tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Volume Measurement Using Tissue Characterization of Three-Dimensional Endoscopic Ultrasonographic Images
Authors: None Yoshino, None Nakazawa, None Inui, None Wakabayashi, None Okushima, None Kobayashi, None Nakamura, None Watanabe, None Asakura
Journal: Endoscopy (2000)

Although it is time-consuming to measure the volume of lesions using three-dimensional endoscopic ultrasonography (3D-EUS), the technique is suitable for tissue characterization, as it allows images of multiple areas to be obtained simultaneously in uniform conditions. The present study tested automatic volume measurement using tissue characterization based on 3D-EUS.Nine polygonal sections of resected spleen (volume 0.66 +/- 0.19 cm3) were immersed in water, and 40 radial 3D-EUS images were obtained. For tissue characterization, the methods of co-occurrence matrix and gray-level difference and discriminant analysis were used. Each spleen section was also measured using 3D-EUS. The volume of tissue identified as spleen using tissue characterization and the volume calculated on the basis of the 3D-EUS images were both compared with the actual volume measured beforehand. Measurements using tissue characterization and 3D-EUS were carried out for every third image. In three clinical cases of cancer the volume of the lesion was measured using tissue characterization and 3D-EUS.The mean volume of the nine splenic sections estimated using tissue characterization was 1.2 +/- 0.41 cm3 (mean +/- SD), while the mean volume estimated with 3D-EUS imaging was 1.1 +/- 0.30 cm3 (mean +/- SD). The volumes measured using tissue characterization were on average 13% larger than those obtained with 3D-EUS. Linear regression analysis showed a high degree of correlation between the two sets of measurements (r=0.97, P<0.00005), and also showed a high correlation between the volumes obtained using tissue characterization and the actual volume (r=0.93, P<0.0005). However, the volumes calculated using 3D-EUS images were larger than the actual volume (61% on average), and the volumes estimated using tissue characterization were also greater than the actual volume. The overestimation reflected the fact that measurement was only carried out in every third 3D-EUS image. In the clinical cases, the mean value for "true" tumor tissue as determined on EUS imaging represented 73% of the volume interpreted as cancer using tissue characterization.There was a good correlation between the volume measured with 3D-EUS and the volume obtained using tissue characterization. The tissue characterization volumes were only relatively slightly larger than the volumes measured using 3D-EUS, suggesting that there may be some promise for this application of tissue characterization.
Development of hypertension and uraemia after pyelonephritis in childhood: 27 year follow up.
Authors: S. H. Jacobson, O. Eklof, C. G. Eriksson, L. E. Lins, B. Tidgren, J. Winberg
Journal: BMJ (1989)

OBJECTIVE--Determination of the long term incidence of uraemia, hypertension, and toxaemia in pregnancy associated with non-obstructive focal renal scarring after pyelonephritis in childhood 25-35 years earlier. DESIGN--27 Year follow up of patients with non-obstructive focal scarring identified from a retrospective review of intravenous urograms performed in childhood between 1951 and 1967. SETTING--Paediatric primary referral centre and urological clinic in tertiary referral centre. PATIENTS--30 Patients (mean age 33 (range 22-41] with non-obstructive focal renal scarring first detected between 1951 and 1967 and a history of febrile urinary tract infection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Hypertension and complications of renal damage. RESULTS--Three patients had developed end stage renal disease, seven had developed hypertension, two of 16 women had a history of toxaemia during pregnancy, and seven patients had undergone renal surgery during follow up. Of the 20 patients who had neither had renal surgery nor had end stage renal disease, all had a significantly lower glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow and higher diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, plasma renin activity, and serum beta 2 microglobulin concentration than 13 healthy age matched controls. Diastolic blood pressure and plasma renin activity were positively correlated (r = 0.50, p less than 0.05) and so were fractional sodium excretion and both systolic and diastolic blood pressures (r = 0.54, p less than 0.01, r = 0.51, p less than 0.01 respectively). The progress of renal damage was unrelated to the incidence of recurrent infections. CONCLUSIONS--Children with focal renal scarring due to pyelonephritis are at high risk of serious long term consequences. It is essential that they are given adequate attention and care during adolescence and pregnancy.
Whole Body Clearance of Norepinephrine. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ARTERIAL SAMPLING AND OF SURGICAL STRESS
Authors: Jannik Hilsted, Niels J. Christensen, Sten Madsbad
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1983)

The whole body clearance of norepinephrine (NE) was measured in seven patients pre- and postoperatively. L[3H]NE was infused intravenously for 90 min and steady-state concentrations of L[3H]NE were measured at 75 and 90 min in both arterial and peripheral venous blood. Preoperatively, in the resting supine position, the clearance values based on arterial and venous sampling averaged 1.4 and 2.5 liter/min, respectively (P < 0.02). The difference in clearance values was due to a peripheral uptake of NE averaging 45%.
MYOCARDIAL BRIDGING DOES NOT AFFECT ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN ADJACENT CORONARY ARTERY SEGMENTS: AN ADAPT–DES IVUS SUB–STUDY
Authors: Shinji Inaba, Gary Mintz, Bernhard Witzenbichler, Christopher Metzger, Michael Rinaldi, Ernest Mazzaferri, Peter Duffy, Giora Weisz, Thomas Stuckey, Bruce Brodie, Ke Xu, Roxana Mehran, Gregg Stone, Akiko Maehara
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
A series of unfortunate events? Morbidity and mortality in a Borsetshire village
Authors: R. Stepney
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Rob Stepney ponders Ambridge’s vital statistics

In a landmark paper, Crayford et al reported that the mortality rate for characters in the television soap operas Coronation Street and EastEnders exceeded those of bomb disposal experts and racing drivers.1 Many deaths were violent, and the overall five year survival of recently introduced characters was poorer than that for many cancers. Does the dramatic imperative lead the long running BBC radio series The Archers to contain a similarly high level of mortality and medical incident? Or does radio, and the bucolic setting, give everyday country folk a better chance in life?

The village of Ambridge, at the centre of the programme, is set in a rural area south of Birmingham in the English Midlands. Among the population of 700, employment in farming is higher than average but the age distribution is thought to be similar to the national average, with 20% aged under 16 years and 20% aged 65 and over.2

We are directly acquainted with 60 inhabitants but have knowledge of a further 55, giving a total—for epidemiological purposes—of 115 (58 men and 57 women). In such a small sample, few events of epidemiological significance are likely to occur in any given year. In calculating birth and death rates, I have therefore pooled data for the 20 years preceding the time of writing (September 2011). I describe significant non-fatal illnesses and medical interventions for the same period.⇓



BBC/Archers Addicts

Calculating a mortality rate for Archers characters and comparing it with the country as a whole requires approximations. I assume that the age, sex, and social class distribution of the population of Ambridge reflects that of England and Wales and that Ambridge’s demographics remained constant over two decades. Not censoring data at the time of characters’ deaths means that they continue …
THE STATUS OF THE FIGHT AGAINST CANCER OF THE UTERUS.ADDRESS OF CHAIRMAN OF THE SECTION ON OBSTETRICS AND DISEASES OF WOMEN AT THE FIFTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL SESSION, ATLANTIC CITY, JUNE, 1907.
Authors: J. WESLEY BOVÉE
Journal: JAMA (1907)

To those that are essentially observers this would seem to be a hackneyed subject. To read the titles of monographs and papers as they appear in library catalogues and in the<i>Index Medicus</i>they could infer that great enthusiasm exists in our professional ranks in the treatment of cancer; that it is curable by several modes of treatment and that any investigation into the etiology of it is analogous to that of malaria—to prevent the morbidity rather than the mortality of a curable disease. They would find surgical treatment brilliant in its success, and that the success thus secured is far excelled by Roentgenization and by the employment of that newer and therefore much more up-to-date remedy, radium. W. Deane Butcher is really comparatively modest in his claims for the curative effect of radium on cancer, for he does not claim much for it in the uterine cancer. He opens
Use of a Balanced Low-Protein Diet in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Stanley S. Franklin
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Thirty-four patients with chronic renal insufficiency were instructed to subsist on a 20-gm balanced lowprotein diet during a 21-month study period. There was a 22% incidence of inability to follow this strict regimen. Patients who adhered to the diet and had adequate renal function as judged by urea nitrogen clearance of greater than 1.5 cc/min experienced improvement in uremic symptoms. Complications of this regimen included hyperkalemia and edema. Metabolic acidosis was prevented by the use of orally administered calcium carbonate supplements. Return of uremic symptoms generally occurred when urea nitrogen clearance decreased below 1.5 to 1.0 cc/min or when urine volume decreased below 1 liter/24 hr. The duration of remission from uremic symptoms depends on prevention of deterioration in renal function and cooperation of the patients in adhering to this special diet.
THE RELATION OF LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS TO TUBERCULOSIS.
Authors: HENRY G. ANTHONY
Journal: JAMA (1903)

The relation of lupus erythematosus to tuberculosis has long been the subject of a discussion, the final settlement of which we can hardly look for at the present state of our knowledge. Until more is known of the eruptions which are in some way allied to tuberculosis and which, provisionally, are said to be due to tubercular toxins, and until we obtain more accurate knowledge regarding the cause of lupus erythematosus, our discussions must be of a purely clinical character. Clinical discussion, although not conclusive, is nevertheless of value, as it eliminates from the controversy many mooted questions, and it renders clinical observation more keen and accurate. <h3>OPINIONS OF VARIOUS WRITERS.</h3> Those who believe that lupus erythematosus is a manifestation of tuberculosis are mostly members of the French school of dermatology. They state that a careful analysis of the family history and a thorough examination of patients
Publish or perish?
Authors: Ian Wright
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Kneed to knowOne of my medical school teachers told us that God made a mistake when He (God had a gender then) designed our knees.Another said it was our own fault for walking upright, as knees just weren't designed to take that kind of stress.The human knee is a joint that is both frequently injured and seemingly not up to the job of lasting our current extended lifetimes carrying our current excess of weight.The results: osteoarthritis, and a good part of this issue.Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the mainstay of treating osteoarthritis.Jan Bjordal and colleagues systematically reviewed clinical trials of NSAID treatment of osteoarthritic knee pain (p 18).They found that the drugs helped in the short term but there was little evidence for their long-term use.In an accompanying editorial (p 8), general practitioner Domhnall MacAuley offers some practical advice: start with acetaminophen and strength training, and use NSAIDs and joint injections sparingly and intermittently.What about acupuncture?Jorge Vas et al (p 24) randomized 97 patients with knee osteoarthritis to receive diclofenac plus either acupuncture or sham acupuncture.Admittedly, it was not a perfect study: it lasted only 12 weeks, the acupuncturist carried out the evaluations, and some patients may have seen through the placebo needle technique.The results were positive, however, with improved physical function and quality of life and decreased pain seen in the acupuncture plus NSAID group.When arthritis pain can no longer be controlled and/or function is significantly reduced, surgery can offer relief.Gidwani and Fairbank (p 32) review what surgeons can do for these patients.While arthroscopic palliative measures for osteoarthritic knees have been discredited, total knee replacement usually brings impressive pain relief and functional improvement.Questions remain about specific techniques and the timing of knee replacement, and complications are fairly common, but most patients are happy with their results.The future offers hope that more precise, minimally invasive surgery will replace today's techniques.We also explore the placebo effect in this issue, with report of a survey of Israeli doctors and nurses by Nitzan and Lichtenberg (p 28).The vast majority of respondents said they use placebo medications on occasion and find them effective.Most deceived their patients by telling them they were receiving actual medication.Others used placebos as a diagnostic tool, reasoning (incorrectly) that if the patient responded to a placebo their pain was not "real."David Spiegel (p 9) points out that placebos can be best understood as an extension and effect of the doctor-patient relationship, what psychiatrist Michael Balint called the most powerful pill of all: the doctor.
Abstract IA25: Immunotherapy opportunities and challenges in ovarian cancer
Authors: George Coukos
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells are antigenic and express a multitude of proteins that have been validated as known tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) including Her-2/neu, p53, NY-ESO-1, cdr2, hTERT, mesothelin, survivin, SP-17, WT1 and others. Clinical data indicate that the immune system affects the outcome of patients with EOC; the presence of intraepithelial tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes correlates with improved progression-free and overall survival, as shown by numerous correlative studies conducted on hundreds of ovarian cancer samples. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) isolated from ovarian cancers are oligoclonal, recognize autologous tumor, are specific to known TAAs ex vivo, and exhibit tumor-specific cytolytic activity. Tumor-specific T-cell precursors can also be detected in the blood of patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. These observations suggest that activation of antitumor immunity could be feasible and could produce clinical results in patients with EOC. To date, immunotherapy investigations with intraperitoneal IL-2 infusion, CTLA-4 antibody, vaccines using NY-ESO-1 peptide, virus-modified autologous tumor cells, or dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with whole autologous tumor lysate have yielded limited but encouraging results in EOC. We will review lessons from previous studies and will discuss various opportunities and challenges in the development of effective immunotherapy for EOC. Citation Format: George Coukos. Immunotherapy opportunities and challenges in ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: From Concept to Clinic; Sep 18-21, 2013; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2013;19(19 Suppl):Abstract nr IA25.
Use of Dichloromethylene Diphosphonate in Metastatic Bone Disease
Authors: André Jung, Alex Chantraine, Alfred Donath, Christiana van Ouwenaller, Dora Turnill, Bernadette Mermillod, Mary Ellen Kitler
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

Dichloromethylene diphosphonate (clodronate), a new compound, has powerful activity against osteoclasts and has been used successfully to treat hypercalcemia associated with cancer. We studied its effects on calcium balance in patients with malignant osteolytic lesions. Ten normocalcemic patients with advanced metastatic bone disease or myeloma were evaluated in a baseline 20-day balance and calcium kinetic study. They were then randomized to a clodronate or placebo regimen, treated intravenously for two weeks and orally for a month, and finally reevaluated in another 20-day balance and kinetic study, conducted while they were still receiving treatment. The results show that both calcium balance and calcium absorption increased from base line in the clodronate group and that these changes were significantly different from those in the placebo group (mean change [±S.D.] in calcium balance [clodronate vs. placebo], 203.8±140.1 vs. -65.2±98.8 mg [5.1+3.5 vs. -1.6+2.5 mmol] of calcium per day, P<0.01; change in calcium absorption, 158.8±158 vs. -38.2±96.0 mg [4.0±4.0 vs. -1.0±2.4 mmol] per day, P<0.05). There was a marginal decrease in bone resorption in the clodronate group and no change in bone accretion. Our results suggest that clodronate may be a useful adjuvant in managing metastatic bone disease. (N Engl J Med 1983; 308:1499–1501.)
Prenatal Exposure to Perfluorooctanoate and Risk of Overweight at 20 Years of Age: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Thorhallur I. Halldorsson, Dorte Rytter, Line Småstuen Haug, Bodil Hammer Bech, Inge Danielsen, Georg Becher, Tine Brink Henriksen, Sjurdur F. Olsen
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

Background: Perfluoroalkyl acids are persistent compounds used in various industrial -applications. Of these compounds, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) is currently detected in humans worldwide. A recent study on low-dose developmental exposure to PFOA in mice reported increased weight and elevated biomarkers of adiposity in postpubertal female offspring.Objective: We examined whether the findings of increased weight in postpubertal female mice could be replicated in humans.Methods: A prospective cohort of 665 Danish pregnant women was recruited in 1988–1989 with offspring follow-up at 20 years. PFOA was measured in serum from gestational week 30. Offspring body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were recorded at follow-up (n = 665), and biomarkers of adiposity were quantified in a subset (n = 422) of participants.Results: After adjusting for covariates, including maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking, education, and birth weight, in utero exposure to PFOA was positively associated with anthropometry at 20 years in female but not male offspring. Adjusted relative risks comparing the highest with lowest quartile (median: 5.8 vs. 2.3 ng/mL) of maternal PFOA concentration were 3.1 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4, 6.9] for overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and 3.0 (95% CI: 1.3, 6.8) for waist circumference > 88 cm among female offspring. This corresponded to estimated increases of 1.6 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.6, 2.6) and 4.3 cm (95% CI: 1.4, 7.3) in average BMI and waist circumference, respectively. In addition, maternal PFOA concentrations were positively associated with serum insulin and leptin levels and inversely associated with adiponectin levels in female offspring. Similar associations were observed for males, although point estimates were less precise because of fewer observations. Maternal perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) concentrations were not independently associated with offspring anthropometry at 20 years.Conclusions: Our findings on the effects of low-dose developmental exposures to PFOA are in line with experimental results suggesting obesogenic effects in female offspring at 20 years of age.
In vivo regulation of human mononuclear leukocyte 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Studies in normal subjects.
Authors: H J Harwood, D M Bridge, P W Stacpoole
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

In vivo regulation of microsomal HMG CoA reductase activity was investigated in freshly isolated mononuclear leukocytes from 26 healthy adult males. Reductase activity exhibited a diurnal rhythm and decreased during fasting. Enzyme activity was also modulated in vivo by alterations in dietary and plasma cholesterol, suggesting the existence of an operative cholesterol feedback regulatory system. A single, high cholesterol meal decreased reductase activity within 2 h. In addition, rapid depletion of circulating cholesterol levels by plasmapheresis led to an approximately twofold elevation in enzyme activity within 90 min of treatment. Finally, reductase activity was inhibited by dichloroacetate, a compound known to lower plasma cholesterol in man and inhibit the human leukocyte enzyme in vitro. The regulatory mechanisms controlling HMG CoA reductase activity in the human mononuclear leukocyte in vivo thus are similar to those that modulate the mammalian liver enzyme in vivo. Assessment of mononuclear leukocyte reductase activity may provide insight into the in vivo regulation of human cholesterol metabolism.
THE PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS
Authors: F. PARK LEWIS
Journal: JAMA (1910)

There has never been a time when, as now, the world has given such careful thought and scientific study to the causes of disease and the most effective measures for its prevention. Within the last decade public health has assumed a new importance. As medical knowledge has become more exact, the needlessness and the costliness of disease have become more evident and the public has joined forces with the advance guard of the medical profession in the development of what is practically a new science—preventive medicine.  In the evolution of this work, certain facts have taken on new relationships and have stood out in greater prominence than ever before. We have come to realize that the social fabric of our modern life is woven together by the forces that make for the physical well-being of the people. We now know that disease is neither an accident nor a mysterious
Eating Disorders and IDDM: A problematic association
Authors: Gary M Rodin, Denis Daneman
Journal: Diabetes Care (1992)

IDDM and eating disorders are common conditions in young women. Whether a specific association exists between these two disorders remains controversial. Some studies have suggested an increased incidence of eating disorders in young women with IDDM, whereas others have not detected such an increase. These differences may be attributable, at least in part, to methodological issues in study design, measurement tools, and relatively small sample sizes. Whether the prevalence of eating disorders in IDDM is increased will be resolved only by larger studies that use standardized diagnostic interviews. We suspect that certain aspects of IDDM and its management may trigger the expression of an eating disorder in susceptible individuals. Required dietary restraint and weight gain related to diabetes management are the factors most likely to be implicated. Eating disorders are relatively common in young women with IDDM and may contribute to impaired metabolic control with hypoglycemia and DKA, and to long-term microvascular complications of diabetes. Omission or reduction of required insulin, an extremely common means of weight control in these young women, is likely an important factor in this regard. Further research is required to determine more precisely the relationship between IDDM and eating disorders, and the effects of eating disorders on metabolic control and chronic complications of IDDM.
LYMPHOMATOSIS, MYELOMATOSIS, AND ENDOTHELIOMA OF CHICKENS CAUSED BY A FILTERABLE AGENT
Authors: J. Furth
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1933)

A new transmissible strain of leukosis of chickens is described that causes (a) lymphomatosis with or without tumor formation, and with or without leukemia, (b) myelocytomatosis with or without leukemia, and (c) endothelioma. All these diseases are transmissible by material free from viable cells, and the available evidence indicates that they are caused by a single filterable agent.