tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Declaring financial competing interests: survey of five general medical journals
Authors: A. Hussain, R. Smith
Journal: BMJ (2001)

the publication of clinical data on provider organisations.On the whole, these studies have found that published clinical indicators rarely stimulate quality improvement. 1-3 7 Our findings indicate several reasons why published clinical indicators often have little or no effect in provider organisations.A key lesson of the Scottish experience is that those responsible for designing clinical indicator systems should not only concentrate on developing robust datasets with but should also encourage a suitable organisational environment and incentive context to foster the use of these data for continuous quality improvement.We thank the interviewees, who without exception readily gave up their valuable time to share with us their knowledge of the CRAG indicators.We are grateful to Peter Smith and Huw
Abstract IA-5: Dissecting tumor suppressor gene networks <i>in vivo</i>
Authors: Scott W. Lowe
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Cancer arises through an evolutionary process whereby normal cells acquire mutations that erode growth controls, leading to the inappropriate expansion of aberrantly proliferating cells. Such mutations can involve activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, each contributing one or more new capabilities to the developing cancer cell. However, cancer is not an inevitable consequence of oncogenic mutations; instead, cells acquiring such mutations can be eliminated or kept in check by innate tumor-suppressor programs that can be activated in these damaged cells. Our laboratory studies tumor-suppressor networks controlling apoptosis and senescence and how their disruption influences malignant behavior. We previously showed that apoptosis and cellular senescence are potent barriers to oncogene-driven tumorigenesis and that each contributes to the antitumor action of many chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus, not only do mutations that disrupt apoptosis and senescence promote tumor progression but, depending on the particular lesion, they can also reduce the efficacy of cancer therapy. To facilitate our research, we have recently developed new mouse cancer models based on the genetic manipulation of stem and progenitor cells ex vivo followed by transplantation of the altered cells into the appropriate organ of syngeneic recipient mice. This approach allows us to rapidly study the impact of many genes and gene combinations on tumorigenesis in a “mosaic” setting where tumor-initiating cells are embedded in normal tissues. Furthermore, we have developed powerful methods for using RNAi to suppress gene function in vivo in either a stable and reversible manner. Current efforts in the laboratory strive to integrate mosaic mouse models, RNA interference, and cancer genomics to identify new components of tumor suppressor gene networks and characterize their impact on tumorigenesis and treatment response. In addition, we are developing new RNAi interference methods to explore the role of tumor suppressor genes in tumor maintenance, and the cell death mechanisms involved in tumor regression. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):IA-5.
MADURA FOOT: REPORT OF A CASE
Authors: Horatio Navarro
Journal: JAMA (1918)

J. C., Colombian laborer, in the employ of the United Fruit Company at Santa Marta, Colombia, admitted to the hospital with a diseased foot, had had measles, smallpox and occasional attacks of malaria. There was no history or indication of syphilis, or of any other serious illness. The family history was without interest. In general appearance the patient was healthy, with the exception of his foot and an acne rosacea. He stated that the trouble with his foot began about a year before admission with small nodules appearing on the external portion of the dorsal surface. These grew in size and increased in number until almost the whole foot was involved, localizing especially at the toes. When the patient was admitted, the foot was greatly swollen and enlarged, particularly in the transverse diameter, being almost twice the size of the normal right foot. The first and second toes had lost
Fish oil for eczema
Authors: J. L. Burton
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1988)

Journal Article Fish oil for eczema Get access J. L. Burton J. L. Burton Department of Dermatology, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 118, Issue 3, 1 March 1988, Page 453, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb02449.x Published: 01 March 1988
POLLEN AND MOLD ALLERGY IN THE SOUTHWEST
Authors: Boen Swinny
Journal: JAMA (1952)

There are a number of problems concerning air-borne allergens peculiar to the Southwest. These are here presented in the form of general observations with the purpose of acquainting allergists of other areas, that they may be better able to advise their patients migrating to or visiting this region.  Geographically, the Southwest is west of a fairly straight line dropped due south from Omaha or Des Moines into the Gulf of Mexico. This line, passing to the east of Tulsa, Okla., and about midway between Dallas and Houston, Texas, is the 30 in. annual rainfall line. The east-west line is a variable curve, varying from year to year, below which there are late freezes and frosts, long hot summers with little rainfall, and short mild winters with temperatures rarely going below 20 F for a day or two at a time. Rainfall is rather concentrated in early spring and fall, with
Ventricular Extrasystoles in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Jeremy N. Ruskin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

Many years ago my father gave me his copy of A Textbook of the Practice of Medicine, which was edited in 1937 by Frederick Price of the National Heart Hospital in London. Price wrote:The question of prognosis of extra-systoles is of some consequence....Apart from rare exceptions..., when extra-systoles are considered by themselves — that is, without reference to the conditions with which they may be associated — there is so far no evidence for supposing that they are either indicative of an impaired heart, or that they add to the gravity of any existing morbid condition....The prognosis, therefore, . . .
Cutting into cholesterol. Cost-effective alternatives for treating hypercholesterolemia
Authors: B. P. Kinosian
Journal: JAMA (1988)

We performed an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of treating individuals with significantly elevated levels of total serum cholesterol (greater than 6.85 mmol/L [greater than 265 mg/dL], comparing treatment with three alternative agents: cholestyramine resin, colestipol, and oat bran (a soluble fiber). We simulated a program for lowering cholesterol levels that was similar to that of the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial, and then used the outcomes of the trial to calculate the incremental cost per year of life saved (YOLS) from the perspective of society. Our findings suggest that the cost per YOLS ranges from $117,400 (cholestyramine resin packets) to $70,900 (colestipol packets) and $17,800 (oat bran). Using bulk drug reduces the cost per YOLS to $65,100 (cholestyramine resin) and $63,900 (colestipol). Targeting bulk colestipol treatment only to smokers has a cost per YOLS of $47,010; the incremental cost of treating nonsmokers would be $89,600 per additional YOLS. Although pharmacologic therapy has substantial costs, it may be more cost-effective when low-cost forms are applied to particular high-risk groups, such as smokers. However, a broad public health approach to lowered cholesterol levels by additional dietary modification, such as with soluble fiber, may be preferred to a medically oriented campaign that focuses on drug therapy.
Crisis in General Practice
Authors: H. D. Rossiter
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> After spending approximately 15 years in the field of general practice before specializing, I feel I should commend Dr. G. R. Foster, Jr., for writing, and you for publishing, his communication on "The Crisis in General Practice." I believe Dr. Foster has handled the subject splendidly and hope the leaders in the field are listening. It is indeed a crisis!
Cyclical oxidation-reduction of the C3 position on bile acids catalyzed by 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. II. Studies in the prograde and retrograde single-pass, perfused rat liver and inhibition by indomethacin.
Authors: H Takikawa, M Ookhtens, A Stolz, N Kaplowitz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

[3 beta-3H, 24-14C]Lithocholic, chenodeoxycholic, and cholic acids were administered in tracer bolus doses either prograde or retrograde in the isolated perfused rat liver. Little 3H loss from cholic acid was observed, whereas with the other bile acids, 20-40% of the administered 3H was lost in a single pass from perfusate to bile. Most of the 3H loss occurred rapidly (5 min) and was recovered as [3H]water in perfusate. Excretion of bile acids was delayed with retrograde administration, and 3H loss was more extensive. In both prograde and retrograde studies, indomethacin markedly inhibited the excretion of the bolus of bile acid into bile. Indomethacin inhibited the extraction of glycocholate (50 microM) during steady state perfusion without affecting transport maximum for excretion. At lower glycocholate concentration (5 microM), indomethacin inhibited both extraction and excretion. A greater effect was seen on excretion in the latter case, which suggests that displacement of bile acid from the cytosolic protein lead to redistribution in the hepatocyte as well as reflux into the sinusoid. These data suggest that binding of bile acids to cytosolic 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases occurs extensively during hepatic transit and is important in mediating the translocation of bile acids from the sinusoidal to canalicular pole of the cell.
High reliability in health care
Authors: C. Vincent, J. Benn, G. B Hanna
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Examples from other industries should be informative, not prescriptive

High reliability organisations achieve high levels of safety and performance in the face of considerable hazards and operational complexity.1 The original studies by the Berkeley Group, which looked at nuclear power, naval aviation, and air traffic control, have been influential and inspired much comment and interpretation. High reliability organisations are frequently referenced as models to which health care should aspire, particularly because the environments and challenges are similar.1 2 3

Meeting the challenges of high reliability operations requires accountability, strong basic procedures, multiple procedural checks, and continual communication between operators.2 3 For example, during critical operations on naval carriers, multiple checks and observations by different people ensure that dangerous conditions are detected rapidly. “Buddy” systems, in which individuals monitor each other’s performance, are used to guard against unsafe actions. High reliability organisations also engage in varied training and simulation activities for a broad range of operational scenarios (such as deck fires on aircraft carriers) to prepare for crises and foster a flexible problem …
Aldose reductase functions as a detoxification system for lipid peroxidation products in vasculitis
Authors: Heike L. Rittner, Verena Hafner, Piotr A. Klimiuk, Luke I. Szweda, Jörg J. Goronzy, Cornelia M. Weyand
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis preferentially affecting large and medium-sized arteries. Inflammatory infiltrates in the arterial wall induce luminal occlusion with subsequent ischemia and degradation of the elastic membranes, allowing aneurysm formation. To identify pathways relevant to the disease process, differential display–PCR was used. The enzyme aldose reductase (AR), which is implicated in the regulation of tissue osmolarity, was found to be upregulated in the arteritic lesions. Upregulated AR expression was limited to areas of tissue destruction in inflamed arteries, where it was detected in T cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. The production of AR was highly correlated with the presence of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), a toxic aldehyde and downstream product of lipid peroxidation. In vitro exposure of mononuclear cells to HNE was sufficient to induce AR production. The in vivo relationship of AR and HNE was explored by treating human GCA temporal artery–severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse chimeras with the AR inhibitors Sorbinil and Zopolrestat. Inhibition of AR increased HNE adducts twofold and the number of apoptotic cells in the arterial wall threefold. These data demonstrate that AR has a tissue-protective function by preventing damage from lipid peroxidation. We propose that AR is an oxidative defense mechanism able to neutralize the toxic effects of lipid peroxidation and has a role in limiting the arterial wall injury mediated by reactive oxygen species.
Estrogen-Induced Regression of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Cholesterol-Fed Chicks
Authors: RUTH PICK, JEREMIAH STAMLER, SIMON RODBARD, LOUIS N. KATZ
Journal: Circulation (1952)

The present study demonstrates that estrogens reverse previously induced coronary atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed cockerels, despite the continued presence of the atherogenic stimulus in the diet. Aorta atherogenesis remains unaffected. Hypercholesterolemia is moderately enhanced by estrogen administration; total cholesterol-lipid phosphorus (C/P) ratios are depressed to normal levels, consequent upon estrogen-induced hyperphospholipemia.
Esophageal function testing with combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and manometry: Multicenter study in healthy volunteers
Authors: Radu Tutuian, Marcelo F. Vela, Nagammapudur S. Balaji, James L. Wise, Joseph A. Murray, Jeffrey H. Peters, Steven S. Shay, Donald O. Castell
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2003)
Washington's Governor and Medical Practice.
Authors: C. P. Thomas
Journal: JAMA (1901)

Spokane, Wash., March 4, 1901. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I noted with great pleasure your very just criticisms on the conduct of Governor Thomas of Colorado, in a recent issue ofThe Journal, also the manner in which the profession has turned him down. I take pleasure in informing you that our state legislature has similarly rebuked John R. Rogers, the present governor of the State of Washington. At the beginning of the present session of our legislature one of the representatives from this county, Dr. C. G. Brown, introduced a bill which was a slight improvement over our former medical act, in that it prevented osteopaths and other quacks from practicing without having been properly licensed. It also made possible conviction of parties practicing medicine without the necessity of proving that they actually received money for the services. In addition to this, it has a provision for recognizing the licensed
Laboratory-Acquired Gambian Trypanosomiasis
Authors: M.C. Receveur, M. Le Bras, P. Vincendeau
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

To the Editor: Gambian trypanosomiasis is rarely reported to result from a needle stick in the laboratory. We report such a case. On March 5, 1992, a 50-year-old laboratory technician accidentally stuck her left hand with a needle containing Trypanosoma gambiense (strain FEO ITMAP-1893) after inoculating two mice with the organism. The strain is not considered very pathogenic. Local disinfection was performed immediately. The technician was asymptomatic until March 13, when she noted the abrupt onset of fever (temperature, 39 °C). Two days later, the thenar region of her left hand became erythematous, warm, and swollen. Her temperature rose to . . .
Parasinusoidal location of megakaryocytes in marrow: A determinant of platelet release
Authors: Marshall A. Lichtman, Jack K. Chamberlain, William Simon, Patricia A. Santillo
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1978)

Abstract Megakaryocytopoiesis occurs in the hematopoietic (extravascular) compartment of marrow. Thus, platelets must traverse the wall of the vascular sinuses of marrow to enter the circulation. We have examined mouse and rat marrow, fixed by rapid immersion so as to maintain anatomical relationships as close to the natural state as possible. Quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of random transections of femurs established that megakaryocytes reside less than 1 μ from a marrow sinus wall with a probability unlikely to be the result of chance (P &lt; 0.001). An intimate relationship exists between the megakaryocyte periphery and the abluminal surface of the endothelial lining cell. At the time of platelet release megakaryocyte cytoplasm invaginates and penetrates the endothelial lining cell. The penetrating cytoplasm is detached and enters the marrow circulation. From their dimensions in comparison to circulating platelets, the released cytoplasm represents a packet of platelets that undergoes further fragmentation in the circulation. The parasinusoidal location of megakaryocytes and the process of sinus‐wall penetration and platelet delivery was observed by TEM and scanning electron microscopy. These studies provided quantitative support for a specific anatomical arrangement of megakaryocytes in marrow. Moreover, the process of platelet release appears to be a physiological form of metastasis with invasion of vascular walls and vascular spread of cells, that are in this case amitotic.
Adaptive Value of Labor Pains-Reply
Authors: Ashley Montagu
Journal: JAMA (1962)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Dr. Brunn reminds me of...... the young faith-healer of Deal, Who remarked, although pain isn't real, When I sit on a pin and it punctures my skin, I dislike what I fancy I feel. Pain may be subjective but it is nonetheless real for being so. I do not think that a natural and normal process such as childbirth<i>must</i>be accompanied by the severest kinds of pains. All that I was saying is that in a very large number of cases this is so, and that the pains may have had some selective value in the past. This was not to imply that such pains had any value whatsoever in the present. I am certain that in a large number of cases the mystique that has been built up about childbirth contributes to the discomfort and pain women experience during that process. I hope Dr. Brunn
What are the benefits of editorials and non-systematic reviews?
Authors: T. Jefferson
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Earlier this year my colleagues and I carried out a Cochrane review of the effects of cholera vaccines. The review was large, but because of the data available we concentrated mainly on the older killed whole cell (KWC) variety of vaccines. At the beginning of the review we were aware that cholera KWC vaccines have been discouraged since the 1970s in either endemic or epidemic areas on the grounds that they had low efficacy and short duration (four to six months), required multiple doses, and were less effective in children under 5than in adults. Important adverse effects were said to occur in 30% of recipients of injected KWC vaccines. Our Cochrane review re-examined the evidence for these statements through a systematic review of randomised and quasirandomised controlled cholera vaccine trials of over 2.5m participants conducted world wide since 1963.The overall efficacy of vaccine compared with placebo was 57% (95% confidence …
SEQUENCES OF SYNTHESIS OF γ-1 MACROGLOBULIN AND γ-2 GLOBULIN ANTIBODIES DURING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESPONSES TO PROTEINS, SALMONELLA ANTIGENS, AND PHAGE
Authors: D. C. Bauer, M. J. Mathies, A. B. Stavitsky
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1963)

The nature of the antibodies produced by the rabbit during the primary and secondary responses to T(2) phage, proteins, and the O and H antigens of Salmonella typhosa has been determined. Immune sera have been fractionated by zone electrophoresis, sucrose density ultracentrifugation, and anion exchange chromatography. The resulting fractions have been assayed by phage neutralization or hemagglutination (antisera to proteins) or bacterial agglutination. In confirmation and extension of earlier work from this laboratory, the primary response to these antigens, with the exception of the O antigen of the Salmonella, included the early synthesis of 19S, gamma-1 globulin antibody, and the later synthesis of 7S, gamma-2 globulin antibody. The primary response to the O antigen consisted of the synthesis of only a macroglobulin agglutinin. The secondary response to the proteins, including the H antigen of the Salmonella, comprised the early synthesis of large amounts of the 7S gamma-2 globulin antibody to the same level attained during the primary response. The secondary response to the phage consisted in the synthesis of 7S, gamma-2 globulin antibody alone. Treatment of the macroglobulin phage-neutralizing antibody with mercaptoethanol resulted in complete loss of its neutralizing activity. A working hypothesis to explain these observations was presented. A salient feature of this hypothesis was the suggestion that different cells synthesized the two distinct molecular forms of antibody. The significance of the sequential synthesis of the two forms of antibody is not known. It was proposed that the system for synthesis of macroglobulin antibody is an auxiliary system for antibody synthesis, perhaps the first to develop phylogenetically and ontogenetically. It is felt that the present observations indicate a clear-cut qualitative distinction between the primary and secondary responses to immunization whereby these responses might be identified in various experimental situations. It is also felt that these findings with the primary and secondary responses to various antigens in the rabbit may be of widespread occurrence in nature among a variety of species.
Magnesium Deficiency and Digitalis Toxicity
Authors: James A. Landauer
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The Journalis to be commended for publishing an article demonstrating the relationship between magnesium deficiency and digitalis toxicity.<sup>1</sup> Digitalis toxicity is an enormous problem and unrecognized magnesium deficiency is an important part of it. Magnesium deficiency sensitizes the patient to the toxic effects of digitalis, and the patient who has received digitalis is<i>likely</i>to be magnesium deficient.<sup>1-3</sup>Magnesium-wasting drugs, poor absorption, and inadequate dietary intake are all common to this patient. Serum magnesium levels are an absolutely awful guide to myocardial magnesium content. Serum levels reflect bone magnesium and are commonly normal in the presence of severe muscle depletion.<sup>1,3</sup> Magnesium supplementation has been almost totally ignored by modern medicine. Yet, here is a substance that, while producing little toxicity of its own, clearly reduces digitalis-toxic arrhythmias.<sup>2-5</sup> Prophylactic administration of magnesium should be considered routinely in the patient who has received digitalis.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND CORONARY RISK; THE EPIC-NORFOLK PROSPECTIVE POPULATION STUDY
Authors: Lysette N. Broekhuizen, Matthijs S. Boekholdt, Benoit J. Arsenault, Jean-Pierre Despres, Erik S.G. Stroes, John J.P. Kastelein, Nicholas J. Wareham, Kay-Tee Khaw
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)