tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE PRODUCTION OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN
Authors: W. H. Park, A. W. Williams
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1896)

Toxin of sufficient strength to kill a 400-gramme guinea-pig in three days and a half in a dose of 0.cubic centimetre developed in suitable bouillon, contained in ordinary Erlenmeyer flasks, within a period of twenty-four hours. In such boullon the toxin reached its greatest strength in from four to seven days (0.005 cubic centimetre killing a 500-gramme guinea-pig in three days). This period of time covered that of the greatest growth of the bacilli, as shown both by the appearance of the culture and by the number of colonies developing an agar plates. The bodies of the diphtheria bacili did not at any time contain toxin in cosiderable amounts. The type of growth of the bacili and the rapidity and extent of the production of toxin depended more on the reaction of the bouillon than upon any other single factor. The best results were obtained in bouillon which, after being neutralized to litmus, had about seven cubic centimetres of normal soda solution added to each litre. An excessive amount of either acid or alkali prevented the development of toxin. Strong toxin was produced in bouillon containing peptone ranging from one to ten per cent. The strength of toxin averaged greater in the two and four-per-cent peptone solutions than in the one-percent. When the stage of acid reaction was brief and the degree of acidity probably slight, strong toxin developed while the culture bouillon was still acid; but when the stage of acid reaction was prolonged, little if any toxin was produced until just before the fluid became alkaline. Glucose is deleterious to the growth of the diphtheria bacillus and to the production of toxin when it is present in sufficient amounts to cause by its disintegration too great a degree of acidity in the fluid culture. When the acid resulting from decomposition of glucose is neutralized by the addition of alkali the diphtheria bacilus again grows abundantly. Glucose is not present, at least as a rule, in sufficient amounts in the meat as obtained from the New York butchers to prevent the rapid production of strong toxin if the bouillon is made sufficiently alkaline. In our experiments, when other conditions were similar, the strength of the toxin was in proportion to the virulence and vigour of growth of the bacillus employed.
TCT-341 The SYNTAX Score Predicts Acute Kidney Injury After PCI for NSTEACS: Analysis from the ACUITY Trial
Authors: Mahesh V. Madhavan, Philippe Genereux, Jonah Rubin, Tullio Palmerini, Adriano Caixeta, Ke Xu, Giora Weisz, Roxana Mehran, Gregg Stone
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
New Neurons Don’t Talk Back
Authors: Jacques I. Wadiche, Linda Overstreet-Wadiche
Journal: Neuron (2015)

GABAergic interneurons enforce highly sparse activity patterns in principal neurons of the dentate gyrus. In this issue of Neuron, Temprana et al. (2015) show that immature adult-born neurons largely function independently of inhibitory feedback circuits, neither receiving nor generating feedback inhibition.
Comparative Effectiveness of Adjunctive Bevacizumab for Advanced Lung Cancer: The Cancer Research Network Experience
Authors: Debra P. Ritzwoller, Nikki M. Carroll, Thomas Delate, Mark C. Hornbrook, Lawrence Kushi, Erin J. Aiello Bowles, Elizabeth T. Loggers, Alex Menter
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2014)

Bevacizumab plus carboplatin-paclitaxel (BCP) chemotherapy has Food and Drug Administration approval for advanced nonsquamous, non-small-cell lung cancer based upon improved survival in a clinical trial. However, subgroup analyses of this and other studies have suggested variable results by age and gender.Using data from four health maintenance organizations (HMOs) belonging to the Cancer Research Network, 1605 HMO nonsquamous, non-small-cell lung cancer patients aged younger than 21 years, diagnosed 2002-2010, who received carboplatin-paclitaxel (CP), with and without bevacizumab for first-line treatment of stage IIIB/IV disease were identified. Patients were categorized into three groups based on year of diagnosis and regimen during 120 days postdiagnosis: (1) diagnosed 2005-2010 and received BCP; (2) 2005-2010, CP (CP2005), and (3) 2002-2004, CP (CP2002). Survival differences between groups were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models with several propensity score adjustments for demographic, comorbidity, and tumor characteristics. Multivariable subanalyses were also estimated.Median survival was 12.3 months (interquartile range [IQR], 6.0-29.1) for BCP patients versus 8.8 months (IQR, 3.7-21.3) for CP2005 patients and 7.5 months (IQR, 3.8-15.6) for CP2002 patients. In the propensity score-adjusted models, BCP demonstrated a significant survival benefit with a hazard ratio of BCP relative to CP2005 and CP2002 patients of 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66-0.94) and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.52-0.75), respectively. In the multivariable-adjusted subanalyses, relative to the CP2005 cohort, the BCP hazard ratios for patients age less than 65 years, age 65 years old or older, and females were 0.78 (95% CI, 0.62-1.00), 0.74 (95% CI, 0.54-1.00), and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.58-1.00).In this community-based, comparative effectiveness analysis, we found an overall survival benefit for adults receiving BCP compared with CP.
Management of the Child with One Epileptic Seizure
Authors: Samuel Livingston
Journal: JAMA (1960)

The author presents general impressions gained from follow-up studies made on thousands of epileptic children, some of them observed for as long as 24 years. This experience has led to the policy of treating children with regular daily anticonvulsant medication immediately after the occurrence of the first epileptic seizure. This medication is prescribed in full dosage for at least four years after the last seizure. Following this period, the dosage of the anticonvulsant medication is gradually withdrawn and discontinued within an interval of one to two years, depending on the individual case. The purpose is to prevent not only the occurrence but also the fear of a second seizure. This plan of therapy is unwarranted in children who suffer with so-called febrile convulsions.
Re: Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Homocysteine, and Risk of Breast Cancer
Authors: K. Schroecksnadel, B. Frick, D. Fuchs
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2003)

We read with great interest the article by Zhang et al. (1) in which they examined the association of plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and homocysteine with the risk of breast cancer. Although high plasma folate and vitamin B12 concentrations were associated with a lower risk of breast cancer, plasma homocysteine concentration was not associated with risk. This finding seems to contradict the recently suggested role of homocysteine as a potential tumor marker (2,3). In vitro, tumor cells and other proliferating cells release homocysteine (2,3), which might explain why hyperhomocysteinemia is observed in patients with various kinds of cancers. Plasma homocysteine and neopterin concentrations are closely associated with each other in patients with various types of diseases (4). In cancer patients, increased urine and plasma neopterin concentrations have been reported (5,6), which suggest enhanced cellular immune activation. Within cellular immune activation, T cells release large amounts of the cytokine interferon, which stimulates human monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells to produce neopterin (7). Immune activation cascades and proliferation and stimulation of immunocompetent cells could also be important in the accumulation of plasma homocysteine in various diseases, including malignancies. When different tumors are compared, the frequency of increased neopterin concentration is much lower in patients with breast cancer than it is in patients with other types of cancers (5). Indeed, less than 20% of patients with breast cancer present with neopterin levels above normal. Although no association between neopterin and tumor size or lymph node status has been shown in women with breast cancer, follow-up examinations reveal that higher urine neopterin concentrations at diagnosis are associated with shorter survival (6). The finding that plasma homocysteine concentrations, like neopterin concentrations, are only rarely elevated in breast cancer patients further supports the notion that immune activation and proliferation of immunocompetant cells rather than tumor cell proliferation is the explanation for hyperhomocysteinemia in cancer patients.
Plasma cell leukemia with iga paraproteinemia and hyperviscosity
Authors: Michael A. Kosmo, Robert Peter Gale
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1988)

Abstract Primary IgA plasma cell leukemia is a rare disorder in which hyperviscosity has not been reported. We studied a patient with plasma cell leukemia and IgA lambda monoclonal gammopathy with an elevated relative serum viscosity and congestive heart failure. Plasmapheresis and chemotherapy were successful in controlling symptoms. We discuss this unusual association and review the literature.
Six-Year Outcome for Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Residual Symptoms in Major Depression
Authors: Giovanni A. Fava, Chiara Rafanelli, Silvana Grandi, Renzo Canestrari, Murray A. Morphy
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1998)

Objective:The authors' goal was to determine whether cognitive behavioral treatment of residual symptoms of depression might have a significant effect on relapse rate. Method:A 6-year follow-up assessment was conducted of 40 patients with primary major depressive disorder who had been successfully treated with antidepressants and were randomly assigned to either cognitive behavioral treatment of residual symptoms or standard clinical management.Results:Ten of the patients (50%) in the cognitive behavioral treatment group and 15 (75%) in the standard clinical management group relapsed. The difference did not attain statistical significance. When multiple relapses were considered, patients in the cognitive behavioral treatment group had a significantly lower number of depressive episodes than those in the standard clinical management group. Patients responded to the same antidepressant drug used in the index episode; in two cases (4%), resistance occurred.Conclusions:The protective effects of cognitive behavioral treatment that were evident at 4-year follow-up faded afterward. Cognitive behavioral treatment of residual symptoms, however, improved the long-term outcome of major depression in terms of total number of episodes during the follow-up period. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1443-1445
PREDICTING THE OCCURRENCE OF ATRIAL ARRHYTHMIA AFTER CLOSURE OF AN ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT
Authors: Alexander Van De Bruaene, Marco C. Post, Justin G. Luermans, Marion Delcroix, Agnes Pasquet, Julie De Backer, Bernard Paelinck, Marielle Morissens, Werner Budts
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Decision Making in Critical Care
Authors: James A. Kruse
Journal: JAMA (1987)

A plethora of critical care medicine handbooks has recently appeared. This book also fits into the general category of a clinical manual, but it is actually a collection of algorithms covering nearly 100 clinical management problems commonly encountered in the intensive care unit. The format of each chapter is that of a one-page flowchart and a second page of succinct notes and references. Each flowchart is a decision tree diagramming the individual management approach of one of the 42 contributing authors. There are several chapters dealing with common ICU procedures, such as pulmonary artery catheterization. As a teaching method, this technique is highly effective. It not only conveys essential and practical information in a way that emphasizes priorities, but it also provides insight into the decisionmaking process itself. There is an inherent shortcoming to this barebones approach, however. The editor clearly states that "an individual patient needs individual care." But
Patients Who Know Best
Authors: Susan M. Kendall
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In a recent article entitled "The Patient Knows Best,"<sup>1</sup>Dr Corman missed a key point—the skepticism with which physicians treat the less-understandable symptoms of their young female patients. The author gave four case histories in which the patient either was not believed or was allowed little or no input into his or her treatment. In three of the four cases, the physicians were convinced that their patients' symptoms were of psychiatric origin. One patient died shortly after being discharged from the emergency department ("We were positive she was overreacting."). All three of these patients were young women. Only in the case of the middle-aged man with angina was the patient's opinion given any credibility. As a young woman with multiple sclerosis (confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging), I have had my share of physician skepticism. Before the diagnosis was made, my neurologist was convinced by my "lack of
PET Imaging With F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose for Primary Lymphoma of Bone
Authors: Yeon Hee Park, Seong-Jun Choi, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Heung Tae Kim
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2005)

Assessment of the response to therapy in patients with lymphoma involving bone can be difficult. In this patient, who demonstrated complete remission, the regions of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) PET uptake diminished more rapidly after therapy, indicating a complete response at a much earlier stage than did magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based findings. With the MRI and computed tomography findings, it was difficult to assess whether the residual tumor tissue was viable. Serial studies using PET may be superior to MRI in the evaluation of primary lymphoma of bone (PLB).
On Alcoholic Narcotism
Authors: W. F. Wade
Journal: BMJ (1867)

The patient died exhausted on the morning *I the 9th."Among the post mnortenm appearances, it is noted that " the abdominal cavity.containeda large quan- tity of a thick yellow fluid, on the surface of which was a fatty lookingniatter.The ;viseeral layer of the peritoneum was everywhere vascular and opaque- the parietal layer being coated.with soft yello-w lymph.In the duodenum, about three lines from the pylorus, was an opening of about the size of a four- penny-piece, having a thin well-deflued margin, and surrounded by at circle, of thickened tissuet, The gastro-intestinal mucous, membrane was otherwise healthy.Extensive granular degeneration of botb kidneys was present."The patient's wife was tertain thati up to the time of seizure, he had not made any compliint -ex- cepting that for a; few !weeks he had had a-sense ol weight after taking fbood."'(Laroet, NoveMber 24eth, 1866, page 577.)
A circulating antibody panel for pretransplant prediction of FSGS recurrence after kidney transplantation
Authors: Marianne Delville, Tara K. Sigdel, Changli Wei, Jing Li, Szu-Chuan Hsieh, Alessia Fornoni, George W. Burke, Patrick Bruneval, Maarten Naesens, Annette Jackson, Nada Alachkar, Guillaume Canaud, Christophe Legendre, Dany Anglicheau, Jochen Reiser, Minnie M. Sarwal
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2014)

Pretransplant antibodies, particularly anti-CD40, correlate with risk of recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after kidney transplant.
Targets, inspections, and transparency
Authors: Gwyn Bevan, Christopher Hood
Journal: BMJ (2004)

For the past three years, the performance of NHS organisations in England has been assessed by performance (star) ratings based on targets—“key targets” and indicators in a “balanced scorecard.”1-4 In the first two years, NHS managers knew only (until about a week before publication) that ratings would reflect stated government priorities. In response to demands for greater transparency the Commission for Health Improvement, when it took over responsibility for the third set of ratings from the Department of Health, published lists of the targets to be used in advance of publication of ratings but during the year to which the targets applied. Demands have been made for greater transparency in the NHS—for example, by publishing full specifications of targets and how ratings are to be calculated before the start of each financial year. Such demands are similar to those for every speed camera to be marked with information revealing when each camera is in operation and at what threshold of speed it is triggered. So how much transparency is enough and when does transparency need to be traded off against effective control?
Polymer-Fume Fever
Authors: Norman Williams
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Polymer-fume fever, which is characterized by a tight, gripping sensation in the chest associated with shivering, sore throat, pyrexia, and weakness, is rarely reported in the literature. It follows exposure to the pyrolysis products of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) during heating or machining the polymer, or contamination of cigarettes and pipes. The patient described here suffered more than 40 attacks during a nine-month period, as a result of contamination of cigarettes. The cause of the fever was not recognized for a long time. Lassitude persisted for several months after the last episode, but no evidence has been found of any permanent ill effects. Polymer-fume fever should always be included in textbook lists of causes of fever of unknown origin.
Consultation Psychiatry, Present Global Status
Authors: Adam J. Krakowski
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1974)

Psychiatric consultation services are still inadequate and their usefulness still unrecognized. They seem more numerous and more sophisticated in those countries where the supply of psychiatrists is more satisfactory, where general hospitals have psychiatric services, where psychosomatic orientation exists, and where planning for services is more experimental than empirical. Psychiatric consultation service should be rendered by specially trained personnel working in a special service. The psychiatrists rendering such service must be eclectic and possess a satisfactory knowledge of other medical subjects. The consultations must supply instruction about referred cases, so that the knowledge acquired will help in the future management of such cases.
Pseudomonas and neutrophil products modify transferrin and lactoferrin to create conditions that favor hydroxyl radical formation.
Authors: B E Britigan, B L Edeker
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

In vivo most extracellular iron is bound to transferrin or lactoferrin in such a way as to be unable to catalyze the formation of hydroxyl radical from superoxide (.O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). At sites of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection bacterial and neutrophil products could possibly modify transferrin and/or lactoferrin forming catalytic iron complexes. To examine this possibility, diferrictransferrin and diferriclactoferrin which had been incubated with pseudomonas elastase, pseudomonas alkaline protease, human neutrophil elastase, trypsin, or the myeloperoxidase product HOCl were added to a hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase .O2-/H2O2 generating system. Hydroxyl radical formation was only detected with pseudomonas elastase treated diferrictransferrin and, to a much lesser extent, diferriclactoferrin. This effect was enhanced by the combination of pseudomonas elastase with other proteases, most prominently neutrophil elastase. Addition of pseudomonas elastase-treated diferrictransferrin to stimulated neutrophils also resulted in hydroxyl radical generation. Incubation of pseudomonas elastase with transferrin which had been selectively iron loaded at either the NH2- or COOH-terminal binding site yielded iron chelates with similar efficacy for hydroxyl radical catalysis. Pseudomonas elastase and HOCl treatment also decreased the ability of apotransferrin to inhibit hydroxyl radical formation by a Fe-NTA supplemented hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system. However, apotransferrin could be protected from the effects of HOCl if bicarbonate anion was present during the incubation. Apolactoferrin inhibition of hydroxyl radical generation was unaffected by any of the four proteases or HOCl. Alteration of transferrin by enzymes and oxidants present at sites of pseudomonas and other bacterial infections may increase the potential for local hydroxyl radical generation thereby contributing to tissue injury.
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR REDUCING INAPPROPRIATE PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION: A REAL-WORLD EXPERIENCE AT A TERTIARY CARE INSTITUTION
Authors: Michael Anigbogu, Krishna Nagendran, Rayan Yousefzai, Suhail Allaqaband, Tanvir Bajwa, Anjan Gupta
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Human Polyomavirus Infection in Renal Allograft Recipients
Authors: D. V. Coleman, S. D. Gardner, A. M. Field
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Cytological and virological studies on 74 patients with functioning renal allografts were undertaken to detect polyomavirus infection of the renal tract. Ten patients (13·5%) were excreting polyomavirus. Virus particles were seen in the electron microscope in urine samples from eight patients. B.K. polyomavirus was isolated from four patients. Infection with a different polyomavirus was probable in one patient. Virus isolation was most readily achieved when large numbers of intact virus particles were seen in the urine. Patients who were excreting large amounts of polyomavirus shed numerous inclusion-bearing cells which could be detected by cytology. A serological study showed that the prevalence of B.K. antibody was similar to that found in the general population and 38% of this series of transplant patients had evidence of active infection with B.K. virus.
Characterization of health‐related quality of life in heart failure patients with preserved versus low ejection fraction in CHARM
Authors: Eldrin F. Lewis, Gervasio A. Lamas, Eileen O'Meara, Christopher B. Granger, Mark E. Dunlap, Robert S. McKelvie, Jeffrey L. Probstfield, James B. Young, Eric L. Michelson, Katarina Halling, Jonas Carlsson, Bertil Olofsson, John J.V. McMurray, Salim Yusuf, Karl Swedberg, Marc A. Pfeffer
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2006)
Sialic acid of platelets and granulocytes in polycythemia vera
Authors: S. Streichman, D. Menasheoff, I. Tatarsky, A. Marmur
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1986)

Previous studies have shown that erythrocytes of polycythemia vera (PV) patients have an increased content of sialic acid on their membrane compared with normal erythrocytes. This has been attributed to the presence of an abnormal clone known to proliferate in this disease. Since granulocytes and platelets originate from the same stem cell that is involved in this disease, it was of interest to see whether these cells also bear increased amounts of sialic acid compared with their normal counterparts. While normal values were found for granulocyte populations, elevated values were found for the platelet populations of PV patients.
Attention Disorder in Children: Is the Literature Purged? Was It Ever Tainted?-Reply
Authors: Daniel Safer
Journal: JAMA (1989)

In Reply.—  The concern expressed by Dr Knoll that certain aspects of the scientific literature need to be cleansed after fraud has much merit. In fact, the process already has begun. In a 1988 book, Aman and Singh 1 reference nine editorials, letters, or reviews that appeared in the 1986 to 1987 scientific literature that focused on the fraud perpetrated by Dr Breuning and its consequences. However, Dr Knoll's attention to the effects of the fraud on the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder stimulant treatment literature is misplaced. That field has not been tainted to any notable degree, in constrast to the 1979 to 1983 publications of Dr Breuning on neuroleptic treatment of mental retardation. 2,3 This is because Dr Breuning did very little writing on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. 4,5