tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Increased Symmetric Bone Uptake During Treatment With Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor and Erythropoietin
Authors: KAZUO ITOH, KAKUKO KANEGAE, CHIETSUGU KATO
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

A 60-year-old woman had an elevated carcinoembryonic antigen, anemia, and severe thrombocytopenia. She had a history of breast cancer 12 years earlier and also had a myelodysplastic syndrome (refractory anemia with excess blast cells) for 3 years. Bone scintigraphy with Tc-99m MDP showed increased symmetric uptake in both femurs, the skull, and questionably in both humeri. She had been receiving granulocyte colony stimulating factor and erythropoletin 2 weeks earlier for treatment of anemia and severe thrombocytopenia.
Increased intra-abdominal pressure affects respiratory variations in arterial pressure in normovolaemic and hypovolaemic mechanically ventilated healthy pigs
Authors: Serge Duperret, Franck Lhuillier, Vincent Piriou, Emmanuel Vivier, Olivier Metton, Patricia Branche, Guy Annat, Karim Bendjelid, Jean Paul Viale
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2006)
Clinical relevance of detectable but not quantifiable hepatitis C virus RNA during boceprevir or telaprevir treatment
Authors: Patrick R. Harrington, Wen Zeng, Lisa K. Naeger
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Abstract Boceprevir- and telaprevir-based treatments for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection use specific response-guided therapy (RGT) guidelines. Eligibility for shortened treatment duration is based on achieving undetectable HCV RNA early during treatment. It is unclear whether a detected HCV RNA level that is below the assay lower limit of quantitation (detectable/BLOQ) is comparable to an undetectable HCV RNA level for RGT decision making. We analyzed data from boceprevir and telaprevir clinical trials to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the frequency and clinical relevance of detectable/BLOQ HCV RNA measurements. In Phase 3 trials P05216 (boceprevir), C216 (telaprevir), and 108 (telaprevir), detectable/BLOQ levels were reported for approximately 10%-20% of all on-treatment HCV RNA measurements. In P05216 and C216, subjects with detectable/BLOQ HCV RNA, on average, had a reduced sustained virologic response (SVR) rate compared with subjects with undetectable HCV RNA at the same on-treatment timepoint. At key RGT timepoints (week 8 for boceprevir, week 4 for telaprevir), subjects with detectable/BLOQ HCV RNA had an approximately 20% lower SVR rate compared with subjects with undetectable HCV RNA, and this difference widened for later on-treatment timepoints. A similar trend was observed for Study 108, but the differences in SVR rates were modest, potentially explained by a higher frequency of reported detectable/BLOQ results. Analyses of Phase 2 boceprevir and telaprevir trials indicated subjects with detectable/BLOQ HCV RNA at RGT timepoints benefited from extended treatment duration. Conclusion : During boceprevir- and telaprevir-based treatment, subjects with detectable/BLOQ HCV RNA had a reduced virologic response compared with subjects with undetectable HCV RNA. Eligibility for shortened treatment duration should be based on achieving undetectable HCV RNA (i.e., HCV RNA not detected) at RGT decision timepoints. (Hepatology 2012)
Determination of Fetal Sex in Early Pregnancy
Authors: John C. Hobbins
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

During the past few years advances in ultrasound imagery have permitted visualization of certain fetal structures that had previously eluded consistent identification. Until recently, attempts to determine fetal sex with ultrasound were successful in late gestation, but the visualization and accuracy rates in the second trimester were not high enough to warrant the use of this technique.1 , 2 The article by Birnholz3 and the letter from Stephens and Sherman4 in this issue indicate that fetal sex can now be determined throughout mid and late gestation.The benefits of fetal-sex determination in the third trimester are somewhat difficult to assess. Those working . . .
Trapidil in preventing restenosis after balloon angioplasty in the atherosclerotic rabbit.
Authors: M W Liu, G S Roubin, K A Robinson, A J Black, J A Hearn, R J Siegel, S B King
Journal: Circulation (1990)

Trapidil (triazolopyrimidine) possesses activity against platelet-derived growth factor-induced cellular proliferation in vitro and intimal proliferation in vivo. The objective of this study was to determine if trapidil could prevent restenosis in experimentally induced atherosclerotic rabbits. New Zealand White rabbits with preexisting iliac arterial lesions induced by balloon deendothelialization underwent balloon angioplasty. Arteriography was performed before, immediately after, and 4 weeks after the balloon dilatation. Tissue sections of the dilated arterial segment were also analyzed morphometrically. Seventeen rabbits were randomized to two groups: a control group (n = 8) and a trapidil-treated group (n = 9). The treatment group received 30 mg/kg s.c. trapidil twice daily. The angiographic luminal diameters before and after dilatation were similar. At the 4-week restudy, there was a significant preservation of luminal diameter in the trapidil group compared with the control group (1.27 +/- 0.20 vs. 0.94 +/- 0.48 mm, respectively; p less than 0.005). When luminal diameters immediately after dilatation were compared with diameters at the 4-week restudy (i.e., when the degree of restenosis was assessed), there was a greater luminal diameter reduction in the control group than in the trapidil group (0.70 +/- 0.44 vs. 0.30 +/- 0.25 mm, respectively; p = 0.005). By morphometric analyses, the luminal areas were also greater in the trapidil group than the control group (0.80 +/- 0.25 vs. 0.57 +/- 0.33 mm2, respectively; p = 0.03). Intimal thickness was significantly less for the trapidil group than for the control group (0.33 +/- 0.15 vs. 0.44 +/- 0.15 mm, respectively; p = 0.01), as well as medial thickness (0.09 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.11 +/- 0.03 mm, respectively; p = 0.01). In this study, trapidil significantly increased the luminal area and reduced the intimal thickness in the atherosclerotic rabbit iliac artery after balloon angioplasty.
Ensuring backwards compatibility: traditional genotyping efforts in the era of whole genome sequencing
Authors: S Bletz, A Mellmann, J Rothgänger, D Harmsen
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2014)

When using next-generation whole genome sequencing (WGS), extraction of spa types from WGS data is essential for backwards compatibility with Sanger sequencing-based spa typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We evaluated WGS-based spa typing with a 2×250 bp protocol in a diverse collection of 423 MRSA isolates using two pipelines that executed sequence quality-trimming and de novo assembly before spa typing. The SeqSphere(+) pipeline correctly typed 419 isolates (99.1%) whereas the CLCbio pipeline succeeded in 249 isolates (58.9%). In summary, WGS combined with an optimized de novo assembly enables nearly full compatibility with Sanger sequencing-based spa typing data.
Preliminary Experience with a New Ultraviolet-Cured Expandable Plastic Endoprosthesis in the Management of Malignant Esophageal Strictures
Authors: J. Haringsma, J. Ferwerda, W. Dekker, H. L. F. Brom
Journal: Endoscopy (1997)

Different types of expandable metal stent are currently available for the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal strictures. To overcome some of the disadvantages involved in the design of metal mesh stents, we designed a balloon-expanded plastic endoprosthesis, which is hardened by irradiation with ultraviolet light after deployment. We present here our preliminary results.From April 1995 to January 1996, four patients with unresectable esophageal malignancies were treated with this stent. Insertion of the stent was the only palliative procedure carried out. The patients were followed up until death.Stent placement was successful in all patients, and no procedure-related complications occurred. Dysphagia was reduced from an average score of 2.6 to 1.0. Early complications included retrosternal pain of limited duration in one patient. One patient died 72 hours after uncomplicated stent placement, due to cardiac arrhythmia. Late complications were limited to tumor overgrowth in two patients, after a mean of 104 days. The stent patency rate averaged 92 days.In patients with a malignant esophageal stricture, this newly developed expandable endoprosthesis is effective in relieving dysphagia. The deployment of the stent is easy and safe. The endoprosthesis has potential advantage over current expandable metal mesh stents.
Asbestosis in a Worker Engaged in Automobile Undercoating
Authors: Heinrich G. Brugsch, Harold Bavley
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

THE term pneumoconiosis applies to diseases of the lungs caused by inhalation of foreign material. A more specific diagnosis will depend upon correct identification of noxious substances in air samples, sputum and, whenever possible, lung tissues. Among the occupational hazards causing pneumoconiosis, asbestos has been identified in exposed mine workers, workers handling insulating materials composed largely of asbestos, workers in the brake-lining industry and workers engaged in asbestos spinning, carding and weaving.1 Although asbestos bodies have been found in the lungs or sputum of patients with no evidence of pulmonary disease or heavy exposure,2 the presence of asbestos bodies in . . .
Biological control of Fusarium moniliforme in maize.
Authors: C W Bacon, I E Yates, D M Hinton, F Meredith
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, a biological species of the mating populations within the (italic)Gibberella fujikuroi species complex, i.e., population A [= G. moniliformis (Sheld.) Wineland], is an example of a facultative fungal endophyte. During the biotrophic endophytic association with maize, as well as during saprophytic growth, F. moniliforme produces the fumonisins. The fungus is transmitted vertically and horizontally to the next generation of plants via clonal infection of seeds and plant debris. Horizontal infection is the manner by which this fungus is spread contagiously and through which infection occurs from the outside that can be reduced by application of certain fungicides. The endophytic phase is vertically transmitted. This type infection is important because it is not controlled by seed applications of fungicides, and it remains the reservoir from which infection and toxin biosynthesis takes place in each generation of plants. Thus, vertical transmission of this fungus is just as important as horizontal transmission. A biological control system using an endophytic bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, has been developed that shows great promise for reducing mycotoxin accumulation during the endophytic (vertical transmission) growth phase. Because this bacterium occupies the identical ecological niche within the plant, it is considered an ecological homologue to F. moniliforme, and the inhibitory mechanism, regardless of the mode of action, operates on the competitive exclusion principle. In addition to this bacterium, an isolate of a species of the fungus Trichoderma shows promise in the postharvest control of the growth and toxin accumulation from F. moniliforme on corn in storage.
NEPHROTOXIC NEPHRITIS IN RATS
Authors: David H. Solomon, Joseph W. Gardella, Herbert Fanger, Frances M. Dethier, Joseph W. Ferrebee
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1949)

Nephrotoxic anti-rat kidney sera were produced in rabbits by intraperitoneal injection of suspensions of blood-free rat kidney. The nephrotoxin of these sera could be removed by adsorption with saline suspensions of finely ground rat glomeruli, but not by adsorption with other portions of rat kidney or by adsorption with several other rat tissues. It was concluded that nephrotoxic sera of this type react primarily with glomerular tissue and, by inference, that the antigen essential for the production of these anti-kidney sera was of glomerular origin. The observations are consistent with Pressman's (15, 16) demonstration that anti-mouse kidney sera labeled with radioiodine localize primarily in glomeruli.
Sir William Petty and the Down Survey
Authors: Donald Peter Goldstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

SIR William Petty, called by Osier "Oxford's greatest gift to Ireland,"1 was born into seventeenth-century England's most dynamic period. Starting life in 1623 as the son of a poor tradesman in the English village of Romsey, he rose above his humble beginnings through the arduous process of self-education, aided by a remarkable ability to grasp the nature of things. Petty's accomplishments encompassed fields as diverse as political economy, natural science, medical education, anatomy, hospital design and administration, sanitation, mathematics, navigation and shipbuilding, cartography and surveying.2 , 3 His most significant contribution, however, was the conception, organization and management of the Down Survey, . . .
A Paradigm Shift to Prevent HIV Drug Resistance
Authors: David R Bangsberg
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2008)

Standard care for HIV antiretroviral treatment in resource-rich regions of the world includes HIV RNA monitoring every three to four months for viral rebound (i.e., an increase in HIV RNA to detectable levels following suppression). Viral rebound confirmed by two HIV RNA determinations prompts adherence counseling, and a change in regimen based on prior antiretroviral treatment and antiretroviral resistance testing. Because of the prohibitive cost of viral RNA monitoring, standard care for resource-limited regions of the world includes clinical monitoring, together with CD4 monitoring if it is available. A new WHO (World Health Organization) Stage IV opportunistic infection, a 50% decline from peak CD4 level, failure to increase CD4 levels to 50–100 cells/mm3 after one year, or a fall in CD4 cell count to pretreatment levels after one year prompts a change to second-line therapy if available [1].

The major limitation of CD4 and clinical monitoring alone is that clinical deterioration and CD4 decline often occur well after virologic failure and the accumulation of resistance mutations that may compromise the efficacy of limited second-line treatment options [16]. Conversely, CD4 and clinical decline can occur in the absence of virologic failure, which can prompt a premature switch to second-line therapy. This limitation has prompted a search for low-cost approaches to HIV RNA monitoring, including new surrogates of HIV RNA [2]. This search, however, has yet to yield a reliable, inexpensive, and scalable approach for resource-limited regions of the world.

Linked Research Article
This Perspective discusses the following new study published in PLoS Medicine:

Bisson GP, Gross R, Bellamy S, Chittams J, Hislop M, et al. (2008) Pharmacy refill adherence compared with CD4 count changes for monitoring HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy. PLoS Med 5(5): e109. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050109

Analyzing pharmacy and laboratory records from 1,982 patients beginning HIV therapy in southern Africa, Gregory Bisson and colleagues find medication adherence superior to CD4 count changes in identifying treatment failure.
Predictors of asthma control and lung function responsiveness to step 3 therapy in children with uncontrolled asthma
Authors: Nathan Rabinovitch, David T. Mauger, Nichole Reisdorph, Ronina Covar, Jonathan Malka, Robert F. Lemanske, Wayne J. Morgan, Theresa W. Guilbert, Robert S. Zeiger, Leonard B. Bacharier, Stanley J. Szefler
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
RESISTANCE OF LONG-LIVED LYMPHOCYTES AND PLASMA CELLS IN RAT LYMPH NODES TO TREATMENT WITH PREDNISONE, CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE, 6-MERCAPTOPURINE, AND ACTINOMYCIN D
Authors: John J. Miller, Leonard J. Cole
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1967)

The cells of the popliteal lymph nodes of rats were labeled for 4 days after a secondary immunological stimulus. 31 days after the last dose of tritiated thymidine, groups of rats were started on courses of daily, intraperitoneal injections of prednisone, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, or actinomycin D. The initially low doses of these agents were doubled in successive weeks until either lymphoid hypoplasia or death occurred. Rats from each group were killed weekly, and the percentages of persisting, labeled small lymphocytes in the popliteal nodes were determined. Sections of these nodes were examined for persisting, labeled plasma cells. The per cent of lymphocytes labeled increased while the total number of lymphocytes decreased during treatment with prednisone and cyclophosphamide. Prednisone decreased the numbers of long-lived plasma cells, but these cells were preferentially resistant to cyclophosphamide. Neither 6-mercaptopurine nor actinomycin D had an appreciable effect on lymphoid tissues histologically nor on the proportions of labeled, long-lived lymphocytes and plasma cells before causing the deaths of the rats receiving them. These results indicate that long-lived lymphocytes and plasma cells survive treatment with the immunolytic drugs studied, and that long-lived lymphocytes are specifically resistant to prednisone and cyclophosphamide. We believe these results have an application to the attempts to find drugs useful in the treatment of immunologic rejections of organ transplants, and for therapy of autoimmune diseases.
The Diary of a Teenage Health Freak
Authors: R. Hurley
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<h3>Abstract</h3> We have examined whether GABAergic neurons in the mesencephalic reticular formation (RFMes), which are believed to inhibit the neurons in the pons that generate paradoxical sleep (PS or REMS), are submitted to homeostatic regulation under conditions of sleep deprivation (SD) by enforced waking during the day in mice. Using immunofluorescence, we investigated first by staining for c-Fos, whether GABAergic RFMes neurons are active during SD and then by staining for receptors, whether their activity is associated with homeostatic changes in GABA<sub>A</sub> or acetylcholine muscarinic type 2 (AChM2) receptors (Rs), which evoke inhibition. We found that a significantly greater proportion of the GABAergic neurons were positively stained for c-Fos after SD (∼27%) as compared to sleep control (SC, ∼1%) and sleep recovery (SR, ∼6%), suggesting that they were more active during waking with SD and less active or inactive during sleep with SC and SR. The density of GABA<sub>A</sub>Rs and AChM2Rs on the plasma membrane of the GABAergic neurons was significantly increased after SD and restored to control levels after SR. We conclude that the density of these receptors is increased on RFMes GABAergic neurons during presumed enhanced activity with SD and is restored to control levels during presumed lesser or inactivity with SR. Such increases in GABA<sub>A</sub> and AChM2 receptors with sleep deficits would be associated with increased susceptibility of the wake-active GABAergic neurons to inhibition from GABAergic and cholinergic sleep-active neurons and to thus permitting the onset of sleep and PS with muscle atonia. <b>Significance Statement</b> Neuronal activity is regulated in a homeostatic manner such that prolonged activity results in increases in receptors to inhibitory neurotransmitters. Sleep-wake states are also regulated in a homeostatic manner likely through the regulation of sleep-wake regulatory neurons. Here, we established using c-Fos that GABAergic neurons in the mesencephalic reticular formation (RFMes), which are believed to inhibit pontine paradoxical sleep (PS or REMS) generating neurons, are active during enforced waking with sleep deprivation. GABA<sub>A</sub> and acetylcholine muscarinic type 2 receptors, which evoke inhibition, were increased on the membrane of the GABAergic neurons. The increase in these receptors would render the neurons more susceptible to inhibition by GABA and acetylcholine and to thus permitting the onset of PS with muscle atonia.
Poliovirus spreads beyond Nigeria after vaccine uptake drops
Authors: Stephen Pincock
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The poliovirus circulating in northern Nigeria has now infected people in seven neighbouring countries that were previously free of the disease, prompting grave concern among international health agencies.

The World Health Organization and its partners in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative have set themselves the target of halting transmission of the disease worldwide by next year. After a 15 year effort, there remain six countries where polio is still endemic—Nigeria, India, Pakistan, Niger, Afghanistan, and Egypt.

Almost all cases are now restricted to hotspots in Pakistan, India, and …
Differential expression of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins enhances cAMP synthesis in regenerating rat liver.
Authors: A M Diehl, S Q Yang, D Wolfgang, G Wand
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Events leading to cAMP accumulation after partial hepatectomy (PH) and effects of cAMP on hormonal induction of DNA synthesis in hepatocytes were characterized. Hepatic cAMP peaked biphasically post-PH and paralleled changes in adenylyl cyclase activity. Fluctuations in cyclase activity were not explained by variations in glucagon receptor kinetics, but reflected altered G-protein expression. Membrane levels of the stimulatory G-protein, Gs alpha, increased early after PH and were sustained. Levels of the inhibitory G-protein, Gi2 alpha, increased more slowly, peaked later, and quickly fell. Levels of both G-proteins correlated poorly with levels of their mRNAs, suggesting posttranscriptional factors modify their membrane concentrations. When growth factor-induced DNA synthesis was compared in hepatocyte cultures grown with or without agents that increase intracellular cAMP, DNA synthesis was inhibited by sustained high levels of cAMP but was enhanced when high cAMP levels fell. In both regenerating liver and hepatocyte cultures, the expression of a "differentiated" hepatocyte gene, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, correlated with elevated cAMP levels. These data suggest that the differential expression of G-proteins integrates signals initiated by several growth factors so that the accumulation of cAMP is tightly regulated post-PH. The ensuing variations in cAMP levels modulate both growth and differentiated functions during liver regeneration.
Letter: Vitamin D and myocardial infarction.
Authors: O Lindahl, L Lindwall
Journal: BMJ (1975)

reports a study of vitamin D consumption in different Norwegian population groups, in particular persons who had qualified for a disability pension because of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, or degenerative joint disease.From his results Professor Linden concludes that a high in- take of vitamin D is a risk factor in the ocurrence of myocardial infarction and that 30 Mg a day is the critical level.'He found