tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Villous Adenoma of the Stomach
Authors: Ronald J. Ross
Journal: JAMA (1966)

THE VILLOUS ADENOMA is an important tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. Since Sunderland and Binkley<sup>1</sup>described a series of cases of villous adenomas of the colon in 1948, many reports of these tumors have appeared in the literature. More recently, the villous adenoma of the duodenum has been described.<sup>2,3</sup>There are reports of villous tumors of the stomach in the French-language literature.<sup>4-7</sup>This communication is a case report of a villous adenoma of the stomach. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 62-year-old white woman had had vague upper abdominal pain for several weeks. There was no history of vomiting, hemoptysis, melena, or weight loss. Findings of the physical examination were not contributory. A study of the upper gastrointestinal tract showed a polypoid, irregular filling defect in the body of the stomach at the incisura angularis ventriculi (Fig 1). There was no evidence of a lack of distensibility of
Psoriasis Therapy -- Observational or Rational?
Authors: Gerald G. Krueger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

Those who suffer from psoriasis often elicit one of two responses when others around them learn of their plight. The first is therapeutic advice based on anecdotes and household nostrums; the other is apt to be withdrawal, the avoidance of eye or physical contact. Both responses are inappropriate, but they both emphasize the need for effective, rational, and nontoxic treatment for psoriasis.Approximately 3 million people in the United States are afflicted by psoriasis. The disease consumes some $2 billion of the money allocated to health care each year1. Psoriasis does not entail substantial mortality, but it has diminished . . .
Treating renal anaemia with recombinant human erythropoietin: practical guidelines and a clinical algorithm.
Authors: I C Macdougall, R D Hutton, I Cavill, G A Coles, J D Williams
Journal: BMJ (1990)

Treatment with erythropoietin is highly effective and beneficial if given with care. In view of its cost, however, it is essential to exclude and treat other causes of anaemia before considering using this hormone. After treatment is started the important points for success are regular review of iron availability state combined with a slow correction of the anaemia. Failure of response requires a thorough search for a possible cause, which should be corrected before considering an increased dose of the hormone. Regular monitoring for potential complications, particularly a rise in blood pressure, is required.
Diagnostic utility of eosinophils in the pleural fluid
Authors: MA Martinez-Garcia, E Cases-Viedma, PJ Cordero-Rodriguez, M Hidalgo-Ramirez, M Perpina-Tordera, F Sanchis-Moret, JL Sanchis-Aldas
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2000)

This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of eosinophilia in 358 consecutive samples of pleural fluid (all cases corresponded to first thoracentesis), to review the cause of eosinophilic pleural effusions, and to determine whether the presence of eosinophils increases the likelihood of nonmalignant underlying disorders. Eosinophilic pleural effusions were identified in 45 patients (12.6%): malignant underlying conditions were diagnosed in 11 patients (24.4% with eosinophilic effusions) and benign aetiologies were found in 27 patients. Benign aetiologies included uncomplicated paraneumonic effusion in 10 patients, tuberculosis in seven, complicated paraneumonic in five, liver cirrhosis in three, hydronephrosis in one and pulmonary thromboembolism in one. Seven pleural effusions were idiopathic. There was no difference in the prevalence between eosinophilic and noneosinophilic effusions according to the different diagnoses. With parameters of sensitivity, specificity, pretest and post-test probability and positive and negative predictive values for any prevalence figure using the Bayes' theorem and for any value of eosinophils (both in percentage or absolute numbers) in the pleural fluid (receiver operating characteristic curve) an adequate predictor of benign disease was not found. It is concluded that pleural eosinophilia at the initial thoracentesis cannot be considered as a predictor of an underlying benign disorder.
Modulation of drug release from hydrogels by using cyclodextrins: the case of nicardipine/β-cyclodextrin system in crosslinked polyethylenglycol
Authors: Fabiana Quaglia, Giovanna Varricchio, Agnese Miro, Maria Immacolata La Rotonda, Domenico Larobina, Giuseppe Mensitieri
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2001)
STUDIES ON THE FLEXNER GROUP OF DYSENTERY BACILLI
Authors: Francis Binkley, Walther F. Goebel, Ely Perlman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1945)

The chemical and enzymatic dissociation of the specific antigen of Type Z Shigella paradysenteriae has been studied. The chemical, toxic, and serological properties of the products of degradation have been investigated. The nature of the toxic component has been discussed.
Risk of colorectal cancer after initiation of orlistat: matched cohort study
Authors: J.-L. Hong, C. R. Meier, R. S. Sandler, S. S. Jick, T. Sturmer
Journal: BMJ (2013)

To examine the risk of colorectal cancer after orlistat initiation in the UK population.Retrospective matched cohort study.Data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink from September 1998 to December 2008.33,625 adults aged 18 years or over who started treatment with orlistat; each orlistat initiator was matched to up to five non-initiators (n=160,347) on age, sex, body mass index, and calendar time.Associations between orlistat initiation and the risk of colorectal cancer, assessed by calculating hazard ratios with propensity score adjusted Cox proportional hazard models.Of 193,972 patients with a median age of 47 (interquartile range 37-57) years, 77% were women and approximately 90% were obese (body mass index ≥ 30). Orlistat initiators were more likely to have a previous history of diabetes or hypertension and to receive prescriptions for anti-diabetes drugs, statins, and aspirin compared with non-initiators. In the intention to treat analysis, 57 colorectal cancer events were identified among orlistat initiators and 246 among non-initiators, with median follow-up times of 2.96 and 2.86 years, respectively. The calculated incidence rate of colorectal cancer per 100,000 person years was 53 (95% confidence interval 41 to 69) for orlistat initiators and 50 (44 to 57) for non-initiators. Orlistat initiation was not associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer (adjusted hazard ratio 1.11, 95% confidence interval 0.84 to 1.47). Findings were robust in the as treated analyses and in patients who were aged 50 years or over, were morbidly obese, or had a history of diabetes.This study found no evidence of an increased risk of colorectal cancer after the initiation of orlistat. It is limited by the relatively short follow-up time, and the possibility of adverse effects of long term orlistat use on risk of colorectal cancer cannot be excluded.
Warts and all at last: HPV vaccination
Authors: Phil Hammond
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The UK at last follows other countries in providing the Gardasil vaccine

Health campaigning, like much of public health, can be a slow, repetitive business. The media will break a big story once and then tend to lose interest unless a fresh scandal surfaces. But to change culture, opinion, or behaviour the same message may have to be drip fed over many years. And if the story doesn’t lend itself to a cute front page photo the chance of success is remote. Genital warts will never make the headlines in the Daily Mail or indeed any other newspaper—which makes the government’s decision to switch to a multipurpose vaccine against human papillomavirus all the more remarkable.1

The Lancet kicked off the campaign in October 2006, with an editorial titled “Should HPV vaccines be mandatory for all adolescents?”2 It argued that Gardasil, which protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18, could dramatically reduce not just the incidence of cervical cancer but unpleasant conditions such as genital warts, anal cancer, and other malignancies affecting both sexes. It concluded, “EU member states should lead by making the vaccinations mandatory for …
Ammonium Chloride Therapy in Liver Disease
Authors: ALICE N. BESSMAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Letters and Corrections1 March 1979Ammonium Chloride Therapy in Liver DiseaseALICE N. BESSMAN, M.D.ALICE N. BESSMAN, M.D.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-90-3-442_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: 1 read with great interest the article in the November issue entitled "Life-Threatening Hyperkalemia Induced by Arginine" by Bushinsky and Gennari (1). In the article one of the named contraindications to the use of arginine was the presence of liver disease. A listed alternative therapy to arginine for metabolic alkalosis, presumably in patients with liver disease, was the infusion of ammonium chloride. A 1943 reference was cited. The role of ammonia intoxification in the genesis of hepatic encephalopathy was developing in 1955 (2). After the finding of this relationship, ammonium chloride by mouth or by infusion was...References1. BUSHINSKY D and GENNARI F: Life-threatening hyperkalemia induced by arginine. Ann Intern Med 89(Part 1):632-634, 1978 LinkGoogle Scholar2. BESSMAN A and BESSMAN S: The cerebral and peripheral uptake of ammonia in liver disease with an hypothesis for the mechanism of hepatic coma. J Clin Invest 34:622, 1955 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: ALICE N. BESSMAN, M.D. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byEversion of fulminant hepatic necrosis and encephalopathy with ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) in winstar ratsToxic Effects of Electrolyte and Trace Mineral Administration in the Intensive Care Unit 1 March 1979Volume 90, Issue 3Page: 442-442KeywordsAmmoniaArginineBrain diseasesChloridesLiver diseasesMouth ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 March 1979 PDF downloadLoading ...
What is the actual role of diagnosis and how to assess it?
Authors: Agostino Colli, Mirella Fraquelli
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)

protective (proliferative) and destructive (apoptotic) mechanisms.Thus, natural occurring autoantibodies may stimulate or inhibit apoptosis by interfering with Bcl-2 proteins or with the large family of transmembrane receptors.This theoretical concept is convincingly backed up by recent findings that UDCA can prevent apoptosis by reducing the apoptotic threshold through modulation of the classical mitochondrial pathway [13].
Darier's disease: hopes and challenges
Authors: L. Hulatt, S. Burge
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2003)

In an article in the JRSM 14 years ago, SB described the predicament of a patient with Darier's disease (keratosis follicularis): 'His scalp is crusted, the skin around his ears weeps and scales... the odour which shadows him pervades the immediate environment and remains when he has gone'. She concluded, 'Perhaps by the end of this century it will be possible to describe precisely what has happened in the skin in Darier's disease and this will result in improved therapy so that our patients can lead a normal life.'1 We now discuss the progress made in the intervening years, as it bears on the case of another patient, AB.
Dolly's other DNA came from donor egg
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The DNA in the nuclei in cells of Dolly, the cloned sheep, came from the udder cell of an adult sheep. But where did the DNA in her mitochondria come from?

A report by scientists from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York and the Roslin Institute in Scotland reveals that all Dolly's mitochondrial DNA came from the enucleated oocyte with which the udder cell was merged (Nature Genetics 1999;23:90-3).

The discovery has implications …
Postpolypectomy acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome)
Authors: M. Atiq, F. Aduli, W. Refai, K. Olden
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACPO) is characterized by massive colonic dilatation without mechanical obstruction [1]. Typically, it develops in hospitalized patients with serious underlying medical and surgical conditions such as sepsis and respiratory failure [2]. We report a case of postpolypectomy ACPO.
Abstract 22: RECQ1 promotes the expression of genes significantly associated with cancer progression
Authors: Xing Lu, Xiao Ling Li, Swetha Parvathaneni, Ashish Lal, Sudha Sharma
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract RecQ helicases (represented by five homologs in humans: RECQ1, WRN, BLM, RECQ4, and RECQ5) are vital to maintain genomic stability under replication stress and germ line mutations in WRN, BLM and RECQ4 are associated with cancer predisposition syndromes. Expression of RECQ1 has been associated with the process of cellular transformation and over-expression of RECQ1 has been reported in a variety of human cancers. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of RECQ1 has a cancer cell specific effect in cell culture models and also suppresses tumor growth in mouse xenografts including lung, liver, pancreatic and colorectal cancer. In a panel of 60 human cancer cell lines (NCI-60), we have found that RECQ1 mRNA expression positively correlates with the mesenchymal marker Vimentin and negatively correlates with epithelial markers such as KRT8. We also observed significant positive correlation of RECQ1 expression with Vimentin and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) promoting proteins and negative correlation with CDH1 (epithelial marker) in cancer patient samples from TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas). Importantly, quantitative real-time PCR analyses in a set of 16 colorectal cancer patient samples revealed strong positive correlation of RECQ1 expression with Vimentin. Furthermore, lower expression of RECQ1 significantly correlated with better prognosis of recurrence-free survival in breast and ovarian cancer patients. Global analyses of gene expression upon knockdown of RECQ1 in HeLa (cervical adenocarcinomas) and MDA-MB-231 (breast adenocarcinoma) cells identified a subset of genes involved in cell invasion, migration and adhesion as most robustly regulated by RECQ1. Consistent with this result, we demonstrate that knockdown of RECQ1 significantly inhibits cell migration and invasion. These findings identify a novel function of RECQ1 in regulation of gene expression and suggest that RECQ1 contributes to tumor development and progression, in part, through regulating the expression of key genes that promote invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Additionally, our data suggests that RECQ1 expression may serve as predictive marker of clinical outcome. Citation Format: Xing Lu, Xiao Ling Li, Swetha Parvathaneni, Ashish Lal, Sudha Sharma. RECQ1 promotes the expression of genes significantly associated with cancer progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Cancer Susceptibility and Cancer Susceptibility Syndromes; Jan 29-Feb 1, 2014; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(23 Suppl):Abstract nr 22. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CANSUSC14-22
E-cigarettes work better than nicotine replacement and willpower to help people quit smoking
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Electronic cigarettes could substantially improve public health by making it easier for smokers to quit, concludes a new study that showed a 60% higher quit rate among e-cigarette users than among smokers who relied on willpower alone or nicotine replacement treatments bought over the counter.

The findings are likely to add fuel to the debate over whether e-cigarettes are a force for good (by helping people give up real cigarettes) or for evil (because they “renormalise” the activity of smoking). Robert West, professor of health psychology and director of tobacco studies at University College London, a coauthor of the study, came down firmly in the first camp at a briefing in London on the publication of the study in Addiction .1

“There is no evidence at all of …
Care of the Nursing Home Patient
Authors: Jane F. Desforges, Leslie S. Libow, Perry Starer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

THE expanding role of nursing homes in patient care necessitates their recognition as an integral component of the health care system. Although collectively nursing homes in the United States have 1.5 million beds and a budget of more than $40 billion, they have been perhaps the most misunderstood and inappropriately used health care resource in the nation, often shunned by both clinicians and society. The absence of hospital technology and the limitations of staffing at nursing homes have created the challenge and opportunity for physicians and others on the health care team to combine cost effectiveness with astute and compassionate . . .
LOCAL DIATHERMY IN PERIPHERAL CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES
Authors: SAMUEL PERLOW
Journal: JAMA (1933)

Heat is a time honored measure in the treatment of peripheral circulatory disturbances of the extremities. It is one of the best known means of relieving pain and limiting the spread of gangrene and ulceration. Diathermy, as it is now known, was recommended in the treatment of articular and circulatory disturbances by Nagelschmidt in 1897, after he demonstrated that high frequency currents produced heat when passed through the tissues.<sup>1</sup>It has been shown that it is possible to produce deeper heat with this agent than by any other means.<sup>2</sup>Heat applied externally cannot penetrate deeply because of the skin resistance and because the circulating blood removes it rapidly. The heat of diathermy is produced within the tissues faster than the heat regulating mechanism can dissipate it. The immediate effect produced is a transitory stimulation of the nervi nervorum followed by a quickened arterial and capillary circulation, and by
CLINICAL RELATIONSHIP OF CARCINOMA IN SITU AND INVASIVE CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX
Authors: Gerald A. Galvin
Journal: JAMA (1952)

The histological characteristics of surface carcinoma of the uterine cervix are now well appreciated by all serious students of gynecological pathology, and there seems to be universal agreement that, cytologically, surface and invasive cancer are identical. However, the existence of a temporal or causal relationship between these two entities is less commonly accepted, and some authorities seriously question the invasive potentiality of surface carcinoma. Such a relationship must be clearly and conclusively demonstrated if the present attitude toward surface carcinoma is to be maintained. If surface carcinoma is not the initial stage of clinically recognizable cervical cancer, there is no scientific basis or reason for treatment of carcinoma in situ as such, and the practice of examining the symptomless cervix by inspection, smear, or biopsy in order to detect cancer in a noninvasive stage becomes less significant. Any study that endeavors to establish a relationship between noninvasive and invasive carcinoma
Abstract 4465: Differential MMAE delivery from ADCs utilizing the valine-citrulline-PAB and β-glucuronide cleavable linker systems
Authors: Nicole M. Okeley, Heather A. VanEpps, Xinqun Zhang, Jocelyn R. Setter, Patrick J. Burke, Joseph Z. Hamilton, Robert P. Lyon
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract The previously described β-glucuronide linker system (Jeffrey S.C. et al, Bioconj. Chem. 17, 831-840, 2006) was designed to release the toxic payload from an antibody-drug conjugate via the activity of β-glucuronidase, a known lysosomal enzyme. This linker system was shown to be suitable for the generation of potent ADCs utilizing the microtubule disrupting agent monomethylauristatin E (MMAE) as the delivered payload, and is thus an alternative to the protease-cleavable linker valine-citrulline-p-amino benzyl alcohol (vc-PAB). We have recently observed that ADCs utilizing the β-glucuronide linker system to deliver an MMAE payload exhibit potent cytotoxic activity in some cell lines that are resistant to conjugates utilizing the vc-PAB linker to deliver the same drug. To better understand this phenomenon, we have used mass spectrometry to compare the concentration and distribution of MMAE released from both glucuronide and vc-PAB linked ADCs in cell culture. Our data demonstrate that cellular accumulation of released MMAE is considerably greater when delivered by a glucuronide ADC relative to a vc-PAB ADC. We have also employed live-cell fluorescence microscopy to monitor the process of enzymatic cleavage of glucuronide and vc-PAB conjugates. The results of these studies suggest that the two linker systems deliver drug via distinct cellular mechanisms, possibly due to unique intracellular locations of drug release. We propose a model for how these unique linker systems can lead to differences in cellular accumulation of free drug and ultimately increased cytotoxicity. Citation Format: Nicole M. Okeley, Heather A. VanEpps, Xinqun Zhang, Jocelyn R. Setter, Patrick J. Burke, Joseph Z. Hamilton, Robert P. Lyon. Differential MMAE delivery from ADCs utilizing the valine-citrulline-PAB and β-glucuronide cleavable linker systems. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4465. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4465
Irritant patch testing with sodium lauryl sulphate: interrelation between concentration and exposure time
Authors: J. Aramaki, C. Loffler, S. Kawana, I. Effendy, R. Happle, H. Loffler
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2001)

It is well known that the degree of skin reaction to an irritant depends on its concentration and exposure time.To determine the interrelationship between the concentration of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and exposure time in both weak (subclinical) and severe reactions.Patch testing with SLS was performed at different concentrations (0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0%) and with different exposure times (3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h). Evaluation was conducted by measurement of transepidermal water loss and by laser-Doppler flowmetry both 30 min and 24 h after patch removal.We found more reliable and constant skin reactions 24 h after patch removal, and a higher correlation between SLS concentration and skin reaction.We conclude that the concentration of SLS influences the test outcome to a larger degree than the exposure time. We present formulae by which the outcome of SLS patch testing at various SLS concentrations ranging from 0.125% to 2% and any exposure time between 3 and 24 h can be estimated.