tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Acute head injury
Authors: E. S. Gurdjian
Journal: JAMA (1963)

This small book on head injury is intended primarily for the student and for the surgeon who is "occasionally responsible for treating patients suffering from head injury." It is a useful volume and contains a great deal of material which has been investigated and compiled by the author himself. His discussion of edema and swelling of the brain is particularly good. The book has seven chapters which discuss scalp and skull injuries, intracranial lesions, meningeal hemorrhage, and cerebral trauma. There are 40 illustrations. One might wish that the volume were somewhat larger and that it contained the tabular experiences of the author in the various categories of craniocerebral trauma; however, there is still a great deal in the book that is worth-while and of value to those who treat head trauma. The reviewer recommends this text for the libraries of neurosurgeons and general surgeons.
INSTRUMENT TO FACILITATE MAKING OF SUTURE HOLES IN CERTAIN BONES
Authors: Philip Lewin
Journal: JAMA (1923)

This simple instrument for making suture holes in certain bones is especially useful in operations on the patella and the bones of the foot and wrist. It is very handy in all tendon and bone work, particularly in arthrodeses of small bones. The instrument is not proposed as a substitute for the hand or electric drill. Often the latter instruments are not sterilized and at hand, and delays are always annoying. The instrument is a modified "June bug" or Backhaus clamp (sometimes called a "towel clip"). Any variety of size, curve and thickness of prongs may be made. It may be used without eyes simply to make the holes, or with eyes, to be used for inserting the sutures after the holes are made. If used without eyes, the suture needles should have the same curve as the hole-making prongs. If the desired shape of prongs cannot be obtained, it
History of Blood Banking in the United States
Authors: Louis K. Diamond
Journal: JAMA (1965)

This history of blood banking is not intended to be a complete review of the formation and growth of blood banks. Such information can be obtained from numerous textbooks and articles to some of which the reader is directed in the list of references. 1,2 Instead, this paper will touch on the ideas that led to the development of blood banks, the steps taken to obtain adequate supplies of blood for our increasing medical needs, and the advances in collection, storage, and the use of blood and blood products which all too often have been frustratingly slow. It is hoped that such a review will help correct past mistakes and speed up future progress in this important field.  Blood banking actually should have started when it became possible to store blood in a refrigerator. This became feasible through the introduction of sodium citrate as an anticoagulant in 1914-1915. In this
Treatment of gastric ulcer with carbenoxolone sodium and oestrogens
Authors: R. Doll, I. D. Hill, C. F. Hutton
Journal: Gut (1965)

EDITORIAL SYNOPSIS This is a second controlled trial of carbenoxolone sodium in the treatment of chronic gastric ulcer and confirms the beneficial experience previously reported.It is the only drug therapy for gastric ulcer which has been demonstrated conclusively to accelerate healing, which can be achieved with patients remaining up and about, often at work, and with minimum change in diet.on July 8,
Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
Authors: Joanna G. Lawrence, Jonathan R. Carapetis, Kalinda Griffiths, Keith Edwards, John R. Condon
Journal: Circulation (2013)

Although acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and its sequel, rheumatic heart disease (RHD), continue to cause a large burden of morbidity and mortality in disadvantaged populations, most studies investigating the effectiveness of control programs date from the 1950s. A control program, including a disease register, in the Northern Territory of Australia where the Indigenous population has high rates of ARF and RHD allowed us to examine current disease incidence and progression.ARF and RHD incidence rates, ARF recurrence rates, progression rates from ARF to RHD to heart failure, and RHD survival and mortality rates were calculated for Northern Territory residents from 1997 to 2010. For Indigenous people, ARF incidence was highest in the 5- to 14-year age group (males, 162 per 100,000; females, 228 per 100,000). There was little evidence that the incidence of ARF or RHD had declined. The ARF recurrence rate declined by 9% per year after diagnosis. After a first ARF diagnosis, 61% developed RHD within 10 years. After RHD diagnosis, 27% developed heart failure within 5 years. For Indigenous RHD patients, the relative survival rate was 88.4% at 10 years after diagnosis and the standardized mortality ratio was 1.56 (95% confidence interval, 1.23-1.96).For Indigenous Australians in the Northern Territory, ARF and RHD incidence and associated mortality remain very high. The reduction in ARF recurrence indicates that the RHD control program has improved secondary prophylaxis; a decline in RHD incidence is expected to follow.
Statins as Immunomodulatory Agents
Authors: François Mach
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Statins have long been thought to exert their benefits by reducing cholesterol synthesis. However, the fact that mevalonate is the precursor of isoprenoids that regulate diverse cellular functions has led investigators to examine pleiotropic effects for these agents. Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules, which affect the immune response and organ rejection after transplantation, may be induced by the proinflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). An experiment was conducted to determine whether statins affect the regulation of MHC-II expression by IFN-gamma in cultured human endothelial cells and monocyte/macrophages. Statins were found to repress the induction of MHC-II by IFN-gamma. This may explain the immunosuppressive effects of statins seen in two clinical trials of organ transplantation and suggest a potential role for statins as immunosuppressive agents.
Salmonella SPI1 Effector SipA Persists after Entry and Cooperates with a SPI2 Effector to Regulate Phagosome Maturation and Intracellular Replication
Authors: Lyndsey C. Brawn, Richard D. Hayward, Vassilis Koronakis
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2007)

Salmonellae employ two type III secretion systems (T3SSs), SPI1 and SPI2, to deliver virulence effectors into mammalian cells. SPI1 effectors, including actin-binding SipA, trigger initial bacterial uptake, whereas SPI2 effectors promote subsequent replication within customized Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs). SCVs sequester actin filaments and subvert microtubule-dependent motors to migrate to the perinuclear region. We demonstrate that SipA delivery continues after Salmonella internalization, with dosage being restricted by host-mediated degradation. SipA is exposed on the cytoplasmic face of the SCV, from where it stimulates bacterial replication in both nonphagocytic cells and macrophages. Although SipA is sufficient to target and redistribute late endosomes, during infection it cooperates with the SPI2 effector SifA to modulate SCV morphology and ensure perinuclear positioning. Our findings define an unexpected additional function for SipA postentry and reveal precise intracellular communication between effectors deployed by distinct T3SSs underlying SCV biogenesis.
Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Authors: Don L. Goldenberg
Journal: JAMA (2014)

The clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and treatment results of 118 patients with fibromyalgia followed up by one investigator were compared with those of other recent reports. The history of this syndrome and recent efforts to establish diagnostic criteria and to understand underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms were studied. A practical, noninvasive office-based evaluation and conservative treatment approach were developed, determined by an understanding of the natural history of this common but controversial disorder.
EFFECT OF THE LEVEL AND TYPE OF DIETARY FAT ON THE METABOLISM OF CHOLESTEROL AND BETA LIPOPROTEINS IN THE CEBUS MONKEY
Authors: Oscar W. Portman, D. Mark Hegsted, Fredrick J. Stare, Dorothy Bruno, Robert Murphy, Leonardo Sinisterra
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1956)

A study was carried out to determine the effect of the level and type of dietary fat on the concentration of cholesterol and beta lipoproteins in the sera of Cebus monkeys. Three groups of monkeys were fed isocaloric diets containing a fixed ratio of alpha protein and cholesterol to calories but with different amounts of corn oil and sucrose. Corn oil provided 10, 32, and 45 per cent of the calories in the three diets, and the level of sucrose was varied inversely. After 8 weeks the serum cholesterol and Sf 12 to 100 beta lipoprotein concentrations were significantly greater in the medium and high fat groups. When corn oil was decreased from 45 to 10 per cent of dietary calories and sucrose was increased, the serum cholesterol fell in all cases, and when the reverse change was made, the concentration of serum cholesterol increased. Variation in dietary sucrose had no specific effect. Substitution of starch for sucrose with diets otherwise constant did not cause significant change in the concentration of serum cholesterol. When monkeys fed corn oil diets at any of three levels were changed to hydrogenated cottonseed oil diets at the same level, the serum cholesterol and Sf 12 to 100 beta lipoproteins rose. However, hydrogenated cottonseed oil had no greater hypercholesteremic effect than did corn oil in the absence of dietary cholesterol. Diets containing lard with cholesterol also produced strikingly greater serum lipide responses than did diets based on corn oil and cholesterol. Hydrogenated cottonseed oil had a greater hypercholesteremic effect than an unhydrogenated cottonseed oil from the same lot. Preliminary studies indicated that the saturated fats (hydrogenated cottonseed oil) produced the most striking elevation of serum cholesterol values (above controls fed corn oil) when casein was the dietary protein.
Abstract 2221: Enhanced SH3:linker interaction allosterically sensitizes Abl kinases to small molecule inhibitors.
Authors: Shoghag B. Panjarian, Roxana Iacob, Chen Shugui, Thomas Wales, John R. Engen, Thomas E. Smithgall
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Bcr-Abl is the oncogenic protein-tyrosine kinase responsible for the pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Clinical management of CML has been revolutionized by imatinib, a selective ATP-competitive inhibitor of Bcr-Abl kinase activity. Imatinib selectivity is due in part to its ability to recognize and stabilize the inactive conformation of the kinase domain. This conformation is stabilized by intramolecular binding of the SH3 domain to the SH2-kinase linker, which in turn packs against the back of the kinase domain. Imatinib resistance can be caused by point mutations that either affect drug binding directly (e.g., through mutation of the gatekeeper position, Thr315) or that allosterically disturb the downregulated kinase domain conformation (e.g., through mutation or phosphorylation of the SH3 domain). These observations suggest that strengthening the regulatory SH3:linker interaction present in Bcr-Abl may stabilize a downregulated kinase domain conformation, thus sensitizing the kinase domain to inhibitor action. To explore this possibility, we created a series of modified c-Abl and Bcr-Abl proteins with enhanced SH3-linker interactions. By systematically increasing the proline content of the linker, we identified high-affinity linkers that stabilized intramolecular SH3 binding without disturbing the overall regulation of the kinase core. Enhanced SH3:linker interaction completely reversed c-Abl core activation by a C-lobe myristate binding pocket mutation, and substantially reduced activation by mutations in the ATP binding site (T315I) as well as the SH2:C-lobe interface (Y158D). Remarkably, enhanced SH3:linker interaction dramatically sensitized Bcr-Abl not only to imatinib but also to the myristic acid binding pocket inhibitor, GNF-2. These effects were observed in the context of both wild-type and imatinib-resistant forms of Bcr-Abl. Hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry of recombinant Abl core proteins with high-affinity linkers revealed dynamic coupling between the SH3:linker interface, the GNF-2 binding site in the C-lobe myristate binding pocket, and the active site. Taken together, these studies provide strong evidence that regulatory SH3:linker interaction is retained in the context of Bcr-Abl, and supports the idea that small molecules enhancing natural regulatory interaction at the SH3:linker interface may have utility as chemical sensitizers of Bcr-Abl drug action in the kinase domain. Citation Format: Shoghag B. Panjarian, Roxana Iacob, Chen Shugui, Thomas Wales, John R. Engen, Thomas E. Smithgall. Enhanced SH3:linker interaction allosterically sensitizes Abl kinases to small molecule inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2221. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2221
Empirical and theoretical active memory: The proper context
Authors: Daniel J. Amit
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract The context of the target article is delimited again, underlining the intended locationof the argument in the bottomup hierarchy of brain study. The central message is that collective delay activity distributions (reverberations) in cortical modules extend the role of a spike (a potentialinformation carrier across long distances) to an active memory of structured, learned information that can be carried across long time intervals. Moreover, the population code of the reverberations makes them readable down the cortical processing stream. Most of the critical comments are then interpreted and addressed in relation to misreading of the proper context. The price for the limitation of the context (in cognitive, behavioral, and computational terms) is compared with the advantages of a clear, direct contact with experiment on the one hand and with a well controlled body of modeling and analysis on the other.
Endoscopic suture fixation of gastrointestinal stents: proof of biomechanical principles and early clinical experience
Authors: E. Rieder, C. Dunst, D. Martinec, M. Cassera, L. Swanstrom
Journal: Endoscopy (2012)

<b>Background and study aims</b>: Gastrointestinal stents have become an important therapeutic option for several indications. However, migration in up to 40 % of cases represents a significant drawback, especially when covered prostheses are used. We hypothesized that a novel endoscopic suturing device could enable endoluminal stent fixation, which might increase attachment and thereby potentially reduce migration. <b>Patients and methods</b>: In an initial ex vivo porcine model, stents were attached to the esophageal wall with either endoscopic hemoclips or by endoscopic suture stent fixation (ESSF). The distal tension force required to induce dislocation was measured in Newtons (N) by a digital force gauge and was compared with conventional stent placement. ESSF was then performed clinically in five patients, in whom self-expanding metal stents were sutured in place for endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal fistulas or strictures. <b>Results</b>: Esophageal ESSF was achieved in all experiments and significantly increased the force needed to displace the stent (n = 12; mean force 20.4 N; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 15.4 – 25.4; <i>P</i> < 0.01) compared with clip fixation (n = 8; mean 6.1 N; 95 %CI 4.7 – 7.6) or stent placement without fixation (n = 16; mean 4.8 N; 95 %CI 4.0 – 5.6). All clinical cases of ESSF were performed successfully (5 /5) and took a median of 15 minutes. Elective stent removal was achieved without complications. One stent migration (1 /5) due to sutures being placed too superficially was observed. More loosely tied sutures remained intact, with the stent attached in place. <b>Conclusion</b>: Endoscopic suture fixation of gastrointestinal stents provided significantly enhanced migration resistance in an ex vivo setting. In addition, early clinical experience found ESSF to be technically feasible and easy to accomplish.
Mechanism of Inhibition of Porcine Elastase by Human Alpha-1-Antitrypsin
Authors: Harold L. James, Allen B. Cohen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

The interaction of the human plasma protein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, with porcine pancreatic elastase was studied by isolating and characterizing their reaction products. Native alpha-1-antitrypsin has a mass ratio (Mr) of 54,000, an amino-terminal glx, and a carboxy-terminal lys residue. The elastase used has an Mr of 26,400 and an amino-terminal val residue. When the two proteins are combined at inhibitor excess, two major products result. One of the products is a complex of the enzyme and inhibitor with amino-terminal ser and val residues, which indicates that a peptide has been removed from the amino-terminal end of the inhibitor. The second product is a modified form of alpha-1-antitrypsin with an Mr of 51,300, an aminoterminal glx residue and a carboxy-terminal thr-leu dipeptide. It has no inhibitory activity against elastase. The components of the isolated complex can be split at high pH in the presence of diisopropyl fluorophosphate, which results in a catalytically inactive enzyme with the same Mr and amino-terminal residue as the native enzyme, and a large fragment of alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha-1-antitrypsin(*)). This fragment has an Mr of 50,100, an amino-terminal ser residue and a carboxy-terminal thr-leu dipeptide. Based on these data, the following hypothesis is proposed. Elastase can attack alpha-1-antitrypsin at either of two major sites. If it attacks first at the carboxy side of the thr-leu dipeptide, located in the carboxy-terminal portion of the inhibitor, the alpha-1-antitrypsin is cleaved into two fragments with loss of inhibitory activity and absence of complex formation. If, however, the elastase first attacks an x-ser bond near the amino-terminal end of the inhibitor, the elastase then reacts with alpha-1-antitrypsin at the same leu moiety to form a stable complex with complete inhibition of the enzyme.
Expulsion of 13 relief agencies from Darfur could devastate health care
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Using the Warburg method experiments were conducted on the effect of veratrum alkaloids upon the metabolism of atrial tissue and of homogenates from ventricle muscle of the rat heart. There is a marked difference between the metabolic action of veratridine, the veratric acid ester of cevine, belonging to the tertiary amines, and the metabolic action of the secondary amines, veratramine, veratrosine and pseudojervine. Veratridine causes an increase in oxygen uptake which is followed by an inhibition of respiration. This effect, which is brought about in the atrial tissue by concentrations 1 to 8 x 10<sup>-4</sup><i>M,</i> is dependent upon the structural integrity of the cell. In homogenates veratridine has little or no activity. This is in agreement with previous observations in ventricular muscle of the guinea pig (3). Veratramine in a concentration of 1 x 10<sup>-4</sup><i>M</i> with glucose, lactate, or pyruvate as substrate inhibits respiration to 50 per cent without initial augmentation of oxygen uptake. This effect occurs in the "intact" atrial tissue to the same extent as in the homogenate of ventricle muscle. Anaerobic glycolysis is not inhibited. The inhibition occurs in the oxidative phase of glucose metabolism. Oxidation of lactic acid, pyruvic acid and fumaric acid is likewise inhibited. The cytochrome oxidase system and succinic dehydrogenase are not influenced. Veratrosine, the glycoside of veratramine, and pseudojervine, the glycoside of the secondary amine base, jervine, act qualitatively like veratramine but are less potent.
What's in the adaptive toolbox: Global heuristics or more elementary components?
Authors: Oswald Huber
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

From the standpoint of decision research, investigating global heuristics like LEX is not fruitful, because we know already that people use partial heuristics instead. It is necessary (1) to identify partial heuristics in different tasks, and (2) to investigate rules governing their application and especially their combination. Furthermore, research is necessary into the adequate level of resolution of the elements in the toolbox.
Negative Amyloid PET Imaging in a Patient With Probable Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Sabine Hellwig, Michael Hüll, Philipp T. Meyer
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2011)

Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) has emerged as an in vivo technique for visualizing the accumulation of fibrillar amyloid-beta (Aβ). Carbon-11 Pittsburgh compound-B (C-11 PIB) has gained widespread acceptance as a standard amyloid PET probe. We report a case of a 53-year-old woman with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) confirmed by neuropsychological assessment and cerebrospinal fluid analyses. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET depicted an AD-typical pattern of cortical hypometabolism. Unexpectedly, C-11 PIB PET detected no cortical Aβ depositions. The present case challenges the notion that a negative C-11 PIB scan excludes AD and argues for a comprehensive diagnostic workup.
On the Excision of some Carbuncles
Authors: R. Parker
Journal: BMJ (1898)

Subtrochanteric osteotomy of the shaft has also been pro- posed, and it is claimed for it 4 that it is an operation capable of also dealing with that curvature of the upper portion of the shaft which may be mistaken for coxa vara or associated witlh it.I have not as yet found a case of enough gravity to demand any form of osteotomy, nor do I think, from what I have seen that such instances are like to prove common.If osteotomy be called for and performed, the thigh must be forced into good position, and so retained until union lhas taken place.
Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the adult mouse liver is associated with specific hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells
Authors: J E Cardier, E Barberá-Guillem
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

In previous work, two anatomically distinct-liver sinusoid endothelial cells (LEC): LEC-1 and LEC-2, have been described. We also reported that extramedullary hepatic hematopoiesis occurs only in close contact with LEC-1, suggesting that these cells may provide the microenvironment necessary for the maintenance and growth of hematopoietic cells. In the present work, we studied the capacity of LEC-1 and LEC-2 to maintain in vitro hematopoiesis. LEC-1 and LEC-2 were isolated and cloned from livers of adult mice. Bone marrow cells (BM) enriched with primitive hematopoietic progenitors were isolated from day-2, post-5-FU-treated mice (5-FUBMC). LEC-1 supported the maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors for more than 6 weeks in vitro . In contrast, LEC-2 cells poorly supported the proliferation of hematopoietic cells for only two weeks of the co- culture. LEC-1 and 5-FUBMC cocultures showed cobblestone-area formation and the presence of hematopoietic progenitors that are able to form colonies (CFC) in the adhering fraction after six weeks of coculture. LEC-1 co-cultures treated with a cocktail of cytokines (stem cell factor, interleukin [IL]1α, IL-3, and Epo) showed that megakaryocyte (CFU-Mk) and erythrocyte progenitors (BFU-e) were present during the entire period of the culture. Granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (CFU-GM) were present only during the first three weeks of the culture. These results suggest that LEC-1, but not LEC-2, provide an appropriate hematopoietic microenvironment for supporting the proliferation and differentiation of primitive hematopoietic cells. This could explain the anatomical restriction of hematopoietic cells for growing in LEC-1 domains during liver extramedullary hematopoiesis.