tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Trans Monounsaturated Fatty Acids and Serum Cholesterol Levels
Authors: Scott M Grundy
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1990)

Hydrogenated vegetable oils in shortenings and margarines are important components of the diet in many industrialized societies. Hydrogenation (adding hydrogen atoms to double bonds) is carried out to convert liquid vegetable oils to solid fats, a process that protects fats from oxidation and adds texture to foods. The solid fats can then be used in margarines and shortenings. The principal fatty acid in most vegetable oils used for hydrogenation is linoleic acid (18 carbon atoms and 2 double bonds, or 18:2). The predominant fatty acids produced from its hydrogenation are oleic, elaidic, and stearic acids. Oleic acid (18:1) has one . . .
No end in sight to SARS
Authors: Marilynn Larkin
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2004)

SARS is no longer front page news. It's not because the virus is less of a threat than when it first surfaced in China in 2002. But now, the news about SARS is dominated not by stories of death—though those could re-emerge at any time—but by "lessons learned" about global health threats and advances in the lab that hold promise for the clinic. As TLID goes to press, a Vancouver, Canada-based biotech company received a US National Institutes of Health grant to develop a mucosal vaccine (http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/041001/to093_1.html), and Time Magazine Asia reports on how researchers at the University of Hong Kong and the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in New York City are using "chemical genomics" to identify future SARS drug targets (http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/article/0%2C13673%2C501041004-702205%2C00.html).
Low Testosterone Associated With Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome Contributes to Sexual Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Men With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Christina Wang, Graham Jackson, T. Hugh Jones, Alvin M. Matsumoto, Ajay Nehra, Michael A. Perelman, Ronald S. Swerdloff, Abdul Traish, Michael Zitzmann, Glenn Cunningham
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

Men with obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes have low total and free testosterone and low sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG). Conversely, the presence of low testosterone and/or SHBG predicts the development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Visceral adiposity present in men with low testosterone, the metabolic syndrome, and/or type 2 diabetes acts through proinflammatory factors. These inflammatory markers contribute to vascular endothelial dysfunction with adverse sequelae such as increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and erectile dysfunction. This review focuses on the multidirectional impact of low testosterone associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome and its effects on erectile dysfunction and CVD risk in men with type 2 diabetes. Whenever possible in this review, we will cite recent reports (after 2005) and meta-analyses.

### Epidemiological studies of low testosterone, obesity, metabolic status, and erectile dysfunction

Epidemiological studies support a bidirectional relationship between serum testosterone and obesity as well as between testosterone and the metabolic syndrome. Low serum total testosterone predicts the development of central obesity and accumulation of intra-abdominal fat (1–3). Also, low total and free testosterone and SHBG levels are associated with an increased risk of developing the metabolic syndrome, independent of age and obesity (1–3). Lowering serum T levels in older men with prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation therapy increases body fat mass (4). Conversely, high BMI, central adiposity, and the metabolic syndrome are associated with and predict low serum total and to a lesser extent free testosterone and SHBG levels (1–3,5). Because obesity suppresses SHBG and as a result total testosterone concentrations, alterations in SHBG confound the relationship between testosterone and obesity.

Low total testosterone or SHBG levels are associated with type 2 diabetes, independent of age, race, obesity, and criteria for diagnosis of diabetes (6,7). In longitudinal studies, low serum total and free testosterone …
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma of male breast: A retrospective study
Authors: T. Puri, M. Malik, G. Gunabushanam, D. N. Sharma, P. K. Julka, G. K. Rath
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

10753 Background: A single-institution retrospective review of the clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of male breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). Methods: Case records of 25 male patients with a histological diagnosis of infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) of breast who were treated in a single institution between 1997 to 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Patients presented at a mean age of 56 years (range, 34 to 80 years). The presenting complaint was a painless lump in the breast in all the cases. The right breast was involved in 13 cases (52%). There were no cases of bilateral breast cancer. The distribution of patients by stage at presentation are: stage IIA (24%), IIB (20%), IIIA (8%), IIIB (40%), and IV (8%). None of the patients presented with stage I disease. One patient had lung metastases at presentation. Rest of the 24 patients (96%) underwent surgery (modified radical mastectomy, 22 patients; simple mastectomy, 2 patients). Fifteen patients (60%) received adjuvant local radiotherapy. All patients received adjuvant chemotherapy: As per departmental protocol, those presenting before 2000 were treated using a regimen of Cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin and 5-Fluorouracil. After 2000, Ebirubicin was substituted for Adriamycin. Three patients were further administered Docetaxel, the indication being disease progression after first line adjuvant chemotherapy. Estrogen &amp; Progesterone receptor positivity was 64% and 60% respectively. Hormonal therapy (Tamoxifen 14 patients, Anastrozole 2 patients) was administered in these patients. The length of follow-up from time of presentation ranged from 4 to 100 months (mean, 28 months; median, 13 months). At the time of analysis, of the 25 patients, 18 patients (72%) remain disease free, whereas 7 patients (28%) developed progressive disease. Median survival was not reached at the present time. Conclusions: Breast cancer, specifically IDC tends to present at a later stage in males, due to a lack of screening for the disease. In the present series, as a result of the advanced stage of initial presentation, all patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. There is a need to improve awareness among males, of the possibility of a painless breast lump being the first symptom of an underlying malignancy. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Serum autoantibodies and the diagnosis of type-1 autoimmune hepatitis in Italy: a reappraisal at the light of hepatitis C virus infection.
Authors: F Cassani, L Muratori, P Manotti, M Lenzi, M Fusconi, G Ballardini, L Selleri, U Volta, D Zauli, R Miniero
Journal: Gut (1992)

Antinuclear antibodies with the homogeneous pattern (ANA-H) and smooth muscle antibodies with antiactin specificity (SMA-AA) are regarded as the serum markers of type-1 autoimmune chronic hepatitis. Their diagnostic relevance, however, has been questioned recently after the detection of signs of hepatitis C virus infection in autoimmune chronic hepatitis patients. To further evaluate this point, antihepatitis C virus antibodies were sought by two second generation assays (ELISA 2 and RIBA 2) in 100 Italian patients with chronic liver disease of unknown aetiology, including 46 with (autoimmune chronic hepatitis) and 54 without the above antibodies (cryptogenic). By ELISA 2, antihepatitis C virus, although significantly prevalent in cryptogenic (83%), were found also in a substantial proportion of autoimmune chronic hepatitis patients (46%) (p < 0.0001), their occurrence was confirmed by RIBA 2 in almost all cases (96% and 86%, respectively). Autoimmune patients with either ANA-H or SMA-AA exhibited similar antihepatitis C virus prevalences (59% and 52%, respectively); by contrast, the eight cases positive for both the autoantibodies were consistently antihepatitis C virus negative. These findings confirm that in countries with high hepatitis C virus circulation (like Italy) an overlap between autoimmune chronic hepatitis and hepatitis C virus infection, reflected by 'true' antihepatitis C virus antibodies, does occur. The detection of ANA-H or SMA-AA, in fact, identifies chronic liver disease patients with a relatively low prevalence of antihepatitis C virus, but does not exclude hepatitis C virus infection. Positive findings for both ANA-H and SMA-AA, however, is an appropriate marker for hepatitis C virus free 'primary' autoimmune chronic hepatitis.
P85 Mortality trends in asbestosis, extrinsic allergic alveolitis and sarcoidosis in England and Wales
Authors: A. Hanley, V. Navaratnam, R. B. Hubbard
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> To ascertain the trends in mortality from Asbestosis, Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis (EAA) and sarcoidosis in England and Wales, we analysed mortality data from the Office of National Statistics. <h3>Methods</h3> We calculated age and stratum specific mortality rates between 1968 and 2008 and applied these to the 2008 population demographics to generate the standardised number of expected deaths per annum. Poisson regression was used to calculate annual mortality rate ratios. <h3>Results</h3> From 1968 to 2008 there were 1958 registered deaths from Asbestosis, 878 deaths from EAA and 3544 deaths from sarcoidosis. The Asbestosis mortality rate increased from 0.04 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.05) in the 1968 to 1972 calendar period to 0.12 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.13) in the 2005 to 2008 period while the mortality from EAA increased marginally from 0.04 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.05) in the 1968 to 1972 calendar period to 0.08 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.09) in the 2005 to 2008 period. Mortality from sarcoidosis has increased by approximately 9% a year. <h3>Discussion</h3> Our findings show that the mortality from Asbestosis continues to rise in the UK. Overall mortality rates from EAA have remained stable throughout the same period but they were higher in males and in older people. There was a slight increase in mortality from sarcoidosis over the study period which was greater in women.
Erratum: Corrigendum: Effector and memory CD8+ T cell fate coupled by T-bet and eomesodermin
Authors: Andrew M Intlekofer, Naofumi Takemoto, E John Wherry, Sarah A Longworth, John T Northrup, Vikram R Palanivel, Alan C Mullen, Christopher R Gasink, Susan M Kaech, Joseph D Miller, Laurent Gapin, Kenneth Ryan, Andreas P Russ, Tullia Lindsten, Jordan S Orange, Ananda W Goldrath, Rafi Ahmed, Steven L Reiner
Journal: Nature Immunology (2005)
A Critical Appraisal of the Human Tumor Stem-Cell Assay
Authors: Peter Selby, Ronald N. Buick, Ian Tannock
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

THE "human tumor stem-cell assay" has been proposed as an in vitro method by which anticancer drugs can be selected for activity against tumor cells from a patient. The method is analogous to sensitivity testing for antibiotics in patients with bacterial infection.1 Indeed, the assay is now marketed as a service to practicing oncologists, and advertisements for it have been displayed prominently in this and other journals. We believe that the ability to generate colonies in culture from cells of human tumors represents a major advance in the study of human tumor biology, but the following discussion suggests that its . . .
Vein Graft Preservation Solutions, Patency, and Outcomes After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Authors: Ralf E. Harskamp, John H. Alexander, Phillip J. Schulte, Colleen M. Brophy, Michael J. Mack, Eric D. Peterson, Judson B. Williams, C. Michael Gibson, Robert M. Califf, Nicholas T. Kouchoukos, Robert A. Harrington, T. Bruce Ferguson, Renato D. Lopes
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2014)

In vitro and animal model data suggest that intraoperative preservation solutions may influence endothelial function and vein graft failure (VGF) after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Clinical studies to validate these findings are lacking.To evaluate the effect of vein graft preservation solutions on VGF and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing CABG surgery.Data from the Project of Ex-Vivo Vein Graft Engineering via Transfection IV (PREVENT IV) study, a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that enrolled 3014 patients at 107 US sites from August 1, 2002, through October 22, 2003, were used. Eligibility criteria for the trial included CABG surgery for coronary artery disease with at least 2 planned vein grafts.Preservation of vein grafts in saline, blood, or buffered saline solutions.One-year angiographic VGF and 5-year rates of death, myocardial infarction, and subsequent revascularization.Most patients had grafts preserved in saline (1339 [44.4%]), followed by blood (971 [32.2%]) and buffered saline (507 [16.8%]). Baseline characteristics were similar among groups. One-year VGF rates were much lower in the buffered saline group than in the saline group (patient-level odds ratio [OR], 0.59 [95% CI, 0.45-0.78; P < .001]; graft-level OR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.49-0.79; P < .001]) or the blood group (patient-level OR, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.46-0.83; P = .001]; graft-level OR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.48-0.81; P < .001]). Use of buffered saline solution also tended to be associated with a lower 5-year risk for death, myocardial infarction, or subsequent revascularization compared with saline (hazard ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.64-1.02; P = .08]) and blood (0.81 [0.63-1.03; P = .09]) solutions.Patients undergoing CABG whose vein grafts were preserved in a buffered saline solution had lower VGF rates and trends toward better long-term clinical outcomes compared with patients whose grafts were preserved in saline- or blood-based solutions.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00042081.
Exogenous Surfactant Replacement in ARDS — One Day, Someday, or Never?
Authors: Simon V. Baudouin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Most therapies that fail to show benefit in well-conducted, randomized, controlled trials are abandoned by both clinical investigators and pharmaceutical companies. Treatment with exogenous surfactant for the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) appears to enjoy a different status. In this issue of the Journal, Spragg and coworkers (pages 884–892) present the results of two multicenter trials of recombinant surfactant therapy in ARDS, showing no significant difference in mortality between the groups of patients who received surfactant and those who received placebo. This report follows a number of other clinical studies, including a large, negative, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial that was . . .
UNILATERAL SYMMETRICAL CONGENITAL TALIPES IN TWINS
Authors: E. J. Berkheiser
Journal: JAMA (1926)

The occurrence of congenital clubfoot in members of twins is very rare. The opposite opinion seems to have existed that clubfoot deformity was likely to occur in multiple gestations, since there was less space within the uterine cavity and consequently the developing fetuses were crowded together, thus predisposing to developmental variations. This theory seemed to be generally accepted for many years; but, like many other hypotheses, it has been found to be incorrect. Statistics show that congenital talipes occurs less frequently in multiple than in single gestations. In fact, only four bilateral cases could be found after a thorough search of the literature. In these cases, reported by Rugh,<sup>1</sup>Ehrenfried,<sup>2</sup>Ely<sup>3</sup>and Owen,<sup>4</sup>there was bilateral clubfoot. No reference was found relative to the unilateral deformity in both members of twins. In May, 1921, Bernice and Charlotte G., twin girls, aged 20 months, were brought to
THE OVERWEIGHT CHILD
Authors: BORDEN S. VEEDER
Journal: JAMA (1924)

During the last decade the subject of the nutrition of older children has been one of the most important and fruitful phases of pediatric study. The question of normal standards of nutrition and the many sided problem of the cause, prevention and management of under-nutrition have been attacked by numerous workers. In all this discussion, however, very little has been said of the other type of abnormal nutrition—the overweight child. This is the more surprising when one considers that obesity has been a subject not only of importance in internal medicine but also of widespread interest to the laity. My own interest has been attracted to the subject through watching the growth and development of a group of more than 200 boys in a private school of the country day type during the last four years, as in this school the overweight boy has been as much of a problem
Unbuckling lipodystrophy from insulin resistance and hypertension
Authors: Robert A. Hegele, Todd Leff
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

Lipodystrophy and insulin resistance are the core features of human PPARgamma deficiency states. Metabolic complications in PPARgamma deficiency, such as hypertension, have been considered to be secondary to insulin resistance. However, a new mouse model that expresses the analog of a human PPARG mutation displays minimal lipodystrophy and insulin resistance but rather severe hypertension. Furthermore, the mutant protein appears to directly modulate the renin-angiotensin system in adipose tissue, providing evidence of the pleiotropic effects of PPARgamma.
Postdischarge Cannabis Use and Its Relationship to Cocaine, Alcohol, and Heroin Use: A Prospective Study
Authors: Efrat Aharonovich, Xinhua Liu, Sharon Samet, Edward Nunes, Rachel Waxman, Deborah Hasin
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2005)

OBJECTIVE: Research on the effects of cannabis on the brain and behavior has been surprisingly scarce. In humans, laboratory studies document toxicity and psychoactive effects of cannabinoids. However, among substance abuse patients, only a few studies have prospectively examined the relationship of cannabis use to remission or relapse of use of other substances. Because cannabis is a widely used substance, the authors examined whether cannabis use during follow-up after discharge from inpatient treatment affected cocaine, alcohol, and/or heroin use. METHOD: Two hundred fifty patients 18 years old or older from an inpatient psychiatric/substance abuse setting participated in a Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders. All patients were diagnosed according to DSM-IV as having current alcohol, cocaine, and/or heroin dependence. Sustained remission was defined as at least 26 weeks without use following hospital discharge. Data were analyzed with Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: About one-third of the patients (N=73) used cannabis after hospital discharge. Postdischarge cannabis use substantially and significantly increased the hazard of first use of any substance and strongly reduced the likelihood of stable remission from use of any substance. Examination of specific substances indicated that cannabis use affected first use of alcohol, stable remission, and subsequent relapse of alcohol use as well as first use of cocaine and stable remission but was unrelated to heroin outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Potential negative clinical implications of cannabis use should be considered when treating dependence on other substances and planning aftercare. Clinical and laboratory research is needed to provide understanding of the mechanisms of cannabinoids in relapse to alcohol and cocaine use.
Compensation for Occupational Lung Disease
Authors: MARTIN TERPLAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Letters and Corrections1 March 1983Compensation for Occupational Lung DiseaseMARTIN TERPLAN, M.D.MARTIN TERPLAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-3-409 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Both Richman (1) and Morgan (2) describe in detail the foundation, expense, and inequality of awards in the workers' compensation system. Although both authors restrict their analysis to occupational lung disease, their general comments apply equally to all industrial injury—the full implications of which physicians poorly understand. In fact, many internists may not realize that complex issues of medical causation and degree of disability are settled in courts of law. The courts decide these issues on the basis of medical testimony, though often poor quality testimony.Richman (1) provides examples of what he has termed "outrageous humbuggery," and...References1. RICHMAN S. Why change? A look at the current system of disability determination and workers' compensation for occupational lung disease. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:908-14. LinkGoogle Scholar2. MORGAN W. The adversary system: cui bono? [Editorial]. Ann In- 1982;97:919-21. Google Scholar1. MORGAN W. The adversary system: cui bono? [Editorial]. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:919-21. LinkGoogle Scholar1. RICHMAN S. Why change? A look at the current system of disability determination and workers' compensation for occupational lung disease. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:908-14. LinkGoogle Scholar2. MORGAN W. The adversary system: cui bono? [Editorial]. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:919-21. LinkGoogle Scholar3. ELMES P. Relative importance of cigarette smoking in occupational lung disease. Br J Ind Med. 1981;38:1-13. MedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: MARTIN TERPLAN, M.D.Affiliations: 490 Post Street; San Francisco, CA 94102 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byOccupational Lung DiseaseW. K. C. MORGAN, M.D. 1 March 1983Volume 98, Issue 3Page: 409-410KeywordsDisabilitiesLungs ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 March 1983 PDF downloadLoading ...
Splenic Infarction Detection by ln-111 Leukocyte Scintigraphy
Authors: AVINASH M. SUD, BARRY L. SHULKIN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

Splenic infarctions have been characterized on Tc-99m sulfur colloid liver spleen imaging as wedged-shaped defects at the base of the capsular surface of the spleen. The authors describe the findings of splenic infarction in an 11-year-old girl with polyarteritis nodosa who underwent ln-111 leukocyte scintigraphy. Both planar and SPECT images showed lack of uptake in the infarcted portion of the spleen. The findings were correlated with subsequent CT imaging.
ANGIO-NEUROTIC EDEMA.
Authors: L. HARRISON METTLER
Journal: JAMA (1896)

Though the pathology of angio-neurotic edema is still a mere theory and its treatment a source of continual disappointment, the affection itself is of sufficient importance and its occurrence of sufficient frequency to warrant further study. In the<i>American Journal of Medical Sciences</i>for December 1892, is an account of the disease, by Collins of New York, which is the most complete of the more recent descriptions. Dr. Collins' paper is based upon some seventy-five cases gathered from literature and personal observation; to which I can add two more, one having been under my care for about two years. The history of this case is as follows: A married woman, 64 years of age, white, the mother of one child living. I was consulted by her in July, 1893. Her family history revealed nothing of special note. Her own general health had always been fairly good except for a certain