tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
An Address on Some Points Bearing on Lunacy Practice
Authors: D. Bower
Journal: BMJ (1890)

In a very few cases the drill enters, not the antrum itself, butsome o! the cells opening directly into it, which will be just as effective as opening the antrum direct.In almost every case the drill used may be one-third of an inch in diameter; but, if a larger instru- ment be used, there will be danger, in a considerable number fo caseg, of opening into either the lateral sinus or cranial cavity. 4. It was found that in about 15 per cent. of cases, if a three-fourth inch trephine were applied at the point indicated by Mr. Barker for trephining in temporo-sphenoidal abscess, the lateral sinus would either be exposed in the opening or would run along its margin.It is suggested that a point half an inch higher should be selected.The site selected for trephining in cerebellar disease is safe as regards the lateral sinus; but occa- sionally the trunk of the occipital artery would be injured where it lies in the groove on the temporal, besides the bone at this point is thickly covered.A point two inches behind the centre of the meatus and one inch below the base line would give a site more superficial, and safe from sinus and artery.Mr. Wheeler's opera- tion, if certain precautions be taken, will in the majority of cases afford a means of draining the mastoid cells and exploring the brain; but sometimes the antrum cannot be reached through the opening, owing to the low level of the upper surface of the petrosa.Amongst the minor details, a case of solid mastoid with entire absence of antrum is recorded; the varying distance of the lateral sinus from the back of the meatus and from the surface of the skull behind the ear is given.It is pointed out that occasionally the sinus is only one-twelfth of an inch from the surface, and the danger of incautious perforating at this part is dwelt upon.A
Bayesian phylogenetic inference using DNA sequences: a Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method
Authors: Z. Yang, B. Rannala
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1997)

An improved Bayesian method is presented for estimating phylogenetic trees using DNA sequence data. The birth-death process with species sampling is used to specify the prior distribution of phylogenies and ancestral speciation times, and the posterior probabilities of phylogenies are used to estimate the maximum posterior probability (MAP) tree. Monte Carlo integration is used to integrate over the ancestral speciation times for particular trees. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo method is used to generate the set of trees with the highest posterior probabilities. Methods are described for an empirical Bayesian analysis, in which estimates of the speciation and extinction rates are used in calculating the posterior probabilities, and a hierarchical Bayesian analysis, in which these parameters are removed from the model by an additional integration. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo method avoids the requirement of our earlier method for calculating MAP trees to sum over all possible topologies (which limited the number of taxa in an analysis to about five). The methods are applied to analyze DNA sequences for nine species of primates, and the MAP tree, which is identical to a maximum-likelihood estimate of topology, has a probability of approximately 95%.
Current Status of Red-Cell Preservation and Availability in Relation to the Developing National Blood Policy
Authors: Hugh Chaplin, Ernest Beutler, John A. Collins, Eloise R. Giblett, Herbert F. Polesky
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

Abstract The new National Blood Policy focuses attention on unsettled questions concerning current quality and availability of preserved red cells. Expanded understanding of mechanisms of red-cell ...
FACTORS CONCERNED IN THE POLYCYTHEMIA PRODUCED BY THE SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION OF EPINEPHRINE
Authors: Charles W. Edmunds, Erwin E. Nelson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1925)

The subcutaneous injection of epinephrine in doses of 1 mg. per kilo brings about a polycythemia, an increase in reticulocytes, and an increase in young forms of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The polycythemia is no doubt in part a concentration phenomenon, but the presence of these young cells in increasing numbers is believed to be evidence that there is at the same time a discharge of cells from the blood-forming organs, due to the effect of the drug upon them. A similar effect is obtained by continued stimulation of the peripheral ends of the cut sciatic nerves in the curarized animal.
Impact of medical school teaching on preregistration house officers' confidence in assessing and managing common psychological morbidity: three centre study
Authors: C. Williams, J. Milton, P. Strickland, N. Ardagh-Walter, J. Knapp, S. Wilson, P. Trigwell, E. Feldman, A C P Sims
Journal: BMJ (1997)

The psychiatric problems of inpatients in hospital are associated with distress and increased complexity of care. 1 The admission assessment by preregistration house officers provides an important opportunity to detect and treat these disorders.
The Search for Glaucoma Genes — Implications for Pathogenesis and Disease Detection
Authors: Harry A. Quigley
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world after cataract, affecting approximately 70 million people, about half of whom are estimated to have open-angle glaucoma.1 Nearly as many people have angle-closure glaucoma, a disorder that is particularly prevalent among Asians. In open-angle glaucoma, there is no apparent obstruction to the movement of aqueous humor, whereas in angle-closure glaucoma contact between the iris and lens forms a physical barrier to the passage of aqueous humor from the posterior to the anterior chambers of the eye. Among persons of European and African ancestry in the United States, open-angle glaucoma . . .
Injection Sclerotherapy of Esophageal Varices
Authors: A.D. Jorge
Journal: Endoscopy (1982)

Forty-one patients with hepatic cirrhosis of alcoholic etiology and esophageal varices were subjected to endoscopic sclerotherapy. Four patients were treated during the intervals between hemorrhages; thirty after their first hemorrhage and 7 prophylactically. Propranolol was administered to 5 patients, in doses of 60-80 mg daily. The survival rate for a period of 5 to 16 months was 83%. No complications attributable to the procedure were observed.
Ongoing measles outbreak in Romania, 2011
Authors: A Stanescu, D Janta, E Lupulescu, G Necula, M Lazar, G Molnar, A Pistol
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2011)

Since January 2011 Romania has been experiencing a measles outbreak with 2,072 cases notified in 29 of the 42 Romanian districts. Most cases occurred in the north-western part of the country among unvaccinated children with the highest number of cases (893 cases) registered in children aged one to four years. This report underlines once more the need for additional measures targeting susceptible populations to achieve high vaccination coverage with two doses of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine.
Hyperkalemic Conduction Disturbances
Authors: Kenneth M. Rosen
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Elsewhere in this issue (p 86), Gould reports reversible His-ventricle interval (H-V) prolongation resulting from hyperkalemia. This observation is consistent with recent experimental and clinical studies. Ettinger and co-workers 1 administered toxic amounts of potassium ion to 30 dogs, and with intracardiac recording techniques were able to demonstrate severe depression of conduction in the atrioventricular node (proximal to the His bundle), His-Purkinje system (distal to the His bundle), and ventricular myocardium. We 2,3 recently reported electrocardiographic and some intracardiac electrophysiological observations in eight hyperkalemic patients. These patients were shown to have disordered impulse conduction in the atria, atrioventricular junction, trifascicular conduction system (His-Purkinje system), and in the ventricular myocardium. The sites of most severe conduction depression varied from patient to patient.  Questions can be raised as to the clinical importance of these recent observations, since it is known from earlier studies that hyperkalemia can produce cardiac conduction disturbance, depresses myocardial
Selecting the next generation
Authors: T. Greenhalgh
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The Biomedical Admissions Test (BMAT) results are out; medical school applications are in and mostly processed; the interview season is well under way. I am bug eyed from reading personal statements, all of which seem to begin with “From an early age I have been fascinated by the workings of the human body.”

I have shaken hands with more outstandingly gifted youngsters than I have ever met outside the medical school application process. I have read how characters were honed in tropical jungles or by scaling Himalayan …
ACPA production by circulating B cells isolated from peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: H U Scherer, P F Kerkman, E I H van der Voort, L A Trouw, T W J Huizinga, R E M Toes
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2012)

<h3>Backgroundand objectives</h3> Anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) show high specificity for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and predict disease onset and severity. Several lines of research indicate that ACPA are pathogenetically involved in disease development and might contribute to joint destruction. So far, however, the nature (origin, characteristics, localisation) of ACPA producing B cells is unknown. The authors developed an in vitro culture system for B cells isolated from peripheral blood of patients with RA in order to study the characteristics of ACPA-producing B cells. <h3>Materials and Methods</h3> Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from patients with ACPA-positive RA, ACPA-negative RA and from healthy donors. CD19 expressing B cells isolated by magnetic bead-based positive selection were cultured in the presence of anti-IgM, IL-21 and BAFFon a layer of irradiated, CD40L transfected fibroblasts. After 6 days of culture, supernatants were assessed for the presence of ACPA-immunoglobulin G (IgG) and total IgG by ELISA. In a subgroup of patients, B cells were also cultured without BCR ligation. <h3>Results</h3> After culture, ACPA were readily detected in up to 100% of culture wells. The degree of ACPA-production correlated with inflammatory disease activity and ACPA-titre. The ACPA reactivity detected was specific for citrullinated antigens, as no reactivity was detected against arginine containing control peptides. In addition, no ACPA production was found in B cell cultures of ACPA-negative patients and healthy controls. Of interest, IgM-BCR stimulation with anti-IgM enhanced ACPA production, but was generally dispensable, as ACPA could also be detected without BCR-triggering. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our results indicate the presence of circulating peripheral blood B cells capable of producing ACPA in patients with ACPA-positive RA. Independence of ACPA production from IgM-BCR-triggering excludes naïve B cells as a source of ACPA and suggests that the ACPA produced originate from circulating plasmablasts.
Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria
Authors: R. E. Blount
Journal: JAMA (1967)

During 1967 more than 300,000 American troops are expected to return to the United States from South Vietnam. Those who have engaged in combat in the central highland jungle have probably been exposed to virulent strains of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. These troops have been taking a tablet containing 300 mg chloroquine (base) and 45 mg primaquine (base) once weekly as chemoprophylaxis. Some are receiving a daily dosage of 25 mg of dapsone (diaminodiphenylsulfone) as a third chemosuppressive agent. On being rotated from Vietnam, each individual is issued a supply of the chloroquine-primaquine tablets with instructions to take one each week for eight weeks. He is warned not to use these combined tablets for the therapy of any clinical illness because of the potential hemolytic action of large doses of primaquine. Those troops participating in the field trial of dapsone are given a supply of the tablets and instructed to take
GW25-e4345 Correlation polymorphism of GDF-15 gene with the Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) with early formation of collateral circulation
Authors: Chen Xiaoping, Shang Xiao-Sen, Feng Hui-Fang, Fu Zhi-Hua, Gao Yu, Zhou Yong-An, Li Peng-Li
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Influence of the HIPAA Privacy Rule on Health Research
Authors: Roberta B. Ness
Journal: JAMA (2007)

ContextAnecdotal reports suggest that the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Rule (HIPAA Privacy Rule) may be affecting health research in the United States.ObjectiveTo survey epidemiologists about their experiences with the HIPAA Privacy Rule.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThirteen societies of epidemiology distributed a national Web-based survey; 2805 respondents accessed the survey Web site and 1527 eligible professionals anonymously answered questions.Main Outcome MeasuresResponses related influences such as research delays and added cost after Privacy Rule implementation, frequency and type of Privacy Rule–related institutional review board modifications, level of difficulty obtaining deidentified data and waivers, experiences with multisite studies, and perceived participant privacy benefits under the rule. Respondents ranked their perceptions of Privacy Rule influence on 5-point Likert scales.ResultsA total of 875 (67.8%) respondents reported that the HIPAA Privacy Rule has made research more difficult at a level of 4 to 5 on a Likert scale, in which 5 indicates a great deal of added cost and time to study completion. A total of 684 (52.1%) of respondents identified a “most affected” protocol. Respondents indicated that the proportion of institutional review board applications in which the Privacy Rule had a negative influence on human subjects (participants) protection was significantly greater than the proportion in which it had a positive influence (P &lt; .001).ConclusionIn this national survey of clinical scientists, only a quarter perceived that the rule has enhanced participants' confidentiality and privacy, whereas the HIPAA Privacy Rule was perceived to have a substantial, negative influence on the conduct of human subjects health research, often adding uncertainty, cost, and delay.
Prevalence of nutritional supplements in gyms
Authors: Arvind Malik, Sonia Malik
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

The abuse of all types of supplements to improve sport performance and physical fitness has spread to regularly gym users. The most appealing supplements are those that claim to help build muscle, improve endurance and reduce body fat. The aim of this study to evaluate the intake of nutritional and dietary supplements among males from four gyms in Kurukshetra, Haryana (India). Two hundred and seventy-three users of above 16 years completed a self-administered questionnaire that had been pilot-tested to ensure clarity and to eliminate open-ended questions. Out of total sample 63.8% had used 14 different supplements in past 6 months with each individual consuming a mean of 2.6 (range 1–6) supplements. The most commonly used supplements were glucose (36.9%), multivitamins (32.8%), calcium tablets (20.2%), protein powder (20.4%) and ayurvedic medicines (15.7%). Coaches/instructors, friends and gym fallow were the major source of information for these supplements and 91.2% were unaware that supplementation can have adverse effects. The majority (97.4%) did not report any adverse effects whereas male (16–25 years) were buying anabolic steroids and cheaper alternatives of viagra (sildenafil citrate) without any medical prescriptions quite frequently from medicines stores. The prevalence of supplement use in gyms is very high and the knowledge about these products among the users is not adequate. Hence, there is an urgent need to educate the users about these products and all latest scientific information should be provided to the users and their trainer.
Design of a Single AAV Vector for Coexpression of TH and GCH1 to Establish Continuous DOPA Synthesis in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Erik Cederfjäll, Gurdal Sahin, Deniz Kirik, Tomas Björklund
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2012)

Preclinical efficacy of continuous delivery of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors has recently been documented in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). So far, all studies have utilized a mix of two monocistronic vectors expressing either of the two genes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and GTP cyclohydrolase-1 (GCH1), needed for DOPA production. Here, we present a novel vector design that enables efficient DOPA production from a single AAV vector in rats with complete unilateral dopamine (DA) lesions. Functional efficacy was assessed with drug-induced and spontaneous motor behavioral tests where vector-treated animals showed near complete and stable recovery within 1 month. Recovery of motor function was associated with restoration of extracellular DA levels as assessed by online microdialysis. Histological analysis showed robust transgene expression not only in the striatum but also in overlying cortical areas. In globus pallidus, we noted loss of NeuN staining, which might be due to different sensitivity in neuronal populations to transgene expression. Taken together, we present a single AAV vector design that result in efficient DOPA production and wide-spread transduction. This is a favorable starting point for continued translation toward a therapeutic application, although future studies need to carefully review target region, vector spread and dilution with this approach. Preclinical efficacy of continuous delivery of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors has recently been documented in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). So far, all studies have utilized a mix of two monocistronic vectors expressing either of the two genes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and GTP cyclohydrolase-1 (GCH1), needed for DOPA production. Here, we present a novel vector design that enables efficient DOPA production from a single AAV vector in rats with complete unilateral dopamine (DA) lesions. Functional efficacy was assessed with drug-induced and spontaneous motor behavioral tests where vector-treated animals showed near complete and stable recovery within 1 month. Recovery of motor function was associated with restoration of extracellular DA levels as assessed by online microdialysis. Histological analysis showed robust transgene expression not only in the striatum but also in overlying cortical areas. In globus pallidus, we noted loss of NeuN staining, which might be due to different sensitivity in neuronal populations to transgene expression. Taken together, we present a single AAV vector design that result in efficient DOPA production and wide-spread transduction. This is a favorable starting point for continued translation toward a therapeutic application, although future studies need to carefully review target region, vector spread and dilution with this approach.
Can Lowering Homocysteine Levels Reduce Cardiovascular Risk?
Authors: Meir J. Stampfer, M. Rene Malinow
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

High serum cholesterol levels are an important risk factor for coronary disease, but most patients with myocardial infarction have normal cholesterol levels. Despite considerable advances in our understanding of the causes of cardiovascular disease, the established risk factors cannot fully explain its occurrence. The article by Selhub and colleagues1 in this issue of the Journal contributes importantly to the rapidly accumulating evidence that elevated blood levels of homocysteine increase the risk of vascular disease.The original hypothesis, proposed by McCully,2 was based on postmortem findings of arteriosclerotic disease in patients with extraordinarily high blood homocysteine levels due to rare metabolic . . .
Real-Time Analysis of Cardiac Catheterization Data Using a Computer System
Authors: DONALD C. HARRISON, J. DOUGLAS RIDGES, WILLIAM J. SANDERS, EDWIN L. ALDERMAN, JOHN A. FANTON
Journal: Circulation (1971)

A computer system for real-time analysis of hemodynamic data from the cardiac catheterization laboratory has been developed. The system utilizes a small digital computer and is compatible with the analog recording equipment generally used in a catheterization laboratory. Calculated results are transmitted to the laboratory by closed circuit TV and are available to the operator instantaneously during the course of the procedure. A permanent hard-copy report is prepared on a teletypewriter at the termination of the catheterization procedure. Comparisons of pressures and value gradients calculated by the computer and physician demonstrate excellent agreement. By utilizing a small computer and programs generally applicable in any cardiac catheterization laboratory, this system can be exported without costly modifications into many laboratories. Additional personnel are not required for implementation.
ATGL-mediated fat catabolism regulates cardiac mitochondrial function via PPAR-α and PGC-1
Authors: Guenter Haemmerle, Tarek Moustafa, Gerald Woelkart, Sabrina Büttner, Albrecht Schmidt, Tineke van de Weijer, Matthijs Hesselink, Doris Jaeger, Petra C Kienesberger, Kathrin Zierler, Renate Schreiber, Thomas Eichmann, Dagmar Kolb, Petra Kotzbeck, Martina Schweiger, Manju Kumari, Sandra Eder, Gabriele Schoiswohl, Nuttaporn Wongsiriroj, Nina M Pollak, Franz P W Radner, Karina Preiss-Landl, Thomas Kolbe, Thomas Rülicke, Burkert Pieske, Michael Trauner, Achim Lass, Robert Zimmermann, Gerald Hoefler, Saverio Cinti, Erin E Kershaw, Patrick Schrauwen, Frank Madeo, Bernd Mayer, Rudolf Zechner
Journal: Nature Medicine (2011)
A thermo-responsive protein treatment for dry eyes
Authors: Wan Wang, Aarti Jashnani, Suhaas R. Aluri, Joshua A. Gustafson, Pang-Yu Hsueh, Frances Yarber, Robert L. McKown, Gordon W. Laurie, Sarah F. Hamm-Alvarez, J. Andrew MacKay
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2014)
Are follow-up consultations at medical outpatient departments futile?
Authors: G N Marsh
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Of 260 follow-up medical outpatient consultations analysed by 12 general practitioners in the Northern Region, a large proportion appeared to be a complete waste of time. One follow-up consultation should be the normal for the great majority of cases and if more are necessary specific reasons should be given. Great economies could be made in the National Health Service by reducing medical outpatient follow-ups.
The normal human magnetocardiogram. II. A multipole analysis.
Authors: P J Karp, T E Katila, M Saarinen, P Siltanen, T T Varpula
Journal: Circulation Research (1980)

This paper presents a multipole analysis of the QRS complex of the normal magnetocardiogram (MCG) of six normal subjects. The multipole strengths up to the octupole term were determined from the measured distribution of the z-component of the cardiac magnetic field (the component perpendicular to the frontal plane). This equivalent magnetic multipole generator was found to represent the cardiac magnetic field with a minimum error of less than 10%. The dipolar term of the expansion was found to represent the field distribution with reasonable accuracy early during ventricular activation, whereas late during activation, the higher multipole terms were clearly more significant.
Bone Marrow–Derived Cell Therapy After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Lemuel A. Moyé, Robert D. Simari, Sonia I. Skarlatos
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Summarizing, the available evidence does not support the contention that bioactivity of cells administered in the TIME study was impaired by processing techniques or exposure to heparin.We believe that the TIME results are consistent with a limited effect of bone marrow cells on recovery of LV function, and support previous findings (9) demonstrating that MNCs have reduced cytokine and growth factor production compared to other bone marrow-derived stem and progenitor cells.