tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Enteric protein loss and intestinal permeability changes in children during acute shigellosis and after recovery: effect of zinc supplementation.
Authors: A N Alam, S A Sarker, M A Wahed, M Khatun, M M Rahaman
Journal: Gut (1994)

The effect of zinc supplementation on intestinal permeability changes and protein loss was studied in 32 children aged between 1 and 12 years during bouts of acute shigellosis and after recovery. An intestinal permeability test and then a 48 hour balance study were performed on all patients. They were then blindly assigned to receive vitamin B syrup either with or without zinc acetate (15 mg/kg per day) for a month. All patients received a five day course of nalidixic acid. The balance study was repeated during convalescence and follow up, but a permeability test was done only at follow up after one month. Intestinal permeability, expressed as a urinary lactulose:mannitol excretion ratio, improved significantly (p = 0.001) along with a significant increase (p = 0.005) in mannitol excretion in the zinc supplemented children, suggesting a resolution of small bowel mucosal damage. The latter was associated with a higher coefficient of nitrogen absorption (p = 0.03), suggesting a possible role of zinc in the treatment of shigellosis. Enteric protein loss, as assessed by faecal alpha 1 antitrypsin clearance, was not influenced by zinc supplementation.
Sex, Age, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Pekka Jousilahti, Erkki Vartiainen, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Pekka Puska
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is markedly more common in men than in women. In both sexes, CHD risk increases with age, but the increase is sharper in women. We analyzed the extent to which major cardiovascular risk factors can explain the sex difference and the age-related increase in CHD risk.The study cohort consists of 14 786 Finnish men and women 25 to 64 years old at baseline. The following cardiovascular risk factors were determined: smoking, serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure, body mass index, and diabetes. Risk factor measurements were done in 1982 or 1987, and the cohorts were followed up until the end of 1994. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the relation between risk factors and CHD risk. CHD incidence in men compared with women was approximately 3 times higher and mortality was approximately 5 times higher. Most of the risk factors were more favorable in women, but the sex difference in risk factor levels diminished with increasing age. Differences in risk factors between sexes, particularly in HDL cholesterol and smoking, explained nearly half of the difference in CHD risk between men and women. Differences in serum total cholesterol level, blood pressure, body mass index, and diabetes prevalence explained about one-third of the age-related increase in CHD risk among men and 50% to 60% among women.Differences in major cardiovascular risk factors explained a substantial part of the sex difference in CHD risk. An increase in risk factor levels was associated with the age-related increase in CHD incidence and mortality in both sexes but to a larger extent in women.
Gefitinib Enhances Cytotoxicities of Antimicrotubule Agents in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells Exhibiting No Sensitizing Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation
Authors: Chun-Ming Tsai, Chao-Hua Chiu, Kao-Ting Chang, Jen-Ting Chen, Chun-Liang Lai, Yuh-Min Chen, Shih-Yin Hsiao
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2012)
Liver Failure and Death after Exposure to Microcystins at a Hemodialysis Center in Brazil
Authors: Elise M. Jochimsen, Wayne W. Carmichael, JiSi An, Denise M. Cardo, Susan T. Cookson, Christianne E.M. Holmes, M. Bernade Antunes, Djalma A. de Melo Filho, Tereza M. Lyra, Victorino Spinelli T. Barreto, Sandra M.F.O. Azevedo, William R. Jarvis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Hemodialysis is a common but potentially hazardous procedure. From February 17 to 20, 1996, 116 of 130 patients (89 percent) at a dialysis center (dialysis center A) in Caruaru, Brazil, had visual disturbances, nausea, and vomiting associated with hemodialysis. By March 24, 26 of the patients had died of acute liver failure.
Prise en charge des lésions ano-périnéales par voie transpérinéale sous contrôle échoendoscopique: résultats d'une série pilote
Authors: G Gascou, V Vitton, M Barthet, M Gasmi, P Orsoni, JC Grimaud
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

But: L'échographie endo-anale est une technique d'imagerie efficace, peu invasive, et facilement disponible pour l'exploration des lésions anopérinéales. Elle constitue une approche thérapeutique potentielle non validée permettant un abord transpérinéal épargnant le sphincter anal. Le but de cette étude rétrospective était d'évaluer la faisabilité du traitement par voie transpérinéale sous contrôle échoendoscopique, sa morbidité et son efficacité.
Abstract 4760: Molecular classification and risk-stratification in medulloblastoma using an integrative genomic approach
Authors: Yoon-Jae Cho, Pablo Tamayo, Aviad Tsherniak, Matthew Meyerson, Jill P. Mesirov, Scott L. Pomeroy
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Purpose. Medulloblastomas are heterogeneous tumors that collectively represent the most common malignant brain tumor in children. To understand the molecular characteristics underlying their heterogeneity and to identify whether such characteristics represent risk factors for patients with this disease, we performed an integrated genomic analysis of a large series of primary tumors. Patients and Methods. We profiled the mRNA transcriptome of 194 medulloblastomas and performed high-density SNP array and miRNA analysis on 115 and 98 of these, respectively. Unsupervised clustering analysis of mRNA expression data was used to identify molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma and DNA copy number, miRNA profiles, and clinical outcomes were analyzed for each. We then developed a Bayesian cumulative log odds model for predicting outcome, starting with ‘evidence’ provided by clinical features (metastasis and histology), then incrementally adding genomic evidence representing disease-subtype independent and dependent features. We then validated our results on independent test cohorts. Results. We identify 6 molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma, each with a unique combination of numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations that globally influence mRNA and miRNA expression. We reveal the relative contribution of each subgroup to clinical outcome as a whole and show that a previously unidentified molecular subgroup, characterized genetically by c-MYC copy number gains and transcriptionally by enrichment of photoreceptor pathways and increased miR-183∼96∼182 expression, is associated with significantly lower rates of event free and overall survival. Moreover, we show that integration of high-level clinical and genomic risk factors, including molecular subtype, can yield more comprehensive, accurate and biologically interpretable prediction models for outcome in medulloblastoma. We introduce a novel Bayesian nomogram indicating the amount of evidence that each feature contributes on a patient-by-patient basis. Conclusion. Our results detail the complex genomic heterogeneity of medulloblastomas, identify a previously unrecognized molecular subgroup with particularly poor clinical outcome and propose a Bayesian outcomes prediction model that outperforms the current clinical classification schema and previously published molecular markers proposed for medulloblastoma risk stratification. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4760. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4760
Neurotransmitter Modulation of Small-Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels by Regulation of Ca2+ Gating
Authors: François Maingret, Bertrand Coste, Jizhe Hao, Aurélie Giamarchi, Duane Allen, Marcel Crest, David W. Litchfield, John P. Adelman, Patrick Delmas
Journal: Neuron (2008)
Residual Arachidonic Acid–Induced Platelet Activation via an Adenosine Diphosphate–Dependent but Cyclooxygenase-1– and Cyclooxygenase-2–Independent Pathway
Authors: Andrew L. Frelinger, Mark I. Furman, Matthew D. Linden, Youfu Li, Marsha L. Fox, Marc R. Barnard, Alan D. Michelson
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Thrombotic events still occur in aspirin-treated patients with coronary artery disease.To better understand aspirin "resistance," serum thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and flow cytometric measures of arachidonic acid-induced platelet activation (before and after the ex vivo addition of aspirin and indomethacin) were analyzed in 700 consecutive aspirin-treated patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. In 680 of 682 evaluable patients, serum TXB2 concentrations were reduced compared with nonaspirinated healthy donors. Twelve patients had serum TXB2 that was lower than nonaspirinated healthy donors but >10 ng/mL. Arachidonic acid stimulated greater platelet activation in patients with high serum TXB2 (>10 ng/mL) than in patients with low serum TXB2. Addition of ex vivo aspirin reduced arachidonic acid-induced platelet activation to similar levels regardless of serum TXB2 concentrations, which suggests that patients with high residual serum TXB2 concentrations were either noncompliant or underdosed with aspirin. Among the remaining 98% of patients, ex vivo administration of either aspirin or indomethacin failed to prevent platelet activation across all degrees of arachidonic acid-induced platelet activation and aspirin doses. Although the patients were not randomized with respect to clopidogrel treatment, multivariate analysis showed that arachidonic acid-induced platelet activation was less in patients receiving clopidogrel.There is a residual arachidonic acid-induced platelet activation in aspirin-treated patients that (1) is caused by underdosing and/or noncompliance in only approximately 2% of patients and (2) in the remaining patients, occurs via a cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 independent pathway, in direct proportion to the degree of baseline platelet activation, and is mediated in part by adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet activation.
Gastric carcinoma and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: association with plasma immune complex concentrations.
Authors: S E Zimmerman, F P Smith, T M Phillips, R J Coffey, P S Schein
Journal: BMJ (1982)

A patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach developed microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, renal insufficiency, and fluctuating neurological abnormalities in association with appreciably raised plasma concentrations of immune complexes. This syndrome, similar to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, occurred while the tumour was in sustained objective remission after successful treatment with fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and mitomycin. Reversal of the syndrome was achieved with plasmapheresis, azathioprine, corticosteroids, and antiplatelet treatment; this response was paralleled by a reduction in immune complex concentration, suggesting an immune aetiology for the syndrome. Antibodies eluted from the immune complexes reacted with 50% of cells from the gastric cancer but less than 10% of cells from normal gastric mucosa. There was no reactivity with either carcinoembryonic antigen or mitomycin. A 17S immune complex reacted with a glycoprotein from the patient9s autologous platelets and produced platelet aggregation. It is postulated that reducing the tumour and the pre-existing state of antigen excess by chemotherapy allowed soluble antigen-antibody complexes to form and the syndrome to develop.
Prostaglandins and the control of airways responses to histamine in normal and asthmatic subjects.
Authors: E H Walters
Journal: Thorax (1983)

Inhalation histamine challenges were performed in groups of normal and asthmatic subjects. On each occasion a regression line for the descending part of the log-cumulative dose-response curve was computed. The dose of histamine causing a 20% fall in specific conductance (sGaw) was taken as an index of "sensitivity." The slope gave the "reactivity". In a double-blind, randomised study the potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis indomethacin (50 mg four times per day for three days) was associated with a small but significant bronchodilatation in the normal but not the asthmatic subjects. Sensitivity to histamine was considerably decreased in the asthmatic patients (p less than 0.005) but unchanged in the normal subjects. In both groups reactivity was significantly increased (p less than 0.01). The study was repeated after several weeks of regular salbutamol treatment. In both groups salbutamol caused a decrease in sensitivity (p less than 0.001) but no change in reactivity. After indomethacin had been reintroduced while salbutamol was continued most of the effects of chronic salbutamol treatment were reversed in the normal subjects, with a similar trend in the asthmatic patients. In both groups the dose-response curves after indomethacin treatment were little affected by pretreatment with salbutamol. Beta-adrenergic stimulation induces changes in the airways that may be dependent on prostaglandin production.
THE COAGULATION TIME IN ETHYLENE ANESTHESIA
Authors: DAVID C. STRAUS
Journal: JAMA (1927)

To the Editor:  —In an article on The Coagulation Time in Ethylene Anesthesia (The Journal, January 29), we said, In a search of the literature we were unable to find any reports in regard to the action of ethylene anesthesia on coagulation time or bleeding time.  J. S. Horsley, Jr., M.D., of Richmond, Va., has called our attention to his article Further Observations on Ethylene-Oxygen Anesthesia—A Report of Four Hundred and Fifty Cases ( Virginia M. Monthly  51 :502 [Nov.] 1924) in which, among other facts recorded, he reports studies on twenty patients before, during and after ethylene anesthesia showing that the coagulation time was not prolonged in any instance either when the patient was fully saturated with ethylene or at seventy-two hours after operation.  We regret not having found this and desire that Dr. Horsley be given priority for this observation, which our findings, undertaken without any knowledge of his
Randomized Comparison of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Sirolimus-Eluting Stents Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Unprotected Left Main Stem Stenosis
Authors: Enno Boudriot, Holger Thiele, Thomas Walther, Christoph Liebetrau, Peter Boeckstegers, Tilmann Pohl, Bruno Reichart, Harald Mudra, Florian Beier, Brigitte Gansera, Franz-Josef Neumann, Michael Gick, Thomas Zietak, Steffen Desch, Gerhard Schuler, Friedrich-Wilhelm Mohr
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)

The purpose of this randomized study was to compare sirolimus-eluting stenting with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for patients with unprotected left main (ULM) coronary artery disease. CABG is considered the standard of care for treatment of ULM. Improvements in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with use of drug-eluting stents might lead to similar results. The effectiveness of drug-eluting stenting versus surgery has not been established in a randomized trial. In this prospective, multicenter, randomized trial, 201 patients with ULM disease were randomly assigned to undergo sirolimus-eluting stenting (n = 100) or CABG using predominantly arterial grafts (n = 101). The primary clinical end point was noninferiority in freedom from major adverse cardiac events, such as cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and the need for target vessel revascularization within 12 months. The combined primary end point was reached in 13.9% of patients after surgery, as opposed to 19.0% after PCI (p = 0.19 for noninferiority). The combined rates for death and myocardial infarction were comparable (surgery, 7.9% vs. stenting, 5.0%; noninferiority p < 0.001), but stenting was inferior to surgery for repeat revascularization (5.9% vs. 14.0%; noninferiority p = 0.35). Perioperative complications including 2 strokes were higher after surgery (4% vs. 30%; p < 0.001). Freedom from angina was similar between groups (p = 0.33). In patients with ULM stenosis, PCI with sirolimus-eluting stents is inferior to CABG at 12-month follow-up with respect to freedom from major adverse cardiac events, which is mainly influenced by repeated revascularization, whereas for hard end points, PCI results are favorable. A longer follow-up is warranted. (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention [PCI] With Drug-Eluting Stents [DES] Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Graft [CABG] for Patients With Significant Left Main Stenosis; NCT00176397)
Noninvasive imaging of Staphylococcus aureus infections with a nuclease-activated probe
Authors: Frank J Hernandez, Lingyan Huang, Michael E Olson, Kristy M Powers, Luiza I Hernandez, David K Meyerholz, Daniel R Thedens, Mark A Behlke, Alexander R Horswill, James O McNamara
Journal: Nature Medicine (2014)
Mechanism of Antidiuretic Effect of Beta Adrenergic Stimulation
Authors: Robert W. Schrier, Roger Lieberman, Robert C. Ufferman, Judith A. Harbottle
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

The effect of beta adrenergic stimulation on renal-diluting capacity was examined in the dog. Beta adrenergic stimulation with intravenous isoproterenol significantly increased urinary osmolality (U(Osm)) and decreased free water clearance (C(H2O)), and these effects were rapidly reversible with cessation of the infusion. This antidiuretic effect of systemic beta adrenergic stimulation was comparable in innervated and denervated kidneys and was not associated with alterations in glomerular filtration rate or renal vascular resistance. Renal perfusion pressure was maintained constant in all of the experiments. The same dose of isoproterenol, which produced the antidiuretic effect and markedly stimulated cardiac beta adrenergic receptors when infused intravenously, was not found either to increase U(Osm) or to decrease C(H2O) when infused directly into the renal artery. Removal of the source of production and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was, however, found to abolish the effect of intravenous isoproterenol on U(Osm). A small effect on C(H2O) persisted and appeared to be related to an increase in arterial hematocrit. Thus, the results of the study exclude a major role of alterations in renal hemodynamics and renal innervation in the antidiuretic response to beta adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol. They also provide no support for the hypothesis that beta adrenergic stimulation may directly alter the water permeability of the renal tubular epithelium. Rather the results suggest that the primary mechanism of the antidiuretic effect of beta adrenergic stimulation involves the integrity of the hypothalamoneurohypophyial system and the release of ADH.
Long-Term Retention of Vision Following Vitrectomy in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Francis A L'Esperance, William A James, Eli A Friedman, Mary V Feinroth, Lawrence G Mondschein
Journal: Diabetes Care (1981)

Life-term analysis of 117 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy surgery showed that immediate improvement in vision postoperatively was demonstrated in 66% of the patients. This visual acuity, designated usable vision, persisted throughout a 7-yr follow-up period in 46% of the original patients undergoing surgery. It was concluded that vitrectomy surgery can be useful in the preservation of vision if the cases are carefully selected for the operation.
Double blind comparison of the effects of cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and placebo on intragastric acidity in 30 normal volunteers.
Authors: H S Merki, L Witzel, R P Walt, J Neumann, E Scheurle, A Mappes, H Krammisch, J Heim, D Kaufmann, J Roehmel
Journal: Gut (1988)

Continuous measurement of 24 hour intragastric acidity was carried out in 30 normal volunteers during treatment with placebo, cimetidine 800 mg, ranitidine 300 mg, and famotidine 40 mg in a double blind study. Medication was taken after the evening meal (post cenam nocte, PCN). Median 24 hour acidity decreased with all H2-receptor antagonists from 25.1 mmol/l on placebo to 10 mmol/l (-60.1%) during cimetidine, to 3.2 mmol/l (-87.25%) during ranitidine and to 2.5 mmol/l (-90.0%) during famotidine treatment (p less than 0.0005). All drugs significantly inhibited night time acidity but only famotidine decreased acidity during the late morning compared with placebo. Significantly greater acid reduction was seen with famotidine and ranitidine compared with cimetidine but no difference was found between famotidine and ranitidine.
Validation and Characterization of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Effective Orifice Area Measured by Doppler Echocardiography
Authors: Marie-Annick Clavel, Josep Rodés-Cabau, Éric Dumont, Rodrigo Bagur, Sébastien Bergeron, Robert De Larochellière, Daniel Doyle, Éric Larose, Jean G. Dumesnil, Philippe Pibarot
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2011)
Comparators, functions, and experiences
Authors: Harold Merskey
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract The comparator model is insufficient for three reasons. First, consciousness is involved in the process of comparison as well as in the output. Second, we still do not have enough neurophysiological information to match the events of consciousness, although such knowledge is growing. Third, the anatomical localisation proposed can be damaged bilaterally but consciousness will persist.
Consultants launch blueprint for the future BMA wants higher loans for medical students NHS chief executives receive 7.6% average pay rise Osteopaths' statutory council GMSC reviews dispensing pay Talks held on confidentiality Correction
Authors: L. Beecham
Journal: BMJ (1996)

# Consultants launch blueprint for the future {#article-title-2}

Leaders of Britain's consultants have launched their blueprint for the future role of consultants in the NHS. Towards Tomorrow, which was approved by the Central Consultants and Specialists Committee in December (6 January, p 59), sets out the unprecedented changes that have taken place in the past few years, proposals for the future, and the prerequisites that will be necessary for any changes.

Increased management responsibilities, the internal market, increases in emergency admissions, and the reduction in junior doctors' hours were all cited last week by the CCSC chairman, Mr James Johnson, as adding to consultants' workload and making inroads into their quality of life.

Consultants, he said, wanted to get back to their prime role of looking after patients and Towards Tomorrow makes several recommendations on how this can be achieved. Consultants should be allowed to delegate some of their duties to medically or non-medically qualified staff but there would need to be a national agreement on the principles under which tasks could be delegated. There was, for example, scope for nurses to play a greater role in preoperation screening and to act as first assistants in theatre. Consultants would have to explain to patients why other health care professionals were more suitable for such work.

The CCSC wants a greater emphasis on team working. It believes that the consultant's role would be enhanced and workload lessened by the formal introduction of consultant only teams and the report sets out alternative models. There could be cross specialty cooperation in units between consultants not normally associated with one another in …