tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Clinical observations on delayed pressure urticaria
Authors: R.P. WARIN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1989)

Repeated pressure tests at regular intervals were carried out on 48 patients with delayed pressure urticaria (DPU). Patients showed a considerable variation in response with periods of positive testing ranging from a few days to months or years. All the DPU patients had had chronic urticaria and/or angio-oedema although sometimes minor and occasional. Pressure tests were also carried out at regular intervals on seven patients with chronic urticaria who had weals at pressure sites but no history of pressure-induced weals (Köbner weals). These weals coincided with positive pressure tests and it seems likely that they all had DPU but only for a short time. Delayed dermographism was studied in eight patients with DPU. There was a good correlation in time and degree between positive pressure tests and delayed dermographism, confirming that delayed dermographism is in fact DPU provoked by a slightly different mode of pressure.
Reduced Cardiotoxicity of Doxorubicin Delivered on a Weekly Schedule
Authors: FRANK M. TORTI
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Endomyocardial biopsy was done 119 times in 98 patients receiving doxorubicin therapy once every 3 weeks and 41 times in 27 patients receiving doxorubicin therapy weekly. Factors contributing to the degree of anthracycline-induced endomyocardial injury were evaluated. Neither age, sex, type of malignancy, concomitant use of other chemotherapeutic agents including cyclophosphamide, nor history of cardiac disease or hypertension influenced the extent of the endomyocardial injury. The dose of doxorubicin (p = 0.0001) and the schedule (weekly versus 3 weekly) (p = 0.0020) independently predicted the degree of endomyocardial damage in multivariate analyses. Previous cardiac irradiation had borderline significance (p = 0.074) in predicting endomyocardial damage in this analysis. Doxorubicin therapy administered on a weekly schedule is associated with less anthracycline-induced cardiac damage than is doxorubicin therapy delivered in the conventional, 3-weekly schedule.
Activation of rat T lymphocytes by anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies.
Authors: S J Clark, D A Law, D J Paterson, M Puklavec, A F Williams
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

Rat T cells and thymocytes were induced to proliferate by a pair of mAbs, MRC OX-54 and MRC OX-55, directed against rat CD2. Accessory cells were required but their role was not simply for crosslinking of the two mAbs, as neither MRC OX-54 nor MRC OX-55 alone, in the presence of a crosslinking second antibody, caused T cell mitogenesis. Nor could the phorbol ester PMA replace either antibody. The two mAbs recognized distinct epitopes on rat CD2; however, MRC OX-54 could partially block MRC OX-55 binding whereas the reverse situation was not seen. A further CD2 epitope was recognized by two mutually competitive mAbs, MRC OX-34 and MRC OX-53, which were not mitogenic. Neither MRC OX-34 nor MRC OX-53 affected the binding of MRC OX-54 or MRC OX-55, yet they prevented the mitogenic effect induced by these mAbs. The presence of mAbs against CD4 and the IL-2-R also abrogated this mitogenesis, whereas an anti-CD5 mAb augmented the CD2-induced proliferation.
Neutrophils aggravate acute liver injury during obstructive cholestasis in bile duct-ligated mice
Authors: Jaspreet S. Gujral, Anwar Farhood, Mary Lynn Bajt, Hartmut Jaeschke
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Obstruction of the common bile duct in a variety of clinical settings leads to cholestatic liver injury. An important aspect of this injury is hepatic inflammation, with neutrophils as the prominent cell type involved. However, the pathophysiologic role of the infiltrating neutrophils during cholestatic liver injury remains unclear. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that neutrophils contribute to the overall pathophysiology by using bile duct–ligated (BDL) wild–type animals and mice deficient in the β 2 integrin CD18. In wild–type animals, neutrophils were activated systemically as indicated by the increased expression of Mac–1 (CD11b/CD18) and L–selectin shedding 3 days after BDL. Histologic evaluation (48 ± 10% necrosis) and plasma transaminase levels showed severe liver injury. Compared with sham–operated controls (&lt; 10 neutrophils per 20 high–power fields), large numbers of neutrophils were present in livers of BDL mice (425 ± 64). About 60% of these neutrophils had extravasated into the parenchyma. In addition, a substantial number of extravasated neutrophils were found in the portal tract. In contrast, Mac–1 was not up–regulated and plasma transaminase activities and the area of necrosis (21 ± 9%) were significantly reduced in CD18–deficient animals. These mice had overall 62% less neutrophils in the liver. In particular, extravasation from sinusoids and portal venules (PV) was reduced by 91% and 47%, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining for chlorotyrosine, a marker of neutrophil–derived oxidant stress, was observed in the parenchyma of BDL wild–type but not CD18–deficient mice. In conclusion, neutrophils aggravated acute cholestatic liver injury after BDL. This inflammatory injury involves CD18–dependent extravasation of neutrophils from sinusoids and reactive oxygen formation.
RELIEF FOR THE PAIN IN CARCINOMA OF THE FACE
Authors: FRANCIS C. GRANT
Journal: JAMA (1926)

Extensive carcinomatous involvement of the mouth and cheek presents many difficulties in treatment. Particularly is this true if the malignant growth presses on the sensory nerves in this area. Even if pain is not a prominent factor before treatment is begun, it is sure to be severe afterward. If extensive resections are attempted with the thermocautery, if radium needles or tubes are inserted, or if intensive roentgen-ray exposure is used, the reaction set up is almost inevitably painful. The pain is constant, night and day, without remission. It may not be severe, but because it is ever-present, the sufferer's morale is slowly broken down, he dreads the necessary inspections and manipulation of his wound, and he becomes increasingly difficult to treat. Nowadays, with the educational campaign carried on against cancer, the general public is well informed as to its manifestations and prognosis. Cancer about the oral cavity is a filthy
Single-Dose Therapy for Cystitis in Women-Reply
Authors: Thomas M. Hooton
Journal: JAMA (1985)

In Reply.—  We appreciate Dr Bailey's comments and agree that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole appears to be a more effective single-dose agent for treating acute bacterial cystitis than are penicillins and cephalosporins. A recent review of published studies found single-dose amoxicillin to be less effective (mean efficacy, 72%) than single-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (mean efficacy, 90%). 1 However, the best single-dose treatment regimen(s) can be ascertained only through randomized comparative trials. The explanation for the apparent difference in efficacy of single-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and amoxicillin is unclear. The prevalence of amoxicillin-resistant Escherichia coli strains exceeds that of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant strains in Seattle, and thus offers a partial explanation. However, many reported failures involve E coli susceptible to both drugs. It is likely, although unproved, that the lesser efficacy of the penicillins and cephalosporins relates to their more rapid elimination from the body. This interesting question deserves further investigation.  Regarding the antibody-coated bacteria test, published data demonstrate a
Ectopic Pregnancy after Pelvic Tuberculosis
Authors: D. O'Driscoll
Journal: BMJ (1958)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Bacterial populations are highly adaptive, enabling them to respond to and surviving in shifting environments or stresses. Yet, how these single-cell organisms vary and organize their behavior to tolerate stressors is poorly understood. This is because many bacterial subpopulations are rare and cannot be readily discovered by existing single-cell sequencing methods due to limitations in cell number and sequencing depth. Here we develop Massively-parallel Microbial mRNA sequencing (M3-Seq), which addresses these challenges by using combinatorially-indexed cells to overload droplets in combination with RNA amplification and post-hoc rRNA depletion. In a single M3-Seq experiment, we profile hundreds of thousands of bacterial cells from multiple species under a wide range of conditions. In addition to validating our approach and findings, we exploit the scale of M3-Seq to make several unexpected discoveries, including new insights into bet hedging strategies in stress responses, bacterial responses to antibiotics, and host responses to phage infection.
William Alan Harries
Authors: M. Vernon-Roberts
Journal: BMJ (2014)

William Alan Harries was a popular general practitioner on the Gower Peninsula for 36 years. He was born into the coalmining community of Porth, south Wales. After school education at Porth County School, he went to Charing Cross Hospital Medical School at the same time as his brother, “Jimmy,” later a leading tropical physician, (read obituary: http://www.bmj.com/content/337/bmj.a1467), although Alan was only 16. After qualifying he immediately joined the Royal Army Medical Corps, serving in Egypt, north Africa, and Italy.

After demobilisation, he did hospital jobs, with a view to following his brother into clinical medicine, but he soon decided on general practice as a career. He started in a practice in Briton Ferry. The singlehanded doctor handed him the key to the surgery as soon as he arrived, told him that the town was in …
Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography: a "one stop shop" for diagnosing polymyalgia rheumatica
Authors: M. S. Hofman
Journal: BMJ (2014)

In their clinical review Mackie and Mallen highlight that the diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica can be challenging and dependent on clinical experience and expertise, underscoring the need for better diagnostic algorithms.1 Given the various differential diagnoses, including occult infection, cancer, and myositis, patients are often subjected to an array of investigations before the diagnosis is established (often by exclusion), resulting in delayed diagnosis and costs associated …
The differences of tear function and ocular surface findings in patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Y. Hu, Y. Matsumoto, M. Dogru, N. Okada, A. Igarashi, K. Fukagawa, K. Tsubota, H. Fujishima
Journal: Allergy (2007)

Background: The pathogenesis of the ocular surface disease in atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) and vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) has not been fully understood. We tried to clarify the differences in the ocular surface status in patients with AKC, VKC, and healthy control subjects. Methods: Twenty‐four eyes of 12 AKC patients, 12 eyes of six VKC patients, and 20 eyes of 10 normal control subjects were studied. The subjects underwent corneal sensitivity measurements, Schirmer test, tear film break‐up time (BUT), vital staining of the ocular surface, conjunctival impression and brush cytology. Impression cytology samples underwent periodic acid Schiff staining for goblet cell density, squamous metaplasia grading, and immunohistochemical staining for MUC1, 2, 4, and 5AC. Brush cytology specimens underwent staining for inflammatory cell counting and Real Time PCR for MUC1, 2, 4, and 5AC mRNA expression. Results: The mean BUT, corneal sensitivity, and conjunctival goblet cell density values in AKC patients were significantly lower compared with VKC patients and control subjects. The squamous metaplasia grades in eyes with AKC were significantly higher compared to eyes with VKC and controls. The inflammatory cell response in brush cytology specimens was different between patients with AKC and VKC. Eyes with AKC showed significantly higher MUC1, 2 and 4 and lower MUC5AC mRNA expression compared to eyes with VKC. Conclusions: Differences of the infiltrates, higher level of tear instability, lower corneal sensitivity, up‐regulation of MUC1, 2, and 4, and down regulation of MUC5AC were important differential features of the ocular surface disease in AKC compared with VKC.
The ACA’s Contraceptive Mandate
Authors: Lawrence O. Gostin
Journal: JAMA (2014)

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An evaluation of the cost‐effectiveness of omalizumab for the treatment of severe allergic asthma
Authors: S. D. Sullivan, F. Turk
Journal: Allergy (2008)

Omalizumab is the first licensed anti‐immunoglobulin (Ig) E antibody shown to be effective for treatment of allergic (IgE‐mediated) asthma. Recent international guidelines recommend omalizumab as add‐on treatment to fixed dose inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and long‐acting β 2 ‐agonist (LABA) combination therapy. However, omalizumab is more expensive than other current asthma treatments and health and reimbursement authorities are increasingly demanding evidence of economic benefit to support pricing and formulary listing. The aims of this article are to (i) summarize data on the human and economic burden of severe asthma, (ii) summarize the efficacy data obtained for omalizumab in clinical trials in patients with inadequately controlled severe persistent allergic asthma despite high‐dose ICS plus a LABA, and (iii) discuss the cost‐effectiveness evidence published for omalizumab in this patient population. A wealth of evidence exists highlighting that the health, economic and societal burden of asthma is considerable and is highly skewed towards patients with severe asthma, particularly when asthma is inadequately controlled. Omalizumab is clinically beneficial in patients with severe persistent allergic asthma despite high‐dose ICS plus a LABA, particularly in a subgroup of patients who respond to therapy. In patients who respond to therapy, the cost‐effectiveness of omalizumab compares well with other biologic treatments for chronic illness.
-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Neonatal Hepatitis
Authors: C. A. Porter, A. P. Mowat, P. J. L. Cook, D. W. G. Haynes, K. B. Shilkin, R. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Five out of 28 infants investigated in a regional survey of neonatal hepatitis were found to have genetically-determined deficiency of α<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin (ZZ phenotype). The clinical course and pathological changes varied considerably. All five infants had an acute hepatitis-like illness, and although this subsided cirrhosis later developed in three cases. The remaining two infants had minimal abnormalities of the liver function tests at 12 and 18 months of age, and one had increased hepatic fibrosis. Australia antigen was found in the serum of three infants, and Australia antigen or antibody in one or both parents of these and of one further case whose serum was negative. It is suggested that the association of neonatal hepatitis with α<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin deficiency may be commoner than previously realized and that Australia antigen acts as a trigger factor in these cases.
Questions about selection, exposure, and tumour incidence
Authors: V. G. Khurana
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Three questions arise about the update of the Danish cohort study of mobile phone use and risk of brain tumours.1

Selection —To which subpopulation do the study’s results apply? Subpopulations such as corporate users, children and adolescents, and people with a family history of cancer might be at a higher risk of developing a brain tumour after near …
Is the evidence base for popular knee operations really scandalously poor?
Authors: J. Chitnavis
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Orthopaedic surgeons and their patients will be dismayed to read that operations such as arthroscopic meniscal surgery and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are of no proven benefit.1

Lohmander and Roos use two randomised controlled trials, which have been critically reviewed and their limitations highlighted, to support their argument.2 3 …
Doctor accused of exaggerating child sexual abuse
Authors: Clare Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Obesity in children in England continues to rise 334 More than one in four children in England are overweight or obese, said a government report published last week which showed that obesity in young people is continuing to rise.The report said that the prevalence of obesity in children aged 2 to 10 increased from 9.9% in 1995 to 13.7% in 2003.The total number of overweight and obese children rose from 22.7% to 27.7% in this period.Obesity increased most in older children aged 8 to 10, rising from 11.2% in 1995 to 16.5% in 2003.Levels of obesity were similar for both sexes, increasing from 9.6% in 1995 to 14.9% in 2003 for boys and from 10.3% to 12.5% for girls.Children living in households with the lowest incomes had higher rates of obesity than those from households with the highest incomes (15.8% v 13.3%).
Cushing's Syndrome Due to Adrenocortical Hyperplasia
Authors: Eleanor Z. Wallace, Joseph N. Silverstein, Leland S. Villadolid, Shirley Weisenfeld
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

THIS report is concerned with the use of 2,2-bis-(2-chlorophenyl-4-chlorophenyl) 1-, 1-dichloroethane (o,p′DDD) ∥ in the treatment of 2 patients with Cushing's syndrome due to adrenocortical hyperplasia. Although several compounds that are capable of suppressing adrenocortical steroid secretion in man have been described their associated toxicity has prevented prolonged administration. O,p′DDD, an isomer of p,p′DDD (2,2-bis-[p-chlorophenyl]-l,l--dichloroethane), has been shown to be the component of technical DDD, which causes adrenocortical degeneration and atrophy in dogs.1 , 2 In man, o,p′DDD has been reported to suppress adrenocortical secretions in patients with normal adrenal function3 4 5 6 and functioning adrenal carcinomas3 , 5 , 6 and recently in 1 patient with a nontumorous . . .
After Laetrile, What?
Authors: Barrie R. Cassileth
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

Laetrile was moribund before Moertel et al. laid it to rest with the recent report of their prospective clinical trial.1 , 2 It had been replaced in popularity by an approach unusual in the annals of unorthodox cancer therapy — one that represents more of a challenge than did Laetrile or its predecessors. This is the "natural" approach to malignant disease, which emphasizes cure through purification and the body's capacity to heal itself. The currently popular alternative approach is rooted in homeopathic and naturopathic beliefs, Indian and Oriental philosophy, and 19th-century theories of intestinal putrefaction. Promoters often evoke the time-worn conspiracy dogma, . . .
Ultraviolet radiation exposure pattern in winter compared with summer based on time-stamped personal dosimeter readings
Authors: E. Thieden, P.A. Philipsen, H.C. Wulf
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Background Personal annual ultraviolet (UV) radiation data based on daily records are needed to develop protective strategies. Objectives To compare UV radiation exposure patterns in the winter half‐year (October–March) and the summer half‐year (April–September) for Danish indoor workers. Methods Nineteen indoor workers (age range 17–56 years) wore personal UV dosimeters, measuring time‐stamped UV doses continuously during a year. The corresponding sun exposure behaviour was recorded in diaries. Similar data were collected for 28 volunteers during sun holidays in the winter half‐year. The relationship between UV dose and sun exposure behaviour was analysed. Results The ambient UV dose during the winter in Denmark (at 56°N) was 394 standard erythema doses (SED) or 10·5% of the annual ambient UV dose. In winter compared with summer the subjects had: (i) a lower percentage of ambient UV radiation, 0·82% vs. 3·4%; (ii) a lower solar UV dose in Denmark, 3·1 SED (range 0·2–52) vs. 133 SED (range 69–363); (iii) less time outdoors per day with positive dosimeter measurements, 10 min vs. 2 h; and (iv) no exposure (0 SED) per day on 77% vs. 19% of the days. Sun holidays outside Denmark in winter gave a median 4·3 SED per day (range 0·6–7·6) and 26 SED (range 3–71) per trip. Conclusions In the winter half‐year indoor workers received a negligible UV dose from solar exposure in Denmark and needed no UV precautions. No UV precautions are needed from November to February during holidays to latitudes above 45 °N, while precautions are needed the whole year around at lower latitudes.
Prevalence of Hepatitis C Among Psychiatric Patients in the Public Sector
Authors: Stephen H. Dinwiddie, Louis Shicker, Tom Newman
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

This study estimated the seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus in a public-sector psychiatric hospital.Patients admitted between Jan. 1, 1998, and Dec. 30, 2000, were routinely screened for hepatitis C virus antibody on admission.A total of 133 (8.5%) of 1,556 patients admitted were positive for the hepatitis C virus. Aminotransferase levels were elevated but rarely abnormal among patients positive for the hepatitis C virus. Hepatitis B surface antibody was found in 27.8% of the patients positive for the hepatitis C virus. These patients were more likely to receive a diagnosis of psychoactive substance use disorder but no other psychiatric diagnoses.The prevalence of hepatitis C virus is high among psychiatric patients in the public sector. Much needs to be learned about the role of universal screening and effective techniques for primary prevention and antiviral treatment in this population.
Growth hormone addition for patients with congestive heart failure: a randomized, placebo controlled study with recombinant human growth hormone in patients with congestive heart failure and without growth hormone deficiency
Authors: C.-H. Bergh, J. Isgaard, K. Caidahl, M. Lomsky, Å. Hjalmarson, B.-Å. Bengtsson
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)