tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Commentary: Controversies in management of diabetes from preconception to the postnatal period
Authors: Lucy C Chappell, Sarah J Germain
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Why does the United Kingdom remain so far from achieving the aim of “a pregnancy outcome for women with diabetes that equates with that of women without diabetes,” an aim outlined at the landmark St Vincent meeting of diabetes experts, government representatives, and patient organisations nearly 20 years ago?1 Pregnancy outcomes in the UK continue to be substantially worse for women with pre-existing diabetes (both type 1 and type 2), with rates of congenital anomalies and perinatal mortality significantly higher than in non-diabetic women and with care regularly falling short of the required standard.2 Many of the recommendations in the new guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) seem sensible and will be of use to all healthcare professionals in this area, but in places they are surprisingly clear cut given the relative paucity of high quality evidence.

The guidelines …
Survival and clinical outcomes of children starting renal replacement therapy in the neonatal period
Authors: Kariljn J. van Stralen, Dagmara Borzych-Dużalka, Hiroshi Hataya, Sean E. Kennedy, Kitty J. Jager, Enrico Verrina, Carol Inward, Kai Rönnholm, Karel Vondrak, Bradley A. Warady, Aleksandra M. Zurowska, Franz Schaefer, Pierre Cochat
Journal: Kidney International (2014)
Small Muscle Wasting of the Hands in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: David Q Borsey, Roger E Cull, David M Fraser, David J Ewing, Ian W Campbell, Basil F Clarke
Journal: Diabetes Care (1983)

The clinical features and peripheral somatic and autonomic nerve function were studied in 10 diabetic subjects (nine men, one woman; mean age 59 yr, range 41-68 yr; mean duration of diabetes 20 yr, range 8 mo to 33 yr) with generalized small muscle wasting of the hands. Five patients were insulin-dependent and five non-insulin-dependent. Nine had retinopathy (two proliferative, seven background), five nephropathy, two ischemic heart disease, and seven peripheral vascular disease. Nine patients had clinical evidence of sensory peripheral neuropathy and absent reflexes in the lower limbs. Eight patients had distal sensory impairment and/or absent reflexes in the upper limbs. Seven had two or more symptoms of autonomic neuropathy. Nerve conduction measurements in the median, ulnar, and lateral popliteal nerves showed that all patients had moderate to severe polyneuropathy affecting both motor and sensory fibers. Nine had one or more abnormal cardiovascular autonomic function tests. Electromyography of affected muscles in the hands showed changes of chronic partial denervation and collateral reinnervation in all cases.
Evidence for Directional Selection Acting on Pheromone-Binding Proteins in the Genus Choristoneura
Authors: C. S. Willett
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2000)

Patterns of nucleotide variation consistent with the action of natural selection have been discovered at a number of different gene loci. Here, pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are examined to determine if selection has acted to fix amino acid changes in PBPs in lineages in which pheromone changes have occurred. PBPs from five different species of moths in the genus Choristoneura were sequenced, along with the PBP of Argyrotaenia velutinana, which serves as an outgroup. Three independent major pheromone changes are represented within this group of five Choristoneura species. Two different lineages show evidence for selection based on polymorphism and divergence comparisons and comparisons of rates of replacement evolution to silent and noncoding evolution. Along one of these lineages, leading to Choristoneura fumiferana, there has been a change to an aldehyde pheromone from an acetate pheromone. The second branch does not appear to be associated with a major pheromone change. Other branches in the tree show a trend toward greater replacement fixation than expected under neutrality. This trend could reflect undetected selective events within this group of PBPs. Selection appears to have acted to fix amino acid changes in the PBP of moths from the genus Choristoneura, but it is not clear that this selection is due to pheromone changes between species.
Sensitivity to Complex Statistical Regularities in Rat Auditory Cortex
Authors: Amit Yaron, Itai Hershenhoren, Israel Nelken
Journal: Neuron (2012)

SummaryNeurons in auditory cortex are sensitive to the probability of stimuli: responses to rare stimuli tend to be stronger than responses to common ones. Here, intra- and extracellular recordings from the auditory cortex of halothane-anesthetized rats revealed the existence of a finer sensitivity to the structure of sound sequences. Using oddball sequences in which the order of stimulus presentations is periodic, we found that tones in periodic sequences evoked smaller responses than the same tones in random sequences. Significant reduction in the responses to the common tones in periodic relative to random sequences occurred even when these tones consisted of 95% of the stimuli in the sequence. The reduction in responses paralleled the complexity of the sound sequences and could not be explained by short-term effects of clusters of deviants on succeeding standards. We conclude that neurons in auditory cortex are sensitive to the detailed structure of sound sequences over timescales of minutes.Highlights•We tested whether neurons in rodent auditory cortex are sensitive to surprise•Responses to tones in random sequences were larger than in periodic sequences•This reduction was present even for sequences with a period of 20 stimuli (6 s long)•Auditory cortex is sensitive to timescales used for processing of speech and music
Cloning of variable regions of an antibody that reacts with the soluble fraction of human liver cells and its possible value in chronic liver disease
Authors: H Saito
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

A gene encoding the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of a mouse monoclonal antibody designated H2, which specifically reacts with human liver cells, was cloned into a phagemid vector. The clone of the variable region was designed to be expressed as a separate protein, the structure of which is the same as that of the mouse antibody. The cloned phage protein specifically reacted with anti-idiotypic antibodies produced in rabbits against the original mouse antibody, and this reaction was specifically blocked by the original antibody. The soluble protein, expressed as a fusion protein, was detected as a single 30-kd band on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and specifically bound to an anti-H2 idiotypic antibody as determined by Western blot analysis. Sera of patients with various diseases were assayed for antibodies to anti-H2 by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Only sera from patients with chronic liver disease reacted strongly. This binding was specifically blocked by the cloned soluble protein. The nucleotide sequences of the variable regions were determined by the dideoxy chain- termination method, and the sequences were approximately 95% identical to those of other mouse immunoglobulins. These findings suggest that a human antibody with the same idiotype as a mouse monoclonal antibody that reacts with human liver cells, can be detected in patients with chronic liver disease, suggesting that autoimmunity may be partly responsible for these diseases.
Effect of anthralin on stratum corneum antigenicity and polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis
Authors: A. LANGNER, T.P. CHORZELSKI, M. FRACZYKOWSKA, E.H. BEUTNER, S. JABLONSKA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1981)

Journal Article Effect of anthralin on stratum corneum antigenicity and polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis Get access A. LANGNER, A. LANGNER Department of Dermatology, Warsaw Medical Academy, Koszykowa 82A, 02‐008 Warszawa, Poland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T.P. CHORZELSKI, T.P. CHORZELSKI Department of Dermatology, Warsaw Medical Academy, Koszykowa 82A, 02‐008 Warszawa, Poland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. FRACZYKOWSKA, M. FRACZYKOWSKA Department of Dermatology, Warsaw Medical Academy, Koszykowa 82A, 02‐008 Warszawa, Poland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar E.H. BEUTNER, E.H. BEUTNER Department of Microbiology, SUNY, Buffalo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S. JABLONSKA S. JABLONSKA Department of Dermatology, Warsaw Medical Academy, Koszykowa 82A, 02‐008 Warszawa, Poland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 105, Issue s20, 1 August 1981, Pages 62–63, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1981.tb01010.x Published: 01 August 1981
Bisphosphonates as Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Gregory R. Mundy, Toshiyuki Yoneda
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

The clinical use of bisphosphonates has increased dramatically during the past five years. The most common indication for these compounds is osteoporosis, but their use in osteolytic bone disease has grown very rapidly. The Food and Drug Administration's approval of pamidronate in 1995 for the treatment of normocalcemic patients with myeloma bone disease and in 1996 for those with osteolytic lesions of metastatic breast cancer was followed by widespread use of pamidronate in patients with tumors that involve bone. Recent clinical studies indicate that pamidronate reduces the frequency of skeletal events in patients with myeloma or breast cancer by approximately . . .
MYCOTIC ENDOCARDITIS DUE TO CANDIDA ALBICANS
Authors: Ralph H. Kunstadter
Journal: JAMA (1952)

During the past decade there has been an increasing interest manifested in systemic fungus disease as evidenced by the large number of reports in the literature. Actinomycosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, torulosis, moniliasis, sporotrichosis, and aspergillosis represent a group of mycotic diseases that occur in the United States and that may become disseminated, often terminating fatally.<sup>1</sup>However, endocarditis due to fungi is exceedingly rare<sup>2</sup>and, to the best of our knowledge, has not been described in infancy and has been reported only once in a child under 15 years of age.<sup>3</sup> Twenty-four cases of mycotic endocarditis have been found in the literature.<sup>4</sup>Among these, the organism was identified in 19 instances. In four cases an unidentified fungus was present, and in one case a fungus was identified in a blood culture but no autopsy was performed. In nine of the 24 cases, the disease was caused by
The pattern of communicable diseases in the UK and abroad.
Authors: J Howie
Journal: BMJ (1976)

Communicable microbial diseases display the versatility in herent in the microbes that cause them. Without a correspond ing ability to adapt our methods of control, we could fail to hold the low levels of morbidity and mortality to which we have grown accustomed. We must control the spread of infection, not merely with resolution but with full intelligence-in both senses of that word. Specialists in community medicine have now seen some of the effects of the organisational changes made in the National Health Service in 1974; and we need to examine whether these changes are likely to have improved or worsened the effectiveness of the control of microbial diseases.
Great and Desperate Cures: The Rise and Decline of Psychosurgery and Other Radical Treatments for Mental Illness
Authors: Thomas H. Lewis
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Prefrontal leukotomy was developed in Portugal in 1935 by the neurologist Egas Moniz for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Careful examination of Moniz' papers suggests to modern readers that the procedure was illconceived and ineffective, but it was introduced into the United States by neuropathologist Walter J. Freeman, who tirelessly promoted it until his death in 1972. Between 1948 and 1952, tens of thousands of patients worldwide were subjected to mutilation of their brains despite early and growing scientific criticism. Freeman himself did 3500 leukotomies. It was soon possible to show that the theoretical basis in brain physiology for the destruction of the pathways of the frontal lobes was flimsy, that the motivations were often economic, and that the results were appalling. By 1951, the Soviet Union, usually supportive of physical therapies in psychiatry, had banned the operation, and by the late 1960s leukotomy had been virtually abandoned everywhere else.
Overexpression of LEF1 predicts unfavorable outcome in adult patients with B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Andrea Kühnl, Nicola Gökbuget, Martin Kaiser, Cornelia Schlee, Andrea Stroux, Thomas Burmeister, Liliana H. Mochmann, Dieter Hoelzer, Wolf-Karsten Hofmann, Eckhard Thiel, Claudia D. Baldus
Journal: Blood (2011)
A Practical Aid in the Detection of Cardiac Hypertrophy
Authors: Francis W. Palfrey
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1952)

DETERMINING the presence or absence of enlargement is the first requirement in the physical examination of the heart. The final decision is subject to confirmation by fluoroscopy or by the 7-foot film, and skillful percussion should give closely corresponding outlines. But skill in percussion of heart outlines seems to have seriously deteriorated in recent decades, so that many practitioners are unable not only to draw an accurate outline of the heart and area of supracardiac dullness but also to decide with confidence whether the left border of dullness is within or outside the left midclavicular line.In the presence of . . .
Phase II Study of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin in Combination With Gemcitabine in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Edgardo Rivera, Vicente Valero, Banu Arun, Melanie Royce, Rosni Adinin, Karen Hoelzer, Ronald Walters, James L. Wade, Lajos Pusztai, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

Purpose: We conducted a phase II clinical trial to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with gemcitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Patients and Methods: Patients were eligible if they had measurable disease, no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease, and a performance status ≤ 2 on the Zubrod scale. Patients received pegylated liposomal doxorubicin 24 mg/m 2 intravenously on day 1, plus gemcitabine 800 mg/m 2 intravenously on days 1 and 8 of each 21-day cycle. Results: Of 49 patients enrolled, 27 had received prior adjuvant chemotherapy (19 with an anthracycline). Prior median cumulative anthracycline dose was 240 mg/m 2 . In total, three complete responses and 21 partial responses were achieved in 46 assessable patients, for an overall response rate of 52% (95% confidence interval, 37% to 67%). Responses were observed in 11 (58%) of 19 patients with previous anthracycline exposure. Median response duration was 5.6 months, time to progression was 4.5 months, and overall survival was 16.1 months. Although the most common grade 3 to 4 toxicities were hematologic, few neutropenic complications resulted. The most frequent nonhematologic toxicities were nausea and vomiting, fatigue, stomatitis, and hand-foot syndrome. One patient previously treated with an anthracycline developed a transient decrease (21%) in the left ventricular ejection fraction, with cardiac function recovering within 2 months. Conclusion: Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with gemcitabine is active and well tolerated in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Median overall survival was 16.1 months, and approximately 78% of patients derived clinical benefit from treatment. This regimen represents a therapeutic option for patients receiving front-line therapy for their metastatic breast cancer.
Color Doppler evaluation of aortic dissection.
Authors: S Iliceto, N C Nanda, P Rizzon, M C Hsuing, R G Goyal, A Amico, M Sorino
Journal: Circulation (1987)

Color Doppler studies were performed in 16 adult patients with proven DeBakey type I and III aortic dissection. Simultaneous opacification of both aortic lumina with oppositely directed flow was noted by color Doppler in at least one aortic segment in 14 of 16 patients (12 type I, two type III). In two patients (one type I, one type III), flow was seen in one lumen only, with clot demonstrated in the other lumen in one of them. Of 12 patients in whom communication between two aortic dissection channels was shown by angiography/surgery, color Doppler correctly identified them in nine patients (four ascending aorta, two aortic arch, and three descending aorta), either by direct visualization of flow moving from one lumen into the other (six patients) or indirectly by analyzing differences in timing of opacification of the two lumina and flow direction (three patients). Also, color Doppler correctly diagnosed aortic regurgitation as severe (aortic regurgitation jet occupying more than 75% of left ventricular outflow) in three patients and moderate in four patients. Color Doppler provides comprehensive evaluation of flow dynamics in aortic dissection.
Abstract 3724: Salinomycin reduced breast cancer stem cell properties by reducing SOX2 and OCT4.
Authors: Hyun Sook An, Han Na Kang, Myoung Hee Kang, Jung Lim Kim, Jun Suk Kim, Jae Hong Seo
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Salinomycin isolated from Streptomyces albus and a potassium ionophore. It has been used to eliminate bacteria, fungi and parasites. Also, Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cells within the tumor that has ability to self-renew and undergo differentiation to phenotypically diverse cell populations. So, CSCs are involved in metastasis, chemoresistance and even cancer relapse. Recently, there are many evidences to CSCs subpopulations enhance capability of DNA repair and reduce the apoptosis. Furthermore, salinomycin has been reported to act as selective breast cancer stem cell inhibitor based on its property of reducing the cancer stem cell and to induce the apoptosis in cancer cell. Therefore, we investigated the effect of salinomycin on breast cancer stem cells. First, Mammosphere formation assay was performed to observe stem cell-like property after salinomycin treat in anchorage-independent state. We confirmed salinomycin reduces number and size of mammosphere at 3, 6, 9 day. Also, we compared mRNA expressing level of stem cell marker such as SOX2 and OCT4 by RT-PCR. Consequently, salinomycin was the down-regulated stem cell marker mRNA level as well as protein level. To confirm the reduction of the side population level, we performed FACS analysis using CD44+ and CD24- markers. Results by FACS analysis revealed that salinomycin treated with breast cancer stem cell reduced stemness by downregulating CD44+/CD24- population. Consistently, when mammosphere implanted into the mammary fat pads of BALB/c female nude mice cleared of endogenous epithelium, the tumor size was decreased. In conclusion, we concluded that effect of salinomycin to reduce stemness is mediated by downregulation of SOX2 and OCT4 in human breast cancer cell. Citation Format: Hyun Sook An, Han Na Kang, Myoung Hee Kang, Jung Lim Kim, Jun Suk Kim, Jae Hong Seo. Salinomycin reduced breast cancer stem cell properties by reducing SOX2 and OCT4. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3724. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3724
BCL2-specific inhibitor ABT-199 synergizes strongly with cytarabine against the early immature LOUCY cell line but not more-differentiated T-ALL cell lines
Authors: N M Anderson, I Harrold, M R Mansour, T Sanda, M McKeown, N Nagykary, J E Bradner, G Lan Zhang, A T Look, H Feng
Journal: Leukemia (2013)
NOTE ON THE USE OF EPINEPHRIN IN HEART BLOCK
Authors: H. M. KORNS
Journal: JAMA (1922)

Phear and Parkinson<sup>1</sup>recently reported a case of complete heart block in which the sudden ventricular standstill responsible for syncopal attacks was entirely prevented by the subcutaneous injection of epinephrin. The heart block and the auricular and ventricular rates remained unchanged. Their review of the continental literature discloses only two cases, one of partial (2:1) block, the other of complete block, in which heart block was reduced or abated by epinephrin. In no case was partial heart block increased in degree, but in nearly all instances the auricular and ventricular rates were accelerated. Experimentally, however, it was shown by Kahn that complete auriculoventricular block may be produced in dogs by the intravenous injection of epinephrin. The paradoxical results reported by Routier, who describes a deblocking effect of epinephrin in dogs in which complete block had been produced by crushing the auriculoventricular bundle, failed of confirmation in the hands of
Myocardial ischaemia induces platelet activation with adverse electrophysiological and arrhythmogenic effects
Authors: N. A Flores, N. V Goulielmos, M J. Seghatchian, D. J Sheridan
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Objective: The aim was to investigate how platelet activation during myocardial ischaemia can induce electrophysiological and arrhythmogenic effects, and examine the involvement of different platelet membrane receptors in producing these effects. Methods: Transmembrane action potentials and electrograms were recorded from isolated. Langendorff perfused guinea pig hearts during normal perfusion, global myocardial ischaemia, and reperfusion during infusion of human platelets. Platelet reactivity was altered by treating platelets with forskolin. aspirin, the platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist BN 52021, the thromboxane A2 (TP) receptor antagonist GR 32191B, and the α2 adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine. Myocardial catecholamine depletion was induced by treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Results: Platelet infusion had no electro-physiological effects during normal perfusion, but during ischaemia it enhanced the reduction in action potential duration at 95% repolarisation [APD95, 110(SEM 3) ms v 121(5) ms, p < 0.05, at 15 min] and increased the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias (from 56% to 94%, p = 0.04) compared to hearts receiving buffer but no platelets. The reductions in APD95 and the arrhythmogenic effects were attenuated when forskolin treated, aspirin treated or GR 32191B treated platelets were infused (VF: 50% v 94%, p = 0.03; 50% v 94%, p = 0.02; 22% v 94%, p < 0.001, respectively). Similar results were obtained when normal platelets were infused into catecholamine depleted hearts (VF: 60% v 94%, p = 0.0549). These differences were associated with inhibited aggregatory responses to thrombin (for forskolin treated platelets) and the thromboxane mimetic U44069 (for GR 32191B treated platelets). Yohimbine was antiarrhythmic in the presence and absence of platelets, suggesting direct myocardial effects. but BN 52021 had no antiarrhythmic effects. Conclusions: Myocardial ischaemia causes platelet activation resulting in electrophysiological and arrhythmogenic effects. PAF receptor antagonism does not prevent these effects. but inhibition of platelet reactivity, platelet thromboxane receptor antagonism, and myocardial catecholamine depletion are effective. These findings suggest that the arrhythmogenic effects of platelet activation during myocardial ischaemia are principally mediated by a thromboxane dependent mechanism, while catecholamine release has a contributory role. Cardiovascular Research 1994;28: 1662-1671