tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
SOME IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE CURE AND PREVENTION OF DIPHTHERIA
Authors: J. Menton
Journal: BMJ (1935)

MEDICAL TOIRNALment is carried out.Modern operative technique only gives a low mortality, and in 467 cases which have come under my supervision during the twenty-year period 1915-1935, I have lost twenty-six, a mortality of 5.5 per cent.This corresponds almost exactly with some American statistics, for Fowler of Brooklyn has reported a mortality of 5.9 per cent. in 1,206 cases, while Erdmann of New York reports a record of 525 operations with a mortality of fifteen cases, equalling 2.85 per cent.Thus this operation, which had a high mortality thirty years ago, may be said to have an extremely low one at the present time.
EFFICACY OF SEGMENTAL CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRAIN ANALYSIS AS A PARAMETER OF INTRINSIC LEFT VENTRICULAR MYOCARDIAL FUNCTION FOR CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY
Authors: Yasuhide Mochizuki, Hidekazu Tanaka, Kazuhiro Tatsumi, Kensuke Matsumoto, Junichi Imanishi, Hiromi Toki, Hiroyuki Shimoura, Junichi Ooka, Hiroyuki Sano, Takuma Sawa, Yoshiki Yamadori, Tatsuya Miyoshi, Yoshiki Motoji, Akihiro Yoshida, Mitsuhiro Yokoyama, Hiroya Kawai, Ken-ichi Hirata
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Association of β2-adrenoreceptor polymorphisms with nocturnal cough among atopic subjects but not with atopy and nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness
Authors: Sang-Hoon Kim, Sun-Young Oh, Heung-Bum Oh, Yoon-Keun Kim, Sang-Heon Cho, You-Young Kim, Kyung-Up Min
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2002)
Infected Prosthetic Valves: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Dilemma
Authors: Louis Weinstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

The paper entitled "Sustained Bacteremia in Patients with Prosthetic Cardiac Valves" by Sande and his colleagues in this issue of the Journal focuses attention on and suggests an approach to resolution of a clinically important, difficult and now quite common diagnostic dilemma. Failure to recognize the exact nature of this dilemma may lead to serious errors of commission or omission. It is clear from the data presented that the development of bacteremia shortly after implantation of a prosthetic valve in the heart must not always be equated with infection of the prosthesis. Unawareness of this fact may lead to surgical . . .
Improving Drug Potency and Efficacy by Nanocarrier-Mediated Subcellular Targeting
Authors: Mami Murakami, Horacio Cabral, Yu Matsumoto, Shourong Wu, Mitsunobu R. Kano, Takao Yamori, Nobuhiro Nishiyama, Kazunori Kataoka
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2011)

Polymeric micelles containing a chemotherapeutic drug carry it adjacent to the DNA target in tumor cells, enhancing the drug potency.
Difficulties in Tracheal Intubation
Authors: Ronald M. Meyer
Journal: JAMA (1986)

The consequences of not being able to ventilate and oxygenate a patient range from physician embarrassment to patient death or brain damage. Every experienced anesthesiologist, while acknowledged to be an expert in managing the airway, occassionally encounters a patient difficult or impossible to intubate. Promising an anesthesiologist to make difficult intubations easier is similar to letting the average person in on the secret of retiring wealthy at age 40. Is this book one that all intubators should be rushing to acquire for their libraries? Produced by several anesthesiologists from the University Hospital of Wales, in Cardiff, this volume follows through on its title by exposing the many pitfalls associated with intubation, but, in my opinion, it falls short of helping to improve intubating skills. I would have appreciated more descriptions of "how to do it" from these experienced clinicians, in place of some of their digressions into techniques rarely used
Extracorporeal Irradiation of Blood and Lymph in Animals
Authors: E. P. Cronkite, A. D. Chanana, Hp. Schnappauf
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1965)

DESPITE the intensive efforts of many investigators throughout the world only modest and inconstant improvements have been gained in the homotransplantation of tissues and the control of leukemia. The chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic maneuvers that aid in the control of immunologic processes and leukemic-cell proliferation also have serious widespread destructive effects upon normal tissues. Not infrequently the sequelae of the destructive effects of these agents upon the bone marrow or the bowel, or both, result in the death of the patient. It has long been believed and now proved that lymphocytic, immunologically competent cells1 are ceaselessly migrating from extravascular sites of . . .
Results of Maze Surgery for Lone Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Emile R. Jessurun, Norbert M. van Hemel, Jo A. M. T. Defauw, Monique A. M. Stofmeel, Johannes C. Kelder, Aart Brutel de la Rivière, Jef M. P. G. Ernst
Journal: Circulation (2000)

If drug refractoriness to paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) occurs, arrhythmia surgery that involves channelling and the exclusion of specific atrial areas can abolish atrial fibrillation. The purpose of this study was to establish the effectiveness and safety of maze III surgery to abolish PAF.Surgery was performed in 41 selected patients who had long-standing, symptomatic, drug-refractory, lone PAF. At discharge, 35 patients (85%) were arrhythmia free, and 6 patients (15%) showed PAF and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. Death or stroke did not occur during a mean follow-up of 31+/-16 months. At the end of follow-up, 39 patients (95%) had no PAF; however, in 2 patients (5%), PAF persisted and eventually required His bundle ablation and pacing. Three months after surgery, nodal escape rhythm was observed in only 1 patient, whereas sick-sinus syndrome emerged late after surgery in 2 patients. Antiarrhythmic drugs were used in 20% of patients during follow-up. The quality of life improved markedly after surgery and remained unchanged afterward. Echocardiographic findings did not alter, but exercise capacity increased.This pilot study demonstrates the effectiveness and safety of maze III surgery for lone PAF. In patients without sick-sinus syndrome, this intervention offers a sensible alternative to His bundle ablation and lifelong pacemaker dependency.
Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose
Authors: Laurence A. Turka
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

In a letter to Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton wrote, “if I have seen farther than others, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” While I claim neither the intellectual ability of Sir Isaac Newton, nor superior distance vision to others, as editor in chief of the JCI for the last five years, I clearly have stood on the shoulders of giants — and have benefitted greatly from it.
Drugs: from prescription only to pharmacy only.
Authors: N Barber
Journal: BMJ (1993)

The range of medicines available over the pharmacy counter is set to increase. The Medicines Control Agency has revised its procedures to speed up the reclassification from prescription only medicine (POM) status to pharmacy only (P) status. In addition, the Medicines Act has recently been revised to ensure, by five yearly review, that the prescription only status of a medicine continues to be justified.
THE CAUSE OF FALSE-POSITIVE TESTS FOR PIPERAZINE-LINKED PHENOTHIAZINES
Authors: JACK J. HEYMAN, SIDNEY MERLIS
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1961)

We have isolated a compound which is probably responsible for the observation of false-positive phenothiazine tests not attributable to acute or chronic liver disease, phenylketonuria, high salicylate or other drug intake(6). Since the isolated compound produces color with nitric acid it may interfere with Forrests' FPN reagent (7) and Neve's test(8). The isolated compound is not a bile pigment, a phenol, an indole or a pyridine.
Insulin resistance predicts rapid virological response in non-diabetic, non-cirrhotic genotype 1 HCV patients treated with peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin
Authors: Alessandro Grasso, Federica Malfatti, Pasqualina De Leo, Hugo Martines, Paolo Fabris, Federica Toscanini, Marco Anselmo, Giorgio Menardo
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Increased intestinal permeability in ankylosing spondylitis--primary lesion or drug effect?
Authors: A J Morris, C W Howden, C Robertson, A Duncan, H Torley, R D Sturrock, R I Russell
Journal: Gut (1991)

We have found increased small intestinal permeability to 51Cr-ethylenediaminetetra acetate in patients with ankylosing spondylitis compared with controls. There is no significant difference between patients with ankylosing spondylitis and patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). The increased intestinal permeability in ankylosing spondylitis is independent of disease activity. These findings suggest that the increased permeability is caused by NSAID treatment and is probably not a primary lesion of small bowel mucosa.
Regulation of an essential innate immune response by the p50 subunit of NF-kappaB.
Authors: J Bohuslav, V V Kravchenko, G C Parry, J H Erlich, S Gerondakis, N Mackman, R J Ulevitch
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Recognition of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) elicits multiple host responses, including activation of cells of the innate immune system. LPS exposure occurs repeatedly during septicemia, making strict regulation of gene expression necessary. Such regulation might prevent, for example, the continuous production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which could lead to severe vascular collapse. Tolerance to LPS is characterized by a diminished production of TNF during prolonged exposure to LPS, and is therefore likely to represent an essential control mechanism during sepsis. In the present study, which uses mice with genetic deletions of the proteins of NF-kappaB complex, we provide data demonstrating that increased expression of the p50 subunit of NF-kappaB directly results in the downregulation of LPS-induced TNF production. This contention is supported by the following observations: (1) tolerance to LPS is not induced in macrophages from p50-/- mice; (2) long-term pretreatment with LPS does not block synthesis of TNF mRNA in p50-/- macrophages (in contrast to wild-type macrophages); (3) ectopic overexpression of p50 reduces transcriptional activation of the murine TNF promoter; and (4) analysis of the four kappaB sites from the murine TNF promoter demonstrates that binding of p50 homodimers to the positively acting kappaB3 element is associated with development of the LPS-tolerant phenotype. Thus, p50 expression plays a key role in the development of LPS tolerance.
Informed Consent for Emergency Research
Authors: Arthur L. Caplan
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The Consensus Statement on informed consent in emergency research<sup>1</sup>is a needed plea for direction and sensibility to enable researchers to pursue socially desirable research in emergency care. Nonetheless, the statement under-emphasizes the legitimate role prior expressions of treatment desires by competent patients should play in such research. First, no distinction is drawn between patients who are in the care of physicians in a hospital and those not in the care of physicians at the time an emergency arises. The authors consider securing prospective consent from patients when they are admitted to the hospital, but dismiss it. They assert that patients may not consider their options carefully if there is only a remote chance of study entry, and thus they may not be protected adequately from research risks. The reasoning behind this conclusion is flawed and the result unacceptably paternalistic. It is wrong to presume that
Incidence of calcaneal spurs in osteo-arthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis, and in control patients.
Authors: M Bassiouni
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1965)

The aim of this study is to compare the radiological incidence of calcaneal spurs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteo-arthrosis, and controls.Calcaneal spurs are outgrowths of bone into Fig.1.-Right and left calcaneal spurs with posterior erosions in a male aged 30 with ankylosing spondylitis of 10 years' duration.
In search of a good death: Primary healthcare teams work in new framework for better care of the dying at home
Authors: K. Thomas
Journal: BMJ (2003)

EDITOR—Improving the care of the dying in the community is a crucial if neglected area of care, with a significant and far reaching impact. As the Audit Commission's report confirms,1 too many people are staying too long in hospitals and better community palliative care could prevent inappropriate admissions, reducing hospital pressures and enabling more people to die at home. Ellershaw and Ward point …
The niche of stellate cells within rat liver
Authors: Iris Sawitza, Claus Kordes, Sven Reister, Dieter Häussinger
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Abstract It is well-accepted that hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) can develop into myofibroblast-like cells that synthesize extracellular matrix proteins and contribute to liver fibrosis. Recently, molecular markers of stem/progenitor cells were discovered in HSCs of rats. Moreover, the cells displayed the capacity to differentiate and to participate in liver regeneration. In addition, stellate cells possess signaling pathways important for maintenance of stemness and cell differentiation such as hedgehog and β-catenin–dependent Wnt signaling. All these properties are congruently found in stem/progenitor cells. Stem cells require a special microenvironment, the so-called stem cell niche, to maintain their characteristics. Thus, we investigated if the space of Disse, where stellate cells reside in the liver innervated by the sympathetic nervous system and surrounded by sinusoidal endothelial cells and parenchymal cells, exhibits similarities with known stem cell niches. The present study describes the niche of stellate cells within the liver of rats that is composed of sinusoidal endothelial cells, which release stromal cell–derived factor-1 to attract stellate cells via the cysteine-X-cysteine receptor 4, basal lamina proteins (laminin and collagen type IV), and parenchymal cells, which synthesize β-catenin–dependent Wnt ligands and Jagged1. Conclusion: The space of Disse shows analogies to typical stem cell niches comprising of basal lamina components, sympathetic innervation, and adjacent cells that constitute a milieu by paracrine factors and direct physical interactions to retain HSCs at this site and to influence their cellular fate. The space of Disse serves as a niche of stellate cells, which is a novel function of this unique organ structure. (Hepatology 2009.)
Demographics of patients affected by surgical disease in rural hospitals in two sub-Saharan African countries: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Caris E Grimes, Michael L Billingsley, Anna J Dare, Nigel Day, Imogen Mabey, Sara Naraghi, Peter M George, Michael Murowa, Thaim B Kamara, Nyengo C Mkandawire, Andy Leather, Christopher B D Lavy
Journal: The Lancet (2015)
Abstract 740: PINCH is an independent prognostic factor in rectal cancer patients without preoperative radiotherapy: A study in a Swedish rectal cancer trial of preoperative radiotherapy
Authors: Annica Elisabet Holmqvist, Birgitta Holmlund, Malin Ardsby, Jingfang Gao, Gunnar Adell, Ann-Charlotte Johansson, John Carstensen, Dianne Langford, Xiao-Feng Sun
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: Particularly interesting new cysteine-histidine rich protein (PINCH) connected to integrins of the cell surface, is involved in cell spreading, motility and proliferation. The expression of PINCH and its relationship to outcome have been studied, however, the clinical significance between PINCH and preoperative radiotherapy (RT) in tumors is unknown. In this study, PINCH expression and its relationship to RT, clinical, histological and biological factors were investigated in rectal cancer patients, and in colon cancer and fibroblast cell lines. Material and Methods: PINCH expression was immunohistochemically examined at the invasive margin and inner tumour area in 137 primary rectal adenocarcinomas (72 cases without RT and 65 cases with RT). PINCH expression in colon cancer (KM12C) and fibroblast (CCD18 Co) cell lines was examined by real time PCR. The KM12C and CCD 18 Co cell lines, cultured separately and co-cultured, were analyzed over time at 8h, 24h, 48h and 72h after radiation. Results: In patients without RT, strong PINCH expression at the invasive margin of tumors was related to worse survival, compared to patients with weak expression, independent of both TNM stage and differentiation (p = 0.03). No survival relationship in patients with RT was observed (p = 0.64). Real time PCR analyzes showed that KM12C irradiated cells tended to have a higher expression of PINCH at 24h compared to cells without radiation, while in co-cultured KM12C cells, PINCH tended to increase at 8h. PINCH seemed to increase at 8h in CCD 18 Co cells with radiation compared to cells without radiation, while in co-cultured CCD 18 Co cells, PINCH seemed to be lower at 8h in radiated cells than in non-radiated cells. Conclusions: PINCH expression at the invasive margin was an independent prognostic factor in patients without RT. RT might up-regulate the expression of PINCH, which may help us to select the best-suited patients for RT in the future. The levels of PINCH differ when separately cultured and co-cultured cells were compared, which might indicate that PINCH is involved in the crosstalk between tumor cells and their surrounding fibroblasts. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 740. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-740
P191 A meta-analysis of adjusted and unadjusted observational studies of sleeve lobectomy vs pneumonectomy for non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: H. Yamamoto, H. Takagi, S. Goto, M. Matsui, T. Umemoto
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Introduction and Objectives</h3> A previous (published in 2007) meta-analysis of unadjusted results from observational studies suggested that sleeve lobectomy offered better long-term survival than did pneumonectomy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Since the meta-analysis was conducted, a number of studies, which included ones providing adjusted mortality data, have been published to date. We performed an updated meta-analysis of sleeve lobectomy vs pneumonectomy for long-term mortality in NSCLC, combining separately adjusted and unadjusted results. <h3>Methods</h3> The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and the Cochrane Library and Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched using PubMed and OVID. Studies considered for inclusion met the following criteria: the design was a study comparing sleeve lobectomy vs pneumonectomy; the study population was patients with NSCLC; and main outcomes included long-term all-cause mortality. From each individual study, hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality and 95% CIs were abstracted. Study-specific estimates were combined using inverse variance-weighted averages of logarithmic HRs. <h3>Results</h3> Our search identified no randomised trials and 14 observational comparative studies that included 7 ones providing adjusted mortality data. Adjustment methods included matching (with propensity score or tumour location and invasion) and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression. Separately pooled analysis of seven adjusted (1013 patients) and seven unadjusted studies (2278 patients) demonstrated respectively a statistically significant lower all-cause mortality by 36% and 33% associated with sleeve lobectomy relative to pneumonectomy in fixed effects models (adjusted HR, 0.64; 95% CI 0.53 to 0.77; p&lt;0.00001; unadjusted HR, 0.67; 95% CI 0.58 to 0.77; p&lt;0.00001; Abstract P191 figure 1). There was minimal study heterogeneity and accordingly little difference in the pooled result from random-effects modelling. When data from all the 14 studies (3291 patients) were pooled using a fixed-effects model, sleeve lobectomy was associated with lower all-cause mortality by 34% relative to pneumonectomy that remained statistically significant (HR, 0.66; 95% CI 0.59 to 0.74; p&lt;0.00001). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Sleeve lobectomy is likely to have a benefit for long-term all-cause mortality over pneumonectomy in NSCLC. Sleeve lobectomy rather than pneumonectomy should be considered for anatomically suited NSCLC.
Systematic review of cost effectiveness in telemedicine
Authors: P. Scuffham
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Editor—Witten et al reviewed the cost effectiveness of telemedicine.1 In their response on bmj.com they confuse the evaluation of quality with levels of evidence and study design.2 Quality should not be judged on levels (strength) of evidence or whether health consequences were measured but on how well these were undertaken and reported.3

Additionally, studies were rated on the “presence of a clear hypothesis.” Although essential for assessing efficacy, this is less important for economic evaluations. Hypotheses require statistical testing to acceptance or rejection of the null hypothesis; economic evaluations typically use point estimates and, without variance, cannot be subjected to statistical testing. Hence, sensitivity analyses are required for testing the robustness of results. A clear statement of aims is required, and as noted by Witten et al, most economic evaluations do clearly state the aims.

Economic evaluations of telemedicine often concentrate on costs and cost minimisation, assuming health outcomes are at least as good as those from conventional services. For example, in teleradiology a reasonable assumption is that patient outcomes will be equivalent to or better (such as in terms of quicker results and avoiding travel) than conventional reporting by a radiologist. This is the conservative approach; if benefits were measured and valued the cost effectiveness of telemedicine might only appear better. Cost neutrality, used in cost analyses and cost minimisation analyses, suggests that telemedicine provides the same health outcomes without additional costs. Cost effectiveness is concerned with additional costs for additional units of benefit; it requires a value judgment about whether additional spending to obtain additional benefits is worth while.

I was disappointed that the authors did not report circumstances where telemedicine was and was not cost effective. For example, live consultations are resource and cost intensive compared with asynchronous consultations, but occasionally—for example, the highlands and islands teledentistry project4—might be cost effective. Likewise, telemedicine might be cost effective for some disciplines such as dermatology and radiology but not for others.

In the critique of the generalisability of results, equity issues of access to healthcare services were overlooked. Many communities in the United Kingdom have barriers in accessing common healthcare services. For example, the referral rate for restorative dental consultations from the Shetland Islands (requiring travel to Aberdeen) is a 10th of that of the Orkney Islands, where a consultant visits for 1-2 days each year.4 Teledentistry and other telemedicine interventions, even with additional costs, help address inequities in access to healthcare services.