tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Differing roles for platelet-activating factor during inflammation of the lung and subarachnoid space. The special case of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Authors: C Cabellos, D E MacIntyre, M Forrest, M Burroughs, S Prasad, E Tuomanen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Although well-characterized in the lung, the role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in inflammation in the central nervous system is undefined. Using rabbit models of meningitis and pneumonia, PAF was found to induce significant blood-brain barrier permeability and brain edema at doses five times lower than those required to generate leukocyte recruitment to the subarachnoid space. Both leukocytosis and increased vascular permeability occurred in response to PAF in the lung. Antibody to the CD-18 family of leukocyte adhesion molecules inhibited leukocyte recruitment in response to PAF in the brain (greater than 80%); a similar level of inhibition in the lung required treatment with a combination of a PAF receptor antagonist (L-659,989) and anti-CD18 antibody. Treatment with L-659,989 decreased abnormal cerebrospinal fluid cytochemical values induced by intracisternal challenge with pneumococci but not Haemophilus influenzae, indicating a special role for PAF in pneumococcal disease. Antibodies directed at phosphorylcholine, a unique, shared determinant of bioactivity of PAF and pneumococcal cell wall, obviated the inflammatory potential of both agents. However, no evidence for a direct PAF-like activity of pneumococcal cell wall components was detected in vitro by bioassay using platelets or neutrophils. It is concluded that PAF can induce inflammation in the subarachnoid space. In brain, PAF effects appear to be mediated through CD-18-dependent events, while in lung, PAF effects independent of CD-18 are also evident. At both sites, PAF is of particular clinical importance during inflammation induced by pneumococci apparently due to a unique proinflammatory relationship between the pneumococcal cell wall teichoic acid and PAF.
Commentary: No consent means not treating the patient with respect
Authors: S. McLean
Journal: BMJ (1997)

It is presumably often difficult for researchers to commit themselves wholeheartedly to the notion that before consent (or refusal) is obtained for research it is necessary that the person concerned should be given the fullest information about the project for which his or her agreement is wanted. The concerns expressed by the researchers–not least the possibility of biasing results–are intelligible. However, they are also insufficient to justify deviation from the general rule.

Researchers in many topics face the same problems about possibly influencing results and seek to minimise the possible impact this may have. Many kinds of research–clinical and non-clinical–must and do tackle similar problems while still turning out high quality work. However, this and the other rationales cited by …
Involving the Private Sector in Community Psychiatry
Authors: CAPTANE P. THOMSON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1970)

The author offers one answer to the question of how psychiatry can expand its capacity for direct service if a national health insurance program removes the financial barrier to care. He describes the cooperative development of a central inpatient, day patient, and emergency service that eliminates the distinction between public and private care and makes maximum use of scarce professional manpower.
A prognostic model to predict survival in 867 World Health Organization–defined essential thrombocythemia at diagnosis: a study by the International Working Group on Myelofibrosis Research and Treatment
Authors: Francesco Passamonti, Jürgen Thiele, Francois Girodon, Elisa Rumi, Alessandra Carobbio, Heinz Gisslinger, Hans Michael Kvasnicka, Marco Ruggeri, Maria Luigia Randi, Naseema Gangat, Alessandro Maria Vannucchi, Andrea Gianatti, Bettina Gisslinger, Leonhard Müllauer, Francesco Rodeghiero, Emanuele S. G. d'Amore, Irene Bertozzi, Curtis A. Hanson, Emanuela Boveri, Filippo Marino, Margherita Maffioli, Domenica Caramazza, Elisabetta Antonioli, Valentina Carrai, Veronika Buxhofer-Ausch, Cristiana Pascutto, Mario Cazzola, Tiziano Barbui, Ayalew Tefferi
Journal: Blood (2012)
TUBERCULOSIS OF THE LARYNX
Authors: S. Thomson
Journal: BMJ (1929)

BRiiTTi 75& my1 hands proved ratjier disappointinig, anid it seemis, to fail most, ofteni ill adva-.ncedcases iiI which oine was1i lhoping tIhe m1,o.stfroni it.Cocaiinization of the spheuo-,piihitine ganglion, as in. the S1in-eder bpc&ratiou for etlhin'oidal disease, is sai4d to abolissh the reflex pain' in' tlh eiar, b-ut the effects are naturally o1ily tIrallnsitory.Couglh, which may be 'due to th`e local klaryngeal concidi- tioll, is ofteli most -s-atisfactorilv reliev-ed by the intra- tiraclheal iinjectioni of oily solutions.A la.rgoe -variety of (hugs halv n aturally Leen emiployved, but a 3 per cent.solulotion of creosote ini olive oil iwill be founjid to be as effective as ainy ini relieviing the irritatioin that seems to produce the couglh.Tllere is one oily solutioni for local application that has within recent Ies been st ongly.-advocated in Anmerlica,
Designing Phase 0 Cancer Clinical Trials
Authors: Anthony J. Murgo, Shivaani Kummar, Larry Rubinstein, Martin Gutierrez, Jerry Collins, Robert Kinders, Ralph E. Parchment, Jiuping Ji, Seth M. Steinberg, Sherry X. Yang, Melinda Hollingshead, Alice Chen, Lee Helman, Robert Wiltrout, Joseph E. Tomaszewski, James H. Doroshow
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Phase 0 trials are designed primarily to evaluate the pharmacodynamic and/or pharmacokinetic properties of selected investigational agents before initiating more traditional phase I testing. One of the major objectives of phase 0 trials is to interrogate and refine a target or biomarker assay for drug effect in human samples implementing procedures developed and validated in preclinical models. Thus, close collaboration between laboratory scientists and clinical investigators is essential to the design and conduct of phase 0 trials. Given the relatively small number of patients and tissue samples, showing a significant drug effect in phase 0 trials requires precise and reproducible assay procedures and innovative statistical methodology. Furthermore, phase 0 trials involving limited exposure of a study agent administered at low doses and/or for a short period allow them to be initiated under the Food and Drug Administration exploratory investigational new drug guidance with less preclinical toxicity data than usually required for traditional first-in-human studies. Because of the very limited drug exposure, phase 0 trials offer no chance of therapeutic benefit, which can impede patient enrollment, particularly if invasive tumor biopsies are required. The challenges to accrual are not insurmountable, however, and well-designed and executed phase 0 trials are feasible and have great potential for improving the efficiency and success of subsequent trials, particularly those evaluating molecularly targeted agents.
Prospective study to assess tumour necrosis factor alpha in non-inflammatory bowel disease enterocutaneous fistula
Authors: Goher Rahbour, Hafid O. Al-Hassi, Ailsa L. Hart, Muhammad R. Ullah, Simon M. Gabe, Stella C. Knight, Janindra Warusavitarne, Carolynne J. Vaizey
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2013)
ETIOLOGY OF PERICARDITIS.
Authors: ROBERT B. PREBLE
Journal: JAMA (1901)

The etiology of pericarditis has been discussed so often and by so many that it is indeed difficult to present a discussion of it to a body of this character in such a manner as to arouse interest. For this reason it seemed better to disregard the extensive literature upon this subject and utilize the reports of three hundred cases as a text, dwelling upon some points of interest presented by them and drawing attention to some things in which they differ from generally accepted statements. The cases in hand consist of 80 cases ending in recovery and 220 ending in death, of which 190 were examined postmortem; 244 of these cases are acute pericarditis and 56 are of the chronic form with partial or complete obliteration of the pericardial sac. The cases are derived in part from the records of the Cook County Hospital, where many of the cases
Functional Evolution of Cardiac MicroRNAs in Heart Development and Functions
Authors: Chen-Ching Lin, Yao-Ming Chang, Cheng-Tsung Pan, Chien-Chang Chen, Li Ling, Ku-Chi Tsao, Ruey-Bing Yang, Wen-Hsiung Li
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2014)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression either by degrading target mRNAs or by suppressing protein translation. miRNAs have been found to be involved in many biological processes, such as development, differentiation, and growth. However, the evolution of miRNA regulatory functions and networks has not been well studied. In this study, we conducted a cross-species analysis to study the evolution of cardiac miRNAs and their regulatory functions and networks. We found that conserved cardiac miRNA target genes have maintained highly conserved cardiac functions. Additionally, most of cardiac miRNA target genes in human with annotations of cardiac functions evolved from the corresponding homologous targets, which are also involved in heart development-related functions. On the basis of these results, we investigated the functional evolution of cardiac miRNAs and presented a functional evolutionary map. From this map, we identified the evolutionary time at which the cardiac miRNAs became involved in heart development or function and found that the biological processes of heart development evolved earlier than those of heart functions, for example, heart contraction/relaxation or cardiac hypertrophy. Our study of the evolution of the cardiac miRNA regulatory networks revealed the emergence of new regulatory functional branches during evolution. Furthermore, we discovered that early evolved cardiac miRNA target genes tend to participate in the early stages of heart development. This study sheds light on the evolution of developmental features of genes regulated by cardiac miRNAs.
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 is protective during severe Gram-negative pneumonia
Authors: Rosemarijn Renckens, Joris J. T. H. Roelofs, Peter I. Bonta, Sandrine Florquin, Carlie J. M. de Vries, Marcel Levi, Peter Carmeliet, Cornelis van't Veer, Tom van der Poll
Journal: Blood (2006)
Relationship Between Race and Mortality and Morbidity After Valve Replacement Surgery
Authors: Nyali E. Taylor, Sean O’Brien, Fred H. Edwards, Eric D. Peterson, Charles R. Bridges
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— Previous studies have shown that black race is an independent predictor of increased operative mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Given the higher incidence of hypertension and hypertension-associated left ventricular hypertrophy in blacks, we hypothesized that black race might be associated with increased risk of mortality and morbidity after aortic valve replacement (AVR) or mitral valve replacement (MVR). We could not identify a previous study that used a multivariable model to evaluate the association between race and operative mortality after AVR or MVR. Methods and Results— The Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Cardiac Database was used for a retrospective review of 3137 black and 46 249 white patients who underwent MVR alone or AVR alone from 1999 through 2002. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between race and mortality and 6 other adverse outcomes (stroke, renal failure, prolonged ventilation, prolonged postoperative stay, sternal infection, and bleeding) after adjustment for covariates. Unadjusted operative mortality for MVR only was 5.60% for blacks versus 6.18% for whites (OR 0.90 [95% CI 0.71 to 1.14]) and 4.60% for blacks versus 3.62% for whites for AVR only (OR 1.28 [95% CI 1.02 to 1.62]). After adjustment for other risk factors, black race was not a significant predictor of operative mortality after AVR or MVR; however, black race was associated with an increased risk of several complications: prolonged ventilation after AVR or MVR, postoperative stay &gt;14 days after AVR or MVR, reoperation for bleeding after AVR, and postoperative renal failure after MVR. There was no significant association between race and the risk of stroke or deep sternal wound infection for either AVR or MVR. Conclusions— In contrast to previously published results that defined race as an independent risk factor for operative mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery, race does not appear to be a significant predictor of operative mortality after isolated AVR or MVR; however, there is evidence of an association between race and certain complications.
Putting Risk Prediction in Perspective: Relative Utility Curves
Authors: Stuart G. Baker
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2009)

Risk prediction models based on medical history or results of tests are increasingly common in the cancer literature. An important use of these models is to make treatment decisions on the basis of estimated risk. The relative utility curve is a simple method for evaluating risk prediction in a medical decision-making framework. Relative utility curves have three attractive features for the evaluation of risk prediction models. First, they put risk prediction into perspective because relative utility is the fraction of the expected utility of perfect prediction obtained by the risk prediction model at the optimal cut point. Second, they do not require precise specification of harms and benefits because relative utility is plotted against a summary measure of harms and benefits (ie, the risk threshold). Third, they are easy to compute from standard tables of data found in many articles on risk prediction. An important use of relative utility curves is to evaluate the addition of a risk factor to the risk prediction model. To illustrate an application of relative utility curves, an analysis was performed on previously published data involving the addition of breast density to a risk prediction model for invasive breast cancer.
Evolution of the Bacterial Species Lactobacillus delbrueckii: A Partial Genomic Study with Reflections on Prokaryotic Species Concept
Authors: Jacques-Edouard Germond, Luciane Lapierre, Michèle Delley, Beat Mollet, Giovanna E. Felis, Franco Dellaglio
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2003)

The species Lactobacillus delbrueckii consists at present of three subspecies, delbrueckii, lactis and bulgaricus, showing a high level of DNA-DNA hybridization similarity but presenting markedly different traits related to distinct ecological adaptation. The internal genetic heterogeneity of the bacterial species L. delbrueckii was analyzed. Phenotypic and several genetic traits were investigated for 61 strains belonging to this species. These included 16S rDNA sequence mutations, expression of β-galactosidase and of the cell wall–anchored protease, the characterization of the lactose operon locus and of the sequence of lacR gene, galactose metabolism, and the distribution of insertion sequences. The high genetic heterogeneity of taxa was confirmed by every trait investigated: the lac operon was completely deleted in the subsp. delbrueckii, different mutation events in the repressor gene of the operon led to a constitutive expression of lacZ in the subsp. bulgaricus. Structural differences in the same genetic locus were probably due to the presence of different IS elements in the flanking regions. The different expression of the cell wall–anchored protease, constitutive in the subsp. bulgaricus, inducible in the subsp. lactis, and absent in the subsp. delbrueckii was also a consequence of mutations at the gene level. The galT gene for galactose metabolism was found only in the subsp. lactis, while no specific amplification product was detected in the other two subspecies. All these data, together with the absence of a specific IS element, ISL6, from the major number of strains belonging to the subsp. bulgaricus, confirmed a deep internal heterogeneity among the three subspecies. Moreover, this evidence and the directional mutations found in the 16S rDNA sequences suggested that, of the three subspecies, L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis is the taxon closer to the ancestor. Limitations of the current prokaryotic species definition were also discussed, based on presented evidences. Our results indicate the need for an accurate investigation of internal heterogeneity of bacterial species. This study has consequences on the prokaryotic species concept, since genomic flexibility of prokaryotes collides with a stable classification, necessary from a scientific and applied point of view.
Promoting Delivery System Integration to Foster Higher Value Care
Authors: Arnold M. Epstein
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Internal Medicine HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Internal Medicine journal
Does Timing of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Early Breast Cancer Influence Survival?
Authors: C. Shannon, S. Ashley, I.E. Smith
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

Theoretically, patients with early breast cancer might benefit from starting adjuvant chemotherapy soon after surgery, and this would have important clinical implications. We have addressed this question from a large, single-center database in which the majority of patients received anthracyclines.A total of 1161 patients from a prospectively maintained database treated with adjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer at the Royal Marsden Hospital (London, United Kingdom), including 686 (59%) receiving anthracyclines, were retrospectively analyzed. The disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of the 368 patients starting chemotherapy within 21 days of surgery (group A) were compared with those of the 793 patients commencing chemotherapy >or= 21 days after surgery (group B). Median follow-up time was 39 months (range, 12 to 147 months).No significant difference in 5-year DFS was found between the two groups overall (70% for group A v 72% for group B; P =.4) or in any subgroup. Likewise, there was no difference in 5-year OS (82% for group A v 84% for group B; P =.2) or when the interval to the start of chemotherapy was considered as a continuous variable (P =.4).We have been unable to identify any significant survival benefit from starting adjuvant chemotherapy early after surgery, either overall or in any subset of patients.
WHO warns against using homoeopathy to treat serious diseases
Authors: O. Mashta
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The World Health Organization has said that homoeopathy should not be used to treat several serious diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria, after doctors drew attention to the continuing promotion of such complementary therapies in many developing countries.

WHO also said that it does not recommend homoeopathy for treating diarrhoea in infants or flu.

WHO experts, who have clearly criticised the use of treatments that have not been proved clinically and that are not evidence based, said that homoeopathy had “no place” in treatment of these five dangerous diseases.

The organisation was responding to calls from …
Traumatic Rupture of Intestine: Acute Peritonitis: Death
Authors: C. Templeman
Journal: BMJ (1893)

THE sequence of events leading up to death in the case here ,related is the usual one in cases of acute peritonitis following rupture of the intestine, but there are one or two points of special interest in this case.About 11 P.M., on July 30th, 1892, J. G., a labourer, aged 46. was kicked in the lower part of the abdomen.He was for the moment apmewhat stunned, but almost immediately was able to get into grips with his assaflant, throwing him down and falling above him.He made little
Mental health should be given as much weight as physical health, BMA says
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The BMA is calling for equal value to be placed on mental and physical health, particularly that of the most vulnerable members of society.

Its report says that the physical health problems of patients with mental illness are often not properly dealt with and that the mental health of patients with physical illnesses is also often neglected.1

The association points out that in comparison with the general population men with mental health problems die, on average, 20 years earlier and that women die 15 …
Effect of transdermally administered hyoscine methobromide on nocturnal acid secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer.
Authors: R P Walt, C J Kalman, R H Hunt, J J Misiewicz
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Use of anticholinergic drugs in treatment of duodenal ulcers is limited by the side effects of widespread parasympathetic blockade evoked by usual therapeutic doses. A study was conducted into the effectiveness of transdermal delivery of hyoscine methobromide using a new system which releases the drug into the circulation at a controlled rate. In six patients whose duodenal ulcer had healed secretion of acid was measured over two nights, the first on placebo and the second on hyoscine methobromide. All patients responded to the active drug and showed a significant inhibition of acid secretion. Four subjects complained of a dry mouth after overnight treatment with hyoscine methobromide; no other side effects were reported. Transdermal delivery of anticholinergic drugs may be useful in maintenance treatment of duodenal ulcers and further clinical tests are indicated.
Nicklinson's widow is refused right to appeal to higher court
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The widow of Tony Nicklinson, the man with locked-in syndrome who starved himself to death after losing a High Court battle for voluntary euthanasia, has been refused permission to take his case on appeal to a higher court.1

The three judges who originally ruled against him in the High Court case last August acknowledged that it was “an important question whether the …
Rural Reformers Eye 'Managed Cooperation'
Authors: Paul Cotton
Journal: JAMA (1993)

FLEXIBILITY will be the key to making health care reform work in and for rural America. That is the consensus of Clinton administration officials and experts on the "managed competition" model of reform that the President favors, who spoke at a "Health Care Reform in Rural Areas" conference in Little Rock, Ark. Paul Ellwood, MD, president of the Jackson Hole (Wyo) Group that devised the managed-competition model, says the term is a "misnomer in many if not all rural areas. Competition is not always feasible, and in fact can be very wasteful in many rural as well as urban areas." "Managed cooperation" is a more apt description of what is needed where a lack of access to health care is often more of a problem than health care cost, says Ellwood. In such areas, the Health Insurance Purchasing Cooperatives (HIPCs) envisioned under managed competition would "have to behave more like