in B-CLL: association with protein kinase Cδ
Authors: Ingo Ringshausen, Folker Schneller, Christian Bogner, Susanne Hipp, Justus Duyster, Christian Peschel, Thomas Decker
Journal: Blood (2002)
Effect of Supplements on Health of Girls
Authors: H. Fowke
Journal: BMJ (1943)

<h3>Background</h3> In work for the World Alliance for Patient Safety on research methods and measures and on defining key concepts for an International Patient Safety Classification (ICPS), it became apparent that there was a need to try to understand how the meaning of patient safety and underlying concepts relate to the existing safety and quality frameworks commonly used in healthcare. <h3>Objectives</h3> To unfold the concept of patient safety and how it relates to safety and quality frameworks commonly used in healthcare and to trace the evolution of the ICPS framework as a basis of the electronic capture of the component elements of patient safety. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The ICPS conceptual framework for patient safety has its origins in existing frameworks and an international consultation process. Although its 10 classes and their semantic relationships may be used as a reference model for different disciplines, it must remain dynamic in the ever-changing world of healthcare. By expanding the ICPS by examining data from all available sources, and ensuring rigorous compliance with the latest principles of informatics, a deeper interdisciplinary approach will progressively be developed to address the complex, refractory problem of reducing healthcare-associated harm.
Why surgical patients do not donate tissue for commercial research: review of records
Authors: A. L Jack
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The tissue bank at Peterborough Hospitals NHS Trust provides a legal, ethical, and safe supply of human tissue mainly to the commercial biomedical and pharmaceutical sectors.A trained research nurse interviews surgical patients, and, with consent, tissue surplus to diagnostic needs is collected and supplied to clients. 1 2 We expected that commercial use of tissue might deter some patients from donating. 1 We did the study primarily to find out why patients declined to donate tissue and whether involvement of commercial companies was an influencing factor.Other reviews of patient attitudes in this area have not concentrated on the commercial aspects of research. 3 4
Assessment of refractoriness of the human Purkinje system
Authors: D. W. FLEISCHMANN, T. POP
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1978)

In 35 unselected patients premature right ventricular stimulation during a constant right ventricular drive rhythm was performed at the rates of 80, 100, and 120 per min. Several surface ECG leads and intracardiac electrograms were simultaneously recorded. To assess the beginning of decreased conductivity of the His-Purkinje system for retrograde conduction the premature test pulse interval was measured when the retrograde intraventricular conduction to the bundle of His prolonged for the first time. This interval was defined as the beginning of relative refractoriness of the Purkinje system. Additionally, the effective refractory period of the right ventricular muscle was determined. A rate dependancy between the beginning of relative refractoriness of the Purkinje system and the effective refractory period of the right ventricular muscle, as it is known from animal experiments, could be established with significantly different (P less than 0.001) mean values at the three different heart rates. The method described may be the only means by which to obtain approximate information about normal and abnormal conductivity of the human Purkinje system. It is inferred that critical prolongation of refractoriness of the Purkinje system relative to the refractoriness of the myocardium may be relevant to the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias.
Low serum selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
Authors: A Kauppila, H Korpela, U M Makila, E Yrjanheikki
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Serum selenium concentrations were found to be significantly lower in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy than in women with normal pregnancies during the last trimester of pregnancy and post partum. The activity of the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase had a significant positive correlation with selenium concentration and it was also significantly lower in women with the disease. These findings suggest that selenium deficiency and reduced glutathione peroxidase activity are associated with the aetiopathogenesis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
Reversal of clofibrate-induced cholesterol oversaturation of bile with chenodeoxycholic acid.
Authors: M C Bateson, P E Ross, J Murison, I A Bouchier
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Giving clofibrate 2 g daily to seven patients significantly increased the biliary cholesterol concentration while the proportion of bile acids fell. Five patients on established clofibrate treatment were given 750 mg of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) daily for one month. Biliary lipid analysis after the CDCA treatment showed a significant fall in the proportion of cholesterol and a rise in that of bile acids. The serum lipid concentrations, which had already been reduced by diet and clofibrate, showed a further significant reduction after the introduction of CDCA. This study suggests that CDCA may be usefully combined with clofibrate to reverse the tendency towards cholesterol saturation of bile and enhance the effect of lowering serum lipid concentrations.
Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in women after myocardial infarction: the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial
Authors: Sandra J. Lewis, Frank M. Sacks, Jayne S. Mitchell, Cara East, Stephen Glasser, Sheren Kell, Rebecca Letterer, Marian Limacher, Lemuel A. Moye, Jean L. Rouleau, Marc A. Pfeffer, Eugene Braunwald
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Abstract B39: Mechanisms of multidrug resistance in AMLs and selective targeting via small molecules
Authors: Chengguo Xing, David Hermanson, Sonia Das
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major hurdle in the treatment of cancer and there is a pressing need for new therapies. We have recently developed a small molecule, CXL017, with selective cytotoxicity towards MDR cancer cells. In this study, we offer new mechanistic insights about multidrug resistance in acute myeloid leukemias and present evidence for the selective therapeutic potential of CXL017 in the treatment of MDR AMLs. CXL017 significantly and selectively suppresses the growth of tumors derived from the MDR AML cells. In addition, drug resistant AML cells failed to develop stable resistance to CXL017 upon prolonged exposure. Remarkably, instead of acquiring cross-resistance, drug resistant AML cells exposed to CXL017 were re-sensitized to standard therapies (10 to 100-fold). Through gene profiling, protein characterization, and genetic up/down-regulation, we have identified several key signaling processes both at the transcription, such as Topo IIβ, and post-transcription levels, such as Mcl-1, that contribute to the multidrug resistance. Some of these changes also contribute to the selective sensitivity of multidrug resistant AMLs to CXL017. These results overall demonstrate the possibility of developing small-molecule therapies selective against multidrug resistance in cancer therapy upon gaining the mechanistic insights of drug resistance.
International trends in rates of hypospadias and cryptorchidism.
Authors: L J Paulozzi
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

Researchers from seven European nations and the United States have published reports of increasing rates of hypospadias during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Reports of increasing rates of cryptorchidism have come primarily from England. In recent years, these reports have become one focus of the debate over endocrine disruption. This study examines more recent data from a larger number of countries participating in the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring Systems (ICBDMS) to address the questions of whether such increases are worldwide and continuing and whether there are geographic patterns to any observed increases. The ICBDMS headquarters and individual systems provided the data. Systems were categorized into five groups based on gross domestic product in 1984. Hypospadias increases were most marked in two American systems and in Scandinavia and Japan. The increases leveled off in many systems after 1985. Increases were not seen in less affluent nations. Cryptorchidism rates were available for 10 systems. Clear increases in this anomaly were seen in two U.S. systems and in the South American system, but not elsewhere. Since 1985, rates declined in most systems. Numerous artifacts may contribute to or cause upward trends in hypospadias. Possible "real" causes include demographic changes and endocrine disruption, among others.
Extracutaneous manifestations and long-term sequelae of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis
Authors: A. Vercueil, S. Walsh
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2015)

This month sees the publication of an important piece of research in the field of medical dermatology, specifically in the domain of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS‐TEN).1 With the imminent publication of the British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines on the management of this disease spectrum, this paper provides a timely opportunity to reflect on an important extracutaneous aspect of SJS‐TEN, currently under‐recognized by clinicians both within and outside of dermatology. The provenance of the data is the world‐renowned tertiary referral centre for the management of severe cutaneous adverse reactions, Hôpital Henri Mondor, which has been the professional home of many of the names now synonymous with clinical research in SJS‐TEN: Roujeau, Revuz and Bastuji‐Garin to name a few. Previously published work has demonstrated that approximately a quarter of all patients with SJS‐TEN have involvement of their bronchial epithelium, and that up to half require mechanical ventilation during their acute admission.2 3 Duong et al. describe the long‐term follow‐up of a cohort of 32 patients who underwent objective testing of their respiratory function in the year following discharge from an acute admission with SJS, TEN or SJS/TEN overlap.1 They demonstrate that a significant number of such patients have abnormal pulmonary function tests, specifically diffusion capacities, noted at 3 months, with abnormalities sustained in a proportion of this cohort on retesting 6 months later. Pulmonary function test abnormalities were significantly associated with the extent of detachment of epidermis in the acute phase of the disease, allowing the practising clinician to risk stratify these patients. Of particular note is the fact that these patients were largely asymptomatic with respect to respiratory function; this is a salutary reminder to clinicians that while history taking at presentation may not reveal the true extent of disease, the extent of cutaneous manifestations may provide important clues to underlying pulmonary pathology. This should be actively investigated, as it may influence pulmonary function in the future.