tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Body Fat Distribution and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men and Women in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition in Norfolk Cohort
Authors: Dexter Canoy, S. Matthijs Boekholdt, Nicholas Wareham, Robert Luben, Ailsa Welch, Sheila Bingham, Iain Buchan, Nicholas Day, Kay-Tee Khaw
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Body fat distribution has been cross-sectionally associated with atherosclerotic disease risk factors, but the prospective relation with coronary heart disease remains uncertain.We examined the prospective relation between fat distribution indices and coronary heart disease among 24,508 men and women 45 to 79 years of age using proportional hazards regression. During a mean 9.1 years of follow-up, 1708 men and 892 women developed coronary heart disease. The risk for developing subsequent coronary heart disease increased continuously across the range of waist-hip ratio. Hazard ratios (95% CI) of the top versus bottom fifth of waist-hip ratio were 1.55 (1.28 to 1.73) in men and 1.91 (1.44 to 2.54) in women after adjustment for body mass index and other coronary heart disease risk factors. Hazard ratios increased with waist circumference, but risk estimates for waist circumference without hip circumference adjustment were lower by 10% to 18%. After adjustment for waist circumference, body mass index, and coronary heart disease risk factors, hazard ratios for 1-SD increase in hip circumference were 0.80 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.87) in men and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.93) in women. Hazard ratios for body mass index were greatly attenuated when we adjusted for waist-hip ratio or waist circumference and other covariates.Indices of abdominal obesity were more consistently and strongly predictive of coronary heart disease than body mass index. These simple and inexpensive measurements could be used to assess obesity-related coronary heart disease risk in relatively healthy men and women.
Bone morphogenetic protein-9 suppresses growth of myeloma cells by signaling through ALK2 but is inhibited by endoglin
Authors: O E Olsen, K F Wader, K Misund, T K Våtsveen, T B Rø, A K Mylin, I Turesson, B F Størdal, S H Moen, T Standal, A Waage, A Sundan, T Holien
Journal: Blood Cancer Journal (2014)

Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of plasma cells predominantly located in the bone marrow. A number of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) induce apoptosis in myeloma cells in vitro, and with this study we add BMP-9 to the list. BMP-9 has been found in human serum at concentrations that inhibit cancer cell growth in vitro. We here show that the level of BMP-9 in serum was elevated in myeloma patients (median 176 pg/ml, range 8-809) compared with healthy controls (median 110 pg/ml, range 8-359). BMP-9 was also present in the bone marrow and was able to induce apoptosis in 4 out of 11 primary myeloma cell samples by signaling through ALK2. BMP-9-induced apoptosis in myeloma cells was associated with c-MYC downregulation. The effects of BMP-9 were counteracted by membrane-bound (CD105) or soluble endoglin present in the bone marrow microenvironment, suggesting a mechanism for how myeloma cells can evade the tumor suppressing activity of BMP-9 in multiple myeloma.
Differential contribution of FXa and thrombin to vascular inflammation in a mouse model of sickle cell disease
Authors: Erica M. Sparkenbaugh, Pichika Chantrathammachart, Jacqueline Mickelson, Joanne van Ryn, Robert P. Hebbel, Dougald M. Monroe, Nigel Mackman, Nigel S. Key, Rafal Pawlinski
Journal: Blood (2014)
Decision Making at a Time of Crisis Near the End of Life
Authors: David E. Weissman
Journal: JAMA (2004)

As patients approach the end of life, their disease process may create an immediate life-threatening emergency, yet invasive interventions may be less likely to provide benefit while carrying the same or greater risks. Knowing when it is time to shift from life-prolonging to more palliative approaches, focused on quality of life and comfort, is emotionally and clinically challenging for patients, families, and physicians. Key factors in the decision process include prognosis, risk-benefit analysis of the proposed intervention, current symptom burden, temporal pattern of the illness, patient's age and life stage, and the patient's goals of care. A structured approach to decision making includes assessing the patient's physical, psychological, and spiritual needs; assessing the patient's support system; discussing prognosis; and assessing patient-specific goals. Physicians can best help patients decide which treatments are appropriate by taking the necessary time to explore all curative and palliative care options, providing honest and timely prognostic information, making clear recommendations, facilitating patient-family discussions, and affirming patient choices.
Plasma Concentrations of Selected Organobromine Compounds and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Postmenopausal Women of Québec, Canada
Authors: Torkjel M. Sandanger, Marc Sinotte, Pierre Dumas, Mario Marchand, Courtney D. Sandau, Daria Pereg, Sylvie Bérubé, Jacques Brisson, Pierre Ayotte
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

Brominated flame retardants, especially polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been widely used in North America, but little is known about the level of exposure of human populations to these compounds.We set out to assess the internal exposure of postmenopausal Canadian women to selected organobromine compounds and to investigate factors associated with this exposure.We measured concentrations of four PBDEs, one polybrominated biphenyl, and for comparative purposes, 41 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in plasma samples from 110 healthy postmenopausal women who were recruited at a mammography clinic in 2003-2004.PBDE-47 was the major PBDE congener, with a mean (geometric) concentration of 8.1 ng/g lipids and extreme values reaching 1,780 ng/g. By comparison, the mean concentration of the major PCB congener (PCB-153) was 41.7 ng/g and the highest value was 177 ng/g. PBDEs 47, 99, and 100 were strongly intercorrelated, but weaker correlations were noted with PBDE-153. As the sum of PBDEs (summation operatorPBDEs) increased, the relative contribution of PBDE-47 to the summation operatorPBDEs increased, whereas that of PBDE-153 decreased. PBDE-153 was the only brominated compound correlated to PCB-153. PBDE levels were not linked to any sociodemographic, anthropometric, reproductive, or lifestyle variables documented in the present study. Age and body mass index gain since the age of 18 years were significant predictors of PCB-153 plasma levels.Our results suggest that exposure to PBDE-47 likely occurs through direct contact with the penta-PBDE formulation, whereas exposure to PBDE-153 may originate in part from the food chain.
Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis
Authors: D. S Wald
Journal: BMJ (2002)

To assess whether the association of serum homocysteine concentration with ischaemic heart disease, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, and stroke is causal and, if so, to quantify the effect of homocysteine reduction in preventing them.Meta-analyses of the above three diseases using (a) 72 studies in which the prevalence of a mutation in the MTHFR gene (which increases homocysteine) was determined in cases (n=16 849) and controls, and (b) 20 prospective studies (3820 participants) of serum homocysteine and disease risk.Odds ratios of the three diseases for a 5 micromol/l increase in serum homocysteine concentration.There were significant associations between homocysteine and the three diseases. The odds ratios for a 5 micromol/l increase in serum homocysteine were, for ischaemic heart disease, 1.42 (95% confidence interval 1.11 to 1.84) in the genetic studies and 1.32 (1.19 to 1.45) in the prospective studies; for deep vein thrombosis with or without pulmonary embolism, 1.60 (1.15 to 2.22) in the genetic studies (there were no prospective studies); and, for stroke, 1.65 (0.66 to 4.13) in the genetic studies and 1.59 (1.29 to 1.96) in the prospective studies.The genetic studies and the prospective studies do not share the same potential sources of error, but both yield similar highly significant results-strong evidence that the association between homocysteine and cardiovascular disease is causal. On this basis, lowering homocysteine concentrations by 3 micromol/l from current levels (achievable by increasing folic acid intake) would reduce the risk of ischaemic heart disease by 16% (11% to 20%), deep vein thrombosis by 25% (8% to 38%), and stroke by 24% (15% to 33%).
On a New Method of Staining Sections of the Central Nervous System
Authors: F. J. Wethered
Journal: BMJ (1888)

stitutional state or circulatory condition which favours the pro- duction of that mental state, was notjvery clear and dist&nct.Therefore, although they were anaWsed,tl shall exclude the; six- teen from further consideration, except to add that -nost of these cases of lighter mitral disease, although many of; them' Were gen'bral paralytics, exhibited an iiclination to depression,tirrita- bility, delusions of annoyiwe, daner" aill-tretment, persecution or showed' inclination to dementia.lneotionalf rfacilitI was markel in some.Only a' few had occasibnld expansivea delusions or exaltation.
Myofascial Pain and Fibromyalgia: Trigger Point Management
Authors: George E. Ehrlich
Journal: JAMA (1995)

The Victorians might have called sufferers asthenic women, but the conjunction of generalized pains concentrating over muscles where many find tender spots and some nodular tensions, predominantly in women, took the name fibrositis early in this century. The syndrome split from psychogenic rheumatism in midcentury and lost the -itissuffix more recently, when attempts to demonstrate inflammation by laboratory means, thermography, and biopsy either failed or proved inconclusive or nonreproducible.  Fibromyalgia became the generally accepted term in English-speaking countries. (Tendomyopathy, the preferred German term, also popular in adjacent European countries, is not cited in this book, although it would be well known to the author of an excellent first chapter reviewing current concepts of the disorder.) Considerable interest in the problem has recently led to a consensus conference on congruence of concepts, not yet published, and has excited some trial lawyers who claim posttraumatic onset to win compensation for clients
Surgical aspects of international drug smuggling
Authors: M J R Lancashire, P K Legg, M Lowe, S. M Davidson, B W Ellis
Journal: BMJ (1988)

The internal concealment of cocaine and other drugs in packets by “body packers”—those who swallow packets of drugs or hide them in their vagina or rectum—to avoid detection by customs officials has been increasing in both the United States and Europe. The types of package and how they are concealed are changing as the traffickers become more sophisticated in their methods. The latest parcels are less likely to burst, but obstruction of the bowel may occur. Awareness of the problem is important for staff of emergency medical services near international ports of arrival.
The Jugglery of Statistics.
Authors: George M. Kober
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Washington, D.C., Nov. 21, 1898. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I had hoped that after Deputy Surgeon-General Smart's reply to an absurd editorial on the "Jugglery of Statistics," which appeared in the Journal of October 29, no one would seriously quote the mortality rates of the Civil and Spanish Wars, adduced by the<i>Philadelphia Medical Journal</i>of October 15, and yet the writer of the editorial on the "Caribbean Climate in its Medico-Hygienic Relations" (Journal, p. 1249) committed this error. I cannot refrain, therefore, from referring the writer of the editorial to the article above referred to, and if still unconvinced he may profit by Dr. Smart's letter on the "Vital Statistics of the War," which appeared in theJournalof November 19. Respectfully yours,
Prevention of Phlebitis
Authors: R.W. Schafermeyer
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Phlebitis is a common complication of intravenous therapy. Many studies have been done as to causes and possible modes of prevention. There seems to be a relationship between the incidence of phlebitis and the components of intravenous fluids. The University of Washington manual on<i>Fluid and Electrolyte Balance</i>recommends aseptic intravenous site care, 10 mg of heparin sodium and 1 mg of hydrocortisone per liter of intravenous fluids, to help keep the vein patent and to avoid possible infiltration, as well as keeping down inflammation or foreign body reaction locally at the intravenous needle site. We used a modified regimen of 5 mg of heparin and 1 mg of hydrocortisone per liter of intravenous fluids where cephalothin (Keflin), gentamicin, kanamycin, or potassium salts were administered by intravenous route. The incidence of phlebitis decreased greatly and the longevity of these vessels ranged from 72 to 104 hours (along
Preventive therapy of first gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: Results of a controlled trial comparing propranolol, endoscopic sclerotherapy and placebo
Authors: Toni Andreani, Reneé E. Poupon, Beverley J. Balkau, Jean-Claude Trinchet, Jean-Didier Grange, Nicolas Peigney, Michel Beaugrand, Raoul Poupon
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

Propranolol and endoscopic sclerosis of esophageal varices are the two approaches currently used in prophylaxis of the first gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the cirrhotic patient. One hundred twenty-six cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices and no histories of bleeding were included in the trial regardless of the gravity of the cirrhosis or the size of the esophageal varices. Patients with hepatocarcinomas or other cancers, clearly impossible follow-up, previous treatment for portal hypertension or contraindication to β-blockers were excluded. After randomization, 43 patients received propranolol twice daily at a dose reducing the heart rate by 25%; 42 patients were treated with intravariceal and extravariceal injections of Polidocanol; 41 control patients received vitamin K orally as placebo. The patients were seen at 3-mo intervals for 2 yr. On entry to the trial the three groups were comparable in terms of clinical and biological parameters, including size of esophageal varices (grade I = 51, grade II = 54, grade III = 17), Child-Pugh classification (A = 29, B = 61, C = 32) and the origin of cirrhosis (alcoholic in 79% of cases). Twenty-four patients bled (two bled in the propranolol group, nine bled in the endoscopic sclerosis of esophageal varices group and 13 bled in the placebo group). Actuarial estimates (Kaplan-Meier) of the time of onset of first bleeding showed that the differences were significant between propranolol and placebo (p &lt; 0.004) and between propranolol and sclerotherapy (p &lt; 0.03) but not between sclerotherapy and placebo. The multivariate Cox model indicated that the size of esophageal varices and the Child-Pugh class were prognostic factors for the onset of GI bleeding; the treatment effect remained after adjusting for these factors. No significant difference in survival was observed among the three treatment groups. The multivariate Cox model indicated that female gender and Child-Pugh class were factors predictive of survival and that treatment played no part in predicting survival. In conclusion, our study suggests that propranolol is effective in preventing the first gastrointestinal bleeding in the cirrhotic patient but does not improve the survival rate. (HEPATOLOGY 1990;12:1413-1419).
Transesophageal echocardiographic guidance during percutaneous laser myoplasty for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Results of a canine trial
Authors: Douglas W. Losordo, Dov Gal, Saurabh Chokshi, Stephen T. Dejesus, Richard H. Clarke, Greg Brucker, John O. Pastore, Jeffrey M. Isner
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1990)
The Mathematical Approach to Biology and Medicine
Authors: Anthony F. Bartholomay
Journal: JAMA (1967)

This is Professor Bailey's fourth book dealing with various mathematical aspects of biology. Like the others, it is confined mostly to the biometrical, probabilistic, and statistical aspects. Even so, many common, underlying mathematical principles and points of view are skillfully and somewhat leisurely expounded, in close relationship to many interesting and pertinent examples. The book may be criticized by strict determinists because of its preoccupation with stochastic representations. However, where deterministic and stochastic models occur as alternatives, he does a creditable job of presenting, relating, and comparing both. The book is divided into two parts. The first serves as a general introduction to probabilistic biomathematics and, more particularly, to the selected mathematical models of part 2. Its six chapters are devoted to the need for mathematical representation in biological and other scientific studies, probabilistic and statistical reasoning, mathematics and the scientific method, the operational research method, the influence of computers,
Child and adolescent mental health services: purchasers' knowledge and plans
Authors: M Vanstraelen, D Cottrell
Journal: BMJ (1994)

All purchasers in the North East Thames Regional Health Authority were contacted by telephone and questioned systematically about their purchasing plans for child and adolescent mental health.Purchasers' knowledge of the services they were purchasing was very limited.They had made little or no attempt to set quality standards or to monitor them.It is concluded that information about these services is so limited that purchasers would be unable to make informed decisions concerning changes in service patterns.The scale of psychological problems in children in the community is often not realised.Depending on prevailing levels of socioeconomic deprivation, between 7% and 20% of children and teenagers will have a child psychiatric disorder,' and although some of these are relatively mild, development or functioning, or both, will be significantly impaired in 5-10%.The table shows the numbers of children with disorders in a typical district of 300 000 people, where about a quarter of the population will be aged up to 18 years.Such figures are intended only as a rough guide.When there is considerable comorbidity these figures will be inflated; presenting data for only a few common conditions and only at certain age ranges (no figures are presented for children under 4 years with emotional and behavioural difficulties) will distort in the opposite direction.Prevalence of child psychiatric disorder in a population of 75000 children and adolescents (up to the age of 18years) Age No affected Diagnosis (years) (n= 15 795) Conduct disorder
General practitioner knowledge of prohibited substances in sport.
Authors: A D Webborn
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1997)

sider it in the same way as any other health problem.This would mean taking into account the factors that encourage it as well as the clinical symptoms, desired effects, immediate or delayed complications, thera- peutic acceptance, and social implications.In other words, doctors must change their attitude to doping in order not to limit this subject merely to a question of a list of banned substances.Moreover, doping should form an integral and specialised part of the studies undertaken by every medical student.This is urgently required considering the fact that doping agents such as anabolic steroids, human growth hormones, and stimulants are also used by people not taking part in sports.
In praise of hunch backing
Authors: R. Lehman
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The backing of hunches in medicine seems to have fallen out of favour. So unfashionable are anecdote and opinion in these days of evidence based medicine and molecular genetics that the poor hunch backer may soon have to eke out a lonely, mad existence in the cathedral towers of medicine. Shunned by the Esmeraldas of funding, we will be forced to live on kindly gifts of bread and cheese, while we leap about groaning, “Why were we born so ugly?”

Time was when hunches were the stuff of medicine. Ambroise Pare had a hunch that wounds might heal without boiling oil; John Hunter that soot might be bad for chimney sweepers' scrota; Will Pickles that common infectious diseases did not have the same incubation periods in Wensleydale as they had in textbooks. But through the centuries there also ride troops of medical knights whose hunches were wrong, but whose armour was proof …
Managing Severe Asthma
Authors: Rebecca Voelker
Journal: JAMA (1998)

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Mast cell TNF receptors regulate responses to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in surfactant protein A (SP-A)−/− mice
Authors: Bethany J. Hsia, Julie G. Ledford, Erin N. Potts-Kant, Vinayak S. Nikam, Njira L. Lugogo, W. Michael Foster, Monica Kraft, Soman N. Abraham, Jo Rae Wright
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
The cognitive psychology of Internet gaming disorder
Authors: Daniel L. King, Paul H. Delfabbro
Journal: Clinical Psychology Review (2014)

Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has received nomenclatural recognition as a potential mental health disorder, despite evident variability in its core psychopathology and psychometric assessment. Although cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is considered an efficacious treatment for IGD, the underlying cognitions of the disorder are not well understood. This review aimed to synthesise research evidence on Internet gaming cognition toward identification of cognitive factors underlying IGD. A systematic review of 29 quantitative studies on Internet gaming cognition and 7 treatment studies employing cognitive therapy for IGD was conducted. Four cognitive factors underlying IGD were identified. Factors included (a) beliefs about game reward value and tangibility, (b) maladaptive and inflexible rules about gaming behaviour, (c) over-reliance on gaming to meet self-esteem needs, and (d) gaming as a method of gaining social acceptance. It is proposed that IGD-related cognition may be more complex than "preoccupation" (i.e., criterion A of IGD). IGD cognition may involve the persistent overvaluation of video gaming rewards, activities, and identities, combined with a need to adhere to maladaptive rules governing use and completion of video games. Greater understanding of the proposed cognitive factors may advance clinical research agendas on identification of individuals with IGD, as well as the expansion and improvement of cognitive therapies for the disorder.