tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
World History of Psychiatry
Authors: Donald E. Widmann
Journal: JAMA (1975)

In a manner reminiscent of the psychiatric formulation, the authors have attempted to provide a crosssectional and longitudinal picture of the development of current psychiatric practice around the world. Unity of format is provided by tracing the movement from primitive, magical roots to the more scientific, through the intervening religious and somatic stages of development. There are particularly extensive discussions of psychiatric hospitals, of psychiatric inpatient services in general hospitals, of legal psychiatry, and of various forms of therapy; less extensively covered are the development of psychoanalysis, concepts of etiology in psychiatric illness, and training programs in psychiatry. As one might expect in a multiauthored volume, there are areas of disagreement as to the placement of certain topics. An example of this would be finding the history of psychoanalysis in the chapter entitled "Israel and the Jews." While the early pioneers in psychoanalysis were predominantly Jewish, they are probably more
Impaired IL-10–dependent Induction of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells by CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>hi</sup>CD127<sup>lo/−</sup>Natural Regulatory T Cells in Human Allergic Asthma
Authors: Khoa D. Nguyen, Christopher Vanichsarn, Kari C. Nadeau
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2009)

Tolerogenic dendritic cells and natural regulatory T cells have been implicated in the process of infectious tolerance in human allergic asthma. However, the significance of the influence of natural regulatory T cells on tolerogenic dendritic cells in the disease has not been investigated.We aimed to characterize the mechanism of induction of the tolerogenic phenotype in circulating blood dendritic cells by allergic asthmatic natural regulatory T cells.The study was performed in a cohort of 21 subjects with allergic asthma, 21 healthy control subjects, and 21 subjects with nonallergic asthma. We cultured blood dendritic cells with natural regulatory T cells to study the induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells. Flow cytometry and proliferation assays were employed to analyze phenotype and function of dendritic cells as well as IL-10 production from natural regulatory T cells.Dendritic cells cultured with natural regulatory T cells up-regulated IL-10, down-regulated costimulatory molecules, and stimulated the proliferation of CD4(+)CD25(-) effector T cells less potently. Allergic asthmatic natural regulatory T cells were significantly less efficient in inducing this tolerogenic phenotype of dendritic cells compared with healthy control and nonallergic asthmatic counterparts. Furthermore, this defective function of natural regulatory T cells was associated with their decreased IL-10 expression, disease severity, and could be reversed by oral corticosteroid therapy.These results provided the first evidences of impaired induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells mediated by natural regulatory T cells in human allergic asthma.
Researchers devise system to highlight blood clots during surgery
Authors: D. Spurgeon
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Two researchers in Europe have described a system that, for the first time, allows the automatic online detection of tiny blood clots that can enter the brain during invasive cardiovascular examinations and surgery and cause stroke ( Stroke 2002;33:1969-74, 1975-80).

David Russell, professor of neurology at the National Hospital, Oslo, Norway, and joint author of the studies with Rainer Brucher, professor of neurology at Ulm University of Applied Sciences in Germany, says that such tiny clots, undetected by conventional monitoring, can cause minor, symptomless strokes during surgery. As many as 50% of patients who …
Subcapsular hepatic necrosis in orthotopic liver allografts
Authors: Pierre A. Russo, Eduardo J. Yunis
Journal: Hepatology (1986)

Five cases of subcapsular liver necrosis were found in a series of 55 hepatic orthotopic allografts examined at hepatectomy or autopsy during a 3-yr period at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. There was a pronounced rise in liver enzymes in the first few days in all of the cases after transplantation followed by a decrease in values in four of the cases over the next few days. All were characterized by an irregular subcapsular band of necrotic tissue involving both lobes, to a variable degree, but most frequently the right lobe. There were no obstructions or occlusions of the extrahepatic arteries, portal or hepatic veins. Hepatocyte necrosis was frequently observed in periportal areas, although centrilobular necrosis was also common. Varying degrees of steatosis were seen in the rest of the liver. Various etiological possibilities are discussed, particularly the role of hypoperfusion. Focal subcapsular necrosis of liver allografts may be more frequent than is presently realized. Awareness that hepatic necrosis in allografts may occur as localized subcapsular phenomenon may prevent misinterpretation of superficial biopsy findings as being representative of the entire organ, thus over-estimating the degree of damage.
Total urinary follicle stimulating hormone as a biomarker for detection of early pregnancy and periimplantation spontaneous abortion.
Authors: Q Qiu, J W Overstreet, H Todd, S T Nakajima, D R Stewart, B L Lasley
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

Total concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were evaluated in daily urine samples from conceptive and nonconceptive menstrual cycles by measurement of the FSH beta subunit following treatment of the samples to dissociate the FSH heterodimer. Samples were self-collected by normal subjects during cycles in which daily blood samples also were obtained. Daily blood and urine specimens were collected prospectively from 10 subject in conceptive cycles, which led to normal pregnancies, and from 10 subjects with bilateral tubal ligations to provide control samples form nonconceptive cycles. Mean serum and urinary FSH concentration profiles wer parallel in both groups following ovulation and during he first 9 days of the luteal phase. Mean values for both serum and urinary FSH rose significantly above the postovulatory baseline by 10-12 days following the midcycle luteinizing hormone (LH) peak in nonconceptive cycles, but did not rise at any time following ovulation during conceptive cycles. Following regression analysis of the changing FSH concentration between days 9-14 post-LH surge in conceptive cycles, a slope of </= 0.02 ng FHS/mg creatinine/day was selected as a cutoff point to identify conceptive cycles. There was a high concordance between the day of LH peak in serum and the day of FSH peak in urine. Therefore, in applying the algorithm, the day of FSH peak in urine was used to determine the days for which the FSH slope would be calculated, i.e., days 9-14 post-FSH peak in urine. The sensitivity and specificity of the change in urinary FSH concentrations to detect pregnancy in a different set of 55 cycles were found to 88.9% and 89.3%, respectively. All six cases of early fetal loss in the sample set were correctly identified. These results suggest that urinary FSH can be used as an additional biomarker for the verification of early pregnancy in prospective epidemiological studies in which early fetal loss is a suspected outcome.
Improving the preregistration experience: the New Zealand approach
Authors: P I M Allen, B M Colls
Journal: BMJ (1994)

There is currently much debate about how to improve undergraduate medical education, and in particular on how best to prepare students for clinical responsibility. For 20 years a period of trainee internship has formed part of New Zealand medical students' undergraduate training, and the model could have much to offer the United Kingdom. Students take their final examinations at the end of the second clinical year; they spend their final year in a series of eight clinical attachments, during each of which they shadow a preregistration house officer or senior house officer. As trainee interns they are paid 60% of a house officer's salary for their clinical work, which is supervised by the firm's registrars and consultants under the overall responsibility of the head of the academic department. The order of the attachments is determined on educational, not service, grounds, and trainees have to attend educational sessions and pass assessments on each attachment. The trainee internship, funded jointly by the education and health departments, offers a more seamless transition from student to house officer and aims at improving both general medical education and clinical training.
The Early Years of the Edinburgh Medical School
Authors: Arthur Donovan
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Anyone having the slightest familiarity with the history of medicine knows of Edinburgh's eminence during the 18th century, and it is thus hardly surprising that the 250th anniversary of the founding of the University of Edinburgh Medical School was celebrated with considerable pomp and display in 1976. The papers read at the symposium organized by the Royal Scottish Museum and the Scottish Society of the History of Medicine and published in the book under review are carefully researched and historically illuminating. Those interested in the details of the founding of the medical school, the activities of Sir Robert Sibbald, the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, the early years of the Edinburgh Infirmary, the relation between medical theory and medical practice in Edinburgh or the influence of the Edinburgh Medical School in America will want to consult the essays on these topics. This book demonstrates that an essentially ceremonial occasion can give birth to
Sharp rise in sales of untaxed cigarettes in Canada threatens public health
Authors: David Spurgeon
Journal: BMJ (2007)

The 70 member Canadian Coalition for Action on Tobacco has launched a national campaign to persuade the provincial and federal governments to crack down on the illegal tobacco market. Cigarettes can be bought easily for about a 10th of the price of their legal counterparts on the streets of Canada's major cities. 

Early release articles on the website of the Canadian Medical Association's journal show that the illegal cigarettes are typically sold in plastic bags, with no health warnings, for as little as C$8 (£3.60; €5.30; $7.20) for 200 cigarettes, whereas legal brands cost as much as C$80 (www.cmaj.ca dois: 10.1503/cmaj.070562 and 10.1503/cmaj.070609).

Canada's …
ABC of Breast Diseases: Breast Pain
Authors: R E Mansel
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Breast pain of any type is a rare symptom of breast cancer, and only 7% of patients with breast cancer have mastalgia as their only symptom Breast pain (mastalgia) alone or in association with lumpiness is reported in up to a half of all women attending breast clinics.Two thirds of a group of working women and 77% of a screening population admitted to having had recent breast pain when directly questioned.Most mastalgia is of minor or moderate severity and is accepted as part of the normal changes that occur in relation to the menstrual cycle.Studies have clearly shown that women who complain of mastalgia are psychologically no different from women attending hospital outpatient clinics for other conditions. ClassificationBreast pain chart of patient with severe cyclical mastalgia.(P indicates menstrual period.)
Intussusception of the Rectum Mimicking Rectal Tumor on Endoscopy
Authors: H. Hauser, H. J. Mischinger, H. Cerwenka, H. Fruhwirth, G. Werkgartner, M. Klimpfinger
Journal: Endoscopy (1998)

See also: Adult Colorectal Invagination Associated with Colonic Cancer and Established by Fiberscopy of the Sigmoid ColonEndoscopy 1996; 28(07): 636-636DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1005562
Transport of chenodeoxycholic acid and its 3-α- and 7-α-sulfates by isolated perfused rat liver
Authors: Ulrich Gärtner, Tobias Goeser, Adolf Stiehl, Richard Raedsch, Allan W. Wolkoff
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

In patients with cholestasis, levels of sulfated bile acids rise. Sulfate esters of chenodeoxycholic acid are the most abundant of these bile acid sulfates. These compounds are taken up by the liver and excreted into bile, although their plasma clearance and biliary excretion are reduced compared with that of unsulfated bile acids. It is not clear whether this is due to differences in intrinsic hepatic uptake or biliary excretion. In the present study, single-pass transport kinetics of chenodeoxycholic acid 3-α-sulfate, chenodeoxycholic acid 7-α-sulfate and unsulfated chenodeoxycholic acid were quantified in isolated perfused rat liver. Influx of the 7-α- and 3-α-sulfated derivatives was 57% and 20% that of chenodeoxycholic acid, respectively. These three compounds bound to albumin equally well, indicating that this was not a factor in their differential uptake. Although single-pass extraction of each of these compounds differed, biliary excretion of material taken up by the liver was identical. There was no difference in bile flow or biliary excretion rate, regardless of which bile acid sulfate was tested. These results indicate that the low plasma elimination of sulfated bile acids previously observed by others can be explained by low hepatic influx. The diminished transport into liver resulting from sulfation could lead to enhanced elimination of bile acids by the kidney. (HEPATOLOGY 1990;12:738-742).
Idiopathic CD4+ T-Lymphocytopenia -- Four Patients with Opportunistic Infections and No Evidence of HIV Infection
Authors: Robert A. Duncan, C. Fordham von Reyn, George M. Alliegro, Zahra Toossi, Alan M. Sugar, Stuart M. Levitz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

We describe four patients without major risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, each of whom presented with severe opportunistic infections and was found to have idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia. We performed assays to detect the presence of retroviruses and undertook immunophenotyping of subgroups of peripheral-blood lymphocytes.
Targeting Connexin 43 Prevents Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB–Induced Phenotypic Change in Porcine Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Christos E. Chadjichristos, Sandrine Morel, Jean-Paul Derouette, Esther Sutter, Isabelle Roth, Anne C. Brisset, Marie-Luce Bochaton-Piallat, Brenda R. Kwak
Journal: Circulation Research (2008)

We previously reported that reducing the expression of the gap junction protein connexin (Cx)43 in mice restricts intimal thickening formation after acute vascular injury by limiting the inflammatory response and the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) toward the damaged site. SMC populations isolated from porcine coronary artery exhibit distinct phenotypes: spindle-shaped (S) and rhomboid (R). S-SMCs are predominant in the normal media, whereas R-SMCs are recovered in higher proportion from stent-induced intimal thickening, suggesting that they participate in the restenotic process. Here, we further investigate the relationship between connexin expression and SMC phenotypes using porcine coronary artery SMCs. Cx40 was highly expressed in normal media of porcine coronary artery in vivo, whereas Cx43 was barely detectable. In contrast, Cx40 was downregulated and Cx43 was markedly upregulated in stent-induced intimal thickening. In vitro, S-SMCs expressed Cx40 and Cx43. In R-SMCs, Cx43 expression was increased and Cx40 was absent. We confirmed that S-SMCs treated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB acquire an R phenotype. This was accompanied by an upregulation of Cx43 and a loss of Cx40. Importantly, platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced S-to-R phenotypic change was prevented by a reduction of Cx43 expression with antisense, ie, S-SMCs retained their typical elongated appearance and the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, a well-known SMC differentiation marker, whereas the expression of S100A4, a typical marker of R-SMCs, was prevented. In conclusion, limiting Cx43 expression in S-SMCs prevents platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced S-to-R modulation. This suggests that Cx43 may be an additional target for local delivery strategies aimed at reducing restenosis.
Carbon monoxide suppresses arteriosclerotic lesions associated with chronic graft rejection and with balloon injury
Authors: Leo E. Otterbein, Brian S. Zuckerbraun, Manabu Haga, Fang Liu, Ruiping Song, Anny Usheva, Christina Stachulak, Natalya Bodyak, R. Neal Smith, Eva Csizmadia, Shivraj Tyagi, Yorihiro Akamatsu, Richard J. Flavell, Timothy R. Billiar, Edith Tzeng, Fritz H. Bach, Augustine M.K. Choi, Miguel P. Soares
Journal: Nature Medicine (2003)
Prostate Cancer--Look to Denmark?
Authors: S. TRETLI, A. ENGELAND, T. HALDORSEN, T. HAKULINEN, L. G. HORTE, T. LUOSTARINEN, G. SCHOU, H. SIGVALDASON, H. H. STORM, H. TULINIUS, P. VAITTINEN
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1996)
Reproduction of human fibrous dysplasia of bone in immunocompromised mice by transplanted mosaics of normal and Gsalpha-mutated skeletal progenitor cells.
Authors: P Bianco, S A Kuznetsov, M Riminucci, L W Fisher, A M Spiegel, P G Robey
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

We have isolated progenitor cells from the stromal system of the fibrous dysplastic marrow of patients with McCune-Albright Syndrome. Analysis of the Gsalpha gene from individual colonies provided direct evidence for the presence of two different genotypes within single fibrous dysplastic lesions: marrow stromal cells containing two normal Gsalpha alleles, and those containing one normal allele and an allele with an activating mutation. Transplantation of clonal populations of normal cells into the subcutis of immunocompromised mice resulted in normal ossicle formation. In contrast, transplantation of clonal populations of mutant cells always led to the loss of transplanted cells from the transplantation site and no ossicle formation. However, transplantation of a mixture of normal and mutant cells reproduced an abnormal ectopic ossicle recapitulating human fibrous dysplasia and providing an in vivo cellular model of this disease. These results provide experimental evidence for the necessity of both normal and mutant cells in the development of McCune-Albright Syndrome fibrous dysplastic lesions in bone.
Receptors in the <i>Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</i> Adherence to Injured and Repairing Airway Epithelium
Authors: Sophie de Bentzmann, Cristina Plotkowski, Edith Puchelle
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

In the normal respiratory tract, the airway epithelial surface is protected from pathogenic bacterial colonization by the mucociliary clearance. The mucins present in the gel mucus layer exhibit a high diversity of carbohydrate receptors that allow specific bacterial recognition followed by bacterial and mucus elimination. As soon as the mucociliary clearance mechanism is impaired, the bacterial attachment to mucins in association with mucus stasis represent critical pathways for bacterial colonization of the airway epithelium. Several sources of injury may damage the epithelial integrity and induce partial or complete epithelial shedding, exposing cellular receptors and unmasked extracellular matrix (ECM) components that can be recognized by bacterial adhesins. Laminin and type I and IV collagens represent sites of Pseudomonas aeruginosa attachment to the ECM components. During airway epithelium repair after injury, particularly in cystic fibrosis (CF), the repairing cells exhibit apical receptors such as asialylated gangliosides (asialo GM1) to which P. aeruginosa adheres. The identification of the different receptors for P. aeruginosa, present either on the ECM proteins or on the apical surface of the remodeled airway epithelium, particularly in repairing respiratory CF epithelial cells, is a prerequisite to further therapeutic strategies to prevent airway colonization by P. aeruginosa.
Disturbances in hepatic cell-cycle regulation in mice with assembly-deficient keratins 8/18
Authors: Diana M. Toivola, Mikko I. Nieminen, Michael Hesse, Tao He, Hélène Baribault, Thomas M. Magin, Bishr M. Omary, John E. Eriksson
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

Simple epithelial tissues such as liver and pancreas express keratins 8 (K8) and 18 (K18) as their major intermediate filament proteins. K8 and K18 null mice and transgenic mice that express mutant K18 (K18C) manifest several hepatocyte abnormalities and demonstrate that K8/18 are important in maintaining liver tissue and cell integrity, although other potential functions remain uncharacterized. Here, we report an additional abnormal liver phenotype, which is similar in K8 null, K18 null, and K18C mouse models. Liver histologic examination showed large polynuclear areas that lacked cell membranes, desmosomal structures, and filamentous actin. Similar, but less prominent, areas were observed in the pancreas. The parenchyma outside the polynuclear areas displayed irregular sinusoidal structures and markedly enlarged nuclei. Most K8 null hepatocytes were positive for the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) with a doubled DNA content in comparison with the predominantly PCNA-negative wild-type hepatocytes. The distribution of the 14-3-3zeta protein was also altered in K8 null mice. Taken together, our results indicate that absence of keratin filaments causes disturbances in cell-cycle regulation, driving cells into the S-G2 phase and causing aberrant cytokinesis. These effects could stem from disturbed functions of K8/18-dependent cell-cycle regulators, such as the signaling integrator, 14-3-3.
A generic mechanism in<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>for enhanced resistance against bactericidal antibodies
Authors: Maria Jose Uria, Qian Zhang, Yanwen Li, Angel Chan, Rachel M. Exley, Bridget Gollan, Hannah Chan, Ian Feavers, Andy Yarwood, Raquel Abad, Ray Borrow, Roland A. Fleck, Barbara Mulloy, Julio A. Vazquez, Christoph M. Tang
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2008)

The presence of serum bactericidal antibodies is a proven correlate of protection against systemic infection with the important human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis. We have identified three serogroup C N. meningitidis (MenC) isolates recovered from patients with invasive meningococcal disease that resist killing by bactericidal antibodies induced by the MenC conjugate vaccine. None of the patients had received the vaccine, which has been successfully introduced in countries in North America and Europe. The increased resistance was not caused by changes either in lipopolysaccharide sialylation or acetylation of the α2-9–linked polysialic acid capsule. Instead, the resistance of the isolates resulted from the presence of an insertion sequence, IS1301, in the intergenic region (IGR) between the sia and ctr operons, which are necessary for capsule biosynthesis and export, respectively. The insertion sequence led to an increase in the transcript levels of surrounding genes and the amount of capsule expressed by the strains. The increased amount of capsule was associated with down-regulation of the alternative pathway of complement activation, providing a generic mechanism by which the bacterium protects itself against bactericidal antibodies. The strains with IS1301 in the IGR avoided complement-mediated lysis in the presence of bactericidal antibodies directed at the outer membrane protein, PorA, or raised against whole cells.