tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Management of Trauma: Pitfalls and Practice
Authors: Robert C. Mclntyre
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Trauma This second edition of<i>Management of Trauma</i>is dedicated to Dr Alexander J. Walt following his recent death. The text is a detailed review meant to present an approach to the patient who has suffered major trauma. The intended audience is the practicing surgeon, trainee, and medical student. The authors and contributors are a broad representation of health care professionals involved in the care of the patient with major trauma, including surgery, emergency medicine, neurosurgery, orthopedics, plastic surgery, anesthesiology, radiology, and ophthalmology. A substantial number of contributors are from the medical staff of Detroit Receiving Hospital and Harper Hospital. The text contains 47 chapters, each focused on a particular body region or organ system. In addition to chapters on pediatric and geriatric trauma, several deal with specific problem areas, such as prehospital care, initial evaluation and management, and intoxication. There are also several chapters on such complications in trauma
Tauopathy-induced retinal dysfunction in the P301S mutant human tau transgenic mouse
Authors: Nadia Mazzaro, Erica Barini, Michel Goedert, Maria Grazia Spillantini, Paolo Medini, Laura Gasparini
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2013)

Intracellular inclusions made of microtubule-associated tau protein are a defining pathological hallmark of tauopathies, which include Alzheimer disease and familial frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17. Altered levels of tau protein have been detected in the retina and optic nerve of patients with glaucoma, suggesting that retina degeneration and tauopathies share similar pathogenic mechanisms. We have recently demonstrated that P301S mutant human tau (tauP301S) mice develop tau filamentous inclusions and axonopathy in retinal ganglion neurons (RGCs), in the absence of neuronal loss or alterations in the outer retina. Moreover, we showed that tauP301S transgenic retinal explants do not respond to neurotrophic stimuli in vitro. Here, we investigated the impact of tau pathology on RGC physiology in living animals and neurotrophin signaling pathways in vivo. In anesthetized 5-month old wild type (WT) and tauP301S mice, we measured RGCs activity using pattern electroretinogram (pERG), which selectively detects RGC response upon pattern light stimuli exposure. In transgenic tauP301S mice the amplitude of both P1 positive and N2 negative components of pERG at saturating contrast and spatial frequency was significantly smaller than WT values. Furthermore, retinal acuity was significantly reduced in tauP301S mice. Using uniform flickers of light (flash ERG), we measured the activity of the outer retina and found that outer retina response was preserved in tauP301S mice. Neurotrophins, and especially brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are important modulators of neuronal survival and function in the brain and in the visual system. We therefore investigated the BDNF signaling pathway and found that BDNF signalling was altered in tauP301S transgenic retinas. Our results indicate that, in the tauP301S mouse, tau pathology specifically impairs the activity of RGCs, without affecting the outer retina function and is associated with BDNF signalling alterations. Given the role of BDNF in synaptic plasticity, these data suggest that mild levels of tau pathology are sufficient to trigger significant neuronal dysfunction possibly through alteration of neurotrophic signalling. Funded by a grant of Compagnia di San Paolo awarded to LG.
Bidirectional Association Between Depression and Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: An Pan, NaNa Keum, Olivia I. Okereke, Qi Sun, Mika Kivimaki, Richard R. Rubin, Frank B. Hu
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

OBJECTIVE Epidemiological studies have repeatedly investigated the association between depression and metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the results have been inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to summarize the current evidence from cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies that evaluated this association. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases were searched for articles published up to January 2012. Cross-sectional and cohort studies that reported an association between the two conditions in adults were included. Data on prevalence, incidence, unadjusted or adjusted odds ratio (OR), and 95% CI were extracted or provided by the authors. The pooled OR was calculated separately for cross-sectional and cohort studies using random-effects models. The I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. RESULTS The search yielded 29 cross-sectional studies (n = 155,333): 27 studies reported unadjusted OR with a pooled estimate of 1.42 (95% CI 1.28–1.57; I2 = 55.1%); 11 studies reported adjusted OR with depression as the outcome (1.27 [1.07–1.57]; I2 = 60.9%), and 12 studies reported adjusted OR with MetS as the outcome (1.34 [1.18–1.51]; I2 = 0%). Eleven cohort studies were found (2 studies reported both directions): 9 studies (n = 26,936 with 2,316 new-onset depression case subjects) reported adjusted OR with depression as the outcome (1.49 [1.19–1.87]; I2 = 56.8%), 4 studies (n = 3,834 with 350 MetS case subjects) reported adjusted OR with MetS as the outcome (1.52 [1.20–1.91]; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate a bidirectional association between depression and MetS. These results support early detection and management of depression among patients with MetS and vice versa.
Domain-Specific Effects of Prenatal Exposure to PCBs, Mercury, and Lead on Infant Cognition: Results from the Environmental Contaminants and Child Development Study in Nunavik
Authors: Olivier Boucher, Gina Muckle, Joseph L. Jacobson, R. Colin Carter, Melissa Kaplan-Estrin, Pierre Ayotte, Éric Dewailly, Sandra W. Jacobson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2014)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), methylmercury (MeHg), and lead (Pb) are environmental contaminants known for their adverse effects on cognitive development.In this study we examined the effects of prenatal exposure to PCBs, MeHg, and Pb on cognitive development in a sample of Inuit infants from Arctic Québec.Mothers were recruited at local prenatal clinics. PCBs, mercury (Hg), Pb, and two seafood nutrients-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and selenium (Se)-were measured in umbilical cord blood. Infants (n = 94) were assessed at 6.5 and 11 months of age on the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII), A-not-B test, and Bayley Scales of Infant Development-2nd Edition (BSID-II).Multiple regression analyses revealed that higher prenatal PCB exposure was associated with decreased FTII novelty preference, indicating impaired visual recognition memory. Prenatal Hg was associated with poorer performance on A-not-B, which depends on working memory and is believed to be a precursor of executive function. Prenatal Pb was related to longer FTII fixation durations, indicating slower speed of information processing.PCBs, MeHg, and Pb each showed specific and distinct patterns of adverse associations with the outcomes measured during infancy. By contrast, none of these exposures was associated with performance on the BSID-II, a global developmental measure. The more focused, narrow band measures of cognitive function that appeared to be sensitive to these exposures also provide early indications of long-term impairment in specific domains that would otherwise not likely be evident until school age.Boucher O, Muckle G, Jacobson JL, Carter RC, Kaplan-Estrin M, Ayotte P, Dewailly É, Jacobson SW. 2014. Domain-specific effects of prenatal exposure to PCBs, mercury, and lead on infant cognition: results from the Environmental Contaminants and Child Development Study in Nunavik. Environ Health Perspect 122:310-316; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206323.
Health effects of indoor odorants.
Authors: J E Cone, D Shusterman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1991)

People assess the quality of the air indoors primarily on the basis of its odors and on their perception of associated health risk. The major current contributors to indoor odorants are human occupant odors (body odor), environmental tobacco smoke, volatile building materials, bio-odorants (particularly mold and animal-derived materials), air fresheners, deodorants, and perfumes. These are most often present as complex mixtures, making measurement of the total odorant problem difficult. There is no current method of measuring human body odor, other than by human panel studies of expert judges of air quality. Human body odors have been quantitated in terms of the "olf" which is the amount of air pollution produced by the average person. Another quantitative unit of odorants is the "decipol," which is the perceived level of pollution produced by the average human ventilated by 10 L/sec of unpolluted air or its equivalent level of dissatisfaction from nonhuman air pollutants. The standard regulatory approach, focusing on individual constituents or chemicals, is not likely to be successful in adequately controlling odorants in indoor air. Besides the current approach of setting minimum ventilation standards to prevent health effects due to indoor air pollution, a standard based on the olf or decipol unit might be more efficacious as well as simpler to measure.
Is Alexithymia a Permanent Feature in Depressed Patients?
Authors: Kirsi Honkalampi, Jukka Hintikka, Pirjo Saarinen, Johannes Lehtonen, Heimo Viinamäki
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2000)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; A six-month follow-up study was conducted to determine whether alexithymia is a permanent feature in 169 depressed outpatients. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; Diagnosis of depression was confirmed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-I). Alexithymia was screened using the 20-item version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and severity of depression was assessed using the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; Almost 40% of the patients were considered alexithymic at baseline, but only 23% at follow-up. Alexithymic patients were more often moderately or severely depressed than other patients in both study phases. The BDI scores explained 23% (at baseline) and 42% (at follow-up) of the variation in TAS-20 scores. The decrease in the TAS-20 scores was associated with a concurrent decrease in BDI scores. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; Alexithymic patients with depressive disorders do not appear to form a stable group. On the contrary, alexithymia seems to change as a function of depression. In the light of these results, alexithymia appears not to be a stable personality trait among depressed patients, and furthermore, it seems possible that alexithymic features respond to psychiatric treatment.
Surgery of the Gall Bladder and Bile Ducts
Authors: M. Michael Eisenberg
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Surgery of the extrahepatic biliary tree constitutes a significant proportion of the work of the general surgeon. In addition, many practitioners who would ordinarily not attempt "major" operative surgery, consider cholecystectomy fair game. As the editors of this text point out, there are three ways in which poor results from biliary tract operations may be incurred: (1) The operation should not have been performed in the first place, eg, when it is done for symptoms actually arising from another cause. (2) The operation may be inadequately performed, eg, when calculus material is left residual in the common duct. (3) The operation is improperly performed, eg, when damage to the right hepatic artery or the common duct is sustained. Because of the apparent simplicity but actual complexity of the extrahepatic biliary tree, there are few areas of the abdomen in which the challenge to the surgeon's imagination and technical skill is
Intramuscular Injection of Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Wrist and Finger Spasticity after a Stroke
Authors: Allison Brashear, Mark F. Gordon, Elie Elovic, V. Daniel Kassicieh, Christina Marciniak, Mai Do, Chia-Ho Lee, Stephen Jenkins, Catherine Turkel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Spasticity is a disabling complication of stroke, and it is uncertain whether intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin type A reduce disability in persons with spasticity of the wrist and fingers after a stroke.
Increased jejunal prostaglandin E2 concentrations in patients with acute cholera.
Authors: P Speelman, G H Rabbani, K Bukhave, J Rask-Madsen
Journal: Gut (1985)

Supraphysiologic doses of prostaglandins (PGs) mimic the effect of cholera toxin and cAMP in the small intestine, but not all observations are explicable in terms of the theory that links PGs to cAMP. Because no data exist on endogenous PGs in human cholera we measured PGE2 concentrations in jejunal fluids and fasting intestinal flow rates of PGE2 during slow marker perfusion of proximal jejunum in nine patients with high purging cholera. Nine patients in the recovery phase of cholera or other watery diarrhoeas served as controls. In acute cholera PGE2 concentrations were significantly (p less than 0.001) raised (172-1435 (n = 9) vs 60-270 (n = 9) pg/ml) and negatively correlated (r = 0.71; p less than 0.05) to the time following onset of diarrhoea. Also fasting jejunal flow rates of PGE2 were significantly (p less than 0.005) increased (0.77-8.22 (n = 7) vs 0.21-0.92 (n = 6) ng/min), and positively correlated (r = 0.84; p less than 0.01) to stool output (2.9-9.5 ml/min). By extrapolation, at normal stool output fasting jejunal flow rates of PGE2 equalled those measured during convalescence. The results support the notion that PGs, in addition to cAMP, may play a pathophysiologic role in human cholera. As the ratio between the medians of the highest values measured during the acute phase of cholera and in late convalescence was at least 15, local intestinal PGE2 formation in full blown cholera should result in mucosal PGE2 concentrations above those required for a maximal secretory response. This observation might explain why conventional doses of aspirin and indomethacin had no significant antidiarrhoeal effect in clinical trials.
Hormonal Changes and Catabolic/Anabolic Imbalance in Chronic Heart Failure and Their Importance for Cardiac Cachexia
Authors: Stefan D. Anker, Tuan Peng Chua, Piotr Ponikowski, Derek Harrington, Jon W. Swan, Wolfgang J. Kox, Philip A. Poole-Wilson, Andrew J. S. Coats
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background The role of hormonal and cytokine abnormalities in the development of cardiac cachexia remains obscure. Methods and Results Healthy control subjects (n=16) and patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), classified clinically as cachectic (8% to 35% weight loss over ≥6 months before study, n=16) or noncachectic (n=37), were assessed for markers of disease severity (maximal oxygen consumption, left ventricular ejection fraction, NYHA functional class). These markers were compared with plasma concentrations of potentially important anabolic and catabolic factors. The degree of neurohormonal activation and catabolic/anabolic imbalance was closely related to wasting but not to conventional measures of the severity of heart failure. Compared with control subjects and noncachectic patients, cachectic patients had reduced plasma sodium and increased norepinephrine, epinephrine (all P &lt;.0001), cortisol, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (both P &lt;.002), and human growth hormone ( P &lt;.05). Insulin-like growth factor-1, testosterone, and estrogen were similar in all groups. Insulin was increased only in the noncachectic patients ( P &lt;.005 versus control subjects). Dehydroepiandrosterone was reduced in the cachectic patients ( P &lt;.02 versus control subjects). Insulin, cortisol, TNF-α, and norepinephrine correlated independently with wasting in CHF ( P &lt;.05; multiple regression of these four factors versus percent ideal weight, R 2 =.50, P &lt;.0001). Conclusions Cachexia is more closely associated with hormonal changes in CHF than conventional measures of the severity of CHF. This study suggests that the syndrome of heart failure progresses to cardiac cachexia if the normal metabolic balance between catabolism and anabolism is altered.
SOME ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDUSTRIAL LEGISLATION AND HYGIENE
Authors: T. Oliver
Journal: BMJ (1925)

INDUSTRIAL lhygiene is a comparatively recent branch of medicine.Although Ramazzinii published his treatise on Occzupation Diseases in 1700, it was the utilization of steam as a motive power which stimulated the growth of modern industry.The manufacture of pottery, also of bricks for building purposes, is one of dhe oldest trades.Coal mining, on the other hand, is one of the most important industries, as it is one of the most dangerous.
Seafood Contamination after the BP Gulf Oil Spill and Risks to Vulnerable Populations: A Critique of the FDA Risk Assessment
Authors: Miriam Rotkin-Ellman, Karen K. Wong, Gina M. Solomon
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

The BP oil spill of 2010 resulted in contamination of one of the most productive fisheries in the United States by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs, which can accumulate in seafood, are known carcinogens and developmental toxicants. In response to the oil spill, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed risk criteria and established thresholds for allowable levels [levels of concern (LOCs)] of PAH contaminants in Gulf Coast seafood.
Abstract 2586: Adnectins as a platform for multi-specific targeted biologics: A novel bispecific inhibitor of EGFR and IGF-IR growth factor receptors
Authors: Stuart L. Emanuel, Linda J. Engle, Carolyn Cao, Ginger Chao, Zheng Lin, Rong-Rong Zhu, Aaron P. Yamniuk, Jennifer Hosbach, Jennifer Brown, Elizabeth Fitzpatrick, Jochem Gokemeijer, Paul Morin, Brent Morse, Irvith Carvajal, David Fabrizio, Martin Wright, Ruchira DasGupta, Mike Gosselin, Rolf Ryseck, Michael L. Doyle, Tai W. Wong, Ray Camphausen, Sharon T. Cload, Nick Marsh, Eric S. Furfine, Marco M. Gottardis
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGFR) are transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases that mediate proliferative and invasive cell signaling in cancer. Inhibition of either receptor reduces tumor growth in both mouse models and in human clinical studies. Blocking the EGFR pathway can induce compensatory activation of the IGFR pathway to drive tumor growth and IGFR inhibition can result in activation of EGFR signaling in preclinical models. Therefore, blocking both receptors simultaneously may achieve superior efficacy to blocking either pathway alone. We developed individual optimized Adnectins™ specific for blocking either EGFR or IGFR signaling and engineered them into a single protein that linked both Adnectins together to construct a bi-specific Adnectin targeting the EGFR and IGFR (EI-tandem). The bifunctional molecule blocked activation of EGFR and IGFR, inhibited both EGF and IGF-induced down-stream cell signaling (MAPK and AKT pathways) and was antiproliferative in human cancer cell lines. Potency of the EI-tandem was comparable to anti-EGFR and anti-IGFR antibodies. The EI-tandem demonstrated a synergistic inhibition of IGFR phosphorylation and down-stream cell signaling compared to Adnectins specific for only EGFR or IGFR alone. Although Adnectins bound to the EGFR at a site distinct from the clinically approved anti-EGFR antibodies cetuximab, panitumumab and nimotuzumab, they still blocked binding of EGF to the EGFR. PEGylated EI-tandem inhibited the growth of human tumor xenografts driven by both EGFR and IGFR signaling, degraded EGFR and IGFR, and reduced phosphorylation of EGFR in tumors. Treatment of mice with EI-tandem caused increases in levels of the circulating ligands TGFα and IGF1 resulting from blockade of their respective receptors and provided convenient soluble biomarkers of target suppression. These results show that a bifunctional Adnectin can confer improved biological activity compared to monospecific biologics in tumors where growth is driven by multiple growth factors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2586.
Crying in Stairwells: How Should We Grieve for Dying Patients?
Authors: Bernard Siegel
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —I am out of my mind over A Piece of My Mind.<sup>1</sup>Again and again, physicians are crying in deserted corners of the hospital.<sup>1,2</sup>Why is this happening? The answer is our lack of training and the depersonalization that had become a part of medicine. I, too, had to hurt and almost die inside before I began to treat people. We cried together, held each other, listened to one another, and I was even asked by my patients to deliver eulogies at their funerals. I spoke their words for them. They healed me. Please, fellow physicians, don't cry in empty rooms, on stairwells, or in locker rooms. Cry in public and let the patients and staff heal you and see you are human. We wouldn't need to hide behind our masks if we weren't human and hurting. As a surgeon, I had to come out
UTILITY OF COMBINED ASSESSMENT OF BASELINE DYSSYNCHRONY AND ITS ACUTE IMPROVEMENT TO PREDICT LONG-TERM OUTCOME AFTER CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY
Authors: Junichi Imanishi, Hidekazu Tanaka, Kensuke Matsumoto, Kazuhiro Tatsumi, Yoshiki Motoji, Tatsuya Miyoshi, Mana Hiraishi, Takayuki Tsuji, Akihiro Kaneko, Keiko Ryo, Yuko Hukuda, Katsunori Okajima, Mitsuhiro Yokoyama, Akihiro Yoshida, Hiroya Kawai, Ken-ichi Hirata
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Mechanical properties and strength retention of carbon fibre-reinforced liquid crystalline polymer (LCP/CF) composite: An experimental study on rabbits
Authors: J. Kettunen, E.A. Mäkeläa, H. Miettinen, T. Nevalainen, M. Heikkilä, T. Pohjonen, P. Törmälä, P. Rokkanen
Journal: Biomaterials (1998)
Efficiency of enteral nitrogen support in surgical patients: small peptides v non-degraded proteins.
Authors: F Ziegler, J M Ollivier, L Cynober, J P Masini, C Coudray-Lucas, E Levy, J Giboudeau
Journal: Gut (1990)

In a prospective study, 12 intensive care patients, after abdominal surgery, received three alternate six-day courses of two enteral diets with identical nitrogen (0.3 g N/kg per day) and energy (60 kcal/kg per day) supply. The protein hydrolysate (PH) diet contained enzyme-hydrolysed casein and lactoserum (60% small peptides), while the non-degraded protein (NDP) diet contained a nitrogen source of similar amino acid composition, but in the form of non-degraded proteins. The patients were randomised to receive either PH-NDP-PH or NDP-PH-NDP. Parameters reflecting protein metabolism were assessed in the plasma, urine, and stomal effluent on days 1, 6, 12, and 18, three hours after stopping the nutrition (t0), and one hour after restarting it (t1). Comparisons of t1 and t0 values showed that 13 amino acids (including the eight essential amino acids) increased significantly with the protein hydrolysate diet, but only two increased with the non-degraded protein diet. Similarly, with protein hydrolysate, insulin-aemia at t1 was significantly higher than at t0 and correlated with plasma leucine, phenylalanine, alanine, and lysine concentrations. In addition, significant improvements in plasma albumin, transferrin, and retinol binding protein concentrations were seen with protein hydrolysate, together with a significant decrease in the plasma phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio and urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion. We conclude that in patients in intensive care after abdominal surgery enteral support containing small peptides is more effective than an equivalent diet containing whole proteins in restoring plasma amino acid and protein levels.