tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract 387: Intermittent hypoxia stimulates capillary growth and branching in an in vitro model of tumor angiogenesis.
Authors: Seema M. Ehsan, Nicole L. Mendoza, Steven C. George
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Introduction: The complex heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment, including a structurally and functionally abnormal vasculature, impacts oxygen tension leading to intermittent hypoxia (IH). While it is known that chronic hypoxia modulates tumor development in vivo, including mechanisms of angiogenesis and resistance to radiotherapy, our understanding of IH remains limited. We hypothesized that IH would stimulate vasculogenesis and lead to a larger and more branched network of vessels consistent with the vessel network in tumors. Using a fabricated oxygen control system, we explored the effects of chronic and intermittent hypoxia on in vitro vascularized tissues. Materials and Methods: A co-culture of endothelial colony forming cell-derived endothelial cells (ECFC-ECs) from cord blood and normal human lung fibroblasts was distributed in a fibrin gel, and incubated for 7 days at constant 20% O2 (ambient condition), constant 5% O2 (physiological condition), constant 1% O2 (hypoxia conditions), and multiple IH conditions all of which had a mean value of 5% O2. The resulting vessel networks were quantified for total vessel network length and number of junctions. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production was measured over the course of the 7 days. Results and Discussion: Decreasing oxygen tension from 20% to 5% O2 limits vessel formation in vitro, and 1% O2 stopped vessel formation completely. Tissues exposed to IH, however, exhibited significantly more developed and branched vascular networks compared to the constant 5% O2 counterparts (total vessel network length: 5%: 5.4 ± 0.8 mm, IH: 10.7 ± 1.6 mm; (number of junctions: 5%: 32.7 ± 10.6 mm, IH: 99.2 ± 23.1), suggesting a role in tumor angiogenesis. Indeed, VEGF production was upregulated as well in the IH conditions, which may contribute to the enhanced blood vessel formation. We conclude that IH conditioning generates vascular networks in vitro that more structurally and functionally resemble tumor vascular networks in vivo. Citation Format: Seema M. Ehsan, Nicole L. Mendoza, Steven C. George. Intermittent hypoxia stimulates capillary growth and branching in an in vitro model of tumor angiogenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 387. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-387
ABC of the upper gastrointestinal tract: Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage
Authors: H. J Dallal, K R Palmer
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Geopolitical risk is a driver of just about every type of investment portfolio. However, in practice, most geopolitical research published by investment firms is not informed by international relations theory, giving it a less rigorous, editorial flavor. This article is an attempt to address the latter shortcoming by providing a theoretically grounded framework for analyzing geopolitical risk in an investment context. The first half of the article presents a qualitative framework for analyzing geopolitical risk. The framework uses conceptual tools from international relations theory that can be easily adapted to portfolio management. The second half of the article explores the analysis of geopolitical risk from a quantitative standpoint. The focus of this section is the application of game-theoretic, machine learning, and algorithmic techniques to the study of international relations. The last section of the article briefly addresses the topic of portfolio construction and provides a simple framework for incorporating geopolitical views into the portfolio selection process. <b>TOPICS:</b>Risk management, global markets, portfolio management/multi-asset allocation, big data/machine learning <b>Key Findings</b> ▪ Analyses of geopolitical risk in an investment context are most effective when formulated in a clear and precisely expressed conceptual framework. ▪ Considerations of geopolitical risk often act as <i>defeaters</i>, overriding potentially compelling market-related reasons for or against a particular investment. ▪ Quantitative approaches to analyzing geopolitical risk are most useful in the analysis and simulation of the structural relationships between global actors.
The Electrocardiographic Pattern of Hypopotassemia with and without Hypocalcemia
Authors: BORYS SURAWICZ, EUGENE LEPESCHKIN
Journal: Circulation (1953)

Detailed analysis of the electrocardiogram in patients with hypopotassemia without hypocalcemia showed that the Q-U interval and its components (Q-oT, Q-aT, Q-T, and Q-aU) have essentially the same duration as in normal subjects for the same heart rate and sex. The typical hypopotassemia pattern is characterized by progressive depression of S-T, lowering and inversion of T and increase of U in left precordial leads. In hypopotassemia with hypocalcemia S-T and Q-T, but not Q-U, are prolonged, causing an increased degree of merging between T and U. Three methods of differentiation between completely merged T and U waves and true T waves of long Q-T duration are given.
Clinical Value of Decompressive Craniectomy
Authors: Franco Servadei
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

Patients with a variety of intracranial disorders — including traumatic brain injury, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, and brain tumors — often present with a progressive increase in intracranial pressure, leading to clinical deterioration and ultimately to death. Medical therapy1 can help to mitigate such increases in pressure, but despite the use of the best available measures, intracranial hypertension becomes life-threatening in some patients. More than a century ago, it was suggested that it might be beneficial to “decompress the brain by widely opening the skull to decrease the pressure”2 in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. This procedure, called . . .
Abstract 5633: BreastDefend suppresses growth and breast-to-lung cancer metastasis in an orthotopic model of human breast cancer
Authors: Jiahua Jiang, Anita Thyagarajan-Sahu, Jagadish Loganathan, Isaac Eliaz, Colin Terry, George Sandusky, Daniel Sliva
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract We have recently demonstrated that a natural dietary supplement BreastDefend (BD), which contains extracts from medicinal mushrooms (Coriolus versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus linteus), medicinal herbs (Scutellaria barbata, Astragalus membranaceus, Curcuma longa), and purified biologically active nutritional compounds (diindolylmethane and quercetin), inhibits proliferation and metastatic behavior of invasive human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 in vitro. In the present study we have evaluated whether BD suppresses growth and breast-to lung cancer metastasis in an orthotopic model of human breast cancer cells implanted in mice. An oral application of BD (100 mg/kg of body weight for 4 weeks) by intragastrical gavage did not affect body weight or activity of liver enzymes and did not show any sign of toxicity in liver spleen, kidney, lung and heart tissues in mice. Moreover, BD significantly decreased the change in tumor volume over time when compared to the control group (p=0.002). BD treatment also markedly decreased the incidence of breast-to-lung cancer metastasis from 67 % (control) to 20% (BD) (p&amp;lt;0.05) and number of metastasis from 2.8 [0.0, 48.0] in the control group to 0.0 [0.0, 14.2] in the BD treatment group (p&amp;lt;0.05). Finally, anti-metastatic activity of BD in vivo was further confirmed by the down-regulation of expression of PLAU (urokinase plasminogen activator, uPA) and CXCR4 (C-X-C chemokine receptor-4) genes in breast tumors. In conclusion, BD may be considered as a biological therapeutic agent against invasive breast cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5633. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5633
Hemiparesis and Cervical Spondylosis-Reply
Authors: Paul E. Kaplan
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In regard to the article by Wallack et al, two observations were noticed: It might have been very interesting to compare their results with those of Gregorius and his associates.<sup>1</sup>The two patients presented would probably have fit in their myelopathy group. In this group of patients, more than 60% had symptoms of upper extremity weakness; 80% had symptoms of lower extremity weakness; 60% had spasticity in the upper extremity; more than 80% had spasticity in the lower extremity; and nearly all had gait disturbance. A "worsened disability" was noted in this group of patients after operation. Electromyography would have been very useful, particularly in the first case. An electromyogram would have shown evidence of radiculopathy. Although positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials have been noted in stroke patients, these follow a sequence of regression so that, for example, these would probably not be
Case 31-1973
Authors: Richard C. Cabot, Benjamin Castleman, Robert E. Scully, Betty U. McNeely, June P. Brady, William J. Cornetta
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

Presentation of Case*A 10-week-old boy was admitted to the hospital after resuscitation by his parents.The child was born of a vaginal delivery at 40 weeks of gestation of a gravida 2, para 2, mother aged 35 years. The birth weight was 4.2 kg. There were no complications, and the child was discharged home on the third hospital day. Icterus was apparent to the mother for one week. The child was bottle fed until the age of eight weeks, when the feeding was changed to skimmed milk. At six weeks he was given an injection of diphtheria-pertussis-typhoid vaccine and . . .
Mode of action of histamine in causing gastric secretion in man
Authors: C. G. Clark, V. J. Curnow, J. G. Murray, F. O. Stephens, J. H. Wyllie
Journal: Gut (1964)

EDITORIAL SYNOPSIS The pattern of gastric secretion has been studied in a series of patients following the augmented histamine test and the insulin test.In the same patient, the amount of acid and pepsin secreted is remarkably similar following these two tests.In both, acid and pepsin secretion is inhibited to a similar degree by small doses of hexamethonium and atropine.It is concluded that the action of histamine in causing gastric secretion in man is not a specific one on the acidsecreting cells, nor does it act directly upon these cells.It is suggested that histamine acts through nerves.
Respiratory illness and home environment of ethnic groups
Authors: R J W Melia, S Chinn, R J Rona
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Factors contributing to differences in the prevalences of respiratory symptoms and diseases among ethnic groups were studied in primary schoolchildren living in 20 inner city areas of England in 1983. The raised prevalences of respiratory symptoms in these groups were compared with results from a national representative sample of children studied in 1982. Data on age, sex, respiratory illness, and social and environmental variables were obtained by questionnaire for 4815 children living in inner cities. The children were classified as white, Afro-Caribbean, Urdu, Gujarati, Punjabi, other Asian, or “other.” Significant differences in the prevalence of respiratory conditions were found among the ethnic groups after allowance was made for the effects of interfering variables. Except for asthma all conditions were most prevalent in Afro-Caribbeans and whites. In these two ethnic groups respiratory illness was significantly associated with belonging to a one parent family and the combined use of gas cookers and paraffin heaters at home. Respiratory illness was found to vary in prevalence among ethnic groups but may be perceived differently by different groups. Further studies, measuring lung function, are necessary.
Endorphins, Brain Peptides That Act like Opiates
Authors: Roger Guillemin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

A few years ago it was established that opiates bind to the cell membrane of some of the neurons of the central nervous system. These synaptosomal opiate receptors were shown, in all the vertebrates studied, to be distributed in discrete localizations of the brain. These areas, perhaps not too surprisingly, correspond to well characterized anatomic pathways and structures long recognized as involved in pain perception. The next obvious question was, "Why should there be in the brain of man receptors for the alkaloids of the poppy?" The logical answer was that these receptors were probably there not to accept the . . .
MULTIPLE NEURITIS FOLLOWING INFLUENZA.
Authors: HERMAN B. ALLYN
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Venesection has done good in a few instances.By it impurities can be removed from the blood, and an overloaded heart and engorged cerebral vessels can be relieved.It has been resorted to chiefly in cardiac and cerebral affections.Various soporifics have been tried.As, however, normal sleep occurring in the course of Cheyne-Stokes respiration does not always modify the respi- ratory phenomena, so soporifics can not be expected to uniformly give relief.In some cases, it is true, sleep lessens the dyspnea.In such, morphin and chloral are most sure to give relief.Knaggs ( Lancet, 1890, i, 744), reports one case that was greatly helped by paraldehyde.Sulphonal and urethan have been tried unsuccessfully.Hyoscin and atropin (Stadelmann, Zeit.f.Klin.Med., 1894, 267) seem to aggra- vate the phenomena.The nitrites have been used by many observers, who undoubtedly hoped for as prompt relief of this nervous disturbance of respiration as is so usually obtained in asthma when these drugs are administered.Unfortunately they do not produce any more uniform results than the soporifics.In several of my own cases nitroglycerin has afforded decided, although not complete, relief, but in other cases it has been useless.In several I was unable to use it in efficient doses, because of the discomfort which it produced by dilating cerebral arterioles.Cheyne-Stokes respiration can not be regarded as always indicative of grave disease, for it occasionally occurs in health when sleep is unusually deep.If it is produced by drug narcosis it is significant of serious poisoning.In renal, in cerebral and cardiac affections, it is always to be regarded as a grave com- plication, and as usually indicating approaching dis- solution.It is least significant of gravity when it is most chronic.It is very frequently completely recovered from.This is oftenest true when it occurs in connection with infectious and cardiac diseases. MULTIPLE NEURITIS FOLLOWINGINFLUENZA.
Surgeons who undertake surgery for colorectal cancer: Author's reply
Authors: C S McArdle, D. Hole
Journal: BMJ (1991)

made in table VII (that is, 13 surgeons by three types of operations and all operations together).Thirdly, no data are given to show whether or not survival is improved when surgery is done by specialists because, as the authors say, none of the surgeons specialised in this type of surgery.Furthermore, the postoperative mortality and complication rates for the four consultants with over 40% oftheir operations performed by surgeons in training were no worse than those for the other surgeons.Fourthly, comparing the hazard rates in the 10 years after surgery ignores the possibility that factors influencing postoperative mortality may well differ from those influencing longer term mortality.For example, postoperative mortality may be related to the technical skill of the surgeon, but longer term mortality might be related more to the surgeon's choice of procedure influenced by the patients' likely prognosis.Reporting large variability based on relatively small numbers resembles the situation on referral rates of general practitioners some time ago.Such studies had reported 20-fold variation in rates.Concern about this forms part of the government's justification for NHS reforms.'These studies were, however, based on small numbers of referrals and much of the variability could be attributed to random variation.4Later studies involving larger numbers of referrals found significant but much smaller variations in referral rates.4The paper by Messrs McArdle and Hole raises the important issue of significant variation in patients' outcome among surgeons.In our opinion there is insufficient adequate data and statistical back up to justify their conclusions.Further studies involving many more patients are required.
Changes in Breast Cancer Risk Distribution Among Vermont Women Using Screening Mammography
Authors: K. C. Bolton, J. L. Mace, P. M. Vacek, S. D. Herschorn, T. A. James, J. A. Tice, K. Kerlikowske, B. M. Geller, D. L. Weaver, B. L. Sprague
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2014)

Screening mammography utilization in Vermont has declined since 2009 during a time of changing screening guidelines and increased interest in personalized screening regimens. This study evaluates whether the breast cancer risk distribution of the state's screened population changed during the observed decline.We examined the breast cancer risk distribution among screened women between 2001 and 2012 using data from the Vermont Breast Cancer Surveillance System. We estimated each screened woman's 5-year risk of breast cancer using the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium risk calculator. Annual screening counts by risk group were normalized and age-adjusted to the Vermont female population by direct standardization.The normalized rate of low-risk (5-year breast cancer risk of <1%) women screened increased 8.3% per year (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.8 to 11.9) between 2003 and 2008 and then declined by -5.4% per year (95% CI = -8.1 to -2.6) until 2012. When stratified by age group, the rate of low-risk women screened declined -4.4% per year (95% CI = -8.8 to 0.1; not statistically significant) for ages 40 to 49 years and declined a statistically significant -7.1% per year (95% CI = -12.1 to -2.0) for ages 50 to 74 years during 2008 to 2012. These declines represented the bulk of overall decreases in screening after 2008, with rates for women categorized in higher risk levels generally exhibiting small annual changes.The observed decline in women screened in Vermont in recent years is largely attributable to reductions in screening visits by women who are at low risk of developing breast cancer.
Pericarditis Associated With Cryptococcal Meningitis on Ga-67 Scintigraphy
Authors: Edward Hsiao, Robert Mansberg, Thien Huynh, Paul Roach
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

Gallium-67 scintigraphy is commonly used to investigate fever of unknown origin due to its affinity to inflammation or infection. A 25-year-old man was admitted with fever, neck stiffness, and a reducing level of consciousness. Cryptococcal meningitis was diagnosed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) microscopy and culture, and he was treated with amphotericin, flucytosine, and itraconazole. Raised intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus was treated surgically with urgent endoventricular drain insertion and ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Despite the disappearance of cryptococcal antigens in CSF, the patient continued to have intermittent fever and leukocytosis. A Ga-67 scan was performed 8 weeks after anticryptococcal treatment to localize the cause of fever. The scan demonstrated pericardial gallium uptake, presumably due to cryptococcal pericarditis because other main causes of pericarditis were ruled out.
Italy's fertility rate falls as women reject childbearing
Authors: L. Evans
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Italy's 1991 census indicated that the size of the family fell from 3.4 members in 1971 to 2.8 members in 1991, with most families having only one child or none. This phenomenon has put the country on the path for zero population growth. In the decade before the census was taken the population grew by just 221,000. In 1991 the population was 57,500,000. By 1991 children under 6 years constituted only 5.8% of the population, while people over 65 years old made up 15.3%. There was only one grandchild for every three grandparents. The decline in fertility started in the 1960s and accelerated in the 1970s for various reasons that are debated by experts. One factor is that families are stable, with very few births outside marriage and little cohabitation. Young people continue to live with their parents until they get married. Furthermore, young Italians choose not to marry or marry late because of career considerations and education. This is a more pronounced phenomenon in Italy than in other European countries. Catholic leaders have imputed this to material and comfort considerations and to being unwilling to have several children. On the other hand, an anthropologist advanced a more controversial view, to wit, that Italian women do not want to be mothers because society does not offer much help to mothers and maternity destroys the chance for career development and advancement. Working hours lack flexibility and part-time jobs are almost nonexistent. Reentry into the labor force three or four years after childbirth is also unfeasible for a woman in medium or high level employment.
des-Arg9-bradykinin produces tone-dependent kinin B1 receptor-mediated responses in the pulmonary vascular bed.
Authors: B J DeWitt, D Y Cheng, P J Kadowitz
Journal: Circulation Research (1994)

Responses to des-Arg9-bradykinin, a selective kinin B1 receptor agonist, were characterized in the pulmonary vascular bed of the intact-chest cat. Injections of des-Arg9-bradykinin into the perfused lobar artery under low-resting tone conditions caused dose-related increases in lobar arterial pressure; whereas in the same experiment under elevated tone conditions, injections of the B1 agonist caused dose-related decreases in lobar arterial pressure. Vasoconstrictor responses to des-Arg9-bradykinin under low-tone conditions and vasodilator responses under elevated-tone conditions were antagonized by des-Arg9,[Leu8]-bradykinin, a kinin B1 receptor antagonist, whereas responses under low- and high-tone conditions were not altered by Hoe 140, a kinin B2 receptor antagonist. Vasoconstrictor responses to des-Arg9-bradykinin under low-tone conditions were attenuated by phentolamine, prazosin, and reserpine but not by sodium meclofenamate, suggesting that release of catecholamines and activation of alpha-adrenergic receptors are involved. Pulmonary vasodilator responses under elevated-tone conditions were inhibited by N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, suggesting that des-Arg9-bradykinin stimulates the release of nitric oxide, whereas meclofenamate and U-37883A, a nonsulfonylurea ATP-sensitive K+ channel antagonist, did not alter vasodilator responses to the B1 receptor agonist. These results suggest that vasoconstrictor responses to des-Arg9-bradykinin under low-tone conditions are mediated by the activation of kinin B1 receptors, the release of catecholamines within the lung, and the activation of alpha-adrenergic receptors, whereas vasodilator responses under elevated tone conditions are mediated by activation of B1 receptors and the release of nitric oxide from the endothelium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)