tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
DRUG ADDICTIONS.PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE IN SECTION ON NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASES.
Authors: SMITH ELY JELLIFFE
Journal: JAMA (1906)

At the last regular meeting of this Section of the American Medical Association a discussion was held on the subject of drug addictions, one of the results of which was the appointment of a committee to formulate some plan for the outlining of a system of procedure which would lead to some definite knowledge of the subject. Accordingly a committee was formed of Drs. Smith Ely Jelliffe, New York, chairman; Brooks F. Beebe, Cincinnati, and Albert E. Sterne, Indianapolis. Inasmuch as the different members of this committee are distributed pretty widely over the United States, it has been impossible for them to get together. Therefore, the following syllabus of the report should be considered more as a report of progress from your chairman than as a complete report of the committee as a whole. The committee feels that the scope implied by the words "drug addictions" is too extensive for
Annual Review of Public Health
Authors: Lester Breslow, Gilbert S. Omenn, Jonathan E. Fielding, Lester B. Lave, Ross C. Brownson, Barbara Starfield, Noreen M. Clark, Lawrence W. Green
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2017)

Between the 2009 Great Recession and the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the US state and local governmental public health workforce lost 40,000 jobs. Tens of thousands of workers also left during the pandemic and continue to leave. As governmental health ... Read More
Hyperglycemia affects cardiovascular autonomic nerve function in normal subjects
Authors: Bu B Yeap, Antonietta Russo, Robert J Fraser, Gary A Wittert, Michael Horowitz
Journal: Diabetes Care (1996)

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of acute hyperglycemia on autonomic nerve function in normal subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Six healthy volunteers ages 19-32 years underwent paired studies during euglycemia (blood glucose 5.1 ± 0.04 mmol/l) and hyperglycemia (blood glucose 15.7 ± 0.48 mmol/l) induced by intravenous infusion of glucose and maintained for 150 min. The order of the two studies was randomized. In each experiment, supine heart rate, heart rate variation with respiration, ratio of the maximum to minimum R-R interval after standing (“30:15” ratio), systolic blood pressure response to standing, and diastolic blood pressure response to sustained handgrip were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS The supine heart rate was greater (P = 0.04) and the “30:15” ratio less (P = 0.03) during hyperglycemia than during euglycemia. Hyperglycemia had no significant effect on any of the other cardiovascular reflex tests. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that acute hyperglycemia affects autonomic nerve function in healthy humans.
Characterization of bortezomib-adapted I-45 mesothelioma cells
Authors: Lidong Zhang, James E Littlejohn, Yu Cui, Xiaobo Cao, Chander Peddaboina, W ROY Smythe
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2010)

Bortezomib, a proteasome-specific inhibitor, has emerged as a promising cancer therapeutic agent. However, development of resistance to bortezomib may pose a challenge to effective anticancer therapy. Therefore, characterization of cellular mechanisms involved in bortezomib resistance and development of effective strategies to overcome this resistance represent important steps in the advancement of bortezomib-mediated cancer therapy.The present study reports the development of I-45-BTZ-R, a bortezomib-resistant cell line, from the bortezomib-sensitive mesothelioma cell line I-45. I-45-BTZ-R cells showed no cross-resistance to the chemotherapeutic drugs cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and doxorubicin. Moreover, the bortezomib-adapted I-45-BTZ-R cells had decreased growth kinemics and did not over express proteasome subunit beta5 (PSMB5) as compared to parental I-45 cells. I-45-BTZ-R cells and parental I-45 cells showed similar inhibition of proteasome activity, but I-45-BTZ-R cells exhibited much less accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins following exposure to 40 nm bortezomib. Further studies revealed that relatively low doses of bortezomib did not induce an unfolded protein response (UPR) in the bortezomib-adapted cells, while higher doses induced UPR with concomitant cell death, as evidenced by higher expression of the mitochondrial chaperone protein Bip and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related pro-apoptotic protein CHOP. In addition, bortezomib exposure did not induce the accumulation of the pro-apoptotic proteins p53, Mcl-1S, and noxa in the bortezomib-adapted cells.These results suggest that UPR evasion, together with reduced pro-apoptotic gene induction, accounts for bortezomib resistance in the bortezomib-adapted mesothelioma cell line I-45-BTZ-R.
ELECTRO-DIAGNOSIS IN BRAIN AND NERVE INJURIES—METHODS USED AND THE APPARATUS REQUIRED.Read before the Section of Medical Jurisprudence and Neurology, at the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Washington, D. C., May, 1891.
Authors: W. H. WALLING
Journal: JAMA (1891)

There are two very important propositions to be considered in connection with electro-diagnosis, the first of which is, an adequate knowledge of electro-physics and electro-physiology, and the second, the need of the proper apparatus with which to conduct such investigation. The first proposition, or a proper understanding of the subjects named, is so obviously essential that it is scarcely necessary to discuss it. The apparatus required for accurate electro-diagnosis merits our careful consideration. While with an ordinary faradic battery and common electrodes the approximate condition of a nerve may be arrived at, our tests will be of only a proportionate value. The batteries, meter and controller that I use here to-day were made by Mr. Otto Fleming, of Philadelphia. Unfortunately, we have no definite standard in this country for our faradic coils, or for the size of our electrodes, hence the resulting confusion in comparative tests by different operators. It
A Comparison of Entecavir and Lamivudine for HBeAg-Positive Chronic Hepatitis B
Authors: Ting-Tsung Chang, Robert G. Gish, Robert de Man, Adrian Gadano, José Sollano, You-Chen Chao, Anna S. Lok, Kwang-Hyub Han, Zachary Goodman, Jin Zhu, Anne Cross, Deborah DeHertogh, Richard Wilber, Richard Colonno, David Apelian
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Entecavir is a potent and selective guanosine analogue with significant activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV).
Further Experimental Studies of Mental Patients Through the Autokinetic Phenomenon
Authors: ALBERT C. VOTH, HAROLD M. VOTH
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1971)

This study aimed at replicating an earlier one that demonstrated a relationship between autokinesis—the apparent motion of a pinpoint of light in a dark room—and the major psychiatric syndromes. Data collected on 1,402 psychiatric inpatients revealed statistically significant differences between the autokinetic scores of the patients and a normal population, and among the major syndromes. The findings once again implicate central personality variables as the basis for individual autokinetic test differences and demonstrate the diagnostic value of autokinesis.
Case 2-1966
Authors: Alfred Kranes, Walter G. J. Putschar
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

Presentation of CaseA sixty-year-old woman was brought to the hospital in coma.She was believed to have been well until the afternoon of admission, when she suddenly lost consciousness and became cyanotic. Information obtained from her brother indicated that she had not had previous syncope, heart disease, hypertension, pain in the chest or neurologic disorder. Two sisters had died suddenly of unknown cause.Physical examination revealed a cyanotic, gasping woman in coma. The skin was sweaty and cool. The pupils were unreactive, and the corneal reflexes were absent. The optic fundi showed no abnormality on unsatisfactory examination. The lungs . . .
Metachronous Skeletal Osteosarcoma After Therapy
Authors: Norman Jaffe
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

Journal of Clinical Oncology requires comment to permit accurate scientific perspective.In contrast to the statement "we are not aware of any published reports from the large, single institutions, reporting outcome for these patients (metachronous skeletal osteosarcoma) when treated with a combined modality treatment approach," the experience of post-therapy multiple metachronous primary osteosarcoma tumors in the pediatric population was presented in a general poster session at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology in May 2001. 2 The abstract presented data on 11 pediatric patients, following a review of 250 patients under 18 years of age, who presented to the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX) with primary osteosarcoma of the skeleton without pulmonary metastases over the past 25 years.The interval between appearance of the primary and metachronous tumor varied from 12 to 78 months.Inter alia, the abstract addressed the concordance and discordance of the histologic varieties of the primary and metachronous tumors and referred to a possible increased incidence of the condition in patients with retinoblastoma.The abstract also contradicts the statement "There is little information available on the experience and outcomes of metachronous metastatic skeletal overall survival."At the time of the report, with the use of cisplatin, adriamycin, high-dose methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and ifosfamide with surgical resection of the metachronous tumors, five of the 11 patients were alive, 20ϩ to 50ϩ months and disease-free (four are currently still active and disease-free; the patient with a second rib metachronous tumor later succumbed to pulmonary metastases).These facts were not addressed in the Aung et al article. 1 Finally, we also emphasized that diligent follow-up of survivors of osteosarcoma is required to permit early detection and appropriate successful intervention.
Systematic Review: T-Cell–based Assays for the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: An Update
Authors: Madhukar Pai, Alice Zwerling, Dick Menzies
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2008)

Background: Interferon-γ–release assays (IGRAs) are alternatives to the tuberculin skin test (TST). A recent meta-analysis showed that IGRAs have high specificity, even among populations that have received bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination. Sensitivity was suboptimal for TST and IGRAs. Purpose: To incorporate newly reported evidence from 20 studies into an updated meta-analysis on the sensitivity and specificity of IGRAs. Data Sources: PubMed was searched through 31 March 2008, and citations of all original articles, guidelines, and reviews for studies published in English were reviewed. Study Selection: Studies that evaluated QuantiFERON-TB Gold, QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (both from Cellestis, Victoria, Australia), and T-SPOT.TB (Oxford Immunotec, Oxford, United Kingdom) or its precommercial ELISpot version, when data on the commercial version were lacking. For assessing sensitivity, the study sample had to have microbiologically confirmed active tuberculosis. For assessing specificity, the sample had to comprise healthy, low-risk individuals without known exposure to tuberculosis. Studies with fewer than 10 participants and those that included only immunocompromised participants were excluded. Data Extraction: One reviewer abstracted data on participant characteristics, test characteristics, and test performance from 38 studies; these data were double-checked by a second reviewer. The original investigators were contacted for additional information when necessary. Data Synthesis: A fixed-effects meta-analysis with correction for overdispersion was done to pool data within prespecified subgroups. The pooled sensitivity was 78% (95% CI, 73% to 82%) for QuantiFERON-TB Gold, 70% (CI, 63% to 78%) for QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube, and 90% (CI, 86% to 93%) for T-SPOT.TB. The pooled specificity for both QuantiFERON tests was 99% among non–BCG-vaccinated participants (CI, 98% to 100%) and 96% (CI, 94% to 98%) among BCG-vaccinated participants. The pooled specificity of T-SPOT.TB (including its precommercial ELISpot version) was 93% (CI, 86% to 100%). Tuberculin skin test results were heterogeneous, but specificity in non–BCG-vaccinated participants was consistently high (97% [CI, 95% to 99%]). Limitations: Most studies were small and had limitations, including no gold standard for diagnosing latent tuberculosis and variable TST methods and cutoff values. Data on the specificity of the commercial T-SPOT.TB assay were limited. Conclusion: The IGRAs, especially QuantiFERON-TB Gold and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube, have excellent specificity that is unaffected by BCG vaccination. Tuberculin skin test specificity is high in non–BCG-vaccinated populations but low and variable in BCG-vaccinated populations. Sensitivity of IGRAs and TST is not consistent across tests and populations, but T-SPOT.TB appears to be more sensitive than both QuantiFERON tests and TST.
Causes and Prevention of Domestic Burning Accidents
Authors: J. P. Bull, D. M. Jackson, C. Walton
Journal: BMJ (1964)

Renal Stenosis-Schwartz and White BI~ifAL 1421 at the lower limits of the range for each age-and-sex group, but many patients with severe stenosis have kidneys of normal weight.Moreover, renal weight shows a progressive decrease with age in the absence of renal stenosis.These results pose two questions which at present cannot be answered: firstly, the severity of stenosis necessary to produce a significant reduc- tion in renal blood flow; and, secondly, whether atrophy is an essential response to renal ischaemia.When other para- meters of renal size are considered-namely, polar length and cortical thickness (Figs. 5678)-essentially similar relations between age and the presence and severity of renal artery stenosis are apparent.From a clinical and radiological view- point, it should be noted that if 9 cm. is taken as the lower limit of normal for polar length, then an extremely small proportion of kidneys with severe renal stenosis will be detected.In estab- lishing standards of radiological normality age is obviously an important factor.The extent of renal cortical scarring has been found to increase with age in both males and females, showing a marginal and inconsistent relation to the presence and severity of renal artery stenosis (Figs. 9 and 10).When only large scars (1 cm. or greater) are considered, a similarly inconclusive relation with renal stenosis was found.It is suggested that disease of the small cortical arteries, and/or infection, as in pyelonephritis, are more likely to be important in the genesis of cortical scarring than stenosis of the extrarenal and main intrarenal arteries. SummaryThe frequency, severity, and location of renal arterial stenosis, in both the extrarenal and intrarenal arteries, have been deter- mined in 154 patients comprising an unselected hospital necropsy sample, using the techniques of injection, serial section, and clearing.Severe renal stenosis was found to be bilateral in approximately half of the patients.Intrarenal stenosis of a severe grade was much more common in women than in men, and in the presence of severe extrarenal stenosis occurred with a frequency of 10-18% in males and 27-36% in females.No clear or consistent relation between the presence and severity of renal stenosis and the diastolic bloodpressure levels was found when the age of the patients was considered.It is suggested that the marginal differences could be the result and not the cause of elevated blood-pressure levels.Kidney weight, polar length, and cortical thickness decrease with age in the absence of renal arterial stenosis, and only a small number of kidneys show a significant reduction in these parameters in association with severe stenosis.Renal cortical scarring was found to show but little relation to the calibre of the extrarenal and main intrarenal arteries, although its severity showed a definite increase with age.
Fetal Treatment 1982
Authors: Michael R. Harrison, Roy A. Filly, Mitchell S. Golbus, Richard L. Berkowitz, Peter W. Callen, Timothy G. Canty, Charlotte Catz, William H. Clewell, Richard Depp, Michael S. Edwards, John C. Fletcher, Frederic D. Frigoletto, William J. Garrett, Michael L. Johnson, Albert Jonsen, Alfred A. de Lorimier, William A. Liley, Maurice J. Mahoney, Frank D. Manning, Paul R. Meier, Maria Michejda, Donald K. Nakayama, Lewis Nelson, John B. Newkirk, Kevin Pringle, Charles Rodeck, Mark A. Rosen, Joseph D. Schulman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

Perinatal obstetricians, surgeons, ultrasonographers, pediatricians, bioethicists, and physiologists from centers active in fetal treatment (13 centers in 5 countries) gathered at Santa Ynez Valley, California, from July 19 to 23, 1982, for a conference hosted by the Kroc Foundation entitled "Unborn: Management of the fetus with a correctable congenital defect." Experimental and clinical experience with fetal treatment was intensively reviewed in order to assess the potential benefits and liabilities of various interventions, the directions to be pursued, and the problems to be avoided. The participants agreed to pursue cooperative exchange of information, to establish a registry of treated cases, and . . .
The therapeutic potential of stem cells from adults
Authors: I. Kuehnle
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Adult stem cells seem to have the capacity to “transdifferentiate” into cells of many different tissue types; now further work is needed to establish their role in treating degenerative diseases 

The discovery of adult tissue specific stem cells, such as haematopoietic stem cells, which have the ability to “transdifferentiate” into other tissues, has generated much excitement among cellbiologists and transplant clinicians. It opens new avenues for basic biological research by using stem cells from adults as an alternative to stem cells from embryos. It also carries important implications for the treatment of many liver, heart, and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite strong evidence that multipotent stem cells (stem cells with the potential to differentiate into several cell types) reside in many adult organs and can be manipulated in ways that may confer a therapeutic advantage, several questions remain to be addressed before the development of clinical applications. We review recent findings on the “plasticity” of adult stem cells to adopt a fate different from their originally intended one, and we discuss the potential clinical importance of this finding. We also point out some directions for research in the future.

### Summary points

Pluripotent embryonic stem cells divide indefinitely and ostensibly generate all cell types

Stem cells from adults regenerate their resident tissue but may have broader potential for differentiation (multipotential)

Further work must establish the broad differentiation and functional potential of stem cells from adults

Clinical utility of all stem cells awaits further validation and development

We searched Medline with both general keywords such as “stem cells,” “stem cell plasticity,” “adult stem cells,” and “embryonal stem cells” and with more specific terms such as “haematopoietic,hepatic or muscle stem cells,” “Parkinson's disease,” and “osteogenesis imperfecta.” We also cite published and unpublished data generated in our laboratory.

After development of the embryo most tissues are fully differentiated, …
Inhibition of Cutaneous Pain Responses by the Local Application of Cold
Authors: Franc D. Ingraham, Donald D. Matson, Robert P. Woods
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1947)

THE increased use of antibiotic therapy as well as other medications and fluids administered by hypodermic injection has raised the question of the effectiveness and practicality of employing cold to relieve the pain of the repeated and often terrifying encounters with the needle experienced particularly by sick children. Inquiry revealed that hundreds of intramuscular and subcutaneous injections alone are performed every day at the Children's Hospital. Frequently, the mental and physical anguish associated with the numerous injections given to a critically ill patient is not inconsiderable.It seemed desirable to determine first of all the physiologic relation between the temperature . . .
HYAFF 11-Based Autologous Dermal and Epidermal Grafts in the Treatment of Noninfected Diabetic Plantar and Dorsal Foot Ulcers
Authors: Carlo Caravaggi, Roberto De Giglio, Chiara Pritelli, Manuela Sommaria, Sergio Dalla Noce, Ezio Faglia, Manuela Mantero, Giacomo Clerici, Pietro Fratino, Luca Dalla Paola, Giulio Mariani, Roberto Mingardi, Alberto Morabito
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of HYAFF 11-based autologous dermal and epidermal grafts in the management of diabetic foot ulcers. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 79 patients with diabetic dorsal (n = 37) or plantar (n = 42) ulcers were randomized to either the control group with nonadherent paraffin gauze (n = 36) or the treatment group with autologous tissue-engineered grafts (n = 43). Weekly assessment, aggressive debridement, wound infection control, and adequate pressure relief (fiberglass off-loading cast for plantar ulcers) were provided in both groups. Complete wound healing was assessed within 11 weeks. Safety was monitored by adverse events. RESULTS—Complete ulcer healing was achieved in 65.3% of the treatment group and 49.6% of the control group (P = 0.191). The Kaplan-Meier mean time to closure was 57 and 77 days, respectively, for the treatment versus control groups. Plantar foot ulcer healing was 55% and 50% in the treatment and control groups, respectively. Dorsal foot ulcer healing was significantly different, with 67% in the treatment group and 31% in the control group (P = 0.049). The mean healing time in the dorsal treatment group was 63 days, and the odds ratio for dorsal ulcer healing compared with the control group was 4.44 (P = 0.037). Adverse events were equally distributed between the two groups, and none were related to the treatments. CONCLUSIONS—The autologous tissue-engineered treatment exhibited improved healing in dorsal ulcers when compared with the current standard dressing. For plantar ulcers, the off-loading cast was presumably paramount and masked or nullified the effects of the autologous wound treatment. This treatment, however, may be useful in patients for whom the total off-loading cast is not recommended and only a less effective off-loading device can be applied.
Dietary Carbohydrates and Their Glycemic Responses
Authors: David J. A. Jenkins
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Different carbohydrate foods produce different glycemic responses, as has been recognized for many years.<sup>1-5</sup>However, in terms of dietary advice to diabetics, emphasis has remained on the relative virtue of "complex" carbohydrates (starch) over "simple sugars." The evidence has never been this clear-cut, as indicated by a report in the current issue ofThe Journal<sup>6</sup>on the modest postprandial blood glucose response to ice cream. <h3>Different Glycemic Responses to Different Foods</h3> Studies by Crapo and colleagues<sup>2,5</sup>demonstrated that the glycemic response to glucose was similar to certain starchy foods. Sucrose, with a lower blood glucose response than glucose,<sup>1,3,7-10</sup>produced a rise in blood glucose levels similar to those produced by many commonly eaten starchy foods.<sup>1,3,7-9,11,12</sup>In addition, the blood glucose and insulin responses seen in healthy volunteers were similar when a range of carbohydrates of differing complexity were compared; these included liquid starch, caloreen (a
The effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular diastolic function assessed with speckle‐tracking echocardiography
Authors: Miriam Shanks, M. Louisa Antoni, Ulas Hoke, Matteo Bertini, Arnold C.T. Ng, Dominique Auger, Nina Ajmone Marsan, Lieselot van Erven, Eduard R. Holman, Martin J. Schalij, Jeroen J. Bax, Victoria Delgado
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2011)