tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Late survival and symptoms after repair of tetralogy of Fallot.
Authors: N M Katz, E H Blackstone, J W Kirklin, A D Pacifico, L M Bargeron
Journal: Circulation (1982)

The long-term results of 414 patients who underwent repair of tetralogy of Fallot between 1967 and 1977 were studied and correlated with the results of others. There were nine late deaths (8-year actuarial survival 95.8%). Six of the deaths wee directly related to the malformation or its treatment. Eight patients (2.4%) required reoperation. Ten patients (4.8%) had arrhythmic symptoms. Eight (3.1%) had congestive heart failure that required treatment. The risk factors associated with late events of all types, including death, were: older age at repair, a high mean ratio of peak systolic right-to-left ventricular pressures (PLV/RV) immediately after repair, and the presence of a Potts anastomosis. Neither a transannular patch nor a previous Blalock-Taussig or Waterson anastomosis was an incremental risk factor. Bacterial endocarditis was not observed. Three hundred seven patients underwent repair primarily or after a single Blalock-Taussig or Waterston shunt and had a PRV/LV of 0.85 or less after repair. Among these selected patients, the actuarial survival was 98.1%, which is still lower than that for the general population (p = 0.12), and freedom from events was 95.9%. Late after repair, PRV/LV was lower by 6 +/- 28% (+/- SD) than PRV/LV immediately after repair (p = 0.03) in the 33 restudied patients with such data. The higher the PRV/LV immediately after repair, the greater the percent reduction.
Comparison of Cardiac Pacing with Drug Therapy in the Treatment of Neurocardiogenic (Vasovagal) Syncope with Bradycardia or Asystole
Authors: Jasbir S. Sra, Mohammad R. Jazayeri, Boaz Avitall, Anwer Dhala, Sanjay Deshpande, Zalman Blanck, Masood Akhtar
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

The efficacy of permanent cardiac pacing in patients with neurocardiogenic (or vasovagal) syncope associated with bradycardia or asystole is not clear. We compared the efficacy of cardiac pacing with that of oral drug therapy in the prevention of hypotension and syncope during head-up tilt testing.Among 70 patients with a history of syncope in whom hypotension and syncope could be provoked during head-up tilt testing, 22 had bradycardia (a heart rate < 60 beats per minute, with a decline in the rate by at least 20 beats per minute) or asystole along with hypotension during testing. There were 9 men and 13 women, with a mean (+/- SD) age of 41 +/- 17 years. Head-up tilt testing was repeated during atrioventricular sequential pacing (in 20 patients with sinus rhythm) or ventricular pacing (in 2 patients with atrial fibrillation). Regardless of the results obtained during artificial pacing, all the patients subsequently had upright-tilt testing repeated during therapy with oral metoprolol, theophylline, or disopyramide.During the initial tilt test, 6 patients had asystole and 16 had bradycardia along with hypotension. Despite artificial pacing, the mean arterial pressure during head-up tilt testing still fell significantly, from 97 +/- 19 to 57 +/- 19 mm Hg (P < 0.001); 5 patients had syncope, and 15 had presyncope. By contrast, 19 patients who later received only medical therapy (metoprolol in 10, theophylline in 3, and disopyramide in 6), 2 patients who received both metoprolol and atrioventricular sequential pacing, and 1 patient who received only atrioventricular sequential pacing had negative head-up tilt tests. After a median follow-up of 16 months, 18 of the 19 patients who were treated with drugs alone (94 percent) remained free of recurrent syncope or presyncope, whereas the patient treated only with permanent dual-chamber pacemaker had recurrent syncope.In patients with neurocardiogenic syncope associated with bradycardia or asystole, drug therapy is often effective in preventing syncope, whereas artificial pacing is not.
THE DUTY OF THE PHYSICIAN TO THE SCHOOL CHILD.
Authors: W. C. HOLLOPETER
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Child study has become so universal a topic that it has reached the climax of a fad. Child culture has absorbed society to such a degree that I fear it has lost its dignified scientific prestige. Some one has said, in one of our popular periodicals, that what the average child needs nowadays "is a little wholesome neglect. He is studied and observed and cultivated until he can not take a long breath and take it naturally." Another writer says that the one thing on earth that needs to be stamped out, and stamped out quickly, is the American fad of child culture and child study. This is not true, however, in our professional relations; we must continue the agitation, not with the physician-student of sociology, to whom it is unusually attractive, but with the parents, until they can appreciate what is being done for their children among the teachers
Mexico City returns to normality, but cases of A/H1N1 reach almost 2000 in US
Authors: F. Charatan
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Mexico City’s 20 million residents emerged last week from a five day economic shutdown that the authorities had ordered to try to contain the A/H1N1 flu epidemic. Offices and restaurants have reopened, and high school and university students have gone back to class. 

The country’s health minister, Jose Angel Cordova, said that 1160 people became ill with the flu, and 44 people died. Mexico’s tourism minister, Rodolfo Elizondo, expected tourism revenue to be down by 43% this year. For example, in Cancun, the popular resort on the Yucatan Peninsula, cancellations were as high as 70%, and hotel occupancy for the first 10 days …
Immune checkpoint blockade in hepatocellular carcinoma: Current progress and future directions
Authors: Tai Hato, Lipika Goyal, Tim F. Greten, Dan G. Duda, Andrew X. Zhu
Journal: Hepatology (2014)

Immune checkpoint blockade has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for various malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Preclinical and clinical studies have shown the potential benefit of modulating the immunogenicity of HCC. In addition, recent advances in tumor immunology have broadened our understanding of the complex mechanism of immune evasion. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on HCC immunology and discuss the potential of immune checkpoint blockade as a novel HCC therapy from the basic, translational, and clinical perspectives.
Driving, glaucoma, and the law
Authors: T Potamitis, R K Aggarawal, M Tsaloumas, C Rene, J McLaughlin, E O'Neill
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Public health implications* Women from socioeconomically deprived areas have significantly poorer survival from breast cancer than women from affluent areas * In this population based study we investigated the relation between socioeconomic deprivation and the prognostic factors tumour size, axillary lymph node status, histological grade, and oestrogen receptor concentration * Socioeconomic deprivation was not significantly related to tumour stage or biology * Other possible explanations for survival differences, such as differences in breast cancer treatment or in host response, should be investigated * If the reasons for socioeconomic differences in survival could be identified and eliminated a greater number of lives could be saved than that expected from the national breast screening programme prognostic factors we examined cannot explain the differences in survival, other possibilities must be considered.Other biological prognostic factors might differ.Women from deprived areas might be less likely to receive, or to accept, optimal treatment for breast cancer.For example, they might be more likely to withdraw from prolonged chemotherapy regimens.Altematively, women from deprived areas might have reduced ability to slow down the distant spread of breast cancer because of a differential immune response.This could be due to many possible causes, such as diet, smoking, intercurrent disease, or environ- mental factors.These alternative explanations should be investi- gated since the potential benefit in reducing the inequality in survival between deprivation categories is great.For example, it could result in a greater number of lives saved than that expected from the national breast screening programme.Of the sample of 7537 women from the West of Scotland in whom survival was first studied, there were 1344 deaths within five years among those aged between 50 and 64.Assuming a 25% reduction in mortality from breast cancer, as expected from the national breast screening pro- gramme,22 336 of those women could be expected to survive.Theoretically, if the survival gradient by deprivation category could be eliminated so that all women had the five year survival rate of the most affluent group, 475 more women in the West of Scotland could be expected to survive for five years.This would also benefit women outside the age group currently invited for screening.Socioeconomic differ- ences in survival from breast cancer therefore have important implications for public health.
The Unchanging Incidence of Hospitalization for Diabetic Nephropathy in a Population-Based Cohort of IDDM Patients in Finland
Authors: J Tuomilehto, K Borch-Johnsen, A Molarius, V Jormanainen, R Lounamaa, C Grönhagen-Riska, A Reunanen, C Sarti
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

OBJECTIVE Finland has the highest documented incidence of childhood IDDM in the world, but the incidence of diabetic nephropathy in Finland is unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence of hospitalization for diabetic nephropathy in a population-based cohort of Finnish IDDM patients and to analyze the prognostic effect of sex, age at diagnosis, and calendar year of diagnosis of IDDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We included all Finnish patients who had onset of IDDM before age 18 years, were diagnosed between January 1965 and December 1979 (n = 5,149), and were traced for hospitalizations between January 1970 and the end of December 1989 in the Hospital Discharge Register, using the unique personal identification code given to all Finnish citizens. The development of diabetic nephropathy was defined as the first hospitalization with a diagnosis of nephropathy (International Classification of Diseases-8th Revision [ICD-8] 250.04, or 9th Revision [ICD-9] 2503B/2503X). RESULTS Among the 5,149 patients included, we identified 446 cases of diabetic nephropathy. The incidence of hospitalization for diabetic nephropathy was very low during the first 8 years of diabetes duration, and after that increased to a maximum of 1.6–2.0% per year. Female subjects developed nephropathy slightly earlier than male subjects, but the cumulative risk was independent of sex. Patients diagnosed at ages 5–14 years had the highest risk of hospitalization for diabetic nephropathy. We observed no effect of calendar year of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS We found a 20% cumulative incidence of hospitalization for diabetic nephropathy during a total 24 years of IDDM duration. This finding is compatible with the cumulative incidence of hospitalization for diabetic nephropathy found in other European populations. The incidence of hospitalization for diabetic nephropathy did not decrease during the 20-year observation period.
Tracheal rhinoscleroma treated by argon laser.
Authors: I Williams, G Radcliffe, M Hetzel, J Millard
Journal: Thorax (1982)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To examine the interrelationships between fragile X mental retardation 1 (<i>FMR1</i>) mRNA and the <i>FMR1</i> exon 1/intron 1 boundary methylation, white matter microstructure, and executive function, in women with a <i>FMR1</i> premutation expansion (PM; 55–199 CGG repeats) and controls (CGG &lt; 44). <h3>Methods:</h3> Twenty women with PM without fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and 20 control women between 22 and 54 years of age completed this study. <i>FMR1</i> mRNA and methylation levels for 9 CpG sites within the <i>FMR1</i> exon 1/intron 1 boundary from peripheral blood samples were analyzed. To measure white matter microstructure, diffusion-weighted imaging was used, from which fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) values from anatomic regions within the corpus callosum and cerebellar peduncles were extracted. Executive function was assessed across a range of tasks. <h3>Results:</h3> No differences were revealed in white matter microstructure between women with PM and controls. However, we reveal that for women with PM (but not controls), higher <i>FMR1</i> mRNA correlated with lower MD values within the middle cerebellar peduncle and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test scores, higher methylation of the <i>FMR1</i> exon 1/intron 1 boundary correlated with lower MD within the inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles and longer prosaccade latencies, and higher FA values within the corpus callosum and cerebellar peduncle regions corresponded to superior executive function. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> We provide evidence linking white matter microstructure to executive dysfunction and elevated <i>FMR1</i> mRNA and <i>FMR1</i> exon 1/intron 1 boundary methylation in women with PM without FXTAS. This suggests that the FXTAS phenotype may not be distinct but may form part of a spectrum of PM involvement.
Development of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in African-Americans and Whites With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Cynthia L Arfken, Philip L Reno, Julio V Santiago, Ronald Klein
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

OBJECTIVE To investigate the comparable risk of developing proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in African-Americans and whites with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using a cohort design with the sample drawn from medical records, the sample consisted of 312 people with type 1 diabetes (97 African-Americans, 215 whites) having at least two visits to a Model Demonstration Unit with gradeable fundus photographs (stereo, color, 7 standard fields). Excluded were subjects with preexisting or treated PDR or hemoglobinopathy. Masked grading of the fundus photographs was conducted at the Wisconsin Reading Center. RESULTS At baseline, African-Americans had poorer glycemic control (mean HbA1 of 11.3 vs. 10.0%, P &amp;lt; 0.0001), higher systolic blood pressure (mean of 117 vs. 110 mmHg, P &amp;lt; 0.001), and were older (mean of 26.8 vs. 19.3 years, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) than the white subjects. African-Americans also tended to have slightly longer duration of diabetes and length of follow- up. In the African-Americans, 17.5% developed PDR, compared with 10.2% in the 215 whites, for an odds ratio (OR) of 1.86 (95% CI 0.93–3.70). When adjusted for baseline glycemic control, retinopathy grade, and length of follow-up, race was not a significant risk factor (OR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.30–1.78). CONCLUSIONS African-Americans with type 1 diabetes may have a higher rate of developing PDR. The observed racial difference, however, is attributable to the presence of a worse risk factor profile, especially to poorer glycemic control. Efforts should be expanded to improve the care for all individuals with poor glycemic control.
Trisomies 8 and 9 not detected with fish in patients with mastocytosis
Authors: Birgitta Swolin, Stig Rödjer, Inger Ögärd, Gösta Roupe
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2002)

Abstract Mastocytosis is a rare disease characterized by proliferation of mast cells in one or several organs. With conventional cytogenetics about 35% of the patients have chromosomally abnormal clones in bone marrow cells. It has been proposed to include the mast cell disease among the myeloproliferative disorders, in which trisomy for chromosome 8 and 9 can appear in the bone marrow cells. In this study bone marrow cells from eight patients with mastocytosis, two had as well an associated hematological disease, have been examined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for enumeration of chromosome no8 and 9. In conventional cytogenetics two patients had clones with del(20) and 47,XY,+14/45, X,−Y, respectively. None of the patients with mastocytosis had clones with trisomy 8 or 9 with either cytogenetics or FISH. Am. J. Hematol. 70:324–325, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of left ventricular pressure or volume overload on ventricular dimension in children. Left ventricular volume determination from one or two ventricular dimensions.
Authors: G J Villoria, M Nakazawa, R A Marks, J M Jarmakani
Journal: Circulation (1976)

The effect of pressure or volume overload on the geometry of the left ventricle (LV) was determined in order to examine the feasibility and accuracy of LV volume determinations from one minor axis or two dimensions (one minor axis and the longest length). The longest length (LL) and minor axis (MA) in both the anteroposterior (AP) view and lateral (LAT) view were determined from the LV cine silhouette in patients with normal LV volume and pressure (group 1), LV pressure (LVP) overload group (LVP greater than 140 mm Hg, group 2), and LV volume overload group (LV end-diastolic volume greater than 124% of normal, group 3). The ratio of the MA to the LL, which represents the spherical configuration of the LV, was less than "normal" in group 2, and higher than "normal" in group 3. In all groups the LV was less spherical at end-systole than at end-diastole. Additionally, the (MA)3 had a different relationship to true LV volume (biplane LV volume) in the three groups and from diastole to systole in each group. Left ventricular volume calculation from one minor axis was associated with a large error. In contrast, left ventricular volume can be accurately determined from two ventricular dimensions using either the anteroposterior or lateral ventricular image (r larger than or equal to 0.97).
Abstract 231: Mechanism of bone metastasis in prostate cancer: Role of anterior gradient homolog 2
Authors: Diptiman Chanda, Anandi Sawant, Tatyana Isayeva, Selvarangan Ponnazhagan
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Prostate cancer commonly metastasizes to the skeleton in advanced stages and leads to significant decline in life expectancy. In a recent study we demonstrated enhanced proliferation of the human prostate cancer cell line PC3 when cultured in the presence of bone marrow conditioned medium (BMCM). In order to identify key molecules involved in increasing proliferation rate, total RNA was isolated from PC3 cells grown in either BMCM or regular medium and subjected to cDNA microarray analysis. Results indicated a significant up-regulation of anterior gradient homolog 2 (AGR2) in the PC3 cells cultured in BMCM compared to those grown in regular medium. AGR2 is a secreted protein and originally reported for its involvement in the formation of forebrain and mucus-secreting cement gland in the frog Xenopus laevis. AGR2 is also highly expressed in human adenocarcinomas of the prostate, breast, esophagus and the pancreas and a study indicated poor survival of prostate cancer patients with higher AGR2 expression. We compared AGR2 gene expression by RT-PCR in different metastatic prostate cancer cell lines, isolated from the bone (PC3 and C4-2B), brain (Du145) and the lymph node (LnCap). Highest AGR2 expression was observed in bone metastatic cell lines, mainly PC3 cells and least expression was observed in Du145 cells. PC3 cells expressing firefly luciferase were also injected via intra-cardiac route into 6 week-old SCID mice and widespread metastases were observed in the lung, heart, adrenal and bone. Three weeks after the inoculation of the PC3 cells, the mice were sacrificed, tumor cells were harvested from various metastatic sites, total RNA isolated and subjected to RT-PCR analysis for AGR2 expression. Interestingly, highest AGR2 expression was observed in PC3 cells isolated from bone microenvironment, suggesting that AGR2 may have a potential role in prostate cancer bone metastasis. To test this hypothesis, we developed a subclone of PC3 cells with targeted knock down of AGR2 transcripts using lentivirus shRNA vector and tested the cell clone in vitro by implanting intra-tibially or subcutaneously in SCID mice. Results of this study indicated a failure of tumor development in AGR2 knocked down PC3 clones. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 231.
Reduction of ischemia with a new flow-adjustable hemoperfusion pump during coronary angioplasty
Authors: Germano Disciascio, Paolo Angelini, Michael G. Vandormael, Jeffrey A. Brinker, Michael J. Cowley, Larry S. Dean, John S. Douglas
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1992)

A new flow-adjustable pump for coronary hemoperfusion to prevent ischemia during routine coronary angioplasty was evaluated in a multicenter prospective study of 110 patients. The protocol included patients who had angina or ST segment elevation during a control balloon inflation of ≤3 min. Hemoperfusion was performed by means of a new large lumen angioplasty catheter utilizing the patient's renal vein or femoral artery blood. Vessels perfused were the left anterior descending coronary artery (n = 74), right coronary artery (n = 39), left circumflex artery (n = 9) and coronary vein grafts (n = IS). Mean (± SD) perfusion flow was 41 ± 9 ml/min (range 17 to 70); mean perfusion time was 9.3 ± 4 min (median 8.5, range 2 to 30). Chest pain score (0 to 4) decreased from 2.9 ± 1 to 1.4 ± 1 during hemoperfusion (p < 0.001); ST segment elevation score (0 to 4) decreased from 2.6 ± 1 to 0.7 ± 1 (p < 0.005) and inflation time increased from 1.3 ± 0.9 to 7 ± 4 min, (p < 0.001). At least a 50% increase in tolerated inflation time was obtained in 104 patients (95%). Free plasma hemoglobin and creatine kinase levels did not increase significantly over baseline values. Angioplasty was successful in 107 patients (97%), with mean stenosis reduced from 87 ± 11% to 20 ± 17%; 3 patients had urgent bypass surgery, 2 (1.8%) had a myocardial infarction (1Q wave, 1 non-Q wave) and 2 (1.8%) died later in the hospital of probable noncoronary causes. Complications related to hemoperfusion were transient heart block during dilation of the right coronary artery in two patients and hematoma requiring transfusion in five (4.5%). Thus, this initial feasibility study indicates that this new hemoperfusion system is safe and effective in ameliorating ischemia and allowing longer balloon inflations during coronary angioplasty.
Clinical Features in Anorexia nervosa Lasting 10 Years or More
Authors: M. Takei, S. Nozoe, H. Tanaka, Y. Soejima, Y. Manabe, I. Takayama, T. Yamanaka
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1989)

To clarify the physical and mental symptoms of long-lasting anorexia nervosa (AN), we chose and examined 16 cases suffering from the disease for 10 years or more, among 138 cases admitted to our hospital with AN from 1972 to 1988. These prolonged cases almost changed into bulimic types and had various forms of abnormal eating behavior and physical symptoms. Frequency of abnormal eating behavior, other forms of abnormal behavior, physical and psychotic symptoms such as fear, were higher in the prolonged cases than in cases suffering for less than 3 years. In these prolonged cases, irreversible and life-threatening symptoms were especially common. Finally most of them experienced social withdrawal.