tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Heavy-Chain Disease
Authors: Leonard L. Ellman, Kurt J. Bloch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

Abstract In a seventh patient with heavy-chain disease the clinical findings were those of a malignant lymphoma without skeletal involvement. The patient's serum and urine contained an M component with electrophoretic, antigenic and ultracentrifugal properties resembling those of the Fc fragment of γG globulin. Histologic findings on biopsy were suggestive of Hodgkin's disease, but post-mortem examination failed to confirm that diagnosis. The findings in heavy-chain disease are consistent with the hypothesis that neoplastic transformation of a cell (or cells), normally capable of producing a specific immunoglobulin molecule, has been accompanied by loss of the ability to synthesize all or part of the Fd fragment of the immunoglobulin heavy chain.
Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole mixture in pregnancy.
Authors: L M McEwen
Journal: BMJ (1971)

In a recent study of 1,263 children with acute leukaemia at the Children's Cancer Research Foundation in Boston we observed two patients with undifferentiated leukaemia and multiple neurofibromatosis.5This fre- quency is not significantly higher than the estimated incidence of neurofibromatosis in the general population (one case per 2,500- 3,300 births).2The association of neuro- fibromatosis with leukaemia has occurred in two other children in the same clinic (not in our series) and has been described in three case reports from France.3-5In one instance the combination of diseases affected siblings.4The eight reported cases of neurofibroma- tosis and childhood leukaemia are of great interest, but the evidence is not sufficient as yet to indicate that the high cancer risk in neurofibromatosis extends to leukaemia.-Iam, etc.,
ON INFANTILE PARALYSIS (ACUTE ANTERIOR POLIOMYELITIS), Its Early Treatment and the Surgical Means for the Alleviation of Deformities: Being the Annual Oration to the Medical Society of London
Authors: R. Jones
Journal: BMJ (1914)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The proportion of young platelets, also known as newly formed or reticulated, within the overall platelet population has been clinically correlated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Our understanding of this is incomplete, however, because of limitations in the technical approaches available to study platelets of different ages. In this study we have developed and validated an <i>in vivo</i> ‘temporal labelling’ approach using injectable fluorescent anti-platelet antibodies to sub-divide platelets by age and assess differences in functional and molecular characteristics. With this approach we found that young platelets (&lt;24h old) in comparison to older platelets respond to stimuli with greater calcium flux and degranulation, and contribute more to the formation of thrombi <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Sequential sampling confirmed this altered functionality to be independent of platelet size with no size differences or changes relative to the global population seen at any age. The age associated decrease in thrombotic function was accompanied by significant decreases in the surface expression of GPVI and CD31 (PECAM-1) and an increase in CD9. Platelet mRNA content also decreased with age but at different rates for individual mRNAs indicating apparent conservation of those encoding granule proteins. Our pulse-chase type approach to define circulating platelet age has allowed timely re-examination of commonly held beliefs regarding size and reactivity of young platelets whilst providing novel insights into the temporal regulation of receptor and protein expression. Overall, future application of this validated tool will inform on age-based platelet heterogeneity in physiology and disease.
Clinical similarities and differences of patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type 1 (XLP-1/SAP deficiency) versus type 2 (XLP-2/XIAP deficiency)
Authors: Jana Pachlopnik Schmid, Danielle Canioni, Despina Moshous, Fabien Touzot, Nizar Mahlaoui, Fabian Hauck, Hirokazu Kanegane, Eduardo Lopez-Granados, Ester Mejstrikova, Isabelle Pellier, Lionel Galicier, Claire Galambrun, Vincent Barlogis, Pierre Bordigoni, Alain Fourmaintraux, Mohamed Hamidou, Alain Dabadie, Françoise Le Deist, Filomeen Haerynck, Marie Ouachée-Chardin, Pierre Rohrlich, Jean-Louis Stephan, Christelle Lenoir, Stéphanie Rigaud, Nathalie Lambert, Michèle Milili, Claudin Schiff, Helen Chapel, Capucine Picard, Geneviève de Saint Basile, Stéphane Blanche, Alain Fischer, Sylvain Latour
Journal: Blood (2010)
Sensory and pulmonary irritation of methyl isocyanate in mice and pulmonary irritation and possible cyanidelike effects of methyl isocyanate in guinea pigs.
Authors: Y Alarie, J S Ferguson, M F Stock, D A Weyel, M Schaper
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1987)

Methyl isocyanate (MIC) was evaluated for sensory and pulmonary irritation in mice. MIC was found to be both a potent sensory and pulmonary irritant in this species. From these results, a safe level of exposure for a period of 8 hr was estimated to be about 0.02 ppm for humans. Guinea pigs were also exposed to MIC for a single 3-hr exposure at a concentration of 37 ppm. During exposure to MIC, coughing was observed in all animals. Pulmonary function was evaluated immediately following exposure and intermittently on the next 35 days using CO2 challenges and flow-volume loops. Highly abnormal responses to CO2 were observed immediately after exposure in all animals. Six of the eight animals exposed to MIC died. In the two survivors, an apparent recovery was seen during the 5 days following exposure, but a worsening effect was observed at days 21 and 28, with a partial recovery at day 35. The data clearly demonstrated that the primary pulmonary effect of MIC was one of airways obstruction. Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output were also measured in the guinea pigs following exposure to MIC. No evidence of a cyanidelike effect was observed, in contrast to a severe depression of oxygen uptake following exposure to hydrogen cyanide.
The Role of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Factors in Leukemogenesis
Authors: David W. Sternberg, D. Gary Gilliland
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

Human leukemias are frequently associated with the aberrant expression of activated fusion tyrosine kinases or activated protein tyrosine kinases carrying insertional or point mutations. The activated kinase enzymes typically phosphorylate one or more signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factors, which translocate to the cell nucleus and regulate the expression of genes associated with survival and proliferation. The phosphorylation and activation of STAT family members has been described in a wide range of human leukemias. Furthermore, animal models of leukemia have demonstrated the pivotal contribution of STAT activation to leukemic pathogenesis. This review discusses evidence for the functional importance of STAT activation in the biology of leukemia and current opportunities for modulating STAT proteins in the therapy of this group of diseases.
Pharmacological Modulation of Humoral Immunity in a Nonhuman Primate Model of AAV Gene Transfer for Hemophilia B
Authors: Federico Mingozzi, Yifeng Chen, Samuel L Murphy, Shyrie C Edmonson, Alex Tai, Sandra D Price, Mark E Metzger, Shangzhen Zhou, J Fraser Wright, Robert E Donahue, Cynthia E Dunbar, Katherine A High
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2012)

Liver gene transfer for hemophilia B has shown very promising results in recent clinical studies. A potential complication of gene-based treatments for hemophilia and other inherited disorders, however, is the development of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against the therapeutic transgene. The risk of developing NAb to the coagulation factor IX (F.IX) transgene product following adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated hepatic gene transfer for hemophilia is small but not absent, as formation of inhibitory antibodies to F.IX is observed in experimental animals following liver gene transfer. Thus, strategies to modulate antitransgene NAb responses are needed. Here, we used the anti-B cell monoclonal antibody rituximab (rtx) in combination with cyclosporine A (CsA) to eradicate anti-human F.IX NAb in rhesus macaques previously injected intravenously with AAV8 vectors expressing human F.IX. A short course of immunosuppression (IS) resulted in eradication of anti-F.IX NAb with restoration of plasma F.IX transgene product detection. In one animal, following IS anti-AAV6 antibodies also dropped below detection, allowing for successful AAV vector readministration and resulting in high levels (60% or normal) of F.IX transgene product in plasma. Though the number of animals is small, this study supports for the safety and efficacy of B cell-targeting therapies to eradicate NAb developed following AAV-mediated gene transfer.
First Diagnosis and Management of Incontinence in Older People with and without Dementia in Primary Care: A Cohort Study Using The Health Improvement Network Primary Care Database
Authors: Robert L. Grant, Vari M. Drennan, Greta Rait, Irene Petersen, Steve Iliffe
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2013)

Dementia is one of the most disabling and burdensome diseases. Incontinence in people with dementia is distressing, adds to carer burden, and influences decisions to relocate people to care homes. Successful and safe management of incontinence in people with dementia presents additional challenges. The aim of this study was to investigate the rates of first diagnosis in primary care of urinary and faecal incontinence among people aged 60-89 with dementia, and the use of medication or indwelling catheters for urinary incontinence.We extracted data on 54,816 people aged 60-89 with dementia and an age-gender stratified sample of 205,795 people without dementia from 2001 to 2010 from The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a United Kingdom primary care database. THIN includes data on patients and primary care consultations but does not identify care home residents. Rate ratios were adjusted for age, sex, and co-morbidity using multilevel Poisson regression. The rates of first diagnosis per 1,000 person-years at risk (95% confidence interval) for urinary incontinence in the dementia cohort, among men and women, respectively, were 42.3 (40.9-43.8) and 33.5 (32.6-34.5). In the non-dementia cohort, the rates were 19.8 (19.4-20.3) and 18.6 (18.2-18.9). The rates of first diagnosis for faecal incontinence in the dementia cohort were 11.1 (10.4-11.9) and 10.1 (9.6-10.6). In the non-dementia cohort, the rates were 3.1 (2.9-3.3) and 3.6 (3.5-3.8). The adjusted rate ratio for first diagnosis of urinary incontinence was 3.2 (2.7-3.7) in men and 2.7 (2.3-3.2) in women, and for faecal incontinence was 6.0 (5.1-7.0) in men and 4.5 (3.8-5.2) in women. The adjusted rate ratio for pharmacological treatment of urinary incontinence was 2.2 (1.4-3.7) for both genders, and for indwelling urinary catheters was 1.6 (1.3-1.9) in men and 2.3 (1.9-2.8) in women.Compared with those without a dementia diagnosis, those with a dementia diagnosis have approximately three times the rate of diagnosis of urinary incontinence, and more than four times the rate of faecal incontinence, in UK primary care. The clinical management of urinary incontinence in people with dementia with medication and particularly the increased use of catheters is concerning and requires further investigation. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
Armed with Epidemiologic Research, China Launches Programs to Prevent Liver Cancer
Authors: Andrew A. Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>Shanghai, China</h3> EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH during the past decade has helped identify major risk factors for primary liver cancer in China. Public health efforts are now under way to help reduce several of these risk factors, says Shen-Long Ye, MD, PhD, professor and vice chair of Shanghai Medical University's Liver Cancer Institute. Ye says more than 137000 cases of primary liver cancer—more than 43% of all cases in the world—are diagnosed in China each year. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, the 5-year mortality rate for hepatocellular carcinoma, which makes up the vast majority of primary liver cancers, remains more than 95%. During the 1990s, liver cancer passed gastric cancer as the leading cause of cancer mortality in rural areas of China, with an annual death rate of 24 per 100000. In China's cities, it is second only to lung cancer, with an annual death rate of 20 per 100000. <h3>Some</h3>
Asplenia syndrome. A study of congenital anomalies in 16 cases
Authors: J. A. Majeski
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Sixteen new cases of the asplenia syndrome with autopsy findings had a female preponderance of 2:1. Racial incidence of splenic agenesis was nine whites and seven blacks. The average life span of the infants born alive was approximately 38 days. All infants with the asplenia syndrome had recorded weights and lengths below normal standard values. Surgical palliation of the cardiovascular anomalies in the asplenia syndrome was attempted in two cases. The incidence of the asplenia syndrome from the large autopsy series at the Medical University of South Carolina is one case per 2,000 autopsies.
Erythromycin for Persistent or Recurrent Nongonococcal Urethritis
Authors: Thomas M. Hooton, Edward S. Wong, Robert C. Barnes, Pacita L. Roberts, Walter E. Stamm
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a 3-week regimen of erythromycin for treatment of persistent or recurrent nongonococcal urethritis in men. Design: A prospective, randomized, double-blind trial with follow-up at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after enrollment. Patients: Seventy-seven evaluable men with objective evidence of nongonococcal urethritis (36 in the erythromycin group and 41 in the placebo group) with a mean age of 28 years, a median duration of urethritis of 3 months, and a median number of three previous antimicrobial regimens. Intervention: Erythromycin, 500 mg, or placebo four times daily for 3 weeks. Results: After 2 weeks of treatment, urethral symptoms resolved in 13 of 25 erythromycin-treated patients compared with 8 of 34 placebo-treated patients (P = 0.03). Erythromycin also resulted in more frequent resolution of urethral discharge and leukocytosis at all visits compared with placebo but these differences were not statistically significant. First-voided urine leukocyte counts decreased, however, by a median of 89% (95% CI, -96% to -67%) in the erythromycin group compared with 23% (CI, -73% to 83%) in the placebo group after treatment (P = 0.02 for the difference in changes). Further, in men with prostatic inflammation, urinary leukocyte counts decreased by a median of 94% (CI, -99% to -83%) after treatment in erythromycin-treated patients compared with a 46% increase (CI, -57% to 290%) in placebo-treated patients (P = 0.0003 for the difference in changes). Conclusion: A 3-week regimen of erythromycin was more effective than placebo in improving symptoms and in reducing pyuria in men with persistent or recurrent nongonococcal urethritis, especially among men with prostatic inflammation.
FALLACIES IN THE TREATMENT OF URETHRAL DISEASES.
Authors: ROBERT HOLMES GREENE
Journal: JAMA (1901)

reason the danger of bacterial infection or intoxica- tion is lessened.8. Pain and fever are notably slight during perma- nent catheterization, if care be exercised that the in- strument does not project too far into the bladder. 9. Soft and hard infiltrations which may narrow the
Topical treatment of acne vulgaris: Retinoids and cutaneous irritation
Authors: James J. Leyden
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1998)

Acne vulgaris is a disease of sebaceous follicles that involves a multifactored pathophysiology. 1 Leyden JJ. Therapy for acne vulgaris. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 1156-1162 Crossref PubMed Scopus (232) Google Scholar Excessive sebum production, combined with abnormal desquamation of follicular epithelium, leads to an accumulation of these materials such that the lumina of sebaceous follicles become distended. This precursor, microscopic stage is known as a microcomedo. In this environment, Propionibacterium acnes proliferates and its production of proinflammatory chemotactic and cytokine factors is responsible for the inflammation of acne. 2 Vowels BR Yang S Leyden JJ. Induction of proinflammatory cytokines by a soluble factor of Propionibacterium acnes: implications for chronic inflammatory acne. Infect Immun. 1995; 63: 3158-3165 PubMed Google Scholar , 3 Webster GF Leyden JJ. Characterization of serum-independent polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic factors produced by Propionibacterium acnes. Inflammation. 1996; 4: 362-384 Google Scholar , 4 Webster GF Leyden JJ Nilson R. Complement activation in acne vulgaris: consumption of complement by comedones. Infect Immun. 1979; 26: 183-186 PubMed Google Scholar
Major bleeding incidence after coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with unstable angina/non-ST elevation myocardial infarction based on coronary artery bypass graft timing in TACTICS-TIMI-18
Authors: Satish Bhadriraju, Anthony C. DeFranco, Kim Barber, Sabina A. Murphy, C. Michael Gibson, Peter M. DiBattiste, Christopher P. Cannon
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination: the current situation in Europe
Authors: Masoud Dara, Colleen D. Acosta, Valiantsin Rusovich, Jean Pierre Zellweger, Rosella Centis, Giovanni Battista Migliori
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Tuberculosis is a major public health priority. This is not only because of its daunting morbidity and mortality rates, both globally and in Europe (summarised in figs 1 and 2) [1, 3–5], but also because of the natural history of the disease. Active (contagious) tuberculosis disease occurs after a period of latency (or subclinical infection), and different risk factors [6–13], in combination with latent infection, introduce challenges to prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Vaccination against tuberculosis, if effective, would be therefore critical to control and elimination strategies [14–16]. The bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccine is, from a historical perspective, a milestone of tuberculosis control (figs 3–7). During the first half of the 20th century, it was administered ubiquitously throughout Europe, but is now recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be given once at birth, specifically in tuberculosis-endemic areas.



Figure 1– 
Global estimated tuberculosis (TB) incidence rates, 2011. Reproduced from [1] with permission from the publisher.





Figure 2– 
World Health Organization European Region estimated tuberculosis incidence rates per 100 000 population, 2011. Data from the United Nations Administrated Province of Kosovo (in accordance with Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999)) is not included in the figures reported for Serbia. Reproduced from [2] with permission from the publisher.





Figure 3– 
Wooden mask worn by health workers to announce a forthcoming vaccination campaign (Republic of Benin). Image courtesy of J.P. Zellweger.





Figure 4– 
“To defeat tuberculosis is easy with the BCG”. Advertisement in a peripheral tuberculosis dispensary, dating from the time of French colonisation ( circa 1950) (Republic of Benin). Image courtesy of J.P. Zellweger.





Figure 5– 
French Ministry of Health educational poster supporting bacille Calmette–Guerin vaccination. Image courtesy of J.P. Zellweger.





Figure 6– 
Tuberculosis/HIV-infected children in Myanmar. ©2012 Matthieu Zellweger (with AIDSpartners.org)/matthieuzellweger.com.





Figure 7– 
Romania, 1974. …
Abstract 5500: Biochromatography for the screening of new drugs for the estrogen related receptors
Authors: Mitesh Sanghvi, Ruin Moaddel, Chester Frazier, Mukesh Gandhari, Irving W. Wainer
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Estrogen related receptors, ERRα, ERRβ, and ERRγ, form a subfamily of orphan nuclear receptors that have significant amino acid homology with the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ. ERRs have been identified in breast cancer tumors and ERRα has been associated with a negative response to treatment while ERRγ is considered an indicator of a positive response. We have recently demonstrated that ERRα and ERRγ are expressed in cell lines derived from astrocytoma and glioblastoma tumors. We have also demonstrated that there are different levels of expression of ERRα and ERRγ in the cell lines and this difference may be the source of the variation of these tumors to anticancer agents. MTT assays were performed to measure the metabolic activity of T98G cells treated with the ERRγ antagonists. While ERRs share significant Ligand binding domain (LBD) homology with ERs, they have different responses to characterized ER agonists and antagonists. For example, the ER agonist estradiol is inactive in ERR expressing cell lines, the ER agonist diethyl stilbestrol is an antagonist of all three ERR subtypes, 4-hydroxytamoxifen does not affect ERRα and acts instead as an ERRγ antagonist. In addition, we have recently demonstrated that ERRα and ERRγ antagonists can effectively inhibit tumor growth. Based on this observation, we have created liquid chromatographic columns containing immobilized LBDs of the ERRα and ERRγ. In the initial study, the LBD of ERRγ was covalently immobilized onto the surface of an aminopropyl silica liquid chromatography stationary phase. The protein was immobilized via the N-terminus to create the ERRγ-column. The column was characterized using frontal chromatographic techniques and a series of tamoxifen derivatives were studied. Additionally, we have identified a second site to which diethylstilbestrol (DES) binds. Acknowledgement This research was supported entirely or in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute on Aging. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5500.