tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Radiologist devises figures to monitor twin fetuses
Authors: Chris Anne Raymond
Journal: JAMA (1986)

The multiple birth ratio is at its highest level since 1960, accounting for 20.3 births per 1,000 in the United States in 1983, the latest year for which data are complete. And this is pointing up some shortcomings. It is becoming evident that the ability to predict gestational age accurately and monitor normal intrauterine growth in twins is not keeping up with the increase in multiple births, according to Kathyrn Grumbach, MD. She and other investigators recently have begun developing new growth charts to assess the development of twin gestations. The National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Md, attributes the increase in multiple gestations to greater use of fertility drugs and the fact that more women older than 35 years of age are bearing children (Advance Report of Final Natality Statistics. National Center for Health Statistics.<i>Monthly Vital Statistics Report</i>, September 1985). Grumbach, who is an assistant professor of diagnostic imaging, Department of Radiology, Temple University School
Pathobiology of Neutrophil Transepithelial Migration: Implications in Mediating Epithelial Injury
Authors: Alex C. Chin, Charles A. Parkos
Journal: Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease (2006)

Neutrophil (also known as polymorphonuclear leukocyte, or PMN) transepithelial migration and accumulation at mucosal surfaces is a hallmark of many inflammatory conditions. This process correlates directly with clinical disease activity and epithelial injury. Currently, the mechanisms that define PMN epithelial interactions during an inflammatory response are not completely understood. This review provides an overview of the consequences of PMN infiltration into epithelial tissues and highlights molecular details of PMN epithelial interactions during transmigration. A better understanding of this process will likely provide new insights into developing organ-specific treatment strategies to reduce the deleterious consequences of epithelial inflammation.
Glucocorticoids Administered In Vivo Inhibit Human Suppressor T Lymphocyte Function and Diminish B Lymphocyte Responsiveness in In Vitro Immunoglobulin Synthesis
Authors: Andrew Saxon, Ronald H. Stevens, Sandra J. Ramer, Philip J. Clements, David T. Y. Yu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

The effects of corticosteroid given in vivo on human lymphocyte subpopulation function were investigated using an in vitro system of pokeweek mitogen-stimulated immunoglobulin production. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from normal volunteers before and 4 h after the intravenous administration of methylprednisolone. Unfractioned peripheral blood lymphocytes showed a consistent decrease (mean ≅ 50%) in immunoglobulin and total protein synthesis after steroid administration. Utilizing separated thymus-derived (T) and bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocyte fractions, the pathophysiology of this alteration in immunoglobulin production was elucidated. B lymphocytes obtained after steroid treatment showed a markedly diminished immunoglobulin response (20% of normal) to normal T lymphocytes and to normal T cells that had been irradiated to remove suppressor T lymphocyte function. All major classes of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, and IgA) were affected. T lymphocytes procured after steroid administration were capable of providing normal amounts of T cell help for B cells in immunoglobulin production. However, suppressor T lymphocyte activity, observed with normal T lymphocytes at high T to B cell ratios, was absent from the post-steroid T lymphocytes. This loss of suppressor T lymphocyte function was not due to the presence of excess help as irradiated pre- and poststeroid T cells provided equal amounts of helper activity. On recombining the poststeroid treatment B cells, which are hyporesponsive in immunoglobulin synthesis, with the posttreatment T lymphocytes, which lack suppressor activity, diminished amounts of immunoglobulin were produced which correlate well with the effects observed with unseparated cells. Thus, corticosteroids have differential effects on the lymphocyte populations involved in immunoglobulin biosynthesis. B cell responsiveness is diminished, suppressor T lymphocyte activity is removed, and helper T lymphocyte function is unaffected.
Wound sepsis in colonic surgery.
Authors: A V Pollock, M Evans
Journal: BMJ (1977)

being R for rehydration, 0 for oral fluid replacement, S for simultaneous intravenous rehydration, and E for education of mothers about diarrhoea and dehydration.This is very important and in large Indonesian cities a child's admission to hospital is often one of the few opportunities for this educational process to occur.This ROSE method is now being used on a nation-wide basis.These results represent a marked improvement over recent years.In 1963 the mortality rate from childhood cholera in Jakarta was 46 ",, when glucose-saline was given intra- venously.In 1973 the mortality rate dropped to 10",, when sodium bicarbonate was added to the intravenous fluid, in 1974 it dropped even further to 3-5",, when Ringer's lactate was given intravenously followed by glucose- electrolyte solution orally.This simple ROSE system could be used in large hospitals where facilities for intravenous therapy are available.Minor modifications, such as the substitution of sucrose for glucose, in the oral fluid should not adversely affect the results.Sucrose is much more readily available and much cheaper and has been shown to be very useful in the oral treatment of this disease.
Texting While Doctoring
Authors: Michael E. Miller
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

Letters15 April 2014Texting While DoctoringMichael E. Miller, MDMichael E. Miller, MDFrom Boston University Affiliated Physicians, Boston, Massachusetts.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/L14-5008-8 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITORAs a long-practicing physician of a certain age, I wholeheartedly agree with Sinsky and Beasley's thoughtful essay about physician multitasking—namely, computer keyboarding and “mousing”—during the patient visit (1). It's distracting, impairs our observational skills, and is downright rude; it clearly negatively affects the quality of the encounter.I can also personally attest that this behavior induces an unpleasantly fatiguing, hypervigilant state, making the workday resemble a slowly accelerating treadmill. The last patient of the day departs; it's dark outside; and I'm hungry, irritable, and tired. I want to go home. But now it's time to spend the ...Reference1. Sinsky CA, Beasley JW. Texting while doctoring: a patient safety hazard. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:782-3. [PMID: 24297196] LinkGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Boston University Affiliated Physicians, Boston, Massachusetts.Disclosures: None. Forms can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=L14-0018. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoTexting While Doctoring: A Patient Safety Hazard Christine A. Sinsky and John W. Beasley Texting While Doctoring Brian Pollak Texting While Doctoring Christine A. Sinsky and John W. Beasley Texting While Doctoring Christine A. Sinsky and John W. Beasley Texting While Doctoring Brian Pollak Metrics 15 April 2014Volume 160, Issue 8Page: 583-584KeywordsBehaviorComputersDisclosureElectrode recordingElectronic medical recordsHealth careHealth care sectorInformation technologyMotivationPatients ePublished: 15 April 2014 Issue Published: 15 April 2014 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2014 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
New Jersey or Massachusetts?
Authors: Morris H. Saffron
Journal: JAMA (1981)

OLD CANARDS die hard. At  last meeting of  American Medical Association, in San Francisco,  delegations from Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, and Maine introduced a resolution correctly honoring  Massachusetts Medical Society on its approaching 200th anniversary but added  erroneous bit of information that it was the  state medical society with an uninterrupted existence. The chauvinists from New England again have tried to denigrate  honorable distinction of  Medical Society of New Jersey as  oldest of still existing medical societies.1 They point to two interruptions in meetings to substantiate their position; in  following, I shall present relevant facts to an impartial audience for its decision, indicating  historical events that brought about these two periods of inactivity.  Pre-Revolutionary  With formal courses in anatomy being given under  auspices of King's College in New York (1764) and with  medical school in
Human Cytomegalovirus Binding to DC-SIGN Is Required for Dendritic Cell Infection and Target Cell trans-Infection
Authors: Franck Halary, Ali Amara, Hugues Lortat-Jacob, Martin Messerle, Thierry Delaunay, Corinne Houlès, Franck Fieschi, Fernando Arenzana-Seisdedos, Jean-François Moreau, Julie Déchanet-Merville
Journal: Immunity (2002)
Dual Isotope SPECT in the Evaluation of Recurrent Brain Tumor
Authors: J J ZHANG, C H PARK, S M KIM, K M AYYANGAR, M HAGHBIN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

Dual isotope brain SPECT was performed in a patient with recurrent brain tumor (grade II astrocytoma). In this case, a good coregistration of brain perfusion and tumor images was obtained because Tc-99m HMPAO and the Tl-201 chloride imaging were done simultaneously using a Triad SPECT unit. This method might play an important clinical role in the evaluation of patients with recurrent brain tumors.
Smoking and Health Implications of a Change in the Federal Cigarette Excise Tax
Authors: Kenneth E. Warner
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Cigarette excise tax changes ultimately influence the health of smokers and potential smokers. An 8-cent decrease in the federal tax is estimated to induce up to 1 million young persons, ages 12 to 25 years, to smoke, when without the tax decrease they would not. Hundreds of thousands of Americans older than 25 years would also start or continue smoking as a result of the tax decrease. Conversely, an 8- to 16-cent tax increase would encourage from 1 to 2 million young persons and 800,000 to 1.5 million adults to quit smoking or not to start. Thus, a tax increase could prevent hundreds of thousands of premature smoking-related deaths, while a tax decrease would contribute to the disease burden of tobacco. Intentionally or inadvertently, the federal cigarette excise tax is a powerful tool of public health policy.
Change in the Common Law
Authors: William J. Curran
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1965)

ONE of the letters written to me by a physician concerning some earlier writing on medical malpractice law concluded with the statement that the trouble with the law is that the judges think that "what was good enough for grandfather is good enough for them."This is a criticism of the doctrine of precedent. It is basically true that judges follow the decisions of other judges; they decide "like cases alike." However, the Common Law, the body of law resulting from precedent, is also changing as it develops. One of the principles of the system is that if conditions change, . . .
Epidemiology of Urinary-Tract Infections
Authors: Calvin M. Kunin, Irene Southall, Albert J. Paquin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

THE treatment of chronic pyelonephritis is one of the most distressing problems in clinical medicine. Antimicrobial therapy has, in the main, been disappointing, particularly when patients have established abnormalities of the urinary tract or irreversible renal damage.1 , 2 The early detection, characterization and treatment of pyelonephritis is therefore of great importance if chronic disease is to be prevented.In recent years quantitation of bacteria in the urine has been shown to be the most useful means of detecting urinary-tract infections.3 4 5 6 7 This technic, combined with procurement of a fresh, clean-voided specimen of urine, has been widely employed to determine the prevalence of . . .
Shock: A Semantic Enigma
Authors: ROBERT F. RUSHMER, ROBERT L. VAN CITTERS, DEAN L. FRANKLIN, Donald Baker, William Schlegel, Donald Harding, Nolan Watson, Raymond Smith
Journal: Circulation (1962)

The first step in analyzing any clinical problem must be the identification and precise definition of the entity. An adequate definition must be based on accurate and quantitative description in terms of crucial variables. Since many of the essential variables can be measured or estimated on patients, shock can be approached in a series of logical steps for each type: 1. A discrete clinical condition currently classified under the term "shock" could be identified. 2. A specific and unique name and definition of this condition could be derived by direct and quantitative measurements of variables such as those represented in figure 1. 3. The initiating factors would become apparent from these measurements. 4. The compensatory reactions that are inadequate should be distinguished from responses that are inappropriate. 5. With this knowledge at hand, a suitable model of the circulatory disturbance could be evolved and validated by quantitative measurements in experimental analysis. 6. Appropriate therapy of the defined condition could then be based on knowledge of the nature of the basic disturbance. Obviously, treatment that would effectively correct the fundamental defect from extravasation or anaphylaxis might be dangerous if applied to a patient with myocardial infarction. 7. The terminal events in fatal shock-like states can be regarded as a group of potential vicious circles that may have no obvious connection with the original cause of the systemic arterial hypotension. Effective therapy during the final stages of circulatory deterioration requires a great deal more knowledge regarding the various mechanisms of circulatory collapse than we now possess.
Haploinsufficiency of the melanocortin-4 receptor: part of a thrifty genotype?
Authors: Roger D. Cone
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2000)

Allelic variation in certain "thrifty" genes is proposed to contribute to human obesity by altering the efficiency of energy storage in adipocytes without compromising survival or reproductive efficiency.The nature of these genes has been uncertain, but family studies and clinical analyses in two reports in this issue of the JCI (1, 2) show that mutations in MC4R, encoding the melanocortin-4 receptor, may be responsible for more than 4% of severe obesity in some populations.Family studies and careful clinical analyses argue that MC4R has the properties of a gene that could contribute to a thrifty phenotype.Clinical studies as well as personal experience show that there is variability in the efficiency with which humans store calories in the form of fat.Extreme examples are found in the remarkable plights of the Pima people of central Arizona and the Nauru Islanders of the West Pacific.These two ethnic groups suffer from a polygenic syndrome of obesity and diabetes with an incidence as high as 50% in the context of access to high-fat Western diets and a tremendous reduction in physical activity.Studies of these groups led to the theory of the "thrifty genotype" -the notion that living on the edge of survival for a sufficiently long period had fixed in the gene pool a collection of alleles that promote storage of fat in times of plenty (3).To be maintained in the gene pool, such alleles would have to promote survival in times of famine to a greater extent than they might compromise health and reproductive efficiency, even if, as proposed originally, they were to promote diabetes directly.
Protease-degradable PEG-maleimide coating with on-demand release of IL-1Ra to improve tissue response to neural electrodes
Authors: Stacie M. Gutowski, James T. Shoemaker, Kellie L. Templeman, Yang Wei, Robert A. Latour, Ravi V. Bellamkonda, Michelle C. LaPlaca, Andrés J. García
Journal: Biomaterials (2015)
The effect of fruits and vegetables on urinary stone risk factors
Authors: Tiziana Meschi, Umberto Maggiore, Enrico Fiaccadori, Tania Schianchi, Simone Bosi, Giuditta Adorni, Erminia Ridolo, Angela Guerra, Franca Allegri, Almerico Novarini, Loris Borghi
Journal: Kidney International (2004)
After drug-eluting stent placement, 6 months of dual antiplatelet therapy was noninferior to 12 months
Authors: Debabrata Mukherjee
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2015)

Source Citation Colombo A, Chieffo A, Frasheri A, et al. Second-generation drug-eluting stent implantation followed by 6- versus 12-month dual antiplatelet therapy: The SECURITY randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:2086-97. 25236346
CD8 single-cell gene coexpression reveals three different effector types present at distinct phases of the immune response
Authors: António Peixoto, César Evaristo, Ivana Munitic, Marta Monteiro, Alain Charbit, Benedita Rocha, Henrique Veiga-Fernandes
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2007)

To study in vivo CD8 T cell differentiation, we quantified the coexpression of multiple genes in single cells throughout immune responses. After in vitro activation, CD8 T cells rapidly express effector molecules and cease their expression when the antigen is removed. Gene behavior after in vivo activation, in contrast, was quite heterogeneous. Different mRNAs were induced at very different time points of the response, were transcribed during different time periods, and could decline or persist independently of the antigen load. Consequently, distinct gene coexpression patterns/different cell types were generated at the various phases of the immune responses. During primary stimulation, inflammatory molecules were induced and down-regulated shortly after activation, generating early cells that only mediated inflammation. Cytotoxic T cells were generated at the peak of the primary response, when individual cells simultaneously expressed multiple killer molecules, whereas memory cells lost killer capacity because they no longer coexpressed killer genes. Surprisingly, during secondary responses gene transcription became permanent. Secondary cells recovered after antigen elimination were more efficient killers than cytotoxic T cells present at the peak of the primary response. Thus, primary responses produced two transient effector types. However, after boosting, CD8 T cells differentiate into long-lived killer cells that persist in vivo in the absence of antigen.
Regulation of basal myocardial function by NO
Authors: G Kojda
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

The effects of exogenous and endogenous. NO on myocardial functions such as contraction, relaxation and heart rate have recently gained considerable scientific interest. .NO stimulates myocardial soluble guanylate cyclase to produce cGMP, which activates two major target proteins. A small increase in cGMP levels predominantly inhibits phosphodiesterase III, while high cGMP levels activate cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Accordingly, submicromolar .NO concentrations improve myocardial contraction, while submillimolar .NO concentrations decrease contractility. The latter action includes direct inhibitory .NO effects on ATP synthesis and voltage-gated calcium channels. Overall, the inotropic effects of exogenous .NO are small and probably of minor importance for myocardial contractility. Cardiomyocytes are capable of expressing eNOS and iNOS. Endogenous .NO has effects on myocardial contraction, similar to that of exogenous .NO. Various NOS inhibitors can substantially reduce myocardial contractility in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that basal endogenous .NO production supports myocardial contractility. There is also evidence for a .NO-dependent cardiodepressive effect of cytokines that is mediated by expression of iNOS. This is consistent with the negative inotropic effects of .NO at high concentrations. Cardiodepressive actions of endogenous .NO production may play a role in certain forms of heart failure. Finally, .NO also has an effect on heart rate. Physiologic .NO concentrations can stimulate heart rate by activating the hyperpolarization-activated inward current (If) and this effect decreases at submillimolar .NO concentrations. In summary, physiological concentrations of .NO increase contractility and heart rate under basal conditions, while high .NO concentrations induce the opposite effects.
A Long CAG Repeat in the Mouse Sca1 Locus Replicates SCA1 Features and Reveals the Impact of Protein Solubility on Selective Neurodegeneration
Authors: Kei Watase, Edwin J. Weeber, Bisong Xu, Barbara Antalffy, Lisa Yuva-Paylor, Kouichi Hashimoto, Masanobu Kano, Richard Atkinson, Yaling Sun, Dawna L. Armstrong, J.David Sweatt, Harry T. Orr, Richard Paylor, Huda Y. Zoghbi
Journal: Neuron (2002)
Systematic Screening of BEST1 and PRPH2 in Juvenile and Adult Vitelliform Macular Dystrophies: A Rationale for Molecular Analysis
Authors: Isabelle Meunier, Audrey Sénéchal, Claire-Marie Dhaenens, Carl Arndt, Bernard Puech, Sabine Defoort-Dhellemmes, Gaël Manes, Delphine Chazalette, Emilie Mazoir, Béatrice Bocquet, Christian P. Hamel
Journal: Ophthalmology (2011)
User vs. software-dependent variability of ELISPOT counts obtained from ten different laboratories
Authors: Tameem Ansari, Alexey Karulin, Paul V Lehmann, Srividya Sundararaman
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2013)

Meeting abstracts In each human donor’s PBMC, there is a defined number of T cells specific for any given antigen. A major goal of immune monitoring with ELISPOT is to measure this number accurately and reproducibly between different laboratories. In ELISPOT assays, cytokine spots produced by
POISONOUS HAIR DYES
Authors: T. P. Beddoes
Journal: BMJ (1909)

<b>Objective: </b>To report two unusual cases of thiamine deficiency presenting as acute on chronic cognitive/psychiatric impairment. In both cases, brain MRI also suggested Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (CJD). <b>Background: </b>Thiamine is needed to sustain osmotic gradient and it is crucial for glucose metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis. Daily thiamine requirement is about 2 mg; without thiamine intake, the reserves could be depleted in 4-6 weeks. Thiamine deficiency classically presents as acute Wernicke’s encephalopathy (WE) with the triad of altered mental status, ataxia, and ocular signs. CJD is a rapidly progressive dementia that can also present acutely with psychiatric prodrome and altered mental status. We present two WE cases which posed diagnostic challenge due to prior cognitive/psychiatric impairment, non-classic presentation, and challenging MRI findings. <b>Design/Methods:</b> Case series. <b>Results: </b>Our cases include two women, ages 58 and 62 years old with underlying schizophrenia and Alzheimer disease respectively. Both stopped eating due to their underlying conditions and presented with acute changes in mental status. Neither patient had ocular signs or ataxia. In both cases, brain MRIs showed diffusion restriction and FLAIR hyperintensity in bilateral thalami, which suggested CJD as the underlying cause. Both patients were later diagnosed with thiamine deficiency, and CJD was ruled out. <b>Conclusions:</b> Both of our patients presented as worsening of their underlying disease, in a setting of decreased nutritional intake. However, since both did not present with the full WE triad, and brain MRI highly suggested CJD, further work up was necessary to rule out the possibility of CJD. WE is likely underrecognized as the classic triad occurs in only 16-38[percnt] of patients. It should be in the differential of acute cognitive decline in patients with underlying conditions that can result in decreased nutritional intake. Early recognition is crucial as with early treatment prognosis is usually favorable. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Mikhaeil-Demo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schuele has received personal compensation for activities with Sunovion and Eisai as a speaker. Dr. Srivastava has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bonakdarpour has nothing to disclose.