tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Symptomatic Recovery from Medical Disorders
Authors: John B. Imboden
Journal: JAMA (1961)

THE PURPOSES of this communication are to discuss some general considerations related to the proposition that psychological or emotional factors can significantly influence the course of medical disorders and to consider briefly the results of recent investigations of delayed convalescence following acute brucellosis and Asian influenza. For conceptual clarity, it is helpful to consider that there are different ways in which emotional factors can exert an influence on the course of any illness. Several of these factors are briefly described as follows:  1. Occasionally the emotional state or set of attitudes of the patient may be reflected in his inability or unwillingness to cooperate with the therapeutic regimen prescribed for him. This difficulty may be encountered, of course, in every degree of severity ranging from mildly annoying uncooperativeness to defiance of medical advice with tragic consequences. Such help-rejecting behavior may stem from a variety of psychological roots. For example,
Neostigmine for Severe Constipation with Spinal Cord Lesions
Authors: LAWRENCE S. MILLER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

Letters and Corrections1 August 1984Neostigmine for Severe Constipation with Spinal Cord LesionsLAWRENCE S. MILLER, M.D.LAWRENCE S. MILLER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-101-2-279_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The commentary by Dr. Dworken in the April issue (1) on the abstract by Glick and colleagues (2) suggests that there may be a place for the use of myogenic stimulants such as neostigmine in the management of severe constipation in patients with thoracic spinal cord injury. I want to bring to your attention that the management of severe constipation in such patients with neostigmine is known in the rehabilitation field. In fact, an article published in 1975 (3) on the management of acute abdominal problems and spinal cord injury (which is used as a major reference...References1. DWORKEN H. Commentary on constipation after damage to the spinal cord [From Other Pages]. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:1-129. MedlineGoogle Scholar2. GLICKMESHKINPOURHALDEMANHOEHLERDOWNEYBRADLEY MHSFNW. Colonic dysfunction in patients with thoracic spinal cord injury. Gastroenterology. 1984;86:287-94. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. MILLERHERBISONSTAAS LGW. The evaluation of abdominal problems in patients with spinal cord lesions. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 1975;56:405-8. MedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 August 1984Volume 101, Issue 2Page: 279-279KeywordsConstipationLesionsSpinal cordSpinal cord injury Issue Published: 1 August 1984 PDF DownloadLoading ...
What could Dr Finlay and Mr Herriot learn from each other?
Authors: Bob Michell
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Comparisons of human and animal diseases can benefit patients of all species 

T he late 19th century brought recognition that normality and disease depended on similar mechanisms in humans and animals; leading scientists espoused the concept of “one medicine,” calling it the medicine of the future. Comparative medicine largely failed to realise these expectations during the 20th century, becoming narrowly equated with induced rodent models of human disease. But veterinary and medical research have plenty to learn from each other.

Comparative medicine is the study of comparable diseases in different species; similarities and differences are both informative. Induced models are useful for identifying potential disease mechanisms, but spontaneous models come into their own with multifactorial diseases combining genetic, dietary, environmental, toxic, immune, and other factors—which are inherently difficult to model—and for the assessment of new treatments ahead of human trials, thereby bringingveterinary patients faster access to clinical innovations.

For many diseases—such …
Adolescents and Illicit Drug Use
Authors: Ann B. Bruner
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Updated Guidelines Target Reductions in Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Rebecca Voelker
Journal: JAMA (2011)

have been different. But other studies have been less reassuring. One cohort study examined 5357 children, including 4764 with no anesthesia exposure and 593 with exposure before age 4 years (449 with a single exposure, 100 with 2 exposures, and 44 with 3 exposures). It found no difference in learning disabilities between childrenwhohad1anesthesiaexposureearly in life and those who had none, but children with 2 or 3 exposures to anesthesia were more likely to have a learning disability (Wilder RT et al. Anesthesiology. 2009;110[4]:796-804). However, Simone noted that it is possible that children who need multiple procedures may have other illnesses that confound the results. He also presented new findings that found an association between multiple anesthesia exposures and learning disabilities, but not emotional and behavioral disorders. “Multiple exposures can be associated with learning disabilities, more with speech and language problems than with emotional disorders,” he said. Simonesaidsomeongoingstudiesmay offer more definitive answers. One such studyisthePediatricAnesthesiaNeurodevelopmentAssessment(PANDA)Study, amultisitestudyofaretrospectivecohort of US individuals, who will also be followedupprospectively, toassesswhether inguinal hernia repair before age 3 years is associated with poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes. Another is the GAS study, an international randomized trial that will compare neurodevelopmental outcomes among children who have inguinal hernia repair under general or regionalanesthesia(http://clinicaltrials.gov/ ct2/show/NCT00756600). Several other studies are under way as part of the SmartTots program, and updates on their results will be posted online (http://www.iars.org/smarttots /faqs.asp). In the meantime, the panel concluded that the evidence is not yet conclusive enough to support warning parents of potential risk, and urged further research.
Age of Drinking Onset and Unintentional Injury Involvement After Drinking
Authors: Ralph W. Hingson
Journal: JAMA (2000)

ContextIn 1997, unintentional injury was the leading cause of death for persons aged 1 to 34 years. Approximately one third of deaths due to unintentional injury in the United States are estimated to be alcohol related. Onset of drinking at an early age has been found to be associated with alcohol dependence, but whether early-onset drinking increases risk for unintentional injury while drinking is unknown.ObjectiveTo explore whether persons who started drinking at an early age are more likely to have experienced unintentional injuries while under the influence of alcohol.Design and SettingThe National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiology Survey, a cross-sectional survey conducted in 1992 of a representative sample of the US population.ParticipantsA total of 42,862 randomly selected adults (response rate, 90%; mean age, 44 years).Main Outcome MeasuresUnintentional injury involvement while under the influence of alcohol by age of drinking onset (categorized as <14 years, each age from 14-20 years, or ≥21 years).ResultsRelative to respondents who began drinking at age 21 years or older, those who started before age 14 years as well as those who started at each intervening age up to 21 years were significantly more likely to have been injured while under the influence of alcohol, even after controlling for history of alcohol dependence, heavy drinking frequency during the period that they drank most, family history of alcoholism, and other characteristics associated with earlier onset of drinking. After adjusting for these variables, odds ratios for having been injured while under the influence of alcohol were as follows: for younger than 14 years, 2.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.29-3.89); age 14 years, 2.96 (95% CI, 2.26-3.88); age 15 years, 3.14 (95% CI, 2.48-3.97); age 16 years, 2.38 (95% CI, 1.90-2.98); age 17 years, 2.12 (95% CI, 1.66-2.71); age 18 years, 1.33 (95% CI, 1.08-1.64); age 19 years, 1.42 (95% CI, 1.07-1.89); and age 20 years, 1.39 (95% CI, 1.01-1.91).ConclusionDrinking onset at ages younger than 21 years is associated with having experienced alcohol-related injuries.
Distribution and regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in murine adipose tissue in vivo. Induction by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide.
Authors: F Samad, K Yamamoto, D J Loskutoff
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Although elevated plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is associated with obesity, very little is known about its tissue or cellular origin, or about the events that lead to increased PAI-1 levels under obese conditions. Since TNF-alpha is increased in rodents both during obesity and in response to endotoxin treatment, we examined the effects of these agents on PAI-1 gene expression in the adipose tissue of CB6 mice. In untreated mice, PAI-1 mRNA was detected in both mature adipocytes and in stromal vascular cells. Both TNF-alpha and endotoxin significantly increased PAI-1 mRNA in the adipose tissue, peaking at 3-8 h. In situ hybridization analysis of adipose tissue from untreated mice revealed a weak signal for PAI-1 mRNA only in the smooth muscle cells within the vascular wall. In contrast, after endotoxin or TNF-alpha treatment, PAI-1 mRNA also was detected in adipocytes and in adventitial cells of vessels. Endotoxin also induced PAI-1 in endothelial cells, while TNF-alpha additionally induced it in smooth muscle cells. Mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes in culture also expressed PAI-1 mRNA, and its rate of synthesis was also upregulated by TNF-alpha. These studies suggest that the adipose tissue itself may be an important contributor to the elevated PAI-1 levels observed in the plasma under obese conditions.
Exercise cardiac output is maintained with advancing age in healthy human subjects: cardiac dilatation and increased stroke volume compensate for a diminished heart rate.
Authors: R J Rodeheffer, G Gerstenblith, L C Becker, J L Fleg, M L Weisfeldt, E G Lakatta
Journal: Circulation (1984)

To assess the effect of age on cardiac volumes and function in the absence of overt or occult coronary disease, we performed serial gated blood pool scans at rest and during progressive upright bicycle exercise to exhaustion in 61 participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. The subjects ranged in age from 25 to 79 years and were free of cardiac disease according to their histories and results of physical, resting and stress electrocardiographic, and stress thallium scintigraphic examinations. Absolute left ventricular volumes were obtained at each workload. There were no age-related changes in cardiac output, end-diastolic or end-systolic volumes, or ejection fraction at rest. During vigorous exercise (125 W), cardiac output was not related to age (cardiac output [1/min] = 16.02 + 0.03 [age]; r = .12, p = .46). However, there was an age-related increase in end-diastolic volume (end-diastolic volume [ml] = 86.30 + 1.48 [age]; r = .47, p = .003) and stroke volume (stroke volume [ml] = 85.52 + 0.80 [age]; r = .37, p = .02), and an age-related decrease in heart rate (heart rate [beats/min] = 184.66 - 0.70 [age]; r = -.50, p = .002). The dependence of the age-related increase in stroke volume on diastolic filling was emphasized by the fact that at this high workload end-systolic volume was higher (end-systolic volume [ml] = 3.09 + 0.65 [age]; r = .45, p = .003) and ejection fraction lower (ejection fraction = 88.48 - 0.18 [age]; r = -.33, p = .04) with increasing age. These findings indicate that although aging does not limit cardiac output per se in healthy community-dwelling subjects, the hemodynamic profile accompanying exercise is altered by age and can be explained by an age-related diminution in the cardiovascular response to beta-adrenergic stimulation.
Role of PARP on iNOS pathway during endotoxin-induced acute lung injury
Authors: Rainer Kiefmann, Kai Heckel, Martina Doerger, Sonja Schenkat, Christian Kupatt, Mechthild Stoeckelhuber, J�zefa Wesierska-Gadek, AlwinE. Goetz
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2004)
SPECIFIC SERUM AGGLUTINATION OF ERYTHROCYTES SENSITIZED WITH EXTRACTS OF TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Gardner Middlebrook, René J. Dubos
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1948)

A hemagglutination reaction has been described between sheep erythrocytes treated with a component of a polysaccharide fraction of mammalian tubercle bacilli and the sera of experimental animals or of tuberculous patients. Evidence has been presented for the specificity of this reaction. A modification of the test, involving an inhibition reaction, has been developed for the detection and quantitation of minute amounts of the material responsible for the hemagglutination reaction.
Timing the Blood Smear For Malaria Diagnosis
Authors: Howard B. Shookhoff
Journal: JAMA (1967)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Dr. Edward K. Markell (<b>201</b>:490, 1967) states correctly that many physicians are unaware of the proper time at which to take malaria smears. He refers to the "common practice of ordering smears... to be taken at the height of the patient's fever." He further states that such films "may be devoid of recognizable parasites, whereas those made 6 or 12 hours before or after the fever might contain them in abundance." This last statement is not borne out in practical experience. The major objection to films taken at the peak of fever or shortly thereafter is that
Sex-Specific Association of Fetuin-A With Type 2 Diabetes in Older Community-Dwelling Adults
Authors: Gail A. Laughlin, Elizabeth Barrett-Connor, Kevin M. Cummins, Lori B. Daniels, Christina L. Wassel, Joachim H. Ix
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

This study evaluated the sex-specific association of plasma fetuin-A levels with prevalent and incident type 2 diabetes in community-dwelling older adults.Participants were 684 men and 1,058 women (median age, 71 years) whose fetuin-A levels, diabetes prevalence, and diabetes risk factors were evaluated in 1992-1996. The participants were followed for incident diabetes through 2010 (median follow-up, 9 years).Women with impaired glucose tolerance had elevated fetuin-A levels compared with women with normal glucose tolerance (P = 0.019), but fetuin-A levels were not elevated in women with impaired fasting glucose. Fetuin-A did not vary by glucose tolerance status in men. There were significant interactions of fetuin-A by sex for prevalent (P = 0.007) and incident (P = 0.020) diabetes. For women, each SD (0.10 g/L) higher fetuin-A level was associated with a higher odds of prevalent diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.79, 95% CI 1.47-2.17) and greater risk of incident diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] 1.66, 95% CI 1.18-2.34), adjusting for age and estrogen therapy. These associations were not materially altered by adjustment for diabetes risk factors but were attenuated by adjusting for postchallenge glucose levels. Among men, although positive associations with prevalent (OR 1.15 [0.94-1.41]) and incident (HR 1.24 [0.93-1.65]) diabetes were suggested in age-adjusted models, risk estimates attenuated to one after multivariable adjustment.Higher fetuin-A concentrations were independently associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in older women but were not related to diabetes risk in older men. Fetuin-A may provide novel insights into mechanisms underlying sex differences in glucose homeostasis and diabetes risk in old age.
STELLATE BLOCK IN BELL'S PALSY
Authors: Daniel M. Swan
Journal: JAMA (1952)

About three-quarters of the lesions of the facial nerve fall into the category termed Bell's palsy. The pathological process involved is unknown. It is generally presumed to be swelling and hyperemia of the nerve sheath, with compression of the axons in the narrow facial canal. Park and Watkins<sup>1</sup>made a comprehensive survey of 500 cases of Bell's palsy observed over a period of 18 years. They listed the causes as idiopathic, 87.2%; trauma, 6%; infection, 6%; and tumor, 0.8%. Forty-two of the patients with idiopathic cases gave a history of exposure to drafts or colds. Several specific theories as to the etiology of Bell's palsy have been advanced. Among these are a specific infectious neuritis, subclinical mastoid infection involving the fallopian canal region, congenital stenosis of the fallopian canal associated with some precipitating factor, and refrigeration. Kettel<sup>2</sup>advanced the theory that the facial nerve impairment is a disease
HEMATOGENOUS PYELONEPHRITIS IN RATS. IV. RELATIONSHIP OF BACTERIAL SPECIES TO THE PATHOGENESIS AND SEQUELAE OF CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS*†
Authors: Alvin P. Shapiro, Abraham I. Braude, Jennie Siemienski
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1959)

Female albino rats of the Holtzman strain weighing 200 to 250 Gm. were used in all studies.Pyelonephritis was established by intracardiac inoculation of either E.
Induction of Plasmacytomas With Silicone Gel Genetically Susceptible Strains of Mice
Authors: M. Potter, S. Morrison, F. Wiener, X. K. Zhang, F. W. Miller
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1994)

Plasmacytomas can be induced in high frequency in susceptible strains of mice by the intraperitoneal introduction of plastics or paraffin oils, including the chemically defined oil pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane). These materials persist in the peritoneal cavity, where they induce chronic inflammation during the long periods before plasmacytomas develop. Such plasmacytomas appear to arise from B cells carrying chromosomal translocations that affect c-myc transcription.Because silicone gels are in widespread medical use and share many of the characteristics of other materials known to be inducers of plasmacytomas, we wished to determine their capacity to induce plasmacytomas in mice.In a series of parallel experiments, corn oil, pristane, silicone oil (dimethylpolysiloxane), or silicone gel from commercially obtained mammary implants was injected intraperitoneally into plasmacytoma-susceptible BALB/cAnPt-A and congenic BALB/cAnPt.DBA/2-Idh1-Pep3 mice, as well as into plasmacytoma-resistant C57BL/6N, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2N, and (BALB/c x DBA/2)F1 mice. Mice were examined at least once every 2 weeks for signs of abdominal tumor or weight loss and screened every 4-6 weeks for peritoneal plasmacytoma cells by peritoneal lavage. Tissues were examined by histologic and immunohistochemical techniques. Metaphase chromosome spreads were made from ascitic plasmacytomas without Colcemid treatment, and metaphase plates were G-banded according to standard techniques. The t(12;15) or t(6;15) translocation chromosomes were identified under the microscope in at least five metaphase plates of high banding quality. Mice were autopsied 125-400 days after the injection of test material. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were utilized to determine the composition of the silicone oil and silicone gel used in the injections.The silicone gels tested induced plasmacytomas in BALB/cAnPt-A and BALB/cAnPt.DBA/2-Idh1-Pep3 mice. Neither corn oil used as a control nor 1000-centistoke or 12,500-centistoke dimethylpolysiloxane induced plasmacytomas in these mice. The plasmacytomas were transplantable in syngeneic hosts. Cytogenetic studies of 41 silicone-induced plasmacytomas showed that 30 had t(12;15) translocations, eight had t(6;15) translocations, and three had no translocations.The silicone gels used in mammary implants, which contain a complex mixture of different siloxanes, induced peritoneal plasmacytomas in genetically susceptible mice. Silicone gels provide new chemically defined materials that are effective inducers of plasmacytomas in BALB/cAnPt-A and BALB/cAnPt.DBA/2-Idh1-Pep3 mice. Further studies will be required to determine which of the components of these gels are the active materials.
Modification of the Howard Test for the Detection of Renal-Artery Obstruction
Authors: A. Rapoport
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

IT has been known for many years that obstruction to one or both renal arteries in man could result in hypertension (the Goldblatt kidney). Many patients suspected of this disorder have, in the past, been subjected to nephrectomy, with little or no permanent improvement in their hypertension. This situation arose from the inadequacy of the diagnostic tools then available. With the development of aortography a more accurate diagnosis of arterial obstruction became possible, and consequently, in many patients, nephrectomy has been replaced by plastic surgery to the defective renal artery as the treatment of choice.Aortography can be hazardous, however, . . .
Revealing the Link Between Campaign Financing and Deaths Caused by Tobacco
Authors: Joseph A. Califano
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Tobacco counts among its victims 10 million Americans who died of smoking-related diseases from 1964 through 1993 (Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, unpublished data, 1994). This year, another 420 000 will be added to the death rolls, as victims of cigarette smoking with cancer and cardiovascular disease fill intensive care units and hospital beds across the nation. Some 54 million Americans are hooked on cigarettes and another 8 million on smokeless tobacco.<sup>1</sup>Today's tobacco addicts are tomorrow's chronically and terminally ill patients. See also pp 1171 and 1176. In this issue ofThe Journal, Moore et al<sup>2</sup>and Glantz and Begay<sup>3</sup>reveal a high correlation between campaign donations and the failure of legislators to educate the public about the dangers of tobacco, raise taxes on tobacco products, and prevent their sale to children and teens. Moore et al focused on the
BACTERIAL INTERACTIONS WITH CELLS OF THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA: TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS AND NOD2
Authors: E Cario
Journal: Gut (2005)

Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD2 are emerging as key mediators of innate host defence in the intestinal mucosa, crucially involved in maintaining mucosal as well as commensal homeostasis. Recent observations suggest new (patho-) physiological mechanisms of how functional versus dysfunctional TLRx/NOD2 pathways may oppose or favour inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In health, TLRx signalling protects the intestinal epithelial barrier and confers commensal tolerance whereas NOD2 signalling exerts antimicrobial activity and prevents pathogenic invasion. In disease, aberrant TLRx and/or NOD2 signalling may stimulate diverse inflammatory responses leading to acute and chronic intestinal inflammation with many different clinical phenotypes.