tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Amphetamine Type of Dependence
Authors: Philip H. Connell
Journal: JAMA (1966)

The amphetamines are among the most widely used drugs in medical practice. They are sympathomimetic amines and are closely related chemically to adrenalin, and ephedrine. The synthesis of amphetamine in 1927 by Alles,<sup>1</sup>working in Los Angeles, in the course of a search for a substance to replace ephedrine, which was difficult to obtain from its natural sources, marks the starting point of the exploration of the clinical uses of this group of drugs and led to the production of the amphetamine sulfate inhaler in 1932. Further studies led to the separation of amphetamine into dextro- and levo-isomers, the former being now well known as dextroamphetamine. In 1929, Emde of Basle<sup>2</sup>prepared the drug now known as methamphetamine and the clinical effects of this drug were soon to be explored. In his book,<i>The Amphetamines, Their Actions and Uses</i>,<sup>3</sup>Leake reviews the history, actions, toxicity, and clinical
Orbit, Lacrimal Apparatus, Eyelids and Conjunctiva
Authors: Albert M. Potts
Journal: JAMA (1969)

The whole concept of a stereo atlas in which the chief presentation consists of a series of "viewmaster" stereo disks is new to the publishing world. Only a handful of such publications exist, almost all of which have appeared within the last five years. For the clinician these atlases do a job unequaled by any other medium. This is all the more clear when, as with several of the Mosby series on ophthalmology, the text has minor importance. This mode of publication is far from perfect. The collapsible stereo viewer included in a pocket at the back of the volume is just barely usable, and a standard battery-operated viewer (which will not fit inside a volume on the shelf) would be a far more satisfactory device. Thus the ideal product may eventually be a box of card-file size with a compartment for explanatory file cards, one for the films, and
Influence of Controlled Respiration on Dosage of Thiopentone and D-Tubocurarine Chloride in Abdominal Surgery
Authors: J. W. Dundee
Journal: BMJ (1952)

In using the anaesthetic sequence D-tubocurarine chloride/thiopentone/nitrous oxide/oxygen, an impres sion was formed that smaller doses of barbiturate were required when the patient was rendered apnoeic and respiration was manually controlled than when the respiratory excursion was only aided or spontaneous respiration was thought sufficient to ensure full oxy g?nation (Gray and Rees, 1952). Thiopentone and D-tubocurarine chloride being drugs whose dosage can be accurately measured, it was decided to find out whether manual control of respiration actually does reduce the amount of thiopentone required to produce narcosis.
New Pathways to Medical Education: Learning to Learn at Harvard Medical School
Authors: C. Mcmanus
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Ed Daniel C Tosteson, S James Adelstein, Susan T Carver Harvard University Press, pp 198 ISBN 0 674 61739 8

All is now flux in medical education where once all was stasis. British medical schools are busily revising their curricula to meet the General Medical Council's guidelines, be they thin on specifics, for courses with fewer facts, divided into “core” and “special study modules,” and emphasising problem based learning.

Change, however, can be desperately threatening to those enmeshed in it. Successful change requires careful management, for otherwise it leads to disaster, confusion, and alienation. It cannot be introduced by committees of part time …
Absorption of Whole Peanuts, Peanut Oil, and Peanut Butter
Authors: Allen S. Levine, Stephen E. Silvis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

Horace Fletcher, a popular 19th-century food faddist who advocated chewing food twice for each tooth, alluded to the possible dependence of absorption on thorough mechanical breakdown of food.1 However, it is generally believed that chewing has a minor role in the digestion and absorption of food. To study the effect of mechanical breakdown of food on fat absorption, we put subjects on a diet containing one source of fat in three physical forms.Ten healthy persons were assigned to a vegetarian diet that contained a total of 80 g of fat; 76 g was in the form of whole peanuts . . .
Abstract 3053: Receptor tyrosine kinase AXL as a new target for prostate cancer therapy
Authors: Juliano D. Paccez, Gabriela Vasquez, Rodrigo E. Tamura, Kristal Duncan, Jaira Vasconcellos, Theresa Wiesner, Towia Libermann, Luiz F. Zerbini
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Axl is a receptor tyrosine kinase of the family of TAM receptors (which includes TYRO3 and MER) and plays roles in different types of cancer. It is highly expressed in metastatic colon carcinoma, gastric, uterine endometrial and certain types of breast cancer, and sarcoma. As Axl is upregulated in several metastatic cell types it may play a role during invasion and metastasis. Tyrosine kinases (TKs) represent a major class of proto-oncogenes and are involved in tumor growth as well as progression and metastasis of cancer cells. TKs are being actively studied as targets for therapeutic intervention and several of this tyrosine kinase have shown efficacy in clinical trials. Prostate cancer has become the most common solid cancer in older men and is one of the most frequent causes of cancer deaths. Although androgen ablation therapy, surgery and radiation therapy are effective for the treatment of local prostate cancer, there is no effective treatment available for patients with the metastatic androgen-independent disease. In this work we demonstrated the role of Axl in prostate cancer progression. Using real time PCR to access the level of several tyrosine kinase receptors expression in prostate cancer cell and human tissue, we have identified the tyrosine kinase receptor Axl as a potential target for prostate cancer therapy. Axl has consistent overexpression across prostate cancer cell lines and human prostate tumor tissue providing a model for testing the targeting of Axl. Preliminary data shows a significant increase of Axl expression was found in metastatic PCa cells and clinical samples (48% of adenocarcinomas of prostate when compared with normal prostate tissue). Interestingly, microarray analysis in addition to pathway analysis of PCa cells infected with lentivirus encoding siRNA against Axl revealed that some survival pathways are inhibited, but strikingly all members of the NF-κB pathway are down regulated. Furthermore, the blockage of Axl gene expression strongly inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of PCa cells. Pilot studies in animal models demonstrate that inhibition of Axl reduces dramatically tumor formation. since our xenograft subcutaneous model in MF5 nude mice demonstrate that blockage of Axl reduces tumor formation by 49.5%. Taken together these data demonstrated that Axl plays role for migration, invasion and tumor development and can be used as marker for invasive and metastatic tumors. Our data also indicates that Axl can be used as a target for drug therapies since its inhibition leads to induction of apoptosis and blocks cell proliferation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3053. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3053
54. TNFerade™ in Pancreas Cancer: Local Activation with Systemic Potential
Authors: Neil Senzer, John Nemunaitis, J. Macko, Thomas Davis
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

TNFerade is a replication-deficient adenovector containing the human TNF-α gene regulated by a chemo/radiation-inducible promoter, Egr-1. Phase I studies of TNFerade and radiation in previously treated patients showed a 55% objective tumor response rate (12/22 = 55% CR/PR) at the higher-dose cohorts (4x10E9 – 4x10E11pu) including a 100% local response rate in 3 melanoma patients with stage IV disease. Two of the three patients remain disease free at 3.1 and 3.4 years since study entry; one patient with stage III disease relapsed 425 days from study entry. The recently completed dose-selection component of a phase II study in 50 patients with locally advanced (non-resectable) pancreatic adenocarcinoma evaluated the safety and early efficacy of TNFerade + chemoradiation and is presented. A standard sequential dose-escalating design was used. Five-week treatment consisted of weekly intratumoral injections of 4 × 10E9, 4 × 10E10, 4 × 10E11 or 1 × 10E12 pu TNFerade, continuous infusion 5-FU (200 mg/m2/day × 5 days/wk) and 50.4 Gy radiation (1.8 Gy fractions). TNFerade was administered by image-guided percutaneous transabdominal approach (PTA) or via an ultrasound-guided endoscopic approach (EUS). The MTD was determined to be 4x10E11 pu for weekly intratumoral TNFerade in combination with infusional 5-FU and radiation. At the MTD, 4/5 patients reassessed as surgically resectable achieved pathologically negative margins and 4/11 patients remain alive with FU of 10.6 – 25.6 months with two at 25.6, 24.9 months, and a third who died at 24.5 months. Mean survival follow-up in the 4 × 10E9, 4 × 10E10, 4 × 10E11 and 1 × 10E12 cohorts are 8.0, 8.8, 13.4, and 8.7 months, respectively, and data continues to mature. Data will be updated. On the basis of these results, a phase II randomized component of the pancreas study has been initiated. The limited but provocative results in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and melanoma suggest a systemically effective component of TNFerade + radiation ± chemotherapy. In addition to the locoregional vasculotoxic, cytotoxic, and cross-sensitization effect of this combination, preclinical data suggest an immunologically mediated systemic effect of this combination, which will be explored in a planned melanoma protocol.
Absence of Biallelic <i>TCR</i>γ Deletion Predicts Early Treatment Failure in Pediatric T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Alejandro Gutierrez, Suzanne E. Dahlberg, Donna S. Neuberg, Jianhua Zhang, Ruta Grebliunaite, Takaomi Sanda, Alexei Protopopov, Valeria Tosello, Jeffery Kutok, Richard S. Larson, Michael J. Borowitz, Mignon L. Loh, Adolfo A. Ferrando, Stuart S. Winter, Charles G. Mullighan, Lewis B. Silverman, Lynda Chin, Stephen P. Hunger, Stephen E. Sallan, A. Thomas Look
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

To identify children with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) at high risk of induction chemotherapy failure by using DNA copy number analysis of leukemic cells collected at diagnosis.
Management of heparin allergy in pregnancy
Authors: Asim Aijaz, John Nelson, Nauman Naseer
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2001)

Abstract Thromboembolic disease during pregnancy has traditionally been treated with heparin. If heparin cannot be used, then treatment options remain limited. Despite the recent availability of new anticoagulation agents, data relating to their use during pregnancy is lacking. Hirudin, a relatively new anti‐thrombotic agent, through animal models has been shown to have a very low transplacental transfer, thus making it a candidate drug to be used during pregnancy in case of heparin allergy. This report describes a case of heparin allergy in a pregnant patient with recurrent DVT that was successfully managed with hirudin and coumadin. Am. J. Hematol. 67:268–269, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of diabetes on performance and metabolism of rat hearts.
Authors: S Penpargkul, T Schaible, T Yipintsoi, J Scheuer
Journal: Circulation Research (1980)

To explore the effects of diabetes on myocardial function and metabolism we injected male rats with streptozotocin and studied their hearts 8 weeks later. Blood sugar levels in the treated rats were about 600 mg/100 ml. Body and heart growth rates were diminished. When studied in an isolated working rat heart apparatus using 5.5 mM glucose, hearts of diabetic animals showed diminished cardiac output and stroke work at high filling pressures. There also were significant depressions in peak left ventricular systolic pressure, peak aortic flow rate, maximum negative dP/dt, myocardial oxygen extraction, myocardial lactate production, and effluent lactate:pyruvate ratios. Myocardial glycogen stores, calculated glycogen utilization, and pyruvate production were increased in hearts of diabetics, and myocardial oxygen consumption was the same as in control hearts. The end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship was shifted to the right in hearts of diabetics. Most of the abnormalities observed in hearts of diabetic rats persisted when insulin and 15 mM glucose were included in the perfusion medium. Hearts from young rats or from age-matched food-restricted rats with heart weights similar to those of diabetics did not show depressed function or a pressure-volume shift. Our findings indicate that streptozotocin diabetes in rats results in abnormal myocardial performance. This is not due to restrictions in coronary flow or myocardial oxygenation and is not correctable by the provision of high glucose plus insulin in the perfusion medium.
Pulsed Doppler: determination of diameter, blood flow velocity, and volumic flow of brachial artery in man
Authors: J A LEVENSON, P A PERONNEAU, A SIMON, M E SAFAR
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1981)

Journal Article Pulsed Doppler: determination of diameter, blood flow velocity, and volumic flow of brachial artery in man Get access J A LEVENSON, J A LEVENSON From the Haemodynamic Laboratory† of the Hypertension Research Center and E.R.A.-C.N.R.S. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar P A PERONNEAU, P A PERONNEAU * From the Haemodynamic Laboratory† of the Hypertension Research Center and E.R.A.-C.N.R.S. *Broussais Hospital, Paris Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar A SIMON, A SIMON From the Haemodynamic Laboratory† of the Hypertension Research Center and E.R.A.-C.N.R.S. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M E SAFAR M E SAFAR From the Haemodynamic Laboratory† of the Hypertension Research Center and E.R.A.-C.N.R.S. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 15, Issue 3, March 1981, Pages 164–170, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/15.3.164 Published: 01 March 1981
Die Technik des Pneumoperitoneums
Authors: K. Semm
Journal: Endoscopy (1969)

The only risk by the coelioscopy (laparoscopy for the upper, pelviscopy for the lower abdomen) is the blind punction of the abdomen. A new developed apparatus system (working with CO2 or N2O) according to Semm controls all proceedings during the insufflation. Manometers indicates immediately if the needle is not placed in the free abdominal cavity. The loss of gas during the endoscopy is replaced automatically.
Hepatitis B virus-related decompensated liver cirrhosis: Benefits of antiviral therapy
Authors: Cheng-Yuan Peng, Rong-Nan Chien, Yun-Fan Liaw
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)

Following development of liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B, liver disease may continue to progress and decompensation or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may occur, especially in those with active viral replication. Decompensation may manifest with jaundice, ascites, variceal bleeding or hepatic encephalopathy. Earlier studies have shown that the prognosis of decompensated cirrhosis is usually poor with a 5-year survival rate at 14-35% under conventional standard of care. The approval of oral antiviral agents has greatly improved the prognosis, as demonstrated in several cohort studies and randomized clinical trials involving therapy with lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir, telbivudine, or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Oral antiviral agents are effective in restoring liver function and improving survival in patients with decompensated cirrhosis especially if therapy is initiated early enough. These agents are generally well tolerated without significant side effects. However, their preventive effect in HCC development has yet to be convincingly demonstrated. Given their known resistance profiles, entecavir and tenofovir should be considered as the first-line therapy for patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis.
Abstract 3565: Novel inhibitors of mPGES-1 exhibit anti-tumor activity in colorectal and lung cancers
Authors: Hui-Hua Chang, Zuohe Song, Tina Tripp, Lee Wisner, Vijay Gokhale, Chris Hulme, Emmanuelle J. Meuillet
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Chronic inflammation is associated with 25% of all cancers. In the inflammation-cancer axis, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is one of the major players involved. Prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) is an enzyme downstream of the cyclooxygenases (COXs) in the PGE2 biosynthesis pathway. Among the three PGES isoforms, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is inducible by proinflammatory stimuli and constitutively expressed in colon, lung, and gastric cancers. The potential role for this enzyme in tumorigenesis has also been reported. Since inhibition of COXs may lead to some side effects due to the global reduction of other key prostaglandins, targeting downstream mPGES-1 might be a better therapeutic or chemopreventive strategy for cancers. In order to identify novel small molecule inhibitors of mPGES-1, we have screened in silico a small library of compounds. As a result, 14 lead compounds were identified by molecular docking simulations of the chemicals based on the crystal structure of mPGES-1. These compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit cell growth, induce apoptosis and decrease cytokine-stimulated PGE2 production in various colorectal and lung cancer cell lines. Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, we show the binding of the compounds PGE001 and PGE011 to human mPGES-1 recombinant protein with good affinity (KD at low micromolar range). These two compounds also showed the ability to reduce the IL-1beta-induced PGE2 production in HT29 and SW837 colon cancer cells and A549 lung cancer cell line with EC50 at low micromolar range. Furthermore, the compounds exhibit significant anti-tumor activity in the SW837 xenograft mouse model with T/C (relative size of treated and control tumors)=40.3% for compound PGE001 and T/C=68.7% for compound PGE011 (P&amp;lt;0.05), when injected i.p. at 200 mg/kg for 5 and 10 days, respectively. When tested daily i.p. for 5 days at 100mg/kg in A549 lung cancer xenografts, the PGE001 showed anti-tumor activity with T/C=67% (P&amp;lt;0.05). In summary, our data suggest that the identified compounds exert their anti-tumor activity through selective binding and inhibition of the enzyme mPGES-1 in the PGE2 synthesis pathway. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3565.
METHOD FOR PREPARING BLUE CELLULOID INJECTION MATERIAL
Authors: John Albert Marshall
Journal: JAMA (1923)

This note refers to those anilin dyes which may be used for coloring specimens prepared by the celluloid injection method. In a study of the anatomic relations of the salivary glands, it became of interest to inject simultaneously the gland substance through the excretory duct, and the arterial blood supply through the common carotid artery. The red dye used for the injection of the arteries is the usual substance employed for this purpose, namely, alkanin. This material in various dilutions does not afford a sufficient contrast for the study and comparison of the small excretory ducts and the capillaries. The gross relationship is more clearly indicated when two colors are used. The difficulty seems to be due to the necessity of macerating the injected specimens in concentrated hydrochloric acid, and subsequently washing away the débris. In this manner, the injected masses are freed from the overlying hard and soft tissues.
Emotion, representation, and consciousness
Authors: Leonard D. Katz
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Rolls's preliminary definitions of emotion and speculative restriction of consciousness, including emotional sentience, to humans, display behaviorist prejudice. Reinforcement and causation are not by themselves sufficient conceptual resources to define either emotion or the directedness of thought and motivated action. For any adequate definition of emotion or delimitation of consciousness, new physiology, such as Rolls is contributing to, and also the resources of other fields, will be required.
Nearly half of patients with migraine with aura are found to have a heart defect, study finds
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2005)

A study has found that nearly half of a group of patients with long term migraine with aura had a heart defect. The defect was a right to left shunt caused by a patent foramen ovale.

The study, by cardiologists and neurologists at University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland, appeared online ahead of print publication on 7 September in Neurology (www.neurology.org/papbyrecent.html). It used transoesophageal contrast echocardiography to examine the participants.

The study looked at a group of 93 patients who had had migraine with aura for an average of 18.5 years and 93 healthy control patients …
Recent Advances: Medical informatics
Authors: E. Coiera
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Recent advances in medical informatics* The application of information and com- munication technologies in health care should be problem rather than technology driven * The use of existing communication tech- nologies such as mobile telephones, voice mail, and email may significantly improve delivery of health care * Research is needed to understand human communication processes and needs in health care * Clinical information systems have an impor- tant role in the delivery of evidence based clinical practice * The appropriate use of computerised proto- cols can significantly improve clinical outcome * Universal and complete clinical coding schemes are unrealisable, and the continued modification of centralised thesauruses may be technically and financially unsustainable * Multiple task specific terminologies devel- oped in conjunction with clinical protocols may offer the most effective and maintainable long term strategy
Palliative Radiation Therapy
Authors: Robert G. Parker
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Palliative treatment of the human with incurable cancer must be directed to the relief of symptoms or signs already caused by or associated with the neoplasm or anticipated in the immediate future course of the disease. Relief of suffering remains distinct and often exclusive from prolongation of life. Prolongation of life without comfort is really prolongation of the process of dying. This objective, relief of suffering, often seems obscured in the care of the patient with incurable cancer. Confusion of objectives may result because palliative treatment usually requires greater judgment than does "curative" treatment. Needless heroic treatment administered at great cost, inconvenience, and even discomfort to these patients, is a costly tuition for the inexperienced physician. Even with great experience in observation of the tortuous course of uncontrolled cancer in the human, correlation of treatment and its effect is difficult. However, the accomplishments of palliative treatment are very real and