tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Animals in Research
Authors: Colin Ramirez
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Although I recognize the validity of the concerns raised in the commentary entitled "Animals in Research,"<sup>1</sup>I disagree with the implication that a strong opposition to animal rights groups is the only rational stance for the practicing physician to take. The assumption is that the sacrifice of animal comfort and life for the benefit of human medicine is an absolute good or right. This is one ethical stance to take, but it is not the only one. To imply that the moral views of those opposed to animal research are invalid is to be disrespectful of a spiritual perspective that is held by large numbers of people the world over. Indeed, a profound reverence for all living things is an important tenet of Buddhism and Hinduism and should not be lightly dismissed. Humankind's selfcentered view of the universe has led to a multitude of ecological disasters
Intravascular ultrasound imaging of coronary arteries. Is three layers the norm?
Authors: P J Fitzgerald, F G St Goar, A J Connolly, F J Pinto, M E Billingham, R L Popp, P G Yock
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance of the three-layered appearance of coronary arteries in adolescence and adults from intravascular ultrasound scans and to correlate these observations with histopathology. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixteen intact hearts were excised at autopsy from patients with no clinical history of coronary artery disease. The patients' ages ranged from 13 to 55 years. A 30-MHz ultrasound imaging catheter was used to obtain images throughout the epicardial coronary vasculature. A total of 72 image cross sections was marked by epivascular sutures, and the corresponding histological sections were examined. Ultrasound images were classified into two groups: images exhibiting three-layered appearance and images without distinct layering. Histological analysis revealed a significantly greater degree of intimal thickening in segments with three layers (243 +/- 105 microns) than in nonlayered segments (112 +/- 55 microns). Discriminant analysis of these data predicted the threshold between the two groups to be 178 microns. Measurements of medial thickness were not different between these two groups (235 +/- 61 versus 210 +/- 76 microns). In the nonlayered group, the average patient age was 27.1 +/- 8.5 years, whereas in the three-layered groups, the average age was 42.8 +/- 9.8 years. CONCLUSIONS The intracoronary ultrasound image appearance of young, morphologically normal coronary artery walls is homogeneous without layering. A three-layered appearance suggests the presence of at least 178 microns of intimal thickening and is seen more frequently with advancing age.
Learning from one another to bridge the “know-do gap”
Authors: Neil Pakenham-Walsh
Journal: BMJ (2004)

T he “know-do gap” is a new term to describe an old problem: the gap between what we know and what we do in practice. But the term can mean many different things, not least depending on who the “we” refers to—a farmer in Nepal, doctor in Nairobi, health educator in New York, the World Health Organization, the biomedical community, the Catholic Church, or the President of South Africa. Gaps also exist between what a profession as a …
Visualizing genetic similarity at the symptom level: The example of learning disabilities
Authors: Oliver S. P. Davis, Robert Plomin
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

Abstract Psychological traits and disorders are often interrelated through shared genetic influences. A combination of maximum-likelihood structural equation modelling and multidimensional scaling enables us to open a window onto the genetic architecture at the symptom level, rather than at the level of latent genetic factors. We illustrate this approach using a study of cognitive abilities involving over 5,000 pairs of twins.
909-3 Transesophageal Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography for Detection of Coronary Artery Disease in Women Presenting with Chest Pain: Comparison with Other Standard Tests
Authors: Joy M. Laurienzo, Richard O. Cannon, Arshed A. Ouyyumi, Vasken Dilsizian, Julio A. Panza
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Terminology for our times: Excluding every diagnosis is not necessary
Authors: W. Stevenson
Journal: BMJ (2003)

EDITOR—The acronym VOMIT, coined by Hayward,1 should undergo the substitution of “investigational” for “imaging,” since cautions apply to such tests as urine analysis for microscopic haematuria. If more tests are performed on a normal patient, the chance of an abnormal result increases.

Requesters of tests should examine their motives, particularly in …
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE THIOSULFATE ION WITH RESPECT TO NORMAL HUMAN SERUM AND RED BLOOD CELLS AND ITS APPLICATION TO “EXTRACELLULAR FLUID” DETERMINATION 1
Authors: Henry J. Kowalski, David D. Rutstein, Ruth I. Schaufus, Joan M. Shoulberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1952)

Fluid compartment measurements are useful procedures in studying edema, dehydration, and changes in cellular permeability.The general principles involved in such measurements have recently been discussed by Levitt and Gaudino (1).Substances used in the intact animal or in man should fulfill a number of conditions, among them being "uniform distribution throughout the compartment."For "extracellular fluid" esti- mations, this condition implies equal concentra- tion of the substance throughout all of the intra- and extravascular fluid outside of body cells.If the material employed is physically or chemically bound by non-diffusible components of serum, intravascular concentration will exceed extra- vascular concentration, and uniform distribution will not occur.Recent work performed in part at this labora- tory shows that the thiocyanate ion, heretofore used extensively for estimation of "extracellular fluid" volume, is actually bound to albumin in human serum and therefore is not uniformly dis- tributed throughout the compartment (2).If the concentration of serum albumin is known, its binding effect can be determined by means of a formula (2).However, it is not possible to determine the binding effect of extravascular albumin, since its concentration and distribution cannot be measured.Gilman, Philips and Koelle suggested the use of another ion, thiosulfate, for estimating "extra- cellular fluid" volume (3).The present study was undertaken to determine if this anion, like thiocyanate, was bound to any appreciable extent by non-diffusible components of human serum.
The Preparation of Partially Purified Plasmin, and an Account of Its Intrathecal Use in Patients
Authors: A. P. Fletcher
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1954)

The treatment of tuberculous meningitis is fre- quently hindered by the formation of exudate within the cerebrospinal spaces.This exudate may obstruct the cerebrospinal circulation and give rise to the complications of subtentorial, basal cis- tern, and spinal block.Furthermore, the presence of exudate predisposes to the occurrence of tuber- culous arteritis, which is responsible for the cere- bral and spinal cord softenings frequently found in this disease (1-4).Cathie (5) introduced the use of intrathecal streptokinase to prevent the formation of, and to remove exudate.It was hoped that the use of this agent would reduce the incidence of complica- tions, render chemotherapy more effective, and lessen the likelihood of relapse.Clinical trials in tuberculous meningitis with streptokinase have yielded contradictory results (6-9).The majority of investigators believe that its value remains un- proven.
ON THE LACK OF EVIDENCE OF TRANSMISSION BY HUMAN BEINGS OF TUBERCULOSIS DUE TO THE BOVINE TYPE OF BACILLUS
Authors: G. Walker
Journal: BMJ (1934)

by inserting on the inside of the: mould a very thin layer of cotton-wool.The mould is then immersed in a 10 per cent.formalin solution for about fifteen days.The whole block, which keeps its form extremely well, is
Misadventures to patients during surgical and medical care in England and Wales: an analysis of deaths and hospital episodes
Authors: Katharine Ker, Phil Edwards, Ian Roberts
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2011)

Objectives To estimate incidence of injury to patients attributed to misadventures during surgical and medical care by age group and to examine recent trends. Design Analysis of routine morbidity and mortality data categorized by the 9th and 10th revisions of the International Classification of Diseases. Participants Children 0–14 years and adults ≥15 years. Setting England and Wales during 1999 to 2008 (hospital episodes) and 1979 to 2009 (deaths). Main outcome measures We calculated deaths per million person-years and per 1000 hospital episodes; hospital episodes per 100,000 person-years and per 100,000 procedures performed. Results The rate of death attributed to misadventures during surgical and medical care in patients aged 75 years and older was over 50 times (rate ratio 57.2; 95% confidence interval 38.3–85.3) higher than in children aged 1–14 years. Estimated hospital episode rates were 20 times (RR 20.0; 18.9–21.2) higher in patients aged 75 years and older. Mortality attributed to misadventures declined from 1.1 (0.9–1.4) deaths per million person-years in 1979 to 0.4 (0.2–0.6) in 2009. Hospital episodes of misadventures decreased between 1999 and 2008 from 30.8 (29.9–31.8) episodes per 100,000 procedures to 23.25 (22.5–24.1), but increased from 7.8 (7.6–8.1) per 100,000 person-years to 9.8 (9.5–10.1). Conclusions Misadventures during surgical and medical care are an important cause of avoidable injury. Older patients appear to be at higher risk of experiencing and dying from misadventure. Interpretation of recent trends is limited by uncertainties regarding the consistency and coverage of coding.
Hepatic amino nitrogen conversion and organ N-contents in hypothyroidism, with thyroxine replacement, and in hypethyroid rats
Authors: Thorbjørn Grøfte, Troels Wolthers, Dorthe Svenstrup Jensen, Niels Møller, J.O.L. Jørgensen, Hans Ørskov, Hendrik Vilstrup
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1997)
Atmospheric Nitrogen and Its Role in Modern Medicine
Authors: Leon E. Farhi
Journal: JAMA (1964)

IN THE AIR that surrounds us and which we inspire with every breath, four molecules out of five are nitrogen, since this element constitutes approximately 80% of our atmosphere. In spite of this fact, the interest in this gas has been so limited that N<sub>2</sub>has been called in jest "the stepchild among respiratory gases,"<sup>1</sup>and received just as much attention as the name indicates. Perhaps the blame for this attitude can be placed upon the shoulders of the first scientists to isolate the gas, since instead of extolling the importance of his discovery, Rutherford in 1772 proposed for it the name of "mephitic gas" (mephitic meaning poisonous or noxious) while Lavoisier, four years later, having described nitrogen as a simple element, suggested the name "azote," ie, that cannot sustain life. Under these conditions, later biologists can hardly be castigated for having developed, implicitly or explicitly, the idea
Antenatal HIV testing. Named testing is unevaluated and costly.
Authors: A Riley
Journal: BMJ (1993)

matic comparison of the Glasgow registry of congenital anomalies with the Scottish register yielded salutary results: for the year 1988, the total number of cases of congenital anomalies identified by the central system was more than three times the Glasgow registry's figure for the same cate- gories (6% v 2% of all births).2Enormous excesses in the centrally based identification of foot, genital, and circulatory system defects accounted for a substantial part of this discrepancy.Several major defects, including anencephalus, spina bifida, oral clefts, reduction deformities of limbs, and Down's syndrome, had more comparable numbers in the two sources.A more detailed scrutiny of the diagnostic validity of the Scottish neonatal discharge record (SMR 11), on which the Scottish register is heavily dependent, suggested that for a single year (1985) the SMR 11 data contained a high propor- tion (78%) of "false positive" diagnoses while identifying only 28% ("sensitivity") of all confirmed cases.Similar work in the United States3 has also highlighted the poor quality of ascertainment inherent in the overreliance on hospital discharge diagnoses for congenital anomaly surveillance.These systems are attractive because they are inexpensive, but their deficiencies should be recognised.The only satisfactory alternative is the adoption of the method used in Glasgow, whereby population based data are collected from multiple sources and diagnostic validation is performed routinely by adequately trained staff.The new Scottish register has the potential to achieve the standards of the Glasgow register if properly resourced.The current halfhearted attempt at congenital anomaly surveillance represents a false economy.
Eruptive Melanocytic Nevi in a Patient Undergoing Treatment With Sunitinib
Authors: David Jiménez-Gallo, Cristina Albarrán-Planelles, Mario Linares-Barrios, Alberto Martínez-Rodríguez, José María Báez-Perea
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2013)

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Traumatic Rupture of a Main Bronchus
Authors: A. W. Fowler
Journal: BMJ (1955)

symptoms of established secondary infection.That explains the beneficial effect of the penicillin when streptomycin was ineffectual.Nitrogen mustard was also ineffective.The course of the disease in this case is also interesting in comparison with others reported.The latter had a chronic, nearly always benign, clinical course on every occasion when, in addition to the bronchial fistula, there was a skin fistula through which most of the pus drained.But in those cases, like my own case, in which a fistula into a bronchus or lung was the only clinical finding (Brooks, 1942), the patient died quickly of bronchopneumonia or pulmonary abscess when the abscess ruptured.However, ny patient had a relatively favourable course before he came to hospital, in spite of the abundant suppuration and the fact that it was two months before.he had treatment.The interruption of the treatment, with the return of secondary infection and abundant sputum, was obviously fatal.The final decline was probably due to a progressive anaemia and amyloidosis.Summary A case of tuberculous spondylitis of the thoracic spine with a cold abscess which ruptured into a bronchus is Jescribed.The abscess was later contaminated with pyogenic micro-organisms, and in the clinical picture abundant expectoration predominated.An abscess of the mediastinum and caries of the seventh and eighth thoracic vertebrae were demonstrated radiologically.'[he communication between abscess and bronchus was oroved by the injection of Congo red into the abscess.t he dye was immediately expectorated.The patient was treated with penicillin and streptomycin, and with nitrogen mustard.While under treatment with anti- biotics a significant amelioration of the clinical picture was achieved, but the nitrogen mustard was ineffectual.Ihe patient voluntarily refused further treatment and left hospital; he gradually deteriorated and died of cachexia.
Arming Tumor-Reactive T Cells with Costimulator B7-1 Enhances Therapeutic Efficacy of the T Cells
Authors: Guoxing Zheng, Shanrong Liu, Peijie Wang, Ying Xu, Aoshuang Chen
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract T cells ectopically expressing costimulators are pathogenic and contribute to autoimmunity against self-antigens. Given that tumor antigens are often self-antigen or mutated self-antigens, we hypothesize that neoexpressing a costimulator on tumor-reactive T cells may likewise enhance their reactivity to tumor. To test this hypothesis, we have expressed B7-1 on OT-1 CD8+ T-cell receptor transgenic T cells via protein transfer (or protein “painting”). Naïve OT-1 T cells, after being painted with B7-1, can self-costimulate themselves, elicit enhanced proliferative and CTL responses to E.G7-ovalbumin tumor cells (expressing a cognate antigen), and become resistant to CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell-mediated suppression. Importantly, these T cells, when coimplanted with E.G7-ovalbumin tumor cells into a syngeneic host, are three to nine times more potent than are control T cells (mock painted with human IgG) in inhibiting tumor growth. Further, on transfer into mice bearing established E.G7-ovalbumin tumors, B7-1-painted ex vivo–amplified OT-1 T cells induced complete tumor regression in 65% of treated mice, whereas the control T cells did so in only 28% of treated mice. Finally, on transfer into mice bearing less immunogenic 4T1 breast tumors, B7-1-painted tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells improved the survival of treated mice to a greater extent than did the control T cells. Hence, this study establishes that arming tumor-reactive T cells with a costimulator can enhance their antitumor efficacy. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6793-9)
Identifying populations potentially exposed to agricultural pesticides using remote sensing and a Geographic Information System.
Authors: M H Ward, J R Nuckols, S J Weigel, S K Maxwell, K P Cantor, R S Miller
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

Pesticides used in agriculture may cause adverse health effects among the population living near agricultural areas. However, identifying the populations most likely to be exposed is difficult. We conducted a feasibility study to determine whether satellite imagery could be used to reconstruct historical crop patterns. We used historical Farm Service Agency records as a source of ground reference data to classify a late summer 1984 satellite image into crop species in a three-county area in south central Nebraska. Residences from a population-based epidemiologic study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma were located on the crop maps using a geographic information system (GIS). Corn, soybeans, sorghum, and alfalfa were the major crops grown in the study area. Eighty-five percent of residences could be located, and of these 22% had one of the four major crops within 500 m of the residence, an intermediate distance for the range of drift effects from pesticides applied in agriculture. We determined the proximity of residences to specific crop species and calculated crop-specific probabilities of pesticide use based on available data. This feasibility study demonstrated that remote sensing data and historical records on crop location can be used to create historical crop maps. The crop pesticides that were likely to have been applied can be estimated when information about crop-specific pesticide use is available. Using a GIS, zones of potential exposure to agricultural pesticides and proximity measures can be determined for residences in a study.
Microelectrode Demonstration of Wedensky Facilitation in Canine Cardiac Purkinje Fibers
Authors: JOHN C. BAILEY, JOSEPH F. SPEAR, E. NEIL MOORE
Journal: Circulation Research (1973)

Microelectrode techniques were used to examine changes in excitability of canine Purkinje fibers at sites distal to complete conduction block. Immediately distal to a site where impulse propagation failed, it was possible to record subthreshold depolarizations. Intracellular stimulation of the Purkinje cells exhibiting these subthreshold responses with constant-current pulses of subthreshold intensity enabled full-amplitude, propagated action potentials to develop when the subthreshold stimuli were timed to occur during the slow upstroke of the subthreshold depolarization. This period of a decreased current threshold requirement for stimulation observed during the first 40-50 msec of the subthreshold depolarization was followed by a period during which suprathreshold stimuli were necessary to evoke propagated responses. Propagated action potentials which interrupted the subthreshold response during its repolarization phase demonstrated reduced maximal rising velocities. We concluded that summation of appropriately timed subthreshold stimuli could induce full-amplitude, regenerative, all-or-none responses and that the changes in excitability of subthreshold responses were not solely voltage dependent. Sodium inactivation appeared to be responsible for the depressed rate of action potentials that interrupted the subthreshold response during its repolarization phase and might participate in the coincident depressed excitability.
Policy and Program Analysis Using Administrative Databases
Authors: Wayne A. Ray
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Administrative policies and programs play an important and growing role as determinants of the use of medical care. Although some policies and programs may be harmful or ineffectual, randomized, controlled trials or prospective evaluations are rarely done for political or logistic reasons. Most evaluations are retrospective and often use administrative databases. Major problems with such evaluations include poor data quality, lack of concurrent controls, inability to ascertain important study outcomes, and incomplete data on case mix. This article uses published evaluations to illustrate these problems and suggests strategies that can minimize their impact. Such strategies include thorough assessment of data quality, interrupted time-series or policy gradient analysis, restriction of studies to those clinical outcomes that reliably result in medical care, and use of data on medical encounters as surrogates for determining case mix. However, even when these strategies are used, adequate evaluation of the effects of many policies and programs may continue to be impossible. Prospective evaluations need to be used more frequently to ensure that changes are held to the same standard used for other therapeutic interventions.
Myocardial Perfusion SPECT Defects Resulting From Cystic Echinococcosis in the Pericardium
Authors: Lene Simonsen, Charlotte Soerum
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

A 58-year-old man was admitted for myocardial perfusion SPECT. As a result of complaints of uncharacteristic chest pain and functional dyspnea, exercise testing was performed one month earlier. He did not get any symptoms during the test, but the ECG showed exercise-induced significant ST depression in leads V1–V3. That is why he was admitted for myocardial perfusion SPECT. It showed an irreversible defect in the anterolateral pericardial part of the left ventricle. A second stress myocardial perfusion SPECT with attenuation correction was performed and correction for attenuation removed only some of the defect. A CT scan of the thorax showed a multiseptae cyst in the pericardial wall in relation to the left ventricle and a partially calcified cyst in the liver. MRI of the heart confirmed that it was pericardial cystic echinococcosis. Human cystic echinococcosis is a rare condition. In approximately 1% of the cases, there are cysts in the mediastinum or the heart.