tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Treatment of Streptococcal Pharyngitis
Authors: Charles B. Eaton
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I would like to suggest that critical review of the studies<sup>1-5</sup>referenced by Col Bass in his article<sup>6</sup>should lead the prudent clinician to continue to follow the American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics guideline of intramuscular penicillin G benzathine or oral penicillin V given three or four times daily. In studying the optimal treatment for streptococcal pharyngitis, a randomized clinical trial in a private practice setting with a low false-positive (a) and low false-negative (β) error (high power) is ideal. Unfortunately, none of the studies referenced met these criteria. In assessing the failure rate of different treatments in streptococcal pharyngitis, it is imperative that the high and variable carrier rate for streptococci (15% to 50%) be evaluated by serological testing. The only study that evaluated the carrier rate was that by Gerber et al.<sup>5</sup>These investigators compared traditional oral penicillin V
Promoting long term adherence to antiretroviral treatment
Authors: E. J. Mills, R. Lester, N. Ford
Journal: BMJ (2012)

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> To identify signaling pathways activated by oxycodone self-administration (SA), Sprague-Dawley rats self-administered oxycodone for 20 days using short-access (ShA, 3 h) and long-access (LgA, 9 h) paradigms. Animals were euthanized two hours after SA cessation and dorsal striata were used in post-mortem molecular analyses. LgA rats escalated their oxycodone intake and separated into lower (LgA-L) or higher (LgA-H) oxycodone takers. LgA-H rats showed increased striatal protein phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and MSK1/2. Histone H3, phosphorylated at serine 10 and acetylated at lysine 14 (H3S10pK14Ac), a MSK1/2 target, showed increased abundance only in LgA-H rats. RT-qPCR analyses revealed increased AMPA receptor subunits, <i>GluA2</i> and <i>GluA3</i> mRNAs in the LgA-H rats. <i>GluA3</i>, but not <i>GluA2</i>, expression correlated positively with changes in pMSK1/2 and H3S10pK14Ac. Our findings indicate that escalated oxycodone SA results in MSK1/2-dependent histone phosphorylation, which promoted increases in striatal gene expression. Our observations offer novel avenues for pharmacological interventions against oxycodone addiction.
Cellular Aspects of Developmental Pathology
Authors: Gordon F. Vawter
Journal: JAMA (1968)

As our sophistication in medicine and biology increases, it becomes clearer daily that no disease can be completely understood without reference to developmental processes, even in our aging population. The present collection of principles with selected supporting illustrations derived from molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, pathology, and pediatrics provides a valuable overview of the often reciprocal impact of development upon disease. The style is so lucid that even the overburdened practitioner might find relaxation as well as education here. Even the layman (such as he who reads<i>Scientific American</i>) may find this treatise worthwhile. There are enough specifics to be rewarding in practical medicine among the seven chapters, which are entitled: "Nature of Developing Cells," "Tissues and Organ Reactions to Injury," "Neoplasia," "Genetic Diseases of Cells and Cellular Metabolism," "Metabolic, Nutritional and Chemical Injuries," "Infectious Injury," "Immune Injury and Hyperergic Tissue Reactions." The book is warmly recommended.
Dengue fever is massively under-reported in India, hampering our response
Authors: M. Kakkar
Journal: BMJ (2012)

An estimated 20 000 people in India die each year from rabies,1 but in 2011 only 253 deaths were reported as having this cause.2 An estimated 100 000-200 000 people in India die annually from malaria,3 but in 2011 only 753 such deaths were reported.4

A recent spate of cases of dengue fever and a media outcry have brought the focus back to the widespread problem of under-reporting of cases of disease in India, linked to the ineffectiveness of our public health efforts.5

As of 26 November 37 070 cases of dengue fever had been reported this year in India.6 But a substantially bigger population is at risk, and India reported only an average of 4.2% of the total number of cases reported in the World Health Organization South East Asia region between 2000 and 2010.7

A study estimated that Thailand (population 70 million) had an annual incidence of more than 231 000 cases of symptomatic dengue in 2003-7.8 Given India’s population (1.2 billion) and environment, which is conducive to dengue, we should expect an incidence in India many times that of the Thai estimate. …
Sex Determination in Putative Female Athletes
Authors: Eduardo Hay
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Investigation and verification of sex of women athletes in the Olympics is accomplished by studying the sexual chromatin on X-type chromosomes and by a fluorescent test for Y-type chromosomes. A karyotype and a clinical examination are made when these tests do not supply satisfactory information. Protection of the athlete's privacy is assured by the Medical Commission of the International Olympic Committee. The results obtained during the Ninth and Tenth Winter Olympic Games, as well as the methods used, have shown themselves to be satisfactory. The same techniques will be used by the Medical Commission of the International Olympic Committee in the 20th Olympic Games in Munich.
Fatty acid metabolism and contractile function in the reperfused myocardium. Multinuclear NMR studies of isolated rabbit hearts.
Authors: D L Johnston, E D Lewandowski
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

The hypothesis that substrate availability can alter contractile function in reperfused myocardium after global ischemia was investigated in this study. Isolated rabbit hearts were placed in a dual tuned (31P/13C) NMR probe with a 9.4-T magnet and perfused with the following substrates given individually or in combination: 10 mM glucose, 2 mM palmitate, and 2.5 mM [3-13C]pyruvate. Glucose was the sole substrate present for all groups of hearts before the onset of 10 or 20 minutes of zero-flow ischemia. Contractility (dP/dt) was significantly higher in hearts reperfused with glucose compared with hearts reperfused with palmitate or the combination. In addition, myocardial oxygen consumption/unit of work at reperfusion was more efficient with glucose than with palmitate. ATP content during reperfusion was similar with glucose and palmitate and did not account for improved function with glucose. To determine if inhibition of pyruvate metabolism by palmitate might result in altered postischemic function, additional hearts were reperfused with 2.5 mM [3-13C]pyruvate provided alone or in combination with palmitate. Using 13C NMR spectroscopy, it was shown that with the addition of palmitate, pyruvate oxidation was decreased in control and 10-minute ischemic hearts as is consistent with inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase by fatty acids. However, palmitate/pyruvate did not worsen postischemic function as compared with palmitate or pyruvate alone. Tricarboxylic acid cycle activity was slowed in reperfused pyruvate hearts, but no further reduction was observed when palmitate was present. In conclusion, palmitate reduces the mechanical function of the reperfused isolated rabbit heart as compared with glucose. This effect of palmitate does not appear to be caused by suppression of pyruvate oxidation or by a change in high energy phosphate content.
The fate of heritability in the postgenomic era
Authors: Kevin MacDonald, Peter J. LaFreniere
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2012)

Abstract This commentary argues that age changes in heritability are incompatible with Charney's theory. The new genetics must be tempered by the findings that many epigenetic phenomena are random and are linked to pathology, thus making them peripheral to the design of complex adaptations. Behavior-genetic findings are compatible with strong maternal effects; G × E correlations likely underestimate environmental effects; and G × E interactions are unlikely to be an important aspect of normal development.
What's different in speed/accuracy trade-offs in young and elderly subjects
Authors: George E. Stelmach, Jerry R. Thomas
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

We question whether Plamondon &amp; Alimi's model is useful in accounting for the nonsymmetrical and multiple-peaked velocity profiles observed in young and elderly subjects for ballistic aiming tasks. For these subjects, both data and observation suggest that a central representation initiates the movement in an appropriate direction but that multiple adjustments are made, both early and late, to achieve spatial accuracy.
Normative models in psychology are here to stay
Authors: Keith E. Stanovich
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2011)

Abstract Elqayam &amp; Evans (E&amp;E) drive a wedge between Bayesianism and instrumental rationality that most decision scientists will not recognize. Their analogy from linguistics to judgment and decision making is inapt. Normative models remain extremely useful in the progressive research programs of the judgment and decision making field.
Coping with psoriasis
Authors: A. Y Finlay
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Background/Aim: Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common and aggressive form of all urological cancers, with poor prognosis and high mortality. Despite growing evidence of involvement in carcinogenesis, the role of KRAB-ZFP in ccRCC has not been fully explored. KRAB Zinc finger proteins (KRAB-ZFPs) are the largest family of mammalian transcription regulators. They are differentially expressed in various tissues during cellular development and phenotypic differentiation. Materials and Methods: In this study, the levels of transcripts of ccRCC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset were used to identify prognostic biomarkers in this disease. Results: Using bioinformatics techniques, we demonstrate that approximately 60% of KRAB zinc finger proteins located on chromosome 19p13.2 are differentially expressed, with all but two being down-regulated in ccRCC. Moreover, ZNF844, a paralog of ZNF433, was the most down-regulated across all histological grades and pathological stages (p&lt;0.001). In addition, the decrease in ZNF844 expression was associated with poor patient survival (HR=0.41; 95% CI=0.3-0.56; p&lt;0.0001). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of genes inversely co-expressed with ZNF844 revealed that enriched pathways were consistently related to immune and translation processes (p&lt;0.05, FDR &lt;0.05). Lastly, ZNF844 expression showed moderate, inverse correlation to Helper T-cell (CD4 or Th1) subtype 1 (R=–0.558, p=5.15×10<sup>–39</sup>) infiltration and with the exhausted T-cell phenotype (R=–0.37; p=4.1×10<sup>–21</sup>). Conclusion: Down-regulation of KRAB-ZFPs at 19p13.2 may represent a signature for ccRCC. Moreover, ZNF844 is a prognostic marker for ccRCC and may serve as a putative immune-related tumor suppressor gene.
CXCR4 Chemokine Receptor Overview: Biology, Pathology and Applications in Imaging and Therapy
Authors: Orit Jacobson, Ido Dov Weiss
Journal: Theranostics (2013)

CXCR4 is a member of the chemokine receptor subfamily of seven transmembrane domained, G-protein coupled receptors, whose sole known natural ligand is CXCL12/SDF-1. CXCR4 is an unusual chemokine receptor by virtue of having expanded roles beyond leukocyte recruitment, including fundamental processes such as the development of the hematopoietic, cardiovascular, and nervous systems during embryogenesis. The receptor was first discovered as one of the co-receptors for HIV, and thereafter was also found to be expressed by multiple cancers including breast, prostate, lung, colon and multiple myeloma.
Mentoring for overseas doctors
Authors: S. Lingam, R. Gupta
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Mentoring is a process by which one person acts towards another as a trusted counsellor and guide. In mentoring, the relationship between mentor and pupil (mentee) is all important. There must be a high level of mutual trust and respect. Mentors help mentees to realise their potential. In medicine, a junior doctor's mentor is usually a senior consultant under whom the doctor works. In some circumstances an outside consultant may also be a mentor - particularly for overseas doctors working in Britain. About 20% of doctors in the United Kingdom are from overseas, and the Overseas Doctors' Association has developed a mentoring scheme for its members. This article describes the scheme. The Overseas Doctors' Association recognises the need for overseas doctors entering the United Kingdom for the first time to have a focal point for advice and support. The purpose of the mentoring scheme is to help mentees identify their career goals, assess their current educational situation, and develop an action plan to enable them to achieve their professional goals. This includes guidance about appropriateness of postgraduate exams, diplomas, and courses; advice on research; and help in preparing curricula vitae and improving interview techniques. In addition, the mentoring scheme helps people to understand and change attitudes, and helps to prevent overseas doctors getting into trouble because of their cultural or religious background. ### Have you been mentored? Almost everyone has someone who took an interest in their welfare and development. You may not have thought of that person as a mentor, but you know that it was an important relationship and a valuable influence
Growth and Gene Expression Are Predominantly Controlled by Distinct Regions of the Human IL-4 Receptor
Authors: John J Ryan, Lisa J McReynolds, Achsah Keegan, Lu-Hai Wang, Evan Garfein, Paul Rothman, Keats Nelms, William E Paul
Journal: Immunity (1996)

IL-4 causes hematopoietic cells to proliferate and express a series of genes, including CD23. We examined whether IL-4-mediated growth, as measured by 4PS phosphorylation, and gene induction were similarly controlled. Studies of M12.4.1 cells expressing human IL-4R truncation mutants indicated that the region between amino acids 557–657 is necessary for full gene expression, which correlated with Stat6 DNA binding activity. This region was not required for 4PS phosphorylation. Tyrosine-to-phenylalanine mutations in the interval between amino acids 557–657 revealed that as long as one tyrosine remained unmutated, CD23 was fully induced. When all three tyrosines were mutated, the receptor was unable to induce CD23. The results indicate that growth regulation and gene expression are principally controlled by distinct regions of IL-4R.
How do two meta-analyses of similar data reach opposite conclusions?
Authors: M. Lindbaek, P. Hjortdahl
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—In their meta-analysis Fahey et al concluded that treatment with antibiotics made no significant difference to the resolution of acute cough,1 although they found a trend favouring antibiotics. The Cochrane meta-analysis on treatment of acute bronchitis concluded that antibiotics have a modest beneficial effect.2 Eight of the nine studies extracted were the same in both meta-analyses, and 90% of the 750 patients were used in both.

How can two meta-analyses based on the same studies …
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Authors: Julius M. Gardin, Michael S. Lauer
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Dutch insurer ordered to fund Belgian transplant
Authors: T Sheldon
Journal: BMJ (1994)

A court in the Hague has ordered a private insurance company to meet the costs of a heart transplant operation which a Belgian hospital has agreed to perform against the advice of Dutch surgeons. The decision runs contrary to rules laid down in the Netherlands in 1990, which said that health insurers were liable only if Dutch specialists agreed treatment.

Health insurers have said that the decision has far reaching consequences for the cost of health care. While this particular operation will be paid for, an appeal has been lodged against the court's decision.

The court ruled that it …
Living in two worlds
Authors: A. Oakley
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Faced with a difficult decision about awarding a scholarship yesterday, I shocked my academic social science colleagues by proposing that we should toss a coin. We had agreed that two candidates were equal in terms of need and merit, so what could be fairer than random allocation as a method of determining who would get the scarce resource of the scholarship?

The look on my colleagues' faces reminded me of the time some years ago when, as a member of the Economic and Social Research Council's research grants board, and faced with what we all recognise to be the ever imminent collapse of the peer referee system, I suggested a randomised controlled trial. Grant applications would be reviewed by the council's office staff to weed out any obvious non-runners, half would be allocated to the normal, cumbersome peer referee system, and half to a system of funding allocation by random numbers. Outputs would be easy to measure—completion of the project on time within budget, publications, other dissemination. I …
Comparison of Conjunctival Autografts, Amniotic Membrane Grafts, and Primary Closure for Pterygium Excision
Authors: Pinnita Prabhasawat, Keith Barton, Gene Burkett, Scheffer C.G. Tseng
Journal: Ophthalmology (1997)

Objective: The purpose of the study is to determine whether amniotic membrane can be used as an alternative to conjunctival autograft after pterygium excision. Design: A prospective study of amniotic membrane grafts (group A) and primary closure (group B) was compared retrospectively with conjunctival autografts (group C) in patients with pterygia. Participants: Group A included 46 eyes with primary pterygia and 8 eyes with recurrent pterygia, group B had 20 eyes with primary pterygia, and group C consisted of 78 eyes with primary and 44 eyes with recurrent pterygia. Intervention: For the above three different surgeries, the amount of tissue removed was estimated from histopathologic analysis, and the result was evaluated by clinical examination. Main Outcome Measures: Recurrence, survival analysis, and final appearance were compared. Results: In group A, the recurrence rate was 10.9%, 37.5%, and 14.8% for primary, recurrent, and all pterygia, respectively (mean follow-up, 11 months). These three rates were significantly higher than 2.6%, 9.1 %, and 4.9% noted in group C (mean follow-up, 23 months) (P < 0.001, 0.018, and 0.01, respectively). However, the latter recurrence rate was significantly lower than 45% (mean follow-up, 5.2 months) in group B for primary pterygia (P < 0.001). The onset of recurrence was delayed significantly in group C as compared with that of groups A and B. Conclusions: The relatively low recurrence rate for primary pterygia allows one to use amniotic membrane transplantation as an alternative first choice, especially for advanced cases with bilateral heads or those who might need glaucoma surgery later.
Syndrome X and endothelial dysfunction
Authors: Michael F Bellamy, Jonathan Goodfellow, Ann C Tweddel, Frank D.J Dunstan, Malcolm J Lewis, Andrew H Henderson
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1998)

Objective: Syndrome X (angina, normal coronary arteriogram and positive exercise test) remains an enigma with unexplained features and apparent conflicts of evidence. The present study addressed whether (i) the Syndrome is characterised by generalised flow-related endothelial dysfunction, (ii) myocardial thallium201 defects reflect myocardial or microvascular dysfunction, (iii) endothelial dysfunction and its consequences can be improved by oral l-arginine. Methods: Flow-mediated brachial artery dilatation was measured by ultrasonic 'wall-tracking' in 7 Syndrome X patients, further characterised as having thallium201 defects and no known cause of endothelial dysfunction, and a normal control group. Syndrome X patients entered a 4-week randomised double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial of oral l-arginine (7 g twice daily), with brachial artery studies, exercise tests and technetium99 tetrafosmin scans. Results: Flow-mediated dilatation was absent in Syndrome X vs. normal. Stress technetium99 tetrafosmin and thallium201 scans showed similar defects. Flow-mediated dilatation, symptom-limited exercise duration and peak oxygen consumption (VO2 max) were increased but rate-pressure-product (RPP) and radionuclide defects were unchanged after l-arginine vs. placebo. Conclusions: The study supports coronary microvascular rather than myocardial dysfunction and shows loss of flow-mediated dilatation in systemic arteries. Oral l-arginine improved flow-mediated dilatation, exercise capacity and VO2 max (by ca. 17%) despite unchanged RPP. The findings support generalised endothelial dysfunction. The arginine effects imply NO-mediated improvement of skeletal muscle perfusion suggesting improved homogeneity of microvascular distribution.
Juniors will oppose all inclusive contract Low morale is linked to low recruitment Changes in medical education funding confirmed New support service will help GPs and their families
Authors: L. Beecham
Journal: BMJ (1995)

# Juniors will oppose all inclusive contract {#article-title-2}

Representatives of junior hospital doctors say that they will resist proposals from the NHS Executive to introduce an all inclusive professional contract for doctors in the specialist registrar grade. The new grade was one of the proposals of the Calman report on specialist medical training, which called for a unified training grade as one way of shortening junior doctors' training.

At the meeting of the Junior Doctors Committee last week the outgoing chairman of the negotiating subcommittee, Dr Paul Miller, reported that at a recent meeting with the NHS Executive it had been suggested that there would be no automatic annual increments for the new grade and that incremental progress would be linked to educational progression. The executive conceded that some form of add on payment to reflect work intensity might be considered.

The JDC's representatives had protested at the proposed timetable—namely, that the specialist grade should start in radiology and general surgery on 1 December and that the doctors' and dentists' review body should be asked to price the grade. Junior doctors believe that the grade should not be introduced hastily to meet the review body's timetable or before agreement had been reached on terms and conditions of service.

At the meeting of the JDC Dr Ed O'Neill from Northern Ireland strongly disapproved of the proposal for a new contract. “This is going back to the days before we had units of medical time. This is performance related pay by the back door. We are not negotiating on these terms.”

The health minister, Mr Gerald malone, was due to meet representatives …