tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
CARRIAGE OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS, WITH SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFECTION
Authors: Edward Taylor, Harold L. Amoss
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1917)

A family group containing four children of whom all showed in varying degree symptoms of poliomyelitis is described. The source of infection and periods of incubation have been followed. Two of the children were proven by inoculation tests to carry the virus of poliomyelitis in the nasopharynx. Of these, one was detected to be a carrier after recovering from a non-paralytic attack of the disease, and the other was discovered to be a carrier about 5 days before the initial symptoms, attended later by paralysis, appeared. The original case from which the three others took origin was fatal; the youngest child, after quite a severe onset, was treated with immune serum, and made a prompt and almost perfect recovery. The nasopharyngeal secretions of two of the cases, taken 1 month after the attack, proved incapable of neutralizing an active poliomyelitic virus. The proposition is presented that every case of poliomyelitis develops from a carrier of the microbic cause, or virus, of poliomyelitis.
Midodrine, octreotide, albumin, and TIPS in selected patients with cirrhosis and type 1 hepatorenal syndrome
Authors: Florence Wong, Lavinia Pantea, Kenneth Sniderman
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a functional renal disorder complicating decompensated cirrhosis. Treatments to date, except liver transplantation, have been able to improve but not normalize renal function. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPS) as a treatment for type 1 HRS in ascitic cirrhotic patients, following improvement in systemic hemodynamics with a combination of midodrine, octreotide, and albumin (medical treatment). Fourteen ascitic cirrhotic patients with type 1 HRS received medical therapy until their serum creatinine reached below 135 μmol/L for at least 3 days, followed by a TIPS if there were no contraindications. Patients were assessed before and after medical treatment, as well as at 1 week and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-TIPS with measurements of renal function, sodium handling, systemic hemodynamics, central blood volume, and hormonal markers. Medical therapy for 14 ± 3 days improved renal function (serum creatinine: 233 ± 29 μmol/L vs. 112 ± 8 μmol/L, P = .001) and renal sodium excretion (5 ± 2 mmol/d vs. 9 ± 2 mmol/d, P = .002) in 10 of the 14 patients. TIPS insertion in five of the responders further improved renal function and sodium excretion, so that by 12 months post-TIPS, glomerular filtration rate (96 ± 20 mL/min, P &lt; .01 vs. pre-TIPS) and urinary sodium excretion (119 ± 15 mmol/d, P &lt; .01 vs. pre-TIPS) were normal, associated with normalization of plasma renin and aldosterone levels and elimination of ascites. In conclusion , TIPS is an effective treatment for type 1 HRS in suitable patients with cirrhosis and ascites, following the improvement of renal function with combination therapy of midodrine, octreotide, and albumin. (Hepatology 2004;40:55-64.)
Treatment of Depression
Authors: Scott D. Jones
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Dr Ostow's letter (1983;249:1825) concerning the use of dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate hydrochloride in the treatment of depression fails to justify rationally their routine use, even just for induction of antidepressant relief until the effect of another antidepressant agent (tricyclic or monoamine oxidate inhibitor drugs) occurs. While there is some evidence that some CNS stimulants may be helpful in some depressive conditions,<sup>1</sup>more studies have shown that many types of depressed patients do<i>not</i>experience any more benefit from either of these drugs than from a placebo.<sup>2-4</sup>Both of these medications, even in lower doses, can cause worsening of the primary symptoms of depression, ie, anorexia, weight loss, anxiety, and agitation.<sup>4,5</sup>True, in some cases there is improvement when methylphenidate is used with a tricyclic, but the mechanism for this improvement in these cases has not been carefully elucidated. This may be the result of
Pulmonary edemafolloing ingestion of hydrochlorothiazide
Authors: A. D. Steinberg
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Pulmonary edema developed in two women (44 and 65 years of age) within 45 minutes after they had ingested single 50-mg tablets of hydrochlorothiazide. There was no history of heart disease, and the drug was taken for weight reduction in one patient and for mild hypertension in the other. On admission to the hospital, x-ray films of the chest showed congestive changes in the lungs. The arm-to-tongue circulation time was normal. Clinical and laboratory data did not support a diagnosis of myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolus. It is postulated that these were idiosyncratic reactions to the drug.
Immunogenicity of biliary epithelium: Investigation of antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells
Authors: M P Leon, M F Bassendine, J L Wilson, S Ali, M Thick, J A Kirby
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

The intrahepatic biliary epithelium is susceptible to extensive T–cell– mediated damage during primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and hepatic allograft rejection. During these processes, human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (HIBEC) become activated and express high levels of the lymphocyte adhesion molecules, intercellular adhesion molecule–1 (ICAM–1) and lymphocyte–associated antigen (LFA)–3, and of class II MHC antigens. It follows that activated HIBEC may also play a direct role in the activation of antigen–specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. The capacity of class II MHC antigen–expressing HIBEC to present antigen and induce specific proliferation of CD4+ T cells was examined in this study. Lines of purified HIBEC were activated by culture with the proinflammatory cytokines interferon γ (IFN–γ) and tumor necrosis factor a and were mixed in coculture with allogeneic CD4+ T cells. The result of interaction between these cells was assessed by measurement of lymphoproliferation and IL–2 production. Class II MHC antigen–expressing HIBEC failed to induce either lymphoproliferation or IL–2 production. However, both of these parameters of T–cell activation were positive in cocultures when a costimulation signal was delivered to T cells by adding bivalent anti–CD28 antibodies. The antigen–specific activation of these T cells was further enhanced by the addition of a cross–linking secondary antibody that caused CD28 receptor aggregation. The failure of cytokine–stimulated HIBEC to induce T–cell activation is consistent with the observation that HIBEC do not express the costimulatory CD28 ligands B7–1 or B7–2 at either mRNA or protein levels. It may be concluded that HIBEC are unlikely to play a direct role in activation of antigen–specific CD4+ T lymphocytes within the inflamed liver.
Protein C inhibitor in human body fluids. Seminal plasma is rich in inhibitor antigen deriving from cells throughout the male reproductive system.
Authors: M Laurell, A Christensson, P A Abrahamsson, J Stenflo, H Lilja
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

An assay was developed for the measurement of human protein C inhibitor antigen (PCI) in blood plasma and other biological fluids. Both native PCI, modified inhibitor, and complexes of inhibitor with activated protein C or plasma kallikrein could be measured with the assay. Inhibitor antigen concentrations were found to be very high in seminal plasma (greater than 200 mg/liter), more than 40 times the concentration of PCI found in blood plasma. The inhibitor in seminal plasma was unable to form complexes with activated protein C. Gel filtration and immunoblotting findings indicated that the inhibitor in seminal plasma is present in a high molecular mass complex or cleaved to its modified form. As PCI antigen was absent from seminal plasma of patients with dysfunctional seminal vesicles, the seminal vesicle glands would appear to be the major source of seminal plasma PCI, a conclusion supported by immunohistochemical demonstration of the presence of PCI epitopes in the secretory epithelium of the seminal vesicles. Specific PCI immunoreactivity was also shown to be present in the testes, the epididymis glands, and the prostate, suggesting the inhibitor to have a complex or multiple function in the male reproductive system. Conclusive evidence of a local synthesis of PCI in the four male sex glands was provided by Northern blot analysis of RNA from these organs.
One in Three
Authors: David Malebranche
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2005)

On Being a Doctor21 June 2005One in ThreeDavid Malebranche, MD, MPHDavid Malebranche, MD, MPHFrom the Emory University Division of General Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30303.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-12_Part_1-200506210-00014 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail A few years ago, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that one out of every three black men who have sex with men are HIV positive. Since I am a physician who happens to be both black and homosexual, I belong to this risk group. For me, getting an HIV test is a yearly ritual—it's something many black men who have sex with men do because of the fear embedded in our psyches for simply being who we are.During my latest doctor's visit, a nurse drew my blood and told me to return for my test results ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From the Emory University Division of General Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30303.Corresponding Author: David Malebranche, MD, MPH, Emory University Division of General Medicine, 49 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, Atlanta, GA 30303; e-mail, [email protected]edu. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byHealthcare Providers’ Responses to Narrative Communication About Racial Healthcare DisparitiesWhat Causes Racial Health Care Disparities? A Mixed-Methods Study Reveals Variability in How Health Care Providers Perceive Causal Attributions 21 June 2005Volume 142, Issue 12_Part_1Page: 1021-1022KeywordsEnzyme linked immunosorbent assayFearHIVHIV preventionHomosexualsMedical staffNursesResearch laboratoriesWestern blot ePublished: 21 June 2005 Issue Published: 21 June 2005 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2005 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Reported frequency of domestic violence: cross sectional survey of women attending general practice
Authors: F. Bradley
Journal: BMJ (2002)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To determine exposure to violence by a partner or spouse among women attending general practice and its association with respondents9 demographic and personal characteristics; frequency of inquiry about violence by general practitioners; and women9s views on routine questioning about domestic violence by general practitioners. <b>Design:</b> Cross sectional, self administered, anonymous survey. <b>Setting:</b> 22 volunteer Irish general practices. <b>Participants:</b> 1871 women attending general practice. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Proportion who had experienced domestic violence, severity of such violence, and context in which violence occurred. <b>Results:</b> Of the 1692 women who had ever had a sexual relationship, 651 (39%, 95% confidence interval 36% to 41%) had experienced violent behaviour by a partner. 78/651 (12%) women reported that their doctor had asked about domestic violence. 298/651 (46%, 42% to 50%) women had been injured, 60 (20%) of whom reported that their doctor had asked about domestic violence. 1304/1692 (77%, 77% to 80%) were in favour of routine inquiry about domestic violence by their usual general practitioner. 1170 women (69%) reported controlling behaviour by their partner and 475 (28%) reported feeling afraid of their previous or current partner. Women who reported domestic violence were 32 times more likely to be afraid of their partner than women who did not report such violence. <b>Conclusions:</b> Almost two fifths of women had experienced domestic violence but few recalled being asked about it. Most women favoured routine questioning by their practitioner about such violence. Asking women about fear of their partner and controlling behaviour may be a useful way of identifying those who have experienced domestic violence. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> Domestic violence is associated with physical and psychological ill health In community surveys, one in four women have experienced such violence Doctors rarely ask about it, and it is often not recognised even in women with obvious injuries <h3>What this study adds</h3> Fear of partner and experiencing controlling behaviour were significantly associated with domestic violence Anxiety is more strongly associated with domestic violence than depression 77% of all women were in favour of routine questioning about the issue by their usual general practitioner
Transdermal nitroglycerin patch therapy reduces the extent of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using quantitative thallium-201 tomography
Authors: John J. Mahmarian, Nancy L. Fenimore, Gary F. Marks, Marilyn J. Francis, Hugo Morales-Ballejo, Mario S. Verani, Craig M. Pratt
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1994)
328 Sympathetic nervous system inhibition, in acute and chronic CCL4 intoxication, results in inhibition of hepatic stellate cells/myofibroblasts and stimulation of hepatic progenitor cells
Authors: N. Sinelli, D. Cassiman, L. Dubuisson, G. De Hertogh, J. Fevery, J. Rosenbaum, T. Roskams
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
P249 Effect Size Of Open-label Versus Double-blind Administration Of Tiotropium In Trials Investigating Health-related Quality Of Life In Copd
Authors: H. Schmidt, H. Kogler, S. Geier, T. Glaab, I. Leimer
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Effects of interventions on patient-reported outcomes may be subjective and modulated by patients’ expectations regarding treatment efficacy. The ‘gold standard’ for minimising such biases are double-blind randomised controlled trials. We analysed the effects of tiotropium on health-related quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in placebo-controlled trials and assessed whether trial design (double-blind versus open-label) is a relevant modifier of the effects of tiotropium. <h3>Methods</h3> Trials of ≥6 months’ duration investigating the effect of tiotropium versus placebo on health-related quality of life in COPD (assessed using St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire [SGRQ]) were identified from the Boehringer Ingelheim clinical trial database and by a systematic literature search in MEDLINE, with a cut-off date of 30 November 2011. As a clinical end point, the mean difference between treatment groups in SGRQ total score was assessed. Trials were grouped according to double-blind or open-label design. We performed a network meta-analysis including standard methodology to test for interaction to evaluate whether trial design is a potential modifier of effect size or its direction. <h3>Results</h3> We identified 12 trials in which tiotropium had been administered double-blind and three trials with open-label application. The overall effect for mean difference versus placebo in SGRQ total score was -2.98 units (95% confidence interval [CI): -3.49, -2.47). For the double-blind trial subgroup, mean difference versus placebo was -3.20 (95% CI: -3.75, -2.65) compared to -1.67 (95% CI: -3.02, - 0.32) for open-label trials. The p-value for interaction between subgroup and effect on SGRQ total score was 0.04. <h3>Conclusions</h3> In patients with COPD, trial design (double-blind versus open-label) was a statistically significant modifier of the effect of inhaled tiotropium on health-related quality of life. The modification was quantitative, resulting in a substantial underestimation of the effect of tiotropium on SGRQ total score when the administration had been open-label compared to the ‘gold standard’ double-blind. A subjective end point such as quality of life is particularly susceptible to bias due to patients’ expectations towards the efficacy of an intervention. Therefore, the validity of studies using non-blinded designs to investigate such end points must be questioned.
Risks and Benefits of Phase 1 Clinical Trials Evaluating New Anticancer Agents
Authors: Eric X. Chen, Ian F. Tannock
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
An academic, apolitical approach to health care reform
Authors: Robert Alpern
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2009)

The United States is on the verge of addressing one of the most important issues facing the country, its health care system. An underlying premise of the need for reform is a belief that all citizens of this great country should have access to excellent health care. To accomplish this, universal health insurance must be a component of any plan. Many controversial issues have arisen in the debate, most relating to how to pay for those presently uninsured. Opponents are concerned that this will require increased taxation and/or decreased support for those presently insured. The only acceptable solution will be one in which the cost of covering the uninsured derives from improved efficiencies in the delivery of health care.
Book Review Current Practice of Interventional Radiology Edited by Saadoon Kadir. 779 pp., illustrated. Philadelphia, B.C. Decker, 1991. $149. ISBN 1–55664–130–3 . Interventional Radiology Edited by Renan Uflacker and Mark H. Wholey. 619 pp., illustrated. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1991. $149. ISBN 0–07–065735–1 .
Authors: Arthur C. Waltman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)
Sites of synthesis of urokinase and tissue-type plasminogen activators in the murine kidney.
Authors: A P Sappino, J Huarte, J D Vassalli, D Belin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Kidneys have long been recognized as a major source of plasminogen activators (PAs). However, neither the sites of synthesis of the enzymes nor their role in renal function have been elucidated. By the combined use of zymographies on tissue sections and in situ hybridizations, we have explored the cellular distribution of urokinase-type (u-PA) and tissue-type (t-PA) plasminogen activators and of their mRNAs in developing and adult mouse kidneys. In 17.5-d old embryos, renal tubules synthesize u-PA, while S-shaped bodies produce t-PA. In the adult kidney, u-PA is synthesized and released in urine by the epithelial cells lining the straight parts of both proximal and distal tubules. In contrast, t-PA is produced by glomerular cells and by epithelial cells lining the distal part of collecting ducts. The precise segmental distribution of PAs suggests that both enzymes may be implicated in the maintenance of tubular patency, by catalyzing extracellular proteolysis to prevent or circumvent protein precipitation.
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 target Peyer's patches in humans and cause attaching/effacing lesions in both human and bovine intestine
Authors: A D Phillips
Journal: Gut (2000)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> Enterohaemorrhagic<i>Escherichia coli </i>(EHEC) constitute a significant risk to human health worldwide, and infections, particularly with serogroup O157:H7, are associated with consumption of a variety of food and water vehicles, particularly food of bovine origin. EHEC cause acute gastroenteritis, bloody diarrhoea, and haemorrhagic colitis; up to 10% of cases develop severe complications, including the haemolytic uraemic syndrome, with a 5% case fatality. A virulence characteristic of enteropathogenic <i>E coli</i>, the attaching/effacing lesion, is considered to be important in EHEC. However, although EHEC produce this lesion on cultured human cells, this has not been demonstrated on human intestinal mucosal surfaces. In addition, the initial site(s) of colonisation of EHEC in humans is not known. <h3>AIMS</h3> To assess the association of EHEC O157:H7 with paediatric and bovine intestine using in vitro organ culture and determine if attaching/effacing lesions occur. <h3>METHODS</h3> Ultrastructural analysis of in vitro intestinal organ cultures of human small and large intestine was used to investigate adhesion of O157:H7 EHEC to intestinal surfaces. Bovine intestinal organ culture was used to examine the pathology produced by the same EHEC strain in cattle. <h3>RESULTS</h3> The study showed that EHEC O157:H7 adhered to human intestinal mucosa. Binding and attaching/effacing lesion formation of O157:H7 in humans was restricted to follicle associated epithelium of Peyer9s patches. The same strain caused attaching/effacing lesions on bovine mucosa. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> O157:H7 targets follicle associated epithelium in humans where it causes attaching/effacing lesions. The same human isolate can cause attaching/effacing lesions in cattle, indicating that similar pathogenic mechanisms operate across human and bovine species
Amoebiasis--a Diagnostic Problem in Great Britain
Authors: G. C. Moss
Journal: BMJ (1966)

logically and simply, by the entirely different diet in the two groups of negroes.In the first group the carbohydrates in the diet are unrefined, consisting of the coarsest maize, with very little sugar; whereas in the second group the carbohydrates are now those of the white man, consisting mainly of white flour and sugar.The first diet results in two soft stools a day,3 whereas the second diet, through the massive removal of fibre, results in the marked slowing of the passage of the colonic contents so characteristic of the Westernized nations.This colonic stasis incidentally affords a natural explanation of the muscular hypertrophy in the colonic wall to which you refer.It should be added to the above that the diet in the United States negro once also consisted of unrefined maize (hominy), but the consumption of maize in the United States shows the following decline over the years4
USE OF PENICILLIN IN DERMATOLOGY.*
Authors: F. F. HELLIER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1947)

Journal Article USE OF PENICILLIN IN DERMATOLOGY. Get access F. F. HELLIER, O.B.E., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. F. F. HELLIER, O.B.E., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. Assistant Physician, Dermatological Department, General Infirmary, Leeds Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 59, Issue 7, 1 July 1947, Pages 249–253, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1947.tb10895.x Published: 01 July 1947