tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Second Opinion: Rescuing America’s Healthcare
Authors: Leonardo Trasande
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Harry and Louise
Authors: J Roberts
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Americans don't seem to know much about President Clinton's health reform plan, but they do know its most public critics, Harry and Louise. They are the yuppie couple invented by the insurance industry. During the winter almost no evening of television network programmes passed without a trip into Harry and Louise's kitchen, where they sat at the table, piles of paper between them. Apparently the paper represented the Clinton proposals, because one of them said, “It says here that under the president's plan we won't be able to choose our doctor.”

Until recently it seemed that the insurance industry …
The base rate controversy: Is the glass half-full or half-empty?
Authors: Gideon Keren, Lambert J. Thijs
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract Setting the two hypotheses of complete neglect and full use of base rates against each other is inappropriate. The proper question concerns the degree to which base rates are used (or neglected), and under what conditions. We outline alternative approaches and recommend regression analysis. Koehler's conclusion that we have been oversold on the base rate fallacy seems to be premature.
Regression of colonic low grade B cell lymphoma of the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue type after eradication of Helicobacter pylori
Authors: M Raderer
Journal: Gut (2000)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> Lymphoma of the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) arising in the stomach has been shown to be related to <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection, and total regression of gastric lymphoma after successful eradication of <i>H pylori</i> has consistently been reported. MALT-type lymphoma at other localisations, however, has to our knowledge not been linked to <i>H pylori</i>, and eradication of the bacteria has not been studied for management of such lymphomas. <h3>PATIENT/METHOD</h3> A 67 year old man was diagnosed with MALT-type lymphoma simultaneously involving the stomach and the colon descendens. In addition to the presence of MALT-type lymphoma, <i>H pylori</i>associated chronic gastritis was diagnosed, and treatment with clarithromycin, metronidazole, and omeprazole was initiated, resulting in its successful eradication. <h3>RESULTS</h3> Follow up performed four months later showed regression of the colonic manifestation, whereas the gastric lymphoma did not respond to antibiotic treatment, as assessed by regular follow up for 14 months, in spite of its restriction to mucosa and submucosa. The patient was therefore treated with oral cyclophosphamide (100 mg a day) resulting in partial remission after seven months of continuous treatment. Because of the presence of residual lymphoma, additional irradiation was performed, which led to complete remission of the gastric lymphoma. The patient remains in complete remission 40 months after diagnosis and 26 months after initiation of treatment. <h3>CONCLUSION</h3> In the case of concurrent gastric and intestinal low grade MALT-type lymphoma,<i>H pylori</i> eradication may cause regression of the intestinal lesion.
Association between Foeto-maternal Bleeding and Hypertension in Pregnancy
Authors: P. Jones, A. McNay, W. Walker
Journal: BMJ (1969)

A blind prospective survey of foeto-maternal bleeding in 200 primiparous pregnancies was carried out in an investigation of a possible association between foeto-maternal bleeding and hypertension in pregnancy. Evidence of foeto-maternal bleeding was found in 61% of 36 hypertensive pregnancies, and in 51% of 160 normotensive pregnancies, a difference which is not statistically significant. Significant differences between the hypertensive and the normotensive groups were found when foeto-maternal bleeding was related to gestation. In pregnancies that became hypertensive more foetal cells were found in the maternal circulation before week 36 than in normotensive pregnancies. In patients with oedema of the abdominal wall during pregnancy the incidence of foeto-maternal bleeding was significantly increased. These findings seem to explain why pre-eclamptic toxaemia is a significant predisposing factor in women who later develop Rh antibodies. It is recommended that anti-D gammaglobulin should be offered to all Rh-negative women with Rh-positive infants following a hypertensive pregnancy. Consideration should also be given to the question of administering anti-D gammaglobulin during Rh-negative hypertensive pregnancies if this procedure is proved to be both safe to mother and foetus and effective. The results provide contributory evidence that the placental vascular changes in toxaemic pregnancies precede the clinical signs and are not the result of hypertension.
Minimal refereeing will lead to global equity of information
Authors: P. A Singer
Journal: BMJ (2001)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) is a major hub that receives sensory information from both internal and external environments. Specific populations of PBN neurons are involved in behaviors including food and water intake, pain sensation, breathing regulation, as well as learning and responding appropriately to threatening stimuli. However, it is unclear how many PBN neuron populations exist and how different behaviors may be encoded by unique signaling molecules or receptors. Here we provide a repository of data on the molecular identity, spatial location, and projection patterns on dozens of PBN neuron subclusters. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified 21 subclusters of neurons in the PBN and neighboring regions. Multiplexed <i>in situ</i> hybridization showed many of these subclusters are localized to distinct PBN subregions. We also describe two major ascending pathways that innervate distinct brain regions by analyzing axonal projections in 21 Cre-driver lines of mice. These results are all publicly available for download and provide a foundation for further interrogation of PBN functions and connections.
Scaffold vascularization in vivo driven by primary human osteoblasts in concert with host inflammatory cells
Authors: Shahram Ghanaati, Ronald E. Unger, Matthew J. Webber, Mike Barbeck, Carina Orth, Jenny A. Kirkpatrick, Patrick Booms, Antonella Motta, Claudio Migliaresi, Robert A. Sader, C. James Kirkpatrick
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)
Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Open and Semi-Open Settings: A Systematic Review
Authors: Xisca Sureda, Esteve Fernández, María J. López, Manel Nebot
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2013)

Background: Some countries have recently extended smoke-free policies to particular outdoor settings; however, there is controversy regarding whether this is scientifically and ethically justifiable.Objectives: The objective of the present study was to review research on secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in outdoor settings.Data sources: We conducted different searches in PubMed for the period prior to September 2012. We checked the references of the identified papers, and conducted a similar search in Google Scholar.Study selection: Our search terms included combinations of "secondhand smoke," "environmental tobacco smoke," "passive smoking" OR "tobacco smoke pollution" AND "outdoors" AND "PM" (particulate matter), "PM2.5" (PM with diameter ≤ 2.5 µm), "respirable suspended particles," "particulate matter," "nicotine," "CO" (carbon monoxide), "cotinine," "marker," "biomarker" OR "airborne marker." In total, 18 articles and reports met the inclusion criteria.Results: Almost all studies used PM2.5 concentration as an SHS marker. Mean PM2.5 concentrations reported for outdoor smoking areas when smokers were present ranged from 8.32 to 124 µg/m3 at hospitality venues, and 4.60 to 17.80 µg/m3 at other locations. Mean PM2.5 concentrations in smoke-free indoor settings near outdoor smoking areas ranged from 4 to 120.51 µg/m3. SHS levels increased when smokers were present, and outdoor and indoor SHS levels were related. Most studies reported a positive association between SHS measures and smoker density, enclosure of outdoor locations, wind conditions, and proximity to smokers.Conclusions: The available evidence indicates high SHS levels at some outdoor smoking areas and at adjacent smoke-free indoor areas. Further research and standardization of methodology is needed to determine whether smoke-free legislation should be extended to outdoor settings.
THE OPSONIC INDEX IN TYPHOID FEVER.A PRELIMINARY REPORT.
Authors: C. P. CLARK
Journal: JAMA (1906)

From a study of 33 cases of typhoid fever in which one or more estimations of the opsonic index were made, certain broad conclusions relative to the index in this disease may be deduced. It has been demonstrated that there occurs during a typhoid infection a marked rise in the opsonic index; that the index varies from day to day; that there is early in the disease a high index; as the temperature decreases this appears to fall and to rise again as convalescence approaches, but more cases must be studied before any final conclusions may be drawn. That the high index is due to the presence of opsonin and not to the incorporation by the leucocytes of clumps of bacilli resulting from agglutination is demonstrated by a comparison of the number of phagocytes in the normal as compared with that of the patient's specimen. In many cases the index
Preventing Hemorrhage from Esophageal Varices
Authors: Nathan M. Bass
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1987)

Hemorrhage from esophageal varices remains a common and costly medical emergency associated with a high mortality and a substantial risk of recurrent bleeding in patients who survive. Although portal pressure correlates poorly with the risk of variceal bleeding, elevation of portal pressure above a threshold of 12 mm Hg appears necessary for varices to form and subsequently bleed.1 , 2 In addition, the risk of hemorrhage is clearly increased in patients with large, thin-walled varices.2 Therapeutic strategies with the twofold goal of preventing recurrent bleeding from varices and improving patient survival have thus attempted either to reduce portal pressure or to obliterate . . .
Actions of vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y on the pacemaker current in canine Purkinje fibers.
Authors: F Chang, H Yu, I S Cohen
Journal: Circulation Research (1994)

We have investigated the actions of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) on the pacemaker current (I(f)) in canine Purkinje fibers. On voltage pulses to the middle of the I(f) activation range, VIP reversibly increases I(f), whereas NPY reversibly decreases I(f). A three-pulse voltage protocol suggests that VIP shifts I(f) activation in the positive direction and that NPY shifts I(f) activation in the negative direction on the voltage axis without changing maximal I(f) conductance. These effects of VIP and NPY on I(f) are exerted through their specific peptide receptors, since the effects are blocked by VIP and NPY receptor antagonists. VIP and NPY are colocalized in cardiac parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve endings, respectively, and can be released preferentially on high and long-lasting nerve stimulation. Given this colocalization and frequency-dependent release, these results suggest a role for these neuropeptides in controlling cardiac I(f) and consequently heart rate.
Comparison of spontaneous and experimentally induced canine prostatic hyperplasia.
Authors: D P DeKlerk, D S Coffey, L L Ewing, I R McDermott, W G Reiner, C H Robinson, W W Scott, J D Strandberg, P Talalay, P C Walsh, L G Wheaton, B R Zirkin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1979)

Spontaneous prostatic hyperplasia in the beagle appears to progress with age from a glandular to a cystic histological appearance. Prostatic hyperplasia can be induced in young beagles with intact testes by treatment for 4 mo with either dihydrotestosterone or 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol, alone, or with either of these steroids in combination with 17 beta-estradiol. In contrast, the induction of prostatic hyperplasia in young castrated beagles, in which the gland had been allowed to involute for 1 mo, requires the administration of both 17 beta-estradiol and either 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol or dihydrotestosterone. Testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol, either singly or in combination, did not produce the hyperplastic condition in intact or castrated beagles. The experimentally induced prostatic hyperplasia is identical in pathology to the glandular hyperplasia that occurs naturally in the aging dog with intact testes. However, cystic hyperplasia was not produced by any of the treatments tested in young animals.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum induces Ixodes scapularis ticks to express an antifreeze glycoprotein gene that enhances their survival in the cold
Authors: Girish Neelakanta, Hameeda Sultana, Durland Fish, John F. Anderson, Erol Fikrig
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

In the United States, Ixodes scapularis ticks overwinter in the Northeast and Upper Midwest and transmit the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, among other pathogens. We now show that the presence of A. phagocytophilum in I. scapularis ticks increases their ability to survive in the cold. We identified an I. scapularis antifreeze glycoprotein, designated IAFGP, and demonstrated via RNAi knockdown studies the importance of IAFGP for the survival of I. scapularis ticks in a cold environment. Transfection studies also show that IAFGP increased the viability of yeast cells subjected to cold temperature. Remarkably, A. phagocytophilum induced the expression of iafgp, thereby increasing the cold tolerance and survival of I. scapularis. These data define a molecular basis for symbiosis between a human pathogenic bacterium and its arthropod vector and delineate what we believe to be a new pathway that may be targeted to alter the life cycle of this microbe and its invertebrate host.
Inhibitory effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 on small bowel motility. Fasting but not fed motility inhibited via nitric oxide independently of insulin and somatostatin.
Authors: T Tolessa, M Gutniak, J J Holst, S Efendic, P M Hellström
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)(7-36)amide on fasted and fed motility in the rat small intestine were investigated in relation to its dependence on nitric oxide (NO), insulin, and somatostatin. Small bowel electromyography was performed using bipolar electrodes implanted 15, 25, and 35 cm distal to pylorus, and transit was studied with a radioactive marker. In the fasted state, GLP-1 (5-20 pmol kg-1min-1), reaching physiological plasma levels, prolonged the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) cycle length along with slowed transit. This effect was antagonized by exendin(9-39)amide. The NO synthase inhibitor Nomega-nitro- L-arginine (L-NNA) also blocked the response to GLP-1, whereas L-arginine restored the response. Insulin (80-200 pmol kg-1min-1) induced irregular spiking, whereas somatostatin (100-500 pmol kg-1min-1) increased the MMC cycle length, independently of NO. In the fed state, GLP-1 (20-40 pmol kg-1min-1) reduced motility, an inhibition unaffected by L-NNA, whereas motility was stimulated by exendin(9-39)amide. Infusion of GLP-1 (20-100 pmol kg-1min-1) did not affect plasma insulin, but somatostatin was increased. In conclusion, GLP-1 seems to inhibit small bowel motility directly via the GLP-1 receptor. Inhibition of fasting motility is dependent of NO and not mediated via insulin or somatostatin, whereas inhibition of fed motility is independent of NO.
ON CHOREA, VIEWED FROM THE STANDPOINT OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY,WITH AN ENTIRELY NOVEL THEORY AS TO THE CAUSE OF THE MUSCULAR TREMOR AND INCOÖRDINATION, AND A NEW THERAPEUTICS.,Part of a Clinical Lecture delivered February 3, 1893.
Authors: HORATIO C. WOOD
Journal: JAMA (1893)

[Stenographically reported for The Journal of the American Medical Association.] <i>Gentlemen</i>:—I am going to occupy your attention this morning with the discussion of a subject which is of great scientific interest, and which may prove to be a discovery of considerable practical importance. Some years ago, as you know, I gave much attention to the subject of the physiology of the choreic movements. At that time, I made a number of experiments upon the lower animals, especially upon dogs, and succeeded in demonstrating, in the dog, that these movements had their origin in the spinal cord. I found that in the choreic dog, after dividing the spinal cord in the dorsal region, the movements continued in the posterior extremities just the same as before, save that, after the division of the cord, the muscular movements in the fore-limbs and hind-limbs were no longer synchronous; that is to say, rhythm did
Upregulation of SOX9 inhibits the growth of human and mouse melanomas and restores their sensitivity to retinoic acid
Authors: Thierry Passeron, Julio C. Valencia, Takeshi Namiki, Wilfred D. Vieira, Hélène Passeron, Yoshinori Miyamura, Vincent J. Hearing
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2009)

Treatments for primary and metastatic melanomas are rarely effective. Even therapeutics such as retinoic acid (RA) that are successfully used to treat several other forms of cancer are ineffective. Recent evidence indicates that the antiproliferative effects of RA are mediated by the transcription factor SOX9 in human cancer cell lines. As we have previously shown that SOX9 is expressed in normal melanocytes, here we investigated SOX9 expression and function in human melanomas. Although SOX9 was expressed in normal human skin, it was increasingly downregulated as melanocytes progressed to the premalignant and then the malignant and metastatic states. Overexpression of SOX9 in both human and mouse melanoma cell lines induced cell cycle arrest by increasing p21 transcription and restored sensitivity to RA by downregulating expression of PRAME, a melanoma antigen. Furthermore, SOX9 overexpression in melanoma cell lines inhibited tumorigenicity both in mice and in a human ex vivo model of melanoma. Treatment of melanoma cell lines with PGD2 increased SOX9 expression and restored sensitivity to RA. Thus, combined treatment with PGD2 and RA substantially decreased tumor growth in human ex vivo and mouse in vivo models of melanoma. The results of our experiments targeting SOX9 provide insight into the pathophysiology of melanoma. Further, the effects of SOX9 on melanoma cell proliferation and RA sensitivity suggest the encouraging possibility of a noncytotoxic approach to the treatment of melanoma.
Effect of Heparin on Renal Function in Patients with Oliguria
Authors: E. N. Wardle, P. R. Uldall
Journal: BMJ (1972)

The effect of short-term administration of heparin has been studied in seven patients with oliguric glomerulonephritis, five with accelerated hypertension, and three with transplant rejection. Measurements were made of the glomerular filtration rate, radiofibrinogen catabolism, and complement inhibition. Beneficial effects on fibrinogen catabolism were found in some cases of accelerated hypertension and transplant rejection, but heparin alone had no dramatic effect in glomerulonephritis. Heparin produced an increase of glomerular filtration rate, but in-vivo inhibition of complement by heparin was small.
Effectiveness-Based Guidelines for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women—2011 Update
Authors: Lori Mosca, Emelia J. Benjamin, Kathy Berra, Judy L. Bezanson, Rowena J. Dolor, Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, L. Kristin Newby, Ileana L. Piña, Véronique L. Roger, Leslee J. Shaw, Dong Zhao, Theresa M. Beckie, Cheryl Bushnell, Jeanine D'Armiento, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Jing Fang, Theodore G. Ganiats, Antoinette S. Gomes, Clarisa R. Gracia, Constance K. Haan, Elizabeth A. Jackson, Debra R. Judelson, Ellie Kelepouris, Carl J. Lavie, Anne Moore, Nancy A. Nussmeier, Elizabeth Ofili, Suzanne Oparil, Pamela Ouyang, Vivian W. Pinn, Katherine Sherif, Sidney C. Smith, George Sopko, Nisha Chandra-Strobos, Elaine M. Urbina, Viola Vaccarino, Nanette K. Wenger
Journal: Circulation (2011)
Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Manifestations of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Phillip M. Berman
Journal: JAMA (1991)

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a new disease, and broad clinical experience is limited to all but a few specialized clinicians. The different manifestations are still being defined. Patients often have complicated concurrent diseases. It is considered terminal regardless of the general health of the patient. Gastrointestinal symptoms and malnutrition are common, and may be major causes of morbidity and mortality. According to the editor,<i>Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Manifestations of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome</i>codifies the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary complications that occur in AIDS. It stresses current information, and it relates disease pathogenesis in AIDS to known mechanisms. While primary immunodeficiencies are relatively uncommon, malnutrition, which is the most common cause of secondary immunodeficiency, is recognized throughout the world. The relationship between AIDS and malnutrition is emphasized throughout the book. The volume begins with an overview of human immunodeficiency virus infection, reviews basic gastrointestinal immunity, and joins the two
Induced pluripotent stem cells generated without viral integration
Authors: Reto Eggenschwiler, Tobias Cantz, Kris Kowdley, Geoffrey McCaughan, Christian Trautwein
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Pluripotent stem cells have been generated from mouse and human somatic cells by viral expression of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. A major limitation of this technology is the use of potentially harmful genome-integrating viruses. Here, we generate mouse induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from fibroblasts and liver cells by using non-integrating adenoviruses transiently expressing Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. These adenoviral iPS (adeno-iPS) cells show DNA demethylation characteristic of reprogrammed cells, express endogenous pluripotency genes, form teratomas, and contribute to multiple tissues, including the germline, in chimeric mice. Our results provide strong evidence that insertional mutagenesis is not required for in vitro reprogramming. Adenoviral reprogramming may provide an improved method for generating and studying patient-specific stem cells and for comparing embryonic stem cells and iPS cells.