tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of implementation and effect of primary school based intervention to reduce risk factors for obesity
Authors: P. Sahota, M. C J Rudolf, R. Dixey, A. J Hill, J. H Barth, J. Cade
Journal: BMJ (2001)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To implement a school based health promotion programme aimed at reducing risk factors for obesity and to evaluate the implementation process and its effect on the school. <b>Design:</b> Data from 10 schools participating in a group randomised controlled crossover trial were pooled and analysed. <b>Setting:</b> 10 primary schools in Leeds. <b>Participants:</b> 634 children (350 boys and 284 girls) aged 7-11 years. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Response rates to questionnaires, teachers9 evaluation of training and input, success of school action plans, content of school meals, and children9s knowledge of healthy living and self reported behaviour. <b>Results:</b> All 10 schools participated throughout the study. 76 (89%) of the action points determined by schools in their school action plans were achieved, along with positive changes in school meals. A high level of support for nutrition education and promotion of physical activity was expressed by both teachers and parents. 410 (64%) parents responded to the questionnaire concerning changes they would like to see implemented in school. 19 out of 20 teachers attended the training, and all reported satisfaction with the training, resources, and support. Intervention children showed a higher score for knowledge, attitudes, and self reported behaviour for healthy eating and physical activity. <b>Conclusion:</b> This programme was successfully implemented and produced changes at school level that tackled risk factors for obesity. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> Prevention of obesity is an increasingly important aspect of health promotion Few trials have investigated school based primary prevention programmes directed at obesity <h3>What this study adds</h3> The programme was successful in producing school level changes to tackle risk factors for obesity High levels of participation indicated support from schools, staff, parents, and pupils Positive changes were seen in school meals, tuck shops, and playground activities
Evaluating Drugs after Their Approval for Clinical Use
Authors: Wayne A. Ray, Marie R. Griffin, Jerry Avorn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

The most common therapeutic intervention in medicine is the writing of a prescription1. The proliferation of therapeutic alternatives and the growing recognition of the clinical and economic consequences of suboptimal pharmacotherapy24 have stimulated a variety of efforts to improve prescribing. These include physician-education programs,2,3 required drug-utilization review for patients covered by Medicaid,5 restrictive access policies (formularies, service limitations, requirements for prior approval, and substitution requirements),6 and direct federal regulation of the indications for using prescription drugs7. However, physicians, third-party payers, and regulators must face a fundamental but rarely asked question: Are there adequate data to guide . . .
VII. The Role of Surgery in the Education of the Physician for Family Practice
Authors: Frank F. Allbritten
Journal: JAMA (1961)

CONFUSION part surgeons should have in the education of the family physician is, in large measure, related to indecision concerning the need and the advisability for the family physician or generalist to practice elective surgery. This consideration is not static but dynamic and must be viewed not from the requirements of the past but from the requirements of medicine in the present and the probabilities of the development of the future. Restrictions in the practice of medicine are inherently distasteful. Today, indications exist that the physician who has not had adequate training in surgery will not be permitted to undertake elective surgical treatment in most hospitals. Before adopting an unreconcilable antagonism toward such restrictions one must answer 2 questions. 1. Is there a need for elective operations to be done by one who has had no particular training in surgery? 2. Is the surgical care offered to the patient as
Multiple sclerosis: diagnostic optimism.
Authors: J. Braham
Journal: BMJ (1992)

<b><i>Background</i></b> Proadrenomedullin (proADM) has been shown to be a good predictor for mortality in stable state. This study aims to provide an external validation of earlier observed cutoff values used by Zuur-Telgen et al. and Stolz.et al. in stable state and at hospitalization for an AECOPD. <b><i>Methods</i></b> From the COMIC study we included respectively 490 and 101 COPD patients with a blood sample obtained in stable state and at hospitalization for an AECOPD. Time to death was compared between patients with proADM above or below the median of 0.71 and 0.75 nmol/L for stable state or 0.79 and 0.84 nmol/l for AECOPD. The predictive value of proADM for survival was determined by calculating the C statistic. Risk ratios were corrected for gender, age, BMI, heart failure and GOLD stage. <b><i>Results</i></b> Patients above the cut-off of 0.75 nmol/l had a 2 fold higher risk of dying than patient below this cut-off (95% CI: 1.20 – 3.41). The cut-off of 0.71 nmol/l showed only a borderline significant higher risk of 1.67 (95% CI: 0.98 – 2.85). The Odds Ratio corrected for one year mortality was 3.15 (95% CI 1.15 – 8.64) and 3.70 (95% CI 1.18 – 11.6) in patients with proADM levels above the cut-off of 0.75 and 0.71 nmol/l measured in stable state respectively, compared to patients with low levels (table 2). ProADM levels in samples at hospitalization for an AECOPD were not predictive for mortality in this validation cohort. <b><i>Conclusions</i></b> ProADM shows to be a powerful predictor for mortality in stable state. The following step will be the comparison with other multi-component indices such as the BODE and ADO. Furthermore, proADM could be used for risk stratification in controlled trials to optimize therapy for survival prolonging.
Surgery of the Breast
Authors: E. R. Woodward
Journal: JAMA (1965)

This compact, easily read volume literally exudes common sense. It is written by an obviously observant general surgeon and is based largely on his own experience. The chapter on examination is delightfully simple and straightforward. Descriptions of surgical techniques are unusually lucid. The author makes an important contribution when he stresses, for breast biopsy, the value of curvilinear, as contrasted with radial, incisions. He makes another signal contribution in emphasizing the value of subcutaneous simple mastectomy, which not only preserves the nipple but also makes possible later augmentative reconstruction. The presentation of radical mastectomy for cancer is well done, although the defense of this procedure as the treatment of choice (as opposed to both more conservative and more radical procedures) is somewhat arbitrary and authoritarian. He does not attempt to establish the therapeutic value of lymph node dissection, although he clearly points out the prognostic significance of axillary pathology. The
A longitudinal study of back pain and radiological changes in the lumbar spines of middle aged women. I. Clinical findings.
Authors: D.P Symmons, A.M van Hemert, J.P Vandenbroucke, H.A Valkenburg
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1991)

The natural history of low back pain was evaluated over a nine year period in two groups of middle aged Dutch women selected from the general population. One group had recurrent back pain (n = 236) and the other group had never experienced back pain (n = 241). At the onset of the study recurrent back pain was associated with smoking, previous use of the 'pill', pain in other joints, frequent headaches, and restricted lumbar spine movement. Nine years later 170 (72%) of the group with back pain had continuing pain and 58 (24%) of the group without previous back pain had incident pain. Pain in other joints, especially the hip and knee, was a predictor of continuing and incident pain but age, body mass index, and smoking were not.
DIAGNOSIS OF URETERAL CALCULI AND TECHNIC OF REMOVAL WITHOUT OPERATION
Authors: A. J. CROWELL
Journal: JAMA (1918)

The purpose of this paper is to describe our technic of removing ureteral calculi without operation.The plan was mentioned in 1915 by one of us,1 but the technic was not fully described, as a sufficient number of cases had not been treated by the method to justify us in making any special claims for it.After the lapse of three years, and after having treated thirty-one cases in this way, we are now prepared to assert that prac- tically every recently impacted ureteral calculus can be removed by this plan if treatment is begun before the secretory power of the kidney is inhibited.We will not enumerate the clinical symptoms, since they are so typical that their rehearsal would be superfluous, but will proceed to discuss our plan of treatment and briefly report a series of cases.
Even as New Options Emerge, Gynecologists Urge Women to Find Older Contraceptives User-friendly
Authors: Karen Titus
Journal: JAMA (1996)

EVEN AS researchers continue to develop new forms of birth control—including Norplant II, injectable contraceptives, vaginal rings, contraceptive patches, and male contraceptives—older, effective methods are often misunderstood by both physicians and their patients. And while the adverse effects of current contraceptives are widely known, the benefits are too often overlooked, noted a panel of physicians at the annual clinical meeting of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) in Denver, Colo. The result: Women avoid some methods unnecessarily and use others ineffectively. "We can't afford to underestimate the effectiveness of birth control and overestimate its risks," said Luella Klein, MD, director of ACOG's Department of Women's Health Issues. Although women who take oral contraceptives experience more regular menstrual cycles, less cramping, fewer breast and ovarian cysts, and less cancer in the lining of the uterus, for example, physicians rarely point out those benefits to patients, Klein observed. "On our
Chronic Experimental Hypertension in Dogs after Constriction of Brachiocephalic and Left Subclavian Arteries
Authors: Edward W. Hawthorne, A. K. Mandal
Journal: Circulation Research (1962)

In summary, the studies suggest that: (1) Simultaneous and controlled constriction of the brachiocephalic and left subclavian arteries resulted in chronic femoral hypertension in seven dogs. (2) This hypertension is associated heniodynamically with an increase in cardiac index due mainly to an increased stroke volume. (3) The suggestion is made that the initiating mechanism for this type of experimental hypertension is a chronic decrease in endosinal pulse pressure.
Interleukin 2 Therapy for Disseminated Cancer-Reply
Authors: Michael T. Lotze
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Our article demonstrated that IL-2 administered in high doses was capable of mediating the regression of cancer in some patients with metastatic melanoma. Subsequent to this report, we have demonstrated that objective responses can be obtained in patients with renal cell cancer and have confirmed the efficacy of IL-2 therapy in additional patients with melanoma. Complete responses have been observed with both IL-2 therapy alone as well as with LAK cells. These are new treatments, but the first patient to show a complete response to therapy with IL-2 and LAK cells is alive without evidence of cancer two years after her original treatment. Dr Moertel's editorial, which focused on the media response to our earlier report of therapy with LAK cells and IL-2,<sup>1</sup>published in December 1985, reflects a misunderstanding of a major point of our report. These reports describe our experience with new approaches to immunotherapy
Abstract 4168: Akt pathway in human breast cancer: A comparison between estrogen positive and estrogen negative tumors using reverse phase protein array
Authors: Jose Victor Scarpa Carniello, Maziar Assadi, Fernanda M. Mello, Rafael M. Rocha, Everton Nogoceke, Fernando A. Soares, Victor P. Andrade
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Estrogen receptor status is crucial for breast cancer treatment planning. Some estrogen receptor (ER) negative tumors carry a worse prognosis and lack more specific therapies. The AKT pathway is a promising target in breast cancer and was reported hyper activated in ER- tumors cells using in vitro models. We aimed to compare the level of Akt pathway activation between ER+ and ER- tumors using frozen human breast tumor samples. METHODS: 40 cases of breast cancer (20 ER+, 20 ER-) were identified from the frozen tumor bank. Patients were between 40 and 70 years old, with Stage I or II, node negative disease. About 20.000 cells from each tumor cells were purified by laser capture microdissection (LCM) and the protein lysate applied to the Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA). Antibodies tested by RPPA included Src, p-Src, Akt, p-Akt Thr308, p-Akt Ser473, mTOR, p-mTOR, PDGFRα, p-PDGFRα Tyr751. We also compared these results to patient matched non-microdissected samples and to immunohistochemistry (IHQ) using digital quantification. RESULTS: 6 out of 9 antibodies showed higher mean expression in ER- negative tumors but only p-Src had statistically significant different levels (0.043). The coordinated high levels (above median) of p-Src/p-Akt/p-mTOR was observed in 1 (5%) of ER+ and in 8 (40%) of ER- tumors. All 8 cases from the ER- group were triple negative (ER-/PR-/Her2-). Correlation coeficients of LCM-RPPA samples and non-microdissected/RPPA samples varied from 0.02 to 0.47. Only p-Akt Ser473 showed a significant correlation (r=0.47, p=0.003). Correlation coeficients between LCM-RPPA and IHQ for antibodies Akt, p-Akt and mTOR were 0.03, –0.22 and 0.05, respectively. CONCLUSION: Protein quantification using LCM-RPPA in human breast tumors is feasible and can detect significant differences between ER+ and ER- tumors. Triple negative tumors showed a high Akt pathway activation profile compared to ER+ tumors. Triple negative tumors are more likely to benefit from targeted therapies directed against the Akt pathway. LCMed and non-LCMed matching samples analyzed by RPPA showed discrepant results. The same happened to the comparison between LCM-RPPA and IHQ with digital quantification. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4168. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4168
Identification of androgen response elements in the enhancer I of hepatitis B virus: A mechanism for sex disparity in chronic hepatitis B #
Authors: Sheng-Han Wang, Shiou-Hwei Yeh, Wei-Hsiang Lin, Hurng-Yi Wang, Ding-Shinn Chen, Pei-Jer Chen
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurs more often in men than in women. Male HBV carriers usually have higher viral loads, which is a well-known risk factor for HCC. Whether and how the male androgen axis regulates HBV transcription and replication is investigated here. We used HBV transgenic mice to evaluate any sex disparity of serum hepatitis B surface antigen and HBV titers as well as the castration effect on this disparity. Compared to females, HBV transgenic male mice showed higher hepatitis B surface antigen and viral titers, which were lessened by castration of the males. In a cell culture system, HepG2 cells transfected with HBV and androgen receptor (AR) constructs were used to study the effect of the androgen pathway on viral transcription and replication. We found the ligand-stimulated AR could increase the transcription of HBV RNAs through its transcription activation domain. A genomic region within HBV enhancer I was identified that is responsible for the transcriptional activation of AR. The results from chromatin immunoprecipitation and in vitro binding assays further demonstrated a direct binding of AR to this region, in a ligand-dependent manner. Two androgen-responsive element motifs in this region were identified, and their mutations can significantly abolish the AR effects.This study demonstrated that the androgen pathway can increase the transcription of HBV through direct binding to the androgen-responsive element sites in viral enhancer I. This may explain a higher HBV titer in male carriers and an increased risk of HCC.
Select Micro-RNAs (miRs) Are Upregulated in Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 6 and 11-Induced Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP)
Authors: J.M. Diaz, D.W. Rosenthal, J.A. DeVoti, V.R. Bonagura
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
Spermatozoa and Immune Dysregulation in Homosexual Men
Authors: Pedro A. Poma
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Mavlight and co-workers have demonstrated a severe suppressive effect on the immune system of rectal sperm recipients after repeated, chronic exposure to anal-genital intercourse. In addition to its implications related to AIDS, their article also has fertility implications that I would like the authors to discuss. The first one refers to the poor quality of the semen noted among the volunteers. Frequency of ejaculation diminishes the quality of each ejaculate<sup>1</sup>; however, the authors fail to provide this information. I wonder that the authors did not state the frequency of sexual encounters among the volunteers they studied. Also, how were their volunteers recruited? Their approach may have influenced the findings. For example, a change in the preponderance of the anal recipiency practice among their volunteer couples might change the conclusions of their study. The authors also found a several-fold increase of sperm antibodies among their volunteers when
PROTEINURIA IN NEW-BORN CALVES FOLLOWING THE FEEDING OF COLOSTRUM
Authors: Theobald Smith, Ralph B. Little
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1924)

The evidence presented indicates clearly that the feeding of colostrum is responsible for the proteinuria. Observations on many calves killed within the 3 first days have shown that this condition is nearly universal and that it disappears after the 3rd day, even when the calf is not quite normal. Urine of fetuses and unfed calves did not contain it. By feeding different amounts of colostrum, by withholding it for some hours after birth, and by giving it alternately with milk, the appearance of protein in the urine as to time and quantity was clearly a function of the colostrum fed. Serum replacing colostrum produced the same effect to a less pronounced degree. The permeability of the kidneys as determined in a routine way on healthy calves killed within the 1st week of life ceases after the 3rd day. In the two cases fed repeatedly with colostrum, proteinuria was demonstrated up to 6 days in one case. The regularity of its disappearance in calves normally fed indicates that more experiments are necessary to prove a longer period of permeability. The continued excretion of protein in such animals may be due to a slight lesion of the kidneys. There is but one reference to this subject which we have been able to find. Langstein and Neuberg in a study of levulose and allantoin in the urine of new-born calves mention the presence of albumin in six cases without, however, making any comments as to its origin or referring it to the ingestion of colostrum. According to various observers, albumin may be found in traces during the 4 first days in over 60 per cent of infants examined. Since the food has not been taken into consideration renewed observations are needed to determine if the relationship found in calves is also true for the human infant.
Management of Hypertension
Authors: H. B. Eisenstadt
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Dr Irving Page's article on the errors in management of hypertension (236:2621, 1976) is certainly appropriate. However, it omits a variety of pitfalls that may be encountered. Some patients have different blood pressure readings in both arms, eg, they have a normal pressure on one side and an elevated one on the other side. Persons with peripheral vascular disease may have low blood pressures in both arms and have elevated intraarterial pressure. Temporary blood pressure elevations occur with emotional stress, acute physical derangements, or after intake of certain drugs and beverages in normotensive persons. Patients with carotid artery obstructions may lose their elevated blood pressure after successful surgical repair without having true hypertension. Not all hypertensive persons can tolerate blood pressure reduction to normal values.
Smoking ban has not affected pubs' and restaurants' takings, finds Norwegian study
Authors: N. Stafford
Journal: BMJ (2011)

A new study of the income of pubs and restaurants in Norway, which completely banned smoking in such establishments in 2004, shows that the ban has not had a negative long term effect on either type of venue.

The study, published in the European Journal of Health Economics (doi:10.1007/s10198-010-0287-6), concluded that “smoke-free laws do not affect restaurant revenue directly or as a share of private consumption [total consumer spending].” It adds, “There is some evidence for a short-run effect on pub revenue as a share of private consumption, but there is no evidence of a short-run effect on the absolute level of pub revenue and no evidence for a long-run effect using either measure.”

One of the coauthors, Hans …
Let-7 Coordinately Suppresses Components of the Amino Acid Sensing Pathway to Repress mTORC1 and Induce Autophagy
Authors: Amy N. Dubinsky, Somasish Ghosh Dastidar, Cynthia L. Hsu, Rabaab Zahra, Stevan N. Djakovic, Sonia Duarte, Christine C. Esau, Brian Spencer, Travis D. Ashe, Kimberlee M. Fischer, Deidre A. MacKenna, Bryce L. Sopher, Eliezer Masliah, Terry Gaasterland, B. Nelson Chau, Luis Pereira de Almeida, Bradley E. Morrison, Albert R. La Spada
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2014)
Semiquantification and Classification of Local Pulmonary Function by V/Q Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Potential Indication for Radiotherapy Planning
Authors: Shuanghu (Tiger) Yuan, Kirk A. Frey, Milton D. Gross, James A. Hayman, Doug Arenberg, Jeffrey L. Curtis, Xu-Wei Cai, Nithya Ramnath, Gregory P. Kalemkerian, Randall K. Ten Haken, Avraham Eisbruch, Feng-Ming (Spring) Kong
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)