tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
An Unusual False-Positive Response to the Azuresin Test
Authors: Gerald M. Forster
Journal: JAMA (1961)

A NUMBER OF YEARS have passed since Segal<sup>1</sup>and his group originally described the use of a cation exchange resin coupled with a quinine compound to determine the presence or absence of achlorhydria. Today the modified "tubeless test meal" using azuresin (Diagnex) has become an accepted method of detecting achlorhydria. Many reports in the literature<sup>2-5</sup>have testified to its value in screening tests done both as an office procedure or in the hospital, with various authors reporting a range of accuracy from 85 to 100%, when compared with the results of controlled gastric intubation. Rodman<sup>6</sup>found that the incidence of 3.5% of false positives (i.e., the tubeless gastric analysis indicated free hydrochloric acid when the gastric aspirate showed no free acid), in his series correlated well with other reports. No case in a review of the available literature has been found where the presence of intestinal diverticula
Food, Nutrition and Evolution: Food as an Environmental Factor in the Genesis of Human Variability
Authors: William B. Bean
Journal: JAMA (1983)

This volume, to which there are 22 contributors, includes a series of formal presentations from a variety of disciplines at the Fifth Congress of the International Organization for the Study of Human Development, which was held in Campione, Italy, in May 1980. The editors state, given the diversity of background it is not surprising that the discussions were wide ranging, enthusiastic and animated. Although no discussions are included in the text, the topics range all the way from a putative prehistory of food habits to alternative nutritional methods and habits including the orthodox, holistic, and natural-organic, with offshoots such as kribiozen and laetrile. It is singular and a bit sinister that the first three letters of nutrition spell nut.  A casual look at the dietary scenery today reveals that we live in a kingdom of snackers. As an example, in any teaching hospital or medical school a considerable number of
Physiological response to parachute jumping.
Authors: R Anfilogoff, P J Hale, M Nattrass, V A Hammond, J C Carter
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Endogenous digoxin-like immunoreactivity in congestive heart failureMaterial cross reacting with antidigoxin antibodies has been found in several clinical settings, including the third trimester of pregnancy, the neonatal period, liver disease, and chronic renal failure.'Though the exact nature of this material is not known, we have shown recently that digoxin-like immunoreactive substance is probably a steroid.2Several observations have suggested a pathophysiological role for digoxinlike immunoreactive substance.Firstly, it has been found in several hypertensive states, including toxaemia of pregnancy and experimental hypertension in rats.Secondly, the hypertension in aortic coarctate rats is reversed by antidigoxin antibodies.3Thirdly, gel filtration fractions of serum which contained digoxin-like immunoreactive substance from volume on 11 August
Anomalies of the Inferior Vena Cava in Patients with Iliac Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Andrea Obernosterer, Manuela Aschauer, Wolfgang Schnedl, Rainer W. Lipp
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2002)

Cases of deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremities triggered by abnormalities of the vena cava have been reported.To describe anomalies of the inferior vena cava in patients with deep venous thrombosis.Prospective, consecutive case series.University Hospital, Graz, Austria.97 patients with deep venous thrombosis.Sonography, venography, or both to diagnose deep venous thrombosis; magnetic resonance angiography to image the inferior vena cava.Anomalies of the inferior vena cava imaged by magnetic resonance angiography.31 of 97 patients showed thrombotic occlusion of iliac veins (common and external iliac vein [ n = 29] or external iliac vein [ n = 2]). Five of 31 patients (3 men, 2 women) had an anomaly of the inferior vena cava. Anomalies were missing inferior vena cava, hypoplastic hepatic segment, and missing renal or postrenal segments. Patients with anomalies were significantly younger than the 92 patients without (mean age+/-SD, 25+/-6 years vs. 53+/-19 years; P = 0.002). In 2 patients with anomalies, the thrombotic occlusion was recurrent.An anomaly of the inferior vena cava should be suspected if thrombosis involving the iliac veins is seen in patients 30 years of age or younger. Patients with both an anomaly and thrombosis may be at higher risk for thrombotic recurrence.
Inefficacy of Allopurinol as Monotherapy for Colombian Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Ivan Velez
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Background: Hundreds of thousands of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis occur each year worldwide. Available therapies are parenteral, moderately toxic, and costly. Objective: To determine the efficacy of and tolerance for oral allopurinol as monotherapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Design: Randomized, controlled trial. Setting: Outpatient clinics in 11 regions of Colombia in which cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic. Patients: 187 otherwise healthy adults with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Eighty-four percent of patients were infected with or were from regions with Leishmania panamensis; 16% were infected or were from regions with L. braziliensis. Intervention: Patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. The first group received allopurinol, three 100-mg tablets four times daily (20 mg/kg of body weight per day) for 28 days. The second group received three placebo tablets four times daily for 28 days. The third group received Glucantime, 20 mg of intramuscular antimony/kg per day for 20 days. Measurement: Complete cure was defined as complete clinical reepithelialization of all lesions at 3 months and no relapse during 12 months of follow-up. Results: Of 182 patients whose data could be analyzed, 157 (86%) were evaluated. In the allopurinol group, 18 of 55 (33% [95% CI, 21% to 47%]) patients were cured; in the placebo group, 17 of 46 patients (37% [CI, 23% to 52%]) were cured (difference, 4% [CI, −14% to 22%]; P = 0.68); and in the Glucantime group, 52 of 56 patients (93% [CI, 83% to 98%]) were cured (P < 0.001 compared with the allopurinol and placebo groups combined). In most cases, therapy was considered to have failed because the lesion did not reepithelialize by 1.5 months after the end of therapy. Three cases of relapse (two in the allopurinol group and one in the placebo group) at the nasal mucosa (mucosal leishmaniasis) had occurred by the end of 12 months of follow-up. Conclusions: Allopurinol monotherapy has no effect on Colombian cutaneous disease primarily caused by L. panamensis and therefore is unlikely to be effective against cutaneous leishmaniasis in other endemic regions.
EAR COMPLICATION FROM CHRONIC CATARRHAL INFLAMMATION OF NOSE AND THROAT.Read in the Section of Laryngology and Otology, at the Forty-first Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, at Nashville, Tenn., May, 1890.
Authors: W. I. EDWARDS
Journal: JAMA (1890)

In the short space of twenty minutes allowed to us to read a paper of any importance, we can merely give a few hints or outlines of the intention of our subject, and therefore cannot do justice to the subject or to ourselves, so I will only give a partial and brief notice to the anatomy of parts involved, and to treatment. In thinking over the various troubles that may arise from catarrh of nose and throat, I find none attended with more pain than non-suppurative inflammation of middle ear. This form may call for prompt and immediate action from the very nature of its severity, and in order to discuss it intelligently we will have to look at the anatomy of the parts involved, as well as the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. First, we will look at the nose, and we find both cavities lined with a mucous membrane.
Effect of acyclovir treatment of primary genital herpes on the antibody response to herpes simplex virus.
Authors: R L Ashley, L Corey
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

Sera from patients with first episode primary genital herpes infections who were treated with the antiviral drug acyclovir were studied to determine the effect of therapy on the immune response to herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoproteins and polypeptides. 63 patients were evaluated, 35 patients received acyclovir: 11 intravenously, 12 orally, and 12 topically, while 28 received placebo. Topical application of acyclovir had no effect on the immune response to HSV infection. However, both oral and intravenous acyclovir were associated with later development of antibodies to two glycoproteins (of 80,000 and 60,000 mol wt [IIg80 and gD, respectively]) and one nonglycosylated polypeptide of 66,000 mol wt (vp66). Antibody to IIg80 was present in convalescent phase serum in 13/23 systemic acyclovir recipients vs. 18/19 placebo recipients (P = 0.01) and antibody to gD was detected in 8/23 oral or intravenous acyclovir recipients vs. 11/19 placebo recipients (P = 0.06). The mean time to seroconversion to IIg80 (39.0 d) and gD (55.5 d) was significantly longer for systemic acyclovir recipients than for the placebo controls, 23.4 and 18.5 d, respectively (P less than 0.05 for each comparison). 7 (30%) of 23 systemic acyclovir recipients compared with 100% of the placebo recipients had antibody to vp66 by 30 d after onset of the primary episode (P less than 0.001). Subsequent untreated recurrences of genital herpes were associated with seroconversion to gD, IIg80, and vp66. Patients who lacked antibody to both gD and vp66 in sera taken before their first clinical recurrence of disease experienced a longer duration of the recurrent episode (10.8 d) than those who possessed antibody to both vp66 and gD (6.3 d) (P less than 0.05). In addition, the mean duration of lesions, number of lesions, and mean lesion area were greater in patients who lacked antibody to vp66 but had anti gD, as compared with those who had anti-p66 but lacked anti-gD; suggesting that antibody to vp66 correlated more closely with subsequent disease severity than did antibody to gD. Acyclovir therapy appears to influence the frequency and time of development of antibody to a number of different HSV-specific polypeptides. Further studies of the effects of antiviral therapies on the immune response to these proteins may help clarify the role of these polypeptides in the pathogenesis of disease.
One-Stage Retrograde Approach to Nd: YAG Laser Palliation of Esophageal Carcinoma
Authors: R. D. Mitty, D. R. Cave, D. H. Birkett
Journal: Endoscopy (1996)

The aim of the present study was to determine the safety, efficacy, and feasibility of a one-stage retrograde approach to Nd:YAG laser palliation of esophageal carcinoma carried out under general anesthesia.Endoscopic Nd:YAG laser therapy was used on 150 occasions in 62 consecutive patients with advanced malignant obstruction of the esophagus. All procedures were carried out under general anesthesia. The lesion was first dilated using a Savary-Gilliard dilator or balloon technique, and the endoscope was then passed beyond the lesion. Laser energy was applied to the lesion in a circumferential manner as the scope was withdrawn along the length of the lesion, until an adequate lumen was established.Ninety-three percent of the patients had symptomatic improvement, defined as reduction in the subjective dysphagia grade, and only 14% of the patients required repeat procedures within 30 days. Fifty percent of the patients experienced effective palliation with only one procedure over the entire course of their illness. In patients with recurrent dysphagia, the mean time between procedures was 100 days. Seventy-six percent of the patients were discharged on the day following the procedure. Complications included the development of pneumomediastinum or subcutaneous emphysema in five cases, and esophageal perforation in two cases. All cases of pneumomediastinum or subcutaneous emphysema or perforation were managed by conservative therapy. Hemorrhage requiring transfusion occurred in two cases. There were three apparently procedure-related deaths occurring within 30 days of the initial procedure.Effective palliation of obstructing esophageal carcinoma can be achieved in one session using a one-stage retrograde approach with the Nd:YAG laser under general anesthesia. When compared to other palliative modalities, this method produces a longer dysphagia-free interval, and patients with a terminal illness are therefore able to spend more time out of hospital.
Causes of Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity
Authors: John Hedley-Whyte
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

Recent editorials in the Journal have discussed articles on pulmonary oxygen toxicity.1 , 2 These editorials have concluded, as Lorrain Smith did in 1899, that an inspired oxygen tension in the range of 120 to 380 mm of mercury (torr) is apparently well tolerated by healthy mammals whereas an inspired oxygen tension of more than 450 mm causes pulmonary damage. In this issue of the Journal Singer and Barber and their co-workers have reinvestigated the problem of pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Both groups report prospective studies, one on patients with irreversible cerebral damage and the other on patients after open-heart surgery. Both studies . . .
Time to redefine authorship
Authors: R. Horton, R. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Physicists do it by the hundred; scientists do it in groups; fiction writers mostly alone. And medical researchers? Rarely now do they write papers alone, and the number of authors on papers is increasing steadily.1 Under pressure from molecular biologists, the National Library of Medicine in Washington is planning to list not just the first six authors in Index Medicus but the first 24 plus the last author.2 Notions of authorship are clearly in the eye of the beholder, and many authors on modern papers seem to have made only a minimal contribution.3 4 5 Few authors on modern multidisciplinary medical papers fit the 19th century notion of taking full responsibility for every word and thought included, and yet the cumbersome definition of authorship produced by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (the Vancouver Group) is based on that concept.6 The definition produced by editors seems to be out of touch with what is happening in the real world of research, and researchers …
Adjuvant tamoxifen for operable carcinoma of the breast: report of clinical trial by the Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute.
Authors: G Ribeiro, M K Palmer
Journal: BMJ (1983)

A large controlled clinical trial with the admission of 1005 patients was carried out using tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for women with operable carcinoma of the breast. Results were analysed for the first 906 evaluable patients randomised up to December 1981. After mastectomy premenopausal women were randomised to receive either an irradiation menopause or tamoxifen 20 mg daily for one year. Postmenopausal women were randomised to receive either tamoxifen 20 mg daily for one year or no systemic treatment (controls). Analysis at five years suggested that for premenopausal women there was no significant difference between an irradiation menopause and tamoxifen in terms of survival, local recurrence, or distant metastases. Tamoxifen had no appreciable side effects. For postmenopausal women there was a trend in favour of tamoxifen with regard to survival and incidence of distant metastases, and the difference became statistically significant for those patients with four or more positive axillary nodes. If long term results of these studies show only an improved quality of remaining life with tamoxifen, then this drug could be an important contribution to adjuvant treatment.
Cisapride improves gastric emptying in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients. A randomized, double-blind trial.
Authors: D K Heyland, G Tougas, D J Cook, G H Guyatt
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients to evaluate the effect of cisapride on gastric emptying using an acetaminophen absorption model. We enrolled 72 patients expected to remain in the ICU for more than 48 h; 39% were female; the average age was 54.0 +/- 19.1 yr; 47% were postoperative, 83% were receiving narcotics, and the mean simplified acute physiology score (SAPS) was 9.5 +/- 3.0. Within 72 h of admission to ICU, 1.6 g of acetaminophen suspension was administered via a nasogastric tube into the stomach (Day 1). Blood samples were drawn at baseline, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min for measurement of plasma acetaminophen levels. The following morning (Day 2), patients were randomized to receive 20 mg of cisapride or placebo and gastric emptying was again assessed. The difference (Day 2-Day 1) in the maximal plasma concentration was 49.1 mumol/L in the cisapride groups compared with 12.3 mumol/L in the placebo group (p = 0.005) and the time to reach maximal concentration was significantly shorter in the cisapride group (-40.8 min versus -4.2 min, p = 0.02). The difference in area under the time-acetaminophen concentration curve was also greater in the patients receiving cisapride (5,534 versus 2,832, p = 0.09). We conclude that cisapride enhances gastric emptying in critically ill patients. Studies to examine the effect of cisapride on tolerance to enteral nutrition, infectious morbidity, and other clinically important outcomes are warranted.
The Relationship between Somatic Growth and Psychological Development in Turkish Adolescents
Authors: T. Onat, G. Koptagel-Ilal, G. Enbiyaoğlu, M. Mahmutoğlu, N. Uçtum
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1979)

The relationship between somatic and psychological development, such as intellectual capacity, introversion–extroversion, neuroticism and anxiety, has been investigated with the aid of 148 Turkish adolescents and preadolescents from a middle-level school in Istanbul. The results revealed no relationship between the rate of somatic growth and psychological development. The level of parental cultural environment seemed to have a certain influence upon the degree of intellectual capacity to the disadvantage of those originating from lower levels. The present findings obtained from this study lead to the conclusion that the variations of psychological characteristics in adolescents may not be accepted as only due to factors within the organism, such as the tempo and degree of somatic development independent of cultural, environmental effects, but that a more intensive investigation of also the external, social-environmental factors is necessary.
Protein Kinase C-β-Dependent Activation of NF-κB in Stromal Cells Is Indispensable for the Survival of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells In Vivo
Authors: Gloria Lutzny, Thomas Kocher, Marc Schmidt-Supprian, Martina Rudelius, Ludger Klein-Hitpass, Andrew J. Finch, Jan Dürig, Michaela Wagner, Claudia Haferlach, Alexander Kohlmann, Susanne Schnittger, Marc Seifert, Stefan Wanninger, Nadja Zaborsky, Robert Oostendorp, Jürgen Ruland, Michael Leitges, Toni Kuhnt, Yvonne Schäfer, Benedikt Lampl, Christian Peschel, Alexander Egle, Ingo Ringshausen
Journal: Cancer Cell (2013)

Tumor cell survival critically depends on heterotypic communication with benign cells in the microenvironment. Here, we describe a survival signaling pathway activated in stromal cells by contact to B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The expression of protein kinase C (PKC)-βII and the subsequent activation of NF-κB in bone marrow stromal cells are prerequisites to support the survival of malignant B cells. PKC-β knockout mice are insusceptible to CLL transplantations, underscoring the in vivo significance of the PKC-βII-NF-κB signaling pathway in the tumor microenvironment. Upregulated stromal PKC-βII in biopsies from patients with CLL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and mantle cell lymphoma suggests that this pathway may commonly be activated in a variety of hematological malignancies.
DIABETES AND INSULIN
Authors: J. A. Nixon
Journal: BMJ (1924)

I IABETES AND INSULIN.(l,TrAJmOU 53 patients, but invariably hand it to someone who is doing it frequelntly.'A blood sugar test may be necessary in some of the cases; in otlhers it will be advisable.Some miay decide to carry on without having the test-done.It seems to me that it would be worth while for -on-e of the -ounger or less busy oxo, bovril, lemco, water, soda or seltzer water.Method of Ordering Diet of Given Caclorie Content.
Savings from Generic Prescriptions
Authors: RICHARD A. HORVITZ
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Brand name and gereric prescriptions for 12 drugs were surveyed at 33 pharmacies in the Rochester, New York, area to determine how frequently generic prescriptions were filled with a product other than the major brand, and at a savings to the consumer. Generic prescriptions for ampicillin, erythromycin, propoxyphene, and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate were often filled at prices lower than comparable brand name prescriptions. Occasional, but often substantial, savings were obtained for papaverine, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, and conjugated estrogens. No savings were obtained for penicillin V, chlorpheniramine, diphenylhydantoin, sulfisoxazole, or methenamine mandelate. The pharmacists included in the survey identified correctly a mean of 18.5 out of 22 drugs as to whether products other than the major brand were available. A sample of physicians identified correctly a mean of 14.1 drugs. Pharmacists who were better informed as to which drugs were available generically were more likely to stock alternative products and more likely to charge lower prices on generic prescriptions than on brand name prescriptions.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes form an antigen-independent ring junction
Authors: Kristina Somersalo, Nadja Anikeeva, Tasha N. Sims, V. Kaye Thomas, Roland K. Strong, Thomas Spies, Tatiana Lebedeva, Yuri Sykulev, Michael L. Dustin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

Immunological synapses are organized cell-cell junctions between T lymphocytes and APCs composed of an adhesion ring, the peripheral supramolecular activation cluster (pSMAC), and a central T cell receptor cluster, the central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC). In CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, the immunological synapse is thought to facilitate specific killing by confining cytotoxic agents to the synaptic cleft. We have investigated the interaction of human CTLs and helper T cells with supported planar bilayers containing ICAM-1. This artificial substrate provides identical ligands to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, allowing a quantitative comparison. We found that cytotoxic T lymphocytes form a ring junction similar to a pSMAC in response to high surface densities of ICAM-1 in the planar bilayer. MICA, a ligand for NKG2D, facilitated the ring junction formation at lower surface densities of ICAM-1. ICAM-1 and MICA are upregulated in tissues by inflammation- and stress-associated signaling, respectively. Activated CD8+ T cells formed fivefold more ring junctions than did activated CD4+ T cells. The ring junction contained lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 and talin, but did not trigger polarization and granule translocation to the interface. This result has specific implications for the mechanism of effective CTL hunting for antigen in tissues. Abnormalities in this process may alter CTL reactivity.
From Our Hibernian Correspondent
Authors: Ellis Quay
Journal: JAMA (1965)

To the Editor:—  The colored covers ofThe Journalare, for the most part, admirable and they get more effective as time goes on. But every once in a while some of the details are bothersome. For example, in the cover of June 7, did the medieval lecturer really have five-o'clock shadow, which also extends over on to his book, or is it all just a messy smudge?