tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Indirect Versus Direct Evidence in U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations
Authors: David L. Hahn
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2008)

Letters6 May 2008Indirect Versus Direct Evidence in U.S. Preventive Services Task Force RecommendationsDavid L. Hahn, MD, MSDavid L. Hahn, MD, MSFrom Dean Medical Center, Madison, WI 53715.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-148-9-200805060-00013 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Clinicians and policymakers rely on the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) for reliable and accurate information. In their recent update on USPSTF methods, Sawaya and colleagues (1) described USPSTF criteria for constructing and evaluating an indirect “chain of evidence” for the effectiveness of a preventive service when direct evidence from 1 or more randomized effectiveness studies is unavailable. They also stated that their methods for making evidence-based recommendations would continue to evolve. I have a comment about the chain-of-evidence approach and suggest the next step in the evolution of the recommendation process.Positive recommendations based on ...References1. Sawaya GF, Guirguis-Blake J, LeFevre M, Harris R, Petitti D; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Update on the methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: estimating certainty and magnitude of net benefit. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:871-5. [PMID: 18087058] LinkGoogle Scholar2. Ebell MH, Siwek J, Weiss BD, Woolf SH, Susman J, Ewigman B, et al. Strength of recommendation taxonomy (SORT): a patient-centered approach to grading evidence in the medical literature. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2004;17:59-67. [PMID: 15014055] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Dean Medical Center, Madison, WI 53715.Disclosures: None disclosed. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoUpdate on the Methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Estimating Certainty and Magnitude of Net Benefit George F. Sawaya , Janelle Guirguis-Blake , Michael LeFevre , Russell Harris , Diana Petitti , and Indirect versus Direct Evidence in U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations Ned Calonge , Diana B. Petitti , and Mary B. Barton Metrics Cited ByEvidence-based medicine in otolaryngology, part 1: The multiple faces of evidence-based medicine 6 May 2008Volume 148, Issue 9Page: 708KeywordsClinical trialsConflicts of interestHematologic testsMorbidityQuality of life ePublished: 6 May 2008 Issue Published: 6 May 2008 CopyrightCopyright © 2008 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
17β-estradiol increases volume, apical surface and elasticity of human endothelium mediated by Na+/H+ exchange
Authors: U HILLEBRAND, M HAUSBERG, C STOCK, V SHAHIN, D NIKOVA, C RIETHMULLER, K KLICHE, T LUDWIG, H SCHILLERS, S SCHNEIDER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2006)

17beta-estradiol is known to delay the onset of atherosclerosis in women but cellular mechanisms are still unclear. Estrogens bind to specific receptors and initiate a signaling cascade that involves the activation of plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) exchange. We hypothesized that estrogens interfere with ion transport across the plasma membrane and thus control endothelial structure and function. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the sex steroids 17beta-estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone on volume, apical surface and elasticity in human endothelium.The atomic force microscope was used as an imaging tool and as an elasticity sensor. We applied the antiestrogen tamoxifen, the Na(+)/H(+) exchange blocker cariporide and the epithelial Na(+)channel blocker amiloride to elucidate the role of transmembrane ion transport in hormone-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC).Incubation with 17beta-estradiol for 72 h led to a dose-dependent increase of endothelial cell volume (41%), apical cell surface (22%), and cell elasticity (53%) as compared to non-17beta-estradiol treated controls. Block of the 17beta-estradiol receptor by tamoxifen and of plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) exchange by cariporide prevented the hormone-induced changes. Progesterone and testosterone were ineffective.17beta-estradiol increases HUVEC water content and HUVEC elasticity mediated by activated estrogen receptors. The estrogen response depends on the activation of plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) exchange. The increase in endothelial cell elasticity could be one of the vasoprotective mechanisms postulated for 17beta-estradiol.
A FEW REMARKS ON THE CLINIC USE OF ORTHO- AND PARA- CHLORO-PHENOL.
Authors: CONRAD BERENS
Journal: JAMA (1896)

In the<i>University Medical Magazine</i>for October, 1894, there is a brief note of reference to ortho-chlorophenol, quoting N. Simanoffski, who is reported to have used it for reducing hypertrophies of the mucous membrane overlying the inferior turbinates of the nares. Simanoffski made but a preliminary report, and referred also to para-chloro-phenol. The endorsement of ortho-chloro-phenol was of such a nature that I was induced to make some trials with it, as well also as of para-chloro-phenol. Ortho-chloro-phenol is a heavy limpid liquid of exceedingly irritating and pungent odor. It is rapidly soluble for clinic purposes in glycerin, and from this may be reduced in strength again and made soluble in water. For clinic purposes the para-chloro-phenol, which occurs in amorphous crystals, is best used by fusing to the end of a probe. In my work I have fused the crystals to silver. Para-chloro-phenol is not so satisfactory clinically, and
Amphiphilic hyper-branched co-polymer nanoparticles for the controlled delivery of anti-tumor agents
Authors: Qinghua Miao, Dongxue Xu, Zhi Wang, Li Xu, Tiewei Wang, Yan Wu, David B. Lovejoy, Danuta S. Kalinowski, Des R. Richardson, Guangjun Nie, Yuliang Zhao
Journal: Biomaterials (2010)
The Neighborhood Health Center
Authors: Frank L. Morton
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Bellin and Geiger (<b>214</b>:2147, 1970) have developed what would appear at initial glance to be an impressive case in proof of the acceptance and utilization of a Neighborhood Health Center (NHC) by urban poor. Evaluation efforts in this area are few,<sup>1</sup>difficult, and largely dependent on the primary interest of the investigator or sponsoring agency. While the "activity counts" dispel any doubt that the NHC was well utilized by the urban poor in 1965 to 1967, the study presents too many half-truths, poorly defined variables, and unproved assumptions about health attitudes and practices of the poor to be accepted without challenge. In the first place, the distinctions between the basic groups being studied are unclear. "Regular Source of Care," the distinguishing feature of the three categories, is not defined or particularized. It could easily mean one thing to one respondent and another to a second.
Technology-Enhanced Simulation for Health Professions Education
Authors: David A. Cook, Rose Hatala, Ryan Brydges, Benjamin Zendejas, Jason H. Szostek, Amy T. Wang, Patricia J. Erwin, Stanley J. Hamstra
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Although technology-enhanced simulation has widespread appeal, its effectiveness remains uncertain. A comprehensive synthesis of evidence may inform the use of simulation in health professions education.To summarize the outcomes of technology-enhanced simulation training for health professions learners in comparison with no intervention.Systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, ERIC, PsychINFO, Scopus, key journals, and previous review bibliographies through May 2011.Original research in any language evaluating simulation compared with no intervention for training practicing and student physicians, nurses, dentists, and other health care professionals.Reviewers working in duplicate evaluated quality and abstracted information on learners, instructional design (curricular integration, distributing training over multiple days, feedback, mastery learning, and repetitive practice), and outcomes. We coded skills (performance in a test setting) separately for time, process, and product measures, and similarly classified patient care behaviors.From a pool of 10,903 articles, we identified 609 eligible studies enrolling 35,226 trainees. Of these, 137 were randomized studies, 67 were nonrandomized studies with 2 or more groups, and 405 used a single-group pretest-posttest design. We pooled effect sizes using random effects. Heterogeneity was large (I(2)>50%) in all main analyses. In comparison with no intervention, pooled effect sizes were 1.20 (95% CI, 1.04-1.35) for knowledge outcomes (n = 118 studies), 1.14 (95% CI, 1.03-1.25) for time skills (n = 210), 1.09 (95% CI, 1.03-1.16) for process skills (n = 426), 1.18 (95% CI, 0.98-1.37) for product skills (n = 54), 0.79 (95% CI, 0.47-1.10) for time behaviors (n = 20), 0.81 (95% CI, 0.66-0.96) for other behaviors (n = 50), and 0.50 (95% CI, 0.34-0.66) for direct effects on patients (n = 32). Subgroup analyses revealed no consistent statistically significant interactions between simulation training and instructional design features or study quality.In comparison with no intervention, technology-enhanced simulation training in health professions education is consistently associated with large effects for outcomes of knowledge, skills, and behaviors and moderate effects for patient-related outcomes.
Abstract 658: Identification of a molecular signature after L-methionine treatment in MCF-7 and LNCaP cancer cells
Authors: Max A. Benavides, Dong Hu, Marie K. Baraoidan, Annette Bruno, Pan Du, Simon Lin, Wancai Yang, Kirby I. Bland, William E. Grizzle, Maarten C. Bosland
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Our previous research has shown that the essential sulfur-amino acid methionine inhibited proliferation of breast and prostate cancer cell lines, concomitant with p53 modification. The aim of this study was to increment understanding of the mechanisms underlying these effects by determining the influence of L-methionine on functional molecular signatures in these cell lines. Wild-type p53-expressing MCF-7 (breast cancer) and LNCaP (prostate cancer) cells were treated with L-methionine (5mg/ml) for 72hrs. Changes in molecular signatures of these cells were examined by microarray analysis of 15,814 probes in triplicate samples. Genes with significant expression changes were identified by False Discovery Rate analysis (p-value &amp;lt; 0.01; fold-change &amp;gt; 1.5). In LNCaP cells, 325 genes were up-regulated by methionine treatment and 517 genes down-regulated. In MCF-7 cells, 86 genes were up-regulated by methionine and 135 genes up-regulated. Ninety eight genes were regulated in the same direction by methionine in both cell lines; 10 of these genes were up-regulated (AFF3, AKR1C2, ATF3, C8ORF4, GPX8, LAMA3, RBM4B, NQO1, SH3BGRL, and VAMP5) and 88 genes were down-regulated. The expression of five other genes (H1F0, TNF, CENPN, ACAT2, and DHRS2) was changed in opposite directions in the two cell lines. Increases in expression were verified by quantitative RT-PCR. Several of the up-regulated genes encode proteins involved in cellular redox regulation and many of the down-regulated genes belonged to protein kinase families. These observations suggest that methionine is an enhancer of antioxidant activities and has potential as an anti-cancer agent that targets breast and prostate cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 658.
Virus Isolations from Common Colds Occurring in a Residential School
Authors: E. J. C. Kendall, M. L. Bynoe, D. A. J. Tyrrell
Journal: BMJ (1962)

In recent years viruses of a hitherto uncultivable type have been isolated from nasal washings collected from adults suffering from the common cold (Tyrrell and Parsons, 1960; Hobson and Schild, 1960; Tyrrell and Bynoe, 1961 ; Hamre and Procknow, 1961).The viruses can be cultivated in rolled tissue cultures of human- embryo-kidney cells maintained at 330 C.They produce a focal cytopathic effect.It has been suggested that they be called rhinoviruses (Andrewes et al., 1961).There is evidence that all the strains adequately studied produce colds when administered to volunteers as nasal drops and that the type of illness produced may vary a little, depending on the strain used.The viruses belong to two main biological types-namely, those which grow in human embryo-kidney and in monkey-kidney cells (M) and those which grow only in human-embryokidney cells (H); it has been shown also that some washings contain agents which have not yet been shown to grow in either of these cell types (Tyrrell and Bynoe, 1961).We were anxious to make a longitudinal study to determine if viruses could be found consistently in young persons with common-cold symptoms, and, if so, to obtain a full record of illness.We also hoped to obtain some data of epidemiological importance.Such a pilot study is described in this paper.It was made as part of a general surveillance of respiratory illnesses which significantly affect school attendance. Materials and MethodsThe common colds studied occurred among boarders at a boys' school which was under the medical care of one of us (E.J. C. K.).The age constitution of this group is given in Table I.The boys were observed TABLE I.-Age Constitution of Group, Incidence of Colds, and Nunmbers of Illnesses Investigated 1960-1 Year of Birth: 1947-8 1946 1945 1944 1942-3 No. of boys in group on 1 1 61 84 68 60 79 77 common colds ascertained 67 48 34 46 30 Incidence of common colds .. 80% 70% 57% 58% 39'% No. of virus-positive illnesses/No. of illnesses investigated 9.'23 2 14 2 '9
Abstract 3316: Characterizing mechanisms of resistance to androgen deprivation in prostate cancer
Authors: Ginevra Botta, Judit Jane-Valbuena, Terence Wong, John Doench, Levi A. Garraway
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Despite significant advances in the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa), this malignancy remains a leading cause of cancer death among men. PCa cells require androgen receptor (AR) signaling for their growth and survival. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) constitutes the main therapeutic option for patients with advanced PCa. However, the major cause of death in men with metastatic prostate cancer involves progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Characterizing mechanisms of resistance to ADT could enable the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. To identify genes whose silencing drives resistance to ADT in androgen-sensitive PCa cells, we performed a systematic genome-wide suppressor RNAi screen in the androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells, using a 98,000-shRNA library, targeting approximately 16,000 human genes. After infection, cells were cultured in absence of androgens for several weeks. Cells showing the ability to proliferate upon androgen deprivation were harvested at different time points and shRNA sequences were identified and quantitated through nextgen sequencing. Hit genes were those with at least 2 shRNAs enriched &amp;gt;4 fold, and whose silencing exerted the most robust effects on cell proliferation. To validate the identified top-tier genes in vitro, we infected LNCaP cells with lentiviruses carrying shRNAs (2 shRNAs/candidate gene) targeting the top ∼30 candidate genes, in parallel with 15 negative control shRNAs. We monitored the ability of each shRNA to increase proliferation under androgen-deprived conditions, using cell viability assays. To determine whether any shRNAs drive castration resistance by reactivating the AR-signaling pathway, we analyzed the expression of known AR effector genes in the presence of candidate shRNAs and also tested their effect on cell proliferation in the presence of the direct AR antagonist MDV3100. In future, we will also validate candidate genes in vivo, using a LNCaP xenograft model. This study has identified several genes whose silencing may modulate resistance to ADT in prostate cancer. Additional functional studies should determine whether a subset of these may promote new therapeutic strategies for men with CRPC. Citation Format: Ginevra Botta, Judit Jane-Valbuena, Terence Wong, John Doench, Levi A. Garraway. Characterizing mechanisms of resistance to androgen deprivation in prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3316. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3316
Greek authorities probe illegal clinical studies on elderly people
Authors: Jane Burgermeister
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Prosecutors in Greece are investigating claims that elderly people have been used for clinical studies without their knowledge.

According to a leaked report by health inspectors, residents of an old people's home in Athens were allegedly used in a clinical study on their cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations without their written consent.

It alleged that other clinical trials, including a study on the resistance of pneumococcus to penicillin, were also carried out on dozens of residents, again without their knowledge.

The studies were allegedly funded by a drug …
UNIQUE CASE OF FOREIGN BODY IN THE BLADDER.
Authors: J. F. BALDWIN
Journal: JAMA (1907)

While the literature of foreign bodies in surgery is voluminous and interesting, the case detailed below is, so far as my investigation of the literature goes, entirely unique, especially as regards the snare devised by the patient for the removal of the foreign body. <h3>History.</h3> —An old soldier, aged 70, for several years had been troubled with prostatic retention of urine. For about a year he used a catheter, which while it answered the purpose fairly well, was not entirely satisfactory. He therefore took a piece of steel rod, about two inches long, rounded it at one end and flattened it at the other, and through a perforation in the flattened end passed a fine wire to be used in withdrawing the device, which, as thus made, very much resembled a sinker, such as boys sometimes use in fishing. He had a capacious urethra, and by lying down and allowing
Reversal of experimental diabetic neuropathy by VEGF gene transfer
Authors: Peter Schratzberger, Dirk H. Walter, Kilian Rittig, Ferdinand H. Bahlmann, Roberto Pola, Cynthia Curry, Marcy Silver, Joseph G. Krainin, David H. Weinberg, Allan H. Ropper, Jeffrey M. Isner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

The pathogenetic basis for diabetic neuropathy has been enigmatic. Using two different animal models of diabetes, we have investigated the hypothesis that experimental diabetic neuropathy results from destruction of the vasa nervorum and can be reversed by administration of an angiogenic growth factor. Nerve blood flow, as measured by laser Doppler imaging or direct detection of a locally administered fluorescent lectin analogue, was markedly attenuated in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, consistent with a profound reduction in the number of vessels observed. A severe peripheral neuropathy developed in parallel, characterized by significant slowing of motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities, compared with nondiabetic control animals. In contrast, 4 weeks after intramuscular gene transfer of plasmid DNA encoding VEGF-1 or VEGF-2, vascularity and blood flow in the nerves of treated animals were similar to those of nondiabetic control rats; constitutive overexpression of both transgenes resulted in restoration of large and small fiber peripheral nerve function. Similar experiments performed in a rabbit model of alloxan-induced diabetes produced comparable results. These findings support the notion that diabetic neuropathy results from microvascular ischemia involving the vasa nervorum and suggest the feasibility of a novel treatment strategy for patients in whom peripheral neuropathy constitutes a secondary complication of diabetes.
Let us accept a “controlled trade-off” model of motor control
Authors: Lloyd D. Partridge
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract The trade-off between force and length of muscle as adjusted by neural signals is a critical fact in the dynamics of motor control. Whether we call it “length-tension effect,” “feedback-like,” “invariant condition,” or “spring-like” is unimportant. We must not let semantics or details of representation obscure the basic physics of effects introduced by this trade-off in muscle.
Intractable vomiting from glioblastoma metastatic to the fourth ventricle: Three case studies
Authors: Zvi R. Cohen, Samuel J. Hassenbusch, Moshe H. Maor, Raphael M. Pfeffer, Zvi Ram
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2002)

Dissemination of malignant glioma to the fourth ventricle with metastatic deposits and intractable vomiting is rare. Leptomeningeal extension of malignant glioma is an uncommon condition that has been reported in patients with end-stage disease and is usually unresponsive to any treatment modality. We describe 3 patients with progressing recurrent glioblastoma multiforme in whom leptomeningeal invasion manifested itself as intractable vomiting due to tumor metastases in the floor of the fourth ventricle. All patients received additional radiation therapy focused to the posterior fossa, with complete resolution of vomiting occurring within 10 days after irradiation. The remission of symptoms in these patients persisted until their death 3-4 months after the repeat radiation therapy. These reports indicate that additional focused radiation should be considered because of its significant therapeutic effect in alleviating intractable nausea and vomiting in patients with glioma metastasized to the posterior fossa.
A FURTHER STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL PAROTITIS
Authors: Martha Wollstein
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1918)

A new series of inoculations into cats of the filtered sterile salivary secretions derived from cases of parotitis has been described. They confirm the observations made in 1915-1916 and extend them to include the epidemic parotitis occurring in our military forces. Incidentally confirmatory evidence of the filterable nature of the causative agent of mumps has been obtained. It has been determined that the saliva of man and of inoculated cats, and the inoculated glands of the latter animals, contain the filterable, infective agent. The lesions present in the inoculated organs conform to those described in our first publication. In addition, the lymph glands adjacent to the salivary glands on the uninoculated side were sometimes found to be swollen and to exhibit microscopic lesions. Probably the involvement resulted from salivary and lymphatic infection. The "virus" of parotitis was detected most readily in the saliva during the first 3 days of the disease, less easily on the 6th day, and not at all on the 9th day. It was detected also in the blood of patients showing marked constitutional symptoms, and in the saliva of a case of recurrent mumps at the periods of enlargement of the parotid glands, but not 2 weeks after the swelling had subsided. It was not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid.