tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Congenital Heart Disease with Septal Defects in which Paradoxical Brain Abscess Causes Death
Authors: SALVATORE M. SANCETTA, HENRY A. ZIMMERMAN
Journal: Circulation (1950)

The presence of septal defects in congenital heart disease makes for a direct shunting of particulate matter from the venous to the arterial side of the circulation. In reviewing the literature we have been surprised to find that this phenomenon, with resultant brain abscess, has been second only to bacterial endocarditis as a septic cause of death. The subject deserves attention from the view-point of early diagnosis and cure, since the reported mortality has been almost 100 per cent.
IL-4 induces differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into fibrogenic fibroblast-like cells
Authors: Tadashi Sato, Xiangde Liu, Hesham Basma, Shinsaku Togo, Hisatoshi Sugiura, Amy Nelson, Masanori Nakanishi, Nobuhiro Kanaji, Xingqi Wang, Miok Kim, Yingji Li, Joel Michalski, Maha Farid, John G. Sharp, Stephen I. Rennard
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Prospective biopsy-controlled evaluation of cell death biomarkers for prediction of liver fibrosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Diana Joka, Kristin Wahl, Sarah Moeller, Jerome Schlue, Bernhard Vaske, Matthias J. Bahr, Michael P. Manns, Klaus Schulze-Osthoff, Heike Bantel
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Abstract Fibrosis and steatosis are major histopathological alterations in chronic liver diseases. Despite various shortcomings, disease severity is generally determined by liver biopsy, emphasizing the need for simple noninvasive methods for assessing disease activity. Because hepatocyte cell death is considered a crucial pathogenic factor, we prospectively evaluated the utility of serum biomarkers of cell death to predict different stages of fibrosis and steatosis in 121 patients with chronic liver disease. We compared the M30 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which detects a caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18 (CK-18) fragment and thereby apoptotic cell death, with the M65 ELISA, which detects both caspase-cleaved and uncleaved CK-18 and thereby overall cell death. Both biomarkers significantly discriminated patients with different fibrosis stages from healthy controls. However, whereas both markers differentiated low or moderate from advanced fibrosis, only the M65 antigen could discriminate even lower stages of fibrosis. The M65 assay also performed better in distinguishing low (≤10%) and higher (&gt;10%) grades of steatosis. In a subgroup of patients, we evaluated the biomarkers for their power to predict nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Importantly, both markers accurately differentiated healthy controls or simple steatosis from NASH. However, only serum levels of M65 antigen could differentiate simple steatosis from healthy controls. Conclusion: Cell death biomarkers are potentially useful to predict fibrosis, steatosis, or NASH. Compared with the widely used apoptosis marker M30, the M65 assay had a better diagnostic performance and even differentiated between lower fibrosis stages as well as between healthy individuals and patients with simple steatosis. (Hepatology 2012)
Doctors no longer need medical secretaries
Authors: Des Spence
Journal: BMJ (2013)

<i>Abstract</i>. Alterations in the dopaminergic system may contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Dopamine D<sub>3</sub> receptors have been shown to be involved in the regulation of sodium balance and hemodynamics in rodents. For determining the role of D<sub>3</sub> receptors in salt-dependent hypertension, clearance experiments were performed in anesthetized salt-sensitive (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) Dahl rats that were fed a standard diet with either normal (0.2%) or high (4%) sodium content for 21 to 26 d, which induced hypertension in DS but not in DR rats. The D<sub>3</sub> receptor agonist R(+)-7-hydroxydipropyl-aminotetralin (7-OH-DPAT) increased GFR by up to 35% and urinary sodium excretion by up to 4.4-fold in DR rats that were on both normal and high-sodium diet. 7-OH-DPAT-induced natriuresis also was observed in DS rats that were on normal diet but not in hypertensive DS rats that were on high-salt diet. No GFR response to 7-OH-DPAT was found in DS rats, irrespective of sodium diet. The diminished functional response to D<sub>3</sub> receptor stimulation in DS rats was associated with a significantly lower [<sup>3</sup>H]-7-OH-DPAT binding to renal membrane protein when comparing DS with DR rats. Consequently, DR rats were treated with BSF 135170, a novel, highly selective D<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonist, for 29 d. Whereas no change in systolic BP was observed during normal diet, high sodium intake significantly increased BP by almost 40 mmHg. In summary, both expression and function of the renal dopamine D<sub>3</sub> receptor are impaired in salt-sensitive Dahl rats. Together with the induction of salt-dependent hypertension in genetically salt-resistant Dahl rats by D<sub>3</sub> receptor blockade, the data strongly suggest that the deficiency in dopamine D<sub>3</sub> receptors represents an important pathophysiological factor in the development of salt-dependent hypertension.
Doctors and ageism.
Authors: C T Currie
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Ageism, defined as discrimination against the old on the grounds of their being old,1 emerged as a concept in the United States in the 1960s and promptly joined racism and sexism in the rogues' gallery of social attitudes unacceptable to pressure groups. The Grey Panthers, having found their demon, fought it with commendable zeal and effect. People, it seemed, could be made to feel uncomfortable if accused of even quite recently identified discriminatory attitudes or practices. The idea of ageism is less familiar in Britain, but that should not make us complacent. Though to many an uncouth neologism, the word at least invites us to examine our prejudices, and the intended analogy with racism suggests an illuminating exercise. Would we dare translate our less amiable generalisations about elderly patients, our more exasperated reactions to them, directly into terms of colour? (Don't you find it depressing working with black patients all the time? Twelve new admissions last night and only three of them white. How can I be expected to run a teaching medical ward with all these beds blocked by, ahem, ethnic minorities?) The point need not be laboured. Perhaps some doctors are ageist, some of the time at least. Such systematic research as has been carried out on the subject, mainly among medical students, confirms that a problem exists.23 A negative attitude to the elderly?a medical prejudice against old patients2?is worrying simply because so many patients are old and many clinical encounters will therefore be vitiated if doctors are reluctant, ambivalent, or hostile towards them. Older patients have too many diagnoses and insufficient respect for the traditional specialty boundaries of medicine. They may offer slow and elusive histories and may have, in most cases through no fault of their own, social problems. Their proper diagnosis and management may be less than straightforward for busy doctors in general practice and in the single organ specialties, where many contributing factors, ignorance of the basics of geriatric medicine perhaps included, may combine to produce frustration, exasperation, withdrawal, or rejection. We come to clinical medicine with humanity and after three years they have educated it out of us, observed a medical student quoted by Gale and Livesley in a 1971 study which showed that junior hospital doctors' attitudes to the care of the elderly were much less favourable than those of clinical medical students.4 Teaching hospital ageism, which can reasonably be held to account for the difference, is hard to resist but may not go on forever. The present generation of teachers is the last not widely exposed to undergraduate education in geriatric medicine,5 and recent evidence from the evaluation of such teaching efforts suggests that a better understanding of the special needs of elderly patients results in more positive attitudes towards their care.6 7
CLINICAL PREDICTORS OF MAJOR CLINICAL EVENTS 30-DAYS AFTER AN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME: INSIGHTS FROM BRAZILIAN CARDIOVASCULAR REGISTRY ACCEPT
Authors: Luiz Alberto Mattos, Elizabete Santos, Helder Reis, Edson Romano, Joao Petriz, Antonio Carlos Sousa, Fernando Neusnchwander, Margarete Cavalcante, Carisi Polanczyk, Pedro Andrade, Luiz Eduardo Ritt, paulo nunes, Silvio Giopatto, ilnei Pereira Filho, Hugo Vargas, None Filho, Antonio Carvalho, Otavio Berwanger
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Who Should Determine When Health Care is Medically Necessary?
Authors: Sara Rosenbaum, David M. Frankford, Brad Moore, Phyllis Borzi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

In the United States there has been a radical shift in the power to determine when health care is medically necessary and therefore covered by insurance. From the 1950s through the late 1970s, physicians' medical opinions largely dictated coverage and were rarely challenged by insurers. Physicians no longer have this extraordinary level of autonomy. Insurers now routinely make treatment decisions by determining what goods and services they will pay for. The line between clinical decisions about necessary medical care and decisions about insurance coverage is particularly blurred in managed-care plans. The power of insurers to determine coverage potentially gives them . . .
Childhood drownings in private swimming pools: an avoidable cause of death
Authors: W. Tarnow-Mordi, R S Money-Kyrle
Journal: BMJ (1982)

SIR,-It is somewhat unfair to the health visiting profession to assume, as Dr R P Snaith is tempted to do (14 August, p 512), that the absence of specific mention of postnatal depression in Shirley Goodwin's article (17 July, p 182) indicates a lack of concern with psychiatric disorder on the part of health visitors in general.As part of a programme of research undertaken here by the General Practice Research Unit, and funded by the Department of Health and Social Security, we are currently studying health visitors in one London borough, with particular reference to their role in the identification and management of psychosocial problems in the families they visit.Our preliminary results indicate that health visitors do not concern themselves merely with the detection of abnormalities in child development and with physical health but are keenly aware of the significance of emotional problems and of psychiatric ill health in families.'Indeed, the support and
SOME INTERESTING POINTS IN AN UNUSUAL CASE OF ANTEFLEXION, WITH OTHER ANOMALIES.Read in the Section of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women, at the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Washington, D. C., May, 1891.
Authors: JULIA W. CARPENTER
Journal: JAMA (1891)

Exceptions are often as valuable aids to diagnosis as rules. Were there no exceptions, medicine would be an exact science, and instead of having only the average result for a starting point in all cases, every diagnosis would be as certain and easy as mathematics. Prominent among the causes of sterility are anteflexions, extremely small os and conoidal cervix; the last stated by some authors to be the most common of all. Any one of these alone being a sufficient cause, what would be thought of a patient having all three of these peculiarities? Many cases like the following would necessitate rewriting all the text-books. Mrs. H., 33 years of age, came for an examination for this reason. She was troubled at times with a cramp and "burning sensation" in the right thigh, in a place about the size of a hand. Having tried various remedies without affording relief, she
Scientific Misconduct in Investigations Drug Trials
Authors: Martin F. Shapiro, Robert P. Charrow
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

As part of its effort to ensure the safety and efficacy of the pharmaceutical products that it certifies, the Food and Drug Administration systematically audits investigators and takes action against those who have engaged in scientific misconduct. The investigators who are audited are those conducting clinical trials of investigational new drugs, usually under the sponsorship of pharmaceutical companies. We examined data from the FDA monitoring process to determine the extent and nature of identifie misconduct in this kind of clinical research.In this study, scientific misconduct is operationally defined as (1) the execution of a study in a way that . . .
Changes in the Bronchial Epithelium in Relation to Smoking and Cancer of the Lung
Authors: O. Auerbach, J. B. Gere, J. B. Forman, T. G. Petrick, H. J. Smolin, G. E. Muehsam, D. Y. Kassouny, A. P. Stout
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1958)
Ultrasonographic Determination of Residual Urine in Diabetic Subjects: Relationship to Neuropathy and Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: M Beylot, D Marion, G Noel
Journal: Diabetes Care (1982)

The presence of residual urine was determined by postvoid bladder ultrasonography in 37 control subjects and 102 unselected insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Significant residual volume was detected in 19 diabetic subjects without explanation other than diabetic neurogenic bladder dysfunction in 15. The four others had prostatic hypertrophy. Excluding these four subjects, those with residual urine were slightly older than the others (P less than 0.05), but the known duration of diabetes was increased only for the insulin-dependent group (P less than 0.05). The presence of residual urine was strongly associated with peripheral neuropathy (P less than 0.001). In contrast, of all the manifestations of autonomic failure studied, only impotence (P less than 0.01) and decreased pupil motility (P less than 0.05) were associated with residual urine. The prevalence of urinary tract infection was higher in women than in men (P less than 0.02). This prevalence was increased in the presence of residual urine (P less than 0.02) but only for men (P less than 0.001).
The Stresses of the White Female Worker in the Civil Rights Movement in the South
Authors: ALVIN F. POUSSAINT
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1966)

The white female participant in the civil rights movement in the South is subject to unique and unanticipated stresses. Although she is prepared for a negative reaction on the part of the local white community, the ambivalence with which she is received by local Negroes and co-workers may lead to frustration and confusion. Some of these women are able to cope effectively with their frustrations; others, aggravated by personal fantasies about their mission in civil rights, succumb to the pressures upon them and find it necessary to return home.
Minimally invasive surgery for breast cancer
Authors: M. Morrow
Journal: BMJ (2009)

May be trading better cosmetic outcomes for worse rates of cure

Both oncological principles and aesthetic outcomes need to be considered when planning surgery for breast cancer. As breast conserving therapy has evolved over the past 30 years from a radical idea to an accepted standard, and as options for breast reconstruction have increased, the surgical literature has become increasingly devoted to new techniques to improve cosmetic outcomes. “Minimally invasive breast surgery” and “oncoplastic breast surgery” are the new buzzwords among breast surgeons. But what do they mean? And more importantly, how should such procedures be evaluated?

Oncoplastic surgery has been described as “the seamless joining of the extirpative and reconstructive aspects of breast surgery performed by a single surgeon,”1 and those in the field agree that the purpose of oncoplastic surgery is to improve cosmetic outcomes.2 Minimally invasive breast surgery includes techniques of breast conserving surgery, mastectomy, sentinel node biopsy, and axillary dissection. Although initially breast conserving surgery and sentinel node biopsy were themselves considered minimally invasive, the term has more recently been used to describe endoscopic breast …
Patient Choice in Diabetes Education Curriculum: Nutritional versus standard content for type 2 diabetes
Authors: Polly Hitchcock Noël, Anne C Larme, Julie Meyer, Genevieve Marsh, Alicia Correa, Jacqueline A Pugh
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of patient choice between two education curriculums that emphasized either the standard or nutritional management of type 2 diabetes on class attendance and other outcomes among a mostly Hispanic patient population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 596 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to either a choice or no choice condition. Patients in the choice condition were allowed to choose their curriculum, while patients in the no choice condition were randomly assigned to one of the two curriculums. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and at a 6-month follow-up. RESULTS When given a choice, patients chose the nutrition curriculum almost four times more frequently than the standard curriculum. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, patients who had a choice did not significantly increase their attendance rates or demonstrate improvements in other diabetes outcomes compared with patients who were randomly assigned to the two curriculums. Patients in the nutrition curriculum had significantly lower serum cholesterol at a 6-month follow-up, whereas patients in the standard curriculum had significant improvements in glycemic control. Of the randomized patients, 30% never attended any classes; the most frequently cited reasons for nonattendance were socioeconomic. Hispanic patients, however, were just as likely as non-Hispanic patients to attend classes and participate at the follow-up. Patients who attended all five classes of either curriculum significantly increased their diabetes knowledge, gained less weight, and reported improved physical functioning compared with patients who did not attend any classes. CONCLUSIONS Although providing patients with a choice in curriculums at the introductory level did not improve outcomes, differential improvements were noted between patients who attended curriculums with different content emphasis. We suggest that diabetes education programs should provide the opportunity for long-term, repetitive contacts to expand on the modest gains achieved at the introductory level, as well as provide more options to match individual needs and interests and to address socioeconomic barriers to participation.
THE ABOLITION OF GAS WARFARE
Authors: N. Moore, G. H. Makins, R. M. Johnston, A. F. Fergus, J. O'Carroll, J. B. Story, W. Osler, T. C. Allbutt
Journal: BMJ (1918)

ThE treatment of anthrax by the intravenous injection of ox serum was originated by R. Kraus of Buenos Aires, formerly of Vienna, who considered that hypodermic and intravenous injections gave equally good results, but Hyman and Leary,' who report a case successfully treated by four doses of 80 c.cm. and three intramiuscular injections of 100 c.cm. each, state that intravenous injection has a nuch more intense effect.The serum is heated for half an hour to 560 C. Penna, Cuenca, and Kraus reported 140 cases of anthrax thus treated, with one death.This is compared with Sclavo's mortality of 6 per cent.among 164 cases treated with his immune serum reported in 1903.
The surface membrane antigen phenotype of human blood basophils
Authors: W. Füreder, H. Agis, W. R. Sperr, K. Lechner, P. Valent
Journal: Allergy (1994)

Basophils are effector cells of allergic reactions and express a unique profile of cellular antigens (Ag). Using a combined toluidine‐blue/immunofluorescence staining method, we were able to study the cell membrane Ag phenotype of normal human blood basophils with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against established and novel CD antigens. According to previous findings, basophils express CD9 (p24), CDlla (LFA‐1 alpha‐chain), CDllb (C3biR), CDllc (CR4), CD13 (aminopeptidase N), CDwl7 (lactosylceramide), CD18 (beta‐chain of β 2 ), CD25 (IL‐2R alpha‐chain), CD26 (dipeptidylpeptidase), CD31 (PECAM), CD35 (CR1), CD38 (T10), CD43 (leukosialin), CD44 (Pgp‐1), CD45 (pan‐leukocyte Ag), and CD63 (basophil activation Ag). Various novel CD Ags were detected on basophils, including membrane cofactor protein (MCP) (CD46), the N‐linked glycan CD47, decay‐accelerating factor (DAF) (CD55), membrane attack complex inhibitory factor (MACIF) (CD59), LFA‐3 (CD58), ICAM‐2 (CD 102), ICAM‐3 (CD50), C5a receptor (CD88), MIC‐2/E2 (CD99), and the interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) R type II (CD121b). These data provide further evidence that basophils express a unique profile of surface membrane receptors for cytokines and immunomodulating compounds, as well as adhesion molecules and surface glycolipids.
Breast Metastasis From Poorly Differentiated Adenocarcinoma of the Lung on PET-CT
Authors: Linh Ho, Robert Henderson, John Seto
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2007)

We report the PET-CT appearance and activity of a biopsy-proven left breast metastasis from a primary nonsmall cell lung cancer in a 71-year-old man with a history of stage IV poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Breast metastasis from lung cancer is very rare. There have been several case reports in the literature. Metastasis to the breast in general is also uncommon with a reported incidence of 1.2% to 6.6% of all breast malignancies. Survival rates are poor after the discovery of a breast metastasis. It is important to distinguish primary breast cancer from metastasis to the breast, because the therapy offered would be different.
Current Pediatric Diagnosis and Treatment 1987
Authors: Ira M. Rosenthal
Journal: JAMA (1987)

There are few textbooks that go through nine editions.<i>Current Pediatric Diagnosis and Treatment 1987</i>, edited by the late C. Henry Kempe, Henry Silver, Donough O'Brien, and Vincent A. Fulginiti, is in its ninth and, from the excellent quality of the book, seems destined for future editions. Although the clinical aspects of pediatrics are emphasized, important underlying principles are also discussed. The book is designed for medical students, pediatricians, family practitioners, and others interested in pediatric diagnosis and treatment. It is meant to be read and also to be used as an immediately available reference. Among the new features of the ninth edition are a revised chapter on immunizations, an up-to-date chapter on the diagnosis and management of poisoning, a new section on dental problems, and a revised chapter on child abuse and neglect. There is also a new section on the diagnostic uses of recombinant DNA technology. The chapters
Critical Tricuspid Stenosis with Severe Venous Hypertension
Authors: R W Battle, J M Galvin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

Figure 1. Severe tricuspid regurgitation developed in a 32-year-old man after he had undergone repair of tetralogy of Fallot. After the tricuspid valve was replaced with a Carpentier–Edwards bioprosthetic valve, critical tricuspid stenosis developed that was accompanied by severe venous hypertension and jugular venous distention (arrow in Panel A). Anteroposterior chest radiographs showed severe cardiomegaly (Panel B) and calcification of the three tricuspid leaflets (arrow in Panel C) within the valve stents (the epicardial pacing wires are also apparent). A two-dimensional echocardiogram showed marked right atrial dilatation with bowing of the interatrial septum into a small left atrium (arrow in . . .
Aberrant somatic hypermutation in primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: D Rossi, M Cerri, D Capello, C Deambrogi, E Berra, S Franceschetti, O Alabiso, A Gloghini, M Paulli, A Carbone, S A Pileri, L Pasqualucci, G Gaidano
Journal: Leukemia (2005)