tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PERORAL ADMINISTRATION OF COLLOIDAL CONTRAST MEDIUM IN CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY
Authors: BERNARD FANTUS
Journal: JAMA (1927)

The substances used at present for the purpose of cholecystography are derivatives of phenolphthalein, with which they share many of its qualities. This body, a white, insoluble powder, owes its use as an indicator of free alkali to the fact that it forms brilliant red soluble salts on the addition of alkali. That it also has purgative qualities was discovered when, almost thirty years ago, the Hungarian government decreed that wine, adulterated by certain harmless additions, be earmarked by means of phenolphthalein so as to enable the poor man to buy this "necessity of life" at a price within his means. It was soon found that people partaking freely of this wine suffered from diarrhea, which led to a hasty repeal of the law and the discovery of a new purgative. Vamossy,<sup>1</sup>who subsequently investigated this matter, found that phenolphthalein is but little absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, quite
Evaluation of bronchoscopic techniques for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia.
Authors: J Chastre, J Y Fagon, M Bornet-Lecso, S Calvat, M C Dombret, R al Khani, F Basset, C Gibert
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

To compare the usefulness of specimens obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and using a protected specimen brush (PSB) in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia, both procedures were performed via fiberoptic bronchoscopy just after death in a series of 20 ventilated patients who had not developed pneumonia before the terminal phase of their disease and who had no recent changes in antimicrobial therapy. These results were compared with both histologic and microbiologic postmortem lung features in the same area. The total number of bacteria obtained by culture of lung segments and the latters' histologic grade were closely correlated (rho = 0.79, p < 0.0001). PSB and BAL quantitative culture results were strongly correlated with lung tissue values (rho = 0.67 and 0.75, respectively; p < 0.0001). Using discriminative values of > or = 10(3) and > or = 10(4) bacteria/ml to define positive PSB and BAL cultures, respectively, these techniques identified lung segments yielding > or = 10(4) bacteria/g tissue with sensitivities of 82 and 91% and specificities of 89 and 78%, respectively. Moreover, upon direct observation, the percentage of BAL cells containing intracellular bacteria was closely correlated with the total number of bacteria obtained from corresponding lung samples (p < 0.001). These findings indicate that bronchoscopic PSB and BAL samples very reliably identify both qualitatively and quantitatively microorganisms present in lung segments with bacterial pneumonia, even when the infection develops as a superinfection in a patient already receiving antimicrobial treatment for several days.
The Significance of Coronary Calcification Detected by Fluoroscopy
Authors: ALAN G. BARTEL, JAMES T. CHEN, ROBERT H. PETER, VICTOR S. BEHAR, YIHONG KONG, RICHARD G. LESTER
Journal: Circulation (1974)

Cardiac fluoroscopy to detect coronary calcification was performed on 360 patients before undergoing coronary arteriography for proven or suspected coronary artery disease. Among the 154 patients in whom coronary calcification was identified, 97% had significant coronary disease angiographically (≧ 70% stenosis). In this group, the distribution of one, two, and three vessel coronary disease was 9%, 25%, and 66% respectively. The prevalence of coronary calcification increased with age and severity of coronary disease, but no difference in males versus females was demonstrable. The angiographic severity of coronary disease increased with multiple vessel calcification; three vessel disease occurred in 45%, 66%, and 82% of patients with one, two, and three vessel calcification, respectively. Patients with hyperlipidemia or hypertension had no significant difference in the prevalence of coronary calcification. Among the 267 patients with significant coronary lesions, 56% had calcification detected by fluoroscopy. Five of the 93 patients with no significant coronary disease angiographically had coronary calcification fluoroscopically. Four of the five had a prior history of myocardial infarction, and two showed asynergy on left ventriculography. This study demonstrates that cardiac fluoroscopy is a valuable procedure for detecting significant coronary artery disease since this highly specific test is easily performed, inexpensive, noninvasive, and widely applicable for screening large patient populations.
Reply to Stephen Shei-Dei Yang and Shang-Jen Chang's Letter to the Editor re: Christopher R. Chapple, Francesco Montorsi, Teuvo L.J. Tammela, et al. Silodosin Therapy for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Men with Suspected Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Results of an International, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- and Active-Controlled Clinical Trial Performed in Europe. Eur Urol 2011;59:342–52
Authors: Christopher R. Chapple
Journal: European Urology (2011)
Alterations of p16 and p15 genes in acute leukemia with MLL gene rearrangements and their correlation with clinical features
Authors: H Ohnishi, SX Guo, K Ida, T Taki, S Naritaka, F Bessho, M Yanagisawa, R Hanada, M Eguchi, N Kamada, K Kita, S Yamamori, Y Hayashi
Journal: Leukemia (1997)
Origins and Clinical Relevance of Child Death Review Teams
Authors: Michael J. Durfee
Journal: JAMA (1992)

Interagency child death review teams have emerged in response to the increasing awareness of severe violence against children in the United States. Since 1978, when the first team originated in Los Angeles, Calif, child death review teams have been established across the nation. Approximately 100 million Americans or 40% of the nation's population now live in counties or states served by such teams; most have been formed since 1988. Multiagency child death review involves a systematic, multidisciplinary, and multiagency process to coordinate and integrate data and resources from coroners, law enforcement, courts, child protective services, and health care providers. This article provides an introduction to the unique factors and magnitude of suspicious child deaths, and to the concept and process of interagency child death review. Future expansion of this process should lead to more effective multiagency case management and prevention of future deaths and serious injuries to children from child abuse and neglect. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1992;267:3172-3175)
Genioglossus Muscle Responsiveness to Chemical and Mechanical Stimuli during Non–Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Authors: Michael L. Stanchina, Atul Malhotra, Robert B. Fogel, Najib Ayas, Jill K. Edwards, Karen Schory, David P. White
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

Previous studies have suggested that during non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, neither large short-duration resistive loads nor sustained normoxic hypercapnia alone leads to increased genioglossus muscle activation. However, in normal individuals during stable NREM sleep, genioglossus activity rises above baseline as Pco 2 rises and airway resistance increases. We therefore hypothesized that combinations of chemical (Pco 2, Po 2) and mechanical stimuli during NREM sleep would lead to increased genioglossal activation. We studied 15 normal subjects (9 males, 6 females) during stable NREM sleep, measuring genioglossus electromyogram, epiglottic/choanal pressure, and airflow under six conditions: (1) baseline, (2) inspiratory resistive loading ( − 5 to − 15 cm H2O/ L/second), (3) increased Pco 2 (5–10 mm Hg above baseline), (4) combined resistive loading and increased Pco 2, (5 ) hypoxia (SaO2 80–85%), and (6 ) combined hypoxia/inspiratory resistive loading. Only the combined condition of hypercapnia and resistive loading led to significantly increased genioglossal activation, 3.91 ± 0.77% to 9.64 ± 1.96% of maximum. These data suggest that the genioglossus muscle is less responsive to either chemical stimuli (hypercapnia, hypoxia) or inspiratory resistive loading alone during NREM sleep at the degrees tested. When hypercapnia is combined with resistive loading, the muscle does respond. However, the possibility that higher levels of Pco 2 or greater resistive loading alone could activate the muscle cannot be excluded.
Incipient GAA repeats in the primate Friedreich ataxia homologous genes
Authors: P. Gonzalez-Cabo, M. I. Sanchez, J. Canizares, J. M. Blanca, R. Martinez-Arias, M. De Castro, J. Bertranpetit, F. Palau, M. D. Molto, R. de Frutos
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1999)

Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) is the most frequent hereditary ataxia in the Caucasian population (Harding 1983), with an estimated incidence of 1 in 50,000 and a calculated carrier frequency of 1 in 120. It is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by a variety of different symptoms, the most important being ataxia of gait and limbs, dysarthria, and areflexia (Harding 1981). Onset of the disease is typically in late childhood, almost always before age 25. FRDA represents the first autosomal recessive inherited trinucleotide disease (Campuzano et al. 1996), the primary cause of which is an unstable GAA repeat expansion within an Alu sequence in the first intron of the X25 gene. This results in a marked reduction in the steady-state level of mature X25 mRNA and, consequently, of the encoded product, frataxin (Bidichandani, Ashizawa, and Patel 1997; Campuzano et al. 1997). The GAA motif is polymorphic with bimodal size distribution in the normal population (83% of normal alleles have 6–12 repeats, 17% have 12–36 repeats), but it is amplified as many as 1,000 times in FRDA patients (Campuzano et al. 1996; Cossee et al. 1997; Montermini et al. 1997a). More than 95% of patients are known to be homozygous for the expanded allele, with a few cases of point mutations in the X25 gene (always in heterozygous individuals) (Campuzano et al. 1996; Durr et al. 1996; Filla et al. 1996; Monros et al. 1997). Subsequent analysis has demonstrated that clinical variability in FRDA, including age at onset as well as severity and extent of disease involvement, is related to the size of the expanded alleles. Milder forms of the disease are associated with shorter expansions (Durr et al. 1996; Filla et al. 1996; Monros et al. 1997; Montermini et al. 1997b). In order to understand the evolutionary context of the X25 GAA trinucleotide repeat, we analyzed the Alu element inserted in intron 1 of this gene (Alu-X25) in several primate species. The presence of microsatellite repeats associated with both 39 oligo(A) tails and the central A-rich region of Alu elements has already been reported (Batzer et al. 1990; Economou et al. 1990; Arcot et al. 1995; Jurka and Pethiyagoda 1995). Based on the comparison of Alu repeats from different primate
Transmission of a Highly Drug-Resistant Strain (Strain W1) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Tracy Agerton
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>Context.</h3> —Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) has been reported primarily in New York State and has generally been presumed to occur via respiratory aerosols. <h3>Objective.</h3> —To assess nosocomial transmission of MDR TB. In 1995,8 patients with MDR TB were identified in South Carolina; all were resistant to 7 drugs and had matching DNA fingerprints (strain W1). Community links were identified for 5 patients (Patients 1-5). However, no links were identified for the other 3 patients (Patients 6-8) except being hospitalized at the same hospital as 1 community patient. <h3>Design.</h3> —Outbreak investigation. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Community and hospital. <h3>Patients.</h3> —Eightpatients whose MDR TB isolates had DNA fingerprint patterns matching strain W1. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Clinical characteristics of patients with strain W1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. <h3>Results.</h3> —Patients 5 (community patient) and Patient 8, diagnosed April 1995 and November 1995, respectively, had clinical courses consistent with MDR TB, with smear-positive and culture-positive specimens and cavitary lesions on chest radiograph; both died of MDR TB less than 1 month after diagnosis. Patients 6 and 7 (diagnosed May 1995) each had 1 positive culture for MDR TB; specimens were collected during bronchoscopy. Patient 6 had a skin test conversion after bronchoscopy. Neither Patient 6 nor Patient 7 had a clinical course consistent with MDR TB, neither was treated for MDR TB, and both are alive and well. No evidence of laboratory contamination of specimens, transmission on inpatient wards, or contact among patients was found. All 4 received bronchoscopies in May 1995; Patients 6, 7, and 8 had bronchoscopies 1, 12, and 17 days, respectively, after Patient 5. Observations revealed that bronchoscope cleaning was inadequate, and the bronchoscope was never immersed in disinfectant. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Inadequate cleaning and disinfection of the bronchoscope after the procedure performed on Patient 5 led to subsequent false-positive cultures in Patients 6 and 7 and transmission of infection to Patient 6 and active MDR TB to Patient 8.
Noninvasive determination of age-related changes in the human arterial pulse.
Authors: R Kelly, C Hayward, A Avolio, M O'Rourke
Journal: Circulation (1989)

Arterial pressure waves were recorded noninvasively from the carotid, radial, femoral, or all three of these arteries of 1,005 normal subjects, aged 2-91 years, using a new transcutaneous tonometer containing a high fidelity Millar micromanometer. Waves were ensemble-averaged into age-decade groups. Characteristic changes were noted with increasing age. In all sites, pulse amplitude increased with advancing age (carotid, 91.3%; radial 67.5%; femoral, 50.1% from first to eighth decade), diastolic decay steepened, and diastolic waves became less prominent. In the carotid pulse, there was, in youth, a second peak on the downstroke of the waves in late systole. After the third decade, this second peak rose with age to merge with and dominate the initial rise. In the radial pulse, a late systolic wave was also apparent, but this occurred later; with age, this second peak rose but not above the initial rise in early systole, even at the eighth decade. In the femoral artery, there was a single systolic wave at all ages. Aging changes in the arterial pulse are explicable on the basis of both an increase in arterial stiffness with increased pulse-wave velocity and progressively earlier wave reflection. These two factors may be separated and effects of the latter measured from pressure wave-contour analysis using an "augmentation index," determined by a computer algorithm developed from invasive pressure and flow data. Changes in peak pressure in the central (carotid) artery show increasing cardiac afterload with increasing age in a normal population; this can account for the cardiac hypertrophy that occurs with advancing age (even as other organs atrophy) and the predisposition to cardiac failure in the elderly. Identification of mechanisms responsible offers a new approach to reduction of left ventricular afterload.
High Haemoglobin Values During Medical Treatment of Hypertension
Authors: M. Hilden, A. Leth, T. Hilden
Journal: BMJ (1968)

In 123 patients with arterial hypertension the haemoglobin values were determined before and during long-term antihypertensive drug treatment. The haemoglobin values found before treatment did not differ from those found in the normal population. In both sexes the haemoglobin values showed a significant increase after prolonged treatment. In males the average values rose from 15.1 to 16.7 g./100 ml., and in females from 13.96 to 14.82 g./100 ml. The increase in the haemoglobin concentration does not seem to be clearly correlated to the duration of treatment or to the decrease produced in mean blood pressure. On the other hand, the increase in haemoglobin depended to some extent on the nature of treatment. Diuretics alone resulted in a moderate increase only, whereas diuretics in combination with other antihypertensive drugs produced a more pronounced increase in haemoglobin values.
The Dangers of the Bicycle
Authors: Julian A. Waller
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

For almost a century the bicycle has been used in the United States as a recreational medium for children and adults. This function has contrasted sharply with that of many other countries, where transportation has been the bicycle's most important use. As unwanted side effects of affluence have intruded upon the American consciousness, however, a new role for the bicycle has emerged. It is now a contributor to health — to physical fitness that can help avert cardiovascular ills, and simultaneously to transportation that does not pollute and thus reduces both the risks of respiratory distress and the fears of . . .
Teaching on Ward Rounds
Authors: STANLEY L. WIENER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Letters1 October 1973Teaching on Ward RoundsSTANLEY L. WIENER, M.D.STANLEY L. WIENER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-79-4-606_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The most commonly used format for ward rounds in most teaching hospitals is the case presentation method, in which a brief account of the patient's history, physical findings, and laboratory data is presented to the attending physician by the intern. The attending physician then proceeds to the bedside, where he attempts to confirm the findings. After a brief examination, the group usually retires out of earshot of the patient, and the case discussion is begun. Often these discussions lead to abstract discussions of various aspects of the case being seen. In many instances rounds become an ambulatory... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: STANLEY L. WIENER, M.D.Affiliations: Department of Medicine Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Center New Hyde Park, New York PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 October 1973Volume 79, Issue 4Page: 606-607 ePublished: 13 March 2020 Issue Published: 1 October 1973 PDF downloadLoading ...
Oral prostaglandin E2 in ductus-dependent pulmonary circulation.
Authors: E D Silove, J Y Coe, M F Shiu, J D Brunt, A J Page, S P Singh, M D Mitchell
Journal: Circulation (1981)

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was administered orally, in doses of 12-65 microgram/kg at intervals of 1-4 hours, to 12 neonates in whom the pulmonary circulation depended on patency of the ductus arteriosus. After an oral dose, both oxygen saturation (SaO2) and plasma PGE2 concentration increased consistently within 15-30 minutes, reaching values comparable to those during i.v. infusions. Treatment continued for 5 days to 4 months. In eight infants, PGE2 withdrawal resulted in a decrease of SaO2, from a mean of 75 +/- 7% to 57 +/- 10% (+/- SD). The ductus remained responsive for long periods--in four infants, for over 3 months. Consequently, surgery could be delayed until the infants and their pulmonary arteries had grown. Side effects during oral therapy were similar to those during i.v. infusion but were less severe in this series. The effectiveness and simplicity of oral PGE2 administration have advantages over i.v. administration, especially for long-term treatment.
Adaptation of the left ventricle to sudden changes in heart rate in patients with artificial pacemakers
Authors: I. KARLOF, S. BEVEGARD, C.-O. OVENFORS
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1973)

In five patients treated with external pacemaker for complete heart block, the adaptation of left ventricular volume to sudden changes in ventricular rate has been analysed on a beat-to-beat basis, by one-plane cineangiocardiography and simultaneous aortic pressure recordings. The results are unambiguous and show: (1) When heart rate is changed above a certain lower limit left ventricular stroke volume varies inversely with heart rate. (2) The changes in stroke volume are brought about by changes in left ventricular end-diastolic volume proportionate to the duration of mechanical diastole and filling energy. The end-systolic volume is unchanged. (3) Left ventricular end-diastolic volume and stroke volume adapt, on a beat-to-beat basis, to changes in heart rate. (4) There is a lower border-frequency at which the ventricular end-diastolic volume is maximal. Below this frequency, a further increase in length of diastole does not increase the stroke volume.
HEAD TO HEAD COMPARISON OF STANDARD ECHO DOPPLER AND 3D SPECKLE TRACKING ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN DETECTION OF SUBCLINICAL ANTHRACYCLINE CARDIOTOXICITY IN BREAST CANCER
Authors: Ciro Santoro, Francesco De Stefano, Riccardo Muscariello, Roberta Esposito, Grazia Arpino, Sabino De Placido, Giovanni de Simone, Maurizio Galderisi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
OSCAR is a collagen receptor that costimulates osteoclastogenesis in DAP12-deficient humans and mice
Authors: Alexander David Barrow, Nicolas Raynal, Thomas Levin Andersen, David A. Slatter, Dominique Bihan, Nicholas Pugh, Marina Cella, Taesoo Kim, Jaerang Rho, Takako Negishi-Koga, Jean-Marie Delaisse, Hiroshi Takayanagi, Joseph Lorenzo, Marco Colonna, Richard W. Farndale, Yongwon Choi, John Trowsdale
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Osteoclasts are terminally differentiated leukocytes that erode the mineralized bone matrix. Osteoclastogenesis requires costimulatory receptor signaling through adaptors containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs), such as Fc receptor common γ (FcRγ) and DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa. Identification of these ITAM-containing receptors and their ligands remains a high research priority, since the stimuli for osteoclastogenesis are only partly defined. Osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) was proposed to be a potent FcRγ-associated costimulatory receptor expressed by preosteoclasts in vitro, but OSCAR lacks a cognate ligand and its role in vivo has been unclear. Using samples from mice and patients deficient in various ITAM signaling pathways, we show here that OSCAR costimulates one of the major FcRγ-associated pathways required for osteoclastogenesis in vivo. Furthermore, we found that OSCAR binds to specific motifs within fibrillar collagens in the ECM that become revealed on nonquiescent bone surfaces in which osteoclasts undergo maturation and terminal differentiation in vivo. OSCAR promoted osteoclastogenesis in vivo, and OSCAR binding to its collagen motif led to signaling that increased numbers of osteoclasts in culture. Thus, our results suggest that ITAM-containing receptors can respond to exposed ligands in collagen, leading to the functional differentiation of leukocytes, which provides what we believe to be a new concept for ITAM regulation of cytokine receptors in different tissue microenvironments.
Year in review in Intensive Care Medicine 2009: II. Neurology, cardiovascular, experimental, pharmacology and sedation, communication and teaching
Authors: Massimo Antonelli, Elie Azoulay, Marc Bonten, Jean Chastre, Giuseppe Citerio, Giorgio Conti, Daniel De Backer, François Lemaire, Herwig Gerlach, Goran Hedenstierna, Michael Joannidis, Duncan Macrae, Jordi Mancebo, Salvatore M. Maggiore, Alexandre Mebazaa, Jean-Charles Preiser, Jerôme Pugin, Jan Wernerman, Haibo Zhang
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2010)