tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Garrison's History of Neurology
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1969)

In what Dr. McHenry himself describes as an "aeroplane flight" over the history of neurology, he presents a rapid survey of neurology from the Edwin Smith surgical papyrus up to the early 20th century. He has modeled the book on Garrison's<i>History of Neurology</i>but subjected this to a marked revision. The first three chapters, covering the origins, the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and the 17th century, are the primary contributions of Garrison. The next three chapters, dealing with the 18th century and the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system in the 19th century, are Garrison's to a much lesser extent, while the last five chapters, dealing with chemistry and pathology of the 19th century, clinical neurology, neurological examination and neurological diseases, are all by Dr. McHenry. The book must be judged by the author's purpose. He is not writing for historians, but intends to present a "broad survey
Regional sympathetic denervation after myocardial infarction in humans detected noninvasively using I-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine
Authors: Marshall S. Stanton, Mahmoud M. Tuli, Nancy L. Radtke, James J. Heger, William M. Miles, Bruce H. Mock, Robert W. Burt, Henry N. Wellman, Douglas P. Zipes
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1989)
THE CUTANEOUS TUBERCULIN TEST (PIRQUET): With Reference to its Failure in Advanced Tuberculous Disease in Childhood
Authors: C. McNeil
Journal: BMJ (1923)

THE CUTANEOUS TUBERCULIN TEST.[MIcr Jouaxuo 673 to drive the patient to seek medical advice, cure is out of the question.Venesections -do some temporary good-and are useful at critical moments-but frequent repetitions hardly prove acceptable or satisfactory.Calomel still lholds its ground as peilhaps the best single drug.The high-frequency current (diathermv) is the best of the "symptomatic " remedies, but too often I fail to persuade the x-ray specialists to take much interest in invisible results.In the long run intermittent courses of calomel, diet, regulated life, diversions of mind, and an annual visit to one or other of certain spas seem at present to be all we can do.C. A.
VITAMINS, MINERALS, AND ANEMIA
Authors: Richard W. Vilter
Journal: JAMA (1961)

AS the standard of living has improved in the United States, and as education in good dietary practices has reached housewives in the remotest sections of the nation, overt nutritional deficiency diseases have almost disappeared. Only in the food faddist, the chronic alcoholic addict, and the patient with illness resulting in hypermetabolism, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, or intestinal malabsorption are physicians likely to find the signs and symptoms of severe nutritional deficiency diseases. Very occasionally, a congenital or acquired metabolic block may increase the requirements for a particular nutrient to such an extent that illness occurs. Also occasionally a drug, usually an antibiotic, will so alter the intestinal microflora that manifestations of vitamin lack appear. These are very special circumstances and have no bearing on the health of the great majority of U. S. citizens. Except in a small percentage of persons in the lowest income group where funds are insufficient
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
Authors: Jose Ramirez-R., Walenty Nyka, Joseph McLaughlin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

SINCE the report, by Rosen, Castleman and Liebow,1 of the histologic entity of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis a variety of syndromes have been described. The clinical presentations have ranged from an asymptomatic pulmonary infiltrate, incidentally discovered,2 to an unexplained recurrent fever of one and a half years' duration.3 The roentgenograms of the chest in most reported cases have shown a perihilar, granular infiltrate radiating to the lower fields of the lung — the area of the lung with the greatest radiodensity. In some patients, however, unilateral infiltrations, patchy infiltrations and even cavitary lesions2 have been described. The nonspecific clinical and x-ray . . .
The pleasurable unknown
Authors: T. Dalrymple
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Having a slight weakness for orotundity, I like nothing more than a phrase that I can linger over and that echoes in my brain like thunder rolling over hills. One of my favourites has ever been “Mute of malice or mute by visitation of God?”—an important, if somewhat anachronistically worded, question on which I had sometimes to decide when an accused person refused to plead.

I was put in mind of this phrase by the coroner’s verdict on the death of Dr Quinn in M R James’s story “The Two Doctors.” Dr Quinn died by “the visitation of God,” but really it was his rival in medical practice …
In search of a good death: Good death is achievable if task becomes easing death, not prolonging life
Authors: G. R Gillett
Journal: BMJ (2003)

EDITOR—Death is almost inevitably medicalised in our society, and this leads to an increasing number of requests from professionals for ethical advice and from the public for an understanding of what is permissible. British and Commonwealth law consistently enshrines all the necessary permissions for doctors to cease intrusive and life prolonging treatment when they consider that the treatment is of no substantial …
And the Oscar goes to . . . Salvarsan
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2007)

At last, recognition for the unsung heroes of the movies. Film actors, directors, and producers have their Oscars, BAFTAs, and other awards, but until now no one has thought to applaud the roles of antibacterial drugs in cinema. 

The authors of a new study list nearly 70 movies where antibacterial drugs are classed as playing major, supporting, or merely rub-on roles ( Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia 2006;19:397-402). 

The authors, from the department of preventive medicine at the University of Salamanca, write, “There are movies in which antibacterial agents form part of the central plot, while in others they are merely an important …
The epidemiology of shoulder injuries in rugby union football
Authors: J Usman, A S McIntosh, J P Best
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background Shoulder injuries are a significant risk in rugby union football. However, the aetiology and the risk factors associated with shoulder injuries are not well understood. Objective To analyse the incidence and risk factors for shoulder injuries in rugby union football. Design A prospective shoulder injury study was carried out in 2009 using a recursive injury model framework. Setting Community level adult male rugby union players. Participants 75 players at the start and 54 players at the end. Assessment of risk factors The effects of player size, age, injury history and usage of shoulder padding were assessed. Main outcome measurements Shoulder injury incidence rate (IIR). Performance on shoulder assessments using the Constant Score Protocol was measured pre-, mid- and end-season. Weekly training and shoulder impairment was measured. Results A total of 1138.1 player participation hours (pph) were recorded. The overall shoulder IIR was 4.4 injuries per 1000 pph with an average severity of 1.0 missed game. Previous injury and shoulder pads were the main observed intrinsic and extrinsic injury risk factors, respectively. An IIR of 3.5/1000 pph were recorded in players with no history of shoulder injury in the last 3 years (80%). There was a non-significant reduction in injury incidence for players wearing shoulder pads during a match. The tackle has been identified as the intrinsic factor that contributed to 67% of the total time loss to injury. Shoulder pain and impairment were reported by 41% of the players throughout the season but none caused the players to miss any games. Conclusion A recursive injury model was applied however shoulder pain and impairment did not appear to be correlated with injury risk. Recursiveness may not be relevant to the shoulder injuries observed in this cohort. Pre-season screening and appropriate rehabilitation may prevent repeat shoulder injury.
Receptor “cross talk” in innate immunity
Authors: Eicke Latz, Douglas T. Golenbock
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2003)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbial molecular signatures and can initiate innate immune responses against invading pathogens. A new study reports how TLR2 expression by endothelia is locally upregulated by the action of activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils via an unprecedented mechanism involving cell-cell interaction and NAD(P)H oxidase. The report reveals yet another way in which the primordial innate immune system is remarkably complex.
Increased Myocardial Muscarinic Receptor Density in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Dominique Le Guludec, Alain Cohen-Solal, Jacques Delforge, Nicolas Delahaye, André Syrota, Pascal Merlet
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Congestive heart failure is associated with decreased stimulated myocardial adenylate cyclase activity, increased Gi-binding protein, attenuated parasympathetic tone, and increased modulation of beta-adrenergic inotropic left ventricular stimulation by parasympathetic agonists. Despite these abnormalities, changes in the density or affinity of ventricular muscarinic receptors have not been demonstrated in patients.The density and affinity constants of myocardial muscarinic receptors were evaluated noninvasively by means of positron emission tomography with 11C-MQNB (methylquinuclidinyl benzilate), a specific hydrophilic antagonist, in 20 patients with congestive heart failure due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (mean left ventricular ejection fraction, 22+/-9%) and compared with values in 12 normal subjects. The mean receptor concentration was significantly higher in patients than in control subjects (B'max, 34.5+/-8.9 versus 25+/-7.7 pmol/mL, P<.005), with no changes in affinity constants. The change in heart rate after injection of 0.6 mg of cold MQNB was lower in patients than in control subjects (34+/-20% versus 55+/-36%, P<.05), and receptor density correlated negatively with maximal heart rate in the patients (r=.45, P<.05).Congestive heart failure is associated with an upregulation of myocardial muscarinic receptors. This may be an adaptive mechanism to beta-agonist stimulation and should increase the number of potential targets for pharmacological intervention.
Brain tumor-targeted drug delivery strategies
Authors: Xiaoli Wei, Xishan Chen, Man Ying, Weiyue Lu
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2014)

Despite the application of aggressive surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy in clinics, brain tumors are still a difficult health challenge due to their fast development and poor prognosis. Brain tumor-targeted drug delivery systems, which increase drug accumulation in the tumor region and reduce toxicity in normal brain and peripheral tissue, are a promising new approach to brain tumor treatments. Since brain tumors exhibit many distinctive characteristics relative to tumors growing in peripheral tissues, potential targets based on continuously changing vascular characteristics and the microenvironment can be utilized to facilitate effective brain tumor-targeted drug delivery. In this review, we briefly describe the physiological characteristics of brain tumors, including blood–brain/brain tumor barriers, the tumor microenvironment, and tumor stem cells. We also review targeted delivery strategies and introduce a systematic targeted drug delivery strategy to overcome the challenges.
Hyperparathyroidism Presenting as a Giant-Cell Tumor of the Middle Cranial Fossa
Authors: PHILIP RASKIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

A case of hyperparathyroidism is presented in which diagnosis was suspected when a giant-cell tumor of the middle cranial fossa was discovered. No previous case of a "brown tumor" in this location has ever been reported as the presenting manifestation of hyperparathyroidism. The necessity of serum calcium and phosphorus determinations in cases of giant cell tumors of the jaw and cranial bones is stressed.
Abstract 4384: Targeting of 4-1BB by monoclonal antibody, PF-05082566, enhances T cell function and promotes antitumor activity
Authors: Timothy S. Fisher, Cris Kamperschroer, Theodore Oliphant, Victoria A. Love, Paul D. Lira, Regis Doyonnas, Simon Bergqvist, Sangita Baxi, Allison Rohner, Amy C. Shen, Chunli Huang, Sharon Sokolowski, Leslie L. Sharp
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract 4-1BB (CD137, TNFRSF9) is a costimulatory receptor expressed in an activation induced manner on several subsets of immune cells. Numerous studies of mouse and human T cells indicate that 4-1BB promotes enhanced cellular proliferation, survival, and cytokine production. 4-1BB agonist mAbs have demonstrated efficacy in prophylactic and therapeutic settings in both monotherapy and combination therapy tumor models and have established durable anti-tumor protective T cell memory responses. PF-05082566 is a fully human IgG2 which binds to the extracellular domain of human 4-1BB with high affinity and specificity. In preclinical studies this agonist antibody demonstrated its ability to activate NF-κB and induce downstream cytokine production, promote leukocyte proliferation, and inhibit tumor growth in a human PBMC xenograft tumor model. The mechanism of action and robust anti-tumor efficacy of PF-05082566 support its clinical development for the treatment of a broad spectrum of human malignancies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4384. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4384
SECONDARY ANEMIA CAUSED BY SULFONES-Reply
Authors: James A. Doull
Journal: JAMA (1960)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Dr. Price has rightly questioned my statements regarding the value of inorganic iron in the secondary anemias caused by sulfones. Although these statements are based on reports by many leprologists, it must be admitted that a controlled study of the subject has not been made. Perhaps Dr. Price's criticism will lead to more careful study of the subject.
KSHV infects a subset of human tonsillar B cells, driving proliferation and plasmablast differentiation
Authors: Lynn M. Hassman, Thomas J. Ellison, Dean H. Kedes
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; also known as HHV8) is the causative agent of two B cell tumors, multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). However, little is known about the nature of the specific B cell subtype(s) most susceptible to infection. Identifying these cells would provide direct insight into KSHV transmission and virus-induced transformation. To identify this subset and to determine whether infection alters its cellular phenotype, we exposed human tonsillar cells to KSHV and characterized infected cells using high-throughput multispectral imaging flow cytometry (MIFC). Stable expression of the virally encoded latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), a marker of latent KSHV infection, was observed predominantly in cells expressing the l light chain of the B cell receptor. These LANA+ B cells proliferated and exhibited similarities to the cells characteristic of MCD (IgMl-expressing plasmablasts), including blasting morphology with elevated expression of Ki67, variable expression of CD27, and high levels of IgM and IL-6 receptor. Furthermore, the proportion of infected cells showing a blasting phenotype increased upon addition of exogenous IL-6. Our data lead us to propose that oral transmission of KSHV involves the latent infection of a subset of tonsillar IgMl-expressing B cells, which then proliferate as they acquire the plasmablast phenotype characteristic of MCD.
Incidence of a Pyramidal Lobe on Thyroid Scans
Authors: HOWARD A. LEVY, JOHN J. SZIKLAS, RONALD J. ROSENBERG, RICHARD P. SPENCER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1982)

Gamma camera pertechnetate and radioiodine thyroid scans were reviewed to determine the incidence of recognition of a pyramidal lobe. Ten to 17% of "normals" and of patients with various thyroid disease states had a pyramidal lobe on their scans. However, in patients with diffuse toxic goiter, 43% had a pyramidal lobe on the thyroid images. There appears to be a correlation between elevated thyroid function studies (likely in thyroid mass) and the incidence of a pyramidal lobe on thyroid scans in diffuse toxic goiter.
The Renal Rheoplethysmogram of the Dog
Authors: G. E. BURCH, J. H. PHILLIPS
Journal: Circulation Research (1958)

The renal circulation of the dog was studied by a rheoplethysmographic method capable of simultaneously recording the time courses of volume, rate, and acceleration of inflow, outflow and difference between inflow and outflow of blood. The studies were done first under control conditions and then under conditions of relatively acute circulatory change induced by intravenous injection of norepinephrine and hexamethonium.
Molding Catheterism in the Treatment of TB Ureter Stenoses: A Ten-Year Experiment
Authors: A. Cavalli, G. Bianchi, N. Franzolin, C. Tallarigo
Journal: Endoscopy (1980)

The authors describe their experience with molding catheterism for the treatment of TB ureter stenoses, both primitive and secondary after using chemotherapy. 85% of the cases treated with this method proved to be successful, which led the authors to recommend it prior to proceeding to any surgical treatment.
Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients With Eisenmenger Syndrome and Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Gerhard-Paul Diller, Sven van Eijl, Darlington O. Okonko, Luke S. Howard, Omar Ali, Thomas Thum, Stephen J. Wort, Elisabeth Bédard, J. Simon R. Gibbs, Johann Bauersachs, Adrian J. Hobbs, Martin R. Wilkins, Michael A. Gatzoulis, John Wharton
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Impaired endothelial homeostasis underlies the pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We speculated that PAH patients are deficient in circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), potentially contributing to endothelial dysfunction and disease progression.We recruited 41 patients with Eisenmenger syndrome (13 with Down syndrome), 55 with idiopathic PAH, and 47 healthy control subjects. Flow cytometry and in vitro assays were used to quantify EPCs and to assess cell function. The number of circulating CD34+, CD34+/AC133+, CD34+/KDR+, and CD34+/AC133+/KDR+ progenitor cells was low in Eisenmenger patients compared with healthy control subjects, and those with Down syndrome displayed even fewer EPCs. Reductions in EPC numbers correlated with New York Heart Association functional class, 6-minute walk distance, and plasma brain-type natriuretic peptide levels. The capacity of cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells to form colonies and incorporate into tube-like structures was impaired in Eisenmenger patients. Idiopathic PAH patients had reduced numbers of EPCs, and the number of circulating EPCs correlated with invasive hemodynamic parameters in this cohort. Levels of immune inflammatory markers, cGMP, stable nitric oxide oxidation products, and asymmetric dimethylarginine were abnormal in patients with PAH and related to numbers of EPCs. Within the idiopathic PAH population, treatment with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor sildenafil was associated with a dose-dependent rise in EPC numbers, resulting in levels consistently above those found with other therapies.Circulating EPC numbers are reduced in 2 well-characterized forms of PAH, which also exhibit raised levels of inflammatory mediators. Sildenafil treatment may represent a pharmacological means of increasing circulating EPC numbers long-term.
Design issues in studies of radon and lung cancer: implications of the joint effect of smoking and radon.
Authors: M Upfal, G Divine, J Siemiatycki
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

Many case-control studies have been undertaken to assess whether and to what extent residential radon exposure is a risk factor for lung cancer. Nearly all these studies have been conducted in populations including smokers and nonsmokers. In this paper, we show that, depending on the nature of the joint effect of radon and tobacco on lung cancer risk, it may be very difficult to detect a main effect due to radon in mixed smoking and nonsmoking populations. If the joint effect is closer to additive than multiplicative, the most cost-effective way to achieve adequate statistical power may be to conduct a study among never-smokers. Because the underlying joint effect is unknown, and because many studies have been carried out among mixed smoker and nonsmoker populations, it would be desirable to conduct some studies with adequate power among never-smokers only.
A surprising sweetener from enteropathogenic<i>Escherichia coli</i>
Authors: Jaclyn S Pearson, Elizabeth L Hartland
Journal: Gut Microbes (2014)

Infections with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are remarkably devoid of gut inflammation and necrotic damage compared to infections caused by invasive pathogens such as Salmonella and Shigella. Recently, we observed that EPEC blocks cell death using the type III secretion system (T3SS) effector NleB. NleB mediated post-translational modification of death domain containing adaptor proteins by the covalent attachment of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to a conserved arginine in the death domain. N-linked glycosylation of arginine has not previously been reported in mammalian cell biology and the precise biochemistry of this modification is not yet defined. Although the addition of a single GlcNAc to arginine is a seemingly slight alteration, the impact of NleB is considerable as arginine in this location is critical for death domain interactions and death receptor induced apoptosis. Hence, by blocking cell death, NleB promotes enterocyte survival and thereby prolongs EPEC attachment to the gut epithelium.
An Inexpensive Wood's Light
Authors: Herman Goodman
Journal: JAMA (1967)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Kenneth Halprin, MD (<b>199</b>:841, 1967) says that "For less than $100 anyone can own a Wood's light." Your readers may purchase a purple 125-volt bulb and a handyman's cage, and be in business with an excellent filtered source of ultraviolet light for about $2.50. A darkroom helps. It is a remarkable tool, not only for diagnosis but also for confirmation of educated guesses. Problems of riboflavin utility, of vitamins A and B<sub>6</sub>, are brought to light in darkness! More expensive apparatus yields failures in the same areas in which the cheap one misses. Ah, the wonder of black light. And the help to the patient.
Corrigendum to ‘Delivery of siRNA to the brain using a combination of nose-to-brain delivery and cell-penetrating peptide-modified nano-micelles’ [Biomaterials 34 (2013) 9220–9226]
Authors: T. Kanazawa, F. Akiyama, S. Kakizaki, Y. Takashima, Y. Seta
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)