tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Acute Postoperative Confusion and Hallucinations in Parkinson Disease
Authors: William E. Golden
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Study Objective: To determine whether patients with Parkinson disease are at an increased risk for postoperative confusion. Design: Retrospective chart review of patients with Parkinson disease who remained in the hospital at least 48 hours after their surgery. Current data were compared with published historical controls. Setting: Recent medical records of a university-affiliated hospital, Veterans Administration hospital, and community hospital. Patients: Available charts of patients with Parkinson disease who had had surgery in the last 2 years. Patients were excluded if they were disoriented at admission or had serious metabolic disturbances. Measurements and Main Results: Fifteen of twenty-five postoperative patients with Parkinson disease (60%; CI, 39% to 78%) suffered significant acute confusion, and 9 of these patients had documented hallucinations. Neuropsychiatric changes were frequently delayed after surgery. The acute confusional state lasted an average 2.5 days; several patients, however, were discharged before resolution. These disturbances did not appear to be related to type of antiparkinsonian medication or anesthetic. Conclusion: In comparison with historical controls, the relative risk of patients with Parkinson disease having an acute postoperative confusional state is between 2. 8 and 8.1. These patients may need environmental supports during the postoperative period.
Role of caspases 1 and 3 and Bcl-2-related molecules in endothelial cell apoptosis associated with thrombotic microangiopathies
Authors: Debashis Mitra, Jiyun Kim, Clarinda MacLow, Aly Karsan, Jeffrey Laurence
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1998)

We have defined an in vitro model for the study of microvascular endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis mediated by plasma from patients with various forms of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). This system reproduces a variety of histopathologic and ultrastructural features of tissue EC involved in TTP/sporadic HUS, suggesting that apoptotic EC injury is a primary pathophysiologic event in the thrombotic microangiopathies. We now document the ability of tetrapeptide-based inhibitors of interleukin 1β-converting enzyme (ICE)-like caspase 1 and cysteine protease protein (CPP)-32-like caspase 3, two members of a novel class of cysteine proteases involved in final pathways to apoptosis, to block TTP/sporadic HUS plasma-mediated apoptosis. Overexpression of Bcl-XL via gene transfer suppressed this apoptosis by 70%. Transduction of EC with the Bcl-2 homolog A1 had a more limited protective effect. These findings support a role for apoptosis-linked cysteine proteases in the pathophysiology of TTP and sporadic HUS, and raise the possibility that specific apoptosis inhibitors may have a role in the experimental therapeutics of these syndromes. Am. J. Hematol. 59:279–287, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Release of a Thromboplastic Substance from Arterial Walls by Epinephrine
Authors: TAKIO SHIMAMOTO, TADAO ISHIOKA
Journal: Circulation Research (1963)

Aortic preparations of 70 rabbits including the vasa vasorum were perfused in vitro by oxygenated saline under a pressure of 100 mm Hg. The main branches of the aorta were ligated and the perfusate, which irrigates the aortic lumen, but not the vasa vasorum, was sampled every minute. The samples were assayed for thromboplastic activity by means of the calcium clotting time. The calcium clotting time was shortened significantly in samples taken one, two, and three minutes after injection of 0.005 µg epinephrine. The response was present in perfusing with Tyrode's solution as well as with 0.9% NaCl but was absent if oxygen was withheld from the solution. Larger dose of epinephrine (0.05 µg) caused an initial shortening of the calcium clotting time, followed by a prolongation in two out of five cases. Still larger doses (0.5 µg) or much smaller ones (0.0005 µg) were without effect. In the aortas of rabbits which were pretreated by 5 mg/kg of nialamide two hours before removing the aorta, the previously mentioned effect of epinephrine was prevented. However, direct perfusion of the aortic preparation by a nialamide mixture in vitro did not prevent the release of thromboplastic active substance by epinephrine. Norepinephrine in doses of 0.005, 0.05, and 0.5 µg was found to be ineffective. These observations may explain the effects of epinephrine on the clotting time of blood originally described by Cannon and Gray. 5
Regional myocardial hemodynamic and metabolic effects of ionic and nonionic contrast media in normal and ischemic states.
Authors: K H Gerber, C B Higgins, Y S Yuh, J A Koziol
Journal: Circulation (1982)

The effects of intracoronary injection of two nonionic contrast media (iohexol and metrizamide) on myocardial contraction and chemical composition of coronary sinus (CS) blood were compared with those caused by the standard ionic contrast material for coronary angiography, sodium meglumine diatrizoate (R76), in 14 anesthetized dogs. The effects of each agent on regional contractility were compared in the normal state and in the presence of a critical coronary artery stenosis. The three contrast media produced equivalent decreases in hematocrit and sodium (both NS), but R76 caused a greater increase in CS osmolality (p less than 0.02). R76 caused a significant decrease in CS potassium and ionized calcium (both p less than 0.001), but neither nonionic contrast medium caused a significant change in either potassium or calcium. In the normal state, R76 caused initial transient (less than 10 seconds) increases in both end-diastolic (p less than 0.006) and end-systolic segment length (p less than 0.02) and a decrease in rate of change of segment length (dL/dt) (p less than 0.002). The nonionic agents caused a mild increase in dL/dt (p less than 0.04) and a decrease in end-systolic segment length (p less than 0.03); both returned to control levels within 1 minute. In the presence of a stenosis, R76 caused a more severe and prolonged increase in end-diastolic and end-systolic segment lengths (p less than 0.03) and a decrease in dL/dt (p less than 0.002), which did not return to control within 2 minutes. The effects of the nonionic agents were similar in both normal and diseased states. We conclude that nonionic contrast media produce fewer alterations than ionic contrast media in coronary sinus blood chemistry and myocardial contractile state. The effect of ionic contrast media on regional contraction is accentuated in the presence of coronary artery stenosis.
Simultaneous Determination of Temperatures of Skin and Muscle before and after Lumbar Sympathectomy
Authors: HERBERT A. ROEDLING, GRACE M. ROTH, COLLIN S. MACCARTY, RICHARD M. SHICK
Journal: Circulation (1961)

A group of 26 patients who had peripheral occlusive arterial disease of the lower extremity were studied before and after chemical or surgical unilateral lumbar sympathectomy. The temperatures of the gastrocnemius muscle and of the skin of the sural area were determined simultaneously preoperatively and postoperatively. Only patients who had undergone successful unilateral lumbar sympathetic denervation based on the postoperative area of anhidrosis were included. The data were obtained under basal conditions among the 26 patients, and the persons studied were divided into two groups. Group 1 was composed of 17 patients (65 per cent) who had a definite parallel increase of 1.2 C. in the temperature of the gastrocnemius muscle and the skin after unilateral sympathectomy. In group 2 (nine patients or 35 per cent) the temperature of the gastrocnemius muscle and the skin of the sural area was unchanged after unilateral sympathectomy. Since none of these patients were suitable for surgical bypass arterial-grafting procedures and all were in the older age group, not too much could be expected from the standpoint of an increase in temperature. However, when the temperature of the skin after operation increased, the temperature of the gastrocnemius muscle also increased.
Natural course of 500 consecutive cases of whooping cough: a general practice population study
Authors: D. Jenkinson
Journal: BMJ (1995)

To describe the natural course of whooping cough.Observational study of a general practice population.Discrete semirural East Midlands practice of 11,500 patients.500 consecutive cases of whooping cough diagnosed clinically during 1977-92.Incidence of vomiting, whooping, apnoea, admission to hospital, and complications; duration and frequency of paroxysms. Pattern of spread.The incidence in the practice population was 4347/100,000 population compared with a notification rate for England and Wales of 717/100,000. Most cases were relatively mild. 284 patients vomited after paroxysms, 242 whooped, and 57 had apnoea. Duration and frequency of paroxysms varied widely. Female and unimmunised patients suffered more severe disease. Bordetella was isolated from fewer immunised patients (24/96 v 63/122 unimmunised). Infection was usually spread through contacts with someone with clinical whooping cough. Five patients developed pneumonia, three of whom had been immunised. Three patients required hospital admission.Most cases of whooping cough are relatively mild. Such cases are difficult to diagnose without a high index of suspicion because doctors are unlikely to hear the characteristic cough, which may be the only symptom. Parents can be reassured that a serious outcome is unlikely. Adults also get whooping cough, especially from their children, and get the same symptoms as children. The difficulty of early diagnosis and probability of missed cases reinforces the need to keep the incidence low through immunisation in order to protect infants, who are the most vulnerable.
Cancer Incidence in an Area of Radioactive Fallout Downwind From the Nevada Test Site
Authors: Carl J. Johnson
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Exposures in southwestern Utah to radioactive fallout (1951 through 1962) from atmospheric nuclear detonations at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) were followed by smaller exposures (1962 through 1979) from venting of underground nuclear detonations. The cancer incidence in a 1951 cohort (4, 125) of Mormon families in southwestern Utah near the NTS was compared with that of all Utah Mormons (1967 through 1975). There were 109 more cases of cancer than expected (288[observed]/179[expected]). Leukemia was most prominent early (1958 through 1966), with 19 cases, five times more than expected (3.6). The excess of leukemia persisted into the later period (1972 through 1980), with 12 cases observed, 3.4 expected. There was an increase in lymphoma. Excess cases of thyroid cancer appeared early and a notable excess appeared later (14/1.7). An excess of breast cancer was noted later (27/14). There were more cancers of the gastrointestinal tract than expected. There was an excess of melanoma (12/4.5), bone cancer (8/0.7), and brain tumors (9/3.9). A subgroup with history of acute fallout effects had a higher cancer incidence. That these cases can be associated with radiation exposures is supported by a comparison between groups of the ratio of cancers of more radiosensitive organs with all other types of cancer.
Scientific and Commercial Development of Human Cell Lines
Authors: William J. Curran
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

MUCH has been written in recent years about the property interests of patients in commercial products developed from human cell lines.1 2 3 4 Most of these commentaries have been rendered obsolete by a recent ruling of the Supreme Court of California. In a long-awaited decision in Moore v. Regents of the University of California,5 a majority of the court denied that the patient, Moore, had any property interest in his discarded tissue, which consisted mainly of tissue removed from his spleen in a therapeutic procedure to retard his leukemia, plus blood, bone marrow, and sperm contributed over time. All the tissues . . .
The Physician's Income Tax
Authors: Paul Gitlin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1954)

TO maintain his "books of account" properly, so that they will be available for income-tax purposes, a professional man should be aware which items are those of income and which are those of expense. The following discussion deals with income and expense arising only from professional activities.Professional IncomeAll payments received from patients whether in the form of cash or check are treated as income at the time of receipt. If a patient's check is returned by the bank because of "lack of funds" the amount is dropped from income until it is paid. If the sum is never . . .
Cancer therapy and renal injury
Authors: Robert W. Schrier
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Cisplatin and other platinum derivatives are among the most effective chemotherapeutic agents against solid tumors including ovarian, head and neck carcinomas, and germ cell tumors. The major side effect of cisplatin is nephrotoxicity. While several antineoplastic agents frequently exhibit nephrotoxicity, the platinum derivatives are among the most frequent compounds leading to renal injury (1). There also can be synergistic nephrotoxic effects of cisplatin with other chemotherapeutic agents such as the taxol compounds (2). Moreover, in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), there ap-pears to be a dramatic interaction between chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, and immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporine. Specifically, nephrotoxicity, as assessed by a 25% loss of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), has been observed in 56% of autologous HCTs, in which immunosuppressive therapy is not used, but in more than 90% of allogeneic HCT, which requires immunosuppression (3, 4). Moreover, mortality is 7% in autologous HCTs in which cisplatin and other antineoplastic drugs are used without immunosuppression. In contrast, the mortality rises to 58% in allogeneic HCTs when the antineoplastic drugs are combined with immunosuppressive drugs, particularly calcineurin inhibitors, such as cyclosporine.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis: correlation with respiratory atopy
Authors: None Sawai, None Ikai, None Uehara
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

We determined the cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE) activity in peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes from 100 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) aged 13-57 years (mean +/- SD, 29.8 +/- 17.7 years). The correlation between cAMP-PDE activity and clinical parameters such as the severity of eczema and a personal or family predisposition to atopic respiratory diseases (ARD) (asthma or allergic rhinitis) was examined. Although the enzymic activity varied from normal to very high in the AD patients, cAMP-PDE activity was significantly (P < 0.005) elevated in AD patients (42.1 +/- 22.0 units) as compared with the normal controls (12.4 +/- 5.6) and clinical control subjects (13.4 +/- 9.5). In contrast, we found no correlation between cAMP-PDE activity and the severity of eczema when AD patients were classified into four categories (remission, mild, moderate and severe) according to the extent of their skin involvement. Furthermore, we found that systemic corticosteroid therapy in severe AD patients did not alter the cAMP-PDE activity. cAMP-PDE activity was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in those AD patients who had a personal history of ARD (47.2 +/- 11.2) than in AD patients with a family history of ARD (37.2 +/- 17.4) and those without a personal or family history ('pure' AD) (34.4 +/- 19.8). Nevertheless, the cAMP-PDE activity was significantly higher even in 'pure' AD patients than in the controls. These results suggest that an elevation of cAMP-PDE activity is closely related to a predisposition to respiratory atopy, and does not follow inflammation in AD patients.
INCREASED HIGH SENSITIVITY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH MILD TO MODERATE AORTIC VALVE STENOSIS: A SEAS SUBSTUDY
Authors: Adam Blyme, Camilla Asferg, Olav Nielsen, Kurt Boman, Christa Gohlke-Baerwolf, Antero Kesniemi, Christoph Nienaber, Terje Pedersen, Simon Ray, Anne Rosseb, Ronnie Willenheimer, Kristian Wachtell, Michael Olsen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Antigen Sensitization Influences Organophosphorus Pesticide–Induced Airway Hyperreactivity
Authors: Becky J. Proskocil, Donald A. Bruun, Jesse K. Lorton, Kirsten C. Blensly, David B. Jacoby, Pamela J. Lein, Allison D. Fryer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

BackgroundRecent epidemiologic studies have identified organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) as environmental factors potentially contributing to the increase in asthma prevalence over the last 25 years. In support of this hypothesis, we have demonstrated that environmentally relevant concentrations of OPs induce airway hyperreactivity in guinea pigs.ObjectivesSensitization to allergen is a significant contributing factor in asthma, and we have shown that sensitization changes virus-induced airway hyperreactivity from an eosinophil-independent mechanism to one mediated by eosinophils. Here, we determine whether sensitization similarly influences OP-induced airway hyperreactivity.MethodsNonsensitized and ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs were injected subcutaneously with the OP parathion (0.001–1.0 mg/kg). Twenty-four hours later, animals were anesthetized and ventilated, and bronchoconstriction was measured in response to either vagal stimulation or intravenous acetylcholine. Inflammatory cells and acetylcholinesterase activity were assessed in tissues collected immediately after physiologic measurements.ResultsOvalbumin sensitization decreased the threshold dose for parathion-induced airway hyperreactivity and exacerbated parathion effects on vagally induced bronchoconstriction. Pretreatment with antibody to interleukin (IL)-5 prevented parathion-induced hyperreactivity in sensitized but not in nonsensitized guinea pigs. Parathion did not increase the number of eosinophils in airways or the number of eosinophils associated with airway nerves nor did it alter eosinophil activation as assessed by major basic protein deposition.ConclusionsAntigen sensitization increases vulnerability to parathion-induced airway hyperreactivity and changes the mechanism to one that is dependent on IL-5. Because sensitization to allergens is characteristic of 50% of the general population and 80% of asthmatics (including children), these findings have significant implications for OP risk assessment, intervention, and treatment strategies.
P.B. Fontanarosa, MD, To Be JAMA Senior Editor
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1993)

PHIL B. FONTANAROSA, MD, assumes his duties next week as<i>JAMA</i>'s newest senior editor and department head. Fontanarosa, who has been research director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Akron (Ohio) City Hospital, also has been associate professor of emergency medicine, Northeast Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Roots-town. He is a 1975 graduate of Youngs-town (Ohio) State University and received his medical degree in 1978 from the Medical College of Ohio, Toledo. His current research includes studies of head trauma in the elderly, injuries resulting from electricity, and criteria for computed tomography scanning in acute neurological conditions, and he has published or presented data nearly 100 times. In addition, he has been editor in chief for two emergency medicine publications, has contributed articles to seven others, and has reviewed articles for another four. He has served on a number of nation Dr Fontanarosa al and local professional committees and has been
THE RELATION BETWEEN BODY AND ORGAN WEIGHTS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Wade H. Brown, Louise Pearce, C. M. Van Allen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1926)

Data from 645 normal rabbits were used as the basis of an investigation of the relation existing between body and organ weights. Actual and relative weights were correlated with both gross and net body weight. The results obtained varied with different classes of organs but it was found that, in general, there was an agreement between the form and degree of the correlation shown and the structural and functional properties of the organs concerned.
The Effect of Trauma and Confinement on Functional Health and Mental Health Status of Cambodians Living in Thailand-Cambodia Border Camps
Authors: Richard F. Mollica
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To assess the long-term impact of trauma and confinement on the functional health and mental health status of Cambodian displaced persons living on the Thailand-Cambodia border. <h3>Design.</h3> —Household survey of 993 adults randomly selected from household rosters. Household sample selection by multistage area probability sample. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Site 2, the largest Cambodian displaced-persons camp on the Thailand-Cambodia border. <h3>Participants.</h3> —Adults 18 years of age and older selected at random within households; 98% of eligible persons selected agreed to participate. <h3>Results.</h3> —From 1975 through 1979 (Khmer Rouge regime), more than 85% reported lack of food, water, shelter, and medical care, brainwashing, and forced labor; 54% reported murder of a family member or friend; 36% reported torture; 18% reported head injury; and 17% reported rape or sexual abuse. During the refugee period between 1980 and 1990, 56% reported lack of food or water, 44% reported lack of shelter, 28% reported lack of medical care, 24% reported brainwashing, and 8% reported torture. Since 1980, reports of murder of a family member, head injury, and rape/sexual abuse have decreased to 5%. Reports of experiencing combat situations and shelling attacks have remained consistent between the two time periods, approximately 44% and 30%, respectively. From 1989 to 1990, 25% reported experiencing lack of food or water, and 5% to 10% reported serious injury, combat, and shelling conditions. More than 80% said they were in fair or poor health, felt depressed, and had a number of somatic complaints despite good access to medical services. Fifty-five percent and 15% had symptom scores that correlate with Western criteria for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, respectively. Fifteen percent to 20% reported health impairments limiting activity, and moderate or severe bodily pain. Despite reported high levels of trauma and symptoms, social and work functioning were well preserved in the majority of respondents. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Reports of extensive trauma, poor health status, and depressive symptoms of this population are of concern in predicting future morbidity and mortality. The health and mental health needs of Cambodian displaced persons and their impact on social and economic behavior should be addressed now that the Cambodians have been repatriated. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1993;270:581-586)