tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Small cell colonies appear in the primary culture of adult rat hepatocytes in the presence of nicotinamide and epidermal growth factor
Authors: Toshihiro Mitaka, Michihide Mikami, Gerald L. Sattler, Henry C. Pitot, Yohichi Mochizuki
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

Colonies of small hepatocytes appeared after the culture of primary adult rat hepatocytes for 4 days in serum-free modified Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10 mmol/L nicotinamide and 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor. Each colony consisted of cells that had a single nucleus and a higher nucleus/cytoplasm ratio than surrounding hepatocytes, and immunocytochemically these cells were stained with albumin and transferrin. Ultrastructurally these cells had mitochondria, peroxisomes and desmosomes, indicating that they were derived from hepatocytes. When 6 x 10(5) cells were plated on 35-mm dishes, about 5.5 colonies/mm2 were observed. This result suggested that about 1.5% of adult rat hepatocytes has the potential for multiple replications and of forming a focal colony. These cell populations had higher proliferative activities than surrounding hepatocytes. DNA synthetic activity could not be inhibited by 2% dimethyl sulfoxide. Flow cytometric analysis showed that both 2N and 4N nuclei synthesized their DNA until day 4 but that the number of 2N nuclei rapidly increased at day 5. This result correlated with the observation of the appearance of small cell populations indicating that the cells of these focal colonies were predominantly diploid.
Maternal Transmission of Type 2 Diabetes Varies by Ethnic Group
Authors: Colin M. Fischbacher, Raj Bhopal, Nigel Unwin, Mark Walker, Martin White, K.G.M.M. Alberti
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

People with ancestral origins in the Indian subcontinent who migrate to industrialized countries are at high risk of type 2 diabetes. The relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to this difference is not completely understood.

European origin populations with type 2 diabetes are substantially more likely to report diabetes in their mothers than in their fathers (1). This maternal excess has not been found in African-Americans (1) or Hispanics (2). Clinic-based reports have found no maternal excess in South Indians with type 2 diabetes (3), but we are not aware of any population-based data to confirm this. We used data from the Newcastle Heart Project (4) to look for an excess of maternal diabetes in U.K. South Asians.

We studied a stratified population sample of 1,509 adults …
Restless legs syndrome
Authors: G. Leschziner, P. Gringras
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Savulescu (forthcoming) argues that it may be ethically acceptable for governments to require citizens be vaccinated against COVID-19. He also recommends that governments consider providing monetary or in-kind incentives to citizens to increase vaccination rates. In this response, we argue against mandatory vaccination and vaccine incentivisation, and instead suggest that targeted public health messaging and a greater responsiveness to the concerns of vaccine-hesitant individuals would be the best strategy to address low vaccination rates.
From Silos to a Critical Path of New Agent Development: A Paradigm to Revolutionize Clinical Research
Authors: Al B. Benson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

Allegorically, American healthcare and research landscapes are fields of silos, often failing to cultivate products which adequately serve patients or fulfill the potential to advance human biologic science.Interactions, or lack thereof, among the component entities have not resulted in a whole greater than the sum of their parts.Yet, perturbations within one component can reverberate across systems with unintended consequences, or, perhaps more typically, with ignorance of consequences.Indeed, the American health care enterprise is an astounding array of disunited factors and forces including diverse populations, geography, economics, government, the private sector, healthcare providers, researchers, hospital and outpatient systems, and universities, often forced into unequal and haphazard partnerships.Clinical research is a particularly fragile network of silos.It is becoming increasingly more vulnerable because of mounting pressures within the healthcare industry and research community, including reimbursement, regulatory policies, stagnation (or worse) of the federal budget, allocation of physician time and resources, and impending shortage of healthcare personnel.The historic undervaluation of clinical research is exemplified by the sizeable voluntary effort required by physicians to enroll patients, the philanthropic support that must supplement many clinical research programs, and the second-tier status allocated to clinical investigators by university leadership.There are also conflicting policies within government, such as the recent discussions within Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to change its coverage policy for Medicare patients on clinical trials (Decision Memo for Clinical Trial Policy). 1 Ironically, the turmoil affecting clinical research within the American healthcare system comes at a time when the potential to unmask some of the complexities of human tumor biology has never been greater.The growing national emphasis supporting evidencebased medicine, quality initiatives, and cost containment mandates the discovery of more links between biology and treatment efficacy.In this issue of the Journal of Clinical Oncology, Kopetz et al 2 evaluate lost opportunities and obstacles hindering the development of new agents for metastatic colorectal cancer-an analysis that can apply to cancer clinical research in general.In their systematic review of active clinical trials in advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer, the authors report that the majority of the trials recruited previouslyuntreated metastatic colorectal cancer patients.Investigated agents that were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
DSM-III
Authors: Louis Linn
Journal: JAMA (1982)

FOR DECADES, psychiatry and the rest of medicine have been locked in an unhappy courtship, unable to live together and yet unable to live apart. In periodic self-assessments, psychiatrists acknowledge that they have let their general medical skills get rusty, and nonpsychiatrist physicians, on their part, admit that they ignore, too often, crucial psychosocial issues in their care of patients.  Ironically, both camps accept the need for a holistic medical point of view, that is, an approach to patient care that simultaneously encompasses all the biologic, psychological, and social factors that affect a given patient; although both camps have paid lip service to it, they have thus far failed to achieve that goal. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (ed 3) ( DSM-III ) can be the long sought for unifying catalyst.   DSM-III is the title of the most recently issued edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of the
Clinical exome sequencing in daily practice: 1,000 patients and beyond
Authors: Wendy A van Zelst-Stams, Hans Scheffer, Joris A Veltman
Journal: Genome Medicine (2014)

Diagnostic exome sequencing Using next-generation sequencing technology to sequence the coding regions of all human genes, known as exome sequencing, has rapidly become one of the most successful methods for genetic disease research since its introduction in 2009 [1]. The possibility to investigate all genes for mutations in a single experiment holds great promise in the diagnostic arena, in particular for genetically heterogeneous disorders and clinically undiagnosed diseases. Laboratories, including our own, have now started to offer exome sequencing as a diagnostic test. In this article, we share our experience with diagnostic exome sequencing and discuss the impact of these novel diagnostic methods on medical practice, now and in the future.
Prolonged Delirium After Metrizamide Myelography
Authors: Richard L. Elliott
Journal: JAMA (1984)

MYELOGRAPHY with metrizamide (Amipaque) is an increasingly popular technique useful in the evaluation of radiculopathy. The most common neurologic side effects are headache, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness.<sup>1-3</sup>More serious neuropsychiatric side effects reported include confusional states, hallucinations, sleep disturbances, agitation, and other signs of altered mental status.<sup>1-5</sup>These changes have been reported as brief, lasting less than 48 hours, and benign in outcome. We report a case, the first, to the best of our knowledge, in which the symptoms appearing after metrizamide myelography were severe and prolonged. A brief discussion of the etiology and treatment of these side effects follows the case presentation. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 56-year-old woman had a three-year history of low back and right leg pain precipitated by a minor injury. After an exacerbation of the pain that was not relieved by 14 days of bed rest, she was admitted to the hospital.
Cancer of the Head and Neck in Children
Authors: W. W. Sutow
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Studies of the clinical data on 778 children with malignant neoplastic disease showed that in 210 the cancer involved primarily the anatomic structures of the head and neck. The most frequent diagnoses were malignant lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and soft-tissue sarcoma, retinoblastoma, brain tumor, and carcinoma of the thyroid. Special age predilections were demonstrated by retinoblastoma for the infancy group and by lymphomas and thyroid cancer for the older children. With the notable exception of carcinoma of the thyroid, children with head and neck cancer were more commonly boys. The significant incidence of long-term control of the malignancy in most tumor categories emphasized the importance of planned, peristent, aggressive, multidisciplinary attack on cancer in these children.
Short-Term Monotherapy in HIV-Infected Patients with a Virus Entry Inhibitor Against the gp41 Fusion Peptide
Authors: Wolf-Georg Forssmann, Yu-Han The, Matthias Stoll, Knut Adermann, Uwe Albrecht, Hanns-Christian Tillmann, Kleomenis Barlos, Annette Busmann, Angeles Canales-Mayordomo, Guillermo Giménez-Gallego, Jochen Hirsch, Jesus Jiménez-Barbero, Dirk Meyer-Olson, Jan Münch, Javier Pérez-Castells, Ludger Ständker, Frank Kirchhoff, Reinhold E. Schmidt
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2010)

To infect host cells, most enveloped viruses must insert a hydrophobic fusion peptide into the host cell membrane. Thus, fusion peptides may be valuable targets for developing drugs that block virus entry. We have shown previously that a natural 20-residue fragment of α(1)-antitrypsin, designated VIRus-Inhibitory Peptide (VIRIP), that binds to the gp41 fusion peptide of HIV-1 prevents the virus from entering target cells in vitro. Here, we examine the efficacy of 10-day monotherapy with the optimized VIR-576 derivative of VIRIP in treatment-naïve, HIV-1-infected individuals with viral RNA loads of ≥10,000 copies per ml. We report that at the highest dose (5.0 grams per day), intravenous infusion of VIR-576 reduced the mean plasma viral load by 1.23 log(10) copies per ml without causing severe adverse effects. Our results are proof of concept that fusion peptide inhibitors suppress viral replication in human patients, and offer prospects for the development of a new class of drugs that prevent virus particles from anchoring to and infecting host cells.
Dark Adaptation and Miners' Nystagmus
Authors: I. Campbell
Journal: BMJ (1941)

a farm where there had been no case of anthrax among the animals.The low incidence of anthrax is indicated by infectious diseases returns.According to the annual report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops only 30 cases were notified in 1936, and the average mortality in the cutaneous'form over a period of thirty years has been from 3.3% to 24.3 % (Legge, 1934), hence the importance of recording individual cases in order to assess the value of therapeutic measures.The question of sulphanilamide therapy in anthrax has recently been brought to the forefront by the work of Cruickshank (1939), Bonnar (1940), and others, and it was intended at the outset to treat the case by sulphapyridine alone in order to attempt to support the contention that cases of cutaneous anthrax could.besuccessfully treated by this means (Thrower, 1941)."As the conditions essential to clinical trial are almost impossible to fulfil," and one has to consider treatment primarily in the interests of the patient as his life is at stake, the line of treatment adopted included arsenicals, which the literature appears to indicate as being of distinct value, and also Sclavo's serum.The latter can probably be disregarded on account of the small quantity given, the available supply being limited.Osgood, Joski, and Brownlee (1940) have shown that arsenic and sulphathiazole form the most effective combina- tion against Staph.aureus in bone-marrow cultures, and this suggests that the combination of arsenic and sulphanilamide may be worthy of further clinical trial in the treatment of cutaneous anthrax.My thanks are due to Mr. J. N.
CERTAIN INTERFACIAL TENSION RELATIONS AND THE BEHAVIOR OF BACTERIA IN FILMS
Authors: Stuart Mudd, Emily B. H. Mudd
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1924)

TO ACCOUNT FOR THE BEHAVIOR OF A SOLID PARTICLE IN THE INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO FLUIDS IT IS NECESSARY TO CONSIDER, AS INDICATED BY CLARK MAXWELL, THREE SURFACE TENSIONS: T(so), the tension in the interface between the solid particle and the organic phase; T(sw), the tension in the interface between solid particle and aqueous phase; and T(ow), the organic phase-water interfacial tension. If T(so) > T(sw) + T(ow), (2), the stronger solid-organic phase tension should pull the line of intersection of the three phases around the periphery of the solid particle until the particle is completely enveloped in the water phase. If T(sw) > T(ow) + T(ow) (3), the solid-water tension should pull the line of meeting of the phases about the particle until it is enveloped in the organic phase. If See PDF for Equation the particle should be stable in the interface, only leaving it when mechanical work overcomes the equilibrium due to the balance of interfacial tensions. The ordinary bacteria used have been stable in the interfaces between water or aqueous solutions and all organic liquids tested; i.e., condition (4) obtains. In preparations in which T(ow) is large, stability has been found by experiment to be greater than when T(ow) is small, as follows from condition (4). The force, dependent upon condition (4), which holds bacteria in the liquid-liquid interface, and the force, dependent upon unequal distribution of tension in the liquid-liquid interface, which causes bacteria to glide along the interface, prove to be of the same order of magnitude as the force due to bacterial flagella. Interfacial tensions or its own motility may dominate the movement of the bacterium, according to circumstances. When bacteria thresh their way out of the interface, escape is into the aqueous phase. Acid-fast bacteria possess very low or, in some cases, no stability in the interface, passing easily or even spontaneously into the organic phase. Good evidence has been advanced by other workers to indicate that the surfaces of ordinary bacteria contain many polar radicals; on the other hand, the acid-fast microorganisms are coated with predominantly non-polar substances. It follows from known principles, therefore, that T(sw) should be greater than T(sw) with ordinary bacteria, and T(sw) should be greater than T(so) with acid-fast bacteria. Consideration of relations (2) and (3) above will show that these conditions should result in the differences in behavior of acid-fast and ordinary bacteria actually found by experiment. The theoretical and experimental data here developed contradict the theoretical formulations of the surface tension factor in phagocytosis advanced by Rhumbler and by Tait and substantiate those of Fenn.
Bullying Behaviors Among US Youth
Authors: Tonja R. Nansel, Mary Overpeck, Ramani S. Pilla, W. June Ruan, Bruce Simons-Morton, Peter Scheidt
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Context Although violence among US youth is a current major concern, bullying is infrequently addressed and no national data on the prevalence of bullying are available.Objectives To measure the prevalence of bullying behaviors among US youth and to determine the association of bullying and being bullied with indicators of psychosocial adjustment, including problem behavior, school adjustment, social/emotional adjustment, and parenting.Design, Setting, and Participants Analysis of data from a representative sample of 15686 students in grades 6 through 10 in public and private schools throughout the United States who completed the World Health Organization's Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey during the spring of 1998.Main Outcome Measure Self-report of involvement in bullying and being bullied by others.Results A total of 29.9% of the sample reported moderate or frequent involvement in bullying, as a bully (13.0%), one who was bullied (10.6%), or both (6.3%).Males were more likely than females to be both perpetrators and targets of bullying.The frequency of bullying was higher among 6th-through 8th-grade students than among 9th-and 10th-grade students.Perpetrating and experiencing bullying were associated with poorer psychosocial adjustment (PϽ.001); however, different patterns of association occurred among bullies, those bullied, and those who both bullied others and were bullied themselves. ConclusionsThe prevalence of bullying among US youth is substantial.Given the concurrent behavioral and emotional difficulties associated with bullying, as well as the potential long-term negative outcomes for these youth, the issue of bullying merits serious attention, both for future research and preventive intervention.
Birth Order and Psychiatric Problems in Boot Camp
Authors: ZEBULON TAINTOR
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1970)

The author discusses results of 323 psychiatric evaluations at a military recruit training camp based on the subjects' birth order. Only children were more likely than first children to consult the psychiatrist, to be diagnosed as psychoneurotic, and to be discharged from the service. Diagnoses of first children were almost equally divided between psychoneurosis and personality disorder. Few second children were diagnosed as being psychoneurotic; they were usually diagnosed as having personality disorders. implications of these findings are discussed.
Maturation of silent synapses in amygdala-accumbens projection contributes to incubation of cocaine craving
Authors: Brian R. Lee, Yao Ying Ma, Yanhua H. Huang, Xiusong Wang, Mami Otaka, Masago Ishikawa, Peter A. Neumann, Nicholas M. Graziane, Travis E. Brown, Anna Suska, Changyong Guo, Mary Kay Lobo, Susan R. Sesack, Marina E. Wolf, Eric J. Nestler, Yavin Shaham, Oliver M. Schlüter, Yan Dong
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2013)
RATIONAL TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MORPHINISM.
Authors: AUSTIN J. PRESSEY
Journal: JAMA (1899)

I submit for your consideration a method for the treatment of chronic morphinism which has been, in my hands, very satisfactory, both to myself and patients. The principal advantage to be derived from this method of slow reduction is the lessened amount of discomfort to the patient. Usually there is no pain or diarrhea, no vomiting, no profuse perspiration, no extreme nervousness, and never anything like a state of collapse; in fact, there are none of the severe symptoms, such as described by those who have written on the subject of chronic morphinism. It is a most barbarous thing to suddenly withdraw the morphin, as in the method described by Levenstein, and now called the Levenstein method. A patient with' knowledge of the symptoms which follow the sudden withdrawal of morphin who would then have the fortitude to place himself under that form of treatment, certainly must have the courage to face any event that one is liable to meet with in this life.
Splenectomy in the Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome
Authors: David G. Nathan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

Many rare pediatric syndromes are as unfathomable as they are incurable. The student who tries to memorize them may be forced to adopt learning processes akin to those employed by Talmudic scholars. A few such syndromes are, however, logically approachable because their parts fit together into a rational pathophysiology. The Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome lies between these extremes. The pathophysiologic events that link poor responses to carbohydrate antigens, low levels of microplatelets, intractable eczema, and susceptibility to infection and lymphoid tumors are not immediately obvious, but the inheritance and treatment of the disease establish that the Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome is due to a . . .
Carvedilol for Children and Adolescents With Heart Failure
Authors: Robert E. Shaddy, Mark M. Boucek, Daphne T. Hsu, Robert J. Boucek, Charles E. Canter, Lynn Mahony, Robert D. Ross, Elfriede Pahl, Elizabeth D. Blume, Debra A. Dodd, David N. Rosenthal, Jeri Burr, Bernie LaSalle, Richard Holubkov, Mary Ann Lukas, Lloyd Y. Tani, For the Pediatric Carvedilol Study Group
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Although beta-blockers improve symptoms and survival in adults with heart failure, little is known about these medications in children and adolescents.To prospectively evaluate the effects of carvedilol in children and adolescents with symptomatic systemic ventricular systolic dysfunction.A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 161 children and adolescents with symptomatic systolic heart failure from 26 US centers. In addition to treatment with conventional heart failure medications, patients were assigned to receive placebo or carvedilol. Enrollment began in June 2000 and the last dose was given in May 2005 (each patient received medication for 8 months).Patients were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to twice-daily dosing with placebo, low-dose carvedilol (0.2 mg/kg per dose if weight <62.5 kg or 12.5 mg per dose if weight > or =62.5 kg), or high-dose carvedilol (0.4 mg/kg per dose if weight <62.5 kg or 25 mg per dose if weight > or =62.5 kg) and were stratified according to whether each patient's systemic ventricle was a left ventricle or not.The primary outcome was a composite measure of heart failure outcomes in patients receiving carvedilol (low- and high-dose combined) vs placebo. Secondary efficacy variables included individual components of this composite, echocardiographic measures, and plasma b-type natriuretic peptide levels.There was no statistically significant difference between groups for the composite end point based on the percentage of patients who improved, worsened, or were unchanged. Among 54 patients assigned to placebo, 30 improved (56%), 16 worsened (30%), and 8 were unchanged (15%); among 103 patients assigned to carvedilol, 58 improved (56%), 25 worsened (24%), and 20 were unchanged (19%). The rates of worsening were lower than expected. The odds ratio for worsened outcome for patients in the combined carvedilol group vs the placebo group was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.36-1.59; P = .47). A prespecified subgroup analysis noted significant interaction between treatment and ventricular morphology (P = .02), indicating a possible differential effect of treatment between patients with a systemic left ventricle (beneficial trend) and those whose systemic ventricle was not a left ventricle (nonbeneficial trend).These preliminary results suggest that carvedilol does not significantly improve clinical heart failure outcomes in children and adolescents with symptomatic systolic heart failure. However, given the lower than expected event rates, the trial may have been underpowered. There may be a differential effect of carvedilol in children and adolescents based on ventricular morphology.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00052026.