tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
John Roger Dove
Authors: Martin Collinson
Journal: BMJ (2004)

An icon in the treatment of Lassa feverIn early 2000 Dr Bill Aldis, then the World Health Organization's representative in Sierra Leone, remembers getting a worried call from Geneva: "I've got an ICRC [International Committee of the Red Cross] staff member with suspected Lassa fever just evacuated from Kenema [in Sierra Leone].What do I do?" Dr Aldis replied, "The best thing you could do is put him on an airplane and get him back to Kenema-there's a hospital there with the world's greatest expert in Lassa fever, a guy named Conteh . .."Such was the reputation of Aniru Conteh, who ran the world's only Lassa fever isolation ward.Born in 1942 in Jawi Folu, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone, Aniru Conteh was the son of the local chief.At the age of 16 he left home to go to school in the country's capital, Freetown, where he went on to study chemistry and biology at Fourah Bay College.Initially he worked as a teacher, but in 1974 he enrolled as a medical student at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria, where he continued to work after qualifying, until he returned to Sierra Leone in 1979 and started working on the Lassa fever programme.Lassa fever takes its name from a small village in Nigeria, where a mysterious outbreak in a mission hospital in 1969 led to the three mission nurses becoming infected.Two of the nurses died, but the third survived and was evacuated to the Colombia Presbyterian Hospital in New York.Wilbur
Letter: Sterilisation of children under 16.
Authors: S D Court, J Lloyd
Journal: BMJ (1976)

In response to a recent Dept. of Health and Social Security paper on sterilization of children under 16, the British Paediatric Association states its opinion. Sterilization is recommended for 2 groups: 1) those for whom sterilization is unavoidable in the course of treatment of a serious medical condition (such as cancer of the pelvic organs), and 2) those with severe mental handicap in which pregnancy is not desired. In the 1st case the decision should be made by the doctor in charge, in con sultation with others if at all possible. In the 2nd a decision should not be made by a single doctor but by other medical personnel, social workers, and the like. Genetic conditions alone do not indicate sterilization under the age of 16 and in no instance should a parent secure a daughter's sterilization because it is feared the child may become promiscuous. Wherever possible, sterilization should be postponed until the age of consent. The Paediatric Association is not in favor of a central registry or any form of notification, and decisions should not be delegated to ethical committees. If consensus cannot be reached, a ward of court procedure should be followed.
Differential Time to Positivity: A Useful Method for Diagnosing Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Issam Raad, Hend A. Hanna, Badie Alakech, Ioannis Chatzinikolaou, Marcella M. Johnson, Jeffrey Tarrand
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2004)

Catheter-related bloodstream infections are associated with recognized morbidity and mortality, especially in critically ill patients. Accurate diagnosis of such infections results in proper management of patients and in reducing unnecessary removal of catheters.To evaluate differential time to positivity as a method for diagnosing catheter-related bacteremias caused by both short-term and long-term use of central venous catheters.Prospective study design.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, a tertiary care cancer center.All patients, between September 1999 and November 2000, who had the same organism isolated from blood cultures drawn simultaneously through the central venous catheter and the peripheral vein.Time necessary for the blood cultures from the central venous catheter and the peripheral vein to become positive, as well as other relevant patient information.191 bloodstream infections with positive simultaneous central venous catheter and peripheral vein blood cultures were included. One hundred eight patients had catheter-related bacteremias, and 83 had non-catheter-related bacteremias. Catheter-related bacteremias were more frequently caused by staphylococci and less likely to be associated with underlying hematologic malignant conditions, neutropenia, and longer duration of hospitalization. As a diagnostic tool for catheter-related bacteremia (using a composite definition reference standard according to the Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines), differential time to positivity of 120 minutes or more was associated with 81% sensitivity and 92% specificity for short-term catheters and 93% sensitivity and 75% specificity for long-term catheters.Differential time to positivity of 120 minutes or more is highly sensitive and specific for catheter-related bacteremia in patients who have short- and long-term catheters.
Cyclooxygenase metabolites mediate glomerular monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 formation and monocyte recruitment in experimental glomerulonephritis
Authors: André Schneider, Sigrid Harendza, Gunther Zahner, Thomas Jocks, Ulrich Wenzel, Gunter Wolf, Friedrich Thaiss, Udo Helmchen, Rolf A.K. Stahl
Journal: Kidney International (1999)
"DIVERTICULUM OF BLADDER IN THE INGUINAL CANAL"
Authors: T. L. Eyerly
Journal: JAMA (1923)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In reference to diverticulum of the bladder in the inguinal canal, described by Dr. Stein inThe Journal, March 3, it is interesting to note that in the surgical literature of one hundred years ago, frequent mention is made of inguinal cystocele. Samuel Cooper of London, in his Surgical Treatise (First Lines of Practice of Surgery with Notes, by Alexander H. Stevens, M.D., Vol. 2, New York, James V. Seaman, 1822), discusses at considerable length "Cystocele or Hernia of the Bladder." He writes: "The protrusion of the bladder at the abdominal ring is the most frequent. It is generally seen in male subjects, a large proportion of whom are considerably advanced in life, and have been repeatedly afflicted with retention of urine." As the author advises waiting until the fourth day to relieve, by operative procedures, complete retention of urine when catheterization is impossible, stating this to
Orlistat for overweight subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomized, prospective trial
Authors: Stephen A. Harrison, Will Fecht, Elizabeth M. Brunt, Brent A. Neuschwander‐Tetri
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

The aim of this study was to determine if orlistat, an inhibitor of fat absorption, combined with caloric restriction in overweight subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis results in weight loss and improved liver histology. Fifty overweight subjects (body mass index = ≥27) with biopsy proven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis were randomized to receive a 1,400 Kcal/day diet plus vitamin E (800 IU) daily with or without orlistat (120 mg three times a day) for 36 weeks. Liver biopsies were repeated at week 36. Twenty-three subjects in the orlistat/diet/vitamin E group and 18 in the diet/vitamin E group completed the study. The mean age was 47 ± 9.0 (standard deviation) years and mean body mass index was 36.4 ± 6.3 kg/m2. Four subjects were diabetic. The orlistat group lost a mean of 8.3% body weight compared to 6.0% in the diet plus vitamin E group (not significant). Both groups also had similarly improved serum aminotransferases, hepatic steatosis, necroinflammation, ballooning, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity scores. Stratified according to weight loss instead of treatment group, a loss of ≥5% body weight (n = 24) compared to <5% body weight (n = 17) correlated with improvement in insulin sensitivity (P = 0.001) and steatosis (P = 0.015). Comparing subjects who lost ≥9% of body weight (n = 16), to those that did not (n = 25), improved insulin sensitivity (P < 0.001), adiponectin (P = 0.03), steatosis (P = 0.005), ballooning (P = 0.04), inflammation (P = 0.045), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (P = 0.009) were seen. Increases in adiponectin strongly correlated with improved ballooning and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (P = 0.03). Orlistat did not enhance weight loss or improve liver enzymes, measures of insulin resistance, and histopathology. However, subjects who lost ≥5% of body weight over 9 months improved insulin resistance and steatosis, and those subjects who lost ≥9% also achieved improved hepatic histologic changes. (HEPATOLOGY > 2009;49:80-86.)
Genetic Modulation of Neurocognitive Function in Glioma Patients
Authors: Yanhong Liu, Renke Zhou, Erik P. Sulman, Michael E. Scheurer, Nicholas Boehling, Georgina N. Armstrong, Spiridon Tsavachidis, Fu-Wen Liang, Carol J. Etzel, Charles A. Conrad, Mark R. Gilbert, Terri S. Armstrong, Melissa L. Bondy, Jeffrey S. Wefel
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract Purpose: Accumulating evidence supports the contention that genetic variation is associated with neurocognitive function in healthy individuals and increased risk for neurocognitive decline in a variety of patient populations, including cancer patients. However, this has rarely been studied in glioma patients. Experimental Design: To identify the effect of genetic variants on neurocognitive function, we examined the relationship between the genotype frequencies of 10,967 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 580 genes related to five pathways (inflammation, DNA repair, metabolism, cognitive, and telomerase) and neurocognitive function in 233 newly diagnosed glioma patients before surgical resection. Four neuropsychologic tests that measured memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test—Revised), processing speed (Trail Making Test A), and executive function (Trail Making Test B, Controlled Oral Word Association) were examined. Results: Eighteen polymorphisms were associated with processing speed and 12 polymorphisms with executive function. For processing speed, the strongest signals were in IRS1 rs6725330 in the inflammation pathway (P = 2.5 × 10−10), ERCC4 rs1573638 in the DNA repair pathway (P = 3.4 × 10−7), and ABCC1 rs8187858 in metabolism pathway (P = 6.6 × 10−7). For executive function, the strongest associations were in NOS1 rs11611788 (P = 1.8 × 10−8) and IL16 rs1912124 (P = 6.0 × 10−7) in the inflammation pathway, and POLE rs5744761 (P = 6.0 × 10−7) in the DNA repair pathway. Joint effect analysis found significant gene polymorphism-dosage effects for processing speed (Ptrend = 9.4 × 10−16) and executive function (Ptrend = 6.6 × 10−15). Conclusions: Polymorphisms in inflammation, DNA repair, and metabolism pathways are associated with neurocognitive function in glioma patients and may affect clinical outcomes. Clin Cancer Res; 21(14); 3340–6. ©2015 AACR.
THE VALUE OF THE SANATORIUM IN THE CRUSADE AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS.
Authors: CLARENCE L. WHEATON
Journal: JAMA (1907)

The progress of scientific medicine during the past decade has indeed been phenomenal. The original investigator has made contributions of seemingly untold value to us in the diagnosis and treatment of many formidable types of disease, yet new problems in the care and treatment of the tuberculous are constantly arising, to which the many contributions to scientific medicine seem less applicable than in the case of other prevalent diseases of a less complex nature. It is my purpose in presenting this paper to consider briefly one of the most important factors in the successful treatment of tuberculosis and solution of this great problem, not losing sight of the fact that there exists a social and economic aspect to the disease. Are we not demonstrating throughout the civilized world the cure of a disease at one time considered incurable? And the results achieved in this field of medical science are of
Hepatitis B Virus Replication in Southern African Blacks with HBsAg-Positive Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Ernest Song, Geoffrey M. Dusheiko, Sheila Bowyer, Michael C. Kew
Journal: Hepatology (1984)

Sera from 106 southern African blacks with hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B surface antigenemia (HBsAg) were tested for hepatitis B viral DNA (HBV-DNA) activity, HBV-DNA polymerase concentrations, and HBV e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody (anti-HBe) to investigate the state of viral replication in these patients. HBeAg and anti-HBe were detected by radioimmunoassay, HBV-DNA by molecular hybridization using a 32p-labeled HBV-DNA probe, and HBV-DNA polymerase was measured by incorporation of 3H-labeled thymidine triphosphate into double-stranded HBV-DNA. HBeAg was present in 30.2% (32/106) of the patients, almost always in low titer; 63.8% of the patients were anti-HBe positive. Circulating HBV-DNA was detected in 18.8% (20/106) of patients, including 14 of 32 (43.7%) who were HBeAg positive and 6 of 74 (8.1%) who were anti-HBe positive. In most patients, only trace amounts of HBV-DNA were evident. Raised HBV-DNA polymerase activity was found in 5.6% (6/106) of the patients, all of whom were HBeAg positive and 4 of whom had detectable amounts of circulating HBV-DNA. The HBV-DNA polymerase activity was relatively low in these patients. HBV replication thus appears to be present in only a minority of southern African Blacks with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma, and when present is of low grade activity.
Leslie Thomas Scott
Authors: M. Rucklidge
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Leslie Thomas Scott, who established the department of anaesthesia in Lancaster and also started one of the earliest preoperative assessment clinics in the country, has died aged 92.

Born in Liverpool, he was educated at Ulverston Grammar School, followed by Oxford and UCH. Graduating in 1941, he joined a practice in Tonbridge, with some anaesthetic sessions.

By 1950 he had become disillusioned with general practice and to his considerable …
Abnormal in vivo metabolism of apolipoprotein E4 in humans.
Authors: R E Gregg, L A Zech, E J Schaefer, D Stark, D Wilson, H B Brewer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is important in modulating the catabolism of remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles. It is a polymorphic protein with the three common alleles coding for apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4. ApoE3 is considered the normal isoform, while apoE4 is associated both with hypercholesterolemia and type V hyperlipoproteinemia. We quantitated the kinetics of metabolism of apoE4 in 19 normolipidemic apoE3 homozygotes and 1 normolipidemic apoE4 homozygote, and compared this with the metabolism of apoE3 in 12 normolipidemic apoE3 homozygotes. In the apoE3 homozygous subjects, apoE4 was catabolized twice as fast as apoE3, with a mean plasma residence time of 0.37 +/- 0.01 d (+/- SEM) and 0.73 +/- 0.05 (P less than 0.001), respectively. When plasma was fractionated into the lipoprotein subclasses, the greatest amount of labeled apoE4 was present on very low density lipoproteins, while the largest fraction of labeled apoE3 was associated with high density lipoproteins. The plasma apoE concentration was decreased in an apoE4 homozygote compared with the apoE3 homozygotes (3.11 mg/dl vs. 4.83 +/- 0.35 mg/dl). The reduced apoE4 concentration was entirely due to a decreased apoE4 residence time in the apoE4 homozygote (0.36 d vs. 0.73 +/- 0.05 d for apoE3 in apoE3 homozygotes). These results indicate that apoE4 is kinetically different than apoE3, and suggest that the presence of apoE4 in hypercholesterolemic and type V hyperlipoproteinemic individuals may play an important pathophysiological role in the development of these dyslipoproteinemias.
Compound heterozygosity of novel missense mutations in the gamma-glutamyl-carboxylase gene causes hereditary combined vitamin K–dependent coagulation factor deficiency
Authors: Dhouha Darghouth, Kevin W. Hallgren, Rebecca L. Shtofman, Amel Mrad, Youssef Gharbi, Ahmed Maherzi, Radhia Kastally, Sophie LeRicousse, Kathleen L. Berkner, Jean-Philippe Rosa
Journal: Blood (2006)
RETICULOENDOTHELIAL CLEARANCE OF CIRCULATING FIBRIN IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION
Authors: Leung Lee
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1962)

Intravenous injections of endotoxin or infusions of thrombin in the rabbit initiate intravascular coagulation but do not usually result in massive deposition of fibrin. It has been proposed that the reticuloendothelial system may function efficiently in the removal of circulating fibrin; its blockade permits reproduction of all of the features of the generalized Shwartzman reaction by infusions of thrombin. In the rabbit the reticuloendothelial system may constitute the major protective mechanism against the vasculo-occlusive lesions of the generalized Shwartzman reaction, which appears to be the direct consequence of intravascular fibrin formation and deposition.
Treatment of Peptic Ulcer
Authors: Louis Zetzel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1953)

ACTH in Peptic UlcerThe experiences with ACTH and cortisone in peptic ulcer provide an interesting commentary on the applicability to clinical medicine of results derived from animal experimentation. There were several considerations that suggested the importance of the pituitary-gonadal mechanism in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer.94 The relative infrequency of ulcers in women, the beneficial effect of pregnancy on ulcer symptoms and the frequent aggravation of these symptoms after the menopause, as well as the fact that the anterior pituitary gland undergoes hypertrophy during pregnancy, led to the theory that a protective substance against ulcer was elaborated by the . . .
informed consent and risk communication in France
Authors: N. Moumjid
Journal: BMJ (2003)

As Mazur emphasises, the primary focus of informed consent when interpreted in a judicial context is disclosure of risk. To the uninitiated, it might seem that the notion of informed consent in clinical care in France was discovered only after the law on patient rights and healthcare quality was passed on 4 March 2002.1 However, this law, which covers individual rights in relation to the healthcare system and rights of users of healthcare, also refers to a far older and complex right: the right to free and informed consent.

Although the Nuremberg Code is often cited in France and elsewhere as the origination of informed consent, French jurisprudence established the need to obtain informed consent as early as 1910.2 This notion was reinforced by a decree of the French Supreme Court on 28 January 1942 stating that all doctors have a fundamental obligation towards the state to obtain their patients' consent.3 In 1950, Louis Portes, then president of the French Medical Association, presented a paternalistic reflection on patient consent that later became a reference in the annals of medical law.4 …
Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest: An Integrated Study Based on the Abnormal Roentgenogram
Authors: James F. Morris
Journal: JAMA (1970)

At first, the reader is staggered by the immensity of the two volumes, yet the book couples discerning analysis with an unerring faculty for choosing the most logical mechanism or hypothesis. Practitioners of chest medicine have great need for this depth of knowledge, not previously available. The work provides a diagnostic approach based upon abnormal chest roentgenograms but is not aimed at the radiologist. Rather it is intended for all physicians who face diagnostic chest problems. The authors use the roentgenogram as a<i>starting</i>point, and clearly recognize the unique need to integrate clinical, laboratory, roentgenographic, and pathologic information. Management of chest disease, in general, consists of antimicrobial chemotherapy, surgical resection, suppression of inflammations, and treatment of acute or chronic ventilatory failure. Chest medicine is unusually preoccupied with pharmacologic witchcraft and unassessed forms of physical and inhalation therapy. The authors adroitly sidestepped all this by writing on diagnosis rather than
Office Treatment of Female Generative Organs.
Authors: F. A. Packard
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Kearney, Neb., Jan. 27, 1900. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —InThe Journalof January 27, Dr. Milo Buel Ward has sounded the bugle-call of reform in that pernicious practice of office treatment of female generative organs. How often do we see, in the present day. poor victims of that so-called tinkering local treatment week after week, with instruments that have been used on patient after patient, with only the cleaning that soap and cold water is able to give; admitting that proper sterilization has been done, the delicate endometrium has been subjected time and again to the ravages of the cotton probang? It is true, as Dr. Ward says, that the application of medicine to the vaginal vault for diseased appendages is quite as scientific as it would be for us to wash our faces in a bichlorid solution for the cure of post-nasal catarrh. Would that this article might be
T wave changes persisting after ventricular pacing in canine heart are altered by 4-aminopyridine but not by lidocaine. Implications with respect to phenomenon of cardiac 'memory'.
Authors: U del Balzo, M R Rosen
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND Cardiac "memory" refers to changes in T wave polarity induced by ventricular pacing that persist long after resumption of normal atrioventricular conduction. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied the occurrence and mechanism of T wave changes in the open-chest anesthetized dog subjected to three discontinuous 20-minute periods of right ventricular pacing. ECG changes were recorded in the standard limb leads during normal conduction (prepacing) and three trains (T1, T2, and T3) of right ventricular pacing at a rate 50% higher than normal (pacing), each followed by a period of normal conduction (postpacing) lasting as long as necessary for T wave changes to return to control values. During each of these phases, heart rate, QRS, corrected QT (QTc) duration, and T wave amplitude were measured. In the first group (control), T wave inversions occurred during normal atrioventricular conduction after a period of right ventricular pacing. These T wave anomalies appeared in the absence of any change in heart rate, QRS, or QTc duration. The magnitude of the T wave amplitude change was significantly greater after each successive pacing period. Furthermore, the changes in T wave morphology persisted for a longer period after each successive pacing train. In a second experimental group, lidocaine, which depresses the sodium window current, was administered to six dogs that were subjected to the same pacing protocol. Lidocaine decreased the QTc interval and prolonged QRS duration but did not alter the magnitude of changes in T wave amplitude and time to recovery described in control animals during the three postpacing intervals. In contrast, in the third group, 4-aminopyridine, a drug that blocks the transient outward current (ito), abolished the changes in T wave morphology that occurred during any postpacing interval. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the manifestation of cardiac memory in the in situ dog heart is not altered by lidocaine but is abolished by 4-aminopyridine. Thus, cardiac memory may be based on a physiological property of the myocardium that is related to specific K+ channels.
MPs criticise government over continued inaction on air pollution
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

A committee of MPs has called for new schools, hospitals, and care homes to be built away from major road intersections and from other air pollution hotspots to reduce deaths from nitrogen dioxide poisoning and particulate pollution.

In a report that is highly critical of the government’s inaction on air pollution,1 the Environmental Audit Committee also said that schools next to busy roads should be fitted with air filtration systems.

The report is the committee’s third on air pollution in five years and was prompted by the government ignoring recommendations from previous reports in 2010 and 2011, said MPs. The report argued, “It is unacceptable that a whole generation of people living in our towns and cities could have their health seriously impaired by air pollution above EU [European Union] limits before …