tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Paralytic poliomyelitis associated with live oral poliomyelitis vaccine in child with HIV infection in Zimbabwe: case report
Authors: I. Chitsike, R. van Furth
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Myocardial injury after ischemia (I) and reperfusion (R) is related to leukocyte activation with subsequent release of cytokines and oxygen-derived free radicals as well as complement activation. In our study, the cardioprotective effects of exogenous C1 esterase inhibitor (C1 INH) were examined in a rat model of myocardial I + R (<i>i.e.,</i> 20 min + 24 hr or 48 hr). The C1 INH (10, 50 and 100 U/kg) administered 2 min before reperfusion significantly attenuated myocardial injury after 24 hr of R compared to vehicle treated rats (P &lt; .001). Further, cardiac myeloperoxidase activity (<i>i.e.,</i> a marker of PMN [polymorphonuclear leukocyte] accumulation) in the ischemic area was significantly reduced after C1 INH treatment compared to vehicle treated animals (0.81 ± 0.1, 0.34 ± 0.13, 0.13 ± 0.1<i>vs</i>. 1.44 ± 0.3 U/100 mg tissue, P &lt; .001). In addition, C1 INH (100 U/kg) significantly attenuated myocardial injury and neutrophil infiltration even after 48 hr of reperfusion compared to vehicle treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis of ischemic-reperfused myocardial tissue demonstrated activation of classical complement pathway by deposition of C1q on cardiac myocytes and cardiac vessels. In addition, expression of the endothelial adhesion molecules P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) was observed after reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium. In this regard, C1 INH administration abolished expression of P-selectin and ICAM-1 on the cardiac vasculature after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Blocking the classical complement pathway by exogenous C1 INH appears to be an effective mean to preserve ischemic myocardium from injury after 24 and 48 hr of reperfusion. The mechanisms of this cardioprotective effect appears to be due to blocking of complement activation and reduced endothelial adhesion molecule expression with subsequent reduced PMN-endothelium interaction, resulting in diminished cardiac necrosis.
Vertebral Hyperemia Associated with Bone Marrow Insult and Recovery
Authors: HERBERT A. KLEIN, RICHARD O. BOLDEN, FRANK J. SIMONE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1984)

A 15-year-old boy with rhabdoid sarcoma received chemotherapy, which was followed by bone marrow depression, massive nosebleeds and, finally, hematologic recovery. On both hepatobiliary and renal scintigraphy, prominent vertebral activity was present in early images. Correlation with his clinical course suggests that the findings reflect hyperemia due to marrow insult and recovery. Radionuclide imaging to detect hyperemia may be a useful probe for drug effects on hematopoietic bone marrow.
Increased Wave Break During Ventricular Fibrillation in the Epicardial Border Zone of Hearts With Healed Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Toshihiko Ohara, Keiko Ohara, Ji-Min Cao, Moon-Hyoung Lee, Michael C. Fishbein, William J. Mandel, Peng-Sheng Chen, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —The action potential duration (APD) restitution hypothesis of wave break during ventricular fibrillation (VF) in the epicardial border zone (EBZ) of hearts with chronic myocardial infarction is unknown. Methods and Results —VF was induced by rapid pacing, and the EBZ with the two adjoining sites (right ventricle and lateral left ventricle) were sequentially mapped in random order in 7 open-chest anesthetized dogs 6 to 8 weeks after left anterior descending artery occlusion and in 4 control dogs. At each site, 3 seconds of VF was mapped with 477 bipolar electrodes 1.6 mm apart. The number of wave fronts and approximate entropy were significantly ( P &lt;0.01) higher in the EBZ than all other sites in both groups independent of the rate of invasion of new wave fronts and epicardial breakthroughs. The higher wavelet density in the EBZ was caused by increased ( P &lt;0.01) incidence of spontaneous wave breaks. There was no difference between the two groups in either reentry period (80 episodes) or VF cycle length. Reentry in the EBZ had a smaller core perimeter, slower rotational speed, and a small or no excitable gap ( P &lt;0.01), often causing termination after one rotation. The dynamic monophasic action potential duration restitution curve in the EBZ had longer ( P &lt;0.01) diastolic intervals, over which the slope was &gt;1. Connexin43-positive staining was significantly ( P &lt;0.01) and selectively reduced in the EBZ. Conclusions —A selective increase in wave break and alteration of reentry occur in the EBZ during VF in hearts with healed myocardial infarction. Increased wave break in the EBZ is compatible with the action potential duration restitution hypothesis.
The role of regulation in healthcare
Authors: R. B. Saltman
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Needs further scrutiny before regulatory bodies can perform effectively

In November 2011, the healthcare think tank, the King’s Fund, published an assessment of the responsibilities and prospects for the newly redesigned Monitor, the independent regulator of NHS foundation trusts.1 The report explores several sensitive problems that inevitably face a newly beefed up health sector regulator.

Regulation has become an increasingly important part of the political toolbox in European healthcare systems that are funded by taxation. When healthcare providers were directly ruled by a central or regional government office, their decision making discretion was typically limited to informal strategies to create small degrees of autonomy within government directives.2 3 Regulation was rule based, serving mostly to convey higher level political decisions to lower operating levels of the delivery system.

With the onset of planned markets in the early 1990s, the role of regulation changed. In a …
Disorders of Phagocyte Chemotaxis
Authors: JOHN I. GALLIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

Recent advances in understanding the physiologic and biochemical bases for recruitment of phagocytes to inflammatory sites has led to the recognition of patients who have recurrent infections because of abnormalities of phagocyte chemotaxis. In some of these patients there is abnormal chemoattractant mediator production or regulation, whereas in others there are defects in phagocytic cell function. The cellular defects in chemotaxis can be characterized as either intrinsic defects of the cellular motility apparatus or acquired defects from mediators influencing cell function or from shifts in circulating phagocyte subpopulations. Systematic study of these defects has resulted in functional, biochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of abnormal phagocyte chemotaxis in certain patients, and in some patients study has led to rational approaches for treatment. Clinical trials assessing the efficacy of such pharmacologic agents are underway.
No evidence of infection with porcine endogenous retrovirus in recipients of porcine islet-cell xenografts
Authors: Walid Heneine, Annika Tibell, William M Switzer, Paul Sandstrom, Guillermo Vazquez Rosales, Aprille Mathews, Olle Korsgren, Louisa E Chapman, Thomas M Folks, Carl G Groth
Journal: The Lancet (1998)
The patterns of energy used for action are task-dependent
Authors: Yann Coello, Yves Rossetti
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

Is there any ecological purpose in assuming that perception for action exists only through a global array of energy? Unlike Stoffregen &amp; Bardy, who assume that behavior consists of movements, we would argue that behavior consists of a stable coupling between perception and action achieved through experience in an adaptive context. Determining target position in an aiming manual task and temporal control of impact movement illustrate that patterns of energy used for action are task-dependent.
A technique of intestinal intubation with the fiberoptic endoscope.
Authors: R T Keller
Journal: Gut (1973)

A technique of intestinal intubation nique described below, a Miller-Abbott tube was successfully placed in the efferent jejunal loop with with the fiberoptic endoscope the aid of a fiberoptic endoscope.High-caloric tube feedings were maintained until the patient's death REED T. KELLER From Case Western Reserve from progressive pneumonia and pancreatitis.
Isolation of the Legionnaires' Disease Bacterium from Environmental Samples
Authors: GEORGE K. MORRIS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

We analyzed 24 environmental samples collected in or near the Indiana Memorial Union, where an epidemic of Legionnaires' disease occurred in early 1978. We conducted fluorescent antibody analyses and culture on F-G and charcoal yeast extract agars of each sample directly; splenic tissue of guinea pigs inoculated with the sample; and yolk sacs from embryonated eggs inoculated with splenic tissue of guinea pigs injected with the sample. Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium was isolated from seven of the 24 samples: one water sample from the air-conditioner cooling tower of the Union; three water samples from a stream near the Union; and three mud samples from the same stream. The LD bacterium strains were of three different serotypes. These findings indicate that LD bacteria may be widespread in nature.
Remarks on AETIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN OSTEO-ARTHRITIS OF THE HIP-JOINT
Authors: R. C. Elmslie
Journal: BMJ (1933)

With Special Plate) Osteo-arthritis of the hip is a condition which presents a characteristic clinical picture.When, however, the history and the pathological changes as seen in x-ray photographs are taken into account, it becomes clear that there are a number of different aetiological factors.The initial symptom may be pain or stiffness.The pain is most often felt in the groin or down the inner side of the thigh.Sometimes, however, it extends down the sciatic nerve, and occasionally at the onset it may be felt in the buttock or even in the back.There is progressive loss of movement characterized particularly by diminution of abduction and of inward rotation, and this eventually leads to a fixed deformity, the joint becoming adductcd, flexed, and rotated out.Finally, with complete fixation in this position, the pain tends to disappear.Most often only one hip-joint is affected, although not rarely both are involved. RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND THEIR INTERPRETATIONThe pathological changes as seen in radiographs, although they vary greatly in detail, conform fairly well in general type.Put quite briefly they are as follows:1. Loss of joint space, which may show only in the upper part or may be seen all around the femoral head.This indicates a thinning or loss of the articular cartilage and consequent approximation of the bone surfaces.2. Alteration-in the contour of the femoral head, which may become flattened above and is often widened and spread out mushroom-like over the neck of the bone.The upper surface of the head in some cases becomes sclerosed, in others it is obviously worn away and rough.S. The femoral head tends to become displaced upwards and outwards.This is sometimes due to the wearing and flattening above, sometimes to an actual subluxation.The inner part of the acetabulum, which thus no longer holds the normal femoral head, may be filled by the mushroom-like expansion of the latter over the inner side
India must urgently tackle child gender ratio "emergency," UN report warns
Authors: S. Bagcchi
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The child gender ratio in India has reached crisis point and requires immediate action, a United Nations report has warned. 

The study, Sex Ratios and Gender Biased Sex Selection: History, Debates and Future Directions ,1 found that, despite India’s social and economic progress, the country faced a serious deteriorating trend in the gender ratio among children. This had fallen from 976 girls for every 1000 boys in 1961, to 927 in 2001 and to 918 in 2011. 

The report, which focused solely on India, said …
Autoantibodies make a U-turn
Authors: David A. Martin, Keith B. Elkon
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2005)

Like the immune response itself, our efforts to understand the “rules” for self–nonself discrimination are constantly evolving. The discovery of pattern recognition receptors—the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family in particular—shifted the emphasis of self–nonself recognition from lymphocytes functioning in the adaptive immune system to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) functioning in the innate immune system. Two new articles, one in a recent issue (1) and one in this issue (see Vollmer et al. [2] on p. 1575), demonstrate that antigen–antibody complexes containing RNAs activate B lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) through interaction with TLR7 and/or TLR8. From these and other papers, one begins to see how specific types of autoantigens—by virtue of their capacity to act as TLR ligands—favor autoantibody production. This is known as the Toll hypothesis.
Autophagic Protein LC3B Confers Resistance against Hypoxia-induced Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Seon-Jin Lee, Akaya Smith, Lanping Guo, Tero-Pekka Alastalo, Molong Li, Hirofumi Sawada, Xiaoli Liu, Zhi-Hua Chen, Emeka Ifedigbo, Yang Jin, Carol Feghali-Bostwick, Stefan W. Ryter, Hong Pyo Kim, Marlene Rabinovitch, Augustine M. K. Choi
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2010)

Rationale: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disease with unclear etiology. The significance of autophagy in PH remains unknown.Objectives: To determine the mechanisms by which autophagic proteins regulate tissue responses during PH.Methods: Lungs from patients with PH, lungs from mice exposed to chronic hypoxia, and human pulmonary vascular cells were examined for autophagy using electron microscopy and Western analysis. Mice deficient in microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain-3B (LC3B−/−), or early growth response-1 (Egr-1−/−), were evaluated for vascular morphology and hemodynamics.Measurements and Main Results: Human PH lungs displayed elevated lipid-conjugated LC3B, and autophagosomes relative to normal lungs. These autophagic markers increased in hypoxic mice, and in human pulmonary vascular cells exposed to hypoxia. Egr-1, which regulates LC3B expression, was elevated in PH, and increased by hypoxia in vivo and in vitro. LC3B−/− or Egr-1−/−, but not Beclin 1+/−, mice displayed exaggerated PH during hypoxia. In vitro, LC3B knockdown increased reactive oxygen species production, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α stabilization, and hypoxic cell proliferation. LC3B and Egr-1 localized to caveolae, associated with caveolin-1, and trafficked to the cytosol during hypoxia.Conclusions: The results demonstrate elevated LC3B in the lungs of humans with PH, and of mice with hypoxic PH. The increased susceptibility of LC3B−/− and Egr-1−/− mice to hypoxia-induced PH and increased hypoxic proliferation of LC3B knockdown cells suggest adaptive functions of these proteins during hypoxic vascular remodeling. The results suggest that autophagic protein LC3B exerts a protective function during the pathogenesis of PH, through the regulation of hypoxic cell proliferation.
Cholesterol Emboli and Streptokinase Therapy-Reply
Authors: Michael W. Schwartz
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We acknowledge that the two cases of cholesterol embolization syndrome on which we reported had predisposing risks for this condition independent of streptokinase therapy; indeed, we emphasized this in our report. Nonetheless, we were struck by the occurrence of this syndrome following cardiac catheterization and fibrinolytic therapy in a community in which thousands of catheterizations are performed each year and yet in which fulminant cases of cholesterol embolization are rare. Our concern was heightened by two reports in the literature of cholesterol embolization in patients receiving streptokinase without other clear-cut risks,<sup>1,2</sup>which we also pointed out in our article. Since this syndrome is thought to result from the disruption of protective thrombi overlying ulcerated atherosclerotic plaques, we believe there is a strong likelihood that fibrinolytic therapy contributed to its pathogenesis in our two cases. Our view is that fibrinolytic agents may have an effect that is additive
What makes a healthy website?
Authors: D. Carnall
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The BBC has spent a lot of time and effort on its website. Douglas Carnell looks at whether it has paid off

Hypertext is interesting stuff, but it poses some problems for the reviewer. Its content varies according to choices made by the reader, who defines the text moment by moment. Meanwhile web publishers continually update their content. The web starts with you, which leaves the author of plain text wondering where to begin.

I can only start with the truth: the idea for this review was born when the editor of the BMJ logged on to the BBC's website for the Wimbledon score last Sunday morning, and the first thing that struck him was a picture of a surgeon and a collection of medical career information, pegged to the BBC's impressive longitudinal series “Doctors to …
Modulation of Abnormal Colonic Epithelial Cell Proliferation and Differentiation by Low-Fat Dairy Foods
Authors: Peter R. Holt, Evren O. Atillasoy, Jody Gilman, Janet Guss, Steven F. Moss, Harold Newmark, Kunhua Fan, Kan Yang, Martin Lipkin
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Context.—Before the development of human colonic neoplasms, colonic epithelial cells showed altered growth and differentiation. These alterations characterized mucosa at risk for cancer formation and were termed intermediate biomarkers of risk. Modifications of the mucosa toward more normal features by nutrients or drugs are putative approaches to chemoprevention of colon cancer.Objective.—To determine whether increasing calcium intake via dairy products alters colonic biomarkers toward normal.Design.—Randomized, single-blind, controlled study.Setting.—Outpatient clinic.Participants.—Seventy subjects with a history of polypectomy for colonic adenomatous polyps.Intervention.—Low-fat dairy products containing up to 1200 mg/d of calcium. Subjects were randomized to 4 strata by diet (control vs higher calcium) and age (<60 vs ≥ 60 years).Main Outcome Measures.—Changes in total colonic epithelial cells and number and position of thymidine-labeled epithelial cells and changes in the ratio of sulfomucins (predominantly secreted by distal colorectal epithelial cells) to sialomucins and expression of cytokeratin AE1, 2 markers of colonic cell differentiation.Results.—During 6 and 12 months of treatment, reduction of colonic epithelial cell proliferative activity (P<.05), reduction in size of the proliferative compartment (P<.05), and restoration of acidic mucin (P<.02), cytokeratin AE1 distribution (P<.05), and nuclear size (P<.05) toward that of normal cells occurred. Control subjects showed no differences from baseline proliferative values at 6 and 12 months (P>.05).Conclusion.—Increasing the daily intake of calcium by up to 1200 mg via low-fat dairy food in subjects at risk for colonic neoplasia reduces proliferative activity of colonic epithelial cells and restores markers of normal cellular differentiation.
Cocaine-induced Rhabdomyolysis
Authors: MICHAEL S. McCREA, ROBERT J. RUST, DEAN L. COOK, BRETT A. STEPHENS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

During the examination of a young patient with acute renal failure, bone imaging was performed for evaluation of possible osteomyelitis. Marked soft tissue activity was seen on the bone scan. The patient admitted to recent intravenous cocaine use. Vasoconstriction from cocaine use was thought to induce rhabdomyolysis, which led to acute renal failure with myoglobulinuria.
Contributions of Biochemical Research to Progress in Medicine
Authors: Philip Handler
Journal: JAMA (1961)

ALTHOUGH I have long held as an article of faith that research in the most fundamental aspects of biochemistry has made substantial contributions to the practice of medicine and will do so in the future, it was not until preparing this talk that I was confronted with the necessity for an appraisal of the nature and extent of this contribution. But how does one summarize an effort of this magnitude? A generation ago this would have been relatively simple. One might, with pride, have cited the isolation of insulin and its utilization in diabetes or the glucose tolerance test as a diagnostic index. But impressive as the list of such contributions may now be, the significance of biochemistry lies not so much in the specific concrete diagnostic or therapeutic measures to which biochemists may, justifiably, point with pride, as in the fact that biochemistry has become the very language
Activities of the Federation of State Medical Boards of the United States, Inc.
Authors: M. H. Crabb
Journal: JAMA (1969)

The year 1968 was a very busy and fruitful year for the Federation. Major increase in activity was attributed to the initiation of FLEX examination and its administration. After the June and December FLEX examinations, invoices were mailed to participating states; monies were received and transmitted to the Treasurer, H. E. Jervey, Jr. MD. Along with the statement for annual Federation dues for 1968, a letter of explanation was mailed to all the state boards explaining that dues paid by member-states were heretofore to be based on each state's physician population. Several states were unable to pay the full increase and one large state withdrew from the Federation for this reason. The editor of the Federation<i>Bulletin</i>resigned, and a temporary editor was appointed. Back copies of the<i>Bulletin</i>and other historically significant documents of the Federation have been bound, and an archives library has been initiated by the secretary's
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Treated with ACTH
Authors: Ben Selling, Edward Meilman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1955)

RECENTLY, several encouraging reports have appeared concerning the use of ACTH and cortisone in isolated cases of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis of noninfectious etiology.1 , 6 We have had the opportunity to observe the course of a patient with this syndrome who was treated with ACTH. This communication reviews some current concepts regarding encephalomyelitis and presents a case illustrating an apparently favorable response to ACTH therapy.Case ReportE.G. (M. 44074), a 22-year-old single graduate nurse, entered the Beth Israel Hospital in the evening of August 16, 1953, complaining of pain in the back, weakness of the legs and difficulty in urination. Three . . .