tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Neutrophils and lung injury: getting it right
Authors: Thomas R. Martin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Acute lung injury (ALI) is common in critically ill patients, and there has been a great deal of interest in the cellular and molecular mechanisms linking mechanical ventilation with ALI. Although it is possible to ventilate patients with normal lungs for prolonged periods of time without causing lung injury, a landmark controlled randomized clinical trial in critically ill patients with ALI showed that mechanical ventilation with a lung protective strategy improves outcome as compared with conventional mechanical ventilation (1). This trial was based on a series of studies in animals and humans suggesting that mechanical ventilation could injure the lungs, as measured by a number of different parameters (2, 3). In a separate study of humans with ALI, a lung protective strategy reduced cellular and biochemical parameters of the inflammatory response in the lungs, suggesting a key link between the mode of mechanical ventilation and inflammation observed in the lungs (4). The consistent association between polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and lung injury in humans and animal models, and the propensity of PMNs and their products to cause tissue injury in experimental systems, led to the conclusion that PMNs have an important causative role in ALI (5, 6). Neutrophil depletion is protective in many animal models of ALI, and blocking the major PMN chemoattractant, IL-8, protects rabbits from lung injury and death following severe acid aspiration (pH 1.5) (7). Yet the results of these studies leave some questions unanswered, because none of the models closely simulate the events that occur in the injured lungs of humans. Although direct studies in humans are very limited, PMNs migrate into normal human lungs in response to an intra-alveolar chemoattractant without causing injury, and without undergoing significant degranulation (8). In addition, studies using G-CSF to augment host defenses in humans with severe pneumonia and sepsis showed that increasing the circulating PMN count to high levels was not associated with worsening clinical manifestations of lung injury (9, 10). Similarly, studies in sheep using the bidirectional movement of alveolar and vascular tracers showed that large numbers of PMNs migrate into the lungs in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide without injuring the critical epithelial barrier of the lungs, even though endothelial permeability is increased (11). Careful ultrastructural studies in rabbits and mice have shown that PMNs migrate through specialized channels in endothelial and epithelial basement membranes and into the alveolar spaces in areas of streptococcal pneumonia without causing apparent damage to these barriers (12). Taking a different approach, a study of the metabolic activity of lung PMNs in rabbits with streptococcal pneumonia showed that the most metabolically active PMNs are in the alveolar spaces, and not in the microvasculature or the interstitium, suggesting that the major activation events occur in the alveolar spaces in response to bacteria, and not during migration (13).
RESULTS OF TREATMENT IN SYPHILIS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.*
Authors: JOHN A. FORDYCE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1924)

Journal Article RESULTS OF TREATMENT IN SYPHILIS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Get access JOHN A. FORDYCE, M.D. JOHN A. FORDYCE, M.D. Professor of Dermatology and Syphilology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 36, Issue 2, 1 February 1924, Pages 47–63, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1924.tb09158.x Published: 01 February 1924
Functional Brain Imaging in a Woman With Spatial Neglect Due to Conversion Disorder
Authors: Arnaud Saj
Journal: JAMA (2009)

In Reply: Dr Matthews highlights the issue of clean indoor air at VA facilities, one of the many pieces of unfinished business beyond those major issues that we discussed in our Commentary.We agree that all facilities where current and past military personnel serve and receive treatment should be 100% smoke-free and note the recent Institute of Medicine report Combating Tobacco in Military and Veteran Populations. 1 The report, which was commissioned by the Department of Defense (DOD) in 2007, calls for the DOD to set a timeline to eliminate smoking on military installations.The report also recommends that the DOD stop selling tobacco products in military commissaries and exchanges, prohibit tobacco use anywhere on military installations, and treat tobacco use in the same way as other health-related behaviors, such as alcohol abuse and poor physical fitness.We join Matthews and the Institute of Medicine in urging the VA and the DOD to take more immediate steps to protect the health of the men and women who serve in the armed services, as well as the civilians (such as Dr Matthews) working to serve them.
Low-dose computed tomography was associated with higher risk for false-positive lung cancer screening than chest radiography
Authors: Matthew B. Stanbrook
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

Source Citation Croswell JM, Baker SG, Marcus PM, Clapp JD, Kramer BS. Cumulative incidence of false-positive test results in lung cancer screening: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:505-12. 20404381
An Air Filter Intervention Study of Endothelial Function among Healthy Adults in a Woodsmoke-impacted Community
Authors: Ryan W. Allen, Chris Carlsten, Barbara Karlen, Sara Leckie, Stephan van Eeden, Sverre Vedal, Imelda Wong, Michael Brauer
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)

Particulate air pollution is associated with cardiovascular morbidity. One hypothesized mechanism involves oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction.To assess an intervention's impact on particle exposures and endothelial function among healthy adults in a woodsmoke-impacted community. We also investigated the underlying role of oxidative stress and inflammation in relation to exposure reductions.Portable air filters were used in a randomized crossover intervention study of 45 healthy adults exposed to consecutive 7-day periods of filtered and nonfiltered air.Reactive hyperemia index was measured as an indicator of endothelial function via peripheral artery tonometry, and markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and band cells) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde and 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2α)) were quantified. Air filters reduced indoor fine particle concentrations by 60%. Filtration was associated with a 9.4% (95% confidence interval, 0.9-18%) increase in reactive hyperemia index and a 32.6% (4.4-60.9%) decrease in C-reactive protein. Decreases in particulate matter and the woodsmoke tracer levoglucosan were associated with reduced band cell counts. There was limited evidence of more pronounced effects on endothelial function and level of systemic inflammation among males, overweight participants, younger participants, and residents of wood-burning homes. No associations were noted for oxidative stress markers.Air filtration was associated with improved endothelial function and decreased concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers but not markers of oxidative stress. Our results support the hypothesis that systemic inflammation and impaired endothelial function, both predictors of cardiovascular morbidity, can be favorably influenced by reducing indoor particle concentrations.
Circulating Cells Contribute to Cardiomyocyte Regeneration After Injury
Authors: Jasmine M.F. Wu, Ying-Chang Hsueh, Hui-Ju Ch’ang, Chwan-Yau Luo, Li-Wha Wu, Hiromitsu Nakauchi, Patrick C.H. Hsieh
Journal: Circulation Research (2014)

Rationale: The contribution of bone marrow–borne hematopoietic cells to the ischemic myocardium has been documented. However, a pivotal study reported no evidence of myocardial regeneration from hematopoietic-derived cells. The study did not take into account the possible effect of early injury–induced signaling as the test mice were parabiotically paired to partners immediately after surgery-induced myocardial injury when cross-circulation has not yet developed. Objective: To re-evaluate the role of circulating cells in the injured myocardium. Methods and Results: By combining pulse-chase labeling and parabiosis model, we show that circulating cells derived from the parabiont expressed cardiac-specific markers in the injured myocardium. Genetic fate mapping also revealed that circulating hematopoietic cells acquired cardiac cell fate by means of cell fusion and transdifferentiation. Conclusions: These results suggest that circulating cells participate in cardiomyocyte regeneration in a mouse model of parabiosis when the circulatory system is fully developed before surgery-induced heart injury.
THE INFLUENCE OF ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION ON THE WEIGHT OF ADULT RABBITS, NORMAL AND SYPHILITIC
Authors: Alvin R. Harnes
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1930)

In summarizing the results obtained for these 6 groups of animals, the following conclusions may be drawn: Normal rabbits living in total darkness and exposed to ultra-violet radiation at regular intervals showed a more rapid rate of increase in weight than animals living under the same condition, but after an initial period of rapid increase, the irradiated animals maintained a lower body weight than those living in the dark. Under the same conditions, animals inoculated with T. pallidum and exposed to ultra-violet light maintained a lower weight than the corresponding control groups living in total darkness. Furthermore, the mortality rate from pneumonic infection was found to be greater in animals exposed to ultra-violet radiation than in those living entirely in the dark. It is evident, therefore, that, under the conditions given, ultra-violet radiation was detrimental rather than beneficial.
Behcet's syndrome with arthritis.
Authors: R M Mason, C G Barnes
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1969)

First transient aphthous changes in the mouth, at the University of Istanbul (Fig. 1), reported three secondly ulcerations on the genitalia, and thirdly attacks cases of the syndrome which now bears his name, in of iritis, although the latter symptom is not always present.1937.He described a triple symptom complex Each of these three symptoms tends, according to its 1B9h3 t 1940H degree of severity at any one time, to simulate a number (Behcet, 1940): of better known diseases and this makes differential diagnosis somewhat complicated."It has since been recognized that many other systems may be involved, including the skin, cardiovascular, central nervous and gastro-intestinal systems, and the joints, together with venous thrombosis.These manifestations have been well summarized by Strachan and Wigzell (1963).Despite the many theories put forward the aetiology remains unknown.
Epidemiology of peripheral joint osteoarthritis.
Authors: M Doherty, P Lanyon
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1996)

Assessment of individual radiographic features has many advantages * For knee studies assessment of all three compartments is warranted * Classification criteria for "generalised OA' require validation Risk factors * Individual joints need individual consideration and may vary with respect to risk factors for development and progression * Inclusion of OA assessment in studies of oestrogen supplementation or inhibition (tamoxifen) seems justified * Study of recreational or occupational risk for OA development requires consideration of multiple factors including defined locomotor injury, aerobic fitness, muscle training and associated lifestyle * Consideration of a hip/knee ratio might be of interest when determining risk factors * Study of polygenic predisposition to OA is warranted, though fraught with difficulty * Strategies for primary and secondary prevention of OA deserve testing undertaken, separate assessment may reveal different asso- ciations for pain and disability than for structural change,6 thus broadening our perspectives of "osteoarthritis". Osteoarthritis
Mondor's Disease
Authors: James E. Anthony
Journal: JAMA (1963)

A SELDOM REPORTED, obscure condition with a vague etiological background is Mondor's disease. This condition has been known since the clinical report by Fagge in 1869.  The disease is characterized by the appearance of subcutaneous cords, usually on the chest wall and in the region of the breast. Usually, though not always, the cords are nontender and may, on tension of the skin, give a bowstring appearance or result in a depression or groove.  Until Mondor's report in 1939, only a scattering of case reports was present in the literature. These reports described the subcutaneous cords without reference to the pathological nature of the disease process. At first, Mondor thought that this was a sclerosing angeitis and subsequent pathological descriptions have been no more rewarding. There has been evidence that there may be a thrombophlebitis, periarteritis, or perilymphangitis. Others deny the existence of a thrombotic process.  The purpose of this
Epitope Discovery with Phylogenetic Hidden Markov Models
Authors: M. Lacerda, K. Scheffler, C. Seoighe
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)

Existing methods for the prediction of immunologically active T-cell epitopes are based on the amino acid sequence or structure of pathogen proteins. Additional information regarding the locations of epitopes may be acquired by considering the evolution of viruses in hosts with different immune backgrounds. In particular, immune-dependent evolutionary patterns at sites within or near T-cell epitopes can be used to enhance epitope identification. We have developed a mutation-selection model of T-cell epitope evolution that allows the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype of the host to influence the evolutionary process. This is one of the first examples of the incorporation of environmental parameters into a phylogenetic model and has many other potential applications where the selection pressures exerted on an organism can be related directly to environmental factors. We combine this novel evolutionary model with a hidden Markov model to identify contiguous amino acid positions that appear to evolve under immune pressure in the presence of specific host immune alleles and that therefore represent potential epitopes. This phylogenetic hidden Markov model provides a rigorous probabilistic framework that can be combined with sequence or structural information to improve epitope prediction. As a demonstration, we apply the model to a data set of HIV-1 protein-coding sequences and host HLA genotypes.
Education, Not Legislation
Authors: Henry F. Allen
Journal: JAMA (1972)

In June of 1971, the General Assembly of the state of Rhode Island enacted a bill defining the actions of optometrists. This bill included ... the topical application of drugs to the eye, to wit, mydriatics, miotics, and the use of topical anesthetics.... The only control over those using these drugs is by the Board of Examiners in Optometry and the Chief of Pharmacy in the Department of Health. The bill was enacted despite medical testimony to the House, Senate, and directly to the governor of Rhode Island.  This law is a landmark because it makes legal the use of drugs by people who have had little, if any, medical training. It opens the door for intrusion into the practice of medicine not only by optometrists but other health workers. One could question the ability of those without a medical background to treat the cardiovascular and respiratory emergencies that can be
S50 Nitrative stress is increased in COPD exacerbations following experimental rhinovirus infection
Authors: J. I. M. Footitt, P. Mallia, M. B. Trujillo-Torralbo, A. Durham, I. M. Adcock, S. L. Johnston
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Introduction and Objectives</h3> The majority of acute exacerbations of COPD are associated with viral infection and rhinoviruses are the most frequently detected species. Exacerbations represent a major unmet health need and mechanisms are poorly understood. The association between nitrative stress and virus induced exacerbations of COPD are unclear. To investigate this we used an experimental rhinovirus challenge study. <h3>Methods</h3> Experimental rhinovirus challenge was performed in COPD (GOLD stage II) subjects (COPD, n=9), and non-obstructed control smokers (Smk, n=10) and non-smokers (NS, n=11). Rhinovirus infection was confirmed with quantitative PCR performed on nasal lavage and sputum samples collected at baseline and days 3, 5, 9, 12, 15, 21 and 42 post virus inoculation. Nitrite concentration was measured in sputum supernatant using the Griess assay, as a marker of total nitrative stress. <h3>Results</h3> At baseline the geometric mean (95% CI) nitrite levels were similar between the groups studied (NS 5.13 (3.27 to 8.05); Smk 2.82 (1.37 to 5.80) and COPD 4.17 (3.04 to 5.72); p=0.281). Nitrite levels were significantly higher in COPD subjects on day 15 when compared to both control groups (geometric mean (95% CI) NS 7.94 (7.59 to 8.31); Smk 7.59 (4.41 to 13.04) and COPD 20.98 (13.92 to 31.36); p=0.008). (Abstract S50 figure 1). At every time point sampled there was a significant increase in nitrite concentration from baseline in COPD subjects, but not controls. The area under the curve for nitrite concentration over the time course for NS, Smk and COPD subjects was 18, 43 and 76 respectively (p&lt;0.05). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Rhinovirus infection is associated with increased nitrative stress in COPD subjects compared to smoking and non-smoking controls. This may play a role in COPD exacerbations.
A new method for assessment of cultured cardiac myocyte contractility detects immune factor-mediated inhibition of beta-adrenergic responses.
Authors: T Gulick, S J Pieper, M A Murphy, L G Lange, G F Schreiner
Journal: Circulation (1991)

BACKGROUND Potentially reversible congestive heart failure accompanies disease states associated with an immune cell myocardial infiltrate such as cardiac allograft rejection and inflammatory myocarditis. We therefore examined the hypothesis that immune cells can produce noncytotoxic alterations in cardiac function. METHODS AND RESULTS A novel system to evaluate cultured cardiac myocyte contractility was developed using neonatal rat cardiocytes grown on human amniotic membrane segments. Spontaneous synchronous cell beating produced macroscopic distortion of these membranes. Movement of free-floating membranes anchored within a perfusion chamber was visualized under low-power microscopy and measured from recordings of the rhythmic displacement of membrane-adherent markers. Additions of graded concentrations of isoproterenol to the perfusate produced up to threefold increases in the initial contractile phase velocity (contractile index), with an EC50 of 10(-7) M. When the extracellular Ca2+ concentration was increased from 0.9 to 3.6 mM, 2.43-fold increases in this index occurred. Myocytes incubated for 72 hours in the presence of dilutions of medium conditioned by activated rat splenic macrophages and lymphocytes exhibited an isoproterenol contractile index inhibited by 62% compared with control cells. In contrast, responses of supernatant-exposed and control cells to increased extracellular Ca2+ concentrations were not significantly different. Parallel studies of increases in myocyte intracellular adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate concentrations in response to isoproterenol stimulation demonstrated correlative inhibition that was specific for exposure to medium conditioned by immune cells. CONCLUSION Thus, a new method of in vitro cardiac contractility assessment that has significant advantages over existing systems has been developed and characterized. This new method has enabled description of an inhibitor of cardiac contractile function produced by activated immune cells.
New Prevention Guidelines Called 'State of the Art'
Authors: Rebecca Voelker
Journal: JAMA (1996)

THEY'VE JUGGLED unprecedented attention, hundreds of scientific reviewers, federal furloughs, and the snowy hand of Mother Nature. Now federal health officials finally are plotting a course for distribution of clinical prevention guidelines that some experts call a "landmark document." When the US Preventive Services Task Force set about updating its recommendations for disease and injury prevention in the summer of 1990, its report was expected for publication in late 1994. But after the 1995<i>Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2nd Edition</i>, was issued last December, it was apparent how popular the 10-member group's work had become. "Perhaps the task force was a victim of its own success," said Carolyn DiGuiseppi, MD, MPH, a senior policy analyst at the federal Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, which supports the group's operations. Its work spanned a period when prevention and practice guidelines gained novel prominence in the context of cost control
Reactivity Profile Of IgE, IgG1 And IgG4 To Dermatophagoides farinae Allergen Extract In Atopic And Non-atopic Patients Using Immunoproteomics Approach
Authors: E.A. Taketomi, L.H. Ynoue, J.S. Miranda, K.C. Almeida, J.P. Cunha-Junior, C.P. Pirovani, D.A.O. Silva
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Synovial fluid and serum concentrations of aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen in healthy volunteers and patients with joint disease.
Authors: M Sharif, E George, P A Dieppe
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1996)

To analyse synovial fluid and serum concentrations of the amino-propeptide of the type III procollagen (PIIINP) in normal individuals and patients with joint disease, and to explore the relationship between synovial fluid PIIINP concentrations and the rheumatological diagnosis, local inflammation, and joint disease.A radioimmunoassay was used to measure the PIIINP concentrations in serum and knee joint synovial fluid from 16 healthy volunteers and patients with osteoarthritis (OA) (n = 40), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (n = 30), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) (n = 12). The PIIINP measurements were related to demographic data, synovial fluid leucocyte counts, and radiographic changes at the knee.Serum PIIINP concentrations were greater in each of the disease groups than in control subjects, but there were no differences between the disease groups. Synovial fluid concentrations of PIIINP were much greater than those in serum, indicating local production, and were significantly greater in RA than in other disease groups (p < 0.001). There was only a weak positive correlation between synovial fluid leucocyte counts, some radiographic changes, and synovial fluid PIIINP concentrations.These data suggest that synovial fluid PIIINP concentrations may reflect local synovial proliferative processes in joint disease, and that they could be of diagnostic and prognostic value in inflammatory arthropathies.