tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The SUPPORT Project and Improving Care for Seriously III Patients-Reply
Authors: Bernard Lo
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —These letters illustrate the range of responses that the SUPPORT project has evoked and suggest the tasks that lie ahead if we are to improve the care of seriously ill patients. The groups led by Dr Frank and Dr Solomon argue that interventions that affect the entire health care organization can change physician behavior and institutional culture and practices. I agree with their analysis. The challenge is to demonstrate that organizational interventions in fact improve important clinical outcomes. SUPPORT has set a new standard for evaluating interventions that are intended to improve the care of dying patients. Factors other than the institution-wide intervention may influence outcomes. For instance, hospital lengths of stay may decrease for many reasons, such as financial incentives under managed care. End points must be selected carefully. In addition to improving hospital policies, institutions need to show that their interventions improve pain control, increase discussions
MADS-Box Gene Diversity in Seed Plants 300 Million Years Ago
Authors: Annette Becker, Kai-Uwe Winter, Britta Meyer, Heinz Saedler, Günter Theißen
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2000)

MADS-box genes encode a family of transcription factors which control diverse developmental processes in flowering plants ranging from root development to flower and fruit development. Through phylogeny reconstructions, most of these genes can be subdivided into defined monophyletic gene clades whose members share similar expression patterns and functions. Therefore, the establishment of the diversity of gene clades was probably an important event in land plant evolution. In order to determine when these clades originated, we isolated cDNAs of 19 different MADS-box genes from Gnetum gnemon, a gymnosperm model species and thus a representative of the sister group of the angiosperms. Phylogeny reconstructions involving all published MADS-box genes were then used to identify gene clades containing putative orthologs from both angiosperm and gymnosperm lineages. Thus, the minimal number of MADS-box genes that were already present in the last common ancestor of extant gymnosperms and angiosperms was determined. Comparative expression studies involving pairs of putatively orthologous genes revealed a diversity of patterns that has been largely conserved since the time when the angiosperm and gymnosperm lineages separated. Taken together, our data suggest that there were already at least seven different MADS-box genes present at the base of extant seed plants about 300 MYA. These genes were probably already quite diverse in terms of both sequence and function. In addition, our data demonstrate that the MADS-box gene families of extant gymnosperms and angiosperms are of similar complexities.
Progressive Retinopathy with Improved Control in Diabetic Dwarfism (Mauriac's Syndrome)
Authors: Denis Daneman, Allan L Drash, Louis A Lobes, Dorothy J Becker, Lester M Baker, Luther B Travis
Journal: Diabetes Care (1981)

We report four children aged 11-18 1/2 yr first seen 7-14 yr after the diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes. At presentation, all had marked short stature, two had hepatomegaly, and the older three had delayed adolescence. They had been severely underinsulinized. Initial funduscopy demonstrated only occasion microaneurysms in two children and a single intraretinal hemorrhage in another. The youngest was normal. Improved control required large increases in insulin dosage. Growth rate improved significantly and hepatomegaly regressed. Puberty progressed rapidly in two older patients with poor final height. Paradoxically, with improved control, retinopathy progressed rapidly with appearance of multiple microaneurysms, nerve fiber layer infarctions, intraretinal microangiopathic changes, hemorrhages, exudates, and macular edema in all the patients and severe proliferation changes in three. One child with proliferative retinopathy in both eyes developed vitreous hemorrhage and blindness in one eye. Two required panretinal photocoagulation with no further progression of their retinopathy. These rapidly progressive retinal changes remain unexplained. We advise caution when correcting metabolic derangements of diabetic patients who have been poorly controlled for a prolonged period.
Can Antibiotic Resistance be Controlled?
Authors: Barbara E. Murray
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

Several reports in this issue of the Journal deal with the potentially disastrous situation of antibiotic resistance13. The current antibiotic-resistance crisis differs from those of the past because several different organisms are involved and because there are no immediate solutions on the horizon. The consequences of resistance include higher mortality and greater morbidity, such as neurologic damage in children in whom meningitis is caused by a pneumococcus not recognized as resistant or for which alternatives to first-line antibiotic therapy are less effective. Infections with organisms resistant to antimicrobial agents lead to longer hospitalizations and greater expense,4 as exemplified . . .
Tumor-specific apoptosis caused by deletion of the ERBB3 pseudo-kinase in mouse intestinal epithelium
Authors: Daekee Lee, Ming Yu, Eunjung Lee, Hyunok Kim, Yanan Yang, Kyoungmi Kim, Christina Pannicia, Jonathan M. Kurie, David W. Threadgill
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2009)

Pharmacologic blockade of EGFR or the closely related receptor ERBB2 has modest efficacy against colorectal cancers in the clinic. Although the upregulation of ERBB3, a pseudo-kinase member of the EGFR/ERBB family, is known to contribute to EGFR inhibitor resistance in other cancers, its functions in normal and malignant intestinal epithelium have not been defined. We have shown here that the intestinal epithelium of mice with intestine-specific genetic ablation of Erbb3 exhibits no cytological abnormalities but does exhibit loss of expression of ERBB4 and sensitivity to intestinal damage. By contrast, intestine-specific Erbb3 ablation resulted in almost complete absence of intestinal tumors in the ApcMin mouse model of colon cancer. Unlike nontransformed epithelium lacking ERBB3, intestinal tumors lacking ERBB3 had reduced PI3K/AKT signaling, which led to attenuation of tumorigenesis via a tumor-specific increase in caspase-3–mediated apoptosis. Consistent with the mouse data, which suggest that ERBB3-ERBB4 heterodimers contribute to colon cancer survival, experimentally induced loss of ERBB3 in a KRAS mutant human colon cancer cell line was associated with loss of ERBB4 expression, and siRNA knockdown of either ERBB3 or ERBB4 resulted in elevated levels of apoptosis. These results indicate that the ERBB3 pseudo-kinase has essential roles in supporting intestinal tumorigenesis and suggest that ERBB3 may be a promising target for the treatment of colorectal cancers.
THE WORK OF THE COUNCIL ON PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY
Authors: DAVID L. EDSALL
Journal: JAMA (1910)

I do not need to offer reasons for the existence of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association. We all of us know the deplorable state of things that led to its establishment. When lay journals could show that in centers of learning approximately one-half of the prescriptions filled were for proprietary remedies; when it was likewise evident that in nearly all instances these proprietary remedies were supervised as to their actual composition, their activity or potency, and all other important facts, by no one who was disinterested, and that we wera dependent on the manufacturer or agent for all knowledge regarding them; and when it had already been shown of many of those that had been examined that a part or all the statements mede regarding them were more or less completely false, it was quite clear that we could not maintain the honor of
Management of breast cancer.
Authors: R. Peto
Journal: BMJ (1992)

paper by Jennifer Barraclough and colleagues underlines this; in their sample 45 out of 204 patients with breast cancer had a major depressive episode lasting at least three months after a surgical treatment.4Similarly, Maguire et al showed that one in four women had significant psychological symptoms, including depression, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction, 12 months after mastectomy.5Studies have concentrated on patients treated surgically, but all patients with breast cancer are at risk of psychological sequelae.6Detecting these is important as psychological problems in patients with cancer respond well to several treatments.7Though a third of all breast cancer occurs in those aged over 70, elderly people have been excluded from most studies assessing psycho- logical morbidity.This is regrettable as breast cancer in elderly people tends to be treated more conservatively; operable breast cancer is less common, and, for many, quality of life is more important than quantity.Psychological health is therefore important.The studies that have not excluded elderly patients have not presented the results separately, so little is known about the psychological problems of elderly patients with breast cancer.An unsupportive social network and debility are associated with a higher risk of psychological problems in studies of patients with cancer under 70.8These factors may be more prominent in elderly patients.Moreover, depression is common in elderly people and, at least in the past, has often gone untreated.9There may be considerable unrecognised and untreated psychological morbidity in elderly patients with breast cancer.Specific research is needed to clarify this.Awareness of this and detection and treatment of psychological distress by medical and nursing staff should form an important part of any management plan.
Psychological Care of Patients: Psycho-Oncology's Contribution
Authors: J. C. Holland
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

The centuries-old stigma attached to cancer precluded patients' being told their diagnoses, and thus, delayed any exploration of how they dealt with their illness. This situation changed in the United States in the 1970s when patients began to be told their cancer diagnosis, permitting the first formal study of the psychological impact of cancer. However, a second and equally long-held stigma attached to mental illness has been another barrier and this has kept patients from being willing to acknowledge their psychological problems and to seek counseling. This "double stigma" has slowed the development of psycho-oncology. However, we began to see rapid changes occurring in the last quarter of the 20th century. Valid assessment instruments were developed which were used in well-designed studies. Data from these studies and clinical observations led to increased recognition that psychosocial services are needed by many patients and provide significant assistance in coping with illness. Psycho-oncology has two dimensions: first, the study of the psychological reaction of patients at all stages of the disease, as well as of the family and oncology staff; second, exploring the psychological, social, and behavioral factors that impact on cancer risk and survival. Psycho-oncology now has a recognized role within the oncologic community through clinical care, research, and training as it relates to prevention of cancer through lifestyle changes, evaluation of quality of life, symptom control, palliative care and survivorship. Presently, there are sufficient research studies from which standards of care have been established. Both evidence and consensus-based clinical practice guidelines have been promulgated. It now possible to monitor the quality of existing psychosocial services by using these benchmarks of quality that have evolved in recent years.
Intense F-18 FDG Uptake Noted in a Benign Bone Cyst
Authors: Madhavi Tripathi, Rakesh Kumar, Tushar Mohapatra, Murli Nadig, Chandrashekar Bal, Arun Malhotra
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2007)

A 23-year woman was referred for fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) for restaging after excision of a Wilms tumor of the left kidney. Whole-body PET-CT scan revealed a focal area of intense FDG uptake in the right femoral head and neck region. Based on the CT findings, a well-defined cystic lesion with internal septation, the diagnosis of simple bone cyst was made. In conclusion, a benign bone cyst can cause a focal area of intense FDG uptake and therefore must be considered when FDG PET scans are evaluated in cancer staging.
Mesenteric Adenitis Due to<i>Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis</i>in Young People
Authors: Werner Knapp
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

UNTIL a few years ago pseudotuberculosis was thought to be a rare disease, and it received almost no attention in clinical or laboratory diagnosis. Then, in 1953, Masshoff1 and Masshoff and Dölle2 described an abscess-forming reticulocytic lymphadenitis, usually in children operated on for supposed appendicitis. Since the histologic changes in affected lymph nodes rather resembled those of cat-scratch lymphadenitis and of lymphogranuloma inguinale, Masshoff assumed that the morbid process he observed was due to a viral infection. Hörstebrock,3 on the other hand, classified it as blastomycosis.The causative organism was identified in 1954 by Knapp4 and Knapp and Masshoff5 as . . .
The Cyclical Disorder Of Sherlock Holmes
Authors: Boris M. Astrachan
Journal: JAMA (1966)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> We were pleased to note the attention devoted to that superior individual and most renowned consulting detective, Sherlock Holmes, in Dr. Musto's careful study "Sherlock Holmes and Heredity" (<b>196</b>:45, 1966). We, however, were appalled by the suggestion that Holmes suffered from a form of paranoia. The skills of the historian must be carefully tempered by the wisdom of the clinician before diagnostic assumptions about historical personages are made. On the basis of conclusive evidence, careful observation, and astute deduction (not unlike that of Mr. Holmes), we have concluded that Holmes had a manic-depressive disorder. Whatever paranoia he may have had ( and the evidence for this is inconclusive) might well have been secondary to such underlying disease. That Holmes had a cyclical disorder is demonstrated in<i>A Study in Scarlet</i>. "Nothing could exceed his energy when the working fit was upon him; but now and again a
Prediction of survival after liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using the TNM staging classification modified for LT: Validation in a French cohort
Authors: C. Duvoux, T. Decaens, F. Roudot-Thoraval, S. Hadni-Bresson, C. Meyer, J. Gugenheim, F. Durand, M. Neau-Cransac, O. Boillot, K. Boudjema, Y. Calmus, J. Hardwigsen, C. Ducerf, G. Pageaux, S. Dharancy, O. Chazoullières, D. Cherqui, D. Dhumeaux
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)
Association of Pesticide Exposure with Neurologic Dysfunction and Disease
Authors: Freya Kamel, Jane A. Hoppin
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

Poisoning by acute high-level exposure to certain pesticides has well-known neurotoxic effects, but whether chronic exposure to moderate levels of pesticides is also neurotoxic is more controversial. Most studies of moderate pesticide exposure have found increased prevalence of neurologic symptoms and changes in neurobehavioral performance, reflecting cognitive and psychomotor dysfunction. There is less evidence that moderate exposure is related to deficits in sensory or motor function or peripheral nerve conduction, but fewer studies have considered these outcomes. It is possible that the most sensitive manifestation of pesticide neurotoxicity is a general malaise lacking in specificity and related to mild cognitive dysfunction, similar to that described for Gulf War syndrome. Most studies have focused on organophosphate insecticides, but some found neurotoxic effects from other pesticides, including fungicides, fumigants, and organochlorine and carbamate insecticides. Pesticide exposure may also be associated with increased risk of Parkinson disease; several classes of pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, have been implicated. Studies of other neurodegenerative diseases are limited and inconclusive. Future studies will need to improve assessment of pesticide exposure in individuals and consider the role of genetic susceptibility. More studies of pesticides other than organophosphates are needed. Major unresolved issues include the relative importance of acute and chronic exposure, the effect of moderate exposure in the absence of poisoning, and the relationship of pesticide-related neurotoxicity to neurodegenerative disease.
Dark adaptation in vertebrate photoreceptors
Authors: G.L. Fain, H.R. Matthews, M.C. Cornwall
Journal: Trends in Neurosciences (1996)

Exposure of the eye to bright light bleaches a significant fraction of the photopigment in rods and cones and produces a prolonged decrease in the sensitivity of vision, which recovers slowly as the photopigment is regenerated. This sensitivity decrease is larger than would be expected merely from the decrease in the concentration of the pigment. Recent experiments have shown that the decrease in sensitivity is produced largely by an excitation of the phototransduction cascade by bleached pigment; even in darkness, it produces an equivalent background similar to that produced by real steady background illumination. Thus, excitation produced by a form of rhodopsin thought previously to be inactive has a profound effect on the physiology of the photoreceptor. This raises the possibility that forms of other G protein-coupled receptors thought to be inactive might also play an important role in signal transduction and disease. Trends Neurosci. (1996) 19, 502–507
Endoscopic submucosal dissection for treatment of mesopharyngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas
Authors: T. Iizuka, D. Kikuchi, S. Hoteya, N. Yahagi, H. Takeda
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

See also: Commentaire de travail de T. Iizuka et al., pp. 113Endoscopy 2009; 41(02): 250-250DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1306728
Development of collateral function with repetitive coronary occlusion in a canine model reduces myocardial reactive hyperemia in the absence of significant coronary stenosis.
Authors: H Yamamoto, H Tomoike, H Shimokawa, S Nabeyama, M Nakamura
Journal: Circulation Research (1984)

The present study was designed to elucidate the role of collateral development, per se, on reactive hyperemia without persistent coronary stenosis in instrumented conscious dogs. Functional states of coronary collaterals were augmented by repetitive 2 minutes of coronary occlusion every 30 minutes for 2-9 days. Regional shortening measured sonomicrometrically recovered from -1.2 +/- 6.5% of the preocclusive state at the end of the first coronary occlusion to 100.5 +/- 1.2% (n = 8, P less than 0.01) after repeated coronary occlusions. Before and after collateral development, transient coronary occlusions of 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 seconds were randomly performed. The degree of regional dysfunction and the following reactive hyperemic response were measured. Up to 20 seconds of coronary occlusion, the flow ratio and duration of coronary reactive hyperemia increased similarly, both before and after collateral development. However, when the duration of coronary occlusion was over 30 seconds, flow ratio and debt repayment ratio were reduced progressively after the collateral development. Among the indices exhibiting reactive hyperemia, debt repayment ratio decreased initially and correlated well with the recovery of regional dysfunction during coronary occlusion. Thus, the augmentation of collateral function after repetitive coronary occlusion reduces reactive hyperemia even in the absence of significant coronary stenosis.
Narrative Review: Thrombocytosis, Polycythemia Vera, and JAK2 Mutations: The Phenotypic Mimicry of Chronic Myeloproliferation
Authors: Jerry L. Spivak
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

The myeloproliferative disorders polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, and primary myelofibrosis are clonal disorders arising in a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell, causing an unregulated increase in the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, or platelets, alone or in combination; eventual marrow dominance by the progeny of the involved stem cell; and a tendency to arterial or venous thrombosis, marrow fibrosis, splenomegaly, or transformation to acute leukemia, albeit at widely varying frequencies. The discovery of an activating mutation (V617F) in the gene for JAK2 (Janus kinase 2), a tyrosine kinase utilized by hematopoietic cell receptors for erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, provided an explanation for the shared clinical features of these 3 disorders. Constitutive JAK2 activation provides a growth and survival advantage to the hematopoietic cells of the affected clone. Because signaling by the mutated kinase utilizes normal pathways, the result is overproduction of morphologically normal blood cells, an often indolent course, and (in essential thrombocytosis) usually a normal life span. Because the erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptors are all constitutively activated, polycythemia vera is the potential ultimate clinical phenotype of the JAK2 V617F mutation and, as a corollary, is the most common of the 3 disorders. The number of cells expressing the JAK2 V617F mutation (the allele burden) seems to correlate with the clinical phenotype. Preliminary results of clinical trials with agents that inhibit the mutated kinase indicate a reduction in splenomegaly and alleviation of night sweats, fatigue, and pruritus.
Potassium Exchange in the Dog Heart in Situ
Authors: GUNTER GRUPP, Charles Astrida
Journal: Circulation Research (1963)

Coronary perfusion with constant flow and constant specific activity permitted an estimate of the transmembrane fluxes of potassium in both directions in the dog heart in situ. The determination of efflux was based on the washout characteristics. Perfusion pressure and coronary flow within the limits studied have little influence on efflux. The estimate of influx involved correction of experimental data using the efflux from the same experiment and is therefore less accurate; it is subject to changes due to alterations in collateral blood supply of the perfusion area. The efflux varies by 50% from heart to heart, averaging 0.68 mEq K + /kg and min at an average heart rate of 130 beats/min. Changes in heart rate reveal that 1.65 µEq K + /kg are exchanged per beat above the resting flux of the nonbeating heart; the latter was estimated by extrapolation to be 0.55 mEq K + /kg and min.
Death from hypothermia: are current views on causative factors well founded?
Authors: D N Slater
Journal: BMJ (1988)

neonate.Despite this group of patients theoretically being highly motivated to prevent the spread of the disease five of the 34 pregnancies were complicated by primary infection with the virus.This suggests that all men with genital herpes should be counselled about the need for screening pregnant consorts, and such couples should be advised either to abstain from sexual contact or to use barrier methods of protection from the third trimester until delivery.We recommend that all women with a history of genital infection with herpes simplex virus should be screened during pregnancy.I Prober CJ, Sullender WM, Yasukawa LL, Au DS, Yeager AS.Low risk of herpes simplex virus infections in neonates exposed to the virus at the time of vaginal delivery to mothers with recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infections.