tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
False-Positive Planar Bone Image due to Horse Shoe Kidney
Authors: PURUSHOTHAM VELUVOLU, B DAVID COLLIER, ALI T. ISITMAN, JEFFREY P. SCHWAB, ROBERT S HELLMAN, DAVID PECK
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1985)

By separating a lumbar vertebra from underlying soft tissue activity originating in a horse shoe kidney, SPECT bone imaging contributed to accurate scintigraphic diagnosis.
Glimepiride, a New Once-Daily Sulfonylurea: A double-blind placebo-controlled study of NIDDM patients
Authors: Julio Rosenstock, Ellis Samols, Douglas B Muchmore, Jill Schneider
Journal: Diabetes Care (1996)

OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and safety of two daily doses of the new sulfonylurea, glimepiride (Amaryl), each as a once-daily dose or in two divided doses, in patients with NIDDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Of the previously treated NIDDM patients, 416 entered this multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled fixed-dose study. After a 3-week placebo washout, patients received a 14-week course of placebo or glimepiride 8 mg q.d., 4 mg b.i.d., 16 mg q.d., or 8 mg b.i.d. RESULTS Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c values were similar at baseline in all treatment groups. The placebo group's FPG value increased from 13.0 mmol/l at baseline to 14.5 mmol/l at the last evaluation endpoint (P ≤ 0.001). In contrast, FPG values in the four glimepiride groups decreased from a range of 12.4–12.9 mmol/l at baseline to a range of 8.6–9.8 mmol/l at endpoint (P ≤ 0.001, within-group change from baseline; P ≤ 0.001, between-group change [vs. placebo] from baseline). Two-hour postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) findings were consistent with FPG findings. In the placebo group, the HbA1c value increased from 7.7% at baseline to 9.7% at endpoint (P ≤ 0.001), whereas HbA1c values for the glimepiride groups were 7.9–8.1% at baseline and 7.4–7.6% at endpoint (P ≤ 0.001, within-group change from baseline; P ≤ 0.001, between-group change from baseline). There were no meaningful differences in glycemic variables between daily doses of 8 and 16 mg or between once- and twice-daily dosing. Adverse events and laboratory data demonstrate that glimepiride has a favorable safety profile. CONCLUSIONS Glimepiride is an effective and well-tolerated oral glucose-lowering agent. The results of this study demonstrate maximum effectiveness can be achieved with 8 mg q.d. of glimepiride in NIDDM subjects.
The Necessity of a More Careful Study of the Pulse.
Authors: J. W. Hervey
Journal: JAMA (1889)

<h3>Dear Sir:</h3> —There are many reasons why a careful study of the pulse demands the attention of the general practitioner of medicine at this time. Among these permit the writer to name the following: 1. The pulse is disturbed by almost every departure from a normal state of health. 2. The pulse is recognized as a symptom in every abnormal manifestation. 3. To examine the pulse and determine its value as a symptom is one of the first duties of the physician at the bedside of the sick. 4. The large number of deaths from heart disease have alarmed the public, and magnified the importance of every means for diagnosticating diseases of this organ, and intensified the necessity for every man who practices medicine to understand the different modes of examining the pulse, and how to apply the information derived therefrom in determining the condition of the great central organ
P1-215: Three drug regiment (Irinotecan, Carboplatin and Etoposide) as a front line treatment in extensive disease small-cell lung cancer: phase II trial
Authors: Andriani G. Charpidou, Nikolaos Katirtzoglou, Ioannis Gkiozos, Eleni Karapanagiotou, Anna Rigopoulou, Epaminontas Kosmas, Nikolaos Vasilopoulos, Kostas N. Syrigos
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Clopidogrel versus ticlopidine after intracoronary stent placement
Authors: Peter B Berger, Malcolm R Bell, Charanjit S Rihal, Henry Ting, Gregory Barsness, Kirk Garratt, Victoria Bellot, Verghese Mathew, Steve Melby, LaVon Hammes, Diane Grill, David R Holmes
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1999)
Assessment of Routine Tests for Occult Blood in Faeces
Authors: G. Ross, C. H. Gray, S. De Silva, J. Newman
Journal: BMJ (1964)

Routine chemical methods for the detection of occult blood in faeces depend on the peroxidase-like activity of haemoglobin and its iron-containing degradation products. The clinical value of these tests was first demonstrated by Boas (1901), using a method based on the guaiacum test for blood described by van Deen (1861). Adler and Adler (1904) claimed that the colour reaction given by benzidine was better than that given by guaiacum. The benzidine test has been modified many times, and the method of Gregersen (1919) in which faeces are tested on a glass slide was widely accepted until Needham and Simpson (1952) recommended carrying out the test on filter paper. Benzidine is no longer obtainable in the U.K. because of its carcinogenicity and has been largely replaced by ortho tolidine.  Hematest  and  occultest  reagent tablets, which contain orthotolidine and a hydrogen-peroxide-generating sys tem, have been available commercially for several years. Hematest is the less sensitive and is recommended for use with faeces ; occultest is recommended for the detection of blood in urine but may be used with faeces if the patient has been suitably dieted for a few days before specimens are collected. The most recent addition to the range of commercially pro duced simplified tests for blood is the  hemastix  reagent strip, a cellulose strip, one end of which is impregnated with an organic peroxide and orthotolidine. A modified form of this strip is now marketed in the United States as a test for blood and for free haemoglobin in urine. The value of the various chemical tests for faecal occult blood has been widely debated, and the subject has been reviewed by Hughes (1952), Needham and Simpson (1952), Thornton and Illingworth (1955), and Steingold and Roberts (1961). Most authors think that the main defect is failure to differ entiate between the peroxidase activity of blood and peroxidases of dietary origin. Interpretation of results is also complicated by the possibility that faeces may contain inhibitors and perhaps accelerators of the peroxidase reaction. These difficulties and uncertainties are eliminated by the use of the 51Cr method for the determination of blood in faeces, first used in man by Owen, Cooper, Grindlay, and Bollmann (1954). This permits a quantitative assessment of faecal blood loss, but the technique is not at present suitable for routine use. Although there was a reasonable correlation between the results of chemical tests for occult blood and the amount of blood lost as measured by the isotopic method, gross discrepancies were found in indi vidual stools and were attributed to sampling errors by Banner man (1957), Ebaugh, Clemens, Rodnan, and Peterson (1958), and Cameron (1960). The present work was undertaken because of the paucity of information on this important aspect of testing for occult blood in faeces. The opportunity was also taken to reassess the value of some of the currently available chemical tests and to assess the value of hemastix as a test for blood in faeces.
Use of Endoscopic Ultrasonography for the Diagnosis of Colorectal Tumors
Authors: S. Shimizu, M. Tada, K. Kawai
Journal: Endoscopy (1990)

Ultrasonographic evaluation of colorectal diseases has been realized by the development of echocolonoscopes. Endoscopic ultrasonography was performed in 90 cases of colorectal tumor, and the diagnostic yields were assessed; the cases included 72 with cancer, 13 with polyp, and 5 with submucosal tumor. With respect to cancer extent, EUS correctly estimated the depth of cancer invasion in 84.9 % of 53 cases in which the lesion was appropriately visualized. Paraintestinal lymph node metastasis was detected in 38.1 %. EUS was not so successful in the evaluation of polyps, since the histological types could not be differentiated, nor could the focus of cancer in adenoma be demonstrated. EUS was effective in the differential diagnosis of submucosal tumors, since the ultrasonographic features varied by histological types.
Tissue Factor Expression, Angiogenesis, and Thrombosis in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Alok A. Khorana, Steven A. Ahrendt, Charlotte K. Ryan, Charles W. Francis, Ralph H. Hruban, Ying Chuan Hu, Galen Hostetter, Jennifer Harvey, Mark B. Taubman
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: Hemostatic activation is common in pancreatic cancer and may be linked to angiogenesis and venous thromboembolism. We investigated expression of tissue factor (TF), the prime initiator of coagulation, in noninvasive and invasive pancreatic neoplasia. We correlated TF expression with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, microvessel density, and venous thromboembolism in resected pancreatic cancer. Experimental Design: Tissue cores from a tri-institutional retrospective series of patients were used to build tissue microarrays. TF expression was graded semiquantitatively using immunohistochemistry in normal pancreas (n = 10), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (n = 70), pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (n = 40), and resected or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinomas (n = 130). Results: TF expression was observed in a majority of noninvasive and invasive pancreatic neoplasia, including 77% of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias, 91% of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, and 89% of pancreatic cancers, but not in normal pancreas. Sixty-six of 122 resected pancreatic cancers (54%) were found to have high TF expression (defined as grade ≥2, the median score). Carcinomas with high TF expression were more likely to also express VEGF (80% versus 27% with low TF expression, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and had a higher median MVD (8 versus 5 per tissue core with low TF expression, P = 0.01). Pancreatic cancer patients with high TF expression had a venous thromboembolism rate of 26.3% compared with 4.5% in patients with low TF expression (P = 0.04). Conclusions: TF expression occurs early in pancreatic neoplastic transformation and is associated with VEGF expression, increased microvessel density, and possibly clinical venous thromboembolism in pancreatic cancer. Prospective studies evaluating the role of TF in pancreatic cancer outcomes are warranted.
Genetic Link Found for Premature Birth Risk
Authors: Tracy Hampton
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Researchers have identified a genetic variant in black women that increases the risk of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM)—a leading cause of preterm birth (Wang H et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. doi: 10.1073/pnas. 0603676103 [published online ahead of print August 21, 2006]).
Status of marine biomedical research.
Authors: O Bessey
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1976)

A meeting on Marine Biomedical Research, sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health and the Smithsonian Institution Museum of Natural History, was attended by approximately 125 scientists, directors and representatives from many of the country's marine biological laboratories, and government agencies whose interests and responsibilites are in the marine biology and health areas. The purpose of the meeting was to explore the undeveloped research opportunities in the area of marine biology for the advancement of our understanding of human health problems and to provide information on the current status of marine biology laboratories. The meeting was devoted to presentations and discussions in four general areas: (1)Marine Species as Models for Human Disease; (2)Environmental Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis; (3)Human Health and the Marine Environment--infectious agents and naturally occurring and foreign toxins; and (4)Drugs from the seas. Representatives from twelve of the country's approximatley 40 marine laboratories discussed their organization, developmental history, scientific programs, facilities, and present status of their support. The presentations served as a background and stimulated very lively analytical and constructive discussions of the undeveloped research and education potential residing in the marine environment and biological laboratories for a better understanding of many human health problems; some scientific areas that should be developed to realize this potential; and the needs and problems of marine laboratories that require attention and support if they are to survive and realize their possibilities.
The ideal tool for decorators: a novel use for disposable laryngoscope blades
Authors: R J Green, J M T Pierce
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The International Climate Change Conference in Montreal in December 2005 raised awareness of the potential for catastrophic climate change as a result of human actions. It behoves all of us to reduce greenhouse gas production and minimise energy expenditure by recycling. 

Anaesthesia is the only branch of medicine that actively recycles its drugs. By using low flow, circle breathing systems, exhaled inhalational agents are recycled and readministered. Anaesthetists have extended this approach to the recycling of glass and plastics from the operating room.1 2 

Concerns about the potential for transmission of prions such as that for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by laryngoscope blades has prompted a move towards disposable, single use laryngoscope blades. The move away from resterilisation may make sense in terms of economics and health, but at the cost to the environment. 

We noticed that the tip of a Timesco (London, UK) Callisto Mackintosh disposable laryngoscope blade fitted perfectly between the rim and lid of a tin of paint. This, coupled with the smooth contour, which fitted comfortably into the hand, led us to investigate which of the three commercially available blade sizes (2, 3, and 4) needed the least force to open tin lids. The null hypothesis for the study was that the forces needed would not differ. 

We hand washed three Timesco Callisto Mackintosh blades, previously used on patients not known to have transmissible …
Extrathoracic airway dysfunction in cough associated with gastroesophageal reflux
Authors: Giovanni Rolla, Paola Colagrande, Mauro Magnano, Valeria Debernardi, Luca Dutto, Luca Delpiano, Paola Cassolino, Caterina Bucca
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1998)
Reduced Apoptosis and Increased Deletion Mutations at <i>Aprt</i> Locus <i>In vivo</i> in Mice Exposed to Repeated Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Li Liang, Marc S. Mendonca, Li Deng, Son C. Nguyen, Changshun Shao, Jay A. Tischfield
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) is a risk factor for carcinogenesis because it is a mutagen. However, a single 4-Gy whole body X-ray exposure only induced a modest increase of mutations at the Aprt reporter gene locus in mouse T cells. Intriguingly, when the same dose of IR was given in a fractionated protocol (1 Gy × 4 at weekly intervals), there was a strong induction of Aprt mutations in T cells. Many of these were mutations that arose via interstitial deletions inclusive of Aprt or by intragenic deletions. We hypothesized that the weekly fractionated X-ray exposures select for somatic cells with reduced p53 expression and/or reduced apoptosis, which, in turn, may have facilitated the accumulation of interstitial deletions, as in p53-deficient mice. We indeed found that splenocytes of mice with three previous exposures (1 Gy × 4 in total) were more resistant to X-ray–induced apoptosis than those of mice exposed to X-rays for the first time (1 Gy total). Thus, repeated X-ray radiation selects for reduced apoptosis in vivo. However, this reduced apoptosis is p53-independent, because p53 induction and the up-regulation of genes downstream of p53, such as Bax and p21, were similar between the 1-Gy and 1 Gy × 4 groups. Reduced apoptosis probably allows the generation of more mutations, particularly deletion mutations. Because both reduced apoptosis and increased somatic mutation are risk factors for carcinogenesis, they may contribute to the paradigm in which different radiation exposure schemes are varied in their efficiency in inducing lymphomagenesis. [Cancer Res 2007;67(5):1910–7]
SMOKE IN RELATION TO HEALTH.
Authors: A. JACOBI
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Up to the year 1000 the German home had its fireplace in the center. The smoke escaped through a big hole above, which was covered by a second roof that kept the rain out. Light got in as best it could. The West-phalian home in which I was born was still of that kind, like a hundred thousand other North German peasant dwellings. In the oldest times a few holes were also cut into the sides of the house. My people, however, had small glass windows, but then I was bornin 1830— after Christ, you know. Wood and peat were exclusively used until the end of the twelfth century; coal is mentioned. The first information comes from Lüttich (Liège). In the fourteenth century coal was used in Aix-la-Chapelle; in 1429, about the river Saar. Since that time, but never like the present, was the air filled with carbon dioxid, sulphurous
Induction of Immune Tolerance to Factor VIII: A Plea for Caution
Authors: Harold R. Roberts
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Anti—factor VIII antibodies (inhibitors) occur in about 15% of severely affected hemophilic patients.<sup>1</sup>This is a serious complication that precludes treatment with conventional doses of factor VIII. Factor VIII inhibitors fall into two broad categories: (1) "low" response inhibitors, ie, antibodies that remain at a titer of less than 10 Bethesda units (BU) per milliliter even after challenge with factor VIII; and (2) "high" response inhibitors, ie, antibodies that demonstrate an anamnestic increase in titer to levels greater than 10 BU/mL and quite often to values in excess of 100 BU/mL after challenge with factor VIII. Bleeding episodes in individuals with high-response inhibitors are extremely difficult to manage, and therapeutic options are limited. Thus, treatment that will reduce or eradicate anti—factor VIII antibodies represents a major therapeutic advance in the treatment of hemophilia. See also p 65. In Bonn, West Germany, during the 1970s, Brackmann and Egli<sup>1</sup>developed
CARDIOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF ECKLONIA CAVA POLYPHENOL AGAINST DOXORUBICIN-INDUCED CARDIOTOXICITY IN AN ANIMAL RAT MODEL WITH THE EVIDENCE OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC FINDING
Authors: Hyo-Suk Ahn, Hui Kyung Jeon, Gee-Hee Kim, Woo-Baek Chung, Jung Sun Cho, Mi-Jeong Kim, Eun Joo Cho, Hae-Ok Jung, Ho-Joong Youn
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Federal Support of Medical Education
Authors: Sherman M. Mellinkoff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

Large-scale support of biomedical research in schools of medicine began in the post-World War II era. The vast benefits in scientific discovery are well known. It is probably also fair to say that most medical faculties believe that the net effect of these research expenditures on medical education has been greatly beneficial. Learning medicine in an atmosphere charged with the spirit of inquiry is inspiring, and also important in keeping abreast of progress. Nevertheless, the sufficient and central purpose of these appropriations was and is biomedical research, and it would be an error to imply that the federal government has . . .
Halothane Jaundice and Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Frank J. Tornetta
Journal: JAMA (1963)

SINCE its introduction in 1956 as a general anesthetic agent, halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) has enjoyed worldwide acceptance as a relatively safe and useful inhalational anesthetic. Its universal use notwithstanding, the question of its potential hepatotoxicity has not been definitely established. In animals, Stephen and associates 1 have found that exposure to halothane can cause hepatic necrosis not unlike that seen after chloroform poisoning. Among numerous liver function studies performed in man after halothane (Fluothane) anesthesia, a transient increase in sulfobromophthalein (Bromsulphalein) dye retention for about 10 days has been demonstrated. 2 The hepatocellular damage reported after halothane anesthesia in the early clinical reports 3-5 was believed to be coincidental. In several more recent reports, 6-11 however, a possible causal relationship has been suggested.  Report of Cases  Case 1.—  A 68-yr-old housewife was admitted to Montgomery Hospital on April 25, 1962, for removal of a tumor of the right breast. Her past
Western Medicine in a Chinese Palace: Peking Union Medical College, 1917-1951
Authors: Ilza Veith
Journal: JAMA (1973)

In the past few years most books dealing with medical practice in China have emphasized the traditional Chinese aspect and its potential lessons for the Western reader. In contrast, this most recent book by Dr. John Z. Bowers reverses the earlier trend. Long before the United States had a chance to become acquainted with Chinese medical practices, the Chinese had become familiar with Western medicine, thanks to American philanthropic, learned, and missionary societies, which founded medical schools in various parts of China. The most influential of these was the Peking Union Medical College, known all over the world as PUMC. This institution, financed by the Rockefellers, ceremoniously opened its doors in 1921. Its faculty consisted of a group of young but distinguished American and English medical scientists, many of whom were recruited from Harvard University and the Rockefeller Institute. Until it was seized by the Japanese in 1941, the PUMC
Lethal and Edema Toxins in the Pathogenesis of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> Septic Shock
Authors: Kevin Sherer, Yan Li, Xizhong Cui, Peter Q. Eichacker
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

Recent research regarding the structure and function of Bacillus anthracis lethal (LeTx) and edema (ETx) toxins provides growing insights into the pathophysiology and treatment of shock with this lethal bacteria. These are both binary-type toxins composed of protective antigen necessary for their cellular uptake and either lethal or edema factors, the toxigenic moieties. The primary cellular receptors for protective antigen have been identified and constructed and key steps in the extracellular processing and internalization of the toxins clarified. Consistent with the lethal factor's primary action as an intracellular endopeptidase targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases, growing evidence indicates that shock with this toxin does not result from an excessive inflammatory response. In fact, the potent immunosuppressive effects of LeTx may actually contribute to the establishment and persistence of infection. Instead, shock with LeTx may be related to the direct injurious effects of lethal factor on endothelial cell function. Despite the importance of LeTx, very recent studies show that edema factor, a potent adenyl cyclase, has the ability to make a substantial contribution to shock caused by B. anthracis and works additively with LeTx. Furthermore, ETx may contribute to the immunosuppressive effects of LeTx. Therapies under development that target several different steps in the cellular uptake and function of these two toxins have been effective in in vitro and in vivo systems. Understanding how best to apply these agents clinically and how they interact with conventional treatments should be goals for future research.