tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Use of Alcohol as a Risk Factor for Bicycling Injury
Authors: Guohua Li
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Bicycling is one of the leading causes of recreational injuries. Elevated blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) are found in about one third of fatally injured bicyclists aged 15 years or older.To assess the relative risk of fatal and serious bicycling injury according to BAC.Matched case-control study.Bicyclists aged 15 years or older who were fatally or seriously injured while riding a bicycle during the day in Maryland in 1985-1997 (cases, n = 124) and bicyclists aged 15 years or older who were interviewed and given a breath test for estimated BAC during roadside surveys that took place in June 1996 through May 1998 at the same site, time of day, day of week, and month of year in which a case bicyclist was injured (controls, n = 342).Odds ratio of bicycling injury according to estimated BAC.An estimated positive BAC (>/=0.02 g/dL) was detected in 12.9% of the case bicyclists (23.5% of the 34 fatally injured and 8.9% of the 90 seriously injured) compared with 2.9% of the control bicyclists (P<.001). Relative to an estimated BAC of less than 0.02 g/dL, the adjusted odds ratio of bicycling injury was 5.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2-14.0) for a BAC of 0.02 g/dL or higher and was 20.2 (95% CI, 4.2-96.3) for a BAC of 0.08 g/dL or higher. Rates of helmet use at the time of injury or interview were 5% and 35%, respectively, for those with and without a positive BAC (P =.007).Alcohol use while bicycle riding is associated with a substantially increased risk of fatal or serious injury.
Heterosexually Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection among Pregnant Women in a Rural Florida Community
Authors: Tedd V. Ellerbrock, Spencer Lieb, Patricia E. Harrington, Timothy J. Bush, Sandra A. Schoenfisch, Margaret J. Oxtoby, James T. Howell, Martha F. Rogers, John J. Witte
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

In the United States, an increasing proportion of women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) live in nonmetropolitan areas. Little is known, however, about the risk factors for HIV transmission in women outside large cities.We interviewed and tested 1082 (99.8 percent) of 1084 consecutive pregnant women who registered for prenatal care at a public health clinic in western Palm Beach County, Florida. This rural agricultural area of about 36,000 people is known to have a high prevalence of HIV infection.The seroprevalence of HIV was 5.1 percent (52 of 1011 women). Black women who were neither Haitian nor Hispanic had the highest rate of infection (8.3 percent [48 of 575]). Only 4 of 1009 women (0.4 percent) reported ever injecting drugs, and the 4 were HIV-seronegative; however, 14 of 43 users of "crack" cocaine (33 percent) had HIV infection. At prenatal registration, 131 of 983 women (13 percent) tested positive for gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, or syphilis. By multivariate logistic-regression analysis, HIV infection was found to be independently associated with having used crack cocaine (odds ratio, 3.3; P < 0.001), having had more than two sexual partners (odds ratio, 4.6; P < 0.001), being black but neither Hispanic nor Haitian (odds ratio, 11; P < 0.001), having had sexual intercourse with a high-risk partner (odds ratio, 5.6; P < 0.001), and testing positive for syphilis (odds ratio, 3.1; P = 0.015). Nevertheless, 11 of the 52 HIV-infected women (21 percent) reported a total of only two to five sexual partners and no known high-risk partners, had never used crack cocaine, and had no positive tests for sexually transmitted disease.In the rural community we studied, most of the women with HIV infection acquired it through heterosexual contact. The increasing seroprevalence of HIV and the increasing incidence of syphilis and use of crack cocaine mean that other women may be at similar risk of acquiring heterosexually transmitted HIV infection.
Surfactant deficiency in rats without a decreased amount of extracellular surfactant.
Authors: D Massaro, L Clerch, D Temple, H Baier
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1983)

Low volume ventilation without periodic large inflations leads to diminished alveolar stability and to the accumulation of increased amounts of airway disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) in large aggregates that sediment at 1,000 g; surfactant in this form lowers surface tension less rapidly than surfactant present in the 1,000-g supernatant fraction. These observations led to the present work in which we tested the notion that alveolar instability may develop in the presence of an undiminished quantity of total airway surfactant, if the amount of surfactant found in the 1,000-g supernatant fraction is diminished. Pulmonary compliance fell and the alveolar-arterial O2 gradient widened in normothermic rats during constant ventilation in the resting tidal volume range, and, in hyperthermic rats (approximately 39 degrees C) similarly ventilated but with the addition of periodic sighs. The total amount of airway DSPC was undiminished in each group, but in each less DSPC was present in the 1,000-g supernatant fraction compared with controls. Alveolar instability and hypoxemia also developed in hyperthermic rats during low volume ventilation without periodic sighs. Although the total amount of airway DSPC was decreased in these rats, enough remained to theoretically form a continuous monomolecular film over the entire alveolar surface at functional residual capacity; however, there was insufficient surfactant in the 1,000-g supernatant fraction to form such a continuous film. These findings demonstrate that the mode of ventilation, and moderate hyperthermia, may lead to decreased alveolar stability despite the presence of normal amounts of airway surfactant, and, by inference, indicate the extracellular form or state of surfactant has an important effect on alveolar stability.
The dual role of thymidine phosphorylase in cancer development and chemotherapy
Authors: Annelies Bronckaers, Federico Gago, Jan Balzarini, Sandra Liekens
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2009)

Abstract Thymidine phosphorylase (TP), also known as “platelet‐derived endothelial cell growth factor” (PD‐ECGF), is an enzyme, which is upregulated in a wide variety of solid tumors including breast and colorectal cancers. TP promotes tumor growth and metastasis by preventing apoptosis and inducing angiogenesis. Elevated levels of TP are associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Therefore, TP inhibitors are synthesized in an attempt to prevent tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. TP is also indispensable for the activation of the extensively used 5‐fluorouracil prodrug capecitabine, which is clinically used for the treatment of colon and breast cancer. Clinical trials that combine capecitabine with TP‐inducing therapies (such as taxanes or radiotherapy) suggest that increasing TP expression is an adequate strategy to enhance the antitumoral efficacy of capecitabine. Thus, TP plays a dual role in cancer development and therapy: on the one hand, TP inhibitors can abrogate the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of TP; on the other, TP activity is necessary for the activation of several chemotherapeutic drugs. This duality illustrates the complexity of the role of TP in tumor progression and in the clinical response to fluoropyrimidine‐based chemotherapy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 29, No. 6, 903–953, 2009
PRODUCTION OF A MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY AGAINST HEAT-STABLE ENTEROTOXIN PRODUCED BY HUMAN STRAIN OF ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: W. Hemelhof, P. Retore, P. De Mol, J.-P. Butzler, T. Takeda, T. Miwatani, Y. Takeda
Journal: The Lancet (1984)
Duffle Bag Medicine
Authors: Maya Roberts
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Screening for Hypertension
Authors: Benjamin Littenberg
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

Purpose: To review the evidence on four questions about screening asymptomatic adults for arterial hypertension: Is hypertension a significant health problem? Is it detectable at an early, presymptomatic stage? Is treatment available and effective? Do the benefits of screening outweigh the costs and risks? Data Identification and Selection: We did a computerized search of the MEDLARS data base to identify communitybased trials of drug therapy for mild hypertension; other relevant citations are included when appropriate. Data Synthesis: We approached the preliminary questions in our analysis by narrative review and argument. The estimates of therapeutic efficacy are based on previously published meta-analyses. The cost-effectiveness of screening was addressed by formal mathematical modeling of the effect of screening on various U.S. populations. Results of Analysis: Hypertension is clearly a significant health problem. It can be detected early, and effective treatment is available. Screening asymptomatic adults for hypertension has benefits that compare favorably to the risks and costs involved. According to our estimates, screening is most cost-effective for older adults compared with younger adults and for men compared with women and is highly sensitive to the cost of therapy for mild hypertension. Conclusions: We recommend hypertension screening for all adults. We also discuss the frequency and setting of screening activities. When a low-cost therapy is used, the cost-effectiveness of screening for hypertension compares favorably with other cardiovascular interventions.
Smoking hazards to the fetus.
Authors: R J Hickey, E B Harner, R C Clelland, D E Boyce
Journal: BMJ (1973)

71 ± 4-51 51-44 ± 4-61 52-04 4-64 rates in the lateral popliteal and posterior tibial nerves (P < 0001).The results of our investigation do not support the finding previously reported that lrypertensive patients suffer from a sub- clinical peripheral neuropathy.Even in those -patients with markedly elevated diastolic pressures ( < 150 mm Hg) no significant slowing of conduction was dis- covered.We are very grateful to Mr. Basil Hellman for his assistance with the statistics and to Dr. D.
Blessed Are the Children
Authors: Kris Sperry
Journal: JAMA (1983)

A few hours earlier, she had been a happy, smiling, beautiful blonde 2 1/2-year-old, with the innocence befitting her tender age. While playing with her 5-year-old brother, they chose to use their parents' bed as a trampoline, as nearly every child has. In a moment of sisterly pique, she hit her brother with a stick. In retaliation, he pulled a.357 Magnum pistol from its holster, which hung from the bedpost, and discharged a load of snakeshot (about 100 tiny pellets, each the size of a poppy seed) at point-blank range into her abdomen. She died on the operating table during emergency surgery. Now, she seemed tiny on the autopsy table, filling only a fraction of the cold, polished surface. A raggedly closed incision extended from xiphoid to pubis; near its center, a black, charred area disrupted the clean outlines of the wound edges. Inside her abdomen, small holes marred the
The nature of general practice
Authors: P. Fugelli, I. Heath
Journal: BMJ (1996)

are being altered by creeping commercialisation,18 and public good has been equated with private gain..The Scott report casts light on a particularly sordid episode in public policy.At present, no one can assume that public health policies are immune from similar danger where they seek to reconcile the interests of government, industry, and the public away from the public gaze.
UK introduces new meningitis C vaccine
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (1999)

A vaccination programme against meningococcal group C infection is to start this October in the United Kingdom in a bid to halve the total number of deaths from meningitis. The United Kingdom will be the first country in the world to implement such a vaccination programme following the development of a new meningitis C vaccine.

The new vaccine, unlike the existing one, provides long term protection and can be used in babies and young children. The meningococcal surface polysaccharide is conjugated with a protein using similar technology to that used for the first time with the haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine.

Three manufacturers have developed the vaccine. One has submitted a licence application with the Medicines Control Agency and …
Exhaled breath metabolomics as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Lieuwe D.J. Bos, Hans Weda, Yuanyue Wang, Hugo H. Knobel, Tamara M.E. Nijsen, Teunis J. Vink, Aeilko H. Zwinderman, Peter J. Sterk, Marcus J. Schultz
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

There is a need for biological markers of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Exhaled breath contains hundreds of metabolites in the gas phase, some of which reflect (patho)physiological processes. We aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of metabolites in exhaled breath as biomarkers of ARDS. Breath from ventilated intensive care unit patients (n=101) was analysed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry during the first day of admission. ARDS was defined by the Berlin definition. Training and temporal validation cohorts were used. 23 patients in the training cohort (n=53) had ARDS. Three breath metabolites, octane, acetaldehyde and 3-methylheptane, could discriminate between ARDS and controls with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.80. Temporal external validation (19 ARDS cases in a cohort of 48) resulted in an AUC of 0.78. Discrimination was insensitive to adjustment for severity of disease, a direct or indirect cause of ARDS, comorbidities, or ventilator settings. Combination with the lung injury prediction score increased the AUC to 0.91 and improved net reclassification by 1.17. Exhaled breath analysis showed good diagnostic accuracy for ARDS, which was externally validated. These data suggest that exhaled breath analysis could be used for the diagnostic assessment of ARDS.
Reconstructive Operations for Aortoiliac Obliterative Disease
Authors: Stephen J. Healey, H. Brownell Wheeler, Chilton Crane, Richard Warren
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

THE purpose of this report is to analyze the experience with reconstructive operations for obliterative disease of the distal aorta and iliac arteries at the Peter Bent Brigham and West Roxbury Veterans Administration hospitals between October, 1952, and October, 1963. The results in the 52 patients operated upon between 1952 and 1958 have previously been reported.1 In the years 1958 to 1963, 62 additional patients have been operated upon. The total experience comprises 114 operations. The present communication will deal with the 1952–58 group only to the extent of examining the five-year to eleven-year follow-up results of the 40 patients . . .
Specificity of rheumatoid factors in relation to the disease state in rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: M G Jones, M E Shipley, J P Hearn, F C Hay
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1990)

Rheumatoid factors found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis react with human IgG and with IgG from some other species. The levels of rheumatoid factor give some indication of prognosis, albeit a rather poor one in this highly variable disease. The high degree of variability may, in part, be due to differences in the fine specificity of the rheumatoid factor in each individual patient, leading to differences in the types of immune complex formed. To study this hypothesis the fine specificity of rheumatoid factors of the IgM, IgA, and IgG classes for IgG from human, baboon, orangutan, macaque, owl monkey, gorilla, marmoset, cow, pig, sheep, goat, horse, mouse, and chicken was examined. Differential reactivity for these species was found and associations between the presence of rheumatoid factor and the development of moderate or severe erosions.
Forensic Psychiatry: A Practical Guide for Lawyers and Psychiatrists
Authors: Bruce L. Danto
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Litigation in the United States has been on the rise during the past two decades. It has become more complicated and sophisticated, and many experts have been called on to express opinions about legal issues. The psychiatrist is one of those important experts. Despite the growing need for and employment of psychiatrists in the court scene, little has been written about how to do the job and how to select the right expert. Many physicians in general and psychiatrists in particular are called on and are improperly prepared for the task of testifying as an expert. Fear of cross-examination, reaction of the judge to the expert, and unawareness of the legal issues about the opinion to be formulated and expressed have troubled psychiatrist and attorney also at times. Robert Sadoff, MD, has brought these and many other issues into focus in his book<i>Forensic Psychiatry</i>. In clear language he addresses
Pregnancy Termination and Risk of Breast Cancer
Authors: Steven Lehrer
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Dr Newcomb and colleagues<sup>1</sup>observed a weakly positive association between abortion and risk of breast cancer. The increase in risk of breast cancer was not significantly different if the abortion was induced or spontaneous. An allele of the estrogen receptor gene, called the<i>B</i>' allele, contains a silent mutation in codon 87, part of the receptor's B domain.<sup>2</sup>Because of the association reported of the<i>B</i>' allele, spontaneous abortion, and estrogen receptor—positive breast cancer,<sup>3</sup>a preliminary case-control study was performed to estimate the risk of breast cancer in women with the<i>B</i>' allele.<sup>4</sup>Among<i>BB</i>' heterozygote women with estrogen receptor—positive breast cancers (23 cases, 27 controls), the risk of breast cancer was associated with a history of spontaneous abortion; the age-adjusted odds ratios were 4.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95-18) after 1 spontaneous abortion and 9.7 (95% CI, 1.6-61) after 2 or more spontaneous abortions. No
Scrotal Urinoma as a Complication of Renal Transplantation
Authors: E. J. WEINBERG, R. P. DuCRET, M. C. FOSHAGER, J. BERMAN, G. R. BODEAU, C. C. KUNI, R. J. BOUDREAU
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

Scrotal swelling and tenderness In the posttransplant period may be secondary to urine extravasation. Contrast cystography and ultrasound examination are often suboptlmal means of diagnosis of scrotal urinoma. Scintigraphy is the method of choice for detection of this unusual complication of renal transplantation.
The Correlation Between Linkage Disequilibrium and Distance: Implications for Recombination in Hominid Mitochondria
Authors: Julien Meunier, Adam Eyre-Walker
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2001)

It is generally believed that the mitochondrial genome is inherited from a single parent in animals and higher plants and that the inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is therefore clonal (Birky 1995). However, the clonality of human mtDNA has recently been questioned (Awadalla, Eyre-Walker, and Maynard Smith 1999; Eyre-Walker, Smith, and Maynard Smith 1999a; Hagelberg et al. 1999) and keenly debated (Eyre-Walker, Smith, and Maynard Smith 1999b; Macaulay, Richards, and Sykes 1999; Awadalla, Eyre-Walker, and Maynard Smith 2000; Eyre-Walker 2000; Jorde and Bamshad 2000; Kivisilid and Villems 2000; Kumar et al. 2000; Parsons and Irwin 2000). The evidence of recombination in human mtDNA comes from two sources. First, many phylogenetic trees constructed using mtDNA contain a large amount of homoplasy (e.g., Vigilant et al. 1991; Ingman et al. 2000), which has generally been attributed to the presence of hypervariable sites in the mtDNA (Hasegawa et al. 1993; Wakeley 1993). However, Eyre-Walker, Smith, and Maynard Smith (1999a, 1999b) have suggested that the homoplasies could be due to recombination. Second, Awadalla, Eyre-Walker, and Maynard Smith (1999) found that linkage disequilibrium (LD) declined as a function of the distance between sites in several human data sets and one chimpanzee mtDNA data set, a pattern which is highly consistent with recombination. However, their analysis was criticized on several grounds. In particular, Jorde and Bamshad (2000) and Kumar et al. (2000) argued that the measure of LD used by Awadalla, Eyre-Walker, and Maynard Smith (1999), r2, the squared correlation of allele frequencies (Hill and Robertson 1968), was inappropriate since it is dependent on allele frequencies; they argued that the absolute value of D9, the absolute value of D over its maximum value (Lewontin 1964), was a more appropriate statistic, and they noted that zD9z was not correlated to the distance between sites for any of the data sets considered by Awadalla, Eyre-Walker, and Maynard Smith (1999). Awadalla, Eyre-Walker, and Maynard Smith (2000) subsequently gave a number of reasons why they believed that r2 might be a better measure of LD for detecting recombination, but ultimately this is an argument which can only be resolved by investigation. Here, we present the results of some population genetic simulations we
Who needs created features?
Authors: Katja Wiemer-Hastings, Arthur C. Graesser
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Schyns, Goldstone &amp; Thibaut present reasonable arguments for feature creation in category learning. We argue, however, that they do not provide unequivocal evidence either for the necessity or for the occurrence of feature creation. In an effort to sharpen the debate, we take the stand that a fixed feature approach is to be preferred in the absence of compelling evidence.
Immunochemical characterization of the "native" type III polysaccharide of group B Streptococcus.
Authors: C J Baker, D L Kasper, C E Davis
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1976)

The type III polysaccharide of -roup B Streptococcus has been isolated and purified by a method that employs washing of intact cells at neutral pH. That the polysaccharide prepared by this procedure is the "native" type III antigen is suggested by its molecular size in excess of 10(6) daltons, its degradation by acid and heat treatment to a fragment with immunologic characteristics of the classical HCl antigen, and its type-specific serologic activity. The type III polysaccharide in native form contains sialic acid, galactose, glucose, glucosamine, heptose, and mannose. It is acidic in nature, is resistant to neuramindiase degradation, contains no O-acetyl groups, and does not share antigenic determinants with capsular type K1 antigen of Escherichia coli or Group B polysaccharide antigen of Neiserria meningitidis.