tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Injury of the Kidney in Children
Authors: John H. O. Mertz, William Niles Wishard, Myron H. Nourse, Henry O. Mertz
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Seventy children with 71 renal injuries were observed from 1924 through 1961. Most of the children were over the age of ten and, in this group, four out of five injured were boys. In 15 children, the injured kidney was already diseased; this preexisting disease was the cause of death in four. Treatment was expectant in 46 and surgical in 25. Twenty-four of the children operated upon had a palpable mass and 17 had severe urinary bleeding. Surgery was necessary twice as often when the injured kidney was already diseased. Nine of the 46 children treated expectantly developed some disability secondary to the injury. Of the 13 children that had nephrectomy, a previously normal kidney was found ruptured in six and a hydronephrotic kidney found ruptured in five.
Out of hours services would need to expand in more severe flu pandemic
Authors: T. Nolan
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A lack of capacity in out of hours services means that GPs in England would struggle to cope if a more severe wave of pandemic flu were to occur, speakers said at a pandemic summit at the Royal College of General Practitioners in London on 18 March.

The number of patients contacting out of hours services in Tower Hamlets in London in July 2009 at the height of the H1N1 swine flu pandemic was more than double the number in the previous year. On one day 200 people were waiting to be called back by an out of hours GP.

Meanwhile in Liverpool …
Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in the absence of asymmetric septal hypertrophy.
Authors: G S Mintz, M N Kotler, B L Segal, W R Parry
Journal: Circulation (1978)

Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) is considered the unifying link in the spectrum of hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. ASH and mitral valve systolic anterior motion (SAM) are the two most important echocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). Ten patients found have SAM without ASH were studied. Septal thickness, thickening, and excursion were normal. Seven patients had left ventricular ejection times (LVET) measured before and after amyl nitrite inhalation. In six of them, corrected LVET increased by more than 40 msec. Four patients underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Resting or provocable left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradients were demonstrable in all four patients. The echocardiographic features in patients with SAM alone, ASH and SAM, and ASH alone were compared. compared. LVOT measurements in patients with SAM alone (2.2 +/- .4 cm) and ASH and SAM (2.1 +/- .5 cm) were similar and narrower than in patients with ASH alone (2.8 +/- .5 cm, P less than 0.001). Ejection fractions in patients with SAM alone (79 +/- 10%) were greater than in patients with ASH and SAM (66 +/- 16%, P less than 0.02) or ASH alone (60 +/- 15%, P less than 0.001). Thus, dynamic left ventricular outflow obstruction can exist in the absence of echocardiographic ASH. LVOT width and abnormal LV ejection dynamics may contribute to the LVOT obstruction with or without the presence of ASH.
Abstract P2-12-08: Genetic testing for breast cancer risk estimation: A cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: HJ Folse, TA Dinh, R Allman
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Genetic testing based on seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (7SNP) can improve individualized estimates of lifetime risk of breast cancer relative to the Gail risk test alone, for the purpose of recommending MRI screening for women at high risk. An individual-based, continuous-time simulation model of breast cancer and health care processes was used to simulate women in a virtual trial comparing the use of the 7SNP test to the Gail risk test alone to categorize patients as either low risk or high risk. Low risk patients received annual mammogram, while high risk patients received annual MRI. Cancer incidence was based on Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data and validated to the Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II) Nutrition Cohort data set. Risk factors are drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-4) and Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) data sets. Mammogram characteristics were derived from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC) dataset. Other parameters were derived from published literature. The 7SNP test (vs Gail alone) saved 0.00734 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) per person at a cost of $1,971 per person ($268,386 per QALY). Limiting the 7SNP test to only those patients with a lifetime Gail risk of 16 - 28% resulted in a cost of $163,264 per QALY. These results were sensitive to the age at which the test is given, the discount rate, and the costs of the genetic test and MRI. The cost-effectiveness of using the 7SNP test for patients with intermediate Gail risk is similar to that of other recommended strategies, including annual MRI for patients with a lifetime risk greater than 20% or BRCA1/2 mutations. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-12-08.
Rise in prostatic Cancer Incidence Associated With Increased Use of Transurethral Resection
Authors: Arnold L. Potosky, Larry Kessier, Gloria Gridley, Charles C. Brown, John W. Horm
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Journal Article Rise in prostatic Cancer Incidence Associated With Increased Use of Transurethral Resection Get access Arnold L. Potosky, Arnold L. Potosky Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Larry Kessier, Larry Kessier Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Gloria Gridley, Gloria Gridley Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Charles C. Brown, Charles C. Brown Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John W. Horm John W. Horm Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 20, 17 October 1990, Pages 1624–1628, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.20.1624 Published: 17 October 1990 Article history Received: 23 March 1990 Revision received: 12 July 1990 Accepted: 01 August 1990 Published: 17 October 1990
Prophylaxis Against Venous Thromboembolism After Hip Surgery-Reply
Authors: Thomas F. Imperiale
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —The literature on prevention of venous thromboembolism following total hip replacement is highly controversial. The overall tone of Dr Megerman's comments reflects the controversy and uncertainty in this area and highlights the need for meta-analysis. We were aware of the different mechanisms of action between intermittent pneumatic compression and static elastic compression. Megerman erroneously assumes, however, that different mechanisms of action translate into different efficacies. We combined these mechanical modalities because of separate crude risks that were no different clinically or statistically. This preliminary analysis consisted of simple tabulation of numerators and denominators for each modality and was determined separately from our more detailed analysis. We carefully considered how to include the few treatment arms that combined pharmacologic and mechanical modalities. As stated in the article, our assignment of these combination groups to the pharmacologic arm was arbitrary but made more clinical sense than assignment to the mechanical
Fifteen million and rising--the number of premature births every year
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A worldwide study of preterm births has found that 15 million babies are born before 37 weeks’ gestation every year, with one million of those babies dying from complications.

The report, published by a coalition that includes the World Health Organization and the charity Save the Children, found that the proportion of preterm babies was rising in nearly every country with reliable data, mainly high and middle income countries. Prematurity is the leading cause of death in newborns and the second leading cause of death in children under the age of 5 years, but a lack of data on preterm births at the country level has hampered action in low and middle …
A Preliminary Evaluation of Transventricular Aortic Commissurotomy with an Improved Dilator
Authors: G. A. Logan, K. A. Merendino, G. G. Bergy, R. A. Bruce
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

AORTIC commissurotomy now may be considered for any patient disabled by stenosis of the aortic valve. Previous reports by others1 2 3 4 5 6 have dealt primarily with analysis of operative mortality by different approaches and subjective evidence of improvement in survivors. The purpose of this report is to describe our initial experiences in surgical treatment with improved instrumentation, and to evaluate early results by both subjective and objective criteria.Methods and MaterialFifteen patients underwent aortic-valve surgery by one of us (K.A.M.) utilizing a transventricular approach with a modified Bailey dilator. The chief modification of this instrument (Fig. 1) is the small size . . .
Formation of Cell Junctions Between Grafted and Host Cardiomyocytes at the Border Zone of Rat Myocardial Infarction
Authors: T. Matsushita, M. Oyamada, H. Kurata, S. Masuda, A. Takahashi, T. Emmoto, I. Shiraishi, Y. Wada, T. Oka, T. Takamatsu
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Cardiomyocyte transplantation is an innovative strategy for the treatment of heart failure after myocardial infarction. Cell junctions show diverse temporal polarization toward intercalated disks during postnatal development and exhibit altered distribution in diseased hearts. To elucidate the formation of cell junctions between grafted and host cardiomyocytes at the border zone of myocardial infarction, the 3D distribution of cell junctions was examined using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy.Neonatal cardiomyocytes obtained from 3-day-old rats by collagenase digestion and Percoll density centrifugation were injected into the border zones of infarction sites 10 days after coronary ligation in adult rats. At 4 to 14 days after transplantation, hearts were harvested and processed by immunohistochemistry. Antibodies against connexin43, desmoplakin, and cadherin were used to analyze the distribution of gap junctions, desmosomes, and adherens junctions, respectively. Grafted cardiomyocytes were identified by immunohistochemistry for alpha-smooth muscle actin. Grafted cardiomyocytes tended to align parallel to the host cardiomyocytes. Connexin43, desmoplakin, and cadherin were localized between grafted cardiomyocytes themselves and between grafted and host cardiomyocytes. Semiquantitative analysis revealed that all junctions showed increasing polarization to longitudinal cell termini, especially at the border of grafted and host cardiomyocytes, as time advanced from 4 to 7 days after transplantation.These findings indicate that grafted cardiomyocytes foster electrical pathways with host counterparts through the gap junction and suggest that the environment in infarcted hearts could influence the localization of gap junctions, desmosomes, and adherens junctions.
Localisation of transforming growth factor beta1 and beta3 mRNA transcripts in normal and fibrotic human lung
Authors: R K Coker
Journal: Thorax (2001)

Background-Transforming growth factor 1 is implicated in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis.It promotes extracellular matrix accumulation by increasing procollagen synthesis and reducing degradation.TGF 1 gene and protein expression increase in experimental lung fibrosis, and TGF 1 antibodies attenuate fibrosis in mice.The role of other TGF isoforms is unclear.This study aimed to localise TGF 1 and TGF 3 gene expression in fibrotic human lung and compare it with that in normal human lung.Methods-Lung tissue from patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and fibrosis associated with systemic sclerosis was examined by in situ hybridisation.Macroscopically normal lung from carcinoma resections was used as control tissue.Digoxigenin labelled riboprobes were synthesised from TGF isoform specific cDNA templates.Results-The digoxigenin labelled riboprobes were sensitive and permitted precise cellular localisation of mRNA transcripts.TGF 1 and TGF 3 mRNA transcripts were widespread in normal lung and localised to alveolar macrophages and bronchiolar epithelium.TGF 1 but not TGF 3 mRNA was detected in mesenchymal and endothelial cells.In fibrotic lung tissue mRNA transcripts for both isoforms were also detected in metaplastic type II cells.TGF 1 gene expression was enhanced in some patients.TGF 3 was expressed in fibrotic lung but was not consistently altered compared with controls.Conclusion-TGF 1 mRNA transcripts were localised in normal and fibrotic human lung and TGF 3 gene expression in human lung fibrosis was shown for the first time.The results suggest that TGF 1 may play the predominant role in pathogenesis.It is suggested that TGF 1 should be the primary target of anticytokine treatments for pulmonary fibrosis.
The innate immune sensor NLRC3 attenuates Toll-like receptor signaling via modification of the signaling adaptor TRAF6 and transcription factor NF-κB
Authors: Monika Schneider, Albert G Zimmermann, Reid A Roberts, Lu Zhang, Karen V Swanson, Haitao Wen, Beckley K Davis, Irving C Allen, Eda K Holl, Zhengmao Ye, Adeeb H Rahman, Brian J Conti, Timothy K Eitas, Beverly H Koller, Jenny P-Y Ting
Journal: Nature Immunology (2012)
Cell guidance into quiescent state through chromatin remodeling induced by elastic modulus of substrate
Authors: Morgane Rabineau, Florence Flick, Eric Mathieu, Annie Tu, Bernard Senger, Jean-Claude Voegel, Philippe Lavalle, Pierre Schaaf, Jean-Noël Freund, Youssef Haikel, Dominique Vautier
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)
ELLIPTIC HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: V. P. Sydenstricker
Journal: JAMA (1923)

In 1904, Dresbach<sup>1</sup>reported the case of a mulatto, aged 22, whose blood, otherwise normal, showed a striking morphologic change, in that 90 per cent. of the erythrocytes were oval or elliptic in outline. The width of the misshapen cells varied between 3.9 and 4.8 microns, the length between 8.5 and 10.7 microns. The patient was in perfect health at the time the observations were made. In 1914, Bishop<sup>2</sup>reported a similar case in a white man, aged 41, who presented himself for treatment on account of acute appendicitis. Aside from the leukocytosis associated with acute inflammation, the blood presented no abnormality other than the presence of from 75 to 80 per cent. of oval and elliptic erythrocytes. Repeated examinations of the blood over a period of eight months showed no variation in the form of the red cells. The blood of one of this patient's sisters showed
Somatic cell cloned transgenic bovine neurons for transplantation in parkinsonian rats
Authors: W. Michael Zawada, Jose B. Cibelli, Paul K. Choi, Edward D. Clarkson, Paul J. Golueke, Samir E. Witta, K. Pat Bell, Jeff Kane, F. Abel Ponce de Leon, D. Joseph Jerry, James M. Robl, Curt R. Freed, Steven L. Stice
Journal: Nature Medicine (1998)
Atopy, immunological changes, and respiratory function in bronchiectasis.
Authors: M B Murphy, D J Reen, M X Fitzgerald
Journal: Thorax (1984)

Cystic fibrosis has been reported to be associated with an increased prevalence of atopy and reversible airways obstruction. To determine whether such features can also result from other chronic suppurative lung infections, we studied 23 patients with proved bronchiectasis, and 23 age and sex matched normal controls. A personal or family history of atopy was reported with equal frequency in the two groups. Although the groups displayed a similar prevalence of positive immediate hypersensitivity skinprick test responses, the positive patients reacted to more antigens (p less than 0.05) and had larger weal diameters (p less than 0.01) than the positive controls. Other indices, such as blood eosinophil counts and serum IgE, did not differ significantly. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulins G, A, and M and of the four IgG subclasses tended to be higher in patients than controls, but only in the case of IgA (p less than 0.01) was this difference significant. No case of IgG subclass deficiency was noted. The patients displayed significant airflow obstruction, the mean basal one second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) being 67%, 77%, and 67% of their predicted values. There was evidence of a significant reversible obstructive component in that FEV1 or PEFR or both increased by 15% or more in nine of the 23 patients after inhalation of fenoterol, the mean increases in FEV1, FVC, and PEFR for the whole group being 9.5%, 11%, and 16.9%. These results indicate that while bronchiectasis provokes a hyperimmune response it differs from cystic fibrosis in that there is no significant increase in the prevalence of atopy. The finding of reversible airways obstruction, however, suggests that bronchodilators may be useful adjuncts to treatment.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and Antiestrogen Resistance in Breast Cancer
Authors: Todd W. Miller, Justin M. Balko, Carlos L. Arteaga
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

Although antiestrogen therapies targeting estrogen receptor (ER) α signaling prevent disease recurrence in the majority of patients with hormone-dependent breast cancer, a significant fraction of patients exhibit de novo or acquired resistance. Currently, the only accepted mechanism linked with endocrine resistance is amplification or overexpression of the ERBB2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2]) proto-oncogene. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that hyperactivation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, the most frequently mutated pathway in breast cancer, promotes antiestrogen resistance. PI3K is a major signaling hub downstream of HER2 and other receptor tyrosine kinases. PI3K activates several molecules involved in cell-cycle progression and survival, and in ER-positive breast cancer cells, it promotes estrogen-dependent and -independent ER transcriptional activity. Preclinical tumor models of antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer often remain sensitive to estrogens and PI3K inhibition, suggesting that simultaneous targeting of the PI3K and ER pathways may be most effective. Herein, we review alterations in the PI3K pathway associated with resistance to endocrine therapy, the state of clinical development of PI3K inhibitors, and strategies for the clinical investigation of such drugs in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.
Abstract P1-01-30: True Sentinel Nodes Identified by CT-Lymphography Accurately Stage the Axilla in Patients with Breast Cancer: Removal of True Sentinel Nodes Alone Is Sufficient
Authors: K Motomura, M Ishitobi, Y Komoike, H Koyama, H Inaji, T Horinouchi, K. Nakanishi
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background: Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) using dye and/or radioisotope often results in the identification and removal of multiple nodes as sentinel nodes (SN), although most of these nodes may be non-SN. CT-lymphography (CT-LG) can distinguish true SN from non-SN because of the visualization of the lymphatic channel. This study investigated whether true SN identified by CT-LG accurately stage the axilla in patients with breast cancer, making it sufficient to remove true SN alone. Methods: This study included 168 patients with breast cancer with clinically negative nodes. Contrast agent was injected intradermally into the skin overlying the breast tumor and in the subareolar region. True SN were identified by CT-LG. Marking the location of true SN was performed on the skin surface using a CT laser light navigator system. SNB was performed using a combination of dye and radioisotope. Lymph nodes located just under the marking were first removed as true SN. Then, all dyed nodes or all hot nodes were removed. Results: The mean number of true SN identified by CT-LG was 1.1 (range 1-3). The mean number of hot and/or dyed nodes removed was 1.8 (range 1-6). One hundred forty-seven patients (87.5%) had 1 true SN removed, 19 (11.3%) had 2 true SN removed, and 2 patients (1.2%) had 3 true SN removed. Twenty-one (12.5%) patients had ≥2 true SN removed, whereas 91 (54.2%) of patients had ≥2 hot and/or dyed nodes removed (P&amp;lt;0.0001). Pathologic evaluation demonstrated that 38 (22.6%) of 168 patients had metastasis to at least one node. All of these 38 patients demonstrated metastases to at least one of the true SN identified by CT-LG. There were no adverse events associated with CT-LG. Conclusions: True SN identified by CT-LG accurately staged the axilla in patients with breast cancer. Removal of true SN alone may reduce the postoperative morbidity and cost of the procedure by decreasing the surgical duration as well as the cost of pathologic analysis. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-01-30.
Use of an Overtube for Enteroscopy - Does it Increase Depth of Insertion? A Prospective Study of Enteroscopy with and without an Overtube
Authors: A. C. Taylor, R. Y. Chen, P. V. Desmond
Journal: Endoscopy (2001)

Although a stiffening overtube is commonly used with push enteroscopy, in the belief that this will allow increased insertion into the small intestine, there is no prospective data to support this view. The aim of this study is to prospectively study the depth of insertion into the small intestine at enteroscopy with and without an overtube.A total of 38 patients referred for enteroscopy were prospectively studied. Alternate enteroscopies were performed with or without an overtube; therefore 19 patients had enteroscopy with and 19 without an overtube. The groups were well matched for age, sex, indication, use of fluoroscopy, and dedicated anesthetic assistance. Depth of insertion was assessed by advancing the enteroscope as far as possible, then straightening the enteroscope until the tip began withdrawing. The difference between the straightened insertion depth and the distance from the incisors to the pylorus was recorded as the insertion depth beyond the pylorus. This was considered the major end point. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test for nonparametric data.The median straightened total insertion depth from the incisors was greater when enteroscopy was performed with an overtube compared with enteroscopy without an overtube (125 cm vs. 110 cm, P=0.05). The median straightened insertion depth beyond the pylorus was significantly greater with overtube use (70 cm vs. 50 cm, P = 0.01). No significant difference between the groups was observed in terms of the likelihood of significant findings at enteroscopy.Use of an overtube for push enteroscopy results in significantly deeper insertion into the small intestine. Although a larger study would be needed to demonstrate an increase in diagnostic yield and to confirm the safety of overtube use, this study does provide the first objective evidence of an advantage in terms of insertion depth.
The Pritikin Diet-Reply
Authors: Kenneth J. Hutchison
Journal: JAMA (1984)

In Reply.—  Our target value of 5% to 10% fat intake for the experimental group is essentially the same as that of Pritikin (  Mr Pritikin also states that our cholesterol intakes were three times the target level of his maintenance diet. We do not understand the source of this figure. In our original article inJAMA,2only a brief description of the two diets was included. In this