tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Oestrogen replacement therapy after oophorectomy.
Authors: B. W. Eliot, J. B. Sharma, L. J. Mascarenhas
Journal: BMJ (1992)

of people damaged as a result of taking medically prescribed drugs, there has not been one docu- mented case of death due to nutrients and only a relatively small handful of cases reporting serious side effects.The cost to human health of excess salt consumption must be far greater.The most reactionary aspect of the proposed legislation is that American and British journals are publishing a large and growing number of refereed articles reporting the value for human health of vitamin and mineral intake, not only in food form but also in nutrient form.Will the NHS of the future be happy to have nutrients given only through prescribed and costly "drugs"?
THE RAPID PRODUCTION OF ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN RHESUS MONKEYS BY INJECTION OF HETEROLOGOUS AND HOMOLOGOUS BRAIN TISSUE WITH ADJUVANTS
Authors: Elvin A. Kabat, Abner Wolf, Ada E. Bezer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1947)

1. A picture resembling acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in the human being has been regularly and rapidly produced in rhesus monkeys by injection of emulsions of adult rabbit and monkey brain administered with adjuvants. 2. No lesions of the central nervous system resulted from injection of similar emulsions of fetal rabbit brain or adult rabbit lung. 3. A description of the gross and histological findings in the central nervous system is given and compared with features of human demyelinating disease. 4. The experimental findings are in accord with the hypothesis that antibody to the injected brain emulsion reacts with the tissues of the nervous system of the animal to produce the pathological changes.
Novel Mechanisms of Peanut-Induced Anaphylaxis
Authors: M KHODOUN, F FINKELMAN
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2008)

Peanuts are the most common food allergen in adults and food-related cause of lethal anaphylaxis in the US. We have evaluated properties and mechanisms that might contribute to peanut food allergen potency. Unimmunized mice were made sensitive to development of shock by pretreatment with a β-adrenergic blocker and a long acting formulation of IL-4. These mice were then injected i.v. with a water soluble peanut extract (sPE) to determine its ability to induce shock (identified and quantitated as hypothermia). I.v. injection of sPE into these sensitized, unimmunized mice induced shock. Shock induction did not require B cells, T cells, or the Toll-like receptor-associated signaling protein MyD88, but depended on: 1) complement, and, to a lesser extent, stimulatory Fc receptors; 2) PAF, and, to a lesser extent, histamine; and 3) macrophages, and, to a lesser extent, mast cells. Shock induction by peanut extract was accompanied by production of a large amount of TNF and smaller amounts of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13, but no production of IFN-γ. Activation of complement by sPE acted synergistically with IgE-dependent mast cell activation to cause death. Purified Ara h1 and peanut agglutinin lacked the ability to induce shock. Our observations suggest that innate immune system activation by peanut proteins may contribute to peanut-induced anaphylaxis through two mechanisms: 1) stimulation of production of cytokines that promote Th2 and IgE responses to major peanut allergens; and 2) production of complement activation products that act synergistically with IgE-dependent, peanut-induced mast cell activation to cause shock.
Non-instrumental belief is largely founded on singularity
Authors: George Ainslie
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

Abstract The radical evolutionary step that divides human decision-making from that of nonhumans is the ability to excite the reward process for its own sake, in imagination. Combined with hyperbolic over-valuation of the present, this ability is a potential threat to both the individual's long term survival and the natural selection of high intelligence. Human belief is intrinsically “unfounded” or under-founded, which may or may not be adaptive.
General practitioners and incentives.
Authors: S Iliffe, J Munro
Journal: BMJ (1993)

occurred over a long period and are a disparate group of different diagnoses.The Sellafield plant has probably been at least partly responsible, either directly, such as through preconceptional exposures, or indirectly if population mixing is a cause.The judge decided on the balance of probabilities that paternal preconceptional irradiation did not cause the two cases brought to the court.In the scientific community, preconceptional exposures are still being investigated and the jury is still out.The Gardner and infectious agent hypotheses need further work, but other factors may also be operating.Martin Gardner provoked researchers into a new field of investigation.Such challenges to the scientific community are few and far between, and more are needed if the causes of leukaemia and lymphoma are to be identified.
Postangiographic False Aneurysms of The Femoral Artery
Authors: Garland D. Perdue
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The recommendation by Jeffery that patients with false aneurysms following transfemoral catheterization for arteriography be followed up conservatively for six weeks (223:327, 1973) is open to question. Some false aneurysms may become obliterated as thrombosis occurs in the cavity, and we too have seen this occur. The potential hazards of delay in repair, however, are illustrated by the following two cases. <h3>Case 1.—</h3> A 69-year-old man had transfemoral catheterization for cerebral angiography. While the procedure was uneventful, prolonged pressure was required to control bleeding, and a small hematoma was present at the completion of the procedure. The following day, a 3-cm pulsating mass was present. Observation was elected and the mass remained stable until the seventh day following the procedure when the patient experienced severe pain with rapid, massive swelling of the thigh. Moderate hypovolemic shock occurred, and at operation a massive hematoma was removed. A 2-mm
Mast Cells with a Unique Phenotype Are Highly Elevated in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps
Authors: T. Takabayashi, A. Kato, A.T. Peter, L.A. Suh, R. Carter, J. Norton, L.C. Grammer, B.K. Tan, R.K. Chandra, D.B. Conley, R.C. Kern, S. Fujieda, R.P. Schleimer
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Morphological and biochemical characteristics of trichothiodystrophy-variant hair are maintained after grafting of scalp specimens on to nude mice
Authors: D.J.J. NESTE, J.M. GILLESPIE, R.C. MARSHALL, A. TAIEB, B. BROUWER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1993)

Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) is a hair defect associated with abnormal composition of the high-sulphur proteins (HSP). HSP can be modified quantitatively (reduced amount of qualitatively normal HSP: TTD-variant) and qualitatively (TTD). In this study we show that the amino acid composition of hairs collected from the scalp of a patient with TTD-variant (donor) was preserved in hairs produced by donor scalp follicles maintained up to 6 months as grafts on to nude mice. It is the first time that an exceptionally rare, clinically and biochemically well-characterized hair dysplasia has been maintained under laboratory conditions for a long period of time. The linear growth rate of TTD-variant hairs was similar to that of control hairs grown under comparable conditions. The persistence of disease-specific abnormalities in the hair shaft indicates that the TTD-variant mutation is expressed without significant quantitative modifications, and appears independent of systemic host-related factors. This model may serve as a clinically relevant working platform for evaluating regulation of abnormal gene expression in the hair follicle under well-controlled experimental conditions.
SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES OF THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: Harry G. Bluestein, Ira Green, Baruj Benacerraf
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1971)

The ability of guinea pigs to make immune responses to GA, a linear random copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-alanine, GT, a random linear copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine, and PLL, a linear homopolymer of L-lysine, is controlled by different autosomal dominant genes specific for each of those polymers. We have investigated the relationship between the PLL gene and the GA and GT immune response genes by simultaneously immunizing random-bred Hartley strain guinea pigs with GA and PLL, GT and PLL, or GA and GT. In most Hartley guinea pigs the ability to respond immunologically to GA and to PLL is inherited together; that is, most animals responding to GA respond to PLL and vice versa. However, a few animals respond to either GA or to PLL but not both, demonstrating that the GA and PLL immune response genes are not identical but linked in most Hartley animals. Conversely, when simultaneously immunized with GT and PLL, most Hartley guinea pigs respond to either PLL or GT but not both, indicating that GT and PLL responsiveness tends to segregate away from each other. Thus, the GT and PLL immune response genes also are not inherited independently but, rather, behave as alleles or pseudoalleles. Similar results are observed when Hartley guinea pigs are simultaneously immunized with GA and GT. The ability to respond to GA segregates away from the ability to respond to GT. Our studies demonstrated that the specific immune response genes thus far identified in guinea pigs controlling the ability to respond to GA, GT, and PLL, respectively, are found on the same chromosome. In most Hartley animals, the GA and PLL immune response genes are often linked, i.e. occur on the same chromosome strand, and tend to behave as alleles or pseudoalleles to the GT immune response gene.
SOMETHING CONCERNING THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF FALSE CROUP.
Authors: STARLING LOVING
Journal: JAMA (1895)

False, or spasmodic croup, or mild acute laryngitis with spasm of the laryngeal muscles, is one of the every-day respiratory diseases of early childhood. It is seen at all times of the year, but is most prevalent in the changeable weather of autumn and in the early part of that season traditionally but improperly called spring. Every general practitioner sees and treats it, and, when diagnosis is correct, prognosis is uniformly favorable, and treatment successful. Without correct diagnosis, prognosis is wavering, treatment is lame and the most uncomfortable person connected with the case, not even excepting the patient, is the medical attendant. Discrimination is to be made between false croup and diphtheritic croup, between false and true or membranous croup, and sometimes between false croup and acute laryngitis without spasm, and between false croup and laryngismus stridulus. As true croup, laryngitis without spasm, and laryngismus stridulus are of infrequent occurrence.
Demonstration of a Tubercular Fistula-in-Ano on F-18 FDG PET/CT
Authors: Gunjan Garg, Madhavi Tripathi, Maria D'Souza, Abhinav Jaimini, Nikunj Jain, Aditi Khurana, Rajnish Sharma, Anupam Mondal
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2010)

A 53-year-old man diagnosed as a case of adenocarcinoma of the colon, was referred for a FDG-PET/CT after receiving 6 cycles of chemotherapy. On the maximum intensity projection image, a striking curvilinear pattern of FDG accumulation was seen extending postero-inferiorly in the pelvic region to the right side of the midline. This was localized to a curvilinear track of soft tissue attenuation arising from the anal canal, traversing through the right ischio-rectal fossa into the overlying skin in the natal cleft on the fused PET/CT image. On being questioned the patient confirmed of having a history of recurrent fistula-in-ano and had been operated twice for the same. The polymerase chain reaction for TB was positive and the patient was taking antitubercular treatment. In patients being evaluated for malignancies it is important to identify such benign, infective but clinically consequential lesions and the key to correct interpretation in such cases is a detailed history of the patient.
Meet Military Medicine
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1989)

IN THIS CONTEMPO ISSUE of<i>JAMA</i>, the Medical News &amp; Perspectives Department looks at some aspects of military medicine. The emphasis is on "some aspects," because the scope of US Air Force, Army, and Navy medicine in this age of global (and even orbital) military operations can only be hinted at, even in the number of reports presented in this larger-than-usual Medical News &amp; Perspectives section. Nonetheless, these Medical News &amp; Perspective articles should give physicians—whether or not these readers have had any experience with the US armed services—an idea of the flexibility, sophistication, unusual demands, and professionalism of this part of the American medical community.—by Phil Gunby
Characterization of a new glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase variant: GGPD central city
Authors: Magdolena Csepreghy, Allen Yeilding, Michael Lilly, Kelley Hall, C. W. Scott, Josef T. Prchal
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1988)

Abstract Glucose‐6‐phosphate‐dehydrogenase deficiency is the most common disease‐producing enzyme deficiency in man. This paper describes a new glucose‐6‐phosphate‐dehy‐drogenase variant discovered during the evaluation of an episode of acute hemolytic anemia in a 62‐year‐old black male, which was temporally related to the ingestion of Tolbutamide. The hemolysis resolved within 10 days despite continuation of Tolbutamide. The erythrocyte glucose‐6‐phosphate‐dehydrogenase activity was significantly decreased, and its electrophoretic mobility was indistinguishable from wild type enzyme, though faster on starch gel with tris, borate, and phosphate buffers. The enzyme had a biphasic pH optimum reduced Km for G‐6‐P and NADP, decreased utilization of deamino‐NADP, and reduced Ki for NADPH. Because the kinetic properties of this enzyme were unique, we have designated it as G6PD Central City.
Association of the blood/air partition coefficient of 1,3-butadiene with blood lipids and albumin.
Authors: Yu-Sheng Lin, Thomas J Smith, David Wypij, Karl T Kelsey, Frank M Sacks
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Pulmonary gas uptake is a function of the blood solubility of a vapor, indicated by the blood/air partition coefficient. We hypothesized that blood lipid compositions are associated with the blood/air partition coefficients of lipophilic toxic vapors such as 1,3-butadiene. Our goal was to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships of blood triglycerides, total cholesterol, and albumin to the blood/air partition coefficient of butadiene. We collected blood samples from 24 subjects at three time points: a fasting baseline and 2 and 4 hr after drinking a standardized high-fat milk shake (107 g fat, 80 g sugar, and 27 g protein). The blood/air partition coefficient was determined using the closed vial-equilibrium technique. Triglycerides and total cholesterol were analyzed by an enzymatic method, and albumin was analyzed with an immunoassay technique. We used multiple linear regression and general linear models to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship, respectively. The results showed that the blood/air partition coefficient of butadiene was cross-sectionally associated only with triglycerides at baseline, and longitudinally related to baseline triglycerides, total cholesterol, and the change in triglycerides over time. The blood/air partition coefficient of butadiene increased, on average, by approximately 20% and up to 40% for subjects with borderline higher triglyceride levels after ingestion of a standardized milk shake. In addition, a time factor beyond lipids was also significant in predicting the blood/air partition coefficient of butadiene. This may represent the effects of other unmeasured parameters related to time or time of day on the blood/air partition coefficient of butadiene. Because the blood/air partition coefficient is a major determinant of gas uptake, ingestion of a high fat meal before this type of exposure may significantly increase an individual's absorbed dose, possibly increasing the risk of adverse effects.
Jaundice in acute pustular psoriasis.
Authors: J A Craig
Journal: BMJ (1974)

affected bowel was resected.The patient was given massive doses of steroids, antibiotics, and fluid replacement for septicaemic shock and gradually recovered.Clinical features of myxoedema were then apparent and this was confirmed by iodine studies.The patient's appearance and bowel habit returned to normal with thyroxine.Histologically, the resected bowel showed features of acute ischaemic colitis.Constipation and albdominal distension are well-recognized features of hypothyroidism.Gross colonic dilatation in this patient was followed by mucosal ischaemia and necrosis, allowing the development of septicaemic shock secondary to invasive infection.The usually fatal outco.me in this condition was avoided by prompt excision of the diseased bowel and intensive therapy for septicaemic shock.-Weare, etc.,
Immunomonitoring and prognostic relevance of neutrophils in clinical trials
Authors: Frede Donskov
Journal: Seminars in Cancer Biology (2013)

The clinical relevance of the interaction between human cancer and neutrophils has recently begun to emerge. This review will focus on recently published articles regarding immunomonitoring of neutrophils in blood and tumor tissue in clinical trials comprising the main human tumor types, with a strong emphasis on independent prognostic relevance assessed by multivariate analyses. The prognostic role of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils, elevated blood neutrophils and elevated blood neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio has been associated with poor clinical outcome in several human cancers, most notably in renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, glioblastoma, GIST, gastric, esophageal, lung, ovarian and head and neck cancer. A striking finding is the notion that high baseline neutrophil count in either tumor or blood, or both, was identified as strong, independent risk factor for poor outcome in multivariate analyses, and the negative prognostic impact of neutrophils was not eliminated by increasing the dose of cytokines, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy. For several cancers, patients benefit most from therapy if baseline neutrophil was low. Thus, baseline neutrophils over-ride nadir counts in prognostic significance. In summary, a proportion of patients who do not experience benefit from surgery or medical intervention may be associated with a worst prognosis because they are characterized by baseline tumor-related neutrophilia protecting them from benefit from therapy. Further research to unraveling the cancer biology and new treatment options is encouraged.
FIRST TRIMESTER DIAGNOSIS OF HYPOPHOSPHATASIA WITH A MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY TO THE LIVER/BONE/KIDNEY ISOENZYME OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
Authors: RichardC. Warren, CharlesH. Rodeck, DavidJ.H. Brock, ChristinaF. Mckenzie, Gonzalo Moscoso, Lilias Barron
Journal: The Lancet (1985)
Penicillin Sensitivity —Continued
Authors: Frank Perlman
Journal: JAMA (1965)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> It is reassuring to have Dr. Cazort's concurrence in the unreliability of testing with penicilloyl-polylysine and other penicillin derivatives. Dr. Cazort has for years had vast clinical experience with this problem. A committee on penicillin allergy organized by him and now under his chairmanship will surely provide a better understanding of the entire problem. I differ with him on the advisability of testing patients who give a history of penicillin allergy. The hazard is great and should be discouraged except in highly experienced hands. A clear history of sensitivity to this drug should be sufficient for choosing another antibiotic. Before the physician tells his patient that he is clinically allergic to penicillin, the physician should be reasonably certain of the evidence. Subsequent statements from patients so informed will depend on clear clinical judgment.
Clinical Applications of Hybrid PET/MRI in Neuroimaging
Authors: Valentina Garibotto, Susanne Heinzer, Serge Vulliemoz, Renaud Guignard, Michael Wissmeyer, Margitta Seeck, Karl-Olof Lovblad, Habib Zaidi, Osman Ratib, Maria-Isabel Vargas
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

We tested the performance and clinical applicability of combined protocols for brain imaging studies acquired on a new whole-body hybrid PET/MR scanner.Fifteen patients [6 male and 9 female patients; mean (SD) age, 51 (30) y; range, 6-89 y] were scanned on a Philips Ingenuity TF PET/MR. Standard imaging protocols of both modalities were combined, using a "head coil" and contrast-enhanced fully diagnostic MR protocols. Attenuation correction of the PET images was performed using tissue segmentation of the MR image and incorporation of attenuation templates measured for coils and table.The clinical indications evaluated are as follows: patients with cognitive disturbance of suspected neurodegenerative origin, presurgical evaluation of drug-refractory epilepsy, and brain tumor staging. For the first 2 indications, FDG PET imaging was performed, whereas for the last, fluoroethyltyrosine, an amino acid tracer, was used.In all cases (4 patients with neurodegenerative disease, 6 patients with epilepsy, and 5 patients with high-grade tumor), we obtained full diagnostic quality of both modalities and the total duration of the examination remained within a tolerable range (<2 hours). Twelve subjects had pathological findings: 11 of which were confirmed by clinical follow-up as true positive and 1 was confirmed as a false-positive result. For the 3 normal studies, the clinical follow-up confirmed the imaging findings as true-negative.Acquiring both PET and MR in a single session on a hybrid system minimized patient discomfort while maximizing clinical information and optimizing registration of both modalities. In addition, in comparison to PET/CT, the effective dose (related to CT) was reduced, and this is particularly beneficial in the pediatric population.
Definitions for Sepsis and Organ Failure
Authors: Raúl A. Castillo-Lara
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —We consider that the term<i>systemic inflammatory response syndrome</i>is good for pathophysiological purposes, but it should not be a substitute for the term<i>multiple organ failure</i>.<sup>1,2</sup> Multiple organ failure is a well-defined clinical syndrome, measurable using the APACHE II score system,<sup>3</sup>in which systemic inflammatory response syndrome seems to be the consequence of the effects of cytokines<sup>4</sup>and platelet activating factor<sup>5</sup>on the microcirculation, chiefly the capillary endothelium. The factors that lead to multiple organ failure have also been observed to play different roles in diseases considered to be systemic, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and other vasculitic processes that present in similar clinical fashions, systemic inflammatory response syndrome being the common pathophysiological pathway. We believe that the term<i>systemic inflammatory response syndrome</i>helps us understand better the pathophysiology of the microcirculatory injury, but it has no clinical application.