tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
LEGISLATION FOR THE PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS.Read to the Illinois State Medical Society, Decatur, Ill., May 17, 1894.
Authors: BOERNE BETTMAN
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Owing to a misunderstanding, the subject which I announced for this meeting does not appear on the program. I prepared a paper on "The Working of the Lunacy Law," the intent being to elucidate some of the measures of the new law, and indicate to you how imperfectly the essential feature, at least from a medical standpoint, is being carried out. I refer, namely, to trials by a board of medical commissioners. However, I propose publishing the article later on in theJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, and hope its perusal will induce you to labor with the judges in your respective counties and influence them to do away with the old jury system and adopt instead a more enlightened and humane method of investigation into the mental state of an individual, by a commission consisting of two well qualified physicians. The subject to which I will now call
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Ernest G. Stillman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1917)

1. Pneumococci of Type I and Type II are responsible for the majority of the cases of lobar pneumonia. 2. Among the pneumococci found in the mouths of healthy individuals Type IV predominates, Type III is frequent, and atypical organisms of Type II are occasionally found. 3. Healthy persons intimately associated with cases of lobar pneumonia may harbor in their mouth secretions the highly parasitic pneumococcus of Types I and II. 4. Occasionally a carrier of Type I or Type II pneumococcus is encountered in whom it is impossible to trace any contact with an infected patient. 5. From the dust of homes where cases of pneumonia due to Types I and II have occurred, pneumococci of the same type may be recovered.
Attenuation-corrected 99mTc-tetrofosmin single-photon emission computed tomography in the detection of viable myocardium: comparison with positron emission tomography using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose
Authors: Ichiro Matsunari, Guido Böning, Sibylle I Ziegler, Stephan G Nekolla, Jens C Stollfuss, Istvan Kosa, Edward P Ficaro, Markus Schwaiger
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Lung volumes and distensibility, and maximum respiratory pressures in thyroid disease before and after treatment.
Authors: S Freedman
Journal: Thorax (1978)

Lung volumes, static pressure volume curves of the lung, and maximum respiratory pressures were measured in six patients with thyrotoxicosis and three with myxoedema before and after treatment. After treatment three of the thyrotoxic patients had increases in vital capacity of the same order as previously reported, but in contrast to previous reports, the lung volume changes were not associated with, nor due to, concomitant changes in respiratory muscle performance. Static pulmonary compliance increased in four of the six patients. The initial findings were more in keeping with the presence of pulmonary congestion. Only one of the myxoedematous patients had any significant increase in vital capacity after treatment, and in her case this was clearly attributable to increased inspiratory muscle force.
Selective mitochondrial glutathione depletion by ethanol enhances acetaminophen toxicity in rat liver
Authors: Ping Zhao, Thomas F. Kalhorn, John T. Slattery
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

Chronic alcohol consumption may potentiate acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity through enhanced formation of N -acetyl- p -benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) via induction of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). However, CYP2E1 induction appears to be insufficient to explain the claimed magnitude of the interaction. We assessed the role of selective depletion of liver mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) by chronic ethanol. Rats were fed the Lieber-DeCarli diet for 10 days or 6 weeks. APAP toxicity in liver slices (% glutathione- S -transferase α released to the medium, GST release) and NAPQI toxicity in isolated liver mitochondria (succinate dehydrogenase inactivation, SDH) from these rats were compared with pair-fed controls. Ethanol induced CYP2E1 in both the 10-day and 6-week groups by ˜2-fold. APAP toxicity in liver slices was higher in the 6-week ethanol group than the 10-day ethanol group. Partial inhibition of NAPQI formation by CYP2E1 inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamate to that of pair-fed controls abolished APAP toxicity in the 10-day ethanol group only. Ethanol selectively depleted liver mitochondrial GSH only in the 6-week group (by 52%) without altering cytosolic GSH. Significantly greater GSH loss and APAP covalent binding were observed in liver slice mitochondria of the 6-week ethanol group. Isolated mitochondria of the 6-week ethanol group were ˜50% more susceptible to NAPQI (25-165 μmol/L) induced SDH inactivation. This increased susceptibility was reproduced in pair-fed control mitochondria pretreated with diethylmaleate. In conclusion, 10-day ethanol feeding enhances APAP toxicity through CYP2E1 induction, whereas 6-week ethanol feeding potentiates APAP hepatotoxicity by inducing CYP2E1 and selectively depleting mitochondrial GSH.
Cell polarity of the insulin-like growth factor system in human intestinal epithelial cells. Unique apical sorting of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 in differentiated human colon cancer cells.
Authors: M Remacle-Bonnet, F Garrouste, F el Atiq, J Marvaldi, G Pommier
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

In this study, we have used enterocyte-like differentiated HT29-D4 human colonic carcinoma cells cultured in a glucose-free medium (HT29-D4-GAL cells) on semi-permeable supports in order to investigate the polarity of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. We report that these cells secrete endogenous IGF-II predominantly (66%) from the basolateral cell surface where type I IGF receptors are almost all (> 96%) localized. HT29-D4-GAL cells also secrete IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) -2, -4, and -6 as evidenced by Western ligand and immunoblot analyses of conditioned medium. IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-4 are secreted primarily into the basolateral side (71 and 87%, respectively), whereas IGFBP-6 is targeted to the apical surface (76%) as a possible consequence of an active sorting. Finally, HT29-D4-GAL cells are found to display responses to IGF-II added to the basolateral but not the apical membrane side in terms of intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation and long-term stimulation of amino acid uptake. This study indicates (a) that IGF-II is potentially capable of autocrine regulation on the basolateral side of HT29-D4-GAL cell, and (b) that IGFBP-6 has a unique pattern of secretory polarity. It supports the concept that a differential sorting of the various forms of IGFBPs might play a modulatory role in the maintenance of a functional polarity in the differentiated HT29-D4-GAL cells.
Development of an Integrated Genomic Classifier for a Novel Agent in Colorectal Cancer: Approach to Individualized Therapy in Early Development
Authors: Todd M. Pitts, Aik Choon Tan, Gillian N. Kulikowski, John J. Tentler, Amy M. Brown, Sara A. Flanigan, Stephen Leong, Christopher D. Coldren, Fred R. Hirsch, Marileila Varella-Garcia, Christopher Korch, S. Gail Eckhardt
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background: A plethora of agents is in early stages of development for colorectal cancer (CRC), including those that target the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGFIR) pathway. In the current environment of numerous cancer targets, it is imperative that patient selection strategies be developed with the intent of preliminary testing in the latter stages of phase I trials. The goal of this study was to develop and characterize predictive biomarkers for an IGFIR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, OSI-906, that could be applied in CRC-specific studies of this agent. Methods: Twenty-seven CRC cell lines were exposed to OSI-906 and classified according to IC50 value as sensitive (≤1.5 μmol/L) or resistant (&amp;gt;5 μmol/L). Cell lines were subjected to immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry for effector proteins, IGFIR copy number by fluorescence in situ hybridization, KRAS/BRAF/phosphoinositide 3-kinase mutation status, and baseline gene array analysis. The most sensitive and resistant cell lines were used for gene array and pathway analyses, along with shRNA knockdown of highly ranked genes. The resulting integrated genomic classifier was then tested against eight human CRC explants in vivo. Results: Baseline gene array data from cell lines and xenografts were used to develop a k-top scoring pair (k-TSP) classifier, which, in combination with IGFIR fluorescence in situ hybridization and KRAS mutational status, was able to predict with 100% accuracy a test set of patient-derived CRC xenografts. Conclusions: These results indicate that an integrated approach to the development of individualized therapy is feasible and should be applied early in the development of novel agents, ideally in conjunction with late-stage phase I trials. Clin Cancer Res; 16(12); 3193–204. ©2010 AACR.
???Tear Drop Sign??? in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: RIYAD AL-BAHAR, NASSER HAYATT, M M MOHAMMED, HUSSIEN M. ABDEL-DAYEM
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1986)

In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the left ventricle appears bulbous in the apical region and narrowed at the base during diastole, resembling a tear drop. This appearance is due, in part, to disproportionate septal hypertrophy.
Ultrasound in the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Therapy of Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis
Authors: RICHARD L. POPP, DONALD C. HARRISON
Journal: Circulation (1969)

Twenty patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) were studied with cardiac echography. Eight of these patients were studied during left heart catheterization. The echographic pattern of mitral valve motion during systole was altered in a characteristic manner when hemodynamically significant left ventricular outflow obstruction was present in the eight patients studied at catheterization. The abnormal systolic pattern was abolished by spontaneous loss of outflow obstruction or loss of obstruction induced by beta-adrenergic blockade. An abnormal systolic mitral valve pattern was seen on the echogram in 17 of the 20 patients with proven IHSS. The abnormal pattern was lost after the institution of chronic propranolol therapy in one patient. The three patients not showing an abnormal systolic pattern were also taking propranolol. The pattern of mitral valve motion during diastole indicated an impaired rate of left ventricular filling. The basic abnormalities and variability in the degree of abnormality seen with echography of the left ventricular outflow tract are consistent with the proposed anatomy and pathophysiology of IHSS.
Letter: The continuing polemic of psychosurgery
Authors: V. H. Mark
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The letter by Breggin in a recent issue ofThe Journalis inaccurate (226:1121, 1973). It states that Frank Ervin and I attempted to make the case of patient Thomas R., a temporal lobe epileptic with localized cerebral atrophy, rage attacks, and intermittent thought disorders, into a "success story." The implication that we claimed this patient was cured by a brain operation as reported in our book, Violence and the Brain (New York, Harper &amp; Row Publishers, 1970, p 97), is false. The book states only that his rage attacks stopped, and that seizures and thought disorders continued. Breggin implies that the patient's violent rage attacks continued unabated after operation. However, for four years after the patient's 1967 operation, there was no mention of violent attacks in the reports sent to us by the patient's physicians. Furthermore, one doctor, who followed him closely in part
Comparison of infrared coagulation and rubber band ligation for first and second degree haemorrhoids: a randomised prospective clinical trial.
Authors: J L Templeton, R A Spence, T L Kennedy, T G Parks, G Mackenzie, W A Hanna
Journal: BMJ (1983)

One hundred and thirty seven previously untreated out-patients with first and second degree haemorrhoids were allocated at random to treatment by infrared coagulation (n=66) or rubber band ligation (n=71). Complete follow up was obtained in 122 patients (60 who had undergone infrared coagulation (group 1), and 62 rubber band ligation (group 2)) at periods from three months to one year after completion of treatment. Infrared coagulation produced a satisfactory outcome in 51 patients (85%): 34 were rendered asymptomatic and 17 improved. Rubber band ligation produced a satisfactory outcome in 57 patients (92%): 33 were rendered asymptomatic and 24 improved. Both methods were equally effective in first and second degree haemorrhoids. The incidence of side effects, particularly discomfort, during and after treatment was significantly higher in those treated by rubber band ligation (p less than 0.001). This appeared to be an appreciable deterrent to future patient compliance. The number of patients losing more than 24 hours from work was higher after rubber band ligation than after infrared coagulation. The number of treatments necessary to cure symptoms did not differ significantly between the two methods. Infrared coagulation was significantly faster than rubber band ligation (p less than 0.001). Infrared coagulation is a simple, fast, and effective outpatient method for the treatment of first and second degree haemorrhoids with fewer troublesome side effects and higher patient acceptability than rubber band ligation.
ABC of Medical Computing: COMPUTERS IN GENERAL PRACTICE--I
Authors: A. Millman, N. Lee, A. Brooke
Journal: BMJ (1995)

General practitioners have been at the forefront of medical computing in Britain for the past 20 years. The first systems were developed by enthusiasts and were designed to collect epidemiological data rather than manage the practice, but in 1972 the Department of Health sponsored the development of a system that recorded consultations for the first time. The project was limited to a small group of practices in Exeter but subsequently developed into a full practice management system that is still available today. In 1982 another government sponsored scheme (Micros for GPs) put computers into 150 practices across the country, but it was not until 1987, when two companies (VAMP and Meditel) began offering sophisticated computer systems to general practitioners free of charge, that practice computing really took off.



General practice consultation.



In return for their free computers general practitioners were required to record every consultation and prescription issued. Both companies planned to collect this information anonymously and then sell it to pharmaceutical companies to recover their investment. From general practitioners' perspective, the schemes were a huge success, stimulating many practices to computerise for the first time.



Percentage of British practices computerised.



The sweeping changes to remuneration introduced in the 1990 general practice contract made computers almost essential for all but the smallest practices. By 1993 there were about 50 commercial systems to choose from and about 8500 practices were fully computerised. The free schemes have now ended, but the government continues to encourage computerisation through a complex system of reimbursement.

The competing general practice systems vary greatly but they do share several common features. All have evolved into advanced practice management tools that allow practices to run more efficiently. Furthermore, the systems now contain extraordinary amounts of information on patients and disease, with more being added every day. This unique …
Fluorouracil for Colorectal Cancer: A Sobering Look
Authors: Merrill S. Kies
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Colorectal cancer is the most common visceral malignant neoplasm in the United States and will affect an estimated 123,000 persons in 1982. While surgical resection remains the only generally accepted curative therapy, the impetus for development of effective treatment for systemic disease continues because more than half the patients eventually have widely disseminated cancer. In this issue ofThe JournalLevine and colleagues (p 2809) describe a patient with well-documented hepatic metastases who survived for 15 years. The rub, as the authors point out, is that we understand very little about why occasional patients with metastatic colon cancer have extended survival, with or without therapy, when median survival is only seven to nine months. Similarly, we have little understanding of the determinants of tumor growth rates or patterns of metastases. The chemotherapy of colorectal cancer has for two decades involved fluorouracil alone and in multidrug combinations. Clinical researchers have exhaustively
The Influence of Hospital and Surgeon Factors on the Prevalence of Axillary Lymph Node Evaluation in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
Authors: Ellie J. Coromilas, Jason D. Wright, Yongmei Huang, Sheldon Feldman, Alfred I. Neugut, Ling Chen, Dawn L. Hershman
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2015)

Although axillary lymph node evaluation is standard of care in the surgical management of invasive breast cancer, a benefit has not been demonstrated in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Despite uncertainty regarding the efficacy, axillary evaluation is often performed in women with DCIS.To determine the incidence of axillary evaluation in women with DCIS and identify clinical, hospital, and surgeon-related factors associated with axillary evaluation.Cross-sectional analysis conducted from January 2006 through December 2012 of medical records contained in the Perspective database for women with DCIS who underwent breast-conserving surgery (BCS) or mastectomy. A total of 35,591 women aged 18 to 90 years were included in the analysis.Receipt or nonreceipt of surgical axillary evaluation, categorized as sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), or none. Analyses were stratified by surgery type, and multivariable regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with axillary evaluation.Of women identified with DCIS, 26,580 (74.7%) underwent BCS while 9011 (25.3%) underwent mastectomy; 17.7% undergoing BCS and 63.0% undergoing mastectomy had an axillary evaluation. Rates of axillary evaluation increased over time with mastectomy (2006, 56.6%; 2012, 67.4%) and were relatively stable with BCS (2006, 18.5%; 2012, 16.2%). Rates of ALND decreased in women undergoing mastectomy (2006, 20.0%; 2012, 10.7%) and BCS (2006, 1.2%; 2012, 0.3%), with increasing use of SLNB. In a multivariable analysis, hospital factors including nonteaching hospital (risk ratio [RR], 1.17; 95% CI, 1.05-1.30) and urban location (RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03-1.29) influenced axillary evaluation with mastectomy. Surgeon volume was the most significant predictor of axillary evaluation among women undergoing BCS (mid vs low volume: RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.70-0.94; high vs low volume: RR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.44-0.65).Despite guidelines recommending against axillary lymph node evaluation in women with DCIS undergoing BCS and uncertainty regarding its use with mastectomy, SLNB or ALND is performed frequently. Given the additional morbidity and cost of these procedures, alternative surgical approaches or prospective evaluation of the clinical benefit of axillary evaluation in women with DCIS is needed.
Stroma-Mediated Dysregulation of Myelopoiesis in Mice Lacking IκBα
Authors: Rudolf A. Rupec, Franziska Jundt, Bernd Rebholz, Birgit Eckelt, Gu¨nther Weindl, Thomas Herzinger, Michael J. Flaig, Sabine Moosmann, Gerd Plewig, Bernd Dörken, Irmgard Förster, Ralf Huss, Klaus Pfeffer
Journal: Immunity (2005)
Stool Composition in Factitial Diarrhea: A 6-Year Experience with Stool Analysis
Authors: Sidney Phillips
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Objective: To evaluate the utility of stool water analysis in the management of patients with chronic diarrhea. Design: Retrospective analysis of 6 years of experience. Setting: A specialized laboratory in a major referral center. Patients: 325 patients with diarrhea who were referred for stool chemistry analysis. Fecal analysis was requested by many internists and gastroenterologists. Patient records were reviewed to establish the final and most likely cause of diarrhea. Results: One third of patients provided samples that were inappropriate for analysis, but data from 202 persons were available. The usefulness of the general separation of cases of chronic diarrhea into those in which patients had predominantly osmotic pathophysiologies and those in which patients had predominantly secretory pathophysiologies was confirmed, but overlap and intra-individual variability limited the usefulness of this approach in individual patients. Thirty-five patients (17%) had a diagnosis of factitial diarrhea (30 because of laxative use and 5 because of fluid added to stools). Conclusions: Among selected subpopulations, the chemical analysis of fresh stools has a role in the evaluation of obscure examples of chronic diarrhea. It is especially useful in identifying factitial diarrhea.
Emergency Radiology: A Journal of Practical Imaging
Authors: Enrique Pantoja
Journal: JAMA (1995)

The scope of this journal is clearly defined: the radiological aspects of acute injuries or illnesses. Yet the potential readership is wide-ranging, extending beyond the field of radiology. This publication serves as the official journal of the American Society of Emergency Radiology (ASER), which was founded in 1988. Both the editor-in-chief and the associate editor are nationally recognized as leaders in radiology. The contributions to<i>Emergency Radiology</i>are reviewed by an editorial board of distinguished experts and deal with timely topics of practical interest to any practitioner in acute medical care. Each issue contains five to eight articles, at least one of which is a review. Other regular features are editorials, diagnostic challenge cases, and a section entitled "Topics in Emergency Radiology Education." Case reports presented at annual meetings of the ASER and letters to the editor may be featured in the future. Detailed and complete instructions to authors appear