tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Comparison of effects of 1 alpha-hydroxy-vitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 in man.
Authors: A S Brickman, J W Coburn, G R Friedman, W H Okamura, S G Massry, A W Norman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

The effects of short-term treatment with 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [1,25(0H)2D3] or 1 alpha-hydroxy-vitamin D3 [1 alpha(OH)D3] on intestinal absorption of 47Ca were compared in 41 experiments in normals and 72 experiments in patients with chronic renal failure. 11 patients were studied a second time after treatment for 2-5 mo. Doses varied from 0.14 to 5.4 mug/day to establish dose-response relationships. Urinary calcium was monitored in normal subjects, nine of whom received a constant calcium intake on a metabolic unit. There was an increase in intestinal absorption of 47Ca and urinary calcium in normals receiving 1,25 (OH)2D3, 0.14 mug/day or greater, and 0.28 mug/day or greater augmented intestinal absorption of 47Ca in chronic renal failure. In contrast, 2.6 mug/day of 1 alpha (OH) D3 was required to increase intestinal absorption of 47Ca in both groups. The increase in urinary calcium to maximal levels was delayed during treatment with 1 alpha (OH) D3, 5-10 days vs. 2-5 days with 1,25 (OH)2D3. Moreover, half times for urinary calcium to decrease to pretreatment levels after stopping treatment were greater after 1 alpha-(OH) D3 (1.5-2.7 days) than 1,25(OH)2D3 (1.1-2.0 days). With long-term administration there was a progressive increase in intestinal absorption of 47Ca in the patients receiving 1 alpha (OH)D3; this was not observed with 1,25(OH)2D3. The pharmacologic differences between 1 alpha(OH) D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 may be explained by the requirement for 25-hydroxylation of 1alpha(OH) D3 before biologic effects occur; at low doses (less than 1 mug/day), 1 alpha(OH) D3 competes with vitamin D3 for 25-hydroxylation. With prolonged treatment or larger doses (greater than 2 mug/day),, 1alpha(OH) D3 could accumulate and then be hydroxylated resulting in production of higher levels of 1,25(OH)2D3.
Moderate Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death Among US Male Physicians
Authors: Christine M. Albert, JoAnn E. Manson, Nancy R. Cook, Umed A. Ajani, J. Michael Gaziano, Charles H. Hennekens
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Individuals who consume high amounts of alcohol (&gt;5 drinks/d) have increased risks of ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death (SCD). However, the relationship is less clear for drinkers of light-to-moderate amounts. Methods and Results —We prospectively assessed whether light-to-moderate alcohol drinkers have a decreased risk of SCD among 21 537 male participants in the Physicians Health Study who were free of self-reported cardiovascular disease and provided complete information on alcohol intake at study entry. Over 12 years of follow-up, 141 SCDs were confirmed. After control for multiple confounders, men who consumed 2 to 4 drinks/wk (RR=0.40; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.75; P =0.004) or 5 to 6 drinks/wk (RR=0.21; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.56; P =0.002) at baseline had significantly reduced risks of SCD compared with those who rarely or never consumed alcohol. The relationship for SCD was U-shaped ( P =0.002), with the risk approaching unity at ≥2 drinks/d. In contrast, the relationship of alcohol intake and nonsudden CHD death was L-shaped or linear ( P for trend=0.02). Conclusions —In these prospective data, men who consumed light-to-moderate amounts of alcohol (2 to 6 drinks/wk) had a significantly reduced risk of SCD compared with those who rarely or never consumed alcohol.
PROGRESS IN THE TREATMENT OF SKIN DISEASES
Authors: FRED WISE
Journal: JAMA (1926)

In the third volume of the<i>Jahresbericht ueber Hautund Geschlechtskrankheiten</i>for the year 1923, edited by Otto Sprinz and printed last year in Berlin, references to the therapy of skin diseases alone numbered approximately a thousand articles, including monographs and books, published throughout the world in one year. These are carefully arranged and classified under various headings, beginning with general therapy and listed systematically to conform as nearly as is possible to the various modalities employed today in dermatotherapy. Among them will be found the following names, most of them hyphenated with the word "therapy"—a list which, if quality and quantity are taken seriously, must strike terror to the heart of the beginner in our specialty: medicinal-, tuberculosis-, organo-, protein-, unspecific blood and serum-, specific serum-, vaccine-, cosmetic-, roentgen-ray-, radium-, artificial light-, sunlight-; high-frequency, diathermy, electrodesiccation and coagulation, electrolysis, refrigeration sympathectomy; to these one might add miscellaneous therapy, including surgery,
Data rising from the East
Authors: G. Watts
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<b>309</b> <h3><b>Objectives:</b></h3> To evaluate the role of Lutetium-177 (Lu-177) tin colloid radiosynovectomy (RSV) in patients with inflammatory knee joint conditions who are not responding to conventional modalities in a setup where Re-188 &amp; Y-90 not available. <h3><b>Methods:</b></h3> In this prospective study 29 knee joints in 27 patients with chronic synovitis due to different inflammatory knee joint conditions not responding to conventional therapy underwent radiosynovectomy. Patients were assessed clinically for pain, swelling, tenderness, joint mobility, analgesic use and on bone scan (blood pool). Different scores were given to all these clinical parameters. RSV of knee joint was done using intra-articular injection of 370 -740 MBq of Lu-177 tin colloid. Treatment response was assessed at 3-12 months with various clinical parameter scores and dynamic bone scan. Patients were categorized as responders and non-responders on the basis of change in percentage of clinical scores &amp; change in blood pool activity. <h3><b>Results:</b></h3> Out of 29 joints, 21 were responder while 8 were non-responder at 3 months post-RSV. On further follow up at 6 month, relapse was noted in 9 joints and another 7 joints have shown recurrence at 12 months. There was a statistically significant reduction in clinical parameters cumulative scores on follow-up when compared with baseline in responder group. Also there was significant reduction in blood pool activity in responder when compared with the baseline. <h3><b>Conclusion:</b></h3> Lu-177 tin colloid synovectomy can be used as treatment modality in patients with chronic inflammatory knee joint conditions who are not responding to conventional treatment in a setup where Re-188 &amp; Y-90 is not available. However there are early chances of recurrence of arthritis. <b>Research Support:</b> nO RESEARCH SUPPORT
Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients: Impact on Survival and Correlated Prognostic Factors
Authors: Su Jin Lee, Jung-Il Lee, Do-Hyun Nam, Young Chan Ahn, Jung Ho Han, Jong-Mu Sun, Jin Seok Ahn, Keunchil Park, Myung-Ju Ahn
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2013)
Genes that control the formation of the liver
Authors: Ken Zaret
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

The proto-oncogene c- jun is the cellular homologue of v- jun , the transforming oncogene of the avian sarcoma virus 17. c- jun encodes one major component of the AP-1 transcription factor complex and is expressed in many organs during mouse development and in the adult. Because of its rapid induction in cells following growth stimulation and the presence of AP-1 binding sites in the promoter regions of many genes, the c-Jun protein is thought to have important functions in cell proliferation and differentiation. But embryonic stem (ES) cells lacking c-Jun are viable and have a normal in vitro differentiation capacity, although c-Jun appears to be important for growth of teratocarcinomas in vivo . To define the function of c- jun better, targeted ES cells were used to generate mice lacking c-Jun. Here we report that heterozygous mutant mice appear normal, but embryos lacking c-Jun die at mid- to late-gestation and exhibit impaired hepatogenesis, altered fetal liver erythropoiesis and generalized oedema. Interestingly, c- jun − /- ES cells can participate efficiently in the development of all somatic cells in chimaeric mice except liver cells, further suggesting an essential function of c-Jun in hepatogenesis.
Lung Alerts: promoting education and encouraging new authors
Authors: A. Bhowmik, J. Quint
Journal: Thorax (2010)

and when NPPV should be applied in patients with stable hypercapnic COPD.Recent research indicates that the technique of how NPPV is applied is the crucial issue regarding the acceptance and effectiveness of NPPV.Here, the new concept of high-intensity NPPV has provided promising results with respect to gas exchange, lung function, treatment compliance, dyspnoea and HRQL.In addition, NPPV applied during physical activity and rehabilitation has emerged as a new potential indication for NPPV aiming to improve gas exchange, functional status and exercise-induced dyspnoea.Although the importance of proven NPPV-associated improvements in gas exchange, symptoms, functional status and HRQL is undisputed, we need an answer as soon as possible to the question: 'Are these new approaches also capable of improving long-term survival?'Competing interest BS is sponsored by Resmed and Heinen & Lo ¨wenstein to give talks on mechanical ventilation.
Effect of Smoking and Nicotine on Adrenocortical Secretion
Authors: Alfred Kershbaum
Journal: JAMA (1968)

The effect of tobacco smoking and nicotine administration on the secretory activity of the adrenal cortex was studied in man and in animals. In eight human subjects, there was a 27% to 77% rise in plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid (11-OHCS) concentrations after heavy cigarette smoking, compared to a normal diurnal fall during control observations with no smoking. In anesthetized dogs, nicotine administered intravenously resulted in a 64% rise in plasma corticosteroids. In rats, plasma corticosteroids concentrations increased 58% after intraperitoneal administration of nicotine, accompanied by an increase in the corticoid content of the adrenal glands and a decrease in their cholesterol content. It is suggested that this stimulation of adrenocortical activity is due to enhanced corticotropin release resulting from a nicotine-induced increase in sympathetic and catecholamine activity. Because of the physiological and pathological importance of adrenocortical hormones, their broad use as therapeutic agents, and their relationship to lipoprotein synthesis, the effect of cigarette smoking on adrenocortical secretion must be seriously regarded.
Smoking and sugar intake are separate but interactive risk factors in Crohn's disease.
Authors: B Katschinski, R F Logan, M Edmond, M J Langman
Journal: Gut (1988)

Previous studies have consistently found strong positive associations between refined sugar intake and Crohn9s disease (CD) and recently between smoking and CD. As refined sugar intake and smoking are themselves associated we have enquired about smoking and added sugar intake (AS) and smoking in CD using a postal questionnaire sent to 104 CD patients and 153 community controls. Smoking and AS were associated with one another. After adjusting for AS, smoking showed a significant association with CD with a relative risk of 1.8. After adjusting for smoking habit, AS was also strongly associated with CD in never and exsmokers and in a dose response pattern, with the relative risks for no AS, less than 50 g/day and greater than 50 g/day being respectively 1.0, 1.8, and 4.6 (chi 2 = 12.1; p less than 0.005). No association between CD and AS was evident in smokers. The AS relationship was supported by a separate association between frequency of confectionery consumption and CD. These findings indicate that while smoking and AS are individually associated with CD combined exposure results in no further increase in risk, suggesting that they may operate through a common mechanism.
12-YEAR CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS TREATED WITH DRUG-ELUTING STENTS IN THE DESIRE REGISTRY: DEFINING INDEPENDENT PREDICTORS OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS
Authors: Jose de Ribamar Costa, Amanda Sousa, Adriana Moreira, Ricardo Costa, Manuel Cano, Galo Maldonado, Cantídio de Moura Campos Neto, Lucas Damiani, J Eduardo Sousa
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Compilation of regression equations employing the RR interval for the correction of systolic time interval measurements for heart rate in sheep
Authors: W. J d. PLOOY, P. J SCHUTTE
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1989)

The aim of this study was to determine the validity of regression equations relating RR interval and heart rate to systolic time intervals in sheep. Regression equations were compiled employing the RR interval to correct systolic time intervals for heart rate in six Merino ewes. A range of heart rates was obtained by means of pharmacological intervention as well as electrical pacing. Heart rate did not affect the pre-ejection period, isovolumetric contraction time, the pre-ejection period to left ventricular ejection time ratio, the ratio QS2/QT, electrical delay (Q1), or the PR interval. Heart rate did, however, affect the duration of electromechanical systole (QS2), left ventricular ejection time and mechanical systole (S1S2). The study showed that it was preferable to correct the systolic time intervals using the RR interval rather than the heart rate. Bazett's equation to correct electrical systole (QT) for heart rate in humans was also validated in sheep.
A STUDY OF EPIDEMIC DYSENTERY IN THE FIJI ISLANDS, With Special Reference to its Epidemiology and Treatment
Authors: P. H. Bahr
Journal: BMJ (1914)

If we m-alke a mistake we suffer for it, anldl can blame no oeii but ourselves.But wlhy slhould we be called upon to suffer for the fads and miiistakes of people at lhome ?We lhold that furthei' teimporizing, in tlle light of our present kniiowledge, is notliing slhort of criminiial folly.
Suicidal ideation and reported suicide attempts in Greece during the economic crisis
Authors: Marina Economou, Michael Madianos, Lily Evangelia Peppou, Christos Theleritis, Athanasios Patelakis, Costas Stefanis
Journal: World Psychiatry (2013)

The financial crisis in Greece is largely impinging on the health and mental health of the population, raising concerns about a potential rise in suicide rates. The aim of this study was to explore changes in suicidal ideation and reported suicide attempts between 2009 and 2011 in a representative sample of the population and in several population subgroups. The socio‐economic predictors of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in 2011 were also investigated. Two nationwide cross‐sectional telephone surveys were conducted in 2009 and 2011 using the same methodology. A random and representative sample of 2192 and 2256 people, respectively, took part in the surveys. Between 2009 and 2011, there was a substantial increase in the prevalence of suicidal ideation and reported suicide attempts. People suffering from depression, men, married individuals, people experiencing financial strain, people with low interpersonal trust, and individuals with a history of suicide attempts were particularly vulnerable.
Abstract P2-09-22: Synthesis of nitroxyl radical-containing nanoparticles with pH-sensitive behavior and their application for cancer therapy
Authors: A Yu, H Wang, T Zhang, Y Wang
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Extensive research has documented that redox dysregulation is a causative involvement in tumor progression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in cancer initiation and progression. ROS are mutagenic and may promote cancer. Early studies observed that the increased ROS production was in response to oncogenic activity. It is now widely accepted that redox chemotherapeutics represents a novel class of promising anticancer agents. Small molecule nitroxides are stable free radicals which are able to scavenge radicals and act as radical chain reaction terminators. Nitroxyl radical, 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO), is capable of reacting with ROS and shows chemotherapeutic efficacy in various cancer cell lines and xenograft models. However, low-molecular-weight TEMPO derivatives are hard to utilize in the clinic, owing to a preferential renal clearance and side effects such as antihypertensive effect. To address these issues, we have designed and developed nitroxyl radical-containing nanoparticles with pH-sensitive behavior using the first generation PAMAM (G1 PAMAM) partially modified with 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (THPA) and PROXYL. The synthesis of the modified PAMAM was carried out by a two-step reaction. Firstly, part of the primary amine end group of PAMAM dendrimers reacted with anhydride THPA to produce a THPA-modified PAMAM. The b-carboxylic acid amides between G1 PAMAM and THPA are acid-sensitive. Therefore, the THPA-modified PAMAM are stable and negatively charged at physiological pH, thus preventing blood serum aggregation. However, the THPA-modified PAMAM degrades at acidic pH, converting its surface to positive charge which is benefit for cellular uptake. Secondly, the THPA-modified PAMAM reacted subsequently with 3-carboxy-PROXYL whose carboxyl group was activated by N-hydroxysuccinimide. The EPR signal of the product was analyzed by EPR measurement and confirmed the PROXYL group covalently conjugated onto THPA-modified PAMAM. The obtained THPA-PROXYL-modified PAMAM was denoted as TP-PAMAM. Experimental results showed that TP-PAMAM was stable at pH 7.4, and hydrolyzed at pH 6.0. The rate of hydrolysis was increased with pH decreasing. In vitro studies indicated that cell proliferation of MDA-MB-231 was greatly inhibited by TP-PAMAM compared to low-molecular-weight TEMPO. This may due to the fact that cellular uptake is easy for nanoparticles with pH-sensitive behavior. Therefore, the nitroxyl radical conjugated onto the pH-sensitive nanoparticles scavenges ROS more effectively. As a result, these new nitroxyl radical-containing nanoparticles have a significantly high therapeutic efficacy in the application for cancer therapy. Hence, engineered nitroxyl radical-containing nanoparticles with pH-sensitive behavior may enable therapeutic selectivity and to overcome drug resistance and metastatic cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-09-22.
IL-4 receptor α polymorphisms are predictors of a pharmacogenetic response to a novel IL-4/IL-13 antagonist
Authors: Rebecca E. Slager, Gregory A. Hawkins, Elizabeth J. Ampleford, Alexandra Bowden, Lauren E. Stevens, Matthew T. Morton, Adrian Tomkinson, Sally E. Wenzel, Malinda Longphre, Eugene R. Bleecker, Deborah A. Meyers
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
Cyclosporin in idiopathic glomerular disease associated with the nephrotic syndrome : Workshop recommendations
Authors: D.C. Cattran, E. Alexopoulos, P. Heering, P.F. Hoyer, A. Johnston, A. Meyrier, C. Ponticelli, T. Saito, G. Choukroun, P. Nachman, M. Praga, N. Yoshikawa
Journal: Kidney International (2007)
Doctors object to bill that would allow force feeding of hunger striking prisoners
Authors: J. Siegel-Itzkovich
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The Israeli Medical Association has voiced its strong opposition to a bill being prepared by the country’s justice ministry that, with a court’s permission, would allow force feeding of hunger striking security prisoners.

Leonid Eidelman, the association’s chairman, quoted the World Medical Association’s 1991 Malta Declaration and the statement by Boston University School of Health bioethicist George Annas, published in the New …
THE DISAPPEARANCE OF SUGAR AFTER THE REMOVAL OF TUMORS IN DIABETICS
Authors: MORRIS MANGES
Journal: JAMA (1913)

In the discussion of Joslin's paper, 1 Miller called attention to a fact which is of great importance in the prognosis of diabetic patients who may require operations for the removal of tumors, and which may also have some value in the solution of the much-debated problems of the etiology of diabetes. I refer to the disappearance of sugar after the removal of tumors.  Miller's case is as follows:  A woman passed 50 gm. of sugar in spite of being on a rigid diet. She had very severe uterine hemorrhages, and as a result was markedly anemic. A hysterectomy was performed. It was found that a carcinoma had developed on an old fibroid tumor. Several months later the patient returned, and it was found that she was entirely free from sugar. She is still well, in spite of taking an unlimited diet.  In closing the discussion Joslin reported a similar
SOME ASPECTS OF HYDROTHERAPY IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: HARRY M. HALLOCK
Journal: JAMA (1913)

In this paper it is intended briefly to refer to some of the features of administration connected with the application of the waters of the hot springs of Arkansas to the relief and cure of disease, and to plans for extending the benefits to be derived from their use through further scientific research to determine more accurately their physiologic and therapeutic effects. The Indians had unlimited faith in these waters and believed the "Great Spirit" ever present in them. There is a legend that the various tribes fought for their control until finally a truce was declared, a neutral zone established and the sick accorded equal privileges. Belief in the efficacy of the waters became so general that in 1832, Congress passed an act establishing a federal reservation about the springs for the purpose of conserving them for the benefit of the people of the entire country. It would appear also
What induces colitis? Hydrogen peroxide or peracetic acid
Authors: R. Coriat, U. Chaput, Z. Ismaili, S. Chaussade
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

We have read the article of Cammarota et al. with great interest [1]. They analyzed a recent and underestimated disinfection complication. The authors suggested that colitis is due to hydrogen peroxide [1]. Coton et al. suggested that acute colitis is directly induced by peracetic acid [2]. In France, we use peracetic acid with acetic acid to wash endoscopes. The constituents of peracetic acid are hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. As a concentrate, it is corrosive and irritating to the digestive tract. By releasing free oxygen and hydroxyl radicals, peracetic acid decomposes into oxygen, water, and acetic acid [3]. Peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide are corrosive if not thoroughly rinsed from the endoscope [4]. Inadequate rinsing of endoscopic channels and surfaces with water after immersion in peracetic acid, may result in colitis, presumably caused by direct irritation of the mucosa.
BP180- and BP230-specific IgG autoantibodies in pruritic disorders of the elderly: a preclinical stage of bullous pemphigoid?
Authors: T. Schmidt, C. Sitaru, K. Amber, M. Hertl
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

Pruritus increasingly occurs in the elderly population and is associated with a variety of dermatoses of mixed aetiology. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that senile pruritus may be linked to autoimmune events initiated by loss of self-tolerance against cutaneous autoantigens, which is facilitated by immune ageing processes. T-cell immunity, which underpins the production of pathogenic autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases, is deregulated by immune senescence thereby leading to autoimmune disorders such as bullous pemphigoid (BP). High mortality rates of BP combined with steadily increasing incidence emphasize the need for an effective diagnostic strategy at an early stage. We summarize here the current understanding of immunological alterations during the ageing process, thereby focusing on aberrant T-cell responses against the basement membrane antigens BP180 and BP230, which may eventually lead to the clinical outcome of BP.
24-Hour Helpline Access for Food Allergic Reaction Treatment Advice in Children Prescribed Epinephrine Auto-Injectors: Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Audrey Dunn Galvin, Maeve M. Kelleher, Aziz Sheikh, Claire Cullinane, John Fitzsimons, Jonathan O. Hourihane
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)