tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Needs and demands for ophthalmology services.
Authors: J. Shanks, A. McCallum
Journal: BMJ (1992)

Recreational drugs such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and cocaine induce hyperthermia, which is affected by ambient temperature. 2-(4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-<i>N</i>-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25B-NBOMe), a selective agonist of 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor used as a recreational drug, reportedly induces hyperthermia. This study aimed to verify whether 25B-NBOMe induces ambient temperature-dependent hyperthermia and to clarify its mechanism. Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered intraperitoneal injection of 25B-NBOMe at an ambient temperature of 23°C or 29°C. 25B-NBOMe administration at 23°C did not change the core body temperature of the rats, whereas administration at 29°C induced significant hyperthermia 30–120 minutes postadministration. Tail surface temperature temporarily decreased 30 minutes postadministration, indicating heat storage by peripheral vasoconstriction despite a high ambient temperature. Because 25B-NBOMe-induced-hyperthermia was suppressed by sarpogrelate, but not by destruction of central noradrenaline or serotonin neurons, peripheral 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors were considered contributors to the development of hyperthermia at a high ambient temperature, independently from central neurons. The temperature of brown adipose tissue (BAT) increased 60–120 minutes postadministration of 25B-NBOMe at 29°C, indicating thermogenesis. Previous studies have reported that peripheral serotonin contributes to the inhibition of BAT thermogenesis. Decreased plasma serotonin levels were observed at 29°C, and serotonin administration partially suppressed 25B-NBOMe-induced hyperthermia at a high ambient temperature, suggesting that decreased levels of peripheral serotonin induced BAT thermogenesis. Our findings indicate that 25B-NBOMe induces hyperthermia at a high ambient temperature via vasoconstriction regulated by 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors and BAT thermogenesis mediated by decreased levels of plasma serotonin. Thus, peripheral serotonin plays a partial but important role in thermoregulation.
Parkinsonism: Physiology, Pharmacology and Treatment
Authors: Frank R. Freemon
Journal: JAMA (1971)

This short monograph, which can be read in a single evening, succintly but thoroughly reviews our present knowledge of parkinsonism. After briefly considering the way in which the nervous system controls muscular movements, the book plunges into a clinical description of parkinsonism. Separate chapters are devoted to each of the three major symptoms of tremor, rigidity, and hypokinesia. The author then briefly discusses present thoughts about deranged neurotransmitter function and thoroughly reviews traditional anticholinergic and levodopa therapy. He points out that levodopa was developed by close cooperation between basic and clinical scientists. Calne exemplifies this cooperation as he moves rapidly between basic and clinical neurology, from the action of dopamine at the cellular level to details of the clinical use of levodopa. The author's style includes literature documentation of almost every statement and frequent brief quotations from original papers from Parkinson to Cotzias. In areas where integration of material is
THE REVERSIBILITY OF THE O-D TYPE OF INFLUENZA VIRUS VARIATION
Authors: Thomas P. Magill, John Y. Sugg
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1948)

Data are presented which enhance the idea that the influenza virus is an unstable agent. They indicate that the O-D type of variation is not a discontinuous mutation but rather is a reversible phenomenon. The O and the D forms of virus both appear to be inherent in the virus particle; the dominance of one or the other form seems to be subject to chance occurrences, but is influenced by the conditions under which the virus is propagated. The capacity of the O form of virus to agglutinate guinea pig but not chicken crythrocytes is a relative, not an absolute phenomenon; allantoic fluids which exhibit clear-cut O form hemagglutination may be made to exhibit D form merely by addition of suitable buffer to the test system. That point is of importance from the viewpoint of the mechanism of influenza virus hemagglutination.
Glutathione-S-Transferase M1, Obesity, Statins, and Autonomic Effects of Particles
Authors: Joel Schwartz, Sung Kyun Park, Marie S. O'Neill, Pantel S. Vokonas, David Sparrow, Scott Weiss, Karl Kelsey
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Air pollution by particulate matter (PM) has been associated with cardiovascular deaths, although the mechanism of action is unclear. One proposed pathway is through disturbances of the autonomic control of the heart.We tested the hypothesis that such disturbances are mediated by PM increasing oxidative stress by examining the association between PM and the high-frequency (HF) component of heart rate variability as modified by the presence or absence of the allele for glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and the use of statins, obesity, high neutrophil counts, higher blood pressure, and older age.We examined the association between particles less than 2.5 microM in aerodiameter (PM2.5) and HF in 497 participants in the Normative Aging Study, using linear regression controlling for covariates.A 10-microg/m3 increase in PM2.5 during the 48 h before HF measurement was associated with a 34% decrease in HF, 95% confidence interval (-9%, -52%), in subjects without the allele, but had no effect in subjects with GSTM1 present. Among GSTM1-null subjects, the use of statins eliminated the effect of PM2.5. Obesity and high neutrophil counts also worsened the PM effects with or without GSTM1.The effects of PM2.5 on HF appear to be mediated by reactive oxygen species. This may be a key pathway for the adverse effects of combustion particles.
Fluorescent Antibody Studies of the Viral Antigen in a Murine Leukemia (Rauscher)
Authors: Mary Alexander Fink, Richard A. Malmgren
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1963)

Malignant lymphoid tissues of BALB/c mice and Osborne-Mendel rats infected with Rauscher virus (RNCI-2) contained viral antigen reactive with fluorescent antibody. The specific fluorescence occurred intranuclearly and less constantly in the cytoplasm. Absorption of the fluorescein labeled rabbit-anti-RNCI-2 globulin with infected mouse spleen, but not normal spleen, effectively prevented the specific fluorescence. In addition to the fluorescence in the malignant lymphoid cells, mature megakaryocytes of infected rat bone marrow contained specific nuclear, but no cytoplasmic, fluorescence. Cells from normal mice and rats, from transplantable lymphatic leukemias and reticulum cell sarcomas not known to be associated with a virus, and from DBA/2 mice infected with Friend virus did not react with the RNCI-2 antiserum.
Collagen scaffolds modified with CNTF and bFGF promote facial nerve regeneration in minipigs
Authors: Yi Cui, Chao Lu, Danqing Meng, Zhifeng Xiao, Xianglin Hou, Wenyong Ding, Depeng Kou, Yao Yao, Bing Chen, Zhen Zhang, Jiayin Li, Juli Pan, Jianwu Dai
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)
Erythema ab Igne
Authors: G. A. G. Peterkin
Journal: BMJ (1956)

Chyawanprash is a rich source of all the major bioactive metabolites because of its authentic and natural composition and is widely used due to its medicinal properties. In the present study, the precise flow of analytical methods was employed for the identification and characterization of unknown secondary metabolites in Chyawanprash. The phytochemical components of the whole formulation were extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol by maceration which shows the presence of all the major secondary metabolite components through preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening. The GC-MS analysis of different extracts of Chyawanprash was investigated using Clarus 680 GC (Perkin- Elmer (U. S. A) 30 m X 0.25 mm ID X 250 micrometer DF) which revealed the presence of a total of 15 unknown secondary metabolites. Finally, the results showed that the study forms the basis for the phytochemical characterization of Chyawanprash extracts, and the isolation of responsible bio-active metabolites and their biological activity is necessary for future studies.
CONTROL OF TYPHOID CARRIERS
Authors: Werner Rosenthal
Journal: JAMA (1933)

To the Editor:  —As a former health officer I read with great interest the paper by Bigelow and Anderson on the cure of typhoid carriers, inThe Journal, July 29. My interest was aroused at the remark our inability to make certain that the stool specimen submitted actually came from the  as nearly thirty years ago, in a case in which I rightly suspected that I was deceived as to the origin of the stool specimens, I employed a method of control, without hospitalizing the suspected carrier, that might be of use also in American health offices.  Before recommending it I may tell a curious event, which illustrates the necessity of always being suspicious. A farmer's wife living in a hamlet in Westphalia was under observation as a typhoid carrier. The specimens of her stool varied from positive to negative. Once when she was told that the last specimen
Case of Complete Paralysis of the Motor Oculi of the left side: Dependent upon Aneurism of the Left Posterior Communicating Artery
Authors: C. J. Hare
Journal: BMJ (1850)

had been too long delayed, a dangerous and perhaps ftal attack of in- flamnation must have followed.The ball-stool, according to Denman, if proper and timely mean are not used, sometimes proves fital, by bringing on a sphacelation of the parts.
81 BACTERIAL INFECTIONS, ENDOTOXEMIA AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION IN CIRRHOSIS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AN IMBALANCE OF VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR (VWF) AND ITS CLEAVING PROTEASE ADAMTS13
Authors: P.A. Reuken, A. Kussmann, A. Stallmach, R.A. Claus, T. Bruns
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Use of Anticoagulants During Pregnancy
Authors: Irving S. Wright
Journal: JAMA (1963)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I was pleased to have Dr. Feldman's confirmation of our experience with the use of anticoagulants in the treatment of thrombophlebitis during pregnancy. He has raised an interesting and possibly valid point regarding the advisability of continuing this treatment through the labor and postpartum periods. We have usually discontinued or reduced the anticoagulant effect during labor because of the risk of bleeding, especially from lacerations and tears. However, in the few cases in which we have continued the anticoagulant effect at therapeutic levels, we have seen no serious hemorrhage. Perhaps we have been overly cautious. A greater experience with this specific phase of the problem may clarify the right course to pursue. We do restart the anticoagulation after labor in such cases because the greatest risk of extension and embolism occurs during the postpartum period.
Cell density and paradoxical transcriptional properties of c-Myc and Max in cultured mouse fibroblasts.
Authors: L A Lee, L M Resar, C V Dang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Deregulated expression of the c-Myc oncoprotein occurs in several human malignancies. The c-Myc protein behaves as a transcription factor, and undoubtedly its role in carcinogenesis involves its ability to affect the expression of genes involved in cell growth. c-Myc has been reported to both activate and repress transcription in transient transfection experiments using reporter constructs bearing multiple copies of the c-Myc binding site, CAC (G/A) TG. We investigated these apparently paradoxical effects of c-Myc by determining if they arose from differences in the cell proliferation states of transfected cells. We found that endogenous c-Myc protein levels vary inversely with the degree of cell confluency, such that at low cell confluency, where endogenous levels of c-Myc are high and presumably endogenous levels of Max are limiting, exogenous c-Myc fails to affect basal transcription. In cells at high cell confluency, in which endogenous c-Myc levels are low, exogenous c-Myc augments transactivation by titrating the relative excess endogenous Max. These observations suggest that the apparently paradoxical behavior of c-Myc in transfection experiments is partially dependent on ambient cellular levels of c-Myc.
HEART SOUNDS AND CARDIAC MURMURS.Read before Vermont State Medical Society, October 14, 1891.
Authors: D. C. HAWLEY
Journal: JAMA (1892)

The study of heart sounds and cardiac murmurs, with reference to their diagnosis by physical signs, requires an accurate knowledge of the anatomy, and physiological mechanism of the heart. By heart sounds we mean the normal sounds produced by the action of the heart,while new or additional or adventitious sounds are called cardiac murmurs. Murmurs are not modifications of the normal heart sounds, but are new sounds, which are added to,or take the place of the normal sounds,on account of mechanical defects in the action of the heart. These mechanical defects are usually the results of pathological lesions. The praecardial region or prœcardia, is that part of the surface of the chest, which immediately overlies the heart. The upper boundary of this space, which corresponds to the base of the heart, is a horizontal line drawn across the sternum at the level of the third costal cartilage. The lower boundary
Role of Tc-99m MIBI in the evaluation of single pulmonary nodules: a preliminary report
Authors: O. A Minai
Journal: Thorax (2000)

Survival in bronchial carcinoma is closely related to the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis and a single pulmonary nodule represents a potentially curable stage. This study was conducted to assess the feasibility of using Tc-99m labelled 2-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) to differentiate benign from malignant single pulmonary nodules.A prospective study was conducted in the outpatient pulmonary clinic at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Twenty five patients with single pulmonary nodules considered indeterminate by their physicians and undergoing a procedure for tissue diagnosis were evaluated by Tc-99m MIBI SPECT scanning prior to definitive testing. Assessment of MIBI uptake was done qualitatively (subjectively) and quantitatively and correlated with the histopathology and nodule size.Of the 21 patients with malignant lesions, 18 had increased uptake of MIBI corresponding to the location of the nodule and were considered positive. The predominant tumour types were large cell (n = 5) and adenocarcinoma (n = 10). All four patients with benign lesions had negative MIBI scans. For malignancy the overall specificity was 100%, sensitivity was 85.7%, positive predictive value was 100%, and negative predictive value was 57%. Quantitative uptake of MIBI correlated with the diameter of the nodule with a correlation coefficient of 0.61 by Spearman's rank sum test. This relationship was statistically significant (p = 0.02).This preliminary study suggests that Tc-99m MIBI has a very high specificity and positive predictive value for malignant single pulmonary nodules and might be a useful non-invasive diagnostic modality in their management.
Polypoid mucosal prolapse in a pelvic ileal reservoir.
Authors: J M Blazeby, P Durdey, B F Warren
Journal: Gut (1994)

A case of a patient who developed a polypoid area of mucosal prolapse three and a half years after having an ileoanal pouch for ulcerative colitis is presented. This seems to be the first published report. This new manifestation of mucosal prolapse in a pelvic ileal reservoir underlines that the pouch as a neorectum is subject to disorders familiar in the rectum.
Physician Requirements in Neurology-Reply
Authors: Marjorie A. Bowman
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Menken makes several points concerning the determination of requirements for the specialty of neurology by the extension of the GMENAC methodology. He believes that the earlier GMENAC estimates were more accurate than the revised numbers in our article. Of note, the original estimates for all of the six specialties discussed were just that —estimates—which were based on a review of the literature and not derived by application of the GMENAC methodology. Thus, the numbers in our article are more accurate in terms of the GMENAC methodology, although not perhaps in Dr Menken's opinion. The methodology did consider referral rates, which Dr Menken believes would be the determining factor of actual requirements for neurologists. Referral rates were one of the variables estimated by the Delphi panelists. Three of the Delphi panelists were primary care physicians, two were general internists, and one was a family physician. These physicians were
Rac2 Stimulates Akt Activation Affecting BAD/Bcl-XL Expression while Mediating Survival and Actin Function in Primary Mast Cells
Authors: Feng-Chun Yang, Reuben Kapur, Alastair J King, Wen Tao, Chaekyun Kim, Jovencio Borneo, Robert Breese, Mark Marshall, Mary C Dinauer, David A Williams
Journal: Immunity (2000)
Hepatitis A in Neonatal Care Units: Not Rare Enough?
Authors: George F. Grady
Journal: JAMA (1984)

The preponderantly enteric transmission of hepatitis A, formerly known as infectious hepatitis, has been amply confirmed by recently developed serologic tests that distinguish it from hepatitis B (formerly known as serum hepatitis). Because hepatitis A normally is accompanied by a viremia of low titer and transient duration, transmission by transfusion has been nearly as rare1-4as transmission of hepatitis B by food or water. Now, however, premature infants are providing a unique epidemiologic and immunologic model that is a notable exception to the rule. This issue ofThe Journalcontains two reports of multiple cases of hepatitis A in nurseries.5,6Introduction of the disease by transfusion was strongly implicated in one study' and likely in the other.6In both there was secondary transmission to staff or families. In most instances the infections in the infants were clinically silent and would not have been detected had not routine
Mammalian Spermatogenesis<i>in Vivo</i>and<i>in Vitro</i>: A Partnership of Spermatogenic and Somatic Cell Lineages*
Authors: ABRAHAM L. KIERSZENBAUM
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1994)

Is gametogenesis possible in vitro? This question was one of the relevant topics in a comprehensive review published in 1965 by Etienne Wolff and Katy Haffen (1), describing results of pioneering organ culture work on vertebrate and invertebrate gonads carried out between 1913 and 1965. Wolff and Haffen provided a partial answer to the above question by indicating that organ culture methods allow “far greater differentiation of the germ cells to occur since they are surrounded by their natural environment, namely the somatic cells of the gonads.” The early recognition that spermatogenic cells can differentiate in vitro in close association with somatic cells can be regarded as the most forwardlooking aspect of this statement. Another important remark in Wolff and Haffen's review was the anticipated potential use of in vitro organ and cell culture systems for determining the role of various factors, including hormones, in the regulation of the spermatogenic process.
Treatment of Complicated Sarcoidosis with Infliximab Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Therapy
Authors: Arthur M.F. Yee, Mark B. Pochapin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Background: Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) may have an important role in the clinical exacerbation of sarcoidosis. Objective: To treat sarcoidosis with infliximab, a chimeric human–murine anti–human TNF-α monoclonal antibody. Design: Case report. Setting: U.S. academic medical center. Patient: A 72-year-old woman with sarcoidosis presenting with severe protein-losing enteropathy, hypoalbuminemia, and proximal myopathy who had not responded adequately to corticosteroid therapy and whose clinical course was further complicated by acute tubular necrosis and renal failure requiring long-term hemodialysis. Intervention: Intravenous infusion of infliximab, 5 mg/kg of ideal body weight; infusion was repeated at 2 and 6 weeks. Measurements: Clinical response of enteropathic and myopathic symptoms and serum albumin level. Results: Enteropathic and myopathic symptoms resolved after infliximab therapy, and the serum albumin level also improved. However, the clinical course was complicated by the development of a hypercoagulable state associated with circulating anticardiolipin antibodies, which prompted discontinuation of infliximab therapy. Conclusions: Infliximab therapy was successful in a patient with sarcoidosis. Tumor necrosis factor-α may be an important mediator of clinical disease in sarcoidosis and could be an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. However, infliximab may cause adverse effects associated with cytokine cascade manipulation.
Relapsing Polychondritis on PET/CT
Authors: Huaifu Deng, Ping Chen, Lijuan Wang, Xiaxia Li, Jingwei Yi
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

Relapsing polychondritis is a rare multisystemic disease, which is characterized by recurrent inflammation of the cartilaginous structures. We report a case of a 37-year-old man with progressive respiratory distress. Chest Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated increased attenuation and smooth thickening of airway walls. Positron emission tomography/CT scan identified the multisystemic cartilaginous abnormalities that were recognized by an increased fluorine-18 deoxyglucose uptake on nasal cartilages, laryngeal cartilages, tracheobronchial tree, and rib cartilages. Positron emission tomography/CT is a useful tool to diagnose relapsing polychondritis, as the condition shows multisystemic cartilaginous abnormalities that can be identified by an increased fluorine-18 deoxyglucose uptake.
CXCR4 Overexpression Is Associated with Poor Outcome in Females Diagnosed with Stage IV Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Shannon Otsuka, Alexander C. Klimowicz, Karen Kopciuk, Stephanie K. Petrillo, Mie Konno, Desiree Hao, Huong Muzik, Erin Stolte, William Boland, Don Morris, Anthony M. Magliocco, D. Gwyn Bebb
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2011)
Cost and Outcome of Intensive Care for Patients With AIDS, Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia, and Severe Respiratory Failure
Authors: Robert M. Wachter
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To determine the costs and outcomes associated with intensive care unit (ICU) admission for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), and severe respiratory failure.Survival and cost-effectiveness analysis.A large municipal teaching hospital serving an indigent population.Consecutive patients intubated and mechanically ventilated for AIDS, PCP, and respiratory failure from 1981 through 1991 (n = 113). The cohort was separated into three groups for analysis: patients admitted to the ICU in 1981 through 1985 (era I, n = 43), those admitted in 1986 through 1988 (era II, n = 33), and those admitted in 1989 through 1991 (era III, n = 37).Hospital charges and survival time; cost per year of life saved, using a zero-cost, zero-life assumption.Twenty-eight (25%) of the 113 patients mechanically ventilated for PCP and respiratory failure survived to hospital discharge: six (14%) of 43 in era I, 13 (39%) of 33 in era II, and nine (24%) of 37 in era III (P = .04). Post-ICU admission charges averaged $57,874 for the entire cohort, remaining relatively stable across the three eras. Cost of care for survivors was significantly more expensive than for those dying before discharge. The cost of ICU admission and subsequent hospitalization averaged $174,781 per year of life saved; $305,795 in era I, $94,528 in era II, and $215,233 in era III. Improved survival rates and shorter lengths of ICU stay led to the improved cost-effectiveness in era II, while the opposite trends resulted in worsening cost-effectiveness in recent years. The strongest predictors of hospital mortality in era III were low CD4 cell counts on hospital admission and the development of pneumothorax during mechanical ventilation.The cost-effectiveness of intensive care for patients with PCP and severe respiratory failure improved during the first 8 years of the AIDS epidemic but fell in recent years such that it is now below that of many accepted medical interventions.