tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Molecular identification of organic compounds in atmospheric complex mixtures and relationship to atmospheric chemistry and sources.
Authors: Monica A Mazurek
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

This article describes a chemical characterization approach for complex organic compound mixtures associated with fine atmospheric particles of diameters less than 2.5 m (PM2.5). It relates molecular- and bulk-level chemical characteristics of the complex mixture to atmospheric chemistry and to emission sources. Overall, the analytical approach describes the organic complex mixtures in terms of a chemical mass balance (CMB). Here, the complex mixture is related to a bulk elemental measurement (total carbon) and is broken down systematically into functional groups and molecular compositions. The CMB and molecular-level information can be used to understand the sources of the atmospheric fine particles through conversion of chromatographic data and by incorporation into receptor-based CMB models. Once described and quantified within a mass balance framework, the chemical profiles for aerosol organic matter can be applied to existing air quality issues. Examples include understanding health effects of PM2.5 and defining and controlling key sources of anthropogenic fine particles. Overall, the organic aerosol compositional data provide chemical information needed for effective PM2.5 management.
Phospholipid metabolism of hypothermically stored rat hepatocytes
Authors: Jae-Sung Kim, James H. Southard
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Isolated rat hepatocytes were suspended and stored in either Liebovitz-15 medium (37°C or 4°C) or University of Wisconsin (UW) solution (4°C) containing [ 3 H] arachidonic acid (AA). At varying times, membrane phospholipids were separated by thin layer chromatography. AA labeled phospholipids similarly at both 4°C and 37°C. Analysis of the ratios of [ 3 H] AA and [ 14 C] glycerol incorporated into phosphatidic acid or other phospholipids in dual-labeled cells indicated that the deacylation/reacylation cycle was the major route of AA incorporation at hypothermia. This was supported by showing that blocking phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) activity by trifluoperazine suppressed AA incorporation into phospholipids. PLA 2 activity, measured by determining the release of AA, was slow during 48-hour cold storage, but increased significantly when ATP was depleted by inhibition of mitochondria and glycolysis. In the whole rat liver, there was no significant loss of phospholipids during 48-hour storage (total phospholipids [μmol phosphorus/L/mg] : 0.197 ± .001 at 0 hours) unless energy blockers were used (0.155 ± .005 at 48 hours) or glycogen depleted by fasting the rat (0.167 ± .001 at 48 hours). This study shows that a net PLA 2 stimulated hydrolysis of phospholipids is seen only when ATP is depleted and its generation from anaerobic glycolysis inhibited. Thus, PLA 2 hydrolysis of phospholipids is not a significant cause of liver cell injury during cold storage when livers are obtained in optimal condition. However, conditions affecting the generation of ATP during cold storage could alter PLA 2 leading to membrane damage.
Donations of useless medicines to Kosovo contributes to chaos
Authors: P. Saunders
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Reports are emerging from the World Health Organisation (WHO) and Pharmaciens Sans Frontiares that quantities of unrequested and unusable medical drugs, sent by governments and others in response to the Kosovo crisis, are contributing to the postwar chaos.

Despite the WHO's best efforts to control drug supplies, a pattern of inappropriate donations, familiar in many other crises, has again emerged. Additional resources will have to be found to sort and dispose of what amounts …
Incidental Skeletal Metastases Detected by Tc-99m HMPAO Leukocyte Scanning
Authors: J E POWE, S BABENSEE, W F PAVLOSKY, N R LAURIN, A G MATTAR
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1990)

The ability of Tc-99m radiocolloid bone marrow scanning to detect skeletal metastases is well known and indeed has been advocated as a useful adjunct to routine bone scanning in malignant disease. Cold defects on indium-111 leukocyte images have been reported occasionally due to solid tumors. A case of a 74-year-old man who had a fever of unknown origin and in whom Tc-99m hexamethylpropylene amineoxime (HMPAO) labeled leukocyte scintigraphy detected multiple metastatic lesions is reported; these lesions were subsequently determined to be prostatic in origin and confirmed by bone scanning. Tc-99m HMPAO leukocyte imaging yields high-resolution, low-background images of the bone marrow. Noninfectious causes of fever may be occasionally diagnosed through close attention to the bone marrow distribution.
Mechanisms of Nonneoplastic Endocrine Hyperplasia—A Changing Concept: A Review Focused on the Thyroid Gland
Authors: HUGO STUDER, MICHAEL DERWAHL
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1995)

ASIGNIFICANT part of clinical endocrinology concerns diseases that are caused by excessive diffuse or focal proliferation of cells within one or several endocrine glands. The ensuing hyperplastic, often nodular, expansion is commonly thought to arise by one of two pathways: 1) excessive cell growth is either considered to be the consequence of aberrant secretion of a growth-and function-stimulating hormone or, 2) a nodule may be a true tumor evolving by mechanisms analogous to those operating in the pathogenesis of any other tumor (1- 5). The former process may be called “nonneoplastic endocrine hyperplasia” (NNEH) since it is considered to be reversible upon cessation of the stimulus, while true neoplasias are generally regarded to be clonal lesions caused by known or unknown irreversible some of their genes (6–8). For the present review, the term “true neoplasia” will be applied to all nodular lesions that grow autonomously, i.e. in the absence of any known systemically active growth-stimulating agent and irrespective of a presently known genetic or cytogenetic aberration. The three basic types of NNEH are described in Table 1.
Therapy with Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Authors: Peter Goldman, Joseph A. Ingelfinger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

How much of what drug for whom?1 Good habits of mind are encouraged when the physician asks these questions before prescribing a drug. Two articles concerning antiarrhythmic drugs in this issue of the Journal provide an opportunity to practice this exercise.Ventricular arrhythmias are a frequent complication of myocardial infarction and may contribute to mortality. Controlled clinical trials have shown that patients with acute, uncomplicated myocardial infarction benefit from prophylactic administration of antiarrhythmic drugs in fixed dosage schedules.2 3 4 5 Treatment of patients in a coronary-care unit with procainamide or lidocaine decreased the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias2 , 3 and ventricular fibrillation3 without a . . .
Optimizing outcomes for paediatric atopic dermatitis
Authors: L.F. Eichenfield, C. Totri
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is considered the most prevalent chronic inflammatory condition in very young children, with a prevalence approaching 20% in some industrialized countries. Recent advances in the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of AD - particularly in relation to genetically determined skin barrier dysfunction and the role of microbial infections in AD flares - have helped to galvanize thinking on approaches to treatment in young patients. Topical anti-inflammatory medicines (corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors) in addition to emollients are the mainstay of therapy in children, but parents need help to understand how and when to apply them and reassurance to allay their fears about the long-term effects of these treatments. At the same time, more work is required in order to identify which clinical signs, symptoms, long-term control of flares, and quality of life measures are the best outcome domains for AD clinical trials in order to continue to improve control of AD in children.
BASHH's patient leaflets are produced through close collaboration between experts and patients
Authors: S. P. Higgins, K. Radcliffe
Journal: BMJ (2013)

McCartney is right that much patient information is of poor quality and dubious provenance,1 but not all is doom and gloom.

The British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) produces patient information leaflets through a rigorous development process before publication. Its …
THE ETIOLOGY OF LEUKAEMIA
Authors: H. M. Woodman
Journal: BMJ (1928)

IMC JR power.This seems to me to be one of those cases of enceplhalitis so well described by Symon-s.Furuncle is mentioned, not as being a complication of acute miiastoid disease, but for the ol)portunity of making this assertion-that in all cases of long-stalnding otorrlhoea in which a furuncle large enough to close or partially close the nmeatus occurs a radical mastoid operatioil should be done, especially if the furuncle be on the posterior wall of the meatus.In each of thlee re.cent cases I wvas fully justified in this line of action.In maniy of these cases there
Cigarette Smoking and Hearing Loss
Authors: Karen J. Cruickshanks, Ronald Klein, Barbara E. K. Klein, Terry L. Wiley, David M. Nondahl, Ted S. Tweed
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Clinical studies have suggested that cigarette smoking may be associated with hearing loss, a common condition affecting older adults.To evaluate the association between smoking and hearing loss.Population-based, cross-sectional study.Community of Beaver Dam, Wis.Adults aged 48 to 92 years. Of 4541 eligible subjects, 3753 (83%) participated in the hearing study.The examination included otoscopy, screening tympanometry, and pure-tone air-conduction and bone-conduction audiometry. Smoking history was ascertained by self-report. Hearing loss was defined as a pure-tone average (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz) greater than 25-dB hearing level in the worse ear.After adjusting for other factors, current smokers were 1.69 times as likely to have a hearing loss as nonsmokers (95% confidence interval, 1.31-2.17). This relationship remained for those without a history of occupational noise exposure and in analyses excluding those with non-age-related hearing loss. There was weak evidence of a dose-response effect. Nonsmoking participants who lived with a smoker were more likely to have a hearing loss than those who were not exposed to a household member who smoked (odds ratio, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-3.74).These data suggest that environmental exposures may play a role in age-related hearing loss. If longitudinal studies confirm these findings, modification of smoking habits may prevent or delay age-related declines in hearing sensitivity.
The role of endogenous corticosterone in the late-phase response to allergen challenge in the brown Norway rat.
Authors: D J Turner, P Myron, W S Powell, J G Martin
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

The aim of this study was to assess the role of endogenous corticosterone (CCST) concentrations on the late airway response (LAR) to ovalbumin (OA). Thirty-two Brown Norway (BN) rats were sensitized to OA on Day 0, then divided into three groups. Group 1 (n = 11) received saline (1 ml, subcutaneously) at time (T) = -24, -12, and 0 h prior to a 5% OA challenge on Day 14. Group 2 (n = 11) received metyrapone (MTP), an 11 beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, (10 mg/100 g in 1 ml saline, subcutaneously) at time (T) = -24, -12, and 0 h. Group 3 (n = 10) received MTP on the same schedule as Group 2, plus CCST in the drinking water (16 micrograms/ml) from T = -24 to T = 0 h. Pulmonary resistance (RL) was measured for 8 h following OA challenge to determine early (EAR) and LAR. Blood samples were taken at T = 0 and T = 8 h to determine serum CCST levels. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected at T = 8 h. Serum CCST levels were significantly reduced in the MTP group (235 ng/ml +/- 14 SEM) compared with control (564 +/- 38, p < 0.0001) and MTP+CCST animals (349 +/- 19, p < 0.0005). There were no differences in either baseline RL or EAR between the groups. However, the MTP group had a smaller LAR (6 ml/cm H2O/s*min +/- 2 SEM) than the control group (19 +/- 5, p < 0.02). The effect of MTP on LAR was reversed by treatment with CCST (21 +/- 3, p < 0.005). Total cell counts (p < 0.05) and eosinophils (p < 0.01) were increased in the BAL fluid of MTP rats versus control and MTP+CCST animals. We conclude that depletion of endogenous CCST in the BN rat diminishes the LAR to allergen challenge. These results indicate that physiologic levels of CCST are not necessary for development of the EAR, but they play a permissive role in the LAR to inhaled allergen.
Multivitamins for Cancer Prevention in Men
Authors: Zhidong Wang, Yuanyuan Ji, Zongfang Li
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
METABOLIC ADAPTATIONS TO A “STUFF AND STARVE” FEEDING PROGRAM. II. OBESITY AND THE PERSISTENCE OF ADAPTIVE CHANGES IN ADIPOSE TISSUE AND LIVER OCCURRING IN RATS LIMITED TO A SHORT DAILY FEEDING PERIOD*
Authors: Guy Hollifield, William Parson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1962)

Many obese people who want to lose weight seem unable to follow diets which will allow them to achieve and maintain ideal weight (1-3).This failure to follow diets has been ascribed to a lack of interest or to psychological factors, since no clear-cut abnormality in so-called simple or exogenous obesity other than excessive food in- take has been delineated (4).However, many obese patients consume most of their food within a relatively short period each day (5), and an interest in this unusual eating pattern prompted a study of rats allowed access to more food than they were able to consume for periods of up to 7 days.These studies (6) showed that adipose tissue from these animals developed a very remarkable ability to incorpo- rate large amounts of acetate-l-CI4 into lipids in vitro after 5 days on this program.This in- crease in acetate incorporation into lipids is ac- companied by striking increases in glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity in adipose tissue homoge- nates.Liver glycogen in animals fasted for 24 hours after being allowed food for only 2 hours per day, for 4 or 5 days, was much higher than it was in rats fed ad libitum after a similar fast.These observations have prompted the present investigations in which we have studied the effects, over a longer period of time, of this type of feeding program on body weight of rats, and have attempted to learn how long these adaptive changes persist when the animals are again allowed food ad libitum.
Intestinal perforation associated with osmotic slow release indomethacin capsules.
Authors: T K Day
Journal: BMJ (1983)

<b>Background:</b> World Health Organization recorded one third of the world9s population is LTBI and that HIV infection is a major risk factor of LTBI to develope into active tuberculosis. Diagnosis and treatment of LTBI are the main strategies recommended by WHO for the control and prevention of TB incidence in the world. Both of Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) and IGRAs have weaknesses and strengths, especially in high-risk groups such as patients with HIV infection. The purpose of this study was to analyze between TST and T-SPOT.TB on diagnosing LTBI in patients with HIV infection. <b>Subjects and Methods:</b> Diagnostic test research with cross sectional study design between examination of TST and the T-SPOT.TB. <b>Results:</b> Out of the total 88 research subjects HIV positive - infected patient obtained 26 (29.54%) cases of LTBI.. The degree of compliance / equivalence between the TST and T-SPOT.TB with κ value of 0.442 (95% CI: 0.212 to 0.672) (Kappa &lt;0.6) represents fair to good agreement. TST sensitivity and specificity value are 14.3% and 78.3%. The sensitivity and specificity value of the T-SPOT.TB are 28.6% and 81.7%. There is no relationship between the number of CD4 + cells with TST (p = 0.733) and T-SPOT.TB (p = 0.658). <b>Conclusion:</b> The degree of compliance / equivalence is unfavorable between TST and T-SPOT, therefore TST can not replace the examination of the T-SPOT.TB to diagnose LTBI in patients with HIV infection. The sensitivity and specificity of the T-SPOT.TB is higher than the TST. There is no correlation between CD4 + cell count and neutrophil cells regarding the TST and T-SPOT.TB.
Human and murine amniotic fluid c-Kit+Lin− cells display hematopoietic activity
Authors: Andrea Ditadi, Paolo de Coppi, Olivier Picone, Laetitia Gautreau, Rim Smati, Emmanuelle Six, Delphine Bonhomme, Sophie Ezine, René Frydman, Marina Cavazzana-Calvo, Isabelle André-Schmutz
Journal: Blood (2009)
How Dangerous Is Dioxin?
Authors: John C. Bailar
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

THERE is abundant and convincing evidence that TCDD (dioxin, or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin) is an extremely potent carcinogen and general toxin in rodents, perhaps the most potent yet tested. Human exposure is therefore regulated strictly and at considerable cost, both direct and indirect. TCDD as such is not a commercial product, but traces are produced in the manufacture of other products despite efforts to prevent their appearance. For example, TCDD has been the chemical of greatest concern in exposure to the defoliant Agent Orange, although it was present only as a sparse contaminant (a few parts per million at worst, . . .
Scalp melanoma in a woman with LEOPARD syndrome: Possible implication of PTPN11 signaling in melanoma pathogenesis
Authors: Yu-Pin Cheng, Hsien-Yi Chiu, Tzu-Lin Hsiao, Cheng-Hsiang Hsiao, Chia-Chi Lin, Yi-Hua Liao
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2013)
Effectiveness and safety of nicotine replacement therapy assisted reduction to stop smoking: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: D. Moore, P. Aveyard, M. Connock, D. Wang, A. Fry-Smith, P. Barton
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<b>Objective</b> To determine the effectiveness and safety of nicotine replacement therapy assisted reduction to stop smoking. <b>Design</b> Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. <b>Data sources</b> Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Science Citation Index, registries of ongoing trials, reference lists, the drug company that sponsored most of the trials, and clinical experts. <b>Review methods</b> Eligible studies were published or unpublished randomised controlled trials that enrolled smokers who declared no intention to quit smoking in the short term, and compared nicotine replacement therapy (with or without motivational support) with placebo, no treatment, other pharmacological therapy, or motivational support, and reported quit rates. Two reviewers independently applied eligibility criteria. One reviewer assessed study quality and extracted data and these processes were checked by a second reviewer. The primary outcome, six months sustained abstinence from smoking beginning during treatment, was assessed by individual patient data analysis. Other outcomes were cessation and reduction at end of follow-up, and adverse events. <b>Data synthesis</b> Seven placebo controlled randomised controlled trials were included (four used nicotine replacement therapy gum, two nicotine replacement therapy inhaler, and one free choice of therapy). They were reduction studies that reported smoking cessation as a secondary outcome. The trials enrolled a total of 2767 smokers, gave nicotine replacement therapy for 6-18 months, and lasted 12-26 months. 6.75% of smokers receiving nicotine replacement therapy attained sustained abstinence for six months, twice the rate of those receiving placebo (relative risk (fixed effects) 2.06, 95% confidence interval 1.34 to 3.15; (random effects) 1.99, 1.01 to 3.91; five trials). The number needed to treat was 29. All other cessation and reduction outcomes were significantly more likely in smokers given nicotine replacement therapy than those given placebo. There were no statistically significant differences in adverse events (death, odds ratio 1.00, 95% confidence interval 0.25 to 4.02; serious adverse events, 1.16, 0.79 to 1.50; and discontinuation because of adverse events, 1.25, 0.64 to 2.51) except nausea, which was more common with nicotine replacement therapy (8.7% <i>v</i> 5.3%; odds ratio 1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.21 to 2.36). <b>Conclusions</b> Available trials indicate that nicotine replacement therapy is an effective intervention in achieving sustained smoking abstinence for smokers who have no intention or are unable to attempt an abrupt quit. Most of the evidence, however, comes from trials with regular behavioural support and monitoring and it is unclear whether using nicotine replacement therapy without regular contact would be as effective.
The Growing Brown Plague
Authors: William H. Foege
Journal: JAMA (1990)

TWO BASIC factors explain why tobacco causes so much suffering and early death, and why that trend is getting worse for most of the world, as demonstrated in this issue of<i>JAMA</i>. Those factors are addiction and greed. Addiction to tobacco has become better understood in recent years. It is a powerful force that often negates the best intentions of even the most independent, self-reliant, and self-disciplined of people. Accurate knowledge, good intentions, and determined resolutions each night dissolve in a reflex puff of smoke in the morning. Despite the statements of the tobacco industry and the decisions by some legal jurisdictions, free will is not within the power of most smokers, and an affirmative choice is not possible each day. The window of free will, for most smokers, is short, usually early in life before what is thought of as the age of consent, and exercised in an atmosphere