tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Current Spectrum of Cardiogenic Shock and Effect of Early Revascularization on Mortality
Authors: Judith S. Hochman, Jean Boland, Lynn A. Sleeper, Mark Porway, Jeffrey Brinker, Jacques Col, Alice Jacobs, James Slater, David Miller, Hal Wasserman, Mark A. Menegus, J. David Talley, Sonja McKinlay, Timothy Sanborn, Thierry LeJemtel
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Cardiogenic shock remains the leading cause of death of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (MI). This study was conducted to examine (1) the current spectrum of cardiogenic shock, (2) the proportion of patients who are potential candidates for a trial of early revascularization, and (3) the apparent impact of early revascularization on mortality. Methods and Results Nineteen participating centers in the United States and Belgium prospectively registered all patients diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. Two hundred fifty-one patients were registered. The mean age was 67.5±11.7 years, and 43% were women. Acute mitral regurgitation or ventricular septal rupture was the cause of shock in 8%. Concurrent conditions contributing to the development of shock were noted in 5%, and 2% had isolated right ventricular shock. Among the remaining 214 patients, nonspecific findings on the ECG associated with “nontransmural” MI were seen in 14%. The median time to shock diagnosis after MI was 8 hours. The overall in-hospital mortality was 66%. Patients clinically selected to undergo cardiac catheterization were significantly younger and had a lower mortality than those not selected (51% versus 85%, P &lt;.0001) even if they were not revascularized (58%). Mortality for patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was 60% (n=55) and 19% (n=16) for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Sixty percent (n=150) of registered patients were judged eligible for a trial of early revascularization. Trial-eligible patients were significantly younger (65.4±11.0 versus 70.6±11.9 years, P &lt;.001), had an earlier median time to shock onset after MI (6.5 versus 17.5 hours, P =.003), and had lower mortality (62% versus 73%, P =.077) than ineligible patients. Conclusions Patients diagnosed with cardiogenic shock complicating acute MI are a heterogeneous group. Those eligible for a trial of early revascularization tended to have lower mortality. Patients selected to undergo cardiac catheterization had lower mortality whether or not they were revascularized. Emergent PTCA and CABG are promising treatment modalities for cardiogenic shock, but biased case selection for treatment may confound the data. Whether PTCA and CABG reduce mortality and which patient subgroups benefit most remain to be determined in a randomized clinical trial.
978-66 Prolonged Bed Rest Impairs Response of the Small Arteries to Cold Pressor Test
Authors: Fumiyoshi Watanabe, Katsu Takenaka, Yoji suzuki, Yuichiro Haruna, Kana Kuriyama, Seiji Iwamoto, Tsutomu Igarashi, Kiyoshi Kawakubo, Atsuaki Gunji
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Contaminated drip fluids.
Authors: A C Maddocks, G Raine
Journal: BMJ (1972)

objectivity in patients' management, so that the doctor might unwittingly be persuaded against a course of action which is ultimiately in the patient's own good.In a practice where it is taken for granted that not only may patients choose a doctor but also the doctor frequently may decide to confer with his colleagues in the presence of the patient, this danger is considerably diminished.So long as all partners are present in one central surgery at most, if not all, consul- ting times, so long as clinical notes are made concisely and clearly, and so long as regular (preferably daily) formal conversations take place between the partners in addition to in- surgery discussions, then we believe that encouraging the patients to consult any of the doctors can only enhance the standard of medical care in general practice.-Weare, etc.,
John Bower Hickling
Authors: M. Short
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Former general practitioner Cambridge (b 1929; q London 1953; DRCOG, MRCGP), died from lung cancer on 22 January 2002.

John Hickling served in the Royal Army Medical Corps in Burma, Hong Kong, and Malaysia. On his return he worked at Whipps Cross Hospital, where he met his first wife, Patricia, with whom he had four children. He settled in Cambridge in 1957. He was a clinical assistant in urology and a hospice medical officer, and he helped to establish the Mid Anglia Accident Service. John was a police surgeon and also conducted Medical Research Council clinical trials on the oral contraceptive pill and antihypertensives. He was a keen gardener and in his mid-60s he gained a pilot's licence. He leaves his second wife, Mary; four children; and 12 grandchildren.
Does hepatitis C virus cause hepatocellular carcinoma? Tsukuma H, Hiyama T, Tanaka S, Nakao M, Yabuuchi T, Kitamura T, Nakanishi K, Fujimoto I, Inoue A, Yamazaki H, Kawashima T. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1797–1801
Authors: H Blum
Journal: Hepatology (1994)
MEASUREMENTS OF CHICAGO SCHOOL CHILDREN.
Authors: W. S. CHRISTOPHER
Journal: JAMA (1900)

For the past year measurements of children in the Chicago public schools have been made under my direction. The work was started March 6, 1899, and continued throughout the remainder of the school year with Mr. F. W. Smedley and Mr. C. Victor Campbell as operators. This corps was increased in September by the addition of Messrs. Donald P. McMillan and C. C. Krauskopf as paid assistants, and Miss A. Loesch as a voluntary assistant. Mr. F. W. Smedley, who heads the corps, had been engaged for a number of years in laboratory work in physiological psychology in the University of Chicago, previous to his appointment for this duty by the Board of Education of Chicago. He is a man of large experience, thoroughly scientific, and eminently qualified for the work. The remaining assistants were appointed after competitive examination; of these, Mr. McMillan and Miss Loesch had also previously had
New director of European disease centre defends its role in flu pandemic
Authors: R. Watson
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Marc Sprenger, the new director of the Stockholm based European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), has made it clear that he will not be pushing for the centre’s mandate to be extended to include non-communicable diseases.

In his first major public appearance since being appointed director, Dr Sprenger told members of the European parliament’s public health committee on 28 April that, despite calls in some quarters for the centre’s role to be extended, he believed it should concentrate on consolidating existing achievements.

He said that the organisation was entering “adolescence,” …
A conversation with John Oates
Authors: Ushma S. Neill
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Dr. John Oates of Vanderbilt University was central in launching the field of clinical pharmacology and gave life to the concepts of first-pass drug metabolism and interindividual variation in the way humans process drugs. Oates (Figure ​(Figure1)1) also made seminal discoveries on the metabolism, biosynthesis, and pharmacology of eicosanoids. The full interview, with many more stories about testifying before Congress and his love of sailing, can be seen on the JCI website, http://www.jci.org/kiosk/cgm.
Possible antigenic similarity between pulmonary carcinoma and cysts of Echinococcus granulosus.
Authors: W K Yong, D D Heath, T Savage
Journal: BMJ (1979)

the pathogenesis of meningococcal infections, where invasive disease correlates with the lack of meningococcal bactericidal activity2 because of the presence of blocking antibody.3Evidence for a similar phenomenon in the case of the gonococcus is supported by the finding that serum resistance, a characteristic of N gonorrhoeae in disseminated disease,4 is also related to the presence of blocking antibody.5Our data suggest that the gonococcus may transiently colonise the pharynx without causing complications.Since we cannot distinguish between patients who will spontaneously become culture-negative and those who will develop sequelae, withholding routine treatment does not appear to be warranted.Further studies are needed to define the factors that play a determinant part in the host-gonococcal interaction.
Finding a place for experience in the physical-relational structure of the brain
Authors: Gerard O'Brien, Jonathan Opie
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

In restricting his analysis to the causal relations of functionalism, on the one hand, and the neurophysiological realizers of biology, on the other, Palmer has overlooked an alternative conception of the relationship between color experience and the brain – one that liberalizes the relation between mental phenomena and their physical implementation, without generating functionalism's counter-intuitive consequences. In this commentary we rely on Palmer's earlier work (especially from 1978) to tease out this alternative.
Application of biomarkers to risk assessment.
Authors: D W Gaylor, F F Kadlubar, F A Beland
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1992)

Due to difficulties in conducting epidemiological studies, most estimates of cancer risk are based on data from animal bioassays. Extrapolation of cancer risk estimates in animals to humans requires an assumption of equal potency across species based on the average daily dose. The purpose of this paper is to examine the ability to predict tumor incidence across species from DNA adduct concentrations resulting from exposure to carcinogens. A 100-fold range of structurally diverse adduct concentrations corresponding to the same tumor incidence raises questions about quantitative predictability across chemical classes and across species. Differences in adduct structure, mutagenic efficiency, adduct repair rates, and cellular proliferation could account for some of the differences. For specific carcinogen-DNA adducts, the steady-state levels associated with a 50% tumor incidence appear to vary over a narrower range. An equal incidence of liver tumors was obtained at equal concentrations of aflatoxin B1-DNA adducts for rats and trout. A 2- to 3-fold range of 4-aminobiphenyl-DNA adduct concentrations between mice and dogs appears to be associated with nearly equal bladder tumor incidence, on the basis of limited data. In humans, a 5-fold higher concentration of a 4-aminobiphenyl-DNA adduct in bladders of smokers than of nonsmokers is compatible with the relative risk of bladder cancer due to smoking. DNA adduct concentrations certainly can be used to improve quantification of chemical exposures for epidemiological studies. Although promising, more data are needed to judge the usefulness of DNA adduct concentrations to predict cancer incidence across species.
Parvovirus B19 infection in Behcet's disease
Authors: S KIRAZ
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2001)

Neutrophils are the primary immune cells that respond to inflammation and combat microbial transgression. To thrive, the bacteria residing in their mammalian host have to withstand the antibactericidal responses of neutrophils. We report that enterobactin (Ent), a catecholate siderophore expressed by <i>Escherichia coli</i>, inhibited PMA-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in mouse and human neutrophils. Ent also impaired the degranulation of primary granules and inhibited phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of neutrophils, without affecting their migration and chemotaxis. Molecular analysis revealed that Ent can chelate intracellular labile iron that is required for neutrophil oxidative responses. Other siderophores (pyoverdine, ferrichrome, deferoxamine) likewise inhibited ROS and NETs in neutrophils, thus indicating that the chelation of iron may largely explain their inhibitory effects. To counter iron theft by Ent, neutrophils rely on the siderophore-binding protein lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) in a “tug-of-war” for iron. The inhibition of neutrophil ROS and NETs by Ent was augmented in Lcn2-deficient neutrophils compared with wild-type neutrophils but was rescued by the exogenous addition of recombinant Lcn2. Taken together, our findings illustrate the novel concept that microbial siderophore’s iron-scavenging property may serve as an antiradical defense system that neutralizes the immune functions of neutrophils.
Cervical Osteomyelitis and Urinary-Tract Infection Caused by<i>Escherichia coli</i>
Authors: Alfred Hurwitz, Horace A. Albertson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1950)

CERVICAL osteomyelitis secondary to urinary-tract infection with Escherichia coli is rare. Kusunoki1 was able to find reports of only 6 cases of osteomyelitis as a complication of urinary-tract infection. Three patients had metastatic abscesses in the vertebral column — 2 in the lumbar area, and 1 in the dorsal region. The other 3 had involvement of the humerus, femur and tibia. The causative organism was probably Staphylococcus aureus in 2 cases, staphylococcus (unspecified type) in 1 and Proteus vulgaris in 1, and in the other 2 cases the organism was not mentioned. The case reported by Kusunoki was a pyocyaneus . . .
In-hospital and 1-month clinical results of an international study testing the concept of IVUS guided optimized stent expansion alleviating the need of systemic anticoagulation
Authors: Peter de Jaegere, Harald Mudra, Yaron Almagor, Hans Figulla, Ian Penn, Serge Doucet, Antonio Bartorelli, Christian Hamm
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
High rate of chromosome abnormalities detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization using BCR and ABL probes in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: H Rieder, C Bonwetsch, LAJ Janssen, J Maurer, JWG Janssen, S Schwartz, W-D Ludwig, W Gassmann, CR Bartram, E Thiel, H Löffler, N Gökbuget, D Hoelzer, C Fonatsch
Journal: Leukemia (1998)
Measuring and Recording of Joint Motion Instrumentation and Techniques
Authors: R. Wytch
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1993)

IL-18 is a product of macrophages and with IL-12 strikingly induces IFN-γ production from T, B, and NK cells. Furthermore, IL-18 and IL-12 synergize for IFN-γ production from Th1 cells, although this combination fails to affect Th2 cells. In this study, we show that IL-12 and IL-18 promptly and synergistically induce T and B cells to develop into IFN-γ-producing cells without engaging their Ag receptors. We also studied the mechanism underlying differences in IL-18 responsiveness between Th1 and Th2 cells. Pretreatment of T or B cells with IL-12 rendered them responsive to IL-18, which induces cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. These IL-12-stimulated cells had both high and low affinity IL-18R and an increased IL-18R mRNA expression. In particular, IL-12-stimulated T cells strongly and continuously expressed IL-18R mRNA. However, when T cells developed into Th1 cells after stimulation with anti-CD3 and IL-12, they lowered this IL-12-induced-IL-18R mRNA expression. Then, such T cells showed a dominant response to anti-CD3 by IFN-γ production when they were subsequently stimulated with anti-CD3 and IL-18. In contrast, Th2 cells did not express IL-18R mRNA and failed to produce IFN-γ in response to anti-CD3 and IL-18, although they produced a substantial amount of IFN-γ in response to anti-CD3 and IL-12. However, when Th1 and Th2 cells were stimulated with anti-CD3, IL-12, and IL-18, only the Th1 cells markedly augmented IFN-γ production in response to IL-18, suggesting that IL-18 responsiveness between Th1 and Th2 cells resulted from their differential expression of IL-18R.
Women doctors are here to stay. Practice management, the kindergarten carpool, and other experiences of two women in family practice. An interview with Cynthia B. Johnson, MD, PhD, and Nancy K. White, MD, PhD
Authors: C. B. Johnson
Journal: JAMA (1984)

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A study of the inhibition of adrenaline-induced vasoconstriction in the isolated perfused liver of rabbit
Authors: Jiřina Martínková, Josef Bulas, Vladimír Krejčí, Miroslav Hartman, Ivan Tilšer, Petr Hůlek
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

We have studied the action of a series of vasoactive and antispasmodic agents on the intrahepatic vasoconstriction induced by adrenaline in the isolated perfused liver of rabbits. The arterial and portal venous resistance, oxygen consumption, liver weight and bile flow were investigated. The drugs used were as follows: nonspecific alpha-adrenergic antagonists (DH-ergocristine, dibenamine, phenoxybenzamine), vasodilators with a direct miscellaneous action (theophylline, papaverine, dipyridamole, glucagon, Aiu-cor by Instituto Gentilli, Italy [inosine, ATP, IPI, UTP]) and antispasmodics (piperylone, tropenziline, noraminophenazone). Adrenaline increased arterial and portal venous resistance followed by a diminution of oxygen consumption, liver weight and bile flow. alpha-Adrenergic antagonists inhibited the effects of adrenaline on portal venous resistance and oxygen consumption and especially the effects on hepatic arterial resistance. The most potent agent was phenoxybenzamine. In contrast to alpha-adrenoceptor blockade, the effects of other vasoactive agents were without a sustained influence on hepatic arterial resistance (excepting those of glucagon and dipyridamole). Some of them were effective as antagonists on responses in the portal venous bed (papaverine, Aiu-cor). Moreover, there were drugs exerting an enhancement of the vasoconstrictor responses of hepatic artery to low concentrations of adrenaline with no effect on the portal venous bed (piperylone, tropenziline). Theophylline and noraminophenazone exerted no effect either on the arterial or portal venous bed. No vasodilator agent antagonized the changes of the bile flow after adrenaline administration.
A new method for the measurement of itch and the response to treatment
Authors: R. FELIX, SAM SHUSTER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1975)

Two new methods are described for the quantitative measurement of itch: the principle is to measure scratch which is the major objective correlate of itch. The first method is to record whole body movement at night by a vibration transducer on a bed leg; this gives qualitative and quantitative information. The second method is to measure limb movement with movement-sensitive meters; this give only quantitative data but is quicker and more easily carried out. The subjective sensation of itch was found to correlate well with nocturnal scratch, confirming the basic assumption of the method. Itching as measured by scratch occurs throughout the night and increased severity of itch is accompanied by an increase in the number of bouts of itch and not in their duration. Nocturnal restlessness is associated with an increase in leg movement and so can be dissociated from itch-provoked scratch, which is mostly done by the hands. The response of pruritus to treatment was demonstrated by both methods.
The Racial/Ethnic Distribution of Heat Risk–Related Land Cover in Relation to Residential Segregation
Authors: Bill M. Jesdale, Rachel Morello-Frosch, Lara Cushing
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2013)

Objective: We examined the distribution of heat risk–related land cover (HRRLC) characteristics across racial/ethnic groups and degrees of residential segregation.Methods: Block group–level tree canopy and impervious surface estimates were derived from the 2001 National Land Cover Dataset for densely populated urban areas of the United States and Puerto Rico, and linked to demographic characteristics from the 2000 Census. Racial/ethnic groups in a given block group were considered to live in HRRLC if at least half their population experienced the absence of tree canopy and at least half of the ground was covered by impervious surface (roofs, driveways, sidewalks, roads). Residential segregation was characterized for metropolitan areas in the United States and Puerto Rico using the multigroup dissimilarity index.Results: After adjustment for ecoregion and precipitation, holding segregation level constant, non-Hispanic blacks were 52% more likely (95% CI: 37%, 69%), non-Hispanic Asians 32% more likely (95% CI: 18%, 47%), and Hispanics 21% more likely (95% CI: 8%, 35%) to live in HRRLC conditions compared with non-Hispanic whites. Within each racial/ethnic group, HRRLC conditions increased with increasing degrees of metropolitan area-level segregation. Further adjustment for home ownership and poverty did not substantially alter these results, but adjustment for population density and metropolitan area population attenuated the segregation effects, suggesting a mediating or confounding role.Conclusions: Land cover was associated with segregation within each racial/ethnic group, which may be explained partly by the concentration of racial/ethnic minorities into densely populated neighborhoods within larger, more segregated cities. In anticipation of greater frequency and duration of extreme heat events, climate change adaptation strategies, such as planting trees in urban areas, should explicitly incorporate an environmental justice framework that addresses racial/ethnic disparities in HRRLC.
Immunity of the Newborn
Authors: J. Murray, R. M. Calman
Journal: BMJ (1953)

infection with delayed resolution in an infant should raise the possibility of empyema; the presence of dullness to percussion makes the diagnosis likely (Glaser and Epstein, 1931).Other signs may be deceptive.Breath sounds may not be greatly altered, mediastinal shift may not be detect- able, and the infant is often too ill to enable a technically adequate x-ray picture to be taken, though this may be of great help in the differentiation from collapse.Clubbing did not appear in the two cases reported here, and other authors do not stress it.In Case 2 a white blood count showed a granulocytopenia early in the disease.Most authors agree that repeated aspiration with penicillin instillation should be tried before other treatment is contemplated (Ellis, 1951).Chaplin (1947) found that in chil- dren of all ages aspiration alone failed to cure 13 out of 21 staphylococcal empyemas, but of 4 infants under 6 months intercostal drainage was necessary only in one.In Case 1 the pus was sterile after six aspirations, and thereafter no further fluid could be obtained.Rapid sterilization of the pus with a small number of aspirations is often reported.A few cases even responded rapidly to aspiration before penicillin or sulphonamides were available (Spence, 1920).It is obvious that surgical drainage is unnecessary in these cases and is unlikely to hasten their recovery.In pyothorax, whether air is present or not, the thoracic REFEPENCES