tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Homeostatic regulation of zinc transporters in the human small intestine by dietary zinc supplementation
Authors: R A Cragg
Journal: Gut (2005)

The role of intestinal transporter regulation in optimising nutrient absorption has been studied extensively in rodent and cell line models but not in human subjects.The aim of the present study was to investigate the response in vivo of zinc transporters in the human enterocyte to dietary zinc supplementation.Eighteen patients who had previously undergone ileostomy, all free of any symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease.Subjects took a daily zinc supplement of 25 mg for 14 days in a double blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial. The effect of the supplement on expression in ileal biopsies of the zinc transporters SLC30A1, SLC30A4, SLC30A5, SLC39A1, SLC39A4, and metallothionein was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR. Expression of SLC30A1, SLC30A5, and SLC39A4 was also examined by immunoblotting.The zinc supplement reduced SLC30A1 mRNA (1.4-fold) together with SLC30A1, SLC30A5, and SLC39A4 protein (1.8-fold, 3.7-fold, and to undetectable levels, respectively) in ileal mucosa and increased metallothionein mRNA (1.7-fold). The supplement had no effect on expression of SLC30A4 or SLC39A1 mRNA. Localisation of SLC30A5 at the apical human enterocyte/colonocyte membrane and also at the apical membrane of Caco-2 cells was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Commensurate with these observations in zinc supplemented human subjects, SLC30A1, SLC30A5, and SLC39A4 mRNA and protein were reduced in Caco-2 cells cultured at 200 muM compared with 100 muM zinc.These observations indicate that, in response to variations in dietary zinc intakes, regulated expression of plasma membrane zinc transporters in the human intestine contributes to maintenance of zinc status.
Melatonin — The Hormone of Darkness
Authors: Robert D. Utiger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

The secretion of melatonin is stimulated by darkness. Darkness also characterizes our understanding of the physiology of melatonin in humans. (The name derives from the hormone's ability to lighten the skin of amphibians, a property it is not recognized to have in mammals.) The article by Puig-Domingo et al. in this issue of the Journal, describing a patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hypermelatoninemia, and pineal calcification, provides an opportunity to let in some light.1 Melatonin is the predominant product of the still-mysterious pineal gland. This gland is probably the only source of circulating melatonin, since plasma melatonin concentrations after pinealectomy are . . .
THE HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASES
Authors: D. L. RICHARDSON
Journal: JAMA (1913)

It has long been believed, and still is, that the so-called "contagious diseases," comprising such diseases as scarlet fever, diphtheria, whooping-cough, measles, small-pox, chicken-pox, mumps and rubella, are to a large extent contracted by aerial transmission. Much evidence against this view has accumulated during the last few years and one purpose of this paper is to discuss this evidence. It is only the practical experience of the hospitals of England and France and the Providence City Hospital that will be presented to show the importance of contact infection and the relatively small factor, if any, of aerial transmission. The paper is not based on laboratory findings. The French were the first to doubt the theory of airborne disease and the importance of controlling contact infection. To Grancher of Paris belongs the credit of being one of the first to put these ideas into practice. He isolated contagious diseases in the
Dutch medical associations support freezing oocytes for non-medical reasons
Authors: T. Sheldon
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Women in the Netherlands who wish to delay having children for non-medical reasons should be able to have their oocytes frozen if they want to, according to recommendations from two professional bodies in response to a government request for guidance.

The Dutch Association for Obstetrics and Gynaecology and the Association for Clinical Embryology make the recommendation in a new report on the issue, Vitrificatie van Eicellen \[Vitrification of Oocytes\] (www.nvog.nl). It follows plans last year by Amsterdam’s Academic Medical Centre to begin freezing oocytes on non-medical grounds, such as because women are single or cannot take a career break, which sparked questions in parliament.

The report recommends “conditional” permission for the procedure after finding that arguments for refusing the freezing of oocytes on non-medical grounds were unconvincing. It suggests that the age limit for …
Syphilis and Its Management
Authors: Nicholas J. Fiumara, Bernard Appel, William Hill, Herbert Mescon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

Physical ExaminationThe objective is to find evidence of present or past syphilis in any stage, either of congenital or of acquired disease. The following are some of the more common objective findings, with brief interpretations: Head and face. Deformities here are prominent in patients with congenital syphilis. While taking the history, the physician has ample opportunity to observe the patient's features. He should look for the facies of congenital syphilis, with bulging frontal bosses (Parrot's nodes), "saddleback" nose, rhagades at the angles of the mouth and radiating scars at the corners of the eyes, and for the concave . . .
Doctors say no to more privatisation of NHS in England
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Doctors' leaders have been charged with delivering a message to health chiefs of no confidence in government reforms. Representatives in Belfast voted by three to two to stop further involvement of the private sector in the NHS in England and to campaign to return those services that have been privatised back to the public sector.

James Johnson, the chairman of the BMA, said that he would take what he …
Gene expression in Barrett's mucosa: acute and chronic adaptive responses in the oesophagus.
Authors: J Jankowski
Journal: Gut (1993)

Parasite Ag-specific T cell unresponsiveness and diminished IFN-γ production are immunologic hallmarks of patent infection with lymph-dwelling filarial nematodes. Although this diminished responsiveness is directed primarily against the intravascular microfilarial (MF) parasite stage and mediated in part by reduced APC function, the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. In this report, we demonstrate that human dendritic cells (DC) exposed to live MF up-regulate both the cell surface and gene expression of CD54 (ICAM-1). Moreover, live MF result in a 3-fold increase in DC death compared with MF-unexposed DC, primarily due to apoptosis. Notably, microarray and real-time RT-PCR data indicate that live MF concurrently up-regulate mRNA expression of proinflammatory molecules such as IL-8, RANTES, IL-1α, TNF-α, and IL-β in DC, the presence of which is also detected at the protein level, while inhibiting the production of IL-12 (p40 and p70) and IL-10. Soluble excretory-secretory products from live MF diminished IL-12 and IL-10 production and induced DC death, although to a lesser degree. Moreover, exposure of DC to live MF resulted in a decrease in the ability of DC to promote CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell production of IFN-γ and IL-5. Our findings clearly suggest that the interaction between live MF and DC is complex but contributes to the hyporesponsiveness and parasite persistence associated with the MF<sup>+</sup> state in the infected human. These data further suggest that MF induce an orchestrated response in APC that leads to a diminished capacity to function appropriately, which in turn has significant consequences for CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells.
Chromosome landing: a paradigm for map-based gene cloning in plants with large genomes
Authors: Steven D. Tanksley, Martin W. Ganal, Gregory B. Martin
Journal: Trends in Genetics (1995)

The original concept behind map-based or positional cloning was to find a DNA marker linked to a gene of interest, and then to 'walk' to the gene via overlapping clones (e.g. cosmids or YACs). While chromosome walking is straightforward in organisms with small genomes, it is difficult to apply in most plant species, which typically have large, complex genomes. The strategy of chromosome walking is based on the assumption that it is difficult and time consuming to find DNA markers that are physically close to a gene of interest. Recent technological developments invalidate this assumption for many species. As a result, the mapping paradigm has now changed such that one first isolates one or more DNA marker(s) at a physical distance from the targeted gene that is less than the average insert size of the genomic library being used for clone isolation. The DNA marker is then used to screen the library and isolate (or 'land' on) the clone containing the gene, without any need for chromosome walking and its associated problems. Chromosome landing, together with the technology that has made it possible, is likely to become the main strategy by which map-based cloning is applied to isolate both major genes and genes underlying quantitative traits in plant species.
Measurement of cardiac output and its distribution in rats under various sodium intakes, using 15 and 10 micron spheres
Authors: D. CASELLAS, A. MIMRAN
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1980)

We estimated cardiac output and its distribution to organs using simultaneously injected 15 μm and 10 μm radioactive microspheres. This study was carried out in anaesthetised rats with high cardiac output induced by sodium loading and low cardiac output by sodium restriction. In neither group were the values of cardiac output and blood flow to kidneys, brain, heart and spleen affected by microsphere size. However, the ratio of blood flow estimated with 15 μm to that with 10 μm microspheres averaged 0.67: 0.60 for liver, 1.09: 1.10 for duodenum, 3.51: 3.52 for testes, and 1.19: 1.07 for adrenals in high and low sodium rats respectively. A significant escape of 10 μm microspheres from testicular, adrenal, and gastrointestinal vasculatures may explain such finding. With regard to the liver, this view was reinforced by the finding of comparable hepatic blood flow values with either bead size after clamping of the portal vein. Additional preferential losses of 10 μm microspheres from muscular vasculature seemed to contribute to the fractions of injected radioactivities recovered in lungs (that is 6 and 2% for 10 μm and 15 μm spheres respectively). These results suggest that in the rat blood flow data provided by 10 μm microspheres should be carefully analysed according to the organ(s) studied.
Effects of atropine on diastolic time.
Authors: K A Conrad
Journal: Circulation (1981)

Atropine was given intravenously to 10 normal volunteers in increments of 0.01 mg/kg to a total dose of 0.04 mg/kg. This produced an increase in heart rate from 65 +/- 11 to 112 +/- 14 beats/min, a decrease in diastolic time from 534 +/- 131 to 180 +/- 65 msec, and a decrease in percent diastole from 55.6 +/- 5.3% to 32.4 +/- 7.2% (p < 0.001). Administration of isoproterenol in doses that increased heart rate from 69 +/- 9 to 99 +/- 12 beats/min produced a decrease in diastolic time from 485 +/- 98 to 312 +/- 47 msec and only a slight decrease in percent diastole, from 54.2 +/- 4.3% to 50.6 +/- 3.9%. Atropine, in doses commonly used clinically, may significantly reduce diastolic time and the percent diastole. Because diastolic time is an important determinant of coronary perfusion, administration of atropine to patients with coronary artery disease may increase myocardial ischemia.
Familial Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Dennis Brustein
Journal: JAMA (1977)

The child of a woman with discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) had lesions of DLE develop at the age of 2 months. The original lesions persisted and new lesions continued to develop to date; the child is now 28 months old. In a second child, now 11 months old, a probable lupus erythematosus rash developed at 1 week of age.
Surgeon is suspended for further 12 months after ignoring tribunal's advice
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2013)

A general surgeon who was suspended for 12 months last year after leaving a breast cancer patient with a deformed chest at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary has been suspended for a further 12 months after failing to meet requirements for study, remediation, and reflection set by the original tribunal.

Mutasim Mohammed, who now works at a private hospital in Saudi Arabia, was suspended in December 2012 by a panel of the Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service. He was found to have worked beyond the limits of his surgical competence in undertaking breast cancer surgery when he lacked adequate …
Vaccine uptake rather than disease mitigation seems to be aim of universal hepatitis B vaccination in the UK
Authors: J. Puliyel
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Including vaccines in the routine immunisation programmes of countries1 has become a kind of fetish with the World Health Organization—disconnected from its purpose of reducing disease. WHO has recommended hepatitis B vaccination for all countries—at least three doses of the vaccine to be given to each person at birth, in infancy, or during adolescence.2 Vaccinating adolescents …
Long-Term Effects of Fenofibrate on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Augmentation Index in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Anne Hiukka, Jukka Westerbacka, Eeva S. Leinonen, Hiroshi Watanabe, Olov Wiklund, Lillemor Mattson Hulten, Jukka T. Salonen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Hannele Yki-Järvinen, Anthony C. Keech, Marja-Riitta Taskinen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2008)
Abstract 507: ERβ1 decreases breast cancer cell survival by regulating the unfolded protein response
Authors: Christoforos Thomas, Gayani Rajapaksa, Fotis Nikolos, Igor Bado, Jan-Ake Gustafsson
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Estrogen receptors (ERs) regulate cellular processes that influence the development and response of breast cancer to hormonal therapy. Unfolded protein response (UPR) has been identified as a key mechanism that determines endocrine responsiveness and cellular survival in breast cancer. UPR assists the cells to cope with the stress caused by the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Although ERα is known to affect the cellular response to ER stress, the role of ERβ in regulating the UPR has not been investigated. Here we show that the wild-type ERβ (ERβ1) enhanced apoptosis in breast cancer cells in response to treatment with the ER stress inducers thapsigargin and bortezomib. Targeting the Bcl-2 in the ER of the ERβ1-expressing cells prevented the apoptosis induced by ER stress but not by non-ER stress apoptotic stimuli indicating that ERβ1 promotes ER stress-regulated apoptosis. ERβ1 promoted ER stress-induced apoptosis by suppressing the inositol-requiring enzyme-1 (IRE-1) pathway of the UPR. ERβ1 repressed the transcription of the IRE-1α gene and the subsequent splicing of the X-box binding protein-1 (XBP-1). These results suggest a potential role of ERβ1 in influencing stress and therapy response in breast cancer by regulating the UPR. Citation Format: Christoforos Thomas, Gayani Rajapaksa, Fotis Nikolos, Igor Bado, Jan-Ake Gustafsson. ERβ1 decreases breast cancer cell survival by regulating the unfolded protein response. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 507. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-507
CULTURES OF ORGANIZED TISSUES
Authors: Albert Fischer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1922)

An artificial organism, if one may so term it, composed of a complex of tissues, was cultivated for a long period of time. Small fragments of intestine from chick embryos 20 to 21 days old were placed in a suitable medium. The epithelium proliferated and completely covered the fragment of intestine after 4 to 6 days. A small body was thus formed, round or oblong in shape, surrounded by cylindrical epithelium and containing epithelial, connective, and muscle tissues, endothelium, and ameboid cells. After a month's cultivation in vitro, no necrosis had occurred. Therefore, it may be assumed that, through the intestinal epithelium, the medium supplied the intestinal tissue with sufficient nourishment. No uncontrolled proliferation took place after the epithelium bad surrounded the entire fragment. The cultivation of complex tissues will facilitate the study of the interactions of the different cells under various conditions. In some experiments, pure cultures of epithelial cells were grafted into such an "organism" without difficulty. The growth of malignant cells could be studied in the same way. When the "organism" was placed in a fluid medium, the epithelium remained normal but the stroma disappeared. It seems that plasma played an important rôle in the maintenance of the tissues in their normal condition.
Novel Communications in Diabetes: Another Small but Significant Step for <i>Diabetes Care</i>
Authors: William T. Cefalu
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

In my commentary “ Diabetes Care : ‘State of the Union’” that appeared in the January 2013 issue of Diabetes Care , I gave a comprehensive listing of the progress made to date for the first year for our current editorial team (1). At that time, and also at the beginning of our term over a year ago, I continued to stress that our goal as an editorial team was to adhere to “a strategy to continue the momentum and make changes only as required to allow the journal to thrive” (1,2). With this commentary, I wanted to inform our readers, authors, and reviewers that we have taken yet another small but significant step toward that goal. In brief, these steps involve the elimination of one manuscript category (Brief Report), the introduction of a new category for author consideration and submission (Novel Communications in Diabetes), and the addition of a former manuscript interest area (Emerging Technologies and Therapeutics).

To understand why we are implementing these changes, one has to look no further than what has happened to the diabetes landscape over the last few years. There is no question that there are tremendous advancements in clinical care, clinical research, and translation of findings. We have and will continue to readily review and publish the top articles in these areas and, in many cases, actively seek and request submission of the truly unique manuscripts to our journal. Clearly, the incredible changes occurring in technology cannot be overstated. It is truly amazing how things have changed in the way we now obtain information from scientific journals in general, and this …
Ethical questions on the use of magnetic field reports.
Authors: A H Frey
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

Results from National Toxicology Program draft reports on carcinogenesis and promo- tion of 60-Hz magnetic fields (1,2) are a mixed bag of apparent effects in some cases and no effects in other cases.The studies were carried out, apparently, with the intent to provide information that can be used in making health policy for humans.I contend that these studies cannot be used for this purpose because of two implicit assumptions that were made when the studies were being designed.First, it was assumed that the relevant magnetic field parameter for inducing biologi- cal effects is a pure 60-Hz sine-wave, and such was used.But the public is exposed to some- thing very different, as the authors admit (1):
Treat sleep apnoea before people fall asleep at the wheel
Authors: N. Tweddell, S. Schmoller
Journal: BMJ (2009)

We are the father and uncle of Toby Tweddell, who was killed in August 2006, his car crushed from behind by a large goods vehicle; the driver had fallen asleep at the wheel, and was subsequently found to have sleep apnoea.1

After the inquest into Toby’s death, the coroner reported in August …
Cerebral Circulation and Metabolism in Uremia
Authors: ALBERT HEYMAN, JOHN L. PATTERSON, RUDOLPH W. JONES
Journal: Circulation (1951)

Data on 16 patients with uremia are presented. The cerebral blood flow was moderately decreased in patients with generalized vascular disease, but was normal in patients with minimal vascular involvement. In both groups the cerebral oxygen consumption (cerebral metabolic rate in terms of oxygen consumption, CMRO 2 ) was reduced significantly and to the same degree. In contrast, total body metabolism was not demonstrably reduced. These facts emphasize the vulnerability of the brain to uremia. There was poor correlation between the cerebral oxygen utilization and the patient's mental state. No correlation was found between the cerebral oxygen consumption and the blood nonprotein nitrogen, the carbon dioxide capacity, or the sodium, potassium or chloride levels.
Unbalanced human apes and syntax
Authors: Roger S. Fouts, Gabriel Waters
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

We propose that the fine discrete movements of the tongue as used in speech are what account for the extreme lateralization in humans, and that handedness is a mere byproduct of tongue use. With regard to syntax, we support the Armstrong et al. (1995) proposition that syntax derives directly from gestural motor movements as opposed to facial expressions.
Usefulness and Limitations of Laparoscopy in the Diagnosis of Tuberculous Peritonitis
Authors: M. Mimica
Journal: Endoscopy (1992)

The value of laparoscopy in the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis was determined in 32 patients diagnosed histologically as having the condition. In 27 (85 %) patients the diagnosis was obtained by laparoscopy combined with peritoneal biopsy. In five patients in whom laparoscopy was unsuccessful, the diagnosis was established by laparotomy. The visually established diagnosis was unreliable and needed histological confirmation. In the ascitic form of tuberculous peritonitis laparoscopy was a safe method which enabled a definitive diagnosis. In the fibroadhesive form of tuberculous peritonitis laparoscopy was risky and gave insufficient information, the diagnosis easily being established by laparotomy.
THE CONSERVATIVE USE OF THE STOMACH TUBE IN THE TREATMENT OF GASTRIC DISEASES.
Authors: J. M. G. CARTER
Journal: JAMA (1895)

The use of the stomach tube in the treatment of gastric affections has become so common in certain localities that it is necessary to call attention now and then to the dangers, as well as to the advantages of its use, and to study its scientific application. Since Kussmaul urged the advantages of the stomach tube in 1867, the profession has given more or less thought to it; Leube in 1874 recommended the tube for diagnostic purposes, and in 1875 Ewald used the soft rubber tube for washing out the stomach. During the last twenty years it has gained in favor, and diseases of the stomach have been so thoroughly investigated by means of this instrument and the chemic analysis of the stomach contents, that a new specialty has been placed in the medical field. A word of caution needs to be uttered to prevent the popularity which this method