tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
TUBERCULOSIS OF THE MAMMARY GLAND.
Authors: A. H. LEVINGS
Journal: JAMA (1903)

Dr. Scudder,<sup>1</sup>in an exhaustive article on "Tuberculosis of the Mammary Gland," states that an examination of the literature showed only eighty cases reported up to that time, twenty-three of which were rejected on account of imperfect data. This list, however, does not include twelve cases reported by Albert in his work on surgery. Tubercular infection is so frequently met in the various tissues and glands of the body that it seems unusual that only fifty-seven well authenticated cases of tuberculosis in the mammary gland should have been reported up to 1898. It is, of course, to be expected that not all cases diagnosed as tuberculosis of this gland were reported, but had they been, the number would still be small, and the cases reported since 1892 are so few that we are forced to believe that the disease often goes unrecognized. It is conceded that tuberculosis of the
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Surfactant Protein-A and Surfactant Protein-D Are Inversely Related to Inflammation in Early Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Terry L. Noah, Paula C. Murphy, Jorien J. Alink, Margaret W. Leigh, William M. Hull, Mildred T. Stahlman, Jeffrey A. Whitsett
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

The pulmonary collectins surfactant protein (SP)-A and SP-D play important roles in innate lung defense, enhancing opsonization of microbes and limiting lung inflammatory responses. To quantify relationships among collectins, bacteria, and inflammation in early cystic fibrosis (CF) airway secretions, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) were collected from children undergoing clinically indicated bronchoscopy. Quantitative bacteriology, differential cell counts, and ELISA for SP-A and SP-D were assessed. Significantly increased numbers of neutrophils relative to bacteria were noted in BALF from CF compared with non-CF subjects. Although SP-A levels tended to be lower in CF compared with non-CF, this was only significant in the presence of bacterial infection. Among CF patients, SP-A concentrations in BALF were inversely related to inflammation, bacterial colony-forming units per milliliter, and age. SP-D levels were significantly decreased in CF patients, and SP-D was rarely detectable in the presence of infection. Among CF patients, SP-D correlated inversely with inflammation and bacterial colony-forming units per milliliter, and there was decreased immunostaining of BALF cells for SP-D in CF. Immunohistochemistry of CF autopsy lung sections for SP-A and SP-D confirmed their paucity at sites of infection and inflammation. We conclude that relative collectin deficiency occurs early in CF airways and is inversely related to inflammation in CF airways.
LONGITUDINAL CLINICAL AND NEUROCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIC AND MANIC-DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSES
Authors: SAMUEL BOGOCH, KARL T. DUSSIK, CHRISTA FENDER, PETER CONRAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1960)

Macromolecular glycolipids and glycoproteins of the nervous system itself are being investigated in terms of their chemical structure, histological localization, and physiological function. Parallel "doubleblind" clinical and quantitative neurochemical studies in psychiatric patients and controls have indicated a high degree of chemical individuation of these nervous system constituents, which may have relevance to individuality. In addition, distinctive patterns of these constituents have been observed in chronic brain syndrome, manic, depressive, and schizophrenic patients, and controls. These new quantitative methods provide a unique opportunity to study longitudinally primary correlations between neurochemical and clinical events in individual patients.
Neonatal Pulmonary Care
Authors: D. Vidyasagar
Journal: JAMA (1980)

There is an ever-increasing interest in the basic physiology of neonatal pulmonary disease. Without understanding it one cannot provide optimal care of the neonate in respiratory distress. During the last two decades, a great deal has been learned about neonatal pulmonary physiology and disease. However, clinical application of acquired knowledge has begun to occur only recently. Although information regarding neonatal repiratory care has been published extensively in various journals and symposia, there is a need for a book completely devoted to the topic with particular emphasis on the practical aspects of this developing area of medicine. The editors of<i>Neonatal Pulmonary Care</i>have successfully put together a compendium of topics related to the respiratory care of the newborn. The book offers concise, lucid descriptions of basic physiology and then goes on to deal with clinical diagnosis, the evaluation of pulmonary function, and the roentgenographic description of pulmonary insufficiency. A special
A Diagnostic Dilemma of Atypical Gallbladder Appearance on Tc-99m HIDA Cholescintigraphy Resolved With SPECT/CT
Authors: Ravi Sood, Jeff Murguia, Michael M. Graham, David Bushnell, Shayne Squires, Sandeep T. Laroia, Anish Bansal
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2011)

Tc-99m HIDA cholescintigraphy is the diagnostic procedure of choice for acute cholecystitis. Acute cholecystitis is associated in vast majority of the cases with cystic duct obstruction. The demonstration of presence (cystic duct patency) or absence (cystic duct obstruction) of visualization of the gallbladder on cholescintigraphy is critical to the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. The visualization of the gallbladder rules out acute cholecystitis in most of the cases. Although, in most cases, determination of visualization or nonvisualization of gallbladder is straight forward, occasionally it can be challenging. We describe a patient with suspected acute cholecystitis, in whom an unusual appearance of the gallbladder on hepatobiliary scintigraphy was clarified with SPECT/CT, an approach that is rarely used in Tc-99m HIDA cholescintigraphy.
Psychopharmacology in Children
Authors: Joseph Biederman, Michael S. Jellinek
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

EPIDEMIOLOGIC studies indicate that 5 per cent of all pediatric office visits are primarily for psychiatric disorders.1 In concert with trends in adult psychiatry, the use of psychotropic medications has increased beyond the traditional use of stimulants, to include antidepressants, antipsychotics, and lithium. The precise use of psychotropic drugs has been limited by insufficient research, inadequate training, lack of approval by the Food and Drug Administration, and concerns about unknown long-term effects. This review of psychopharmacology in children will discuss current diagnostic criteria and the rational use of psychotropic medication and will highlight key psychosocial concerns.Diagnostic Categories and Clinical . . .
Language of Dyspnea in Assessment of Patients with Acute Asthma Treated with Nebulized Albuterol
Authors: MARILYN L. MOY, MARY L. LANTIN, ANDREW HARVER, RICHARD M. SCHWARTZSTEIN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

To investigate whether the language of dyspnea provides relevant clinical information in addition to that provided by ratings of overall dyspnea intensity when assessing subjective response to therapy, we conducted a prospective study in a cohort of 25 patients with acute asthma presenting to the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital. Patients received nebulized albuterol treatments every 20 min with a maximum of three doses. At presentation and after each treatment, patients completed spirometry, rated overall dyspnea intensity on a modified Borg scale, and selected phrases that described qualities of breathlessness from a 15-item questionnaire. Paired Student's t tests revealed significant improvements in FEV1 (from 1.39 ± 0.66 L to 1.80 ± 0.76 L, p < 0.001) and reductions in dyspnea intensity (from 5.12 ± 2.08 to 2.82 ± 1.59, p < 0.001) after the first albuterol treatment. Dyspnea intensity continued to decrease significantly in response to the second treatment, modified Borg rating 2.26 ± 1.52, although there was no positive bronchodilator response. The results from Cochran Q tests revealed that the frequency of the experience of "chest tightness" decreased significantly across the phases of treatment. However, the sensations of "work" or "breathing effort" persisted at the same time that the FEV1 revealed ongoing airways obstruction. We conclude that attention to the language of dyspnea would alert health care providers to residual air flow obstruction despite decreases in overall dyspnea intensity.
Exome sequencing identifies an MLL3 gene germ line mutation in a pedigree of colorectal cancer and acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Wei-Dong Li, Qing-Rong Li, Shuang-Nian Xu, Feng-Jiang Wei, Zhi-Jia Ye, Jin-Ke Cheng, Jie-Ping Chen
Journal: Blood (2013)
Recovery of coma patient sparks confusion over when to ask about organ donation
Authors: T. Sheldon
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A dramatic television documentary has sparked a national debate in Denmark, and neurosurgeons are now to review guidelines on when to broach the question of organ donation with the relatives of brain damaged patients whom they believe to be dying.

An estimated 1.7 million viewers watched the documentary Pigen der ikke ville do ( The girl who would not die ) (www.dr.dk). In the programme, Benedikte Dahlerup, the senior doctor in a neurotrauma unit, told parents that medical staff believed their daughter was terminally ill, and asked for their views on organ donation.

This was, however, prior to any diagnostic tests confirming brain death, a prerequisite under Danish law for organ donation.

The parents agreed to donation, but 19 …
STUDIES OF THE ROLE OF THE LIVER IN HUMAN CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM BY THE VENOUS CATHETER TECHNIC. II. PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC KETOSIS, BEFORE AND AFTER THE ADMINISTRATION OF INSULIN 12
Authors: Philip K. Bondy, Walter Lyon Bloom, Virginia S. Whitner, Betty W. Farrar
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1949)

The recent development of methods for the esti- mation of the blood flow and metabolism of the liver in man has made it possible to investigate the role of this organ in the normal and deranged metabolic processes of the human being.Previous studies have been concerned with the role of the liver in the carbohydrate metabolism of the normal human being (1).Similar investigations of patients with decompensated diabetic ketosis are re- ported in the present paper. METHODSHepatic venous blood was obtained by a catheter passed through the right antecubital vein into a right hepatic vein.Blood was drawn from a Cournand needle lying in the femoral artery.The hepatic blood flow was esti- mated by the bromsulfalein extraction method of Bradley et al. (2).The technics of analysis have been discussed previously (1).In addition to studies of glucose and urea, ketone bodies were determined by the method of Weichselbaum and Somogyi (3).Throughout this paper, ketone bodies are expressed as the sum of acetone plus acetoacetic acid plus beta-hydroxybutyric acid (i.e., total ketone bodies).The standard errors of the various tech- nics in our laboratory have been as follows: Glucose, ± 1.0 mg. per 100 ml. at a level of 100 mg./100 ml.; urea, ± 0.1 mg. per 100 ml. at a level of 30 mg./100 ml.; ketone bodies, + 8.2 mg. per 100 ml. at a level of 100 mg./100 ml.After several pretreatment observation periods, insulin was injected intravenously.In one case, an infusion was given, at a rate of 1 unit per minute.All other patients received 25 or 50 units every 30 minutes.All insulin used was Lilly "regular" insulin.Samples were collected simultaneously from the femoral artery and the hepatic vein at 15 minute intervals.No glucose was adminis-
An Etiologic Concept of Atherosclerosis Based on Study of Intimal Alterations after Shock
Authors: O. J. POLLAK
Journal: Circulation (1952)

On the basis of analysis of the bibliography of animal experiments and of anatomic observations on autopsy and surgical material from infants and adolescents who experienced shock, a new concept of atherogenesis is formed. Changes in osmotic pressure, plasmatic dyscolloidity and hypoalbuminemia cause hydropic swelling of the intimal endothelial cells followed by increased permeability. Seepage of plasma through injured endothelium results in edema and hyaline-mucoid change of the subintimal ground substance. Lipoproteins are broken down and most of the foreign matter is resorbed. Lipids, namely cholesterol, remain in the subintima, act as irritants and initiate the alterations known as atherosclerosis.
Psoriasis, alcohol, and liver disease.
Authors: J C Chaput, T Poynard, S Naveau, D Penso, O Durrmeyer, D Suplisson
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Psoriasis , alcohol, and liver disease The relations between psoriasis, consumption of alcohol, and liver disease are usually discussed in textbooks in the context of methotrexate hepatotoxicity but have never been studied in a large number of subjects.'The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of psoriasis according to alcohol consumption and the presence of liver disease. CommentOur patient had severe hyperglycaemia with little change in serum on 10 August
Hepatitis G virus co-infection does not alter the course of recurrent hepatitis C virus infection in liver transplantation recipients
Authors: S J Cotler, D R Gretch, M P Bronner, H Tateyama, M J Emond, C dela Rosa, J D Perkins, R L Carithers
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

Although hepatitis G virus infection (HGV) is usually asymptomatic, it has been associated with mild hepatic injury. Whether hepatitis G co-infection alters the natural history of other viral hepatitis infections remains to be determined. In the present study, we investigated whether hepatitis G impacts on the time to recurrent hepatitis or on the time to progression to fibrosis in hepatitis C-infected patients who undergo liver transplantation. Forty-five liver transplantation recipients with persistent hepatitis C viremia by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were evaluated. Stored sera obtained before and after liver transplantation was tested for HGV RNA by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR using primers to the 5' region of the HGV genome. A median of eight serial liver biopsy specimens were reviewed per patient. The prevalence of HGV co-infection was 21% before transplantation and 22% following transplantation. During a median follow-up of 29 months, 78% (35/45) of patients with hepatitis C viremia developed histological features of recurrent hepatitis. Fifty-one percent (23/45) progressed to fibrous portal expansion and 16% (7/45) developed bridging fibrosis. Comparisons of patients with and without hepatitis G co-infection following transplantation showed no significant difference in time to recurrent hepatitis, fibrous portal expansion, bridging fibrosis, or of allograft or patient survival. In conclusion, hepatitis G co-infection does not seem to impact on the time to recurrent hepatitis C or progression of hepatitis C-related histological injury after liver transplantation.
Relationship between canine transthoracic impedance and defibrillation threshold. Evidence for current-based defibrillation.
Authors: B B Lerman, H R Halperin, J E Tsitlik, K Brin, C W Clark, O C Deale
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

The electrical parameter used to define defibrillation strength is energy. Peak current, however, may more accurately reflect the field quantities (i.e., electric field strength and current density) that mediate defibrillation and therefore should be a better clinical descriptor of threshold than energy. Though transthoracic impedance is a major determinant of energy-based threshold and is sensitive to operator-dependent changes in impedance (electrode-subject interface), an ideal threshold descriptor should be invariant with respect to these changes in impedance. We therefore compared the relative invariance of energy- and current-based thresholds when transthoracic impedance was altered by one of two methods: (a) change in electrode size (protocol A) or (b) change in electrode force (protocol B). In protocol A, impedance was altered in each dog by a mean of 95%. Energy thresholds determined at both low and high impedance were 44 +/- 21 J (mean +/- SD) and 105 +/- 35 J, respectively, P less than 0.0001. In contrast, peak current (A) thresholds were independent of transthoracic impedance, 22 +/- 5 A (low impedance) vs. 24 +/- 6 A (high impedance), P = NS. Energy and current thresholds showed a similar relationship for animals tested in protocol B. Therefore, current-based thresholds, in contrast to energy thresholds are independent of operator-dependent variables of transthoracic impedance and are invariant for a given animal. These results suggest that redefining defibrillation threshold in terms of peak current rather than energy provides a superior method of defibrillation.
VASO-DILATOR EFFECTS OF THE PNEUMOGASTRIC NERVE
Authors: D. T. Barry
Journal: BMJ (1933)

JOURNALcontractions from healed ulcers may require remedial operative measures, and duodenal dilatation may require improved drainage.Evacuation of the advanced asthenic stomach in the erect position is greatly facilitated by the application of a suitable abdominal support and pad.CONCLUSION I have attempted in this investigation to obtain a better uinderstanding of dyspepsia, and from my findings to evolve for the surgeon a useful classification.I have then tried to indicate how and when surgery is best applicable as a means of remedy.I am greatly indebted to all those who have assisted me in this work, and in particular to Dr. G. D. Roche of Scalloway, whose careful treatment and observation of cases Nvas of great help.I am also grateful to Parke, Davis and Co.,
Pump function of the feline left heart: changes with heart rate and its bearing on the energy balance
Authors: G ELZINGA, N WESTERHOF
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1980)

Pump function of the feline left heart was determined by measuring the relationship between mean left ventricular pressure and mean left ventricular output, obtained by changing the arterial load on a beat-to-beat basis. The effect of a change in heart rate from 120 to 160 beats . min-1 was studied and a parallel shift of the pump function graph was found. Care was taken to keep left ventricular end-diastolic pressure constant with the change in frequency. If the mean pressure and output values obtained at 160 beats . min-1 were multiplied by the ratio between the two frequencies (0.75), almost complete superposition of the two graphs was obtained. Changes in arterial load also caused changes in oxygen consumption, mean external power and external efficiency of the heart. We plotted these variables, altered them as a function of mean left ventricular output for easy comparison with the pump function graph. It was found that oxygen consumption decreases with increasing output. Mean external power and efficiency attain maxima for different values of mean output. If the left heart in the intact animal is controlled to function at its maximum power output, this can therefore not be achieved at the optimum efficiency level. The results of the present study and those obtained earlier were compared with the behaviour of a time varying compliance model.
Invasive Disease and Toxic Shock due to Zoonotic Streptococcus suis: An Emerging Infection in the East?
Authors: Shiranee Sriskandan, Josh D Slater
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

Streptococcus suis ( S. suis) is widely recognised in the veterinary world as a cause of rapidly progressive and fatal sepsis in infant pigs, associated with meningitis, polyarthritis, and, occasionally, pneumonia. A more fulminant bacteraemic infection is seen in neonatal pigs [ 1, 2]. For reasons that are unknown, adult pigs do not succumb to this infection, although they demonstrate asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage ( Figure 1), and infant piglets become infected after early contact with colonised adult females. In many respects, S. suis infection is the porcine version of human group B strep disease. Zoonotic disease due to S. suis does occur sporadically in Western countries, but is encountered more commonly in countries such as Thailand, China, and Hong Kong. It affects predominantly individuals with occupational exposure to pigs. In humans, meningitis is the most common presentation (about 80% of all cases), though S. suis disease can be associated with other suppurative complications such as pneumonia and arthritis. Mortalities of 5%–10% of cases are reported [ 2], and S. suis is the third most common cause of bacterial meningitis in Hong Kong [ 3]. 



Figure 1

Scanning Electron Microscopy of S. suis Diplococci in a Sheet of Mucus on the Surface of the Nasopharyngeal Epithelium from a Pig
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Adult Sexual Behavior-Reply
Authors: Jonathan R. Seckl
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Dr Johnson chastises us for "the perpetuation of... negative stereotypes" about homosexuality. We submit that her reading of our text is incomplete. As pointed out in her quotation, we stated "it has been suggested," ie, the suggestion is that of others; we have done no original research in this area. However, as not pointed out in her quotation, we cited 2 references to support our statement. These references reported 2 peer-reviewed surveys of sexual behavior, body image, and sexual fantasies among women with CAH.<sup>1,2</sup>These reports are generally consistent with the older study of Mulaikal et al<sup>3</sup>and with 2 newer studies by Zucker et al<sup>4</sup>and by Meyer-Bahlburg et al.<sup>5</sup>These newer studies can direct the interested reader to an extensive literature on the behavioral correlates of prenatal exposure of the female brain to the action of androgens as well as to the difficulties in
The Immunofluorescent "Band" Test in Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Authors: PETER M. LEVITIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Skin biopsy specimens from normal subjects and patients with mixed connective tissue disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis were examined for the presence of a "band" of immunoglobulins and complement at the dermal-epidermal junction, using immunofluorescent techniques. A positive immunofluorescent band test was found in the clinically uninvolved skin in three of six patients with mixed connective tissue disease, five of six patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and none of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis or normal subjects. Although a positive immunofluorescent band test in uninvolved skin has been considered to be fairly specific for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus, our results suggest that this test cannot be used to distinguish mixed connective tissue disease from systemic lupus erythematosus.
Protective Role of Fever
Authors: Wingate M. Johnson
Journal: JAMA (1963)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I would like to question Dr. Barry Wood's statement in the Questions and Answers section ofThe Journal(<b>184</b>:433 [May 4] 1963): "Except in a very few situations... there is no conclusive evidence that fever plays a protective role." Some years ago Dr. Charles H. Reid, Jr., and I published report of patients admitted to the North Carolina Baptist Hospital with influenza, during an epidemic in the winter of 1943-1944.<sup>1</sup>Our study was summarized thus: Exactly one half of the cases were sudden in onset (group A), while the remaining half began insidiously (group B). In group A an average maximum temperature of 102 F was encountered, while in group B the maximum was only 100 F. The postinfluenzal asthenic state was apparently more pronounced in group B, and at least 2 of the 25 patients