tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Azathioprine in Ulcerative Colitis: An Interim Report on a Controlled Therapeutic Trial
Authors: D. P. Jewell, S. C. Truelove
Journal: BMJ (1972)

This interim report on a controlled therapeutic trial of azathioprine in ulcerative colitis deals with the first 40 patients to complete a one-year period of maintenance treatment with azathioprine or with dummy tablets. The patients all suffered from classical ulcerative colitis and were in an actual attack of the disease at the time of admission. The attack was treated with a standard corticosteroid regimen and the patients were assigned at random to maintenance treatment with real or dummy azathioprine tablets, using a stratified design. The treatment and control groups were closely similar at the beginning of the trial. The effect of treatment has been assessed on the basis of the number of relapses of the disease occurring during the one-year trial period, supplemented by an assessment of the sigmoidoscopic picture and of the histological findings on serial rectal biopsy. In the patients receiving azathioprine the disease ran a more favourable course than in the control group. After the attack had been treated 11 of the 20 patients on azathioprine were symptom-free throughout the rest of the one-year trial period compared with only 5 out of 20 in the control group. The only three patients classed as failures were all in the control group. These differences just fail to reach conventional levels of statistical significance. Azathioprine is not dramatically successful but may still be a useful addition to the medical treatment of ulcerative colitis, particularly if conventional medical treatment is ineffective and there are reasons for wishing to avoid radical surgery. In the dose used azathioprine was virtually free from undesirable side effects.
Serum markers of oxidative stress and severity of diabetic retinopathy.
Authors: M E Hartnett, R D Stratton, R W Browne, B A Rosner, R J Lanham, D Armstrong
Journal: Diabetes Care (2000)

OBJECTIVE: To compare serum markers of oxidative stress with diabetic retinopathy severity RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study compared patients with types 1 and 2 diabetes with control subjects in western New York and Pennsylvania. Retinopathy severity was graded from funduscopic fields based on the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study. Serum samples were analyzed for thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, creatinine, HbA1, and triglycerides. Appropriate analysis of covariance models were performed. RESULTS: TBARS (P = 0.019), triglyceride (P = 0.004), and glucose and HbA1 (both P&amp;lt;0.001) levels were elevated in diabetic patients compared with those in control subjects. SOD (P = 0.003) and GSH-Px (P = 0.046) levels were lower in diabetic patients than in control subjects. No correlation existed between SOD levels and either glucose or HbA1 levels. No significant associations existed between levels of TBARS, SOD, or GSH-Px and severity of diabetic retinopathy There was a significant association between poorer visual acuity and worse retinopathy (P = 0.009), which was only partly explained by macular edema. CONCLUSIONS: Increased levels of TBARS and decreased levels of SOD and GSH-Px were found in diabetic patients compared with those in control subjects, but no significant associations were found between the levels of these substances and severity of retinopathy When duration and type of diabetes and serum HbA1 levels were taken into account, only visual acuity remained associated with more severe retinopathy.
985-54 Do Central Pulmonary Arteries Grow Following Bidirectional Superior Cavopulmonary Anastomosis?
Authors: Zdenek Slavik, Pavel Horvath, Anthony P. Salmon, Piers E.F. Daubeney, Petr Tax, James L. Monro, Barry R. Keeton, Steven A. Webber, Robert K. Lamb
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Lasker Award winners include two Nobelists
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1985)

The researchers who will receive this year's Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology on Dec 10 in Stockholm—Michael S. Brown, MD, and Joseph L. Goldstein, MD—also received Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards this week. Goldstein, 45, and Brown, 44, both of whom are Paul J. Thomas professors of genetics and medicine and Regental (a designation given only to Nobel laureates) professors at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas, were honored for finding that patients with familial hypercholesterolemia totally lack, or are deficient in, receptors for low density lipoproteins, and for isolating the responsible gene. The Lasker citation refers to their work in "elucidating cholesterol metabolism, delineating the process of receptormediated endocytosis, and opening new approaches to the treatment of atherosclerosis and other major diseases." This week's ceremonies marked the 40th anniversary of presentation of the Lasker Awards. First presented in 1945 by Mary Lasker (who still presides over
Polymorphisms of transporter associated with antigen processing genes in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Shoji Kuwata, Masami Yanagisawa, Hidehisa Saeki, Hidemi Nakagawa, Takafumi Etoh, Katsushi Tokunaga, Takeo Juji, Yoichi Shibata
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1994)
Hyposensitization With Bacterial Vaccine in Infectious Asthma
Authors: Harry Louis Mueller
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Infectious asthma differs from extrinsic infection-triggered asthma in children. Only 25% of children who have asthma attacks associated with infection have true infectious asthma. In a doubleblind study with placebos, infectious asthma was treated by hyposensitization with large doses of mixed respiratory bacterial vaccine. There was significant statistical benefit in the vaccine-treated patients, and similar results were obtained in a larger longitudinal prospective study group with the method of paired data for controls. Indiscriminate use of such vaccines in asthma associated with infection is not justified and has less than one chance in four of being effective.
On Virus Metabolism and Neoplasia
Authors: D. S. Nelson, P. M. de Burgh
Journal: BMJ (1960)

HIATUS M_DIT"Why not dilate strictures ?" you ask."The operation is safe in competent hands; the immediate results are gratifying ; the risks of alternative operations are considerable; and histological preparations have shown that, even in patients who have had a long clinical history of dysphagia, muscle may predominate over scar in the 'tumour.'Moreover, many patients have been jockeyed along from year to year by repeated endoscopies."The case against dilatation is this.Immediate relief of dysphagia is no crit-erion of cure.By stretching a stricture of this sort nature's barrier against reflux is broken down, and the inexorable complications of oesophagitis are rekindled to flame again.With each exacerbation the scar, that remains for ever, penetrates the muscle of the gullet more deeply and rises upwards in the mediastinum.The end is worse than the beginning.
An Improved Technic for Prolonged Arterial Cannulation
Authors: Robert H. Bartlett, Andrew M. Munster
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

CANNULATION of an artery for frequent blood gas analysis, hemodynamic studies and continuous pressure monitoring is becoming a routine part of the care of the critically ill patient. In our experience the usual methods for cannulation of the femoral, brachial, ulnar and radial arteries have been unsatisfactory for prolonged use because of leakage, thrombosis in the cannula and ischemia. Ideally, the arterial cannula should remain patent for three days or more without leaking, permit free movement of the patient, not embarrass the arterial supply distal to the site of cannulation, even if the vessel thromboses at that level, and be . . .
Sustained Clinical Benefit and Tolerability of Methotrexate Monotherapy After Thiopurine Therapy in Patients With Crohn's Disease
Authors: Margien L. Seinen, Cyriel Y. Ponsioen, Nanne K.H. de Boer, Bas Oldenburg, Gerd Bouma, Chris J.J. Mulder, Adriaan A. van Bodegraven
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2013)
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation/Emergencies
Authors: Bernardien T. M. J. Thunnissen, Reinoud J. B. J. Gemke, Loes Veenhuizen, Krijn Haasnoot, A. Johannes van Vught, Inae Van Herreweghe, Kristin Van Nieuwenhove, Viviane Maes, José Ramet, T. Radunović, M. Tatić, A. Komarčević, A. Stokić, S. Mišković, Gideon Paret, Zvi Vaknin, Edna Peleg, Talma Rosenthal, Amir Vardi, Chaim Mayan, Zohar Barzilay, P. Suominen, R. Korpela, M. Kuisma, T. Silfvast, K. T. Olkkola
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (1996)
MODIFICATION OF ANESTHESIA MASK
Authors: O. I. Green
Journal: JAMA (1924)

In doing a tonsillectomy with the LaForce instrument, using the Sluder technic, I have had considerable trouble in keeping the patient under the anesthetic, particularly when using ether with the open method, on account of the mask being held up off the face of the patient by the instrument underneath. It occurred to me that a notch in the side of the mask through which the instrument could pass would allow the mask to rest well down over the face without the annoyance of having it continually lifted up by the instrument. To this end, I had the changes made, as can be noted, with entirely satisfactory results. After the tonsil is once engaged and the instrument tightened, the face is entirely covered while awaiting the period of coagulation, the degree of anesthesia is always under control, and the operating time is much shortened. An ordinary wire mask is rather
Notes on a Case of Bright's Disease Complicated with Gangrene
Authors: Alex. D. H. Leadman
Journal: BMJ (1900)

DISEASE COMPLICATED WITH GANGRENE.LMDTICL JBao:sflL go has been known to exist for several years may throw light upon the nature of the ailment, but until it has been proved that the prognosis is serious I should wish to look upon the occasional appearance of albumen in the urine, and the swell- ing of the eyelids associated with it, as evidence of some vasomotor instability or defective metabolism.NOTES AND REFERBNCES.1 Cold nitric acid is mentioned as the test used2 but where a ring with nitric acid was obtained there was also a precipitate on boiling in every instance. 2A fourth case of swelling of the eyelids with intermittent al- buminuria occurring in a boy, aged Io, is at present under my care at the Bristol Children's Hospital.3M1edical Week, I895, p. 25. 4 Lancet,
Letter: Bacterial shock
Authors: N. R. Zide
Journal: JAMA (1976)

This letter makes the point that when obtaining blood cultures prior to initiation of antibiotic therapy, 3 venipunctures from the same site are of no greater value than 1 single blood culture. A further point made about therapy of bacteremic shock is that the use of corticosteroids is still controversial. Properly controlled studies in humans have not yet been performed which would permit significant conclusions about the value of these agents in shock therapy; indeed, when the use of steroids is contemplated, some may use as much as 10 times the doses recommended normally. The author of the original review of therapy in shock replies to these 2 points, noting that 3 blood cultures taken in sequence increase the statistical likelihood that recovery of the organism will be obtained.
Alcoholic liver disease in heterozygotes of mutant and normal aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genes
Authors: Nobuyuki Enomoto, Shujiro Takase, Nobuo Takada, Akira Takada
Journal: Hepatology (1991)

To clarify the pathogenetic role of acetaldehyde in the development of alcoholic liver disease, genotyping of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genes was performed and the clinical features of the alcoholic liver disease patients with different genotypes were compared. Genotyping of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 was performed in 47 patients with alcoholic liver disease using the polymerase chain reaction and slot-blot hybridization. Of the 47 patients with alcoholic liver disease, 40 were homozygous for the normal aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 gene and the remaining seven cases were heterozygous for the normal and mutant aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genes. No homozygote was found for the mutant aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genes. Daily alcohol intake was less than 100 gm in all heterozygotes without relation to the type of alcoholic liver disease. On the other hand, all but four patients homozygotic for the normal aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 gene drank more than 100 gm alcohol/day. The mean daily alcohol intake in the heterozygotes was significantly lower than that in the normal homozygotes. The incidence of alcoholic fibrosis tended to be lower in the heterozygotes than in the normal homozygotes (14.2% vs. 52.5%). On the other hand, the incidence of alcoholic hepatitis and/or cirrhosis tended to be higher in the heterozygotes than in the normal homozygotes. These results indicate that alcoholic liver disease develops even with moderate amounts of alcohol intake in heterozygotes of the aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genes, in which acetaldehyde metabolism in the liver is impaired and liver damage in the heterozygotes is more severe than that in the normal homozygotes, suggesting that habitual drinkers who are heterozygotes of the aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genes may be at high risk for alcoholic liver disease. (Hepatology 1991;13:1071-1075.)
Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase Inducibility and Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Authors: Gottfried Kellermann, Charles R. Shaw, Mieke Luyten-Kellerman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase is an inducible, membrane-bound enzyme involved in the metabolism of chemical carcinogens. In cultured human lymphocytes there is genetic variation. The normal white population in the United States can be divided into three separate groups having low, intermediate, and high inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities, with frequencies of 44.7 per cent, 45.9 per cent and 9.4 per cent respectively. Fifty patients with bronchogenic carcinoma were studied, and the frequencies of the three groups were 4.0 per cent, 66.0 per cent and 30.0 per cent respectively. The data indicate that susceptibility to bronchogenic carcinoma is associated with the higher levels of inducible aryl hydrocarbon hyroxylase activity. (N Engl J Med 289:934–937, 1973)
EFFICACY OF NOVEL MAGNETIC MICROBUBBLES TARGETED TO VCAM-1 IN THE ASSESSMENT OF INFLAMMATION IN EARLY STAGE OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Authors: Juefei Wu, Jianping Bin, Li Yang, Jingjing Cai, Jiajia Xie, Dongdong Chen, Yuegang Wang, Guangquan Hu, Yili Liu
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Five Next Steps for a New National Program for Comparative-Effectiveness Research
Authors: Jordan M. VanLare, Patrick H. Conway, Harold C. Sox
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act appropriated $1.1 billion to fund comparative-effectiveness research (CER) — unprecedented generosity for a program for evaluating health care practices. The legislation established the Federal Coordinating Council for Comparative Effectiveness Research and charged it with advising the secretary of health and human services on the allocation of CER funds. It also mandated an Institute of Medicine (IOM) study to recommend initial national priorities for CER. Both the Federal Coordinating Council and the IOM reported to Congress on June 30, 2009.Both organizations solicited input from stakeholders. The IOM committee issued an open solicitation asking the . . .
Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Neurobiological Subtype of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Suzanne Goh, Zhengchao Dong, Yudong Zhang, Salvatore DiMauro, Bradley S. Peterson
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2014)

Impaired mitochondrial function impacts many biological processes that depend heavily on energy and metabolism and can lead to a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction is a biological subtype of ASD has grown in recent years, no study, to our knowledge, has demonstrated evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in brain tissue in vivo in a large, well-defined sample of individuals with ASD.To assess brain lactate in individuals with ASD and typically developing controls using high-resolution, multiplanar spectroscopic imaging; to map the distribution of lactate in the brains of individuals with ASD; and to assess correlations of elevated brain lactate with age, autism subtype, and intellectual ability.Case-control study at Columbia University Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute involving 75 children and adults with ASD and 96 age- and sex-matched, typically developing controls.Lactate doublets (present or absent) on brain magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging.Lactate doublets were present at a significantly higher rate in participants with ASD (13%) than controls (1%) (P = .001). In the ASD group, the presence of lactate doublets correlated significantly with age (P = .004) and was detected more often in adults (20%) than in children (6%), though it did not correlate with sex, ASD subtype, intellectual ability, or the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule total score or subscores. In those with ASD, lactate was detected most frequently within the cingulate gyrus but it was also present in the subcortical gray matter nuclei, corpus callosum, superior temporal gyrus, and pre- and postcentral gyri.In vivo brain findings provide evidence for a possible neurobiological subtype of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD.
Insanity and tumours.
Authors: A. Adeloye, B. O. Osuntokin, E. L. Odeku
Journal: BMJ (1969)

BRnAIconcentrations.In our experience patients receiving 100 mega units of penicillin daily in 1.5 litres of infusion have daily urine volumes of about 2 'litres.It may be that other alterations in renal function, as mentioned by Brunner and Frick, contributed to hypokal- aemia in their patients.Having tried a number of methods we now use a continuous infusion with three half- litres of 0.18% saline, to which is added peni- cillin G in quantities of 30, 40, 30 mega units, dividing each ration approximately equally between the sodium and potassium salt.This gives an infusion solution of approxi- mately 280 mOs/litre.We have no difficulty in obtaining potassium penicillin, and indeed alterations to the plasma sodium and potas- sium levels can be induced by varying the amount of the appropriate penicillin salt.Using this method, we have treated patients for up to three months with daily infusions of 100 mega units of penicillin without electrolyte imbalance, neurotoxicity, marked changes in serum osmolality, or indeed haemoilysis.2" Massive " intravenous peni- cillin therapy is useful and safe, provided it is realized that as well as a large dose of penicillin the patient will be receiving a load of water, electrolyte, and possibly other solute such as glucose.-Weare, etc.,
Validation of BIOMED-2 multiplex PCR tubes for detection of TCRB gene rearrangements in T-cell malignancies
Authors: J Droese, A W Langerak, P J T A Groenen, M Brüggemann, P Neumann, I L M Wolvers-Tettero, M C van Altena, M Kneba, J J M van Dongen
Journal: Leukemia (2004)
Sense and sensitisation: in vitro testing for hepatotoxic drug hypersensitivity
Authors: JEREMY WOODWARD, JAMES NEUBERGER
Journal: Gut (1997)

See article on page 534 

Over 30 years ago, small lymphocytes were observed to transform into larger, more granular cells and undergo proliferation in the presence of antigen in vitro.1 This rapidly formed the basis of a laboratory test to detect sensitised lymphocytes.2 In this system, mononuclear cells are separated from a patient’s peripheral blood and cultured in medium in the presence of the suspected allergen. Monocytes are the major antigen presenting cells, although antigen presentation may also be performed, albeit to a lesser extent, by B cells. A positive result is most easily demonstrated by lymphocyte proliferation (usually measured by the uptake of tritiated thymidine) rather than by morphological transformation. The ratio of counts per minute in the presence of antigen compared with a control culture in its absence is expressed as the stimulation index. If this value is greater than a cut-off level determined in a set of healthy controls, then the test is considered positive, and evidence of the presence of sensitised lymphocytes. These cells are predominantly long-lived memory T cells3identified by the surface expression of the CD45RO isoform and certain activation markers and adhesion molecules such as CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1), which accounts for their rapid reactivation on re-exposure to antigen.

 The diagnosis of drug related liver damage is essentially one of exclusion, supported by clinical features such as the known patterns of drug reactions, the temporal association between ingestion of the drug and the time to liver damage, and by the response to drug withdrawal. In practice, the diagnosis is relatively clear although where a patient is taking several drugs or where the clinical picture is atypical, diagnosis of a drug reaction may be problematic. Hence, a simple confirmatory laboratory test would be of considerable value not only in making a positive …
X-inactivation–based clonality analysis and quantitative JAK2V617F assessment reveal a strong association between clonality and JAK2V617F in PV but not ET/MMM, and identifies a subset of JAK2V617F-negative ET and MMM patients with clonal hematopoiesis
Authors: Ross L. Levine, Claude Belisle, Martha Wadleigh, David Zahrieh, Stephanie Lee, Pierre Chagnon, D. Gary Gilliland, Lambert Busque
Journal: Blood (2006)
Slow viruses and the immune system in the pathogenesis of local tissue damage in Sjogren's syndrome.
Authors: G K Papadopoulos, H M Moutsopoulos
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1992)

Primary Sjogren's syndrome is a systemic auto- immune disease characterised by intense focal lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands, accompanied by B lymphocytic hyperreactivity that can lead to B cell lymphomas.'Hypotheses about the pathogenesis of the syndrome have changed with our increasing knowledge of basic biology and immunology.It has been suggested that hormonal, genetic, environmental, and stress factors set up several immune functional abnormalities, especially in the peripheral suppressor cell compartment of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome.2We present here a number of new findings suggesting interplay between slow viruses in the epithelial cells of the exocrine glands and the immune system of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome.
MUNK'S ROLL
Authors: A. S. MacNalty
Journal: BMJ (1956)

Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London was first published in 1861.Its two volumes contain biographical sketches of the Fellows and Licentiates-1,351 in number-admitted to the College from its foundation in 1518 to the end of the eighteenth century.A third volume, published with the second edition in 1878, added 372 lives to the total and carried the record to 1825, the year of the College's removal from Warwick Lane to Pall Mall East.Munk's Roll is a storehouse of information and is esteemed and consulted by lay as well as medical historians.The fourth volume, which has now appeared, worthily continues the record.
Need for guidelines on body recontouring after bariatric surgery
Authors: A. Bucknor, C. Ekwobi
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Stegenga and colleagues’ summary of the recently updated National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance on management of overweight and obesity, including the role of bariatric surgery, proved an interesting read.1 However, there was little discussion of body recontouring after bariatric surgery.

The massive weight loss accompanying bariatric surgery can lead to the development of …