tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Retrospective study of reasons for improved survival in patients with breast cancer in East Anglia: earlier diagnosis or better treatment?
Authors: D. Stockton, T. Davies, N. Day, J. McCann
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To investigate the recent fall in mortality from breast cancer in England and Wales, and to determine the relative contributions of improvements in treatment and earlier detection of tumours. <b>Design:</b> Retrospective study of all women with breast cancer registered by the East Anglian cancer registry and diagnosed between 1982 and 1989. <b>Subjects:</b> 3965 patients diagnosed 1982-5 compared with 4665 patients diagnosed 1986-9, in three age groups 0-49, 50-64, ≥65 years, with information on stage at diagnosis and survival. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Three year relative survival rates by time period, age group, and stage; relative hazard ratios for each time period and age group derived from Cox9s proportional hazards model, adjusted for single year of age and stage. <b>Results:</b> Survival improved in the later time period, although there was little stage specific improvement. The proportion of early stage tumours increased especially in the 50-64 year age group, and adjustment for stage accounted for over half of the improvement in survival in women aged under 65 years. <b>Conclusion:</b> Over half of the drop in mortality in women aged under 65 years seems to be attributable to earlier detection of tumours, which has been observed since the mid-1980s. This could have resulted from an increase in breast awareness predating the start of the breast screening programme. <h3>Key messages</h3> There has been a similar reduction in mortality from breast cancer in East Anglia and in England and Wales Survival has improved in later years There has been no significant improvement in survival for specific stages of disease There has been a shift to earlier diagnosis of tumours since the mid-1980s; this explains over half of the improvement in survival Reduction in mortality does not seem to be due to improved treatment
STUDIES ON VIRULENCE
Authors: Lloyd D. Felton
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1932)

FROM THE STUDY OF DIFFERENT TISSUE EXTRACTS AS MEDIA FOR THE GROWTH OF PNEUMOCOCCI USED IN AN AUTOMATIC TRANSFER DEVICE, CERTAIN INFERENCES ARE WARRANTED: 1. Media made from calf lung or heart, or from horse skeletal muscle maintain virulence over a long period of time. Conversely, media made from calf spleen lead to a decrease in virulence. 2. Lung medium causes an increase in virulence of seven strains of pneumococci. 3. Virulence is maintained in normal horse serum; but, it rapidly decreases in immune serum, or in pneumococcus antibody solution, a finding which confirms the work of Stryker. Immune serum freed from protective antibody gives results similar to normal serum. 4. Rabbit medium made from the entire animal apparently is less suitable for the maintenance of virulence of pneumococci than medium made in the same way from guinea pig.
INCIDENCE, FEATURES, AND OUTCOMES OF EDGE DISSECTION AFTER DRUG-ELUTING STENT IMPLANTATION: AN ADAPT-DES IVUS SUB-STUDY
Authors: Nobuaki Kobayashi, Gary Mintz, Bernhard Witzenbichler, Christopher Metzger, Michael Rinaldi, Peter Duffy, Giora Weisz, Thomas Stuckey, Bruce Brodie, Ke Xu, Ajay Kirtane, Gregg Stone, Akiko Maehara
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Aortic Valve Calcium Independently Predicts Coronary and Cardiovascular Events in a Primary Prevention Population
Authors: David S. Owens, Matthew J. Budoff, Ronit Katz, Junichiro Takasu, David M. Shavelle, J. Jeffrey Carr, Susan R. Heckbert, Catherine M. Otto, Jeffrey L. Probstfield, Richard A. Kronmal, Kevin D. O'Brien
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2012)
Joint inflammation is reduced by dorsal rhizotomy and not by sympathectomy or spinal cord transection.
Authors: K A Sluka, N B Lawand, K N Westlund
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1994)

OBJECTIVES--To investigate the role of primary afferents, sympathetic postganglionic efferents and descending systems on the central control of peripheral inflammation. METHODS--Acute inflammation was induced by intra-articular injection of kaolin and carrageenan into the knee joint cavity of the rat. Before the induction of the arthritis, a unilateral dorsal rhizotomy, a chemical (phentolamine) and/or surgical sympathectomy, or a spinal transection was performed. Joint inflammation (joint circumference and thermographic readings) and behavioural signs were assessed. RESULTS--Only arthritic animals with a dorsal rhizotomy showed a significant reduction of the inflammatory response compared with control arthritic animals. No significant differences in the inflammatory response occurred following sympathectomy or spinal transection. The animals who received sympathectomy showed similar behavioural manifestations to the arthritic animals. CONCLUSIONS--The central terminals of primary afferents are important in the development of acute joint inflammation since dorsal rhizotomy attenuated the inflammatory response in the knee joint. The sympathetic nervous system is not involved in the acute inflammatory phase of this arthritis model. The central processes controlling acute inflammation involve a local spinal circuit since spinal cord transection at T9 has no effect on the inflammation.
Repair Capacity for UV Light–Induced DNA Damage Associated with Risk of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer and Tumor Progression
Authors: Li-E Wang, Chunying Li, Sara S. Strom, Leonard H. Goldberg, Abenaa Brewster, Zhaozheng Guo, Yawei Qiao, Gary L. Clayman, J. Jack Lee, Adel K. El-Naggar, Victor G. Prieto, Madeleine Duvic, Scott M. Lippman, Randal S. Weber, Margaret L. Kripke, Qingyi Wei
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: To examine the role of suboptimal DNA repair capacity (DRC) for UV light–induced DNA damage in the development of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and tumor progression. Experimental Design: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study of 255 patients with newly diagnosed NMSC [146 with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and 109 with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)] and 333 cancer-free controls. We collected information on demographic variables and risk factors from questionnaires, tumor characteristics from medical records, and lymphocytic DRC phenotype by the host-cell reactivation assay. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Overall, there was a relative 16% reduction in DRC in NMSC patients compared with controls (P &amp;lt; 0.001 for BCC and for SCC, respectively). DRC below the controls' median value was associated with increased risk significantly for BCC (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.07-2.45) but borderline for SCC (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 0.95-2.79) after adjustment for age, sex, and other assay-related covariates. When the highest tertile of controls' DRC was used as the reference, the intermediate and low DRC were associated with a statistically significant trend for increasing risk for both BCC (Ptrend = 0.007) and SCC (Ptrend = 0.020). However, patients with aggressive or multiple SCC tended to have a higher DRC than those with nonaggressive or single SCC. Conclusions: Reduced DRC is an independent risk factor for BCC and single or nonaggressive SCC but not for multiple primaries, local aggressiveness, or recurrence of NMSC.
Changes in regional myocardial blood flow and variable development of hypertrophy after aortic banding in puppies
Authors: S. EINZIG, J. J LEONARD, M. R TRIPP, R. V LUCAS, C. R SWAYZE, I. J FOX
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1981)

Supravalvar aortic banding was performed in 6 to 12 week puppies. Sixteen animals were studied 7.3 (3.5 to 10) months later, closed-chested under morphine-chloralose, catheters being positioned in the great vessels and heart, including the left atrium for microsphere injection. Compared with 11 controls, eight dogs developed biventricular hypertrophy, four isolated left ventricular hypertrophy and four had no hypertrophy. The left ventricular systolic pressure was similar (P > 0.05) in these 3 banded groups (mean, 30 ± 2 |SEM] kPa, [222 ± 16 mmHg], n = 16|. The left ventricle was divided into three coronal slices with approximately 59 samples being taken from subendocardial, midwall, and subepicardial layers and additional samples from the atria and right ventricle for regional myocardial flow measurement. As left ventricular hypertrophy increased, the subendocardial/subepicardial flow ratio decreased (r = −0.8). Heterogeneity of left ventricular regional myocardial flow, including a base-to-apex decrease in flow, present in controls, was markedly reduced in the banded dogs. Analysis of variance was found to be the most sensitive test for detecting left ventricular perfusion abnormalities since in banded dogs without hypertrophy, total and regional subendocardial/subepicardial flow ratios were not significantly different from control values, whereas the subendocardial circumferential flow pattern determined by analysis of variance was significantly different from control in these dogs (P < 0.05).
Tissue invasion and metastasis: Molecular, biological and clinical perspectives
Authors: W.G. Jiang, A.J. Sanders, M. Katoh, H. Ungefroren, F. Gieseler, M. Prince, S.K. Thompson, M. Zollo, D. Spano, P. Dhawan, D. Sliva, P.R. Subbarayan, M. Sarkar, K. Honoki, H. Fujii, A.G. Georgakilas, A. Amedei, E. Niccolai, A. Amin, S.S. Ashraf, L. Ye, W.G. Helferich, X. Yang, C.S. Boosani, G. Guha, M.R. Ciriolo, K. Aquilano, S. Chen, A.S. Azmi, W.N. Keith, A. Bilsland, D. Bhakta, D. Halicka, S. Nowsheen, F. Pantano, D. Santini
Journal: Seminars in Cancer Biology (2015)

Cancer is a key health issue across the world, causing substantial patient morbidity and mortality. Patient prognosis is tightly linked with metastatic dissemination of the disease to distant sites, with metastatic diseases accounting for a vast percentage of cancer patient mortality. While advances in this area have been made, the process of cancer metastasis and the factors governing cancer spread and establishment at secondary locations is still poorly understood. The current article summarizes recent progress in this area of research, both in the understanding of the underlying biological processes and in the therapeutic strategies for the management of metastasis. This review lists the disruption of E-cadherin and tight junctions, key signaling pathways, including urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene (PI3K/AKT), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), β-catenin/zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB-1) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), together with inactivation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity as key targets and the use of phytochemicals, or natural products, such as those from Agaricus blazei, Albatrellus confluens, Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos and Silybum marianum, together with diet derived fatty acids gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and inhibitory compounds as useful approaches to target tissue invasion and metastasis as well as other hallmark areas of cancer. Together, these strategies could represent new, inexpensive, low toxicity strategies to aid in the management of cancer metastasis as well as having holistic effects against other cancer hallmarks.
Relation of an Interleukin-10 Promoter Polymorphism to Graft-versus-Host Disease and Survival after Hematopoietic-Cell Transplantation
Authors: Ming-Tseh Lin, Barry Storer, Paul J. Martin, Li-Hui Tseng, Ted Gooley, Pei-Jer Chen, John A. Hansen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Polymorphisms in cytokine genes can influence immune responses, inflammation, and tissue injury and may affect the outcome of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation.
Effects of Patients' Feelings of Stigma on Their Performance in a Stroke Rehabilitation Program.
Authors: Martin D. Hyman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

Meeting Abstracts1 May 1970Effects of Patients' Feelings of Stigma on Their Performance in a Stroke Rehabilitation Program.Martin D. Hyman, Ph.D., Martin Eisdorfer, M.A., Andrew Kosten, Ph.D.Martin D. Hyman, Ph.D.Search for more papers by this author, Martin Eisdorfer, M.A.Search for more papers by this author, Andrew Kosten, Ph.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-72-5-807_5 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptKnowledge of the way in which patients' attitudes toward their illness affect the course and outcome of treatment can contribute to more effective therapy. This study tested the hypothesis that stroke patients who feel stigmatized by their disabilities will display less motivation and functional improvement during rehabilitation than will nonstigmatized patients. The study sample comprised 110 patients with hemiplegia secondary to a diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident and unaccompanied by substantial aphasia or dementia. Patients' feelings of stigma were determined from responses to interview questions. These questions dealt with patients' beliefs as to whether others look down on them, feel uncomfortable... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Martin D. Hyman, Ph.D.; Martin Eisdorfer, M.A.; Andrew Kosten, Ph.D.Affiliations: New York, N.Y. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1970Volume 72, Issue 5Page: 807-807KeywordsDementiaDisabilitiesEmotionsMotivationStrokeStroke rehabilitation ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1970 PDF downloadLoading ...
Disorders of the Ear: Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Wayne W. Deatsch
Journal: JAMA (1984)

This book successfully presents common diseases of the ear in the form of case presentations, which should make it especially appealing to nursing students, recent nursing graduates, and other paramedicals. The case presentation style is used in many nursing school curricula and would be familiar, easy reading for student nurses and recent graduates.  The introductory pages of anatomy and physiology could benefit from better correlation of the text and the diagrams. Some structures mentioned in the text are either not in the diagram or are not labeled. If future editions are forthcoming a little tighter editing would help in this area.  The diseases chosen are well selected to cover the commoner ailments, and the section on differential diagnosis covers related diseases. Knowing that close editing is needed to keep a book down to a manageable size, a few fairly common diseases are omitted. Inclusion of the subjects of sudden hearing
Tuberculous pleural effusion occurring during corticosteroid treatment of sarcoidosis.
Authors: J G Scadding, D Mitchell
Journal: Thorax (1987)

Article abstract Visual difficulty developed in a 54-year-old woman treated for 10 years with chloroquine for rheumatoid arthritis, and a bitemporal field defect was discovered. Skull x-rays, pneumoencephalography, and carotid angiography were normal. A chiasmal (exploration finally was done, but results were negative. Although bitemporal hemianopia usually implies a tumor in the region of the sellaturcica, the nonsurgical causes of this field defect have to be consitsred.
Mucus-Secreting Villous Adenoma of the Colon
Authors: Robert J. Carey, Charles B. Burbank
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

A RARE, but curable, cause of circulatory collapse in people of middle and late age has recently been managed successfully in a small community hospital. Mucus-secreting villous adenomas of the rectosigmoid produce a watery diarrhea of such a chronic, persistent nature that the patient and his family learn to accept it. Furthermore, the etiology of the diarrhea is often difficult to establish by the usual technics. Many years after the onset of symptoms, the patient may suddenly collapse and be admitted to the hospital as a medical emergency, requiring vigorous metabolic therapy. Shnitka et al.1 have collected 16 such cases from . . .
Self-Recognition and Ca2+-Dependent Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Cell Adhesion Provide Clues to the Cambrian Explosion
Authors: X. Fernandez-Busquets, A. Kornig, I. Bucior, M. M. Burger, D. Anselmetti
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2009)

The Cambrian explosion of life was a relatively short period approximately 540 Ma that marked a generalized acceleration in the evolution of most animal phyla, but the trigger of this key biological event remains elusive. Sponges are the oldest extant Precambrian metazoan phylum and thus a valid model to study factors that could have unleashed the rise of multicellular animals. One such factor is the advent of self-/non–self-recognition systems, which would be evolutionarily beneficial to organisms to prevent germ-cell parasitism or the introduction of deleterious mutations resulting from fusion with genetically different individuals. However, the molecules responsible for allorecognition probably evolved gradually before the Cambrian period, and some other (external) factor remains to be identified as the missing triggering event. Sponge cells associate through calcium-dependent, multivalent carbohydrate–carbohydrate interactions of the g200 glycan found on extracellular proteoglycans. Single molecule force spectroscopy analysis of g200–g200 binding indicates that calcium affects the lifetime (+Ca/−Ca: 680 s/3 s) and bond reaction length (+Ca/−Ca: 3.47 Å/2.27 Å). Calculation of mean g200 dissociation times in low and high calcium within the theoretical framework of a cooperative binding model indicates the nonlinear and divergent characteristics leading to either disaggregated cells or stable multicellular assemblies, respectively. This fundamental phenomenon can explain a switch from weak to strong adhesion between primitive metazoan cells caused by the well-documented rise in ocean calcium levels at the end of Precambrian time. We propose that stronger cell adhesion allowed the integrity of genetically uniform animals composed only of "self" cells, facilitating genetic constitutions to remain within the metazoan individual and be passed down inheritance lines. The Cambrian explosion might have been triggered by the coincidence in time of primitive animals endowed with self-/non–self-recognition and of a surge in seawater calcium that increased the binding forces between their calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules.
Faculty Responsibility for the Competence of New Physicians
Authors: Richard L. Egan
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Since 1906, the American Medical Association, through its Council on Medical Education, and since 1942, in a partnership with the Association of American Medical Colleges, through the Liaison Committee on Medical Education, has accredited medical schools in the United States. Accreditation has been and is a procedure to assure that the new physician will have received an education appropriate for the responsibilities confronting him upon graduation. Parallel with the development of procedures to accredit medical schools, each of the states has, through legislation, established requirements for licensure. These requirements in general require graduation from an accredited medical school, the completion of one year of graduate medical education, and the passing of an examination. Licensure is intended to assure that the new physician is competent to practice medicine. Changes in medical education, accreditation, and licensure during the past 70 years have been numerous. The inadequate schools described by Flexner are now
Prediction of citation counts for clinical articles at two years using data available within three weeks of publication: retrospective cohort study
Authors: Cynthia Lokker, K Ann McKibbon, R James McKinlay, Nancy L Wilczynski, R Brian Haynes
Journal: BMJ (2008)

To determine if citation counts at two years could be predicted for clinical articles that pass basic criteria for critical appraisal using data within three weeks of publication from external sources and an online article rating service.Retrospective cohort study.Online rating service, Canada.1274 articles from 105 journals published from January to June 2005, randomly divided into a 60:40 split to provide derivation and validation datasets.20 article and journal features, including ratings of clinical relevance and newsworthiness, routinely collected by the McMaster online rating of evidence system, compared with citation counts at two years.The derivation analysis showed that the regression equation accounted for 60% of the variation (R2=0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.538 to 0.629). This model applied to the validation dataset gave a similar prediction (R2=0.56, 0.476 to 0.596, shrinkage 0.04; shrinkage measures how well the derived equation matches data from the validation dataset). Cited articles in the top half and top third were predicted with 83% and 61% sensitivity and 72% and 82% specificity. Higher citations were predicted by indexing in numerous databases; number of authors; abstraction in synoptic journals; clinical relevance scores; number of cited references; and original, multicentred, and therapy articles from journals with a greater proportion of articles abstracted.Citation counts can be reliably predicted at two years using data within three weeks of publication.
Continuity of care
Authors: T. Greenhalgh
Journal: BMJ (2011)

I’ve had the same hairdresser for 21 years. She recently took a career break of several months. I forgave her, of course, for having a life event, but what about my hair?

I had already fallen in with the salon’s new system of interdisciplinary care pathways. On my arrival one staff member would check me in, another would wash my hair and get me seated before my hairdresser was summoned, and a fourth came round and offered me tea. I humoured this …
Molecular Evolution of Ankyrin: Gain of Function in Vertebrates by Acquisition of an Obscurin/Titin-Binding–Related Domain
Authors: Alexander A. Hopitzan, Anthony J. Baines, Ekaterini Kordeli
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

Ankyrins form a family of modular adaptor proteins that link between integral membrane proteins and the cytoskeleton. They evolved within the Metazoa as an adaptation for organizing membrane microstructure and directing membrane traffic. Molecular cloning has identified one Caenorhabditis elegans (unc-44), two Drosophila (Dank1, Dank2), and three mammalian (Ank1, Ank2, Ank3) genes. We have previously identified a 76–amino acid (aa) alternatively spliced sequence that is present in muscle polypeptides encoded by the rat Ank3 gene. A closely related sequence in a muscle Ank1 product binds the cytoskeletal muscle proteins obscurin and titin. This obscurin/titin-binding–related domain (OTBD) contains repeated modules of 18 aa: three are encoded by Ank1 and Ank2, two by Ank3; this pattern is conserved throughout vertebrate ankyrin genes. The C. elegans ankyrin, UNC-44, contains one 18-aa module as does the ankyrin gene in the urochordate Ciona intestinalis, but the insect ankyrins contain none. Our data indicate that an ancestral ankyrin acquired an 18-aa module which was preserved in the Ecdysozoa/deuterostome divide, but it was subsequently lost from arthropods. Successive duplications of the module led to a gain of function in vertebrates as it acquired obscurin/titin-binding activity. We suggest that the OTBD represents an adaptation of the cytoskeleton that confers muscle cells with resilience to the forces associated with vertebrate life.
New Stabilizer for Schick Toxin
Authors: A. T. Glenny, M. F. Stevens
Journal: BMJ (1937)

frTHnEBJmsitT 709 her pain.She was asked to go on taking gradual deep breaths followed by complete expiration.This allowed the operator's fingers good access down into the pelvic cavitv.The breech was taken out of the pelvis and into the superior