tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE MOVEMENT OF ELECTROLYTES AND OF WATER IN SURVIVING TISSUE OF THE LIVER
Authors: John D. Broome, Eugene L. Opie
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1960)

When liver slices immediately after their removal from the body are immersed in graded solutions of sodium chloride, movement of water does not follow a course determined by movement of sodium ions. From hypotonic solutions sodium enters slowly and swelling proceeds rapidly but with increasing concentration entrance of sodium increases and swelling diminishes in accord with the osmotic relations between tissue and the medium. The extracellular fluid of liver has the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma, and entrance of water into liver slices from media with greater molar concentration is determined by the intracellular pressure of the parenchymatous cells of the tissue. The plasma membrane of the liver cell is semipermeable to electrolytes but its semipermeability is imperfect, may be impaired, and when in media isotonic with the cells some of the electrolyte enters them. With continued entrance permeability to both electrolyte and water increases and in case of sodium become evident after 15 or 20 minutes. A medium more favorable to the tissue prolongs the period of isotonicity. In solutions with electrolytes otherwise similar to those of the blood plasma, e.g. Krebs-Ringer solution, but with molar concentration of electrolytes approximately doubled by addition of sodium chloride isotonicity may be prolonged during a period of 1 hour or more. When potassium chloride is added to the Krebs-Ringer solution so that its potassium content has been increased 10-fold the water intake of liver cells has not varied in accord with the potassium content of the medium. In a medium with the electrolyte contents of blood plasma (Krebs-Ringer solution) liver cells after 1 hour gain sodium and lose potassium, but later potassium maintains a nearly constant level though swelling increases. Less sodium enters and less potassium is lost from liver cells at 0 degrees C. than at 38 degrees and 0 degrees C. swelling is greater. Movement of water between cells and extracellular fluid may occur independently of changes in the sodium or of potassium content of cells and doubtless is in part determined by substances associated with metabolism.
The Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Effect of Prostaglandin Analogs Combined with Topical β-Blocker Therapy
Authors: Carroll A.B. Webers, Henny J.M. Beckers, Maurice P. Zeegers, Rudy M.M.A. Nuijts, Fred Hendrikse, Jan S.A.G. Schouten
Journal: Ophthalmology (2010)
Antioxidant or neurotrophic factor treatment preserves function in a mouse model of neovascularization-associated oxidative stress
Authors: Michael I. Dorrell, Edith Aguilar, Ruth Jacobson, Oscar Yanes, Ray Gariano, John Heckenlively, Eyal Banin, G. Anthony Ramirez, Mehdi Gasmi, Alan Bird, Gary Siuzdak, Martin Friedlander
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2009)

In several disease states, abnormal growth of blood vessels is associated with local neuronal degeneration. This is particularly true in ocular diseases such as retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) and macular telangiectasia (MacTel), in which, despite the absence of large-scale leakage or hemorrhage, abnormal neovascularization (NV) is associated with local neuronal dysfunction. We describe here a retinal phenotype in mice with dysfunctional receptors for VLDL (Vldlr-/- mice) that closely resembles human retinal diseases in which abnormal intra- and subretinal NV is associated with photoreceptor cell death. Such cell death was evidenced by decreased cone and, to a lesser extent, rod opsin expression and abnormal electroretinograms. Cell death in the region of intraretinal vascular abnormalities was associated with an increased presence of markers associated with oxidative stress. Oral antioxidant supplementation protected against photoreceptor degeneration and preserved retinal function, despite the continued presence of abnormal intra- and subretinal vessels. What we believe to be novel, Müller cell-based, virally mediated delivery of neurotrophic compounds specifically to sites of NV was also neuroprotective. These observations demonstrate that neuronal loss secondary to NV can be prevented by the use of simple antioxidant dietary measures or cell-based delivery of neurotrophic factors, even when the underlying vascular phenotype is not altered.
Erratic Evolution of SRY in Higher Primates
Authors: Xiaoxia Wang, Jianzhi Zhang, Ya-ping Zhang
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2002)

SRY, a Y-chromosomal gene that is pivotal in initiating the development of testis and a determinant of male sex in mammals (Goodfellow and Lovell-Badge 1993), has been subject to intense evolutionary study in the past decade (Foster et al. 1992; Tucker and Lundrigan 1993; Whitfield, Lovell-Badge, and Goodfellow 1993; Pamilo and O’Neill 1997; Nagai 2001). SRY protein is a transcription factor containing the conserved DNA-binding HMG domain (;78 amino acids) in the middle of the sequence and highly variable Nand Cterminal sequences (Whitfield, Lovell-Badge, and Goodfellow 1993). A higher rate of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution than that of synonymous substitution in the terminal regions of SRY has been reported in primates and rodents, with suggestions that these regions may be subject to positive Darwinian selection (Tucker and Lundrigan 1993; Whitfield, Lovell-Badge, and Goodfellow 1993). Here, we sequence the SRY genes of nine Old World (OW) monkeys and show that the evolution of the SRY has been significantly decelerated in these species. Thus, the SRY shows a complex pattern of erratic evolution among different groups of primates, raising an intriguing possibility of varied selective pressures on this fundamentally important gene in evolution. Using PCR and DNA sequencing, we determined the SRY gene sequences of nine OW monkeys (see fig. 1). The SRY sequences of six hominoids, one OW monkey, and one New World (NW) monkey were available in the GenBank at the time of this study. Thus, a total of 17 sequences are analyzed here (fig. 1). Because the HMG domain of SRY is conserved throughout mammalian evolution, we only analyze the Nand C-terminal regions, which have 120 codons after the indels are removed. We first computed the numbers of synonymous (dS) and nonsynonymous (dN) nucleotide substitutions between pairs of the six hominoid sequences, using the modified Nei-Gojobori method (Zhang, Rosenberg, and Nei 1998). We found that dN is greater than dS for 13 of the 15 pairwise comparisons (fig. 2), suggesting possible actions of positive selection. We then
Class I chitinases as potential panallergens involved in the latex-fruit syndrome
Authors: Carlos Blanco, Araceli Diaz-Perales, Carmen Collada, Rosa Sánchez-Monge, Cipriano Aragoncillo, Rodolfo Castillo, Nancy Ortega, María Alvarez, Teresa Carrillo, Gabriel Salcedo
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1999)
Silica exposure and silica-associated systemic sclerosis
Authors: M.H.A. Rustin, Helen A. Bull, V. Ziegler, U-F. Haustein, P.J. Maddison, June James, Pauline M. Dowd
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1989)

Journal Article Silica exposure and silica‐associated systemic sclerosis Get access M.H.A. Rustin, M.H.A. Rustin Department of Dermatology, University College and Middlesex School of Medicine, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Helen A. Bull, Helen A. Bull Department of Dermatology, University College and Middlesex School of Medicine, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar V. Ziegler, V. Ziegler Karl‐Marx‐Universität, Leipzig, East Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar U‐F. Haustein, U‐F. Haustein Karl‐Marx‐Universität, Leipzig, East Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P.J. Maddison, P.J. Maddison Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Bath Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar June James, June James Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Bath Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Pauline M. Dowd Pauline M. Dowd Department of Dermatology, University College and Middlesex School of Medicine, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 121, Issue s34, 1 July 1989, Pages 29–30, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1989.tb05924.x Published: 01 July 1989
Defect in intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus within alveolar macrophages in Sendai virus-infected murine lungs.
Authors: G J Jakab, G M Green
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

Bacterial multiplication associated with virus infections is related to defects in in situ bactericidal (phagocytic) mechanisms of the lung. To determine whether the phagocytic defect was in bacterial ingestion and/or intracellular digestion, mice were infected with a sublethal dose of aerosolized Sendai virus and challenged 7 days later with a finely dispersed aerosol of Staphylococcus aureus. Groups of uninfected and virus-infected mice were sacrificed at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h after challenge, the lungs were perfused with formalin in situ, and the intra- or extracellular location of the bacteria was determined histologically. At 0 h, 49% and 51% of the staphylococci had an intracellular location in virus and nonvirus-infected lungs, respectively. With time, decreasing numbers of staphylococci were observed within the phagocytic cells of nonvirus-infected lungs, mostly as single organisms or in small clusters of less than four. In contrast, in focal area of virus-infected lungs, increasing numbers of phagocytic cells showed clumps of more than 25 bacteria/cell. These data demonstrate that virus-infected suppression of pulmonary antibacterial activity against S. aureus is related primarily to defects in intracellular processing mechanisms.
Spontaneous circulation of myeloid-lymphoid–initiating cells and SCID-repopulating cells in sickle cell crisis
Authors: Christopher E.D. Lamming, Lance Augustin, Mark Blackstad, Troy C. Lund, Robert P. Hebbel, Catherine M. Verfaillie
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2003)

The only curative therapy for sickle cell disease (SCD) is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation. Gene therapy approaches for autologous HSC transplantation are being developed. Although earlier engraftment is seen when cells from GCSF-mobilized blood are transplanted than when bone marrow is transplanted, administration of GCSF to patients with SCD can cause significant morbidity. We tested whether primitive hematopoietic progenitors are spontaneously mobilized in the blood of patients with SCD during acute crisis (AC-SCD patients). The frequency of myeloid-lymphoid–initiating cells (ML-ICs) and SCID-repopulating cells (SRCs) was significantly higher in blood from AC-SCD patients than in blood from patients with steady-state SCD or from normal donors. The presence of SRCs in peripheral blood was not associated with detection of long-term culture–initiating cells, consistent with the notion that SRCs are more primitive than long-term culture–initiating cells. As ML-ICs and SRCs were both detected in blood of AC-SCD patients only, these assays may both measure primitive progenitors. The frequency of ML-ICs also correlated with increases in stem cell factor, GCSF, and IL-8 levels in AC-SCD compared with steady-state SCD and normal-donor sera. Because significant numbers of ML-ICs and SRCs are mobilized in the blood without exogenous cytokine treatment during acute crisis of SCD, collection of peripheral blood progenitors during crisis may yield a source of autologous HSCs suitable for ex-vivo correction by gene therapy approaches and subsequent transplantation.
Diagnosis of Legionnaires' Disease-Reply
Authors: Victor L. Yu
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> In response to the letter by Dr Johnson and colleagues, we offer the following suggestions, which laboratory personnel might find useful in processing respiratory tract specimens for DFA stain. Extensive quality control measures should be routinely performed to ensure the validity of this test. For example, the specificity of each lot of antisera should be verified prior to its use as a clinical reagent using<i>Legionella</i>and non-<i>Legionella</i>bacterial controls. We have not noted significant cross-reactivity. Periodic evaluation of water, slides, diluents, and sample cups should be performed to detect potential sources of false-positive results. All water used should be commercial sterile distilled water. Finally, to decrease the possibility of contamination from washover of other prepared slides, which Dr Johnson mentioned, each patient's slide is processed in its own container. Since publication of our article, sensitivity of sputum culture for<i>L pneumophila</i>has continued to improve such
Pollen aeroallergen sensitization and efficacy of fexofenadine in children from the Southern Hemisphere*1
Authors: P.C. Potter, M. Lisanti, M. Groenewald, R. Portes, E. Weinberg, P. Vucovich, A. Puterman, C. Baena-Cagnani, P. Hardy, E. Ruuth
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2004)
The Teaching Hospital and the Future Role of State Government
Authors: Carl J. Schramm
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

IN the decade ahead, medical education in the United States will be governed more than ever before by inflexible economic imperatives. In the past century economic imperatives were overshadowed by reforms that centralized the education of physicians in universities and their teaching hospitals, by the advent of sophisticated and successful surgical intervention, by the development of a scientifically based and powerful materia medica, and finally, by an extraordinary dependence on technology in diagnostic medicine. At each stage, society was willing to commit the needed resources, and each stage yielded dramatic returns. Public faith in medicine as a force in preserving . . .
Diazepam. A useful hypnotic drug for direct-current cardioversion
Authors: William L. Winters, Michael T. McDonough, Jesse Hafer, Robert Dietz
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Diazepam was administered intravenously in doses of 10 to 40 mg to 18 consecutive patients who underwent 21 elective, direct-current countershock procedures for ventricular or supraventricular arrhythmias. Hypnosis lasting 15 to 30 minutes with complete amnesia for the event was induced on 20 occasions. One patient remained semiconscious and did recall three shocks up to 400 w/sec. No significant changes in heart rate, blood pressure, or respiratory rate were noted following administration of diazepam. The drug is safe, and it has enhanced the simplicity of the entire procedure.
Abstract 395: Chemokine ligand 7 expression in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer
Authors: Yong Beom Cho, Hye Kyung Hong, Hee Jung Shin, Hee-Jung Choi, Seok-Hyung Kim, Yoon-La Choi, So-Jung Choi, Jhingook Kim, Hee Cheol Kim, Seong Hyeon Yun, Woo Yong Lee, Ho-Kyung Chun
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract The main cause of death for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is the development of metastatic lesions at sites distant from the primary tumor. Therefore, it is important to find biomarkers that are related to the metastasis and to study the possible mechanism. Recent data have shown that soluble attractant molecules called chemokines support the metastasis of certain cancers to certain organs. To identify molecular regulators that are differentially expressed in liver metastasis of CRC, PCR array was performed and CCL7 showed remarkable overexpression in liver metastatic tumor tissues. To validate the result of PCR array, 30 patients with primary CRC and liver metastases were selected. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR analysis showed that CCL7 was expressed in normal colonic epithelium and the expression was higher in liver metastases than in primary CRC. CCR1, CCR2, and CCR3, receptors of CCL7, were not expressed in normal colonic epithelium nor colon and metastatic cancer, but expressed in normal hepatocytes and stroma by immunohistochemical staining. Real-time PCR showed that the expressions of CCR1, CCR2, and CCR3 were also higher in liver metastases than in primary CRC. There would be chemokine/chemokine receptors interactions between CCL7 and its receptors in liver, which supply the environment for metastatic colon cancer cells to survive and proliferate in liver. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 395. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-395
Author's reply to the minister
Authors: D. Colquhoun
Journal: BMJ (2010)

I think the minister1 is wrong in two ways, one relatively trivial but one very important.

Firstly, he is wrong to refer to homoeopathy as controversial. It is not. It is quite the daftest of the common forms of magic medicine and essentially no informed person believes a word of it. Of course, as minister, he is free to ignore scientific advice. But he should admit that that is what he is doing, and not hide behind the (imagined) controversy.

Secondly, and far more importantly, he is wrong to say I was mistaken to claim that “you cannot start to think about a sensible form of regulation unless you first decide whether or not the thing you are trying to …
Identifying Foreign Matter in Pulmonary Macrophages
Authors: ROBERT J. MASON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1976)

Comments and Correction1 May 1976Identifying Foreign Matter in Pulmonary MacrophagesROBERT J. MASON, M.D.ROBERT J. MASON, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-84-5-614_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The recent editorial, "Fibers and Fibrosis" by Bouhuys (Ann Intern Med 83:898-899, 1975), reviews the value of lung biopsy and analysis of fibers for diagnosis of selected occupational lung diseases. I wish to suggest an alternative investigative method for diseases produced by inhalation of insoluble particles (especially inorganic dusts). This method is based on the biology of alveolar macrophages and the development of recent technology for elemental analysis, and this suggestion may stimulate research. The method requires a major piece of equipment and is not a proved alternative to current clinical methods.Alveolar macrophages ingest and store...References1. SOROKINBRAIN SJ: Pathways of clearance in mouse lungs exposed to iron oxide aerosols. Anat Rec 181:581, 1975 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. REYNOLDSNEWBALL HH: Analysis of proteins and respiratory cells obtained from human lungs by bronchial lavage. J Lab Clin Med 84:559, 1974 MedlineGoogle Scholar3. BRODYCRAIGHEAD AJ: Cytoplasmic inclusions in pulmonary macrophages of cigarette smokers. Lab Invest 32:125, 1975 MedlineGoogle Scholar4. LANGERRUBINSELIKOFF AII: Chemical characterization of asbestos body cores by electron microprobe analysis. J Histochem Cytochem 20:723-734, 1972 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. SIEGESMUNDFUNAHASHIPINTAR KAK: The identification of silicon in the lung by energy-dispersive x-ray analysis. Am Rev Resp Dis 111:903, 1975 Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Cardiovascular Research Institute Department of Medicine University of California School of Medicine San Francisco, CA 94143 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1976Volume 84, Issue 5Page: 614-614KeywordsBiopsyDustInhalationLungsMacrophagesPulmonary diseasesPulmonary fibrosisResearch and reporting methods Issue Published: 1 May 1976 PDF DownloadLoading ...
The Harvard Medical School Buildings.
Authors: Frederick C. Shattuck
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Boston, Nov. 4, 1906. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In the last paragraph of the editorial on the Harvard Medical School Buildings inThe Journal, Oct. 6, 1906, page 1100, it is implied that the clinical facilities of the school are inadequate and an impression may thus be made which does not coincide with the facts. Really, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the present clinical facilities are unequalled in this country. The fact that the hospitals, great and small, in which clinical teaching is now carried on, are at some distance from the new buildings is of less consequence, inasmuch as bedside work begins the second half of the second year, occupying only the mornings in that year, while practically the whole of the third and fourth years are passed at the hospitals. Thus twenty minutes by car or thirty minutes on foot are practically no disadvantage. Within the
Morphinism in Children.
Authors: J. B. Mattison
Journal: JAMA (1895)

Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 1, 1895. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I am desirous of adding to the clinical literature of morphinism in children. If any reader of yourJournalhas noted a case, and will furnish me details, I will appreciate the favor and give full credit.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and farnesoid X receptor ligands differentially regulate sebaceous differentiation in human sebaceous gland organ cultures in vitro
Authors: M.M.T. Downie, D.A. Sanders, L.M. Maier, D.M. Stock, T. Kealey
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2004)

Background Nuclear hormone receptors are important in the regulation of epidermal differentiation and have been implicated in lipid metabolism. In particular, there is evidence suggesting that the activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) is an important factor in the regulation of sebocyte lipogenesis. Objectives To determine the role of PPARs, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and other orphan nuclear hormone receptors in sebaceous gland function in vitro by investigating the biochemical effects of appropriate ligands, and by establishing the RNA and protein expression patterns of a number of nuclear receptors in sebaceous glands ex vivo. Methods Human chest sebaceous glands were maintained in vitro as freshly isolated and as 7‐day cultured whole organs. We then studied the effects of appropriate ligands on the glandular rates of lipogenesis and DNA synthesis, as well as determining the mRNA (reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction) and protein expression patterns (immunohistochemistry/immunoblotting) of the nuclear hormone receptors of interest. Results PPAR ligands, but not FXR ligands, inhibited sebaceous lipogenesis, in particular the PPARα ligands LY 171883 and WY 14643, and the PPARγ ligands BRL 49653 and 15‐deoxy‐Δ‐12,14‐prostaglandin J2. We detected RNA expression of PPARα, PPARβ, PPARγ, retinoid X receptor α, liver X receptor α (LXRα) and pregnane X receptor but not FXR in freshly isolated and 7‐day maintained sebaceous glands. PPARα, PPARβ, PPARγ and LXRα protein were detected in nuclear extracts of sebaceous glands. Conclusions We conclude that activation of nuclear hormone receptors, in particular activation of PPARα and PPARγ, can regulate lipogenesis in human sebaceous glands. As suppression of sebum secretion is associated with reduced acne activity, the nuclear hormone receptors involved may open new avenues in the development of novel acne treatments.