tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A long way from Worcester
Authors: Peter Bartrip
Journal: BMJ (2007)

The BMA has now been in existence for a century and three quarters. Such longevity is impressive. Rival bodies, including an earlier British Medical Association unrelated to Charles Hastings' creation, proved transient. The BMA of 2007 is, of course, a very different creature from its earlier incarnation, the Worcester based Provincial Medical and Surgical Association of 1832. Now, headquartered far from its place of origin and operating under a different name, it performs different functions in a much changed medical context. It has faced numerous challenges in the past, and its continued existence has not always been assured. It seems safe to assume, however, that it is well on its way to a bicentenary.
Address to the Section of Obstetric Medicine
Authors: G. H. Kidd
Journal: BMJ (1873)

the length of the child and the two transverse diameters of the head is recorded.So far as these investigations go they are very valuable.The interesting fact that the sex (f the child can in a large proportion of cases be ascertained by auscultation during pregnancy has also lately been made known.When the foetal pulsations number 144 per minute, the child is probably a female, when they are I24 per minute, probably a male.It is said that a little variation from I24 upward, and from I44 downward, will not alter the diagnosis, pro- vided auscultation be practised towards the end of pregnancy.Stein bach was correct in forty-five out of fifty-seven cases which he ex- amined, while Frankenhbiuser was right in all the fifty cases whicli he examined with a view to determine the sex of the child.
COMPENSATORY BASAL HYPERROTATION IN PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY AS DEMONSTRATED BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPECKLE TRACKING ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
Authors: Haroon Yousaf, Mirza Nubair Ahmad, Bijoy K. Khandheria, Timothy E. Paterick, A. Jamil Tajik, Khawaja Afzal Ammar
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Blunted cGMP response to agonists and enhanced glomerular cyclic 3′,5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activities in experimental congestive heart failure
Authors: Thanom Supaporn, Sharon M. Sandberg, Daniel D. Borgeson, Denise M. Heublein, Andreas Luchner, Chi-Ming Wei, Thomas P. Dousa, John C. Burnett
Journal: Kidney International (1996)
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Roberta L. Keller, Theresa A. Tacy, Karen Hendricks-Munoz, Jie Xu, Anita J. Moon-Grady, John Neuhaus, Phillip Moore, Kerilyn K. Nobuhara, Sam Hawgood, Jeffrey R. Fineman
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2010)

Endothelin-1 (ET1) is dysregulated in pulmonary hypertension (PH). It may be important in the pathobiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).We hypothesized that ET1 levels in the first month would be higher in infants with CDH who subsequently expired or were discharged on oxygen (poor outcome). We further hypothesized that ET1 levels would be associated with concurrent severity of PH.We sampled plasma at 24 to 48 hours, and 1, 2, and 4 weeks of age in 40 prospectively enrolled newborns with CDH. We performed echocardiograms to estimate pulmonary artery pressure at less than 48 hours of age and weekly to 4 weeks. PH was classified in relationship to systemic blood pressure (SBP): less than 2/3 SBP, 2/3 SBP-systemic is related to pressure, or systemic-to-suprasystemic pressure.ET1 levels at 1 and 2 weeks were higher in infants with poor outcome compared with infants discharged on room air (median and interquartile range: 27.2 [22.6, 33.7] vs. 19.1 [16.1, 29.5] pg/ml, P = 0.03; and 24.9 [17.6, 39.5] vs. 17.4 [13.7, 21.8] pg/ml, P = 0.01 at 1 and 2 weeks, respectively). Severity of PH was significantly associated with increasing ET1 levels at 2 weeks (16.1 [13.7, 21.8], 21.0 [17.4, 31.1], and 23.6 [21.9, 39.5] pg/ml for increasing PH class, P = 0.03). Increasing severity of PH was also associated with poor outcome at that time (P = 0.001).Infants with CDH and poor outcome have higher plasma ET1 levels and severity of PH than infants discharged on room air. Severity of PH is associated with ET1 levels.
CD10/neutral endopeptidase 24.11 regulates fetal lung growth and maturation in utero by potentiating endogenous bombesin-like peptides.
Authors: K A King, J Hua, J S Torday, J M Drazen, S A Graham, M A Shipp, M E Sunday
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

Bombesin-like peptides (BLPs) are mitogens for bronchial epithelial cells and small cell lung carcinomas, and increase fetal lung growth and maturation in utero and in organ cultures.BLPs are hydrolyzed by the enzyme CD10/neutral endopepti- dase 24.11 (CD10/NEP) which is expressed in bronchial epi- thelium and functions to inhibit BLP-mediated growth of small cell lung carcinomas.To determine whether CDI0/NEP regulates peptide-mediated lung development, we administered a specific CD1O/NEP inhibitor, SCH32615, to fetal mice in utero from gestational days e15-17.Fetal lung tissues were evaluated on el8 for: (a) growth using [3HIthymidine incorpo- ration into nuclear DNA; and (b) maturation using: 13H1choline incorporation into surfactant phospholipids, electron microscopy for type II pneumocytes, and Northern blot analy- ses for surfactant apoproteins A, B, and C. Inhibition of CD10 / NEP stimulated [3HIthymidine incorporation into DNA (70% above baseline, P < 0.005), 13Hlcholine incorporation into sur- factant phospholipids (38% above baseline, P < 0.005), in- creased numbers of type II pneumocytes (36% above baseline, P = 0.07), and fivefold higher surfactant protein A transcripts (P < 0.05).CD10/NEP-mediated effects were completely blocked by the specific bombesin receptor antagonist, ID-Phe'2, Leu14jbombesin.These observations suggest that CD10/NEP regulates fetal lung growth and maturation me- diated by endogenous BLPs. (
Prognostic factors for hyperdiploid-myeloma: effects of chromosome 13 deletions and IgH translocations
Authors: W J Chng, R Santana-Dávila, S A Van Wier, G J Ahmann, S M Jalal, P L Bergsagel, M Chesi, M C Trendle, S Jacobus, E Blood, M M Oken, K Henderson, R A Kyle, M A Gertz, M Q Lacy, A Dispenzieri, P R Greipp, R Fonseca
Journal: Leukemia (2006)
Delivery of beclomethasone dipropionate from a spacer device: what dose is available for inhalation?
Authors: C O'Callaghan, M Cant, C Robertson
Journal: Thorax (1994)

BACKGROUND--It is common for inhaled steroids to be delivered through a large volume spacer device. Comparatively little is known about how this practice affects the dose of drug received by patients compared with drug delivered directly from a metered dose inhaler. METHODS--The amount of beclomethasone dipropionate, contained in particles of various size, available for inhalation from a 750 ml polycarbonate spacer (Volumatic) was determined by impinger measurement and high performance liquid chromatography. Three strengths of metered dose inhalers were studied (50 micrograms, 100 micrograms, and 250 micrograms/actuation). The effect of multiple actuations of beclomethasone dipropionate into a Volumatic spacer, and increasing residence times of drug within the spacer before inhalation, on the amount of drug available to the patient for inhalation was determined. RESULTS--The amount of beclomethasone dipropionate in particles &lt; 5 microns when delivered by a spacer device or directly from a metered dose inhaler was similar. The total amount of beclomethasone dipropionate available for inhalation per actuation decreased by 20 micrograms with the 50 micrograms inhaler, 48 micrograms with the 100 micrograms inhaler, and 161 micrograms with the 250 micrograms inhaler, when given via the spacer compared with delivery directly from a metered dose inhaler. There was a progressive decrease in drug available for inhalation per actuation as the number of actuations into the spacer increased, for all strengths of beclomethasone dipropionate tested. A progressive decrease in drug recovered per actuation was also seen with increasing residence times of drug within the spacer before inhalation. CONCLUSIONS--Use of the spacer device significantly reduced the amount of nonrespirable beclomethasone dipropionate available for inhalation. The amount of beclomethasone dipropionate within respirable particles decreased considerably following multiple actuations into the spacer and with increasing residence times within the spacer before inhalation. When given via a spacer device beclomethasone dipropionate should be inhaled immediately after actuation and multiple actuations into the device should be avoided.
Concepts of Insanity in the United States, 1789-1865
Authors: Marjorie C. Meehan
Journal: JAMA (1964)

When we take pride in our 20thcentury care of the mentally ill, we may not realize that many of these advances were foreshadowed in the early 19th century. The moral treatment of that era was not unlike today's milieu therapy. The doctors studied their patients individually, established close personal relationships, encouraged work and recreation. The use of restraints was minimized and an open door policy tried. In 1838, at the Friends' Asylum in Pennsylvania, the patients were encouraged to organize a Restorative Society ... so that the industrious might stimulate the indolent, that the grave might check the boisterous... and that the gay might cheer the sorrowful.  Dain describes these 19th-century methods and carefully reviews professional and lay thinking about mental illness. He shows how Benjamin Rush combined the conventional ideas that insanity represented somatic disease with the newer psychological understanding and recommendations for more humane
Iatrogenic vCJD from surgical instruments
Authors: A. Frosh
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Because of fears about iatrogenic transmission of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), the Department of Health recently announced fundamental changes in surgical practice, and in particular the practice of ear, nose, and throat surgery. Decontamination facilities in hospitals are to be upgraded, and by the end of 2001 all adenotonsillectomy procedures will be performed using disposable instruments.1 Why are these measures necessary?

At present both the prevalence of subclinical vCJD and its degree of infectivity via surgical instruments are unknown. Also, no cases of iatrogenic vCJD in humans have so far been identified. Nevertheless, based on the evidence we do have, we can make judgments about the features that are likely to affect the size of the risk from surgical instruments.

So far the disease marker (and likely transmissible agent) for vCJD (PrPSc) has been identified by sensitive western blot techniques in the neural and lymphoreticular tissues of brain, tonsil, and spleen.2 A positive appendix (which consists largely of lymphoreticular tissue) has not yet been reported using this technique, …
Unbreakable codes in electrospun fibers to stop medicine counterfeiting
Authors: Chaobo Huang, Bart Lucas, Chris Vervaet, Kevin Braeckmans, Serge Van Calenbergh, Izet Karalic, M. Vandewoestyne, Dieter Deforce, Jo Demeester, Stefaan C. De Smedt
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2010)
Progress, prospects, and research needs on the health effects of acid aerosols.
Authors: M Lippmann
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1989)

Research on human exposure to acidic aerosols and the health effects of such exposures has substantially strengthened the hypothesis that such aerosols are a causal factor for excesses in human mortality and morbidity that have been previously associated with crude exposure indices such as British Smoke, total suspended particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. Research reported at this symposium also showed that combined exposures to acid aerosols and other ubiquitous air pollutants such as O3, NO2, HNO3, and SO2 produce greater effects in both humans and animals than exposures to each agent separately. The responses reported ranged from physiological functions to lung structure. Furthermore, some of the effects were cumulative with increasing duration of daily exposure and number of repetitive exposures. Critical areas for further research include better definition of the critical temporal parameters affecting exposure and response, effects of mixed pollutant exposures, and pathogenetic mechanisms for acid aerosol-induced chronic lung damage.
NHS chief must direct that time overseas is an asset
Authors: Ed Cooper
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Rapid responses on 30 March to the editorial on global health partnerships produced something special: a letter from the chief executive of the Medical Research Council and president of the Academy of Medical Sciences, followed by three letters from coalface workers showing the disastrous effects of Modernising Medical Careers (MMC) as they are experiencing it.1 2 This cluster follows letters …
Nonredundant Roles of IL-10 and TGF-β in Suppression of Immune Responses to Hepatic AAV-Factor IX Gene Transfer
Authors: Brad E Hoffman, Ashley T Martino, Brandon K Sack, Ou Cao, Gongxian Liao, Cox Terhorst, Roland W Herzog
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2011)

Hepatic gene transfer using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors has been shown to efficiently induce immunological tolerance to a variety of proteins. Regulatory T-cells (Treg) induced by this route suppress humoral and cellular immune responses against the transgene product. In this study, we examined the roles of immune suppressive cytokines interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the development of tolerance to human coagulation factor IX (hF.IX). Interestingly, IL-10 deficient C57BL/6 mice receiving gene transfer remained tolerant to hF.IX and generated Treg that suppressed anti-hF.IX formation. Effects of TGF-β blockade were also minor in this strain. In contrast, in C3H/HeJ mice, a strain known to have stronger T-cell responses against hF.IX, IL-10 was specifically required for the suppression of CD8+ T-cell infiltration of the liver. Furthermore, TGF-β was critical for tipping the balance toward an regulatory immune response. TGF-β was required for CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg induction, which was necessary for suppression of effector CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses as well as antibody formation. These results demonstrate the crucial, nonredundant roles of IL-10 and TGF-β in prevention of immune responses against AAV-F.IX-transduced hepatocytes. Hepatic gene transfer using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors has been shown to efficiently induce immunological tolerance to a variety of proteins. Regulatory T-cells (Treg) induced by this route suppress humoral and cellular immune responses against the transgene product. In this study, we examined the roles of immune suppressive cytokines interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the development of tolerance to human coagulation factor IX (hF.IX). Interestingly, IL-10 deficient C57BL/6 mice receiving gene transfer remained tolerant to hF.IX and generated Treg that suppressed anti-hF.IX formation. Effects of TGF-β blockade were also minor in this strain. In contrast, in C3H/HeJ mice, a strain known to have stronger T-cell responses against hF.IX, IL-10 was specifically required for the suppression of CD8+ T-cell infiltration of the liver. Furthermore, TGF-β was critical for tipping the balance toward an regulatory immune response. TGF-β was required for CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg induction, which was necessary for suppression of effector CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses as well as antibody formation. These results demonstrate the crucial, nonredundant roles of IL-10 and TGF-β in prevention of immune responses against AAV-F.IX-transduced hepatocytes.
STUDIES ON NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS
Authors: F. B. Bang
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1948)

The virus of Newcastle disease of chickens resembles those of the encephalitis group in its ability to spread throughout the developing egg and embryo, but it is similar to influenza virus in the high concentration of it found in the allantoic fluid before death. No effect of the size of the inoculum on the final titer of virus in the allantoic fluid was detected. Good growth occurred at temperatures from 35° to 41°C., apparently more rapid at 40°C. than at 35°C. No appreciable development of virus capable of agglutinating red cells but of low embryo infectivity was found. Although virus multiplication was not immediately perceptible after inoculation, this cannot on present evidence be attributed to a real lag phase.
Pulmonary Sequelae of Acute Legionnaires' Disease Pneumonia
Authors: JOHN A. BLACKMON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Patients with acute Legionnaires' disease (LD) pneumonia may have persistent chronic pulmonary changes, as shown by the histologic appearance of specimens of lung from patients who had survived and autopsy specimens from patients who died after a protracted clinical course. Acute pneumonia was not seen in these lungs, and LD organisms could not be identified by the direct fluorescent antibody technique or the Dieterle silver impregnation strain; instead, there was organizing pneumonia with various degrees of interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. The LD pneumonia may fail to resolve, and the lung parenchyma in areas of previous acute inflammation is not restored to normal in some patients.
Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Alex M. Aisen
Journal: JAMA (1991)

This comprehensive volume provides coverage of the entire gamut of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). As such, it is similar in scope to the excellent earlier book by David Stark and William Bradley (<i>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</i>. St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Co; 1988). However, there is certainly room for two inclusive texts on this diverse and important new field in medical imaging; the present volume is a welcome addition. Magnetic resonance imaging is the newest major tool for producing diagnostic images of the human body. The technology was first introduced in the early 1970s; over the course of the next decade it matured to the point of clinical utility. The "heart" of a magnetic resonance scanner is a large high-field magnet, able to encompass the human body. By the early 1980s, advances in magnetic resonance technology and magnet design resulted in the commercial introduction of practical whole-body scanners. The technique proved
Quantification of [Ca2+]i in perfused hearts. Critical evaluation of the 5F-BAPTA and nuclear magnetic resonance method as applied to the study of ischemia and reperfusion.
Authors: E Marban, M Kitakaze, Y Koretsune, D T Yue, V P Chacko, M M Pike
Journal: Circulation Research (1990)

Calcium has been implicated as a mediator of cell injury in ischemia and reperfusion, but direct measurements of Ca2+ are required to refine this idea. We used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the Ca2+ indicator 5F-BAPTA to measure [Ca2+]i in perfused ferret hearts. Several lines of evidence are presented to show that loading with the acetoxymethyl ester of 5F-BAPTA is not significantly complicated by accumulation of partially de-esterified metabolites, compartmentalization into mitochondria, or disproportionate uptake into endothelial cells. During 20 minutes of total global ischemia at 30 degrees C, time-averaged [Ca2+]i increased significantly, reaching peak values roughly three times control at 15-20 minutes. Reperfusion resulted in a persistent elevation of [Ca2+]i during the first 5 minutes, but not afterward. Although the nonlinear response of 5F-BAPTA to [Ca2+] leads to underestimation of the true time-averaged [Ca2+]i, the measured alterations of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis during ischemia are large compared with the likely errors in quantification. Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of 5F-BAPTA-loaded hearts reveals changes during ischemia similar to those recorded previously in hearts not containing a Ca2+ indicator. Developed pressure recovers to only 50% of control values during reflow, indicating that the presence of 5F-BAPTA in the cytosol does not protect against stunning, at least when the extracellular calcium concentration has been raised to 8 mM. We conclude that 5F-BAPTA provides useful measurements that reveal that time-averaged [Ca2+]i rises during ischemia and returns to control levels soon after reperfusion.
P331The involvement of genes for human hypertrophic dilated cardiomyopathy to experimental polygenic cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: P Prestes, FZ Marques, G Lopez-Campos, FJ Charchar, SB Harrap
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Objectives: Genes implicated in monogenic human cardiac hypertrophy (CH) might also be involved in the more common polygenic forms. The Hypertrophic Heart Rat (HHR) is a unique normotensive model of spontaneous polygenic ventricular hypertrophy leading to cardiac failure and premature death. Our aim was to survey mRNA expression and genetic variants in genes previously associated with monogenic forms of dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in humans utilising the HHR.
THE PROGNOSIS OF INVOLUTION MELANCHOLIA
Authors: August Hoch, John T. MacCurdy
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1922)

We may state the following as the result of our work: The results in a series of sixty-seven patients in whom the final outcome was determined in all but one case, cause us to conclude that patients with involution melancholia recover unless they show as dominant symptoms: marked insufficiency of affect, peevish or auto-erotic behavior, or ridiculous hypochondriac delusions which usually are concerned with the alimentary tract. These prognostically bad symptoms may be present for a short phase of the psychosis in women at the menopause without their prejudicing the outlook for recovery. All patients who eventually recover show some improvement within four years after the onset. The others run a chronic course or die unimproved.
Global breast cancer mortality statistics
Authors: C. Mettlin
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1999)

Breast cancer mortality is declining in the United States, as well as in certain other industrialized areas—such as Canada, Austria, Germany, and the United Kingdom—possibly due to increased utilization of mammographic screening, early detection of disease, and availability of improved therapies. At least some of the decline has been attributed, however, to the higher fertility rates of the cohort of women born between 1924 and 1938 who bore children during the post-World War II period. In contrast, certain European nations—Spain, Portugal, Greece, Hungary, Poland, and Italy—have not reported these favorable trends. The lowest breast cancer mortality rates are reported in Asian regions, leading researchers to speculate that dietary, cultural, and/or environmental factors might be implicated in the etiology of the disease. (CA Cancer J Clin 1999;49:138–144.)