tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Practical Chromogenic Procedure for the Detection of Homozygotes and Heterozygous Carriers of Niemann-Pick Disease
Authors: Andrew E. Gal, Roscoe O. Brady, Sue R. Hibbert, Peter G. Pentchev
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

Niemann-Pick disease is caused by a deficiency of sphingomyelinase in organs and tissues. Determinations of sphingomyelinase activity had required the use of sphingomyelin labeled with radiocarbon or radiohydrogen. These materials are expensive, and their use is restricted to laboratories with radioactive counting facilities. An analogue of sphingomyelin, 2-hexadecanoylamino-4-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine, was synthesized. This substance is hydrolyzed by highly purified sphingomyelinase, and by sphingomyelinase in extracts of human liver tissue, cultured skin fibroblasts, cultured amniotic cells, and washed leukocyte preparations. Extracts of tissues and cells from patients with Niemann-Pick disease Type A do not hydrolyze this compound, whereas heterozygotes and patients with Niemann-Pick disease Type C have an intermediate level of hydrolytic activity. Thus, the analogue is a reliable chromogenic reagent for the diagnosis of patients with Niemann-Pick disease and the detection of heterozygous carriers of the Niemann-Pick trait. (N Engl J Med 293:632–636, 1975)
Cellular thin filament protein contents and force generation in porcine arteries and veins.
Authors: D M Cohen, R A Murphy
Journal: Circulation Research (1979)

We estimated the cellular myosin, actin, and tropomyosin contents of vascular smooth muscle from (1) seven major arteries, (2) seven large veins, and (3) the first through third order branches of the uterine vasculature to determine whether variations in the contractile apparatus contribute to the functional diversity of vascular smooth muscle. We obtained the estimates by quantitative densitometry of stained polyacrylamide gels after electrophoresis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated tissue homogenates. No differences in cellular myosin content were found (18.7 +/- 1.0 mg/g cell wet weight in arteries vs. 17.2 +/- 0.7 in veins). However, the actin and tropomyosin contents were higher in arteries (49.7 +/- 2.9 and 13.1 +/- 0.8 mg/g cell, respectively) than in veins (25.5 +/- 1.4 and 7.0 +/- 0.3 mg/g cell). These differences persisted in the smaller uterine vessels. The higher contents of thin filament proteins in arteries, compared with veins and several other smooth muscle tissues previously studied, may underlie the high force generating capacity of arterial smooth muscle.
Early and advanced glycosylation end products. Kinetics of formation and clearance in peritoneal dialysis.
Authors: M A Friedlander, Y C Wu, A Elgawish, V M Monnier
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

The chronic contact of glucose-containing dialysate and proteins results in the deposition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on peritoneal tissues in patients treated by peritoneal dialysis (PD), yet plasma levels of the AGE pentosidine are significantly lower in PD than in hemodialysis (HD). We measured glycation of peritoneal proteins in patients on PD over the time course of intraperitoneal equilibration of fresh peritoneal dialysate. The glycated content of peritoneal proteins (furosine method) was initially identical to plasma but increased 200% within 4 h due to in situ glycation as also demonstrated in vitro. In contrast, peritoneal proteins contained a 2-4 x greater content of the AGE pentosidine at all equilibrium time points. Plasma protein furosine content was identical in patients on PD and on HD. Fractionation by gel filtration of serum from patients on PD and HD revealed that > 95% of the pentosidine was linked to proteins > 10,000 mol wt; < 1% to proteins < 10,000 mol wt; and < 1%, free. Neither HD nor PD affected protein-bound pentosidine. The HD treatment decreased free and < 10,000 mol wt bound pentosidine. However clearance of protein-associated pentosidine by the peritoneal membrane may explain lower steady state levels in patients treated by PD.
Moderate hypothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces myocardial cell damage and myocardial cell death related to cardiac surgery
Authors: Jaime F Vazquez-Jimenez, Ma Qing, Benita Hermanns, Bernd Klosterhalfen, Michael Wöltje, Raj Chakupurakal, Kathrin Schumacher, Bruno J Messmer, Götz von Bernuth, Marie-Christine Seghaye
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2001)
Immunity (Properdin, Agammaglobulinemia, Irradiation and Immunologic Paralysis)
Authors: S Raffel
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1956)

CD40 is a cell-surface member of the TNF (tumor necrosis factor) receptor superfamily. Upon activation, CD40 can license dendritic cells to promote antitumor T cell activation and re-educate macrophages to destroy tumor stroma. Numerous agonist CD40 ...Read More
Shakespeare and Medicine
Authors: Samuel R. Edwards
Journal: JAMA (1965)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I would like to take exception to Simpson's statement (<i>Shakespeare and Medicine</i>, quoted,<i>JAMA</i><b>190</b>:841 [Nov 30] 1964) that "it is very rare in the annals of crime to find a woman using a knife as the instrument of murder, or even considering it." As an intern covering the emergency room of a West Philadelphia hospital, I can assure Mr. Simpson that Lady Macbeth's choice is currently not unusual. While Scottish customs may be considerably different, I would suggest that the knife is the instrument of choice here.
Adverse reactions to trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole in hemophiliacs
Authors: Kenneth Nahum, Parvin Saidi, Hugh C. Kim, George I. Karp
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1988)

Abstract Adverse reactions to trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole are very prevalent in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Recently we have observed severe toxicities associated with trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole in three hemophiliacs, a group known to be at risk for developing AIDS. At the time of these reactions to the antibiotic, none of the patients had yet manifested any stigmata of AIDS per se. We advise caution in the use of trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole in hemophiliacs and other patients at high risk for the development of AIDS.
Coffee and Infarction
Authors: Stephen R. Yarnall
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article by Klatsky et al (226:540, 1973), "Coffee Drinking Prior to Acute Myocardial Infarction," has at least two basic flaws that cast doubt on the authors' conclusion that "Coffee drinking is not an established risk factor for myocardial infarction." First of all, since this was a study of hospital charts, it is obvious that only survivors of acute myocardial infarction are included. In a "captured population" such as that at Kaiser-Permanente, it would be interesting to have a prospective study that included cases of sudden death as well as cases hospitalized for myocardial infarction. Such a prospective study, including cases of sudden death, would be far more convincing than the retrospective study of hospital cases. The second issue of concern is that the conclusions were based on a single cut point for coffee drinking using the criterion of six cups of coffee per day. Since any
Secular trends in Q wave and non-Q wave acute myocardial infarction. The Minnesota Heart Survey.
Authors: S A Edlavitch, R Crow, G L Burke, J Baxter
Journal: Circulation (1991)

The Minnesota Heart Survey examined trends of Q wave and non-Q wave acute myocardial infarction (AMI) using a 50% random sample of all hospital discharges of patients with AMI or another acute coronary disease from 35 of 36 hospitals in 1970 and 30 of 31 hospitals in 1980 in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. A total of 1,901 and 1,864 potential AMI cases were abstracted in 1970 and 1980, respectively. Electrocardiograms were coded according to the Minnesota code. AMIs were validated by computerized algorithm based on chest pain, enzymes, electrocardiograms, and autopsy. This study shows that with the use of a consistent, standard diagnostic algorithm, attack rates for Q wave AMI did not change significantly between 1970 and 1980 and that attack rates for non-Q wave AMI decreased significantly during the same decade. However, when the more sensitive cardiac enzymes creatine phosphokinase and creatine phosphokinase-MB were considered, attack rates of both Q wave and non-Q wave AMIs increased. This research documents four important trends for community AMI rates that are at variance with those reported by others. There was a decline in non-Q wave AMI attack rates from 1970 to 1980; women had outcomes equal to or worse than those for men for both case-fatality and 7-year survival rates; patients with non-Q wave AMIs had worse in-hospital prognoses than those with Q wave AMIs; and 7-year survival rates were worse for Q wave AMI in 1980. These findings demonstrate the need for standard diagnostic criteria for Q wave and non-Q wave AMI if trends are to be monitored. In the future, as new trials of operative and nonoperative therapies of AMI are undertaken, these considerations will increase in importance.
Cytomegalovirus infection-enhanced allograft arteriosclerosis is prevented by DHPG prophylaxis in the rat.
Authors: K B Lemström, J H Bruning, C A Bruggeman, P K Koskinen, P T Aho, S Yilmaz, I T Lautenschlager, P J Häyry
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND Major risk factors for accelerated allograft arteriosclerosis include humoral and cellular immune response, hyperlipidemia, and viral infections. We demonstrated earlier that rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) infection doubles smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal thickening of rat aortic allografts. In this study, the effects of 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine (DHPG) on RCMV-enhanced rat allograft arteriosclerosis are investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Aortic allografts from the DA to the WF rat strain were used. The recipients were inoculated with 10(5) plaque-forming units of RCMV 1 day after transplantation. Two groups of RCMV-infected rats were treated with DHPG with an initial dose of 20 mg/kg IP and a maintenance dose of 10 mg/kg IP twice a day for a period of 14 days. In the DHPG prophylaxis group (n = 22), the drug administration started 1 day before infection, and in the DHPG treatment group (n = 17), 7 days after infection. One group of infected rats was left untreated (n = 21). The grafts were removed 7 and 14 days and 1, 3, and 6 months after transplantation. In the DHPG prophylaxis group, no virus could be recovered by plaque assays. In the treatment group, 50% of rats were virus-positive at 1 month and 40% at 3 months. DHPG prophylaxis prevented the infiltration of inflammatory cells and their proliferation in the adventitia of RCMV-infected recipients (P &lt; .01), with a 60% reduction in the interleukin-2 receptor expression (P &lt; .05) and a 30% decrease in major histocompatibility complex class II expression (P = NS). DHPG prophylaxis did not significantly alter the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, transforming growth factor-beta 1, acidic fibroblast growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor messages in the allograft vascular wall. Early media necrosis was reduced. Arteriosclerotic alterations and proliferation of smooth muscle cells were both reduced 50% to 70% by DHPG prophylaxis (P &lt; .05 at 3 months). The responses in the DHPG treatment group were quite similar but less impressive and statistically nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS We consider it likely that DHPG inhibits arteriosclerotic alterations primarily by reducing the infectious virus and thereby the inflammatory response in the allograft vascular wall; another possibility is a direct antiproliferative effect on smooth muscle cell replication. A dose-dependent inhibitory effect of DHPG on smooth muscle cell replication was recorded in an in vitro study.
The use of the dermatoscope to identify early melanoma using the three-colour test
Authors: E. Epstein
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Journal Article The use of the dermatoscope to identify early melanoma using the three‐colour test Get access E. Epstein E. Epstein 100 South Ellsworth Avenue, Suite 707, San Mateo, CA 94401, U.S.A Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 147, Issue 6, 1 December 2002, Pages 1278–1279, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.05000_12.x Published: 01 December 2002
Investigating osteogenic differentiation in multiple myeloma using a novel 3D bone marrow niche model
Authors: Michaela R. Reagan, Yuji Mishima, Siobhan V. Glavey, Yong Zhang, Salomon Manier, Zhi Ning Lu, Masoumeh Memarzadeh, Yu Zhang, Antonio Sacco, Yosra Aljawai, Jiantao Shi, Yu-Tzu Tai, John E. Ready, David L. Kaplan, Aldo M. Roccaro, Irene M. Ghobrial
Journal: Blood (2014)
A Case of Gunshot-Wound of Head: Extensive Laceration of Scalp: Fracture of Skull: Exfoliation of Bone: Recovery
Authors: J. H. Tylecote
Journal: BMJ (1871)

a girl of rather delicate constitution, while visiting in this neighbourhood, received a severe gun-shot wound of the head under the following circumstances.At noon, on June 26th, I869, she was sitting near an open window reading, when a little boy eight years old, having, in the absence of the master of the house, obtained possession of a gun, which was kept loaded with peas for the purpose of frightening the birds, pointed it in play through the window, saying, " I'll shoot you".He immediately fired, and the charge took effect in the left side of the poor girl's head,
Hemodynamic Changes Associated with Fluid Retention Induced in Noncardiac Subjects by Corticotropin (ACTH) and Cortisone; Comparison with the Heinodynamic Changes of Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: ROY E. ALBERT, WARREN W. SMITH, LUDWIG W. EICHNA
Journal: Circulation (1955)

This study proposed to determine whether marked fluid retention, induced by ACTH and cortisone, produces hemodynamic alterations similar to those of clinical congestive heart failure. Of 20 noncardiac subjects, four gained marked amounts of fluid, became edematous and three developed symptoms and signs consistent with congestive heart failure. The associated hemodynamic changes were similar to those of congestive heart failure in that the heart enlarged, "blood volume" increased and right heart and venous pressure rose, but differed in that cardiac ouput and A-V oxygen difference remained normal. It is suggested that the hemodynamic state associated with marked fluid retention is a noncardiac circulatory congestion which simulates congestive heart failure in several non-specific hemodynamic functions but differs in that primary cardiodynamic functions remain normal and the heart does not fail as a pump.
Monitoring Resuscitation of the Injured Patient
Authors: Jerry D. Levitt
Journal: JAMA (1977)

To the Editor.—  The article by Drs Hartong and Dixon (237:242, 1977) contains deficiencies in methodology and data presentation that limit the generalization of the Summary statements.  I expected that an article entitled Monitoring Resuscitation of the Injured Patient would say something about injured humans. The only mention of the authors' experience with humans is the unsupported statement at the end of the text about the US Army Trauma Center. In a study comparing the usefulness of various physiological measurements, I would have expected the measurements to be obtained with comparable precision. In this study, the pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) was measured with an electronic transducer, but the central venous pressure (CVP) was monitored with a water manometer. Were the authors prejudging their results? The deficiencies of the water manometer have been reported, 1 and I find that during surgery, it provides much less information about CVP than an electronic
A Scaling Eruption of the Soles
Authors: Frederick A. J. Kingery
Journal: JAMA (1964)

A 45-year-old laborer sought medical advice for a "fungous" infection which had involved the plantar aspects of both feet for several weeks (Figure). Initial treatment with topical fungicides had accomplished nothing after a week of use. A microscopic examination of scales with potassium hydroxide was negative for fungal hyphae, but this test may have been rendered invalid by previous treatment with antifungal preparations. Samples of his footwear were applied to his back as patch tests when an allergic contact dermatitis was suspected. The results to these tests were negative. In addition, primary irritant contact dermatitis was excluded by his history. He had been given no drugs within the last six weeks. For several weeks the patient had felt listless with a constant dull headache which he attributed to the "flu." The examining physician noted enlargement of the cervical, axillary, and inguinal lymph nodes, an enlarged, slightly tender liver, and a
P68 UPREGULATION OF A NOVEL PROTEIN IN HCC ENHANCES CANCER CELL SURVIVAL BY SUPPRESSING SPECIFIC APOPTOTIC EFFECTORS
Authors: V. Iansante, P.M. Choy, S.W. Fung, J.-G. Chai, J. Dyson, Y. Liu, R. Williams, S. Chokshi, R.A. Anders, C. Bubici, S. Papa
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Pseudotumor of the Lung: Foramen of Morgani Hernia Confirmed by Liver Scan
Authors: OUSSAMA NACHAR, YVES LECLERC
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1998)

This case showed the usefulness of liver imaging in the diagnosis of right hepatic hernia. A liver scan was performed in a patient with an asymptomatic ovoid mass that appeared to be in the right major fissure. The roentgenographic appearance of the lesion corresponded to that of a pseudotumor. The CT scan suggested enhanced tissue density; however, a biopsy revealed normal liver tissue. A liver scan was performed and confirmed the partial protrusion of the liver into the thorax through a diaphragmatic defect (foramen of Morgani hernia).
Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and pulmonary function among adults in NHANES III: impact on the general population and adults with current asthma.
Authors: Mark D Eisner
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

The impact of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on adult pulmonary function has not been clearly determined. Because adults with asthma have chronic airway inflammation, they may be a particularly susceptible group. Using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), I examined the cross-sectional relationship between serum cotinine, a biomarker of ETS exposure, and pulmonary function among 10,581 adult nonsmokers and 440 nonsmoking adults with asthma whose cotinine and spirometry data were available. I generated residuals, which are observed minus predicted values (based on Crapo equations), for forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC ratio to adjust for age, sex, and height. In addition, I used multivariate linear regression to control for sociodemographic characteristics and previous smoking history. Most adults with and without asthma had detectable serum cotinine levels, indicating recent ETS exposure (85.7% and 83.4%, respectively). Among nonsmoking male participants, I found no evidence that ETS exposure was related to decreased pulmonary function. In the nonsmoking female stratum, the highest cotinine tertile was associated with a lower FEV1 [-100 mL; 95% confidence interval (CI), -143 to -56 mL], FVC (-119 mL; 95% CI, -168 to -69 mL), and FEV1/FVC ratio (-1.77%; 95% CI, -2.18% to -1.36%). Among women with asthma, the highest cotinine tertile was also associated with decreased FEV1 (-261 mL; 95% CI, -492 to -30 mL), FVC (-291 mL; 95% CI, -601 to 20 mL), and FEV1/FVC ratio (-1.6%; 95% CI, -3.3% to 0.19%). In conclusion, ETS exposure is associated with decreased pulmonary function in adult females, especially those with asthma. This analysis should provide further impetus for public policies that promote smoke-free environments.
The Changing Faces of the United States
Authors: Roger Revelle
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Many demographic trends are of importance to physicians. Some of them, physicians can do very little about. Others are dependent on medical action and medical care. In this sense, there is a genuine cybernetic relationship between demographic trends and the medical profession in the United States. The most obvious example of this relationship is, of course, death rates among our population, and particularly age-specific death rates (the proportion of our people of a particular age who die at that age). The death rates and the age-specific death rates affect the number of doctors, the nature of medical research, and the character of medical care. As our age-specific death rates tend to level off, or even increase, as they have during the last few years in certain upper-age groups, the problems of the physician become more difficult. Birthrates are also, to a limited extent, a responsibility of the physician. The number
Patch test technique
Authors: M. Wilkinson
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2010)

Jadassohn’s description of the patch test in 1896 involved the application of a mercury-containing ointment, to which a patient had previously reacted, to an area of skin on the left arm, covered by a 5 cm2 piece of tape for 24 h, reproducing in miniature the original reaction.1 Subsequent modifications of the method were often empirical and were concerned with improving usability such as the type of tape and removing colophony from the adhesive. In the initial description, the allergen was applied to the skin and the dose nonstandardized. Later, filter discs were attached to the tape to which the allergen was applied and various chambers developed. The procedure is time consuming for both patient and clinician. To improve outcomes for the patient and avoid false negatives the sensitivity and specificity of the procedure should be as high as possible. Preprepared allergens are commercially available in an easy-to-use format providing a consistent dose; however, the allergens available are limited. While a ‘standard’ series has been developed that empirically detects the most frequent contact allergens, this is better termed a ‘baseline’ series as it correctly implies that other allergens should be applied dependent on the patient’s presentation and exposures, including the patient’s own samples. This may increase the yield of relevant positive reactions by ∼20%. Sensitivity is further improved by occluding the allergen for 48 h and by having multiple reading times. A single reading at day 4 has been identified as yielding the most positives if a single reading point is used. An additional reading at day 7 detects a further 10% of positive reactions above combined readings at days 2 and 4. Expertise in the reading and interpretation of the test is essential to avoid misinterpreting reactions and subsequently giving irrelevant advice. Guidelines have been developed that detail the evolving evidence base.2 The work of the team from Singapore and Malmö published in this issue3 highlights a further topic that has generated debate: a belief that allergens may be safely kept beyond their expiry date and prepared before application without affecting the results of the test. The team’s work clearly shows that unless stored in a refrigerator and prepared fresh prior to application some volatile allergens could be predicted to give a false-negative reaction. Indeed, for some highly reactive allergens such as isocyanates storage in a freezer may be required4 to avoid degradation of the allergen preparation. In addition to patient-related factors, such as immunosuppression,2 this study emphasizes that factors related to the allergen, storage and preparation of the test are essential to take into account when trying to maximize the usefulness of the investigation. None. None declared.