tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE NATURE OF THE PEPTIC ULCER PROBLEM
Authors: Charles T. Stone
Journal: JAMA (1952)

The purpose of this discussion is to examine, from a critical point of view, the concepts of the causes of peptic ulcer as they are currently understood, to consider the defects in the methods employed for ulcer control, and to inquire into what may be done in order that the generally unsatisfactory status of the management of the disease may be improved. The present generation of physicians has witnessed greater advances in medicine than have occurred in any previous corresponding period, but few, indeed, are the really significant additions to the knowledge of peptic ulcer. Those that have been made have altered but slightly the basic understanding and treatment of the disease, this despite an enormous amount of effort directed toward the solution of the problem at both the experimental and clinical levels.  CAUSE OF PEPTIC ULCER  Outstanding among the obstacles to progress in treatment of ulcer is the incomplete
Regulation of human megakaryocytopoiesis. An in vito analysis.
Authors: E M Mazur, R Hoffman, E Bruno
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

We have recently described an assay system for human peripheral blood megakaryocyte colony-forming unit cells (CFU-M) using an anti-platelet glycoprotein antiserum probe to define megakaryocyte colonies grown in vitro. This system was applied to study the nature and regulation of human bone marrow CFU-M. In the absence of a specific megakaryocyte growth-promoting factor, 12.4 +/- 3.0 (means +/- SEM) megakaryocyte colonies were cloned per 5 X 10(5) cells cultured. Colonies were present after 6 d of incubation reaching peak numbers between days 10 and 14 and slowly decreasing thereafter. Erythropoietin in concentrations of up to 4 U/ml failed to augment colony numbers. Also failing to enhance megakaryocyte colony plating efficiency were media containing burst-promoting activity and colony-stimulating activity. A medium conditioned by human embryonic kidney cells, which has been previously demonstrated to contain thrombopoietin, also had no effect on megakaryocyte colony numbers. In contrast, sera from three patients with severe aplastic anemia produced significant enhancement of CFU-M-derived colony formation in vitro. Both the number of megakaryocyte colonies present and the number of megakaryocytes per colony were increased in proportion to the final concentration of aplastic anemia serum. In the presence of 10% aplastic anemia serum, cultured megakaryocyte colony numbers were linear with respect to the number of bone marrow mononuclear cells plated suggesting a clonal origin of each of the colonies. This in vitro assay for bone marrow CFU-M is a reliable means by which to study the regulation of human megakaryocytopoiesis. Initial data suggest that megakaryocyte production is stimulated by a factor detectable in aplastic anemia serum that may be distinct from other known hematopoietic stem cell regulators.
Periacinar stellate shaped cells in rat pancreas: identification, isolation, and culture
Authors: M V Apte, P S Haber, T L Applegate, I D Norton, G W McCaughan, M A Korsten, R C Pirola, J S Wilson
Journal: Gut (1998)

The pathogenesis of pancreatic fibrosis is unknown. In the liver, stellate cells (vitamin A storing cells) play a significant role in the development of fibrosis.To determine whether cells resembling hepatic stellate cells are present in rat pancreas, and if so, to compare their number with the number of stellate cells in the liver, and isolate and culture these cells from rat pancreas.Liver and pancreatic sections from chow fed rats were immunostained for desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). Pancreatic stellate shaped cells were isolated using a Nycodenz gradient, cultured on plastic, and examined by phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy, and by immunostaining for desmin, GFAP, and alpha-SMA.In both liver and pancreatic sections, stellate shaped cells were observed; these were positive for desmin and GFAP and negative for alpha-SMA. Pancreatic stellate shaped cells had a periacinar distribution. They comprised 3.99% of all pancreatic cells; hepatic stellate cells comprised 7.94% of all hepatic cells. The stellate shaped cells from rat pancreas grew readily in culture. Cells cultured for 24 hours had an angular appearance, contained lipid droplets manifesting positive vitamin A autofluorescence, and stained positively for desmin but negatively for alpha-SMA. At 48 hours, cells were positive for alpha-SMA.Cells resembling hepatic stellate cells are present in rat pancreas in a number comparable with that of stellate cells in the liver. These stellate shaped pancreatic cells can be isolated and cultured in vitro.
The Powers of Psychiatry
Authors: LeRoy P. Levitt
Journal: JAMA (1980)

"Every profession is a conspiracy against the laity," said G. B. Shaw. There is no jeremiad regarding psychiatry and psychiatrists that has not found a place in this volume. Dr Robitscher, who has high credentials and experience in psychiatry and law, has studied, thought, and spoken for 20 years on the extent of psychiatric power, and obsessively drills home the subject in this book. The thesis of this book is that psychiatric authority has arrived on the social scene with the imprimatur of science, although it is not always scientific; that it carries the weight of medical authority, although it is only occasionally medical; and that its power and influence are constantly growing. The more complicated and the more out of control our lives become, Robitscher contends, the more willing we are to turn over responsibility to the experts, and, in the area of human behavior, these experts are the
Case of Herpetic Eruption in the Course of Branches of the Brachial Plexus, followed by Partial Paralysis in Corresponding Motor Nerves
Authors: W. H. Broadbent
Journal: BMJ (1866)

<h3>Objectives:</h3> To investigate various cases of death caused by electrical injuries among Turkish military personnel. <h3>Methods:</h3> We retrospectively reviewed fatality cases of military personnel between 1994 and 2013 at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey, the only forensic medicine center for the Turkish Armed Forces. Medical records and autopsy reports of cases of electrical fatalities were reviewed and analyzed in terms of age and gender-specific incidence, voltage, contact details, body region distribution, location, and season of incident, site, and severity of injuries sustained, and histopathological and toxicological findings. <h3>Results:</h3> Sixteen (3.5%) out of the 450 autopsy cases involved electrocution. All deaths were accidental and most frequently occurred outdoors (75%). Eight (50%) died due to high voltage while 6 (37.5%) died due to low voltage. The entry and exit lesions were determined most frequently in cases with high voltage injury. The low voltage deaths commonly occurred at the scene of the event (66.6%), while almost all high voltage deaths occurred in the hospital (87.5%, <i>p</i>=0.03). Electrical burns were most commonly detected in the upper extremities (32.6%, n=14). <h3>Conclusion:</h3> The present study shows that deaths due to high voltage electrocution are more frequent than low voltage electrocution among military personnel.
12 MONTH FOLLOW-UP OF MEBENDAZOLE THERAPY FOR ONCHOCERCIASIS
Authors: A.R. Rivas-Alcala, BruceM. Greene, HughR. Taylor, A. Domiguez-Vaques, A.M. Ruvalcaba-Macias, C. Lugo-Pfeiffer, F. Beltran-Hernandez
Journal: The Lancet (1981)
MECHANISMS OF RECOVERY FROM A GENERALIZED VIRAL INFECTION: MOUSEPOX
Authors: R. V. Blanden
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1971)

Histological and immunofluorescence techniques showed that mononuclear cells invaded virus-infected foci in the livers of passively immunized mice within 10 hr of the receipt of immune spleen cells or hyperimmune serum; by 24 hr, marked destruction of virus antigens had occurred in these lesions. Immune cell transfer promoted denser packing of mononuclear cells in the foci and more efficient destruction of infectious material than immune serum. Similar liver lesions developed by the 6th day after sublethal, primary, subcutaneous infection in normal mice. In contrast, in mice with GVHR which were immunosuppressed but possessed hyperactive macrophages and unimpaired splenic interferon response, mononuclear cells did not invade liver lesions and the animals died. These results, together with data reported previously, indicated that mononuclear cell invasion of infected liver foci, triggered by CMI, was of key importance in recovery from primary mousepox. The roles of specifically sensitized lymphocytes and macrophages within lesions were not directly evaluated, but indirect evidence suggested that lymphocytes could cause no more than a halt in virus multiplication, and that macrophages were required for the inactivation of preformed virions. Possible augmentation of the efficiency of macrophages by locally-produced lymphocyte interferon, neutralizing antibody, or stimulation of their phagocytic and intracellular digestive capacity cannot be excluded.
Methemoglobinemia After Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Therapy
Authors: John A. Damergis
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Methemoglobin levels are maintained in humans at less than 1%. Elevation in this value can be manifested by peripheral cyanosis. Congenital and acquired causes exist. This article reports a case of methemoglobinemia secondary to the use of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 22-year-old woman was referred to us from the Urology Department for evaluation of cyanosis of one day's duration. She had been receiving sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim therapy for eight days for a urinary tract infection. She was taking no other medications. Physical examination disclosed peripheral cyanosis. Laboratory examination disclosed a hemoglobin level of 13.8 g/mL, with an adult hemoglobin-A electrophoretic pattern. Arterial blood gases on room air showed a Po<sub>2</sub>, Pco<sub>2</sub>, and pH of 96 mm Hg, 34 mm Hg, and 7.30, respectively. However, her methemoglobin level was elevated at 18.3%. After the patient was instructed to discontinue use of all
RAPID RESPONSES FROM BMJ.COM
Authors: Solveig Hofvind, Bj⊘rn M⊘ller, Harald Weedon-Fekjær
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Following are edited excerpts from the Rapid Responses generated by this article, all of which can be read in their entirety at http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/328/7445/921.-Editor 

Zahl et al have addressed the expected drop in incidence rate of breast cancer after women leave the screening program at the age of 69, and found no decline in incidence for the 70-74 age group. Since cancers detected by mammography were not compensated by a later drop in the rates, the authors concluded that the screening resulted in serious overdiagnosis.

Unfortunately, they have made a crucial error in assuming that only women in the 50-69 age group were invited to screening in Sweden. According to Olsson et al,1 the Swedish screening recommendations from 1986 included women aged 40-74. Of 26 counties, 15 offered screening in the 70-74 age group from the start of their program, representing more than half of …
Current Therapy in Neurologic Disease
Authors: Charles M. Poser
Journal: JAMA (1985)

The stated purpose of this immense compendium is to "be a resource for quick, practical information" for all kinds of physicians taking care of patients with neurological disease. Johnson enlisted the help of no fewer than 115 collaborators, most (but not all) who fit his description of being experts with interest and experience in the specific disease or condition they are asked to discuss. There is, of course, much variation in the quality of the different sections (95, almost as many as there are authors). Most of the authors have restricted themselves to the description of various therapeutic modalities, with only a minimum of absolutely necessary background, but some believe it necessary to be more discursive, usually at the cost of shedding more confusion than light. It is indeed true that during the past several decades neurology has evolved from a descriptive, almost contemplative discipline to one that may, in
Nitroglycerin and Long-Acting Nitrates
Authors: Jonathan Abrams
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

NITROGLYCERIN and organic nitrates are being used in an increasing variety of cardiac conditions in addition to angina pectoris. Nitrate therapy is becoming routine in the vasodilator treatment of congestive heart failure, and under diverse experimental conditions it appears to be effective in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction.Pharmacology of NitratesNitroglycerin is a potent vascular dilator exerting its strongest effect on the venous system (capacitance vessels) and a lesser effect on the arterial circulation (resistance vessels). The drug acts at specific nitrate receptors in the vascular smooth-muscle wall to trigger vascular relaxation.1 All nitrate esters produce the same . . .
ABC of poisoning. Emergency drugs: agents used in the treatment of poisoning.
Authors: T Meredith, J Caisley, G Volans
Journal: BMJ (1984)

A readily available and practical guide to the drugs used in the treatment of / poisoning is important, since many of the agents concerned are used infrequently; some can be obtained only from selected poisons treatment centres, and others, although listed in textbooks, are not available in the United Kingdom; still others are now considered obsolete and, in some The article Is basen advice cases, actually dangerous.ah a r t i e n d ixsH based on circu n he Lists of recommended drugs have been published by the Department of appendix to DrHuSS crcular HN (78) s Health and Social Security, most recently as HN(62)13 and HN(78)23.23 Ougs of Special Value in the 1This article is based on these earlier lists, although, necessarily, many more Treatment of Poisoning in drugs have been included and additional information is given on the Accident and Emergency indications for use, mode of action, presentation, and dosage.In future this Departments list will be revised as necessary, and copies will be available from the National Poisons Information Service.Agents used for local cleansing, reliefof pain, fluid replacement, oxygen, and the more general care of the injured patient are not included.The need for collaboration and discussion between doctors and pharmacists in the preparation of this list is readily apparent and we would welcome comments which may be taken into account in future revisions.1 2-2-4 mg IV repeated every 5-10 min until carbamate insecticides muscarinic receptors 600 Ftg/ml.full atropinisation is achieved (dry mouth Choline esters, eg carbachol Evans Medical and pulse rate more than 70/mm).Continue for 2-3 days; large quantities may be necessary
Boundaries of somatic mutation in rearranged immunoglobulin genes: 5' boundary is near the promoter, and 3' boundary is approximately 1 kb from V(D)J gene.
Authors: S G Lebecque, P J Gearhart
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

To investigate why somatic mutations are spatially restricted to a region around the rearranged V(D)J immunoglobulin gene, we compared the distribution of mutations flanking murine V gene segments that had rearranged next to either proximal or distal J gene segments. 124 nucleotide substitutions, nine deletions, and two insertions were identified in 32,481 bp of DNA flanking the coding regions from 17 heavy and kappa light chain genes. Most of the mutations occurred within a 2-kb region centered around the V(D)J gene, regardless of which J gene segment was used, suggesting that the structural information for mutation is located in sequences around and within the V(D)J gene, and not in sequences downstream of the J gene segments. The majority of mutations were found within 300 bp of DNA flanking the 5' side of the V(D)J gene and 850 bp flanking the 3' side at a frequency of 0.8%, which was similar to the frequency in the coding region. The frequency of flanking mutations decreased as a function of distance from the gene. There was no evidence for hot spots in that every mutation was unique and occurred at a different position. No mutations were found upstream of the promoter region, suggesting that the promoter delimits a 5' boundary, which provides strong evidence that transcription is necessary to generate mutation. The 3' boundary was approximately 1 kb from the V(D)J gene and was not associated with a DNA sequence motif. Occasional mutations were located in the nuclear matrix association and enhancer regions. The pattern of substitutions suggests that there is discrimination between the two DNA strands during mutation, in that the four bases were mutated with different frequencies on each strand. The high frequency of mutations in the 3' flanking region and the uniqueness of each mutation argues against templated gene conversion as a mechanism for generating somatic diversity in murine V(D)J genes. Rather, the data support a model for random point mutations where the mechanism is linked to the transcriptional state of the gene.
Scintigraphic Appearance of Anton's Syndrome
Authors: Joseph V. Cusumano, James W. Fletcher, Bhargavi K. Patel
Journal: JAMA (1981)

THE DIAGNOSIS of Anton's syndrome was confirmed by a radionuclide brain scan in an elderly man with blindness and agnosia. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> An 86-year-old man was admitted to a hospital after driving his automobile into a ditch. Although there were no apparent injuries from the accident, except a laceration of his forehead, the patient was blind. He appeared to be normotensive, was orientated only to other persons, was unable to distinguish between light and darkness, and had normal extraocular movements; his pupils were reactive to light directly and consensually. The patient appeared to be unaware of his loss of vision. When confronted by his examiners, he would reply that someone had turned off the lights in the room or that he was still asleep. In addition to blindness and a slightly decreased sensation to pinpricks and vibration in both distal lower extremities, the patient had lost stereognosis and
Stent thrombosis
Authors: Andrew J Wiper, David H Roberts
Journal: BMJ (2007)

stent thrombosisAntiplatelets alone won't do the job Gershlick and Richardson say that premature discontinuation of clopidogrel is the greatest risk factor for thrombosis of drug eluting stents. 1 In Iakovou's series thrombosis occurred in five of 17 patients (29%) who prematurely discontinued dual antiplatelet therapy. 2 One of them discontinued only clopidogrel, and the others stopped both antiplatelets (aspirin and clopidogrel or ticlopidine).We do not know whether continuation of aspirin alone would have been adequate to prevent thrombosis associated with drug eluting stents.In only a minority of patients (five out of 29; 17%) did discontinuation of antiplatelets seem to have a role in the occurrence of stent thrombosis.The tragedy of drug eluting stents is not the risk of late stent thrombosis but the fact that these devices have only a limited effect on patients' wellbeing.In several randomised trials they did not lead to a lower mortality and did not affect the incidence of acute myocardial infarction. 3Recently presented meta-analyses and data from registries show that they might increase the occurrence of acute infarctions and even late mortality. 4 5
The membrane attack mechanism of complement: the three polypeptide chain structure of the eigth component (C8).
Authors: W P Klob, H J Müller-Eberhard
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1976)

The purification of human C8 in milligram quantities from outdated human serum was achieved by ammonium sulfate precipitation (37.5-50% saturation) and ion exchange column chromatography employing CM-32 cellulose and QAE-Sephadex. The yield of C8 activity ranged from 2-9%, and the average purification was 1,700-fold. Fully reduced C8 was shown by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to have three polypeptide chains which were present in equimolor ratios: alpha, 77,000 daltons; beta, 63,000 daltons; and gamma, 13,700 daltons. C8 denaturation by SDS and urea in the absence of reducing agents revealed two noncovalently linked subunits: alpha-gamma, 99,000 daltons, and beta, 75,000 daltons.
Combined Genetic and Chemical Capsid Modifications Enable Flexible and Efficient De- and Retargeting of Adenovirus Vectors
Authors: Florian Kreppel, Judith Gackowski, Erika Schmidt, Stefan Kochanek
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Numerous attempts to target viral gene therapy vectors to specific cells have met with limited success. Here we describe a novel virus vector-targeting platform based on a unique combination of genetic and chemical vector particle modifications to overcome typical restrictions in virus vector targeting. We genetically introduced cysteines at solvent-exposed positions of the adenovirus capsid. The corresponding thiol groups were highly reactive, and we established procedures for controlled covalent coupling to them of protein and nonprotein ligands. After the coupling of transferrin, the particles were efficiently targeted to the transferrin receptor pathway. Depending on the chemistry used, ligands could be coupled under the formation of thioether or disulfide bonds, the latter allowing for separation of ligand and particle after cell entry in the endosome. Furthermore, this technology could be efficiently combined with vector shielding for true retargeting: after amino-PEGylation of the vector particles the genetically introduced thiols were still accessible for ligand coupling, and particles could be retargeted to the transferrin receptor. Since this platform is robust, can be scaled, is compatible with industrial standards, and can integrate chemically diverse molecules as ligands, it may be used for clinical gene therapy and, potentially, also for vaccination.
The metabolism of salicylazosulphapyridine in ulcerative colitis: I The relationship between metabolites and the response to treatment in inpatients
Authors: K. M. Das, M. A. Eastwood, J. P. A. McManus, W. Sircus
Journal: Gut (1973)

The metabolism of salicylazosulphapyridine was studied in 16 patients with ulcerative colitis admitted to hospital. The acetylator phenotype was determined on admission. The mean serum concentration (mug/ml) (at steady state eight +/- two days in patients responding to treatment) of SASP, total SP, and 5-ASA were 18.7 +/- 12.8; 53.7 +/- 23.1; and 1 +/- 0.9 for slow acetylators and 17.6 +/- 7.1; 31 +/- 9.0 and 1 +/- 0.9 for fast acetylators respectively. Twenty-four hour urinary excretion of SASP, total SP, and 5-ASA were 4.6% +/- 3.1; 52% +/- 9.6 and 22.3 +/- 6.7% of the administered dose respectively. Serum total SP concentration of 20 to 50 mug/ml appeared to coincide with clinical improvement in the absence of any side effects related to salicylazosulphapyridine. No such relationship could be shown with serum SASP, individual metabolites, or 5-aminosalicyclic acid.