tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Steroid Hormone Receptor Activity*
Authors: THOMAS G. MULDOON
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1980)

Because of the intimidating complexity of homeostatic regulation, the modern researcher in the life sciences is generally obliged to consider physiological phenomena in the most simple, and unfortunately often the most simplistic, terms. While this approach may be initially necessary in certain areas to maintain some semblance of order and sanity, it can become stultifying if allowed to propagate too long. Every physiological action must be recognized ultimately as occurring only in response to a persistently dynamic situation involving any number of influential factors. This may be likened to a strategic battle in which opposing forces are warring on constantly shifting terrain, aided or hindered by an army of diversified hand-picked specialists, with an apparent outcome which can be instantaneously reversed by the sudden appearance of auxiliary support and reinforcements. Many excellent review articles and books have been published during the last decade dealing with the mechanism of action of steroid hormones. From its inception in the early 1960's, receptorology has advanced to a much more sophisticated level as a result of extensive refinements in the methods for measurement of receptors; the detection and delineation of discrete systems in which receptor fluctuations can be assessed in the relative absence of extenuating influences; an awareness of the necessity for concomitant quantification of total cell receptor content and distribution; wide scale independent investigation of a multitude of tissues responding in different ways to different classes of steroid hormones; application of the most advanced and current concepts of molecular biology to the area of steroid-receptor interactions; and continued progress in the pursuit of receptor purification and characterization. Often as a by-product of such studies, an assortment of factors, both endoge-nous and exogenously introduced, have been discovered to influence receptor activity to varying degrees and often in conflicting directions. In the present review, an attempt will be made to analyze the effects of some of these factors within arbitrarily-chosen groupings, in order to assimilate the current status of knowledge in this area. It is felt that such a compilation may be of value in focusing attention on the functional activity of the receptor as it exists within the living cell, rather than simply in an isolated in vitro tissue preparation. It is not within the scope of this discussion to present a comprehensive analysis of all the work done in this field; therefore, most of the stress will be placed upon recent observations as they pertain to our understanding of the basic concepts of receptor regulation.
A longitudinal follow-up of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen-positive chinese children
Authors: Anna S. F. Lok, Ching-Lung Lai
Journal: Hepatology (1988)

Fifty-one asymptomatic Chinese hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier children (34 boys, 17 girls), age 1 to 15 years (median: 10 years), were prospectively followed for up to 4 years (median: 30 months) to determine the natural evolution of clinical, biochemical and virological features during the early phase of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatomegaly was the only abnormal finding on examination, being present in five children initially and four at follow-up. Serum ALT levels were normal in 80% of the children at presentation and remained within the normal range during the study in 60%. Fluctuations in ALT levels were mild. In four of 12 instances, transient elevations in ALT levels were associated with a fall in serum hepatitis B virus DNA levels. At presentation, 43 (84%) children were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive; only two (7%) cleared HBeAg on follow-up. None of the eight children who were initially positive for the antibody to HBeAg reverted back to HBeAg positivity. All the children remained HBsAg positive. In this study, we demonstrated that chronic hepatitis B virus infection in asymptomatic Chinese children is usually associated with a mild and stable liver disease despite high levels of hepatitis B virus replication. This may reflect an immunological tolerance to the hepatitis B virus induced by early exposure to the virus and accounts for the persistently high levels of hepatitis B virus replication on follow-up.
A 26-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Effect of Omalizumab on Markers of Asthma Impairment in Patients With Persistent Allergic Asthma
Authors: M. Figliomeni, F. Kianifard, X. Meng
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Communicating risks at the population level: application of population impact numbers
Authors: R. F Heller
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Communicating population risk to policy makers and the public is important, but traditional epidemiological measures of risk are difficult to understand. PIN-ER- t , a measure of the population impact of risk factors, is simpler to understand and hence may be useful 

Communicating levels of health related risks to decision makers and the public is increasingly important. Clinical and public health professionals are becoming familiar with best practice in communicating risk to individual patients or members of the public.1 However, communicating risk to those who determine health policy has been less well studied. Although we do not have direct evidence of inappropriate health policy decisions being made, a questionnaire survey found health service managers seem to be inappropriately influenced by presentations of risk and benefit in relative rather than absolute terms.2

For understanding disease causation and to describe the impact of risk factors for disease, the traditional epidemiological measures are absolute and relative risk. However, these do not give a clear indication of the impact of a risk factor at population level, since they do not take into account the prevalence of the risk factor in a population. Epidemiological measures that do take this into account, such as population attributable risk (PAR), are difficult to conceptualise and remember and may be incomprehensible to non-epidemiologists. (In addition, different terms are used for PAR,3 including population attributable fraction (PAF)4 and population attributable risk proportion (PARP),5 which can be confusing for expert and non-expert audiences alike.6)

For a healthcare organisation to allocate resources effectively and develop services according to its health priorities, there may be value in producing and communicating numbers that show the impact of risk factors for disease in the local population in ways that can be easily calculated and understood. We have therefore …
Risk of Breast, Uterine Corpus, and Ovarian Cancer in Women Receiving Medroxyprogesterone Injections
Authors: Arthur P. Liang
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Animal studies have yielded conflicting results on the carcinogenicity of long-acting progestins. Since more than 1.5 million women worldwide are currently receiving injections of a contraceptive progestin, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, this is potentially an important public health problem. We obtained information on the occurrence of breast, uterine, and ovarian cancer among 5,000 black women attending a metropolitan hospital's family planning clinic who had received injections of medroxyprogesterone for contraception (between 1967 and 1976). The women were followed up for four to 13 years after their initial medroxyprogesterone injection. We compared the observed number of cancer cases in these women with the expected number based on annual age-, race-, and sex-specific rates derived from National Cancer Institute data. During more than 40,000 woman-years of observation, we found no evidence of an increased risk of developing cancer of the breast, uterine corpus, or ovary in these women. After adjusting for possible underascertainment of cancer because of incomplete follow-up, we found the relative risk for medroxyprogesterone users to be 0.7 for breast cancer (95% confidence limits, 0.3 to 1.4), 1.2 (95% confidence limits, 0.1 to 6.7) for cancer of the uterine corpus, and 0.8 (95% confidence limits, 0.1 to 4.6) for ovarian cancer. (<i>JAMA</i>1983;249:2909-2912)
Molecular investigation into outbreak of HIV in a Scottish prison
Authors: D L Yirrell, P Robertson, D J Goldberg, J McMenamin, S Cameron, A J L. Brown
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To support already established epidemiological links between inmates of Glenochil prison positive for HIV infection by using molecular techniques and thus provide evidence of the extent of acquisition during a recent outbreak of the disease resulting from needle sharing. To identify possible sources of the outbreak, and to demonstrate the ability of the methodology to make further links beyond the original outbreak. <b>Design:</b> Viral sequences obtained from the blood of HIV positive prisoners previously identified by standard epidemiological methods were compared with each other and with sequences from other Scottish patients. <b>Setting:</b> Glenochil prison for men, central Scotland. <b>Subjects:</b> Adult inmates and their possible contacts. <b>Results:</b> Phylogenetic analysis of viral sequences in two different genomic regions showed that 13 of the 14 HIV positive prisoners had been infected from a common source. Previous research had shown that six of these had acquired their infection in Glenochil; molecular evidence suggests that more than double this number were infected while incarcerated. Virus from two long term HIV positive patients who were in the prison at the time of the outbreak but who were not identified in the original or subsequent surveys was sufficiently different to make it unlikely that they were the source. A viral sequence from heterosexual transmission from one inmate showed the ability of these techniques to follow the infection through different routes of infection. <b>Conclusion:</b> The number of prisoners infected with HIV during the 1993 outbreak within Glenochil prison was more than twice that previously shown. This shows the potential for the spread of bloodborne diseases within prisons by injecting drugs. <h3>Key messages</h3> Originally, standard serological studies established that six out of 14 HIV positive people had acquired their infection in Glenochil prison in 1993 A subsequent survey estimated that up to 20 prisoners were HIV positive at that time Molecular linkage techniques showed that 13 of the original 14 infected men had viral sequences similar enough to indicate that one source of infection was common to all Molecular techniques provide a powerful epidemiological tool either to link or to distance infections with HIV Injecting drug use is a potentially explosive health care problem in prisons
Fatal Rhizopus Infections in Hemodialysis Patients Receiving Deferoxamine
Authors: DAVID W. WINDUS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Four hemodialysis patients receiving deferoxamine for metal overload had fatal rhinocerebral rhizopus infections. Serious fungal infections are not commonly seen in patients on dialysis, and none of these patients had the usual risk factors for rhizopus infection. Deferoxamine is being used with increased frequency in dialysis patients for aluminum and iron overload states. We propose that there is a link between the deferoxamine therapy and this unusual infection. Deferoxamine may serve as a specific growth factor for Rhizopus species or may alter host immune function. We suggest searching for fungal organisms in patients with unexplained illnesses receiving deferoxamine.
16 TRANSITORY REPLICATION OF HCV (JFH1 STRAIN) IN HEPG2 AND HEPA-RG CELLS: CONTRIBUTION OF THE MODE OF GENOME DELIVERY AND MODULATION OF INNATE IMUNE RESPONSES
Authors: D. Durantel, C. Alotte, J. Lucifora, M. Maire, F.-L. Cosset, B. Bartosch, F. Zoulim
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Breast-Cancer Screening
Authors: Samuel O. Thier
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

IN its highest form medical controversy provides the energy for inquiry and progress. When controversy descends from the intellectual to the emotional plane, participants become more the advocates of belief than the seekers of truth. When the "experts" champion opposing positions, it becomes the responsibility of each physician to examine personally the data available and to separate facts from assumptions or articles of faith.The current controversy about screening for breast cancer may accurately be described as highly emotional. Expert opinions range from the view that screening programs will save many lives to the belief that these programs will produce . . .
DETERMINATION OF THE VALUE OF ANTISEPTICS
Authors: ABBOTT WILLIAM ALLEN
Journal: JAMA (1931)

It may safely be inferred that the use of antiseptics antedates the earliest existing record of mankind. The preservation of foods in times of plenty for the periods of scarcity was a lesson learned early by prehistoric races. They preserved their foods by dyeing, smoking, salting or spicing. Spices, volatile oils, and balsams were early used by priests and healers in the care of wounds, although antisepsis was undreamed of. Later certain preparations of mercury and other heavy metals came into common usage. Distilled liquors, potions made from herbs, and even the cautery were listed in the armamentarium of our forebears devoted to the healing of wounds. Throughout the ages, and until the work of Lister in the latter third of the nineteenth century, the term "antiseptic," however, was associated exclusively with the preservation of foodstuffs. Following his epoch-making discoveries, new and different terms with distinct meanings came into being.
Inherited Variation in Hormone-Regulating Genes and Prostate Cancer Survival
Authors: Sara Lindström, Hans-Olov Adami, Katarina Augustsson Bälter, Jianfeng Xu, S. Lilly Zheng, Pär Stattin, Henrik Grönberg, Fredrik Wiklund
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: Hormonal manipulation is the mainstay treatment of prostate cancer, notably in advanced stages. Despite initial favorably response, the cancer eventually develops hormone resistance resulting in disease progression and death. However, little is known about genetic determinants of disease progression and prostate cancer–specific death. Experimental Design: We analyzed a population-based cohort comprising 2,761 men diagnosed with prostate cancer from March 2001 to October 2003 and with complete follow-up through July 2006. During a median follow-up time of 3.8 years, a total of 300 men had died from prostate cancer. We genotyped 23 haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes AR, CYP17, and SRD5A2 and used Cox proportional hazards analyses to quantify associations between genotype and risk of dying from prostate cancer. Results: The variant ‘A’ allele of an AR promoter single nucleotide polymorphism, rs17302090, was borderline associated with a 50% increased risk of dying from prostate cancer (95% confidence interval, 1.0-2.3; P = 0.07). This finding was more pronounced in patients who received hormonal therapy as primary treatment at diagnosis (hazard ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-2.9; P = 0.007). We did not identify any associations between CYP17 or SRD5A2 variation and prostate cancer–specific death. Conclusions: Our results suggest that inherited genetic variation in the androgen receptor gene affects hormonal treatment response and ultimately prostate cancer death.
Thalassemia β<sup>0</sup> due to an identical frameshift mutation, codon 15 (−T) in both parents
Authors: Bani Gajra, Debasis Bandyopadhyay, Shila Chakrabarti, Bani Sengupta, Madhusnata De, R.V. Shaji, Geeta Talukder
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2004)
Cat scratch colon is caused by barotrauma secondary to insufflation during colonoscopy
Authors: J. Baudet, D. Diaz-Bethencourt, X. Arguiñarena, M. Soler, S. Morales, J. Avilés
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

Over the past year we have read with interest several papers published in Endoscopy regarding what has been fittingly termed "cat scratch colon". This condition is characterized by bright red linear markings that arise spontaneously and resemble scratches made by a cat. The term was coined by McDonnell et al. [1], who in their series of 8277 colonoscopies reported a prevalence rate of 0.25 % for these lesions. They found that the lesions occur in the ascending colon and are more common in women. Histological examination revealed the presence of collagenous colitis in three patients (14 %) and normal mucosa in the remaining 18 patients (86 %). The authors suspect that these lesions are secondary to barotrauma, although they were unable to confirm this hypothesis. More recently, both Katsinelos et al. [2] and Tominaga et al. [3] have reported cases of cat scratch colon, again in the right colon. Both ascribe the lesions to barotrauma while specifying that data to support this etiology are insufficient.
Cancer Risk Elicitation and Communication: Lessons from the Psychology of Risk Perception
Authors: W. M. P. Klein, M. E. Stefanek
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2007)

Cancer risk perceptions are a key predictor of risk-reduction practices, health behaviors, and processing of cancer information. Nevertheless, patients and the general public (as well as health care providers) exhibit a number of errors and biases in the way they think about risk, such that their risk perceptions and decisions deviate greatly from those prescribed by normative decision models and by experts in risk assessment. For example, people are more likely to engage in screening behaviors such as mammography when faced with loss-based messages than gain-framed messages, and they often ignore the base rate of a given disease when assessing their own risk of obtaining this disease. In this article, we review many of the psychological processes that underlie risk perception and discuss how these processes lead to such deviations. Among these processes are difficulties with use of numerical information (innumeracy), cognitive processes (eg, use of time-saving heuristics), motivational factors (eg, loss and regret aversion), and emotion. We conclude with suggestions for future research in the area, as well as implications for improving the elicitation and communication of personal cancer risk.
Myositis Ossificans as a Complication of Tetanus
Authors: Neal C. Pitts
Journal: JAMA (1964)

HETEROTROPHIC CALCIFICATION, periarticular calcification, and traumatic myositis ossificans are names used as synonyms to describe the development of non-neoplastic bone in muscle following trauma. Although myositis ossificans has been reported following paralytic diseases of the central nervous system only one report of this syndrome as a complication of tetanus has been described.<sup>1</sup>Thus the finding of myositis ossificans in two patients recovering from tetanus prompted this report. <h3>Report of Cases</h3><h3>Case 1.—</h3> A 44-year-old Negro male was admitted to the University Medical Center on Aug 16, 1961, with tetanus. He had been in good health until Aug 6, when he received third degree burns to the lateral aspect of his left foot and leg. When he was first seen by his physician on Aug 14, the patient was not given tetanus antitoxin or toxoid. Early on the 16th he noticed "soreness between his shoulders" and "stiffness of his jaws" and
Lymphoscintigraphy and Gamma Probe–Guided Surgery in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: HANS JÜRGEN GALLOWITSCH, PETER MIKOSCH, EWALD KRESNIK, MICHAEL STARLINGER, PETER LIND
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1999)

The authors report the use of lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe-guided resection of the sentinel lymph node in a 65-year-old woman with clinically and cytologically indicated metastasizing papillary thyroid carcinoma. The results of the preoperative lymphoscintigraphy corresponded well with FDG PET and histologic findings, which gives promise of its validity in thyroid carcinoma. With experience in ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy, this method can be performed without any serious side effects for the patient. The validity of the sentinel lymph node concept in thyroid carcinoma and a possible improvement of nodal staging and local recurrence rate must still be proved.
High-Resolution Genome-Wide Mapping of Genetic Alterations in Human Glial Brain Tumors
Authors: Markus Bredel, Claudia Bredel, Dejan Juric, Griffith R. Harsh, Hannes Vogel, Lawrence D. Recht, Branimir I. Sikic
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract High-resolution genome-wide mapping of exact boundaries of chromosomal alterations should facilitate the localization and identification of genes involved in gliomagenesis and may characterize genetic subgroups of glial brain tumors. We have done such mapping using cDNA microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization technology to profile copy number alterations across 42,000 mapped human cDNA clones, in a series of 54 gliomas of varying histogenesis and tumor grade. This gene-by-gene approach permitted the precise sizing of critical amplicons and deletions and the detection of multiple new genetic aberrations. It has also revealed recurrent patterns of occurrence of distinct chromosomal aberrations as well as their interrelationships and showed that gliomas can be clustered into distinct genetic subgroups. A subset of detected alterations was shown predominantly associated with either astrocytic or oligodendrocytic tumor phenotype. Finally, five novel minimally deleted regions were identified in a subset of tumors, containing putative candidate tumor suppressor genes (TOPORS, FANCG, RAD51, TP53BP1, and BIK) that could have a role in gliomagenesis.
Hemodynamic and renal effects of ascites apheresis and reinfusion in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: M. Bernardi, A. Rimondi, A. Gasbarrini, F. Trevisani, M. Baraldini, P. Andreone, C. Cursaro, C. DeCollibus, F. Zacà, A. Ligabue, G. Gasbarrini
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1991)
SPECIFIC READING DISABILITY —STREPHOSYMBOLIA
Authors: Percy H. Fridenberg
Journal: JAMA (1928)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Having read with much interest the article by Dr. Samuel T. Orton (The Journal, April 7, p. 1095) entitled as above, and finding, throughout, the evidence of careful psychologic study as well as of shrewd clinical insight, I am the more surprised at one or two examples of what, to me at least, appear as instances of faulty logic, medical as well as dialectic. Thus, as to the general assumption that defective readers are generally also mentally defective, we note the following: "Very often the logic of this explanation forms a typical vicious circle. The child is said to be feebleminded<i>because</i>he cannot learn to read, and his inability to learn to read is said to be<i>because</i>he is feebleminded" [italics, mine]. Surely, here is a dialectic straw man—erected quite unintentionally I am willing to believe—which Dr. Orton then upsets. The fallacy or catch is
Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: John J. Marini
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

For a small but important fraction of patients receiving mechanical ventilation, protracted dependence on a ventilator entails serious hazard, disability, and cost. Most such patients have a major catabolic illness, severe underlying lung disease, or profound neuromuscular weakness. As exemplified in the work of Yang and Tobin reported in this issue of the Journal,1 recent advances in our understanding of respiratory pathophysiology have facilitated decision making and the process of withdrawal (weaning) from mechanical ventilation.The need for ventilatory assistance stems from several sources, including psychological distress, refractory hypoxemia, and cardiovascular dysfunction. The most common cause, however, is an . . .