tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Common Bacterial Infections: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management
Authors: F. Robert Fekety
Journal: JAMA (1965)

The title of this volume is an unfortunate misnomer, for the book will be most useful to physicians dealing with infections having surgical overtones. The author has a good feeling for the pathophysiology of infection, and his emphasis upon the necessity of combining skillful medical and surgical practices with antibiotics in the management of infections is the most noteworthy feature of the book. This is particularly evident in the chapters on trauma, burns, osteomyelitis, and intra-abdominal infections. Curiously, there is little discussion of postoperative infections or of the role of prophylactic antibiotics in various conditions. Many common bacterial infections are not discussed (eg, streptococcal sore throat, gonococcal urethritis) or are discussed only briefly.  While many interesting bits of information are presented, a tendency towards brevity frequently diminishes their utility. For example, the use of human tetanus hyperimmune gamma globulin is discussed, but many details of tetanus immunization which are important
Expand the Pharyngitis Paradigm for Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Robert M. Centor
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2009)

Current guidelines and review articles emphasize that clinicians should consider group A β-hemolytic streptococcus in the diagnosis and management of patients with acute pharyngitis. Recent data suggest that in adolescents and young adults (persons aged 15 to 24 years), Fusobacterium necrophorum causes endemic pharyngitis at a rate similar to that of group A β-hemolytic streptococcus. On the basis of published epidemiologic data, F. necrophorum is estimated to cause the Lemierre syndrome—a life-threatening suppurative complication—at a higher incidence than that at which group A streptococcus causes acute rheumatic fever. Moreover, these estimates suggest greater morbidity and mortality from the Lemierre syndrome. The diagnostic paradigm for adolescent pharyngitis should therefore be expanded to consider F. necrophorum in addition to group A streptococcus. Expanding the pharyngitis paradigm will have several important implications. Further epidemiologic research is needed on both F. necrophorum pharyngitis (especially clinical presentation) and the Lemierre syndrome. Clinicians need reliable diagnostic techniques for F. necrophorum pharyngitis. In the meantime, adolescents and young adults who develop bacteremic symptoms should be aggressively treated with antibiotics for F. necrophorum infection. Physicians should avoid macrolides if they choose to treat streptococcus-negative pharyngitis empirically. Finally, pediatricians, internists, family physicians, and emergency department physicians should know the red flags for adolescent and young adult pharyngitis: worsening symptoms or neck swelling (especially unilateral neck swelling). Adolescent and young adult pharyngitis is more complicated than previously considered.
Accreditation of Continuing Medical Education
Authors: Rutledge W. Howard
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Since 1966, following a pilot study five years earlier, the American Medical Association has provided a program of accreditation for institutions and organizations involved in continuing medical education activities. The AMA Council on Medical Education, with its Advisory Committee on Continuing Medical Education, has sought to develop this service as a full-scale venture to provide guidelines for institutions and organizations that desire to provide physician self-renewal of higher quality and greater relevance. The accreditation program has been voluntary and initially was offered to any institution or organization interested in being surveyed on the basis of established guidelines developed by the Council. In 1970, the guidelines were developed further to be the<i>Essentials of Approved Programs in Continuing Medical Education</i>. Those who plan and implement programs of continuing medical education, as well as those who conduct surveys of such programs for accreditation, have found the<i>Essentials</i>useful and practical. As experience
A Novel C5a-neutralizing Mirror-image (l-)Aptamer Prevents Organ Failure and Improves Survival in Experimental Sepsis
Authors: Kai Hoehlig, Christian Maasch, Nelli Shushakova, Klaus Buchner, Markus Huber-Lang, Werner G Purschke, Axel Vater, Sven Klussmann
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2013)

Complement factor C5a is a potent proinflammatory mediator that contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory diseases. Here, we describe the discovery of NOX-D20, a PEGylated biostable mirror-image mixed (l-)RNA/DNA aptamer (Spiegelmer) that binds to mouse and human C5a with picomolar affinity. In vitro, NOX-D20 inhibited C5a-induced chemotaxis of a CD88-expressing cell line and efficiently antagonized the activation of primary human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) by C5a. Binding of NOX-D20 to the C5a moiety of human C5 did not interfere with the formation of the terminal membrane attack complex (MAC). In sepsis, for which a specific interventional therapy is currently lacking, complement activation and elevated levels of C5a are suggested to contribute to multiorgan failure and mortality. In the model of polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), NOX-D20 attenuated inflammation and organ damage, prevented the breakdown of the vascular endothelial barrier, and improved survival. Our study suggests NOX-D20 as a new therapeutic candidate for the treatment of sepsis. Complement factor C5a is a potent proinflammatory mediator that contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory diseases. Here, we describe the discovery of NOX-D20, a PEGylated biostable mirror-image mixed (l-)RNA/DNA aptamer (Spiegelmer) that binds to mouse and human C5a with picomolar affinity. In vitro, NOX-D20 inhibited C5a-induced chemotaxis of a CD88-expressing cell line and efficiently antagonized the activation of primary human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) by C5a. Binding of NOX-D20 to the C5a moiety of human C5 did not interfere with the formation of the terminal membrane attack complex (MAC). In sepsis, for which a specific interventional therapy is currently lacking, complement activation and elevated levels of C5a are suggested to contribute to multiorgan failure and mortality. In the model of polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), NOX-D20 attenuated inflammation and organ damage, prevented the breakdown of the vascular endothelial barrier, and improved survival. Our study suggests NOX-D20 as a new therapeutic candidate for the treatment of sepsis.
Nutritional Support of Medical Practice
Authors: Wayne Callaway
Journal: JAMA (1978)

No brief review can do justice to the inadequacies of this text. However, because the book has received wide promotion, it warrants reviewing—if for no other reason than to serve as a warning to teachers who might consider imposing it on their students. The comments that follow should be read as a critique of the conception and execution of the work as a whole, not as criticism of those few of the book's many authors who have, in fact, made notable contributions to clinical nutrition. The editors claim that their text is meant to be "clinically applicable in day-to-day medical practice." Yet the editors themselves and many of their contributors are far removed from modern clinical medicine. As a result, large sections read as if they were extracted from medical texts that were current several decades ago. Other sections repeat the familiar clichés about the importance of nutrition, "the team
Calcium and Vitamin D<sub>3</sub>Supplementation Prevents Bone Loss in the Spine Secondary to Low-Dose Corticosteroids in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Lenore M. Buckley
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Background: Therapy with low-dose corticosteroids is commonly used to treat allergic and autoimmune diseases. Long-term use of corticosteroids can lead to loss of bone mineral density and higher risk for vertebral fractures. Calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation is rational therapy for minimizing bone loss, but little evidence for its effectiveness exists. Objective: To assess 1) the effects of supplemental calcium and vitamin D3 on bone mineral density of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 2) the relation between the effects of this supplementation and corticosteroid use. Design: 2-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting: University outpatient-care facility. Patients: 96 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 65 of whom were receiving treatment with corticosteroids (mean dosage, 5.6 mg/d). Intervention: Calcium carbonate (1000 mg/d) and vitamin D3 (500 IU/d) or placebo. Measurements: Bone mineral densities of the lumbar spine and femur were determined annually. Results: Patients receiving prednisone therapy who were given placebo lost bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and trochanter at a rate of 2.0% and 0.9% per year, respectively. Patients receiving prednisone therapy who were given calcium and vitamin D3 gained bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and trochanter at a rate of 0.72% (P = 0.005) and 0.85% (P = 0.024) per year, respectively. In patients receiving prednisone therapy, bone mineral densities of the femoral neck and the Ward triangle did not increase significantly with calcium and vitamin D3. Calcium and vitamin D3 did not improve bone mineral density, at any site in patients who were not receiving corticosteroids. Conclusion: Calcium and vitamin D3 prevented loss of bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and trochanter in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were treated with low-dose corticosteroids.
National Study of Internal Medicine Manpower: I. Residency Training 1976-1977
Authors: ALVIN R. TARLOV
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

The National Study of Internal Medicine Manpower was undertaken to collect data on the supply of newly trained internists. The questionnaire data returned by 98% of the 418 internal medicine residency training program directors showed that there were more than 15 000 residents in training in internal medicine in 1976-1977. Twenty-five percent of the first-year positions were held by physicians destined for specialties other than internal medicine. Over a third of each medical school graduating class opts for a full year of internal medicine for their first residency year; an additional third of all medical school graduates rotate for a variable number of months on internal medicine teaching services. More than half of the practicing internists participate in the training of residents. Hospital revenue (for example, Medicare and third-party payers) provides the bulk of financial support for residents and teaching staff. Local, state, and federal governments, by direct appropriation, provide 25% of residents' stipends and teaching staff salaries.
Phage-typing and Epidemiology of Shigella Dysenteriae Sonne
Authors: K. E. Cooper, A. Mayr-Harting
Journal: BMJ (1951)

the weight of the afferent loop suspended on the gastric remnant.4. The early post-gastrectomy syndrome can be prevented by suitable reconstruction of anatomical support for *the stomach and the anastomosis.5. In cases in which the syndrome is severe, surgical inter- vention is worth while and is curative.
Human papillomavirus in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus: an immune reconstitution-associated disease?
Authors: R. Meys, F.M. Gotch, C.B. Bunker
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

Journal Article Human papillomavirus in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus: an immune reconstitution‐associated disease? Get access R. Meys, R. Meys Departments of Dermatology Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar F.M. Gotch, F.M. Gotch Immunology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College, 369 Fulham Rd, London SW10 9NH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C.B. Bunker C.B. Bunker Departments of Dermatology Christopher B. Bunker. E‐mail: cbb@hamderm.demon.co.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 162, Issue 1, 1 January 2010, Pages 6–11, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09365.x Published: 01 January 2010
Beta-adrenergic regulation of the muscarinic-gated K+ channel via cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in atrial cells.
Authors: D Kim
Journal: Circulation Research (1990)

Cholinergic and beta-adrenergic stimulations of ionic currents are major physiological mechanisms in the regulation of heart rate and contractility. Muscarinic receptor stimulation is known to reduce beta-adrenergic effects on calcium current via reduction of cyclic AMP. Whether the beta-adrenergic stimulation affects the muscarinic response is not known. I report here that the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol enhanced the muscarinic-activated K+ channel activity in rat atrial cells. Application of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase or its catalytic subunit to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane augmented the acetylcholine-activated K+ channel activity twofold to threefold. Increases in channel activity produced by isoproterenol or cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase were associated with fourfold to fivefold and approximately twofold increases in the mean open and closed time durations, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase treatment reversed these effects. These results suggest that cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of the K+ channel or associated regulatory proteins modulates the gating kinetics of the channel. This mechanism may be important in the regulation of pacemaker activity and, thus, the heart rate during beta-adrenergic stimulation.
[79] ACUTE HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE TO BETA-BLOCKERS FOR THE PREDICTION OF LONG-TERM OUTCOME IN PRIMARY PROPHYLAXIS OF VARICEAL BLEEDING. FINAL RESULTS OF A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: C. Aracil, A. Colomo, I. Ordas, C. Guarner, X. Torras, A. Gallego, C. Villanueva, J. Balanzo
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Antidiuretic Properties of Hydrochlorothiazide in Diabetes Insipidus
Authors: C. W. H. Havard, P. H. N. Wood
Journal: BMJ (1960)

Recently it has been stated that when experimental animals with diabetes insipidus are given hydro chlorothiazide the urinary volume is reduced by half (Kennedy and Crawford, 1959). This observation prompted us to assess the therapeutic response in a patient with diabetes insipidus who was loath to accept the prospect of daily injections of vasopressin. Treatment with hydrochlorothiazide reduced the urinary volume from 9.5 to 2.5 litres per 24 hours. The purpose of this paper is to record our investigations into the mechanism of this therapeutic paradox, and to assess the value of this drug in the management of patients with diabetes insipidus.
SUBSTANTIAL VARIABILITY BETWEEN LABORATORIES IN TROPONIN DECISION LEVEL FOR DIAGNOSIS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND ASSAY 99TH PERCENTILE: FINDINGS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL STUDY OF COMPARATIVE HEALTH EFFECTIVENESS WITH MEDICAL AND INVASIVE APPROACHES (ISCHEMIA) TRIAL
Authors: Akshay Bagai, Bernard R. Chaitman, Gilbert Gosselin, Benoy N. Shah, Ariel Diaz, Dennis Humen, Subhash Banerjee, Gian Piero Perna, Herwig Schuchlenz, Asim N. Cheema, Yongjian Wu, Marvin W. Kronenberg, Herbert D. Aronow, Todd D. Miller, Mohammad El-Hajjar, Regina Druz, Radoslaw Pracon, L. Kristin Newby, Karen Alexander, Shaun Goodman, Sripal Bangalore, David J. Maron, Judith S. Hochman, Kenneth W. Mahaffey
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
A Review of Some Recently Defined Virus Diseases
Authors: John F. Enders
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1947)

DURING the decade 1920–1930, when I first began the study of infectious agents, it was more or less generally agreed that the era of etiologic discovery, if not definitely ended, was at least in its final stage. The efforts of bacteriologists in the future were to be directed to the more intensive study of the known pathogenic organisms — the number of which would not be materially increased—with a view to defining more precisely their metabolism, their chemistry, the immune reactions that they elicited and the means by which their attack might be prevented or withstood. However, we failed to . . .
A Century of Optocardiography
Authors: Bas J. Boukens, Igor R. Efimov
Journal: IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering (2013)

In the past decade, optical mapping provided crucial mechanistic insight into electromechanical function and the mechanism of ventricular fibrillation. Therefore, to date, optical mapping dominates experimental cardiac electrophysiology. The first cardiac measurements involving optics were done in the early 1900s using the fast cinematograph that later evolved into methods for high-resolution activation and repolarization mapping and stimulation of specific cardiac cell types. The field of "optocardiography," therefore, emerged as the use of light for recording or interfering with cardiac physiology. In this review, we discuss how optocardiography developed into the dominant research technique in experimental cardiology. Furthermore, we envision how optocardiographic methods can be used in clinical cardiology.
Medical profession is divided over whether to demand health bill's withdrawal
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Disagreement among key professional bodies has left the medical profession divided over whether to increase pressure on the coalition government to scrap its planned changes for the NHS in England.

Talks on the evening of 24 January between the members of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges ended in disarray when the Royal College of Surgeons of England and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists refused to sign a draft statement calling for the withdrawal of the Health and Social Care Bill.

The draft statement, which was widely leaked to the press, said that the bill should be withdrawn because without modification it “may widen rather than lessen health inequalities and that unnecessary competition will undermine the provision of high quality integrated care to patients.”

A spokeswoman for the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists said that it had not seen the draft statement but that its position had not changed: it was continuing to work with the government to improve the health bill.

A spokesman for the Royal College of Surgeons said that the statement drafted by the …
A TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETECTION OF MINIMAL NUMBERS OF MALARIA PARASITES; ITS APPLICATION IN THE DETECTIN OF SUPPRESSED VIVAX MALARIA 123
Authors: Robert W. Berliner, Thomas J. Kennedy, Frederick S. Bigelow
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1948)

It has been demonstrated, by the subinoculation of large volumes of blood, that malaria parasites are present in the peripheral circulation of indi- viduals who have been bitten by infected mosqui- toes but whose disease is suppressed with adequate treatment (1).Since each examination by this procedure requires the use of an additional volunteer subject, a substitute method which yields the same information without necessitating a cor- responding utilization of recipients should be highly desirable.Whereas not less than 10 malaria parasites per mm.8 or 10,000 per cm.3 of blood are required to be uniformly detectable by the usual thick smear examination, the method of Ferrebee and Geiman (2) for the preparation of concentrates of parasitized red blood cells is applicable, with slight modification, to the demonstration of Plas- modium vivax at parasite densities far below those required for detection by the routine laboratory method.The modified concentration technique permits the demonstration of parasites when they are present in concentrations of less than 100 per cm.8 of blood.1 The work described in this paper was done under
Intracellular sodium, membrane potential, and contractility of rat mesenteric small arteries.
Authors: M J Mulvany, C Aalkjaer, T T Petersen
Journal: Circulation Research (1984)

We have investigated effects of altered extracellular sodium, intracellular sodium concentration, and membrane potential on the contractile responses of rat isolated mesenteric small arteries (internal diameter ca. 200 microns), when mounted as ring preparations on an isometric myograph. To avoid possible neural effects, all vessels were denervated in vitro using 6-hydroxydopamine. In unstimulated vessels, exposure to low-Na+ solutions (25 mM sodium, sucrose, or choline-substituted) did not cause any response nor did exposure to ouabain (1 mM) for 1 hour [when intracellular sodium concentration increased to 64 mmol/(liter-cell)]. However, a response was obtained if ouabain-exposed vessels were subjected to low-sodium solutions (ca. 15% of maximal response). The magnitude of the response was dependent on the ratio of intracellular to extracellular sodium and was not inhibitable by the calcium blockers, felodipine (1 nM) or D600 (10 microM). This response could therefore be explained in terms of Na-Ca exchange mechanism. The responses of activated vessels to ouabain and to low-sodium solutions were also investigated. The responses of vessels to submaximal doses of noradrenaline or potassium were potentiated acutely by ouabain (by 10-30% of the maximal response), even if the extracellular sodium was reduced to 25 mM. In all cases, the potentiation by ouabain was accompanied by a depolarization (3-12 mV). However, only in the case of noradrenaline-activated vessels with normal extracellular sodium was the potentiation accompanied by an increase in intracellular sodium [by ca. 7 mmol/(liter-cell)]. Moreover, the latter response was inhibited by felodipine and D600. The results suggest that Na-Ca exchange mechanisms may be present in these vessels but that they only play a role under extreme conditions; under normal conditions the effect of ouabain on activated vessels seems to be primarily due to its depolarizing effect, and not to its effect on intracellular sodium.
Regulation of Interleukin-5 and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Expression
Authors: David J. Cousins, Dontcho Z. Staynov, Tak H. Lee
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

This review concerns the regulation of expression of the two main eosinophil differentiating factors, interleukin-5 (IL-5) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The latter, GM-CSF, is expressed in a wide variety of differentiated and non-differentiated cell types: T cells, monocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. On the other hand, IL-5 is only expressed by a limited number of fully differentiated cells: eosinophils, mast cells, and a subset of T cells. Activation of GM-CSF in T cells and non-T cells occurs by different mechanisms, regulated both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. The transcriptional activation of GM-CSF via protein kinase C pathway and via viral transactivating proteins involves different regulatory elements of its promoter. Although one of these cis acting elements is common to IL-5, the activation of IL-5 apparently proceeds via different mechanism(s).