tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Genetic Predisposition to Formation of Calcium Oxalate Renal Calculi
Authors: Martin Resnick, Durward B. Pridgen, Harold O. Goodman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

Significantly higher frequencies of renal calculi were found among the 625 parents and sibs of 106 subjects prone to calcium oxalate stone formation as compared with 576 corresponding relatives of spouses of propositi. Complete reporting was accomplished in 85.3 per cent of the relatives. Analyses ruled out monogenic inheritance but were compatible with the hypothesis that the tendency to form calcium oxalate renal stones is regulated by a polygenic system, with a lesser risk for females. One implication of this finding is that no single biochemical variable will be found that will account for the diathesis. Lifetime risk for brothers of propositi approached 50 per cent, suggesting the value of prophylaxis. Population estimates of the frequency of oxalate stones among males ranged from 2.3 to 4.2 per cent on the basis of frequencies among male relatives. The presence of single or recurrent stones among relatives was independent of whether propositi had single or recurrent stones.
HEMOGLOBIN-RED BLOOD CELL RATIO
Authors: William P. Murphy
Journal: JAMA (1941)

To the Editor:—  In an article entitled A Simple Hemoglobin-Red Blood Cell Ratio to Replace the Color Index (The Journal, May 17, p. 2258) Isaacs criticizes the value of the color index figure of the blood. He states: However, the lack of single 'normal' figures for the percentage of hemoglobin and red blood cell counts, as well as the differences in males and females, has always made the number somewhat arbitrary. With the advent of hemoglobinometers in which 100 per cent corresponds to 13.5, 14, 15.6 or 17 Gm., the problem is further complicated by the difference in readings of the percentages.  These statements indicate that Isaacs' method of determining the color index does not conform to that commonly employed, and because it may lead to further confusion the statements should be corrected. The color index is determined by dividing the percentage of the normal hemoglobin value calculated from the
Starr-Edwards Mitral Valve Failure Ten Years After Replacement Surgery: Chronic Fibrous Obstruction of the Prosthesis Frustrum Area
Authors: ALAN E. SEYFER, WILLIAM H. HEYDORN, WILLIAM P. NELSON, MELVIN J. SPICER, TRACY E. STREVEY
Journal: Circulation (1974)

A case of malfunction of a Starr-Edwards caged-ball mitral prosthesis occurring ten years after implantation is presented. The possibility of late malfunction must be suspected in any patient who redevelops symptoms after valve replacement. Preservation of normal prosthetic opening and closing clicks does not prove that the device is functioning normally. The diagnosis is difficult, with cardiac catheterization and demonstration of mitral obstruction providing the most valuable information. Once the diagnosis of prosthesis obstruction is made, reoperation and replacement is mandatory. This clinical pattern will be seen with increasing frequency as patients with artificial valves are followed over longer periods of time.
Oxytocin enhances onset of lactation among mothers delivering prematurely.
Authors: H Ruis, R Rolland, W Doesburg, G Broeders, R Corbey
Journal: BMJ (1981)

In a double-blind group sequential trial the efficiency of an oxytocin nasal spray in enhancing lactation was studied during the first five days after delivery in women who had given birth prematurely. The cumulative volume of breast milk obtained between the second and fifth days after delivery was 3.5 times greater in primiparas given oxytocin than in primiparas given placebo. There was no significant difference in the composition of the milk between the untreated women and those given oxytocin. The results of this study show that oxytocin nasal spray is an effective and safe means of enhancing lactation in women using a breast pump.
Specialisation in sports medicine: the state of the Sport Medicine Specialty Training Core Curriculum in the European Union
Authors: Fabio Pigozzi
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2009)

In Europe, participation in physical activities has been growing among people of all ages. Thus, there is an increasing demand for care relating to “sports medicine”, and this has promoted the development of specialised sports physicians. Sports medicine involves a wide range of professionals taking care of an active population of recreational and competitive athletes upon different aspects: curative, rehabilitative and preventive. In light of a higher demand of expertise and sport-specific body of knowledge—such as a further development of the “doping phenomenon”—with all the related moral, legal and health implications, the sport physician has to deal with a more complex picture. As a result, the need to provide prevention at all levels has become one of the most important objectives of sports medicine. This article aims to give a brief overview of the state of this specialty in Europe and to describe definitions, scopes and educational perspectives of the Sport Medicine Specialty Training Core Curriculum to be adopted in the European Union (EU).

Sports medicine is a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary clinical and academic medical specialty that can also be structured as a subspecialty (or so called additional, secondary or super-specialty) following other medical specialities. In some countries, where no specialisation courses are offered, postgraduate studies (master of science (MSc) and doctor of philosophy (PhD) degrees) are provided. In order to analyse the status of the sports medicine educational activities in the European countries, the European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA) and the European Olympic …
Energy dependence of urinary bicarbonate secretion in turtle bladder.
Authors: J A Oliver, S Himmelstein, P R Steinmetz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

Addition of HCO3- to the serosal side (S) of the isolated turtle bladder results in a HCO3- flow from S to the mucosal side (M) which markedly reduces the net rate of acid secretion. To characterize the driving forces for this downhill HCO3- flow, the effects of metabolic inhibitors and substrates were examined. In short-circuited bladders with the M pH lowered to the point of zero net H+ secretion, the rate of HCO3- entry into M in response to a 20-mM HCO3- gradient was measured by pH stat titration. Deoxygenation reduced the HCO3- flux from 1.24 plus or minus 0.1 mum/h/8 cm2 (SEM) to 0.50 plus or minus 0.1 muM/h with glucose (2 times 10-3 M) AND FROM 1.32 PLUS OR MINUS TO 0.47 PLUS OR MINUS 0.1 MUM/h without glucose. A similar reduction (61 per cent) was observed in the presence of 1 per cent C92. Dinitrophenol (10-4 M), cyanide (10-3 M), and deoxyglucose (10-2 M) inhibited the HCO3- flux by 39 per cent, 37 per cent, and 38 per cent, respectively. The combination of any of these inhibitors with N2 caused the same inhibition as N2 alone. In bladders depleted of substrate, pyruvate (5 times 10-3 M) increased the HCO3- flux from 0.36 plus or minus 0.05 to 0.58 plus or minus 0.01 muM/h (P smaller than 0.005); the increment was abolished by deoxygenation. The results indicate that the bulk of the downhill HCO3- flow in this system is dependent on metabolic energy derived primarily from oxidative sources, and that this energy-dependent flow approximates the electroneutral component of HCO3- secretion that is coupled to Cl- absorption.
Indomethacine and Peptic Ulcer
Authors: A. C. Boyle
Journal: BMJ (1965)

but the radiological appearance of her cervi- cal spine will remain the same.I would encourage doctors first to examine the function of the cervical spine, and to follow this up by the examination of the whole upper limb to seek (a) evidence of nerve-root damage (or its absence), and (b) an alternative cause of pain in the arm.Many people feel that the term " cervical spondylosis " should not be used as a clinical diagnosis.I therefore hope that Dr. Nichols will give us further details, as trials of this kind are so valuable, but only if the terms of reference are clear.-Iam, etc., London W.1.R. C. B. BARBOR.Accidental Strychnine Poisoning SIR,-In view of the frequency with which strychnine must be prescribed in tonic mix- tures, it is perhaps surprising that overdosage from this source is so rarely reported.The following case may serve to remind one of the potential dangers of " harmless mixtures," and perhaps also that bizarre symptoms in a patient with a previous psychiatric history do not always imply relapse.
Maternal–Fetal Transfer of Octreotide
Authors: Philippe Caron, Christophe Gerbeau, Lucien Pradayrol
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

To the Editor: Octreotide, a long-acting analogue of somatostatin, is effective therapy for patients with thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenomas.1 A 31-year-old infertile woman with hyperth...
207 MELD VS CPS FOR PROGNOSIS IN CIRRHOSIS. RESULTS FROM A MULTICENTRE STUDY
Authors: C. Triantos, K. Zisimopoulos, E. Tsochatzis, J. Vlachogiannakos, S. Manolakopoulos, C. Rigamonti, J. Goulis, E. Manesis, J. Anastasiou, F. Papalexi, K. Georgiou, A. Saveriadis, K. Thomopoulos, V. Margaritis, D. Tzourmakliotis, E. Akriviadis, A. Archimandritis, D. Karamanolis, V. Nikolopoulou, A.K. Buroughs
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
1087 PROTEIN PATHWAY BIOMARKERS PREDICTING SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE (SVR) TO PEGYLATED INTERFERON (PEG-IFN) AND RIBAVIRIN (RBV) IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C (CH-C)
Authors: Z. Younossi, D. Limongi, M. Stepanova, M. Pierobon, A. Afendy, L. Liotta, E. Petricoin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography (ERCP) in Patients with Billroth II Partial Gastrectomie
Authors: M. Osnes, J. Myren
Journal: Endoscopy (1975)

By a new endoscopic method for entering of the afferent loop with the duodenoscope in patients with Billroth II partial gastrectomies, successful ERCP was obtained in a higher rate of cases than reported previously. A graded stiffening of the duodenoscope (Olympus JF B 2) was performed by hand after introduction of the tube into the instrumental channel. Duodenoscopy was thus performed in 17 out of 20 unselected patients previously operated on with Billroth II partial gastrectomies (85 per cent), and ERCP was successful in 16 cases (80 per cent). It is thought that this method may be of value in patients with previous surgery of the stomach suspected to have pancreatic or biliary diseases.
Diabetes and development of tardive dyskinesia
Authors: M G Woerner, B L Saltz, J M Kane, J A Lieberman, J M Alvir
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1993)

Diabetes mellitus has been identified as a possible risk factor for tardive dyskinesia. The authors examined 160 elderly individuals who were beginning neuroleptic treatment; 24 had diabetes and 136 did not. After 43 weeks of neuroleptic exposure, the cumulative incidence rates of tardive dyskinesia were 54.1% (SE = 5.6%) for the diabetics and 25.6% (SE = 16.1%) for the nondiabetics.
Unusual histopathological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis identified by polymerase chain reaction specific for <i>Leishmania</i> on paraffin-embedded skin biopsies
Authors: A. Böer, N. Blödorn-Schlicht, D. Wiebels, V. Steinkraus, T.M. Falk
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is rare in Northern Europe and may be overlooked because colleagues have little experience with it.To identify manifestations of CL that may escape diagnosis.Correlation of clinical diagnosis and histopathological findings in 28 biopsy specimens taken from 19 patients with CL confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific for Leishmania.In only one patient was the clinical diagnosis CL; other diagnoses included: malignant epithelial neoplasms (5), follicular cyst (2), atypical mycobacteriosis (1), sarcoidosis (2) and lymphoma (1). Lesions were single (15) or few (4) nodules predominantly situated on the extremities or face (16). Histopathological findings were diagnostic of CL in only 10 cases. In nine cases Leishmania was not identified microscopically; histopathological diagnoses were: granulomatous dermatitis (6), lupoid rosacea (1), foreign body granuloma (1) and granuloma annulare (1). Unaltered epidermis (9), nodular infiltrates (5), numerous multinucleated histiocytes (3), palisaded granulomas with fibrinoid centres (2), sarcoidal granulomas (4) and elastophagocytosis (1) misled the histopathologists in these cases.CL seems often to be misdiagnosed clinically in countries where it is not endemic. Histopathologically, CL may be misinterpreted as sarcoidosis, foreign body granuloma, lupoid rosacea and granuloma annulare, especially when Leishmania is not seen microscopically. We suggest that in Northern Europe, PCR for Leishmania-specific DNA should be performed routinely in any granulomatous dermatitis presenting as a single or few nodules on the extremities or face, even when a diagnosis of CL was not considered by the referring clinician.
CD14 C(-260)→T polymorphism, plasma levels of the soluble endotoxin receptor CD14, their association with chronic infections and risk of stable coronary artery disease
Authors: Wolfgang Koenig, Natalie Khuseyinova, Michael M Hoffmann, Winfried März, Margit Fröhlich, Albrecht Hoffmeister, Hermann Brenner, Dietrich Rothenbacher
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
The Status of an Eclectic.
Authors: Henry Bixby Hemenway
Journal: JAMA (1894)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In a recent number of theJournal(July 14,1894), a gentleman from Texas asks if a graduate from an eclectic college may be properly elected to membership in a local society affiliated with theAmerican Medical Association. There is nothing either in the Code or the Constitution and By-laws that prohibits such membership. In some, at least, of the subordinate societies, graduates from eclectic schools have been received. Indeed, men who have not received a medical diploma have been honored with offices in local medical societies in affiliation with theAmerican Medical Association. It is undoubtedly true that some of these non-graduates, and many of those who have graduated from homeopathic and eclectic institutions, are more worthy of fellowship and membership in medical societies than some graduates of our best schools. In Art. IV., Sec. 1, of the Code, we read:.... "No intelligent regular practitioner, who has
Requirement for Protein Kinase C in Reactive Oxygen Species–Induced Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Pei-Feng Li, Christian Maasch, Hermann Haller, Rainer Dietz, Rüdiger von Harsdorf
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis is a component of a variety of cardiovascular diseases and may be related to reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study was designed to determine the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in ROS-induced VSMC apoptosis. Methods and Results —Rat aortic VSMCs were exposed to H 2 O 2 , and the nature of cell death was characterized in the absence or presence of different PKC inhibitors. The results demonstrate that exposure of VSMCs to H 2 O 2 led to a dose-dependent (25 to 100 μmol/L) and time-dependent (peak at 2 minutes) activation of PKC. Among the PKC isoforms α, β, δ, ε, and ζ, only PKC-α and PKC-ε were found to change their intracellular distribution on H 2 O 2 treatment. Apoptosis was the predominant form of cell death when PKC had been activated by H 2 O 2 alone or by H 2 O 2 in the presence of 50 nmol/L phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. In contrast, necrosis became the predominant form of cell death when PKC had been downregulated by prolonged exposure to 200 nmol/L phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate or inhibited by 50 nmol/L staurosporine, 100 nmol/L calphostin C, or 30 μmol/L H-7. In addition, caspase-3 was activated in H 2 O 2 -induced VSMC apoptosis but not when PKC was downregulated or inhibited. Inhibition of caspase-3 by 50 μmol/L Ac-DEVD-CHO could significantly attenuate H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis and was not associated with the induction of necrosis. Conclusions —We conclude that in VSMCs, PKC converts the ROS-induced signals from necrotic cell death to the activation of an apoptotic cell death program. These data imply a novel and important role of PKC for the pathogenesis of such vascular diseases as atherosclerosis, restenosis, and hypertension.
Survival in Hereditary Breast and Colon Cancer
Authors: Henry T. Lynch, William A. Albano, James A. Recabaren, Pamela R. Fain, Patrick M. Lynch
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Deleterious host responses to radiation and drugs are commonplace in genetic diseases, eg, radiation damage and death in patients with ataxia telangiectasia (AT) treated for lymphoma, radiation-induced tumors in inherited retinoblastoma, and the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, and in the case of drugs, endometrial carcinoma associated with stilbesterol in the treatment of gonadal dysgenesis. Nontherapeutic agents, when acting as carcinogens, are differentially metabolized as a result of primary genetic factors.<sup>1,2</sup> Contrarily, anecdotal reports of extraordinary survival in patients with hereditary cancer suggest the possibility of host resistance to systemic cancer spread.<sup>3</sup>Langlands et al<sup>4</sup>have demonstrated increased mean survival in a series of breast cancer patients with a positive family history. In our registry of cancer-prone families, the five-year survival rate for 106 breast cancer patients (20 unrelated families) and 117 colon cancer patients (18 unrelated families) was compared with that of the
Male circumcision helps to prevent HIV acquisition, says Cochrane review
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Male circumcision can be considered an effective measure that partially prevents heterosexual men acquiring HIV, concludes a Cochrane Collaboration review released on 15 April.

The report also says that circumcision should be considered as part of an HIV prevention policy where it is feasible and socially and culturally acceptable ( Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009;(2):CD003362, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2).

Evidence from three randomised controlled trials conducted in South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya showed that the procedure reduced the risk of infection by 38% to 66% over 24 months, the report says. The protective effect was so large in each of the …
Studies of Hepatic Excretory Function
Authors: George J. Kleiner, Leonard K resch, Irwin M. Arias
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1965)

AFTER intravenous injection bromsulfalein is bound to albumin and transferred primarily into the liver.1 , 2 The hepatic metabolism of the dye involves uptake and storage,1 , 2 intracellular formation of a glutathione conjugate3 4 5 and subsequent excretion of free and conjugated dye into the bile.4 , 6 The storage in parenchymal liver cells is directly proportional to the plasma concentration, whereas the transfer from the liver cell into the bile appears to be limited by a transfer maximum.2 , 7 A method for the simultaneous estimation of hepatic bromsulfalein storage and excretion has been presented by Wheeler et al.7 Values for the relative hepatic storage, expressed as milligrams . . .
De subitaneis mortibus. XXIV. Ruptured interventricular septum and heart block.
Authors: T N James
Journal: Circulation (1977)

Five patients with acute posterior myocardial infarction developed varying degrees of atrioventricular (A-V) block prior to rupture of their interventricular septums (IVS). In three of these five the times of septal rupture coincided with the resumption of conduced synus rhythm. During the period of A-V block, the only stable escape rhythm appeared to originate in the A-V junctional region, and in two patients early in their course there was evidence of enhanced A-V junctional automaticity. Although the A-V node contained extensive infarction in all five hearts, its distal part, and the entire His bundle and proximal branches appeared to be spared. The anatomical pattern of dissection within the ruptured IVS was similar in three hearts, extending upward to the crest of the IVS and penetrating into the interatrial septum in two of these. Multiple major coronary narrowing were present in all five hearts, especially of a dominating right coronary artery; recent thrombosis was present in the right coronary artery in four of the five cases. The A-V node artery was markedly narrowed by focal fibromuscular dysplasia in three hearts, compounding the ischemia for the A-V node and eliminating one important source of collateral circulation to the interventricular septum.
A Prospective Study of Coronary Heart Disease in Relation to Fasting Insulin, Glucose, and Diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
Authors: Aaron R Folsom, Moyses Szklo, June Stevens, Fangzi Liao, Robert Smith, John H Eckfeldt
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

OBJECTIVE To determine the association of coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence with diabetes, fasting serum glucose, and insulin in a biracial cohort of middle-aged men and women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined a population-based sample (n = 13,446 free of baseline CHD) from four U.S. communities in 1987–1989. We defined diabetes on the basis of baseline fasting glucose concentration (≥ 7.8 mmol/l), medical history, and current medications. A central laboratory measured fasting insulin with a nonspecific radioimmunoassay. After 4–7 years, 209 men and 96 women developed CHD. RESULTS After adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, smoking status, ethanol intake, sports participation, and hormone replacement therapy, the relative risk of CHD for people with diabetes versus those without diabetes was 3.45 (95% CI 2.16–5.50) among women and 2.52 (1.78–3.56) among men. Relative risks of CHD with diabetes were somewhat lower in blacks than non-blacks, but because diabetes was more than twice as prevalent in blacks, the percentage of CHD cases attributable to diabetes (population attributable risk) was 27% for black women, 15% for non-black women, 8% for black men, and 12% for non-black men. Among people without diabetes, fasting glucose was not independently associated with CHD incidence. Among women without diabetes, there was a positive association between fasting insulin and CHD; multivariable adjusted relative risks of CHD across quintiles of fasting insulin were 1.00, 0.76, 2.08, 2.08 and 2.82 (P for linear trend = 0.02). However, among men without diabetes, fasting insulin and CHD were not associated. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes conveys a high risk of CHD in black and non-black middle-aged men and women. Fasting insulin, however, is a CHD risk factor only among women in this cohort.
Detection of human papilloma virus in paraffin-embedded tissue using the polymerase chain reaction.
Authors: D K Shibata, N Arnheim, W J Martin
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

Human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA sequences have been detected in paraffin-embedded tissue using an enzymatic in vitro amplification technique known as the polymerase chain reaction. Amplification of a HPV DNA sequence before its detection with a cDNA probe significantly increases the rapidity as well as the sensitivity of detection such that a single 5-10-micron thick paraffin-embedded tissue section can be analyzed within 24 h. The assay specifically detected HPV 16 or 18 without crossreactivity with HPV 6 or 11. As few as 20 viral copies could be detected. The rapid and sensitive analysis of HPV in normal and pathological tissues using this technique may contribute significantly to identifying the role of HPV as a risk factor in carcinoma.