tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF ACIDITY UPON THE GROWTH OF PNEUMOCOCCUS IN CULTURE MEDIA CONTAINING PROTEINS
Authors: William H. Kelley
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1938)

In the presence of animal fluids or their protein constituents, Type I Pneumococcus survived and multiplied at acid hydrogen ion concentrations which in the plain broth were bactericidal for these organisms. Minimal numbers of these cells readily produced pneumococcus growth in serum broth when adjusted at hydrogen ion concentration as great as pH 5.5 with hydrochloric, or to pH 6.5 with acetic acid. Growth of the pneumococci could be demonstrated in serum broth adjusted to pH 5.0 with hydrochloric, or to pH 5.5 with acetic acid although at these hydrogen ion concentrations, large amounts of inoculum were necessary. Similar results were obtained with broth to which certain animal proteins were added and in serum broth which was previously heated by autoclave at 20 pounds pressure for 20 minutes. Pneumococcus growth proceeded at a more rapid rate in serum dextrose broth at pH 6.5 than in dextrose broth alone at the optimal hydrogen ion concentration of pH 7.8. At pH 6.0 large numbers of pneumococci failed to produce the same amount of growth in serum dextrose broth as at pH 6.5 or in dextrose broth alone at pH 7.8. It is of interest that in serum dextrose broth cultures, the stationary and decline phases of pneumococcus growth were prolonged and cell death delayed in comparison with cultures in dextrose broth alone.
Evidence for an important role of glucagon in the regulation of hepatic glucose production in normal man.
Authors: J E Liljenquist, G L Mueller, A D Cherrington, U Keller, J-L Chiasson, J M Perry, W W Lacy, D Rabinowitz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1977)

To investigate the role of glucagon in regulating hepatic glucose production in man, selective glucagon deficiency was produced in four normal men by infusing somatostatin (0.9 mg/h) and regular pork insulin (150-muU/kg per min) for 2 h. Exogenous glucose was infused to maintain euglycemia. Arterial plasma glucagon levels fell by greater than 50% whereas plasma insulin levels were maintained in the range of 10-14 muU/ml. In response to these hormonal changes, net splanchnic glucose production (NSGP) fell by 75% and remained suppressed for the duration of the study. In contrast, when somatostatin alone was administered to normal men, resulting in combined insulin and glucagon deficiency (euglycemia again maintained), NSGP fell markedly but only transiently, reaching its nadir at 15 min. Thereafter, NSGP rose progressively, reaching the basal rate at 105 min. These data indicate that the induction of selective glucagon deficiency in man (with basal insulin levels maintained) is associated with a marked and sustained fall in hepatic glucose production. We conclude, therefore, that basal glucagon plays an important role in the maintenance of basal hepatic glucose production in normal man.
Screening for sickle cell trait: The veterans administration national sickle cell program
Authors: Leo M. Meyer, Junius G. Adams, Martin H. Steinberg, Inez E. Miller, Norma Stokes
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1987)

Results of the Veterans Administration Sickle Cell Program for a period of 10 years are presented. We screened 370,250 patients; 404,341 attended educational sessions, and 38,347 had individual counseling sessions. Sickle cell trait was present in 6.4% of patients, and HbC trait was present in 1.8%. The clinically significant disorders HbSC disease, sickle cell anemia, and sickle beta thalassemia were present in 0.41% of individuals screened. A large number of uncommon variants were detected. The program enhanced the awareness of and the approach to evaluation of hemoglobinopathies.
Response of the Canine Inspiratory Intercostal Muscles to Chest Wall Vibration
Authors: DIMITRI LEDUC, ERIC BRUNKO, ANDRÉ DE TROYER
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

High-frequency mechanical vibration of the rib cage reduces dyspnea, but the effect of this procedure on the respiratory muscles is largely unknown. In the present studies, we have initially assessed the electrical and mechanical response to vibration (40 Hz) of the canine parasternal and external intercostal muscles (third interspace) during hyperventilation-induced apnea. When the vibrator was applied to the segment investigated, prominent external intercostal activity was recorded in the seven animals studied, whereas low-amplitude parasternal intercostal activity was recorded in only four animals. Similarly, when the vibrator was applied to more rostral and more caudal interspaces, activity was recorded commonly from the external intercostal but only occasionally from the parasternal. The two muscles, however, showed similar changes in length. We next examined the response to vibration of the muscles in seven spontaneously breathing animals. Vibrating the rib cage during inspiration (in-phase) had no effect on parasternal intercostal inspiratory activity but induced a marked increase in neural drive to the external intercostals. For the animal group, peak external intercostal activity during the control, nonvibrated breaths averaged (mean ± SE) 43.1 ± 3.7% of the activity recorded during the vibrated breaths (p < 0.001). External intercostal activity during vibration also occurred earlier at the onset of inspiration and commonly carried on after the cessation of parasternal intercostal activity. Yet tidal volume was unchanged. Vibrating the rib cage during expiration (out-of-phase) did not elicit any parasternal or external intercostal activity in six animals. These observations thus indicate that the external intercostals, with their larger spindle density, are much more sensitive to chest wall vibration than the parasternal intercostals. They also suggest that the impact of this procedure on the mechanical behavior of the respiratory system is relatively small. Leduc D, Brunko E, De Troyer A. Response of the canine inspiratory intercostal muscles to chest wall vibration.
Everyone could enjoy the "survival advantage" of elite athletes
Authors: A. E. Bauman, S. N. Blair
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Just by meeting physical activity guidelines 

Two linked papers examine longevity in former Olympic athletes and reach different conclusions.1 2 Clark and colleagues (doi:10.1136/bmj.e8308) analysed data on 15 174 Olympic medallists from nine countries that have enjoyed success in Olympic Games. The athletes had participated in at least one Olympic Games between 1896 and 2010.1 The study found that Olympic medallists had a relative survival advantage of 8% compared with matched controls, which translates into 2.8 extra years of life. The second and smaller study by Zwiers and colleagues (doi:10.1136/bmj.e7456) examined data on 9989 people who competed in Olympic Games between 1896 and 1936.2 They reported no increase in survival among those who competed in aerobic sports and higher mortality in those who participated in collision and contact sports, including power sports. Indeed, mixed epidemiological evidence pervades this literature, with many studies identifying a lower risk of mortality in previously elite athletes, especially those competing in aerobic events.3 By contrast, those who compete in power events tend to show less evidence of a survival advantage.3 What drives …
Homicide by Starvation
Authors: Lester Adelson
Journal: JAMA (1963)

The deaths of five infants from starvation arising from neglect were investigated by the Cuyahoga County Coroner's Office. Autopsies disclosed no congenital or acquired disease which explained the marasmus which characterized all the children. Death was attributed to wanton disregard of the children's nutritional needs and successful criminal prosecution was carried out in four cases. The fifth is still pending before the grand jury. Fatal and nonfatal infant starvation of this nature which occurs in our enlightened, social welfare-conscious age can be prevented only by a heightened awareness of the possibility of its occurrence and by assiduous efforts which ensure that adults are not permitted to ignore requests and suggestions that the helpless infant receive the care, attention, and nutriment that he deserves and needs.
Pharmacological and Electrical Conversion of Atrial Fibrillation to Sinus Rhythm Is Worth the Effort
Authors: Elad Anter, David J. Callans
Journal: Circulation (2009)

C urrent treatment guidelines for atrial fibrillation (AF) base decisions on the triad of prevention of symptoms and protection from stroke and tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy.Conceptually, all of these objectives could be satisfied by either timely cardioversion and subsequent rhythm control, or the admittedly easier (for the patient and the physician) rate control strategy.We feel strongly that pharmacological or electrical cardioversion is worth the effort and should in fact usher in a new paradigm for AF disease management, rather than the passive and defeatist approach currently in place.
Fibroblastic Foci in Usual Interstitial Pneumonia
Authors: Trevor K. Rogers
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

A histologic feature of usual interstitial pneumonia is the presence of fibroblastic foci. As some patients with usual interstitial pneumonia and an underlying collagen vascular disease have a better prognosis, we hypothesized that they would have fewer fibroblastic foci. Pathologists reviewed surgical lung biopsies from 108 patients with usual interstitial pneumonia (nine with collagen vascular disease) and assigned a score (absent 0, mild 1, moderate 2, and marked 3) for fibroblastic foci. Patients with idiopathic usual interstitial pneumonia had a higher median profusion of fibroblastic foci (1.75 vs. 1.0, p = 0.003). Baseline characteristics were similar, although patients with a collagen vascular disease were younger, had a shorter duration of symptoms, and had a higher percentage of predicted total lung capacity. Profusion of fibroblastic foci was the most discriminative feature for separating idiopathic from collagen vascular disease–associated usual interstitial pneumonia (odds ratio 8.31; 95% con...
Small Intestine in Psoriasis
Authors: S. Shuster, A. J. Watson, J. Marks
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Twenty-three female and 19 male patients were studied. Their ages ranged from 15 to 72 years. The total length of history of psoriasis ranged from 3 weeks to 50 years, and the duration of the most recent episode from 1 week to 20 years. All patients had been admitted to hospital for treatment and were studied consecutively, apart from a few who declined the investigation. None of the patients had a history of diarrhoea or bulky stools. The extent of the rash was assessed visually on admission.
Military Medical Schools
Authors: Gerald W. Foy
Journal: JAMA (1972)

To the Editor.—  An EDITORIAL by Dr. Richard L. Egan was entitled A Military Medical School ( 219 :1471,1972). While not agreeing in detail with some points made by Dr. Egan, I wish to state my concurrence with his objections to the establishment and operation of a medical school by the Department of Defense. During the early years of my brief eight-year (thus far) military career, I was a strong believer in a military medical school, although at the time I did not realize there was such strong support for this idea in government and defense circles. Over the past few years, however, I have changed my opinion and now believe that medical education should remain the province of the civilian community. As a now-retired Medical Corps colonel once said to me on this subject, There are some things that the military should do and can do well. Running a medical
Vascular endothelial cell proliferation: regulation of cellular polyamines
Authors: R. F Morrison, E. R Seidel
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1995)

The aims were to investigate the requirement for and regulation of cellular polyamines during vascular endothelial cell proliferation.Proliferation of cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells was determined after cellular polyamine depletion. In addition, polyamine synthesis and uptake mechanisms were examined in the presence and absence of trophic stimuli and density dependent inhibition of cell proliferation.Serum stimulated, subconfluent cells ceased cell division following the inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a rate limiting enzyme for polyamine biosynthesis. The addition of 10 microM putrescine, the product of the enzyme reaction catalysed by ODC, completely reversed the inhibition of cell growth. Serum deprivation reduced cytosolic ODC activity to near non-detectable levels. Readdition of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) resulted in transient increases in ODC activity which preceded DNA synthesis and mitosis. Basic fibroblast growth factor also stimulated ODC activity in a dose dependent manner with levels approximating the maximum obtainable with FBS. In contrast, platelet derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor did not stimulate ODC activity. Finally, mitogenic stimuli did not induce ODC activity in density arrested cells. The uptake of radiolabelled putrescine from the cell medium was time dependent and saturable. Kinetic studies from dividing cells revealed a single transport component for putrescine uptake [maximum rate of uptake (Vmax) = 11.2(SEM 2.0) pmol.10(5) cells-1.h-1; Michaelis constant (Km) = 1.1(0.3) microM]. Putrescine uptake by density arrested cells was characterised by a 57% decrease in Vmax with no change in Km. Readdition of FBS to serum deprived subconfluent cells, in the presence of ODC inhibitors, resulted in a rapid increase in the rate of putrescine uptake with Vmax increasing by 533% over FBS alone by 48 h.These data suggest that polyamines are essential for endothelial cell proliferation and that synthesis and uptake mechanisms are regulated according to cell growth.
Distribution of the antigen in adult linear IgA disease and chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood suggests that it is a single and unique antigen
Authors: G.M. POTHUPITIYA, F. WOJNAROWSKA, B.S. BHOGAL, M.M. BLACK
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1988)

The tissue distribution and species expression of the antigens in adult linear IgA disease (LAD) and chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood (CBDC) was studied and compared with those of bullous pemphigoid (BP) and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) antigens. Positive sera from five adult LAD patients, 15 CBDC patients, three BP patients and two EBA patients were studied, using skin and mucosal tissues of humans and animals as substrates. The tissue distribution and phylogenetic distribution of adult LAD antigen and CBDC antigen were the same, suggesting that they are identical diseases. The antigens were both demonstrable only in stratified squamous epithelia and amnion of mammalian species. They were absent from transitional and columnar epithelium. The EBA antigen was not expressed in pig tissues or human placenta, unlike adult LAD and CBDC antigens. Expression of adult LAD, CBDC and BP antigens was observed in all tissues except bladder, which lacked LAD and CBDC antigens. These results suggest that the antigens in adult LAD and CBDC are the same and differ from BP and EBA antigens.
Irish government to revamp primary care
Authors: Doug Payne
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The Irish government has released details of an ambitious and radical plan to revamp primary care services.

The primary care scheme, which is part of the overall seven to 10 year national health strategy, aims to integrate all strands of primary care—including GPs, nurses, midwives, and social care professionals such as dietitians, counsellors, and physiotherapists—to reduce pressure on the hospital system.

So called “one stop service” units are to be created throughout the country, each serving a population area of 3000 to 7000. Twenty to thirty such units are to be set up by …
Lymph Node Metastasis in Intermediate-Risk Penile Squamous Cell Cancer: A Two-Centre Experience
Authors: Ben E. Hughes, Joost A.P. Leijte, Bin K. Kroon, Majid A. Shabbir, Tom W. Swallow, Sue D. Heenan, Cathy M. Corbishley, Hester H. van Boven, Matthew J.A. Perry, Nick A. Watkin, Simon Horenblas
Journal: European Urology (2009)
Pathophysiology of the Neuroregulation of Growth Hormone Secretion in Experimental Animals and the Human*
Authors: Andrea Giustina, Johannes D. Veldhuis
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1998)

During the last decade, the GH axis has become the compelling focus of remarkably active and broad-ranging basic and clinical research. Molecular and genetic models, the discovery of human GHRH and its receptor, the cloning of the GHRP receptor, and the clinical availability of recombinant GH and IGF-I have allowed surprisingly rapid advances in our knowledge of the neuroregulation of the GH-IGF-I axis in many pathophysiological contexts. The complexity of the GHRH/somatostatin-GH-IGF-I axis thus commends itself to more formalized modeling (154, 155), since the multivalent feedback-control activities are difficult to assimilate fully on an intuitive scale. Understanding the dynamic neuroendocrine mechanisms that direct the pulsatile secretion of this fundamental growth-promoting and metabolic hormone remains a critical goal, the realization of which is challenged by the exponentially accumulating matrix of experimental and clinical data in this arena. To the above end, we review here the pathophysiology of the GHRH somatostatin-GH-IGF-I feedback axis consisting of corresponding key neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and metabolic effectors, and their cloned receptors and signaling pathways. We propose that this system is best viewed as a multivalent feedback network that is exquisitely sensitive to an array of neuroregulators and environmental stressors and genetic restraints. Feedback and feedforward mechanisms acting within the intact somatotropic axis mediate homeostatic control throughout the human lifetime and are disrupted in disease. Novel effectors of the GH axis, such as GHRPs, also offer promise as investigative probes and possible therapeutic agents. Further understanding of the mechanisms of GH neuroregulation will likely allow development of progressively more specific molecular and clinical tools for the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions in which GH secretion is regulated abnormally. Thus, we predict that unexpected and enriching insights in the domain of the neuroendocrine pathophysiology of the GH axis are likely be achieved in the succeeding decades of basic and clinical research.
Physiologic Studies in Congenital Absence of the Left Main Pulmonary Artery
Authors: BURTON S. TABAKIN, JOHN S. HANSON, PRASANT K. ADHIKARI, DONALD B. MILLER
Journal: Circulation (1960)

Physiologic studies in 2 cases of congenital absence of the left pulmonary artery are presented. The significance of carbon dioxide production and oxygen uptake in the affected lung and their relationship to ventilation and perfusion are discussed. All functional and anatomic evidence points to a highly significant bronchial artery circulation substituting in part for the absent pulmonary artery.
The use of 19F spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted MRI to evaluate differences in gene-dependent enzyme prodrug therapies
Authors: Daniel A. Hamstra, Kuei C. Lee, Joseph M. Tychewicz, Victor D. Schepkin, Bradford A. Moffat, Mark Chen, Kenneth J. Dornfeld, Theodore S. Lawrence, Thomas L. Chenevert, Brian D. Ross, Juri T. Gelovani, Alnawaz Rehemtulla
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2004)

To evaluate noninvasive measures of gene expression and tumor response in a gene-dependent enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT), a bifunctional fusion gene between Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytosine deaminase (CD) and Haemophilus influenzae uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT) was constructed. CD deaminates 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) to 5-fluorouracil (5FU), and UPRT subsequently converts 5FU to fluorouridine monophosphate, and both of these reactions can be monitored noninvasively in vitro and in vivo using 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Following transient transfection the CD-UPRT fusion protein exhibited both UPRT and CD enzymatic activities as documented by 19F MRS. In addition, an increase in CD activity and thermal stability was witnessed for the fusion protein compared to native CD. Stable expression of CD-UPRT in 9L glioma cells increased both 5FC and 5FU sensitivity in vitro compared to CD-expressing and wild-type 9L cells. Noninvasive 19F MRS of both CD and UPRT gene function in vivo demonstrated that in animals bearing CD-expressing tumors there was limited conversion of 5FC to 5FU with no measurable accumulation of cytotoxic fluorinated nucleotides (F-nucs). In contrast, CD-UPRT-expressing tumors had increased CD gene activity with a threefold higher intratumoral accumulation of 5FU and significant generation of F-nucs. Finally, CD-UPRT yielded increased efficacy in an orthotopic animal model of high-grade glioma. More importantly, early changes in cellular water mobility, which are felt to reflect cellular death, as measured by diffusion-weighted MRI, were predictive of both durable response and increased animal survival. These results demonstrate the increased efficacy of the CD-UPRT GDEPT compared to CD alone both biochemically and in a preclinical model and validate both 19F MRS and diffusion-weighted MRI as tools to assess gene function and therapeutic efficacy.
Prenatal Narrowing or Closure of the Foramen Ovale
Authors: RICHARD L. NAEYE, WILLIAM A. BLANC
Journal: Circulation (1964)

In the current study cases are presented in which a prenatally narrowed or closed foramen ovale was associated with left heart chambers of normal or near-normal size. Such infants develop an increased pulmonary arterial muscle mass with hypertrophy and dilation of the right cardiac chambers during fetal life. Much of the arterial muscle mass persists after birth and may well be responsible for the early neonatal death of the infants. The longer asymptomatic survival of one infant suggests that therapy may be possible.
Goals of UK white paper could be achieved without helping worst off
Authors: H. Bower
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The UK government's public health white paper Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation was welcomed for targeting deprivation when it was launched last month. Two weeks later, however, those who will have to make it work are discovering a more difficult reality under the aspirational language, doctors and public health experts told a conference convened by the Inter-Collegiate Forum on Poverty and Health at the Royal College of General Practitioners, London, last week.

Professor George Alberti, president of the Royal College of Physicians, said that the inequalities agenda was still not adequately ingrained in …
Endothelial cell–specific chemotaxis receptor (ecscr) promotes angioblast migration during vasculogenesis and enhances VEGF receptor sensitivity
Authors: Anjali Verma, Resham Bhattacharya, Indu Remadevi, Keguo Li, Kallal Pramanik, Ganesh V. Samant, Mark Horswill, Chang Z. Chun, Baofeng Zhao, Enfeng Wang, Robert Qing Miao, Debabrata Mukhopadhyay, Ramani Ramchandran, George A. Wilkinson
Journal: Blood (2010)