tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Association between breath type and postural changes in elite swimmers of Brazil
Authors: G A Meliski, L Z Monterio, D Maman, A Medeiros, C A Giglio
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Swimming places high demands on the athlete as to time and training load. High loads cause considerable stress about the joint and musculoskeletal structures, which join into a wide range of postural injuries that can be associated with the breathing pattern. The authors aimed to identify the incidence of postural changes and the relationship of these deviations with the breath type. The authors evaluated 60 elite swimmers from the swim team at the University of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, between the ages 14 and 27 (mean 20±3 years). Age, gender, main swimming style, practice time and breath type were recorded. A digital camera (Sony DSC-W 130 Cybershot) was used for postural evaluation. Statistical analysis used the software SAS V.9 and the exact Fisher's test. The main swimming styles were crawl (42%) and butterfly stroke (25%) and the practice time was 9±4 years. The main postural changes were: 41 (68%) hyperkyphosis chest, 40 (67%) knee hyperextension, 30 (50%) low back pain and 25 (42%) rotation of left shoulder girdle. The authors verified that the alterations in the thoracic spine were associated with the breath type (p=0.03), where 7 (11%) swimmers showed bilateral breath and convex left scoliosis, 6 (10%) bilateral breath and convex right scoliosis, 13 (22%) unilateral right respiration and convex left scoliosis, 4 (7%) unilateral right respiration and convex right scoliosis, 9 (15%) unilateral left breath and convex right scoliosis, 2 (3%) unilateral left breath and convex left scoliosis and 19 (32%) swimmers showed no changes. The breath type more used was the bilateral and right unilateral respiration. The knee hyperextension and hyperkyphosis chest were the main postural deviations of the swimmers. These assessments can be the basis for the development of preventive measures in swimming, to obtain better results for athletes who compete.
Multiple cerebral thrombosis in fletcher factor (prekallikrein) deficiency: A case report
Authors: Margot G. Harris, Thomas Exner, Kevin A. Rickard, Harry Kronenberg
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1985)

Abstract Despite markedly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin times (APTT) patients with Fletcher factor (prekallikrein) deficiency do not clinically bleed. However, there is one reported case of myocardial infarction associated with prekallikrein deficiency. These clinical observations suggest that the contact mechanism has a minor role in normal in vivo hemostatic function. We report a further two cases of prekallikrein deficiency in Caucasian siblings. The propositus presented with multipie cerebral thrombosis. Cautious anticoagulation resulted in massive cerebral hemorrhage and death of this patient. The sibling was investigated in an attempt to establish a possible defective fibrinolytic pathway in vivo. New sensitive tests for fibrinolysis were used. These included radioimmunoassay of fibrin degradation product “D,” Bβ 15‐42, and in vitro 125 I‐labelled fibrin lysis assays. The plasma half‐life of prekallikrein in this patient was calculated to be 58 hr. Family studies of heterozygotes were also performed. Prekallikrein deficiency is found not to be important in normal in vivo fibrinolysis, which possibly operates via tissue or vessel wall fibrinolytic activator release.
EXTERNAL MEDIAN PERINÆAL URETHROTOMY, FOR CYSTITIS AND FOR THE REMOVAL OF MORBID GROWTHS FROM THE BLADDER.
Authors: B. B. BONTACOU
Journal: JAMA (1883)

[Read before the Surgical Section of the American Medical Association, June, 1883.] The operation is a median incision of the perinæum, commencing about one inch from the anus, and extending about one or one and a half inches towards the scrotum, according to the depth of the perinæum and size of the subject, and terminating in the membranous portion of the urethra, which should be laid open just in front of the bladder to the extent of one-half to three-fourths of an inch. This is done on a grooved staff, while the patient is in the lithotomy position, the bowels having previously been emptied. The operation is simple, almost bloodless, and rapidly and easily executed. The finger may then be admitted to the bladder, and by counter pressure above the pubes (if the patient is profoundly etherized) every part of the viscus may be made to touch the point of
Increased levels of a TH2-type CC chemokine thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) in serum and induced sputum of asthmatics
Authors: T. Sekiya, H. Yamada, M. Yamaguchi, K. Yamamoto, A. Ishii, O. Yoshie, Y. Sano, A. Morita, K. Matsushima, K. Hirai
Journal: Allergy (2002)

Cytokines liberated by TH2 cells play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. Recent studies have demonstrated that CC chemokine receptor (CCR)4 is preferentially expressed by TH2 cells. These facts suggest possible involvement of two CCR4-specific ligands i.e., thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma via recruitment of TH2 cells to inflammatory sites. We investigated the levels of TARC and MDC in the serum and induced sputum of asthmatics.The levels of TARC in the serum (46 asthmatics and 26 healthy subjects) and induced sputum (30 asthmatics and 6 healthy subjects) were measured using a highly sensitive ELISA system. The levels of eotaxin and MDC were also measured by ELISA.TARC, but not MDC, was significantly increased in asthmatic sera (P<0.001). Although MDC was undetectable in the sputum of most cases by our assay system, sputum TARC was significantly increased (P=0.027).The elevated TARC levels in asthmatics might be involved in the pathophysiology of asthma.
Effect of Antidepressants and Their Relative Affinity for the Serotonin Transporter on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: William H. Sauer, Jesse A. Berlin, Stephen E. Kimmel
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Antidepressants, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), attenuate platelet activation by depleting serotonin storage and may decrease risk of myocardial infarction (MI). These drugs differ in their affinity for the platelet serotonin transporter and therefore may vary in their effects on MI protection.A case-control study of first MI in patients aged 40 through 75 years was conducted among 36 hospitals in a 5-county area during a 3-year period. Case subjects were patients hospitalized with a first MI, and control subjects were randomly selected from the same geographic area. Detailed information regarding medication use and other clinical and demographic data were obtained by telephone interview. Among the 1080 cases and 4256 controls who participated, there were 223 users of antidepressants with high serotonin transporter affinity, all of which were SSRIs (paroxetine, fluoxetine, and sertraline). After adjustment with multivariable logistic regression for age, gender, race, education, physical activity, quantity of cigarettes smoked per day, body mass index, aspirin use, family history of MI, and history of diabetes, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia, the odds ratio for MI among current users of antidepressants with high serotonin transporter affinity compared with nonusers was 0.59 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.91; P=0.02). Increasing serotonin transporter affinity was associated with reduced odds of MI among users of all SSRIs (P for trend <0.01) but not tricyclic (P=0.77) or atypical (P=0.70) antidepressants. There was no association detected between non-SSRI antidepressant use and MI.Increasing serotonin transporter affinity correlates with greater MI protection with SSRI but not other antidepressant exposure.
Experts warn on data security in health and fitness apps
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Users of mobile health and fitness apps should not assume that any of their data is private or protected, says a report by the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, a non-profit privacy group based in San Diego, California.1

For the report the group’s researchers studied the privacy policies and protections of 43 popular health and fitness apps, including apps that allow users to enter information about their diet, daily exercise routines, and medical and mental health conditions; to look up disease and drug information; and to share their information with friends through the app, a website, or through social media sites such as Facebook.

The researchers looked at …
THE BEHAVIOR OF POX VIRUSES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Authors: John B. Nelson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1940)

Recovery from the transient pulmonary reaction which accompanies the nasal instillation of variola virus in mice was followed by a measurable protection against the homologous virus and also against vaccinia. Variola virus which regularly survived in the lung of normally susceptible mice through the 5th day was noticeably reduced in titer on the 3rd day in the lung of recovered animals, and usually eliminated by the 5th day. Vaccinia virus produced a less severe systemic reaction in recovered mice and its titer in the lung was significantly reduced on the 5th day. The residence of both viruses in the lung of recovered mice was attended by pathological changes, visible macroscopically.
Clearance of Air Raid Casualties from Aid Posts
Authors: W. M. Eccles, A. T. Densham
Journal: BMJ (1940)

Clear! Clear!Clear! " has always been the clarion cry for the disposal of casualties from the front line.All parts of Great Britain now constitute a front line, and casualties, particularly from air raids, are occurring and may become very numerous, so prompt clearance is most desirable.Up to now no definite official ruling as to the clearance of casualties from the many aid posts has been made, although the medical officers concerned have sought it not infrequently.It is hoped that this brief survey of the question may be of help and bring about some accepted scheme.Before actual clearance one point of the greatest importance arises.It is that every casualty must have a casualty label or card (M.P.C. 46) properly filled up and securely attached to the person, and sent with him or her to the place of clearance after due registration at the post.In this war all casualties, whether military or civilian, will be dealt with in relation to a pension by the Ministry of Pensions ; hence the necessity for accurate registration.It is also desirable to recognize that not all casualties from air raids are " wounded " persons, and that the " un- wounded"' will have to be dealt with in the same manner as the " wounded" so far as clearance is concerned.One last point is that clearance (except in the case of those who must be rushed to the casualty hospital) should not take place until the "all clear" has been given at the end of the raid.This may mean even some hours of waiting in the rest-room of the aid post.There are at least six possible places to which casualties may be cleared from any aid pQst in a populous area.They are: (a) home ; (b) the casualty hospital; (c) the advance base hospital; (d) the base hospital; (e) special hospitals ; (f) the mortuary.A. Clearance to Home Probably at least one-third of the casualties received into an aid post-which post should act as a "buffer" between the street or building and the casualty hospital- may safely be sent home to be under the care of their own doctor after suitable treatment at the aid -post.The following may be given as a few examples of such cases:Unw7ounded.-The badlv frightened, the definitelyr hys- terical, the slightlv shocked, and cases with antecedent disease.such as chronic cardiac lesions.Woutnded.The small superficial wounds, particularly those requiring few, if anv.sutures.A caution should be given here.for a small punctured wound mav be in realitv a dangerous wound on account of possible injury to deep structures.MEDICAL JOURNAL important that identification should be carried out, if possible, before the corpse is taken from the aid post.Tr-antsport.-There are special means for the removal of bodies to a mortuary, and these should be known and used promptly.
Long-Term Response to Calcium Channel Blockers in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Olivier Sitbon, Marc Humbert, Xavier Jaïs, Vincent Ioos, Abdul M. Hamid, Steeve Provencher, Gilles Garcia, Florence Parent, Philippe Hervé, Gérald Simonneau
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Characteristics of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) who benefit from long-term calcium channel blockers (CCB) are unknown.Acute pulmonary vasodilator testing with epoprostenol or nitric oxide was performed in 557 IPAH patients. Acute responders, defined by a fall in both mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) >20%, received long-term oral CCB. Patients who benefit from long-term CCB were defined as those being in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I or II after at least 1 year on CCB monotherapy. Among the 70 patients who displayed acute pulmonary vasoreactivity (12.6%; 95% CI, 9.8% to 15.3%) and received CCB therapy, only 38 showed long-term improvement (6.8%; 95% CI, 4.7% to 8.9%). Long-term CCB responders had less severe disease at baseline than patients who failed. During acute vasodilator testing, long-term CCB responders displayed a more pronounced fall in mean PAP (-39+/-11% versus -26+/-7%; P<0.0001), reaching an absolute value of mean PAP lower than that measured in patients who failed (33+/-8 versus 46+/-10 mm Hg; P<0.0001). After 7.0+/-4.1 years, all but 1 long-term CCB responders were alive in NYHA class I or II, with a sustained hemodynamic improvement. In the group of patients who failed on CCB, the 5-year survival rate was 48%.Long-term CCB responders represent <10% of IPAH patients evaluated in a pulmonary vascular referral center. During acute vasodilator testing, these patients showed significantly lower levels of both mean PAP and PVR, which reached near-normal values.
Errors in Inhalation Technique and Efficiency in Inhaler Use in Asthmatic Children
Authors: S. Pedersen, L. Frost, T. Arnfred
Journal: Allergy (1986)

256 asthmatic children receiving regular inhalation therapy demonstrated how they used their inhalers. Pulmonary function measurements (PFM) were made before and after the demonstrations, and errors in technique were recorded. 242 children had reversible airway obstruction on the day of study. In only 109 (45%) did the inhalation result in an increase in FEV1 greater than or equal to 15% (efficient technique). An efficient inhalation technique was found in 46% of children who demonstrated a pressurized aerosol, 59% who demonstrated a tube spacer aerosol and 46% who demonstrated a rotahaler, and the frequency of efficient technique varied from 17% to 84% between six different groups of instructors. 87% of children controlled and 25% not controlled with PFM at the time of prescription had an efficient technique. Children under 6 years had a more inefficient and a more faulty technique than older children, but otherwise age did not influence the result. Neither was time since instruction of any importance for efficiency or number of errors. The errors recorded that seem to influence efficiency most were: coordination problems, rapid inspirations, ceasing to inspire when the aerosol was fired, and inhalation through the nose. The results emphasize the paramount importance of clear instructions and control of inhalation technique at the time the treatment is prescribed.
Information in practice
Authors: A. Tonks, R. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Make it work for patients

Information drives the practice of medicine. Doctors must use it every time they see a patient, perform a procedure, or consult a colleague; hospitals spend 15% of their budget managing it; and doctors and nurses spend a quarter of their time finding, sorting, and using it.1 There is, of course, no shortage of information out there. The real challenge is improving the supply lines that take it in a usable form to the bedside, the surgery, the purchaser, or the teaching session. Doctors are often unaware of important developments that will benefit their patients,2 and most consultations give rise to questions that can be answered but usually are not.3 The rapid developments in computing mean that the world is now entering a new information age. That technology could—if used correctly—transform medicine.

Despite its obvious importance, the …
Inhibition of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin or Apoptotic Pathway Induces Autophagy and Radiosensitizes PTEN Null Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Carolyn Cao, Ty Subhawong, Jeffrey M. Albert, Kwang Woon Kim, Ling Geng, Konjeti R. Sekhar, Young Jin Gi, Bo Lu
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway plays a critical role in oncogenesis, and dysregulation of this pathway through loss of PTEN suppression is a particularly common phenomenon in aggressive prostate cancers. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a downstream signaling kinase in this pathway, exerting prosurvival influence on cells through the activation of factors involved in protein synthesis. The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and its derivatives are cytotoxic to a number of cell lines. Recently, mTOR inhibition has also been shown to radiosensitize endothelial and breast cancer cells in vitro. Because radiation is an important modality in the treatment of prostate cancer, we tested the ability of the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) to enhance the cytotoxic effects of radiation on two prostate cancer cell lines, PC-3 and DU145. We found that both cell lines became more vulnerable to irradiation after treatment with RAD001, with the PTEN-deficient PC-3 cell line showing the greater sensitivity. This increased susceptibility to radiation is associated with induction of autophagy. Furthermore, we show that blocking apoptosis with caspase inhibition and Bax/Bak small interfering RNA in these cell lines enhances radiation-induced mortality and induces autophagy. Together, these data highlight the emerging importance of mTOR as a molecular target for therapeutic intervention, and lend support to the idea that nonapoptotic modes of cell death may play a crucial role in improving tumor cell kill. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(20): 10040-7)
Computerized Diagnosis of<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>Infection and Associated Gastric Inflammation from Endoscopic Images by Refined Feature Selection Using a Neural Network
Authors: C.-R. Huang, B.-S. Sheu, P.-C. Chung, H.-B. Yang
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

We investigated whether analysis of endoscopic images using a refined feature selection with neural network (RFSNN) technique could predict Helicobacter pylori-related gastric histological features.A total of 104 dyspeptic patients were prospectively enrolled for panendoscopy and gastric biopsy for histological evaluation using the updated Sydney system. The endoscopic images of each patient were analyzed to obtain 84 image parameters. The significant image parameters from 30 randomly selected patients (15 with and 15 without H. pylori infection) associated with histological features were used to develop the RFSNN model. This was then used to test the sensitivity and specificity of the image parameters obtained from the remaining 74 patients for the prediction of the presence of H. pylori infection and related histological features.The RFSNN technique had a sensitivity of 85.4 % and a specificity of 90.9 % for the detection of H. pylori infection. Moreover, RFSNN was highly accurate (> 80 %) in predicting the presence of gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and the severity of H. pylori-related gastric inflammation.RFSNN is an effective computerized technique for assessing the presence of H. pylori infection and related gastric inflammation and precancerous lesions. By using RFSNN to analyze endoscopic images, a comprehensive evaluation of the stomach may be done, thus avoiding the need for invasive but localized biopsy sampling for histological examination.
A Large Kindred With 17q-Linked Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Genetic, Phenotypic, and Genealogical Analysis
Authors: D. E. Goldgar, P. Fields, C. M. Lewis, T. D. Tran, L. A. Cannon-Albright, J. H. Ward, J. Swensen, M. H. Skolnick
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1994)

Mutation of a specific, but as yet unidentified, gene BRCA1 on chromosome 17q results in increased susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer. It is important to know the effects of this gene in terms of the age-specific risks of these cancers and the potential interaction of this gene with other known risk factors.We performed detailed studies on a large multigenerational family, in which there is known 17q-linked breast and ovarian cancer, in order to characterize the effects of the BRCA1 mutation on development of breast and ovarian cancer.Data from the Utah Population Database were used to identify a family (identified as K2082) with a cluster of premenopausal breast cancer and ovarian cancer at any age. Blood samples from 195 members of the family were obtained and these individuals were genotyped for a series of four chromosome 17q polymorphic markers. Information on reproductive history, cancer incidence and treatment, and lifestyle factors was collected on 72 women in the family by questionnaire or through contact with living relatives.Odds in favor of linkage of breast and ovarian cancer in this family to the BRCA1 region of chromosome 17q are greater than 10(8) to 1. The estimated risks for breast or ovarian cancer because of the BRCA1 mutation in this family are 40% by age 50 years and 90% by age 70. No differences between affected and unaffected older BRCA1 gene carriers were observed for a number of known epidemiologic risk factors for these cancers. The gender of the parent from whom the mutant BRCA1 allele was inherited was significantly associated with phenotypic expression (P = .04). A recombinant which places BRCA1 distal to the marker Mfd191 was observed.Women with the BRCA1 mutation are at increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. In our study population, the mutation appears to confer a lower risk of cancer at younger ages than found in previous studies. Continued interaction with family K2082 will be useful in longitudinal follow-up studies and in studies of the psychosocial implications of providing DNA diagnosis of BRCA1.
THE DANGERS OF SYPHILIS AND HOW TO AVOID THEM.
Authors: ALGERNON S. GARNETT
Journal: JAMA (1896)

I do not feel that an apology is necessary for briefly calling the attention of the profession to the necessity for greater care and honesty in dealing with syphilis and its dangers. No disease is so universally distributed and none which is so insidious in its invasions, even into the ranks of the most innocent. I do not believe that there is as much candor displayed in discussing this disease as its gravity demands, and that by our silence and easy acquiescence in the mistaken idea of its harmlessness, after a year or two of treatment, we are adding to the burdens of mankind. The dangers of syphilis are most frequently its remote effects, the immediate symptoms, such as chancre and the lesions of the skin and mucous membranes passing away quickly under appropriate remedies. We find the remotest effects in all the different forms of paralysis, locomotor ataxia and
Ventilation/Perfusion Mismatch Caused by Emphysematous Bullae
Authors: HENRY M. GOODGOLD, HENRY J. DUFFRIN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

A case of ventilation/perfusion mismatch caused by emphysematous bullae is presented. The presumed mechanism for the mismatch was vascular displacement of the pulmonary arterial tree by bullae with apparently normal ventilation. The latter may have been related to the circumferential distribution of the bullae around each lung. This entity represents an addition to the differential diagnostic list of causes of ventilation/perfusion mismatch on radionuclide lung images.