tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Government proposes changes to hospital doctors' overtime
Authors: A. Rimmer
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The government has proposed to change the amount of overtime pay that junior doctors and consultants will get for working at weekends.

In a submission of evidence to the Review Body Doctors’ and Dentists’ Remuneration (DDRB), the government has said that hospital doctors should become more professional and move away from an “hours counting culture.”1 Negotiations on contracts for consultants in England and Northern Ireland and for junior doctors across the United Kingdom were referred to the review body in October 2014 after talks between the BMA and NHS Employers stalled.2

In its submission to the DDRB the government said it wanted to introduce contractual changes to facilitate seven day services in the NHS. In its submission to the body the BMA said …
Collecting and banking human milk
Authors: H. Hoey, P K Hopper, B M Laurance
Journal: BMJ (1980)

discernible in Dr Trapido's data and we estimate that his para 1 and para 2 groups are significantly younger (55 7 and 55 5 years) than the nulliparous (58-9 years).To test these predictions we have pooled the 1742 patients described by Dr Trapido, by Dr Juret and his colleagues,' and by us.As the table shows, the results conform very closely to those expected.Age and parity in patients with breast cancer-pooled data Parity 0 1 2 3 4 >5 Mean age at presentation 59-1 58-1 55-2 55-8 57 0 59-0 No 464 336 381 268 139 154Mean age at presentation is only an indirect index of latency and large numbers are needed to minimise other factors such as differing ages at initiation and inherent tumour growth rates.We suggest that this accounts for the differences between the three studies.
The Remembered Present: A Biological Theory of Consciousness
Authors: Calvin Stafford
Journal: JAMA (1990)

How does the brain know? Gerald M. Edelman, Nobel Prize—winning neuroscientist, presents his theory of global brain function and the neurobiology of consciousness.The Remembered Presentis the third in a trilogy beginning withNeural Darwinismin 1987, followed by Topobiology in 1988. These two books lay the groundwork for the present volume, presenting Edelman's theories of neuronal group selection and developmental neurobiology.  The Remembered Presentbuilds on this framework, extending the theory to the issue of consciousness. Despite its relationship to the previous volumes,The Remembered Presentcan be appreciated and understood by itself. The author does restate the basic tenets of his theories of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and morphogenesis as they relate to his theory of global brain function and the neurobiology of consciousness. Referral to the previous volumes is necessary for further understanding of the experimental evidence on which the theories are based.  The author divides his book
‘Personality’ and Anorexia Nervosa – the Phobic Avoidance Stance
Authors: A.H. Crisp, A.V. Bhat
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1982)

Experience and behaviour in anorexia nervosa is subordinate to the need to achieve and maintain a low body weight in the presence of the impulse, generated by starvation, to forage and ingest, and moreover in the presence of abundant food supplies. The stance is a phobic avoidance one. Normal adult body weight and attendant post-pubertal 'fatness' is feared and avoided through the process of pubertal regression, facilitated primarily by dietary carbohydrate (and fat) avoidance, but otherwise and less effectively by the vomiting/purging syndrome. The maintenance of this stance requires a total commitment of self-control and control of the environment – which are experienced by others as a primary narcissism within the 'patient' and as a tyrannical manipulative attitude to those others.
The Third World of Medicine
Authors: Bruce E. Balfe
Journal: JAMA (1968)

The increasing roles of Medicare, Medicaid, Blue Cross, and other intermediaries form the third world of medicine, which is both the subject and the title of Robert Cunningham's new book. As this third world has emerged and developed, the first world of medicine (the physicians and hospitals) and the second (the patients and the general public) have had to adjust. This book is a compilation of speeches, articles, essays, and editorials which Mr. Cunningham has written over the past few years as commentaries on the adjustment process. Mr. Cunningham is currently the editor of<i>Modern Hospital</i>and<i>Modern Nursing Home</i>and was formerly associate editor of the American Medical Association's publication<i>Hygeia</i>, now called<i>Today's Health</i>. These credentials amply qualify him as an analyst and a commentator on the three worlds of medicine and their relationships. He has been counted, at times, among the ranks of AMA critics, and by
632. Adenoviral Mediated Nuclear Factor kappa B Super Repressor Gene Transfer to Rat Insulinoma Cells Protects Against Cytokine Induced Oxidative Damage
Authors: Cillian T. McCabe, Timothy O'Brien
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Background: Promoting islet cell viability in the face of cytokine-induced oxidative stress will prove valuable in prolonging islet allograft survival. Gene transfer to pancreatic islet beta cells may prove beneficial in enhancing islet graft survival following cytokine exposure.
Whither the Specialty Boards?
Authors: Charles D. Aring
Journal: JAMA (1976)

UP TO NOW, no one has devised a scientific method to evaluate the quality of medical education. One reason for the origin of specialty boards in the United States was because of concern about this problem. Standards of measurement were derived for the average physician and, after examination, those judged qualified were certified. Specialty boards were established, beginning with ophthalmology, in 1917. At that time, specialty training was not as highly organized as today and anyone with an MD degree could represent himself as a specialist. Board approval was not of particular moment, nor were welltrained physicians concerned with certification for themselves, although some took the early examinations in the hope that the boards might elevate the standards of practice. During the early years, a relatively lackadaisical attitude about the effect of the boards could be afforded. But as time went on, a modicum of strain was introduced into the
Depletion of Embryonic Stem Cell Signature by Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor in NCCIT Cells: Involvement of Nanog Suppression
Authors: Jueng Soo You, Jae Ku Kang, Dong-Wan Seo, Jae Hyun Park, Jong Woo Park, Jae Cheol Lee, Yae Jee Jeon, Eun Jung Cho, Jeung-Whan Han
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

The embryonic stem cell-like gene expression signature has been shown to be associated with poorly differentiated aggressive human tumors and has attracted great attention as a potential target for future cancer therapies. Here, we investigate the potential of the embryonic stem cell signature as molecular target for the therapy and the strategy to suppress the embryonic stem cell signature. The core stemness gene Nanog is abnormally overexpressed in human embryonic carcinoma NCCIT cells showing gene expression profiles similar to embryonic stem cells. Down-regulation of the gene by either small interfering RNAs targeting Nanog or histone deacetylase inhibitor apicidin causes reversion of expression pattern of embryonic stem cell signature including Oct4, Sox2, and their target genes, leading to cell cycle arrest, inhibition of colony formation in soft agar, and induction of differentiation into all three germ layers. These effects are antagonized by reintroduction of Nanog. Interestingly, embryonic carcinoma cells (NCCIT, NTERA2, and P19) exhibit a higher sensitivity to apicidin in down-regulation of Nanog compared with embryonic stem cells. Furthermore, the down-regulation of Nanog expression by apicidin is mediated by a coordinated change in recruitment of epigenetic modulators and transcription factors to the promoter region. These findings indicate that overexpression of stemness gene Nanog in NCCIT cells is associated with maintaining stem cell-like phenotype and suggest that targeting Nanog might be an approach for improved therapy of poorly differentiated tumors.
Medicine attracts most allegations of scientific dishonesty in Denmark
Authors: C. White
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Health science continues to be the area attracting the most complaints to the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty, the committees' latest annual report stated.

In 2000, 16 cases of alleged misconduct were submitted to the three subcommittees (representing health and medicine; social sciences and humanities; and natural, agricultural, veterinary, and technical science). Nine of the 16 cases were submitted to the committee for health and medical science.

The organisation is a statutory body, presided over by a high court judge, currently Hans Henrik Brydensholt.

Among the 16 cases, scientific dishonesty was not found in any of the three completed complaints, two of which involved health and medical science. Five complaints were dismissed, and …
A Continent Without an Orphan Asylum or an Orphan.
Authors: Bayard Holmes
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Chicago, July 20, 1907. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I have just finished reading with unusual interest a little book of one hundred and fifty pages by Catherine Helen Spence on the "State Children in Australia." This little narrative gives an account of the history of the care of the destitute children in Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. It is written by one of the pioneers in the abolition of orphanages and other means of exploiting destitute children. Since my first acquaintance with this wonderful work in saving children which came through its presentation at the World's Congress in 1893, I have repeatedly presented the subject in the medical journals, incorporating as the motive the figures of the annual reports of the Children's Council of South Australia. There is no such thing as an orphan in Australia because the Children's Council becomes at once father and mother to the destitute child. He
Uremia: Progress in Pathophysiology and Treatment
Authors: Joseph A. Chazan
Journal: JAMA (1971)

During the past ten years a great deal of investigation has taken place in the area of chronic renal disease, and many insights into the pathophysiology and the treatment of the syndrome of uremia have been gained. At the present time, hundreds of patients are being treated with chronic hemodialysis, and many have already received or are awaiting renal transplantation. Much of the pioneering work in these areas has been done by the authors of this short, concise book which deals with recent advances in the pathophysiology and the treatment of the uremic syndrome. The book is attractively bound and printed and contains an extensive, well-indexed bibliography. Although it is not intended to be an exhaustive treatise of the subject, the discussion, particularly in the area of pathophysiology, represents a well-balanced approach to each of the multiple problems associated with the uremic syndrome, and provides ample references for those wishing
Demonstration of Inhibition of Mediator Release From Human Mast Cells by Azatadine Base
Authors: Alkis G. Togias
Journal: JAMA (1986)

In vitro experimentation using dispersed human lung mast cells demonstrated that azatadine base, a compound with known H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamine properties, inhibited anti-IgE-induced release of histamine and leukotriene C<sub>4</sub>by 45% and 85%, respectively. To assess the clinical relevance of these findings and to compare in vitro mast cell data with results obtained in vivo, nasally instilled azatadine was tested in a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in which nasal challenges with antigen were performed on eight allergic individuals. Pretreatment with azatadine significantly suppressed the number of sneezes following antigen challenge and inhibited the associated elevations in histamine, kinins, and enzyme(s) hydrolyzing the artificial substrate<i>N</i>-α-tosyl-L-arginine-methyl-ester in nasal secretions, whereas placebo was inactive. Hence, we showed agreement between our in vitro and in vivo experimental models of the allergic reaction. Topical application of azatadine base has the potential to become an effective antiallergic treatment. (<i>JAMA</i>1986;255:225-229)
Parental Perspectives in Cases of Suspected Child Abuse
Authors: R. Meadow
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Hedy Cleaver, Pam Freeman HMSO, £22, pp 178 ISBN 0 11 321786 2

In suspected child abuse the interaction between those who investigate it and the parents is fraught with problems. Some readers of Parental Perspectives in Cases of Suspected Child Abuse may feel that it does not tell them anything they haven't experienced already. But the subject is worthy of detailed exploration. Regardless of the type of allegation that is being made, the initial response of most parents is to conclude that social services …
Ventricular arrhythmias induced by chemically modified intrinsic cardiac neurones
Authors: M H Huang, S G Wolf, J A Armour
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

The aim was to investigate whether intrinsic cardiac neurones can be involved in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias.Nicotinic, muscarinic, beta adrenergic, peptidergic, and amino acidergic agonists, as well as purinergic compounds, were individually administered in microliter quantities adjacent to spontaneously active in situ right atrial neurones in 57 anaesthetised dogs before and after acute decentralisation.Ventricular arrhythmias were induced in one third of the dogs following neurochemical administration. Ventricular arrhythmias are induced much less frequently when intrathoracic extracardiac neurones are modified chemically. Salvos of ventricular premature contractions or ventricular tachycardias were elicited when intrinsic cardiac neurones were modified locally applied nicotine, bethanechol, isoprenaline, angiotensin II, bradykinin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, glutamate, or adenosine. In 60% of those instances in which intrinsic cardiac neuronal activity was modified by a neurochemical, ventricular arrhythmias were elicited. When arrhythmias were induced, activity generated by chemically modified intrinsic cardiac neurones increased from 0.7(SD 0.2) to 2.2(0.4) impulses.s-1 (p < 0.05). Following decentralisation of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system, repeat administration of the same neurochemicals into the same loci elicited ventricular arrhythmias in 42% of those dogs in which ventricular arrhythmias had been elicited previously. Neuronal activity increased [0.8(0.5) to 2.1(0.6) impulses.s-1; p < 0.05] in 86% of these instances.Intrinsic cardiac neurones can be involved in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias.
Candidal ecthyma gangrenosum in a patient with malnutrition
Authors: K.S. Leslie, B.G. McCann, N.J. Levell
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Journal Article Candidal ecthyma gangrenosum in a patient with malnutrition Get access K.S. Leslie, K.S. Leslie Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, Norwich NR4 7UZ, U.K K.S. Leslie. E‐mail: kieronleslie@doctors.org.uk; kieron.leslie@nnuh.nhs.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B.G. McCann, B.G. McCann Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, Norwich NR4 7UZ, U.K Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar N.J. Levell N.J. Levell Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, Norwich NR4 7UZ, U.K Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 153, Issue 4, 1 October 2005, Pages 847–848, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06836.x Published: 01 October 2005
The Cost-effectiveness of Voluntary Counseling and Testina of Hospital Patients for HIV
Authors: Linda M. Mundy
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —We read with interest the recent article by Dr Lurie and colleagues.<sup>1</sup>The two objectives of that study were (1) to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of routine screening of patients for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to avert health care worker infection, and (2) to assess the cost of identifying previously undiagnosed patients infected with HIV. We have several reservations regarding the methods and conclusions of the study, particularly in reference to their first objective. Of most concern, their decision analysis ignores the existence of universal precautions, which were carefully designed to prevent HIV infection as well as other virulent and readily transmissible agents such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, cytomegalovirus, and<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. Whether a patient is found to be HIV-infected or not should have little or no influence on transmission if universal precautions are adequately used for all patients. In
Abstract A21: Dual-kinase inhibition of EGFR/ERBB2 as a therapeutic strategy in prostate cancer
Authors: Maitreyee K. Jathal, Benjamin A. Mooso, Leandro S. D'Abronzo, Paramita M. Ghosh
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Androgen withdrawal therapy (AWT) remains the cornerstone of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) therapy; however, patients on this therapy eventually relapse, caused by the advent of castration-resistant PCa. This stimulates investigation into additional therapeutic targets that may delay or impede the development of CRPC. The EGFR family of receptor tyrosine kinases is intimately involved in prostate cancer (PCa) development. EGFR/ErbB1 and HER2/ErbB2 have been clinical targets in androgen-dependent PCa but targeting each individually encourages compensatory signaling by a third member, HER3/ErbB3. Activated HER3/ErbB3 contributes to the onset of castrate-resistant PCa (CRPC), presently an incurable condition. We previously showed that dual EGFR/HER2 inhibition sensitizes PCa cells to androgen withdrawal by suppressing ErbB3 (Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Oct 1;17(19):6218–28). Based on these results, we hypothesized that the dual EGFR/HER2 inhibitor lapatinib (‘Tykerb’, Lap) may sensitize PCa cells to AWT. Athymic nu/nu mice were subcutaneously implanted with CWR22 (androgen-dependent) or CWR22Rv1 (CRPC) tumors derived from human prostate tumors. Tumor-bearing mice were either castrated or left intact, and were treated with the FDA-approved, reversible, dual-kinase, small-molecule inhibitor lapatinib or vehicle alone. Castration prevented tumor growth in CWR22 tumor-bearing mice, both those treated with lapatinib or vehicle, but in intact mice, lapatinib actually stimulated tumor growth. In CWR22Rv1 tumor-bearing mice, lapatinib was ineffective, both in intact or castrated animals. Therefore we further investigated the effect of dual EGFR/ErbB2 inhibitors in PCa. Comparison of various cells showed that lapatinib was effective in LNCaP cells and its CRPC derivatives, but was ineffective in other lines, including PC-346C cells which express a wild-type androgen receptor (AR), whereas LNCaP cells and its derivatives express a mutant AR (T877A). In the latter cell line, lapatinib increased cell growth similar to that seen in CWR22 tumors. Hence, we investigated the effect of other dual EGFR/HER2 inhibitors in PCa cells. In contrast to lapatinib, dacomitinib (PF00299804, Pfizer, PF), an irreversible, small-molecule, dual-kinase inhibitor currently in several clinical trials for a variety of tumors, was more effective and completely inhibited cell growth in the majority of cell lines. When combined, PF and Lap decreased tumor cell viability, increased cell cycle arrest, increased apoptosis, and downregulated ErbB3 protein. These preclinical data support the hypothesis that dual-kinase inhibition may be a viable therapeutic strategy. They also indicate that prostate cancer patients must be carefully preselected, based on their tumor type, and offered personalized therapeutic regimens in order to ensure maximum efficacy of dual-kinase inhibitory treatment.
Lipid Embolism to the Brain after Lymphography
Authors: Bill Nelson, Elizabeth Ann Rush, Masayuki Takasugi, Jack Wittenberg, Marjorie H. Ketelle, Joel W. Garber
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1965)

IN the past decade lymphography has had increasing clinical acceptance, with rare complications and no previous report of cerebral embolism. The following fatal case calls attention to a hazard inherent in the intravasation of lipid.Case ReportA 53-year-old woman with lymphosarcoma controlled for 5 years by radiation, nitrogen mustard and adrenocorticosteroids was admitted to the hospital because of pain in the left leg. Except for a 2-cm. inguinal node on the left, the superficial lymph nodes were no longer enlarged, and no abdominal masses were felt. Lymphography was done after other studies failed to account for the pain. Roentgenograms . . .
The Quest for the<i>1p36</i>Tumor Suppressor
Authors: Anindya Bagchi, Alea A. Mills
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Genomic analyses of late-stage human cancers have uncovered deletions encompassing 1p36, thereby providing an extensive body of literature supporting the idea that a potent tumor suppressor resides in this interval. Although several genes have been proposed as 1p36 candidate tumor suppressors, convincing evidence that their encoded products protect from cancer has been scanty. A recent functional study identified chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 5 (CHD5) as a novel tumor suppressor mapping to 1p36. Here, we discuss evidence supporting the tumor-suppressive role of CHD5. Together, these findings suggest that strategies designed to enhance CHD5 activity could provide novel approaches for treating a broad range of human malignancies. [Cancer Res 2008;68(8):2551–6]
Hyperosmolarity triggers CD95 membrane trafficking and sensitizes rat hepatocytes toward CD95L-induced apoptosis
Authors: Roland Reinehr, Dirk Graf, Richard Fischer, Freimut Schliess, Dieter Häussinger
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

The effect of hyperosmolarity on CD95 membrane targeting and CD95 ligand (CD95L)-induced apoptosis was studied in rat hepatocytes. CD95 showed a predominant intracellular localization in normoosmotically exposed rat hepatocytes, whereas hyperosmotic exposure induced, within 1 hour, CD95 trafficking to the plasma membrane followed by activation of caspase-3 and -8. Hyperosmotic CD95 membrane targeting was sensitive to inhibition of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), protein kinase C (PKC), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate, but not to inhibition of extracellular regulated kinases (Erks) or p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38(MAPK)). Hyperosmotic CD95 targeting to the plasma membrane was dose-dependently diminished by glutamine or taurine, probably caused by an augmentation of volume regulatory increase. Despite CD95 trafficking to the plasma membrane and caspase activation, hyperosmolarity per se did not induce apoptosis. Hyperosmolarity, however, sensitized hepatocytes toward CD95L-induced apoptosis, as assessed by annexin V staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated X-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. This sensitization was abolished when hyperosmotic CD95 membrane trafficking was prevented by cyclic adenosine monophosphate, PKC, or JNK inhibition, whereas these effectors had no effect on CD95L-induced apoptosis in normoosmotically exposed hepatocytes. CD95L addition under normoosmotic conditions caused CD95 membrane trafficking, which was sensitive to JNK inhibition, but not to cyclic adenosine monophosphate or inhibition of PKC, Erks, and p38(MAPK). In conclusion, multiple signaling pathways are involved in CD95 membrane trafficking. Hyperosmotic hepatocyte shrinkage induces CD95 trafficking to the plasma membrane, which involves JNK-, PKA-, and PKC-dependent mechanisms and sensitizes hepatocytes toward CD95L-mediated apoptosis.