tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Model of Comprehensive Research Metrics for Improved Human Health and Environment
Authors: Jill A. Engel-Cox, Bennett Van Houten, Jerry Phelps, Shyanika W. Rose
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

ObjectiveFederal, state, and private research agencies and organizations have faced increasing administrative and public demand for performance measurement. Historically, performance measurement predominantly consisted of near-term outputs measured through bibliometrics. The recent focus is on accountability for investment based on long-term outcomes. Developing measurable outcome-based metrics for research programs has been particularly challenging, because of difficulty linking research results to spatially and temporally distant outcomes. Our objective in this review is to build a logic model and associated metrics through which to measure the contribution of environmental health research programs to improvements in human health, the environment, and the economy.Data sourcesWe used expert input and literature research on research impact assessment.Data extractionWith these sources, we developed a logic model that defines the components and linkages between extramural environmental health research grant programs and the outputs and outcomes related to health and social welfare, environmental quality and sustainability, economics, and quality of life.Data synthesisThe logic model focuses on the environmental health research portfolio of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Division of Extramural Research and Training. The model delineates pathways for contributions by five types of institutional partners in the research process: NIEHS, other government (federal, state, and local) agencies, grantee institutions, business and industry, and community partners.ConclusionsThe model is being applied to specific NIEHS research applications and the broader research community. We briefly discuss two examples and discuss the strengths and limits of outcome-based evaluation of research programs.
Managing osteoporosis in older people with fractures
Authors: A. Doube
Journal: BMJ (1999)

papers p 500

The World Health Organisation has compared osteoporosis to hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension, which are both asymptomatic conditions until an important tissue damaging event such as myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident occurs. Bone fracture, especially fracture with minimal trauma, is the feared endpoint of osteoporosis. Fractures of the wrist, hip, and vertebrae are well recognised consequences of the loss of mechanical strength that occurs as bone thins. These fractures are common in many countries, particularly among elderly people, and the burden they produce is expected to rise enormously in the next few decades. Pal's article in this issue (p 500) underscores the hesitancy with which doctors currently approach this silent epidemic of osteoporosis.1

The cost of osteoporosis is huge in both human and economic terms. Data …
Association between illegal drugs and weapon carrying in young people in Scotland: schools' survey
Authors: N. McKeganey
Journal: BMJ (2000)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To identify the type and extent of weapons being carried among young people in Scotland, and to determine the relation between use of illegal drugs and weapon carrying. <b>Design:</b> Questionnaire school survey. <b>Setting:</b> Independent schools in central Scotland and schools in Lanarkshire and Perth and Kinross. <b>Participants:</b> 3121 students aged 11 to 16 in 20 schools. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Self completion questionnaire reporting history of drug use and weapon carrying. <b>Results:</b> Overall, 34.1% of males and 8.6% of females reported having carried a weapon (P&lt;0.0001), ranging from 29.2% of boys aged 11-13 (classes S1 to S2) to 39.3% of boys aged 13-15 (S3 to S4). These values are higher than those in a recent survey of young people in England. Weapon carrying in Lanarkshire was 70% higher for males than in the rural area of Perth and Kinross. Both males and females who had taken drugs were more likely to carry weapons (63.5% of male drug users versus 20.5% of non-users and 22.8% of female drug users versus 3.7% of non-users; both P&lt;0.0001). The proportions of males carrying weapons who used none, one, two, three or four, or five or more illegal drugs were 21%, 52%, 68%, 74%, and 92% respectively. A similar trend was found among females. <b>Conclusions:</b> Better information is needed on the nature and extent of weapon carrying by young people in the United Kingdom, and better educational campaigns are needed warning of the dangers of carrying weapons.
Chloroquine inhibits the intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila by limiting the availability of iron. A potential new mechanism for the therapeutic effect of chloroquine against intracellular pathogens.
Authors: T F Byrd, M A Horwitz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Chloroquine and ammonium chloride, by virtue of their basic properties, have been shown to raise endocytic and lysosomal pH and thereby interfere with normal iron metabolism in a variety of cell types, including mononuclear phagocytes. Cellular iron metabolism is of critical importance to Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular bacterial pathogen whose capacity to multiply in human mononuclear phagocytes is dependent upon the availability of intracellular iron. In view of this, we have studied the effects of chloroquine and ammonium chloride on L. pneumophila intracellular multiplication in human monocytes. Chloroquine, at a concentration of 20 microM, and ammonium chloride, at a concentration of 20 mM, inhibited L. pneumophila intracellular multiplication by 1.4 +/- 0.2 (SEM) logs and 1.5 +/- 0.2 logs, respectively. Chloroquine- and ammonium chloride-induced inhibition of L. pneumophila intracellular multiplication was completely reversed by iron nitrilotriacetate, an iron compound which is soluble in the neutral to alkaline pH range, but not by iron transferrin, which depends upon acidic intracellular conditions to release iron. Chloroquine had no major direct effect on L. pneumophila multiplication in artificial media except at extremely high concentrations (15,000-fold that which inhibited L. pneumophila multiplication in mononuclear phagocytes), and inhibition at such concentrations was not reversed by iron nitrilotriacetate. This study demonstrates that chloroquine and ammonium chloride inhibit the intracellular multiplication of L. pneumophila by limiting the availability of iron to the bacterium. It is possible that such a mechanism of action underlies chloroquine's antimicrobial effect against other intracellular pathogens, such as the agents of malaria and tuberculosis.
Envenomation Coagulopathy in Wounds from Pit Vipers
Authors: Toby L. Simon, Thomas G. Grace
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

ACOAGULOPATHY often accompanies the tissue hemorrhage and necrosis of pit-viper wounds.1 , 2 Since this bleeding diathesis, which is frequently present when death occurs, may represent a model of consumption coagulopathy triggered by a biologic substance, we investigated the effect of the venom of one pit viper (the western diamondback rattlesnake) on serial changes in the platelet count, fibrinogen, and fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products (FDPs), on survival of 51Cr-labeled platelets in the circulation, and on accumulation of 51Cr-labeled platelets at the site of injury in a previously described rabbit model.1 We found an initial decrease and a subsequent increase in platelet count and . . .
Abstract 4173: MicroRNA expression of non-terminal respiratory unit type lung adenocarcinoma.
Authors: Mi Hyun Kim, Min Ki Lee, Dong Hoon Shin, Chang Hun Lee
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background: Lung adenocarcinomas can be classified into two major subtypes, terminal respiratory unit (TRU) type and non-TRU type. We previously reported that non-TRU type adenocarcinoma has unique clinical and morphological features compared with TRU type adenocarcinoma. In brief, among 36 cases of non-terminal respiratory unit type adenocarcinoma, 24 cases revealed mucous columnar cell changes that were continuous with bronchial ciliated columnar cells. The mucous columnar cells became dysplastic showing loss of cilia, disorientation, and enlarged nuclei. Adenocarcinoma arose from these dysplastic mucous columnar cells and, characteristically, this type of adenocarcinoma showed acute inflammation, and honeycombing changes in the background. TTF1 immunostaining was consistently negative. In a case study with 14 males and 10 females, including 12 smokers or ex-smokers, EGFR and KRAS mutations were detected in 3 and 6 patients, respectively. We think that this kind of adenocarcinoma arising through mucous columnar cell change belongs to non-terminal respiratory unit type adenocarcinoma, and mucous columnar cell change is a precursor lesion of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Objectives: We investigated whether microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles can differentiate between non-TRU type and TRU type lung adenocarcinoma. Methods: MiRNA expression in lung adenocarcinoma with non-TRU and TRU type was analyzed by microarray analysis with 1205 human and 144 human viral miRNAs. Results: Eight pairs of lung adenocarcinomas and corresponding noncancerous lung tissues (4 for non-TRU type and 4 for TRU type) were analyzed by microarray analysis. Initially, 44 miRNAs showed statistical differences in expression between lung cancer tissues and corresponding noncancerous tissues. Comparison analyses between non-TRU type and TRU type revealed 30 miRNAs with statistically different expression. Particularly, hsa-mir-494 and ebv-mir-BART19 were upregulated with more than 5-fold difference as compared with TRU type adenocarcinoma. Similarly, hsa-mir-551b was downregulated at more than 5-fold as compared with TRU type adenocarcinoma. Only 2 miRNAs (hsa-mir-1 and hsa-mir-133b) were shared in both non-TRU and TRU type of adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: We demonstrated that non-TRU type adenocarcinoma showed different miRNAs expression patterns compared with TRU type adenocarcinoma, suggesting different carcinogenic pathways for these tumors. Further studies are required for validation the results from microarray analysis. Citation Format: Mi Hyun Kim, Min Ki Lee, Dong Hoon Shin, Chang Hun Lee. MicroRNA expression of non-terminal respiratory unit type lung adenocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4173. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4173
THE CLEVELAND HEALTH MUSEUM'S PROGRESS TOWARD PATIENT EDUCATION
Authors: Bruno Gebhard
Journal: JAMA (1952)

Patient education is an important part of public health education because sick persons are concerned primarily about their own health and to be concerned is the first step in learning. Patients want to know what happened to them and why it occurred. They wonder to what extent they themselves are responsible for their illness. In illness it always has been and it always will be the patient who makes some kind of first diagnosis. Usually the patient decides the time, the place, and the type of treatment to which he is going to submit himself. The educated patient, steered by his physician, is likeliest to make the right decision. Some physicians are of the opinion that health education might lead to self-diagnosis. The truth is that if a patient is unaware of any abnormality he will not take the first step: namely, to seek proper treatment. Persons born with certain
Differentiating Junctional Tachycardia and Atrioventricular Node Re-Entry Tachycardia Based on Response to Atrial Extrastimulus Pacing
Authors: Benzy J. Padanilam, Joseph A. Manfredi, Leonard A. Steinberg, Jeff A. Olson, Richard I. Fogel, Eric N. Prystowsky
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2008)
Systemic vasculitis in a patient with small-cell neuroendocrine bronchial cancer
Authors: T Ponge, D Boutoille, A Moreau, P Germaud, G Dabouis, T Baranger, J Barrier
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1998)

A 75-yr-old male hospitalized for vascular purpura with joint pain had a medical history of polymyalgia rheumatica. A generalized oedematous syndrome occurred and the patient also presented with haemoptysis and complained of transient paraesthesia of the hands and feet. Renal biopsy showed lesions of focal segmental proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with a few cellular crescents. Lung biopsy showed small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. After the first course of chemotherapy signs of vasculitis disappeared. Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, which represent 25% of all lung cancers, have numerous paraneoplastic (especially neurological) extrapulmonary manifestations. Disseminated vasculitis has never been described with this type of cancer, whereas nonsmall-cell carcinomas are associated essentially with cutaneous vasculitis or purpura rheumatica. In the case reported here, anticancer chemotherapy allowed vasculitic manifestations to be treated.
Hepatitis B Antigen in Urban-Caught Mosquitoes
Authors: Steven J. Dick
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Two hundred fifty-one pools of mosquitoes were caught in 15 separate trap sites in parks of Essex County, New Jersey, and examined for the presence of hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag). Ten of the pools were HB Ag-positive. These were found at trap sites in parks adjacent to areas of high population density and low economic level, after periods of crowding over a weekend. Pools obtained from low population density, high socioeconomic areas were uniformly HB Ag-negative. The possible role of HB Ag-positive mosquitoes in transmission of viral hepatitis depends on the degree of mosquito infestation and the epidemiological characteristics of the human population involved. (<i>JAMA</i>229:1627-1629, 1974)
Meningococcal septicaemia treated with combined plasmapheresis and leucapheresis or with blood exchange.
Authors: B Bjorvatn, L Bjertnaes, H O Fadnes, T Flaegstad, T J Gutteberg, B E Kristiansen, J Pape, O P Rekvig, B Osterud, L Aanderud
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Mortality among patients suffering from meningococcal septicaemia has reached nearly 50% in parts of northern Norway despite intensive care. The activation of complement and blood cells by endotoxin is assumed to be the cause of most of the associated pathophysiological changes. Consequently, it would seem logical to remove such constituents either by combined plasmapheresis and leucapheresis or by blood exchange in patients with a fatal prognosis. Three patients were treated with plasmapheresis and leucapheresis and one with blood exchange. All recovered without sequelae, and no complications or serious problems caused by these procedures were observed. It is concluded that either combined leucapheresis and plasmapheresis or blood exchange is well tolerated and a valuable supplement to conventional intensive care in fulminant meningococcal septicaemia.
Atrioventricular Synchronization and Accrochage
Authors: HENRY J. L. MARRIOTT
Journal: Circulation (1956)

Complete heart block implies an absolute independence between atria and ventricles that does not in fact always exist. Segers showed that, after complete block was artificially produced in the frog's heart, atria and ventricles would sometimes begin to beat exactly in phase, most commonly in a 2 to 1 ratio. He subsequently reported one clinical example of 2 to 1 A-V synchronization in a patient with complete heart block. Two further cases that may illustrate different varieties of synchronization are here presented.
Double&amp;ndash;Blind Trial of the Efficacy and Tolerability of Doxazosin in the Gastrointestinal Therapeutic System, Doxazosin Standard, and Placebo in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Authors: Morten Andersen, Christer Dahlstrand, Kjetil H&oslash;ye
Journal: European Urology (2000)
Skin cancer as a cause of death in Denmark
Authors: ANNE OSTERLIND, HELLE HJALGRIM, BARBARA KULINSKY, GERDA FRENTZ
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

Denmark has a well-established nation-wide registration system for cancer incidence and mortality. In 1984, 2984 new cases of non-melanoma skin cancer were notified to the Danish Cancer Registry and 40 deaths were attributed to this cause. An evaluation and validation of the death certificates indicate that the true number of deaths caused by non-melanoma skin cancer was 18. Basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma accounted for three and 15 of the deaths, respectively. The estimated lethality is 4.3% for squamous cell carcinoma and 0.12% for basal cell carcinoma.
Inhibitory effects of ketotifen on eotaxin‐dependent activation of eosinophils: consequences for allergic eye diseases
Authors: G. Woerly, S. Loiseau, M. Loyens, C. Schoch, M. Capron
Journal: Allergy (2003)

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ketotifen on different parameters of human eosinophil functions, namely chemotaxis, oxidative metabolism and mediator release, induced after activation. Methods: Eosinophils from hypereosinophilic patients or normal donors were purified by Percoll gradient and the magnetic cell separation system. Chemotaxis was studied using the Boyden chamber technique using three potent chemoattractants: formyl‐methionine‐leucine‐phenylalanine (fMLP), interleukin (IL)‐5 and eotaxin. Oxidative metabolism was determined by a luminol‐dependent chemiluminescence assay after activation with eotaxin or secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). The release of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EDN) was measured by radioimmunoassay after activation with sIgA. Results: At pharmacologically active concentrations and in a dose‐dependent manner, ketotifen significantly inhibited the chemotaxis of eosinophils to fMLP, IL‐5 and eotaxin. The production of reactive oxygen species induced by eotaxin and sIgA was decreased by ketotifen, showing a more pronounced effect when cells were activated by eotaxin. Activation by sIgA resulted in ECP and EDN release, which was partially inhibited by ketotifen. Conclusions: Through inhibition of chemotaxis, ketotifen might limit the number of eosinophils at the inflammation site during allergic reaction. Furthermore, inhibition by ketotifen of main inflammatory mediators release suggests a potential role of the drug in limiting the pathological potential of eosinophils.
Discrimination in the discretionary points award scheme: comparison of white with non-white consultants and men with women
Authors: A. Esmail
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The discretionary points award scheme is one of the main mechanisms for rewarding consultants beyond their basic salaries in England, Wales, and Scotland. Half of all consultants have received awards. Together, the discretionary points and distinction awards cost the NHS about £251m ($410m; €380m) each year. Each discretionary point is worth £2645, so a consultant with the maximum of eight discretionary points earns £87 280.

View this table:

Distribution of discretionary point awards by ethnic group and sex for consultants in England and Wales and Scotland



Department of Health guidance for awarding points instructs employers to ensure that consultants are treated equally regardless of colour, race, sex, religion, politics, marital status, sexual orientation, membership or non-membership of trade unions or associations, ethnic origin, age, or disability.1 We …
CD34+ Expansion With Delta-1 and HOXB4 Promotes Rapid Engraftment and Transfusion Independence in a Macaca nemestrina Cord Blood Transplant Model
Authors: Korashon L Watts, Colleen Delaney, Veronica Nelson, Grant D Trobridge, Brian C Beard, R Keith Humphries, Hans-Peter Kiem
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2013)

Umbilical cord blood (CB) transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach but continues to be associated with delayed engraftment and infections. Here, we explored in our macaque CB transplant model expansion and engraftment kinetics of cells expanded with the combination of HOXB4 and Delta-1. CB cells were divided into two equal fractions; one fraction was transduced with HOXB4 yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and expanded on control OP9 cells, and the other was transduced with HOXB4 green fluorescent protein (GFP) and expanded on Delta-expressing OP9 cells (OP9-DL1). Both fractions were transplanted into myeloablated subjects. Neutrophil and platelet recovery occurred within 7 and 19 days respectively, which was significantly earlier than in our previous study using cells expanded with HOXB4 alone, which resulted in neutrophil recovery within 12 days (P = 0.05) and platelet recovery within 37 days (P = 0.02). Furthermore, two of three animals in the current study remained fully transfusion-independent after transplantation. By day 30, reconstitution of lymphocytes was significantly greater with the HOXB4/OP9-DL1 expanded cells in all animals (P = 0.05). In conclusion, our data show that the combination of OP9-DL1 and HOXB4 can result in increased numbers of repopulating cells, thus leading to rapid engraftment and transfusion independence in macaques transplanted with autologous, expanded CB cells.
CARCINOMA OF THE ESOPHAGUS, WITH PERFORATION OF THE AORTA
Authors: Joseph J. Meyer
Journal: JAMA (1922)

As perforation of the aorta is a rather infrequent complication of cancer of the esophagus, this case is reported so that it may be recorded with the relatively few cases so far entered in medical literature. Knaut<sup>1</sup>reports a series of fifty cases up to 1896. Carr and Hanford<sup>2</sup>compiled reports of twenty-one cases occurring since 1896, and added one of their own, making a total of twenty-two. The following case is here added: An Austrian housewife, aged 47, entered the Conemaugh Valley Memorial Hospital, Oct. 17, 1921, for the relief of vomiting. The family history was unimportant. The patient had always enjoyed excellent health until the present illness began. She did not remember having any sicknesses. She had four children, two of whom were living and well. There had been no miscarriages. The menstrual history was normal. The present illness began about two months before with vomiting
Correction of Aortic Regurgitation Using Plastic Valves
Authors: Earle B. Kay
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Pure aortic regurgitation has been corrected in 22 patients by means of an artificial trileaflet plastic valve made from Teflon fabric which was lightly filmed with polyurethane. One patient died 24 hours postoperatively from a hemorrhagic diathesis involving the small intestine and mesentery. Two other patients died 8 and 10 weeks postoperatively from a bacterial endocarditis. The others have continued to do well. Pre- and postoperative roentgenographic electrocardiographic, phonocardiographic, hemodynamic, and cineangiographic studies indicate normal function of the valve following surgery. The authors recommend that surgical correction be performed before progressive irreversible left ventricular failure can occur. Longterm evaluation is not yet possible, but the benefit derived in over a year's time was far superior to that obtained from other techniques used in the past.