tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Irreversible Electroporation Therapy in the Liver: Longitudinal Efficacy Studies in a Rat Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Yang Guo, Yue Zhang, Rachel Klein, Grace M. Nijm, Alan V. Sahakian, Reed A. Omary, Guang-Yu Yang, Andrew C. Larson
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an innovative local-regional therapy that involves delivery of intense electrical pulses to tissue to induce nanoscale cell membrane defects for tissue ablation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using IRE as a liver-directed ablation technique for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the N1-S1 rodent model, hepatomas were grown in 30 Sprague-Dawley rats that were divided into treatment and control groups. For treatment groups, IRE electrodes were inserted and eight 100-μs 2,500-V pulses were applied to ablate the targeted tumor tissues. For both groups, magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed at baseline and 15-day follow-up intervals to determine tumor sizes (one-dimensional maximum diameter, Dmax; estimated two-dimensional cross-sectional area, Cmax) as a tactic to assess longitudinal outcomes. Additional groups of treated animals were sacrificed at 1-, 3-, and 7-day intervals posttherapy for pathology assessment of treatment response. Magnetic resonance images showed significant tumor size reductions within 15 days posttherapy (32 ± 31% Dmax and 52 ± 39% Cmax decreases compared with 110 ± 35% Dmax and 286 ± 125% Cmax increases for untreated tumors). Pathology correlation studies documented progression from poorly differentiated viable HCC tissues before treatment to extensive tumor necrosis and full regression in 9 of 10 treated rats 7 to 15 days after treatment. Our findings suggest that IRE can be an effective strategy for targeted ablation of liver tumors, prompting its further evaluation for HCC therapy. Cancer Res; 70(4); 1555–63
Imaging the femoral cortex: Thickness, density and mass from clinical CT
Authors: G.M. Treece, K.E.S. Poole, A.H. Gee
Journal: Medical Image Analysis (2012)

There is growing evidence that focal thinning of cortical bone in the proximal femur may predispose a hip to fracture. Detecting such defects in clinical CT is challenging, since cortices may be significantly thinner than the imaging system's point spread function. We recently proposed a model-fitting technique to measure sub-millimetre cortices, an ill-posed problem which was regularized by assuming a specific, fixed value for the cortical density. In this paper, we develop the work further by proposing and evaluating a more rigorous method for estimating the constant cortical density, and extend the paradigm to encompass the mapping of cortical mass (mineral mg/cm2) in addition to thickness. Density, thickness and mass estimates are evaluated on sixteen cadaveric femurs, with high resolution measurements from a micro-CT scanner providing the gold standard. The results demonstrate robust, accurate measurement of peak cortical density and cortical mass. Cortical thickness errors are confined to regions of thin cortex and are bounded by the extent to which the local density deviates from the peak, averaging 20% for 0.5 mm cortex.
Graded Associations of Blood Lead and Urinary Cadmium Concentrations with Oxidative-Stress–Related Markers in the U.S. Population: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Duk-Hee Lee, Ji-Sun Lim, Kyungeun Song, Yongchool Boo, David R. Jacobs
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

Although oxidative stress has been proposed as a mechanism of lead and cadmium toxicity mostly based on in vitro experiments or animal studies, it is uncertain whether this mechanism is relevant in the pathogenesis of lead- or cadmium-related diseases in the general population with low environmental exposure to lead and cadmium. We examined associations of blood lead and urinary cadmium levels with oxidative stress markers of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), vitamin C, carotenoids, and vitamin E among 10,098 adult participants in the third U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. After adjusting for race, sex, and age (plus serum total cholesterol in the case of serum carotenoids and vitamin E), blood lead and urinary cadmium levels both showed graded associations, positive with serum GGT and inverse with serum vitamin C, carotenoids, and vitamin E (p for trend < 0.01, respectively). These associations were consistently observed among most subgroups: non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, men, women, all age groups, nondrinkers, drinkers, nonsmokers, ex-smokers, current smokers, and body mass index (< 25, 25-29.9, and > or = 30). The strong association of blood lead and urinary cadmium levels with oxidative stress markers in this population suggests that oxidative stress should be considered in the pathogenesis of lead- and cadmium-related diseases even among people with low environmental exposure to lead and cadmium.
Strong Inverse Correlation Between Serum Adiponectin Level and Heart Rate–Corrected QT Interval in an Apparently Healthy Population
Authors: Mitsuhisa Komatsu, Hirokazu Ohfusa, Yoshihiko Sato, Hiroki Yajima, Keishi Yamauchi, Toru Aizawa, Kiyoshi Hashizume
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

Recently, hypoadiponectinemia was found to be associated with coronary artery disease in humans (1). Conversely, hyperadiponetinemia caused by a transgenic overexpression of the adiponectin gene prevented atherosclerosis in the mouse with genetic preponderance to it (2,3). The facts suggest adiponectin has a direct antiatherogenic effect in vivo, as suggested in in vitro studies (4). However, adiponectin is an insulin-sensitizing adipocytokine, and increased insulin resistance (IR) is a well-established atherogenic factor. Therefore, it is possible that the observed correlations (1–3) with adiponectin and atherosclerosis occurred through its insulin-sensitizing effect (3,5). To know if adiponectin possesses a direct antiatherogenic effect beyond its insulin-sensitizing action in an apparently healthy population, we analyzed the relationship among serum adiponectin, heart rate–corrected QT interval (QTc), …
Effect on outcome of the lengthening waiting list for liver transplantation
Authors: R RANSFORD
Journal: Gut (2000)

Liver transplantation is now recognised as a highly effective form of treatment for patients with end stage liver disease. Currently, one and five year survival rates are in excess of 80%. As a consequence of many developments in all aspects of transplantation, indications have widened and contraindications become fewer. However, the increase in the number of patients referred for transplantation has not been matched by an increase in donor rates. Despite the innovative use of techniques to make fullest use of the donor pool, such as splitting of livers and increasing use of marginal livers (those livers where there is doubt as to initial graft function), the demand for transplantation is failing to meet the supply. The consequence of this relative shortage of donors is that more patients are on the waiting list for transplantation, those on the waiting list become sicker before they receive a graft, and there is the likelihood of more deaths on the waiting list.

In the UK the majority of patients are referred by gastroenterologists in district general hospitals to one of the seven designated liver transplant units. To make the most efficient use of these scarce livers, it is important that those clinicians referring patients for transplantation are aware of the problems consequent upon the donor shortage.

Selection of patients for liver transplantation occurs at three stages. The first stage is when the patient's doctor (usually a gastroenterologist working in a district general hospital) refers the patient for transplantation. We believe that the greatest selection occurs at this point. The second stage is when the patient is referred to the transplant unit, is assessed, and accepted on the transplant list. Indications for liver transplantation and contraindications are now relatively well established1 so it is not surprising that most referred patients are accepted onto …
Are Clinical Trials Cost-effective?
Authors: Mark R. Goldstein
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the October 6 issue of<i>JAMA</i>, Dr Detsky<sup>1</sup>performed a cost-effective analysis of seven selected clinical trials and calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness for performing these trials, expressed as dollars per life-year extended. He concluded that this selected group of clinical trials was a good investment and suggested that government policymakers consider this information when allocating funds for medical research. I agree with Dr Detsky that the selected trials were a good investment but disagree that they were cost-effective from the standpoint of number of years of life saved. The combined cost of all seven trials selected was $272 million. Two primary prevention trials selected, the Lipid Research Clinics-Coronary Primary Prevention Trial and the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, cost $260 million and, therefore, represent 96% of the total cost of all seven trials selected. Unfortunately, life was not extended in either of these primary prevention
Importance of free access to research articles on decision to submit to the <i>BMJ</i> : survey of authors
Authors: Sara Schroter
Journal: BMJ (2006)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives</b> To determine whether free access to research articles on bmj.com is an important factor in authors9 decisions on whether to submit to the <i>BMJ</i>, whether the introduction of access controls to part of the <i>BMJ</i>9s content has influenced authors9 perceptions of the journal, and whether the introduction of further access controls would influence authors9 perceptions. <b>Design</b> Cross sectional electronic survey. <b>Participants</b> Authors of research articles published in the <i>BMJ</i>. <b>Results</b> 211/415 (51%) eligible authors responded. Three quarters (159/211) said the fact that all readers would have free access to their paper on bmj.com was very important or important to their decision to submit to the <i>BMJ</i>. Over half (111/211) said closure of free access to research articles would make them slightly less likely to submit research articles to the <i>BMJ</i> in the future, 14% (29/211) said they would be much less likely to submit, and 34% (71/211) said it would not influence their decision. Authors were equally divided in their opinion as to whether the closure of access to parts of the journal since January 2005 had affected their view of the <i>BMJ</i>; 40% (84/211) said it had, 38% (80/211) said it had not. In contrast, 67% (141/211) said their view of the <i>BMJ</i> would change if it closed access to research articles. Authors9 comments largely focused on disappointment with such a regressive step in the era of open access publishing, loss of a distinctive feature of the <i>BMJ</i>, a perceived reduction in the journal9s usefulness as a resource and global influence, restricted readership, less attractive to publish in, and the negative impact on the journal9s image. <b>Conclusions</b> Authors value free access to research articles and consider this an important factor in deciding whether to submit to the <i>BMJ</i>. Closing access to research articles would have a negative effect on authors9 perceptions of the journal and their likeliness to submit.
Jet Lag Relief?
Authors: Joan Stephenson
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
SPRY2 Is an Inhibitor of the Ras/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathway in Melanocytes and Melanoma Cells with Wild-Type <b> <i>BRAF</i> </b> but Not with the V599E Mutant
Authors: Dimitra Tsavachidou, Mathew L. Coleman, Galene Athanasiadis, Shuixing Li, Jonathan D. Licht, Michael F. Olson, Barbara L. Weber
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract BRAF mutations result in constitutively active BRAF kinase activity and increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling and cell proliferation. Initial studies have shown that BRAF mutations occur at a high frequency in melanocytic nevi and metastatic lesions, but recent data have revealed much lower incidence of these mutations in early-stage melanoma, implying that other factors may contribute to melanoma pathogenesis in a wild-type (WT) BRAF context. To identify such contributing factors, we used microarray gene expression profiling to screen for differences in gene expression between a panel of melanocytic and melanoma cell lines with WT BRAF and a group of melanoma cell lines with the V599E BRAF mutation. We found that SPRY2, an inhibitor homologous to SPRY4, which was previously shown to suppress Ras/ERK signaling via direct binding to Raf-1, had reduced expression in WT BRAF cells. Using small interfering RNA-mediated SPRY2 knockdown, we showed that SPRY2 acts as an inhibitor of ERK signaling in melanocytes and WT BRAF melanoma cells, but not in cell lines with the V599E mutation. We also show that SPRY2 and SPRY4 directly bind WT BRAF but not the V599E and other exon 15 BRAF mutants. These data suggest that SPRY2, an inhibitor of ERK signaling, may be bypassed in melanoma cells either by down-regulation of its expression in WT BRAF cells, or by the presence of the BRAF mutation.
Practical Remarks on Congenital Cataract
Authors: G. Critchett
Journal: BMJ (1876)

Such dangers are those which attend wounds of joints; namely, traumatic synovitis with its sequelze; viz., suppuration in the synovial membrane, ending probably in more or less loss of mobility, perhaps incomplete ankylosis, possibly in pyoemia and death.When, however, the two operations are compared, it must be remem- bered that such results are not altogether incompatible with the subcu- taneous method.To form a judgment as to the relative value of these procedures, it is desirable to have a wide overlook on results which have been hitherto attained.Up to a certain point, great facilities are offered me; for I am in a position to quote two sets of tables ; the first that of M. Hippolyte Larrey, the second that of Dr. Benndorff.*
ACID HYDROLASES IN THE HUMAN EPIDERMIS
Authors: AKIRA OHKAWARA, KENNETH M. HALRIN, JOSEPH R. TAYLOR, VICTOR LEVINE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1972)

α‐ and β‐D‐glucosidases, β‐D‐glucuronidase, α‐ and β‐D‐mannosidases, α‐and β‐D‐glucosidases, β‐D‐fucosidase, α‐L‐fucosidase and β‐D‐Nacetyglucosaminidase activities were measured in the human epidermis using p‐nitrophenol and 4‐methylumbelliferone compounds as substrates. There was no appreciable difference in activities noted when both substrates were compared. Acid phosphatase was assayed with p‐nitrophenol phosphate and α‐naphthyl acid phosphate as substrates. Acid phosphatase seemed to be present, both free in the cytoplasm and in lysosomes. These 2 activities could not be differentiated by agarose electrophoresis (both fractions showed 2 anodally migrating bands). Some of the biochemical properties of these acid hydrolases from the normal human epidermis are presented.
The Food and Drug Administration and Its Problems
Authors: John K. Iglehart
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

A consensus is taking shape that favors a substantial expansion of the authority and resources with which the Food and Drug Administration can carry out its increasingly complex regulatory mission. There is an emerging recognition among important sources outside the agency that the FDA must define its priorities more clearly, upgrade its management capacity, enlarge its work force, wield more enforcement authority, and assume a higher profile within the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Most recently, these opinions coalesced around the recommendations of a blue-ribbon advisory committee for strengthening the FDA, key parts of which were embraced by . . .
Conduction Intervals and Conduction Velocity in the Human Cardiac Conduction System
Authors: JOEL KUPERSMITH, EHUD KRONGRAD, ALBERT L. WALDO
Journal: Circulation (1973)

Specialized fiber electrograms were recorded in 64 patients during open-heart surgery. Intervals were measured from the proximal His bundle, distal His bundle, and right and left bundle branches to the earliest QRS deflection in the limb lead ECG (pH-Q, dH-Q, RB-Q, and LB-Q interval, respectively). There was an increase of pH-Q intervals with increasing age such that at age 3 months the normal range of pH-Q interval was 13-27 msec, while at 14 years of age it was 32-54 msec. For patients 15 years of age and older, the normal range of pH-Q interval was 35-54 msec, similar to that reported by several investigators using catheter technic and suggesting that most His bundle electrograms recorded by catheter technic in fact record from the proximal His bundle. The dH-Q interval varied from 18 to 35 msec, the RB-Q interval from 18 to 30 msec, and the LB-Q interval from 20 to 39 msec. These normal ranges of RB-Q and LB-Q intervals are greater than previously reported. Overlaps existed between the normal range of pH-O and dH-Q or LB-Q intervals, dH-Q and RB-Q or LB-Q intervals and, at least in children, the pH-Q and RB-Q intervals. Thus the timing of a specialized fiber electrogram does not necessarily reflect its anatomic location. AV nodal electrograms were not recorded although the recording sites included the known anatomic location of the AV node. Conduction velocity in the His bundle was determined and averaged 1.5 m/sec (range 1.3-1.7 m/sec).
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MIXED INFECTIONS IN PNEUMOCOCCIC PNEUMONIA
Authors: MAXWELL FINLAND
Journal: JAMA (1934)

It is my purpose in this communication to call attention to an important group of cases of pneumococcic pneumonia in which multiple bacterial agents are operative. The significance of these mixed infections in altering the course and outcome of the disease and in evaluating the effects of certain specific therapeutic agents will be brought out by citing a few examples. Numerous instances of cases from which more than one strain or species of bacterium were isolated in the course of the disease may be found in the literature concerning pneumococcic pneumonia. Either most of these instances are recorded as part of intensive bacteriologic investigations of small groups of cases or they are mentioned in the reports of clinical and bacteriologic studies of large numbers of pneumonia cases.<sup>1</sup>In such reports little attention has been given to the significance of each of the various agents and its rôle in the
Regional myocardial capillary erythrocyte transit time in the normal resting heart.
Authors: M F Allard, C T Kamimura, D R English, S L Henning, B R Wiggs
Journal: Circulation Research (1993)

A major determinant of oxygen transport to the myocardium is the time spent by the erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs]) traversing the microcirculation. Although it has been shown that the myocardium has regional differences in blood volume, blood flow, metabolism, and sensitivity to ischemic injury, the regional distribution of RBC transit times through the myocardial capillaries has not been previously measured. The present study was designed to measure the regional myocardial capillary RBC transit time by a new technique to determine whether there are regional differences in the capillary RBC transit time in the normal resting heart. Anesthetized open-chest male New Zealand White rabbits (3.0-3.7 kg, n = 8) were studied. Regional myocardial blood volume was determined using chromium-51-labeled RBCs, and regional blood flow was measured using a reference flow technique and a left atrial injection of 15-microns-radiolabeled (gadolinium-153, 10-20 muCi) microspheres. Capillary blood volume was determined by multiplying the regional blood volume by the histologically determined fraction of the total blood volume that was in the capillaries. Capillary RBC transit time was calculated as the quotient of capillary blood volume and blood flow. The myocardial capillary blood volume was the same in the endocardium and the epicardium (4.67 +/- 0.67 ml/100 g for endocardium versus 4.52 +/- 0.70 ml/100 g for epicardium, p = NS), whereas myocardial blood flow tended to be greater in the endocardium (6.09 +/- 0.73 ml/sec per 100 g for endocardium versus 5.47 +/- 0.75 ml/sec per 100 g for epicardium), although this was not statistically significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of Exercise on the Pulmonary Blood Volume in Patients with Acquired Heart Disease
Authors: BERNARD F. SCHREINER, GERALD W. MURPHY, GERALD GLICK, PAUL N. YU
Journal: Circulation (1963)

The effect of supine exercise on the pulmonary blood volume was studied in 14 patients with valvular heart disease and in one patient with cardiomyopathy. Statistically significant increases occurred in the pulmonary blood volume (88.6 ± S.E. 20.9 ml./M. 2 ) and in the central blood volume (121.9 ± S.E. 29.2 ml./M. 2 ), whereas left atrial to brachial arterial volume remained unchanged. These results support the concept that, with exercise, increases in central blood volume reflect increases in pulmonary blood volume in patients with acquired heart disease. The increase in pulmonary blood volume and in pulmonary distending pressure suggests a passive expansion of the pulmonary vascular bed with exercise.
Management of Childhood Asthma in Britain
Authors: Alan Reay
Journal: JAMA (1974)

THE nature of bronchial asthma is still not entirely clear. The basic anomaly seems to be the increased lability of the bronchial tree so that it reacts excessively to a variety of stimuli, including inhalation of allergens, exercise, infection, and emotional stress. There is good evidence that this anomaly is common to children bearing the diagnostic labels of "recurrent wheezy bronchitis" and bronchial asthma.<sup>1,2</sup>Some older children whose clinical history clearly points to one specific allergen and in whom skin tests are confirmatory may benefit from desensitization. This is not the case in those sensitive to a wide range of allergens. The place in therapy of the desensitization of children to the house dust mite is not yet clear. It seems reasonable to advise measures to reduce dust in the home of any asthmatic child and to advocate avoidance of exposure to domestic animals only when there is a
Phase II Trial of Gemcitabine-Carboplatin-Paclitaxel as Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Operable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Raymond P. Abratt, Jung Sin Lee, Ji Youn Han, Chun-Ming Tsai, Michael Boyer, Tony Mok, Sang-We Kim, Jin Soo Lee, Alan J.M. Brnabic, William H.H. Reece, Manfred Lehnert
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2006)
Flagellate Erythema in a Patient With Fever
Authors: Heather Ciliberto, Monique Gupta Kumar, Amy Musiek
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2013)

A woman in her 40s presented with a 6-month history of intermittent fevers, malaise, polyarthralgias, sore throat, and a pruritic exanthem on her trunk, scalp, and extremities. A previous biopsy was nonspecific. She had no significant medical history.