tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Fatal brain oedema due to accidental water intoxication.
Authors: E Anastassiades, R Wilson, J S Stewart, G D Perkin
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Possible hepatotoxicity of zimelidineZimelidine (Zelmid, Astra), which acts on the 5-hydroxytryptamine neuronal system, is a recent preparation for treating depression.Cholinergic and cardiovascular side effects are reportedly fewer than with established antidepressent drugs.1 2 We report on a patient who developed hepatocellular jaundice and fever during treatment with zimelidine and whose symptoms recurred on inadvertent rechallenge with the drug. Case reportA 47 year old insulin dependent diabetic consulted her general prac- titioner eight times over two months with varied physical symptoms including premenstrual tension, nausea, dizziness, anorexia, weight loss, and paraes- thesia.She was often weepy and lacked confidence.She was treated un- successfully with lorazepam, ketazolam, betahistine, metoclopramide, amitriptyline, and cyclizine and was then given zimelidine 100 mg twice daily and lorazepam 1 mg as required.Nine days later she was admitted to this hospital with increasing nausea, vomiting, and lassitude.She did not have headache.She was febrile (temperature 385'C) and jaundiced but did not have hepatomegaly.Serum bilirubin concentration was 72 /Lmol/l (4-2 mg/100 ml) with aspartate aminotransferase activity 235 IU/l (reference range 9-25 IU/1), alanine aminotransferase activity 300 IU/I (5-59 IU/1), lactate dehydrogenase activity 895 IU/l (72-395 IU/1), and alkaline phosphatase activity 176 IU/l (30-140 IU/1).Viral hepatitis was suspected.All drugs were stopped, and she was treated symptomatically.Her vomiting and fever persisted for a week but then settled, and she was discharged.Results of serological tests showed no evidence of infection with hepatitis A, hepatitis B, cytomegalovirus, or Epstein-Barr virus.At review six weeks later all results of liver function tests were normal but she remained depressed and tired.She continued to complain of depressive symptoms and six months later was again prescribed zimelidine but in a lower dose (25 mg twice daily).After one week she was readmitted with nausea, vomiting, right hypo- chondrial pain, and jaundice.She was feverish (39°C) with tenderness in the right hypochondrium but did not have hepatomegaly.Plasma bilirubin concentration was 77 Hmol/l (4-5 mg/100 ml) and activities of aspartate aminotransferase 462 IU/1, alanine aminotransferase 596 IU/1, lactate dehydrogenase 853 IU/1, y-glutamyltransferase 197 IU/l (6-31 IU/1), and alkaline phosphatase 307 IU/l.Results of blood cultures, repeat viral serological tests, smooth muscle and antimitochondrial antibody tests, Widal's test, and ultrasonography of the biliary tree were all normal.Zimelidine was stopped, and her temperature and symptoms settled over five days.After one month all results of liver function tests had returned to normal.We thank Dr 0 F W James for permission to report on the patient in case 2.
Isolated extramedullary relapse presenting as autologous lymphocyte response
Authors: Osamu Imataki, Hiroaki Ohnishi, Akira Kitanaka, Yoshitsugu Kubota, Terukazu Tanaka, Toshihiko Ishida
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2008)

Abstract Isolated EMR in the CNS is a relatively rare form of recurrent leukemia. We report here a case of a 38‐year‐old man with inv(16) acute myeloid leukemia (AML, M2) who suffered a central nervous system (CNS) relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐matched sibling donor. After complete remission was achieved by chemotherapy, he received allogeneic BMT from his HLA‐matched sister. His leukemia relapsed in the CNS 2.5 years after the allogeneic BMT. Lumbar puncture revealed 780/μL white blood cells with 67.3% leukemia cells and 32.7% mature lymphocytes. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using a probe for the Y chromosome demonstrated that both leukemia cells and lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were derived from the recipient, although the bone marrow cells were from the donor. No leukemia cells with inv(16) were detected by FISH in the bone marrow. This is the first report to clarify the chimerism of lymphocytes in the CSF of patients with isolated EMR in the CNS after allogeneic SCT, in which analysis revealed that autologous immunologic cells rather than donor lymphocytes responded to the recurrent isolated leukemic cells in CNS. This observation suggests that the CNS is a “sanctuary” site not only from chemotherapy but also from the graft‐versus‐leukemia effect. The present case contributes to our understanding of the possibility of immunological escape phenomenon of recurrent leukemia cells in extramedullary sites. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary oedema without critical increase in left atrial pressure in acute myocardial infarction.
Authors: A D Timmis, M B Fowler, R J Burwood, P Gishen, R Vincent, D A Chamberlain
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Twelve patients with acute myocardial infarction and radiological evidence of pulmonary oedema were observed in whom the left atrial pressure, measured indirectly as pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure, was not critically increased (range 5-12 mm Hg with reference to sternal angle). Eight of the patients had been treated with frusemide, but only six had responded: hence in at least half of the series diuresis could not account for the anomalous finding. Six patients with low cardiac output were given infusions to expand plasma volume. Appreciable increments in mean values for cardiac index (1.6 to 2.0 1/min/m2), stroke index (18 to 23 ml/beat/m2), mean arterial pressure (65 to 86 mm Hg), and pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure (8 to 15 mm Hg) were recorded. This group, and the remaining six patients with higher cardiac output, survived to leave hospital. Delay in radiographic clearing after a fall of left atrial pressure was a possible explanation for the relatively low pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressures, especially in the patients treated successfully with diuretics. Other mechanisms, such as alterations in pulmonary vascular permeability, might also have contributed to the syndrome. Pulmonary oedema without a critical increase in the left atrial pressure is unusual in acute myocardial infarction but the therapeutic implications are important. Withdrawal;of diuretics may be indicated, and in some cases expansion of plasma volume may lead to striking clinical improvement.
Trypsin and host defence: a new role for an old enzyme
Authors: M Bajaj-Elliott
Journal: Gut (2003)

By acting as a pro-defensin convertase in human Paneth cells, trypsin is involved in the regulation of innate immunity in the small intestine

Limited proteolysis is a highly specific irreversible process which serves to initiate physiological function by converting precursor proteins into biologically active forms. It can also be a mechanism for terminating biological activity. Limited proteolysis is used in a wide variety of biological systems, including blood coagulation, hormone regulation, and host defence.

Alpha defensins are small (∼29–35 amino acids) cationic disulphide linked peptides that are expressed mainly in neutrophils1,2 and Paneth cells (PCs) of the gastrointestinal tract.3–6 In mouse small intestine, multiple α-defensins (known as cryptdins) have been identified that constitute 70% of the released bactericidal activity.7 Human PCS express only two members (human defensins 5 (HD-5) and 6 (HD-6)) of this family of antimicrobial peptides.4,5 Functions attributed to PC derived defensins include regulation of the microbial density of the small intestine, protection of neighbouring stem cells in the crypt, and defence against pathogens.7–9 Defensins are synthesised as larger precursor molecules (∼100 amino acids) with a putative amino terminal signal sequence (which targets the peptide to the endoplasmic reticulum for eventual export), followed by …
Précis of<i>Unified theories of cognition</i>
Authors: Allen Newell
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1992)

Abstract The book presents the case that cognitive science should turn its attention to developing theories of human cognition that cover the full range of human perceptual, cognitive, and action phenomena. Cognitive science has now produced a massive number of high-quality regularities with many microtheories that reveal important mechanisms. The need for integration is pressing and will continue to increase. Equally important, cognitive science now has the theoretical concepts and tools to support serious attempts at unified theories. The argument is made entirely by presenting an exemplar unified theory of cognition both to show what a real unified theory would be like and to provide convincing evidence that such theories are feasible. The exemplar is SOAR, a cognitive architecture, which is realized as a software system. After a detailed discussion of the architecture and its properties, with its relation to the constraints on cognition in the real world and to existing ideas in cognitive science, SOAR is used as theory for a wide range of cognitive phenomena: immediate responses (stimulus-response compatibility and the Sternberg phenomena); discrete motor skills (transcription typing); memory and learning (episodic memory and the acquisition of skill through practice); problem solving (cryptarithmetic puzzles and syllogistic reasoning); language (sentence verification and taking instructions); and development (transitions in the balance beam task). The treatments vary in depth and adequacy, but they clearly reveal a single, highly specific, operational theory that works over the entire range of human cognition, SOAR is presented as an exemplar unified theory, not as the sole candidate. Cognitive science is not ready yet for a single theory – there must be multiple attempts. But cognitive science must begin to work toward such unified theories.
Molecular Basis of Human Cardiac Troponin T Isoforms Expressed in the Developing, Adult, and Failing Heart
Authors: Page A. W. Anderson, Ann Greig, Trisha M. Mark, Nadia N. Malouf, Annette E. Oakeley, Ross M. Ungerleider, Paul D. Allen, Brian K. Kay
Journal: Circulation Research (1995)

Abstract Cardiac troponin T (cTnT), a protein essential for calcium-regulated myofibrillar ATPase activity, is expressed in the human heart as four isoforms (cTnT 1 through cTnT 4 , numbered in the order of decreasing molecular size). The expression of these isoforms at the protein level has previously been found by us to differ in the normal and failing adult and fetal human heart. In the present study, we have cloned and sequenced four full-length cDNAs corresponding to the four native cTnT protein isoforms and have expressed these cDNAs in an in vitro transcription and translation system. The cDNAs differ by the variable inclusion of a 15- and a 30-nt exon in the 5′ half of the coding region. These cDNAs yielded proteins that comigrate with the native isoforms, cTnT 1 through cTnT 4 . Polyclonal antisera, raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the 10-residue peptide encoded by the 30-nt exon, reacted with the two human isoforms largest in molecular size (cTnT 1 and cTnT 2 ) and the two largest cTnT isoforms of the rabbit and rat. The isoforms cTnT 1 and cTnT 2 , containing either both peptides encoded by the 30- and 15-nt exons or the peptide encoded by the 30-nt exon alone, are expressed in the fetal heart, with cTnT 2 being expressed at a very low level. cTnT 4 , lacking both of these sequences, is expressed in the fetal heart and is reexpressed in the failing adult heart, whereas cTnT 3 , containing the 5-residue peptide, is the dominant isoform in the adult heart. The identification and acquisition of these full-length clones that encode the four human cTnT isoforms should prove valuable in analyzing genomic DNA, identifying cTnT mutations in these alternatively spliced coding sequences and their splice sites, and studying the functional role of these isoform sequence differences in the normal and the diseased human heart.
Influence of myocardial mechanical activity and coronary blood flow on myocardial digoxin uptake
Authors: B. L. LLOYD, R. R. TAYLOR
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1976)

The myocardial content of digoxin 60min after intravenous administration in open-chest dogs correlated with heart rate controlled in individual dogs between 64 and 215 beats/min. In other dogs, increasing right ventricular mechanical work by constriction of the pulmonary artery resulted in greater right ventricular digoxin uptake. Increase in myocardial blood flow per se could not explain these findings since, in further dogs, increasing regional myocardial blood flow by adenosine infusion did not much affect digoxin uptake. Active uptake of cardiac glycosides is probably influenced by myocardial mechanical and metabolic activity.
Increasing activity in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: E. D. Playford
Journal: BMJ (2013)

There is no doubt about the benefits of exercise. Physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other chronic diseases and conditions.1 Despite the wealth of information about the benefits of exercise, sedentary adults often find it hard to change their behaviour in a sustainable manner. The development of interventions that support behaviour change is therefore of general interest. Social cognitive theory,2 which explains why people behave as they do, has been used to develop strategies that support changes in behaviour. Examples of such strategies include encouraging people to choose from several options, goal setting, and encouraging clients to monitor their progress through record keeping. In a linked paper (doi:10.1136/bmj.f576), van Nimwegen and colleagues use such strategies to encourage a long term increase in participation in activity among patients with Parkinson’s disease.3
Suppression of angiogenesis and tumor growth by selective inhibition of angiopoietin-2
Authors: Jonathan Oliner, Hosung Min, Juan Leal, Dongyin Yu, Shashirekha Rao, Edward You, Xiu Tang, Haejin Kim, Susanne Meyer, Seog Joon Han, Nessa Hawkins, Robert Rosenfeld, Elyse Davy, Kevin Graham, Frederick Jacobsen, Shirley Stevenson, Joanne Ho, Qing Chen, Thomas Hartmann, Mark Michaels, Michael Kelley, Luke Li, Karen Sitney, Frank Martin, Ji-Rong Sun, Nancy Zhang, John Lu, Juan Estrada, Rakesh Kumar, Angela Coxon, Stephen Kaufman, James Pretorius, Sheila Scully, Russ Cattley, Marc Payton, Steve Coats, Linh Nguyen, Binodh Desilva, Anthony Ndifor, Isaac Hayward, Robert Radinsky, Tom Boone, Richard Kendall
Journal: Cancer Cell (2004)
Adjuvant formulation structure and composition are critical for the development of an effective vaccine against tuberculosis
Authors: Mark T. Orr, Christopher B. Fox, Susan L. Baldwin, Sandra J. Sivananthan, Elyse Lucas, Susan Lin, Tony Phan, James J. Moon, Thomas S. Vedvick, Steven G. Reed, Rhea N. Coler
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2013)
A randomized, controlled trial of a 24-month course of interferon alfa 2b in patients with chronic hepatitis B who had hepatitis B virus DNA without hepatitis B e antigen in serum
Authors: P Lampertico, E Del Ninno, A Manzin, M F Donato, M G Rumi, G Lunghi, A Morabito, M Clementi, M Colombo
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

Short-term interferon treatment of serum hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative carriers with serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and histological features of chronic hepatitis B has been largely unsuccessful. In a pilot study of long-term treatment, 42 such patients were randomly assigned to 6 million units of interferon alfa 2b (IFN-α2b) three times per week for 24 consecutive months (n = 21, 4 with cirrhosis) or to no therapy (n = 21, 3 with cirrhosis). Five patients (24%) discontinued therapy because of treatment-related adverse reactions. Serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) became persistently normal and HBV DNA undetectable by dot-blot assay in 8 patients receiving interferon and in 2 untreated controls (38% vs. 10%; P = .03). Hepatitis flare-ups disappeared in 17 patients during therapy compared with 6 controls (81% vs. 29%; P &lt; .001). During a median period of 22 months after interferon was stopped, 2 treated patients (10%) lost serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and seroconverted to antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs). Serum ALT remained persistently normal and HBV DNA undetectable by dot-blot assay in 6 initial responders and 1 initial nonresponder, compared with none of the 21 untreated controls (sustained response: 33% vs. 0; P &lt; .001). Comparative analysis of pre- and posttreatment liver biopsies showed that mean Knodell scores dropped in the treated group (10.3 to 5.3; P = .01), but not in the untreated group (9.3 to 9.8; not significant). In conclusion, a 24-month course of treatment with 6 MU IFN-α2b was well tolerated by most patients, led to sustained suppression of HBV in one third, and attenuated hepatitis in 81% of patients.
THE RECOVERABILITY OF VIRUS FROM PAPILLOMAS PRODUCED THEREWITH IN DOMESTIC RABBITS
Authors: William F. Friedewald, John G. Kidd
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1944)

By preliminary preparation of the skin in ways that render it hyperplastic the presence of infective virus can be demonstrated in extracts of domestic rabbit papillomas which yield no growths when inoculated by the ordinary methods and which for this reason have been supposed to contain no virus. The amount of virus recovered by the method outlined in the present work, however, is small when compared with the yield obtained in most instances from comparable cottontail rabbit papillomas. The yield is greatly influenced not only by the virus strain used to produce the growths but by the individual rabbit host. Although virus has been obtained from papillomas produced in domestic rabbits by all of the virus strains tested, a total of 21 thus far, only about one-fourth of these strains are readily to be procured again from the growths they cause and the others are demonstrable only in hosts in which the conditions are favorable for reasons unknown. An experimental comparison of the capacity of suspensions of papilloma tissue from domestic and cottontail rabbits to elicit specific antibodies has shown that the titers attained are approximately proportional to the amount of infective virus demonstrable in the suspensions. The findings as a whole indicate that far less virus exists in infective or antigenic form in the papillomas of domestic rabbits than in those of cottontail rabbits.
The Treatment of Alcoholism: A Study of Programs and Problems
Authors: Donald W. Goodwin
Journal: JAMA (1968)

"If you can't do, teach," Shaw is alleged to have said. In medicine, a variation on this rule might be, "If you can't treat an illness, write a book about it." That is the impression conveyed by the recent torrent of new books on alcoholism. Most have essentially the same message: Alcoholism is a disease (or is it?) of unknown etiology. There is no specific treatment for the illness (if it is an illness), but physicians should do what they can. The present book addresses itself to the question, "<i>Are</i>physicians doing what they can?" To find out, the Joint Information Service of the American Psychiatric Association and the National Association for Mental Health in 1965 commissioned a field study of alcoholism treatment facilities in the United States to be conducted by six experts in alcoholism. The study began with a questionnaire sent to 56 medical facilities having alcoholism programs.
STUDIES OF ADENOVIRUS SV40 HYBRID VIRUSES
Authors: Wallace P. Rowe, Stephen G. Baum
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1965)

E46+ virus purified by limiting dilution and plaque isolation in AGMK cells consists of a mixture of hybrid and non-hybrid virus particles. Of 102 plaque isolates obtained in HEK cells, 98 contained no detectable hybrid virus, while 4 contained a small proportion of hybrid virus. Plaque isolates from AGMK cells uniformly induced SV40 neoantigen, but when these plaque isolates were plaqued in HEK cells the progeny were again non-hybrid adenovirus. It thus appears impossible to obtain a pure line of hybrid virus. The proportion of hybrid virus produced in HEK cells fell progressively with decreasing multiplicity of infection, and plaque induction by E46+ virus in AGMK followed 2-hit kinetics, indicating that the hybrid virus particles are defective and require dual infection with non-hybrid virus for their propagation.
Neutrophils and preconditioning
Authors: S. W WERNS
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1992)

Journal Article Neutrophils and preconditioning Get access STEVEN W WERNS STEVEN W WERNS Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 26, Issue 12, December 1992, Page 1226, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/26.12.1226 Published: 01 December 1992
A Patient with Asthma Seeks Medical Advice in 1828, 1928, and 2012
Authors: Erika von Mutius, Jeffrey M. Drazen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

People have suffered from asthma for millennia. To illustrate the changes in our understanding and treatment of asthma over the past 200 years, the authors provide three fictional reports of consultations performed for essentially the same patient, who has what we now call asthma.
608 IMPROVING ON THE ABILITY OF ENDOGENOUS HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGEN TO PRIME CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: A. Chen, J. Nyström, L. Frelin, G. Ahlén, S. Koh, D.L. Peterson, M. Fons, D. Milich, C. Hultgren, M. Sällberg
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
POST-MORTEM FINDINGS IN A CASE OF EXOPHTHALMOS OF LONG STANDING ORIGINALLY DUE TO GRAVES'S DISEASE
Authors: R. Mackinnon
Journal: BMJ (1916)

7th, 8th, 9tk, and 10th the faeces %yere free of ascari,s eg,gs.On July 16th very-large doses of eggs of -Acaris mystax 10 days old and of A. mnarginata 7 days old were given to it.These eggs contained active vermiform embryos.On July 17th a second dose of the eggs of Ascaris margintata was giveni from the same culture now 14 days old.On July 22nd, 26th, 27th, and31st, and oin August 4th, 10th, and 16th the faeces were found to be free of ascaris eggs.These cases of Pigs B, G, and H prove that accidental infec- tioin was not common under the conditions of the experiments anid therefore greatly enhance the value of the positive experiments with Pigs C, D, and E.Tl'he experiment-on Pig H of administering ripe eggs of A. miiarginata and-nystax.w-as performed to exclude a somewhat remote plsgibility-naMely, tbat the life-history of Ascaris IhUbricoides (tiuilla) was highly extended and' that Ascaris mystax (or mnarginata) was only a stage in the life-history of Ascaris lumnbricoides.Experiments on Infectionz of Mice wvith Ascaris marginata of the Dog.Mouse N. July 9th: Given eggs of A. marginata six days old, containing embryos.July 12tl: Eggs nii!e days old.July 13th: Eggs ten days oldl.July 14th: Mouse killed; no larvae in liver or lunig.Mouse P. Died on the first day after infection with eggs of A. miarginata eleven days old.Larvae present in the liver.Miouse U. Killed on the first day after infection.Larvae in liver, none in lung.Mouse V. Killed on the fourtlh day after infection.One larva found in liver, none iil lungs or trachea.The mouse is therefore tlle interllmediate host of Ascaris tmarlgintata as wvell as of A4. lhwbricoides.Corrections.