tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Residual Effects of Septic Arthritis in Infancy and Childhood
Authors: Jorge B. Howard, Carl L. Highgenboten, John D. Nelson
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Septic arthritis affects weight-bearing joints in three fourths of cases. When the disease occurs in infancy, joint dysfunction may not be apparent until many months later. We located 49 children who had had 50 episodes of septic arthritis from 1 1/2 to 12 years earlier (mean, 4.3 years). Thirteen patients (27%) had sequelae, and in eight (16%), there was impairment of ambulation. Residual damage was more common with hip and ankle involvement than with knee joint disease. Sequelae were equally common after<i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>and<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>infection. Evaluation at the time of hospital discharge correctly identified only four of the 13 children with sequelae, and four others who were normal at follow-up had been thought to have permanent damage at discharge. Children with sequelae tended to have been sick longer before diagnosis, and drainage of pus was delayed. (<i>JAMA</i>236:932-935, 1976)
Experimental models for the investigation of brain ischemia
Authors: K Hossmann
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1998)

Time for primary review 28 days.

More than any other organ of the body, brain integrity depends on the continuous blood supply of oxygen and glucose for covering the energy demands of the tissue. Cessation or severe reduction of blood flow results in almost instantaneous biochemical and functional deficits which become rapidly irreversible unless blood flow is promptly restored. The ischemia time that is tolerated by the brain depends, among others, on the density of ischemia, the tissue concentration of primary and secondary energy stores and the rate of energy consumption which, in turn, depends on the temperature, the degree of functional activity and the absence or presence of anesthetics and other drugs. There is also a major difference between the ischemic vulnerability of different regions of the brain. As an example, the CA1 sector of hippocampus may suffer irreversible injury after ischemia of as short as 5 min [94]whereas other nerve cell populations survive normothermic cerebrocirculatory arrest of as long as 1 h [77].

The pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia is further complicated by the fact that the severity of cell injury is modulated by numerous indirect or secondary consequences of the primary ischemic impact. Recirculation disturbances, stress responses, peroxidative changes, or the activation of genomic responses are only few examples of the large number of hemodynamic and molecular responses which determine the final outcome [153, 97]. The interpretation of experimental data of cerebral ischemia, therefore, requires intimate knowledge of the models and conditions under which the data have been collected. The number and diversity of such models, has become very large over the years because researchers have sought in vain for the ideal approach to study ischemic injury and its therapeutic reversal. Such an ideal model should be relevant to the clinical situation, it should be … 

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 (221) 4726 211; Fax: +49 (221) 4726 325; E-mail: hossmann@mpin-koeln.mpg.de
Thalidomide's Back in the News, but in More Favorable Circumstances
Authors: Teri Randall
Journal: JAMA (1990)

RESEARCHERS ARE taking a second look at what is perhaps the most notorious and stigmatized drug in the recent history of drug therapy: thalidomide. Once marketed as a sleeping pill, the drug is blamed for nearly 12 000 birth defects in the late 1950s, some 10 000 of these in the Federal Republic of (West) Germany alone. No other pharmaceutical has provoked such dramatic changes in the drug regulatory process around the world—a reputation that could have precluded its therapeutic use forever. But a series of chance events followed by an extensive body of research has uncovered a new side to the drug that its original manufacturers never imagined: thalidomide is a potent immunosuppressive that lacks the toxic side effects of steroids. This other side to thalidomide was discovered serendipitously by Israeli dermatologist J. Sheskin, MD, at Rothchild Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, in 1965. He treated six of his lepromatous
Local Nasal 'Protective' Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) Responses in Nasal Fluid Following Grass Pollen Sublingual Immunotherapy
Authors: Nausheen Saleem, Adam Chaker, Ulrich Zissler, Carsten B. Schmidt-Weber, Stephen R. Durham, Mohamed H. Shamji
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
Development of a Novel Trans-Lentiviral Vector That Affords Predictable Safety
Authors: Xiaoyun Wu, John K. Wakefield, Hongmei Liu, Hongling Xiao, Robert Kralovics, Josef T. Prchal, John C. Kappes
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2000)

Lentiviral vectors derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) hold great promise for gene therapy. However, the possibility of generating replication-competent retrovirus (RCR) through genetic recombination raises concerns for safety. Here we describe a novel HIV-based packaging system (trans-lentiviral) that splits gag/gag-pol into two parts: One that expresses gag/gag-pro and another that expresses reverse transcriptase and integrase as fusion partners of viral protein R (Vpr). Using a sensitive assay developed to specifically detect recombinant lentiviral DNA mobilization, we demonstrated that the trans-lentiviral vector prevents the generation of recombinants that contain a functional gag-pol structure, while the lentiviral vector generates env-minus recombinant lentivirus that mobilizes recombinant genomes to other cells when pseudotyped with an exogenous envelope. Since an intact gag-pol structure is absolutely required for retroviral DNA mobilization and RCR, the trans-lentiviral vector design significantly reduces this risk. Moreover, it makes it possible to assess the risk of RCR and DNA mobilization using an in vitro assay that monitors trans-lentiviral vector stocks for the regeneration of the gag-pol structure. Therefore, the trans-lentiviral vector design will ensure the greatest predictable level of safety for the clinical application of retroviral vectors, including HIV-based vectors.
Results of survey of general practitioners' opinion
Authors: M D Stevenson
Journal: BMJ (1995)

EDITOR,—As a result of the recent discussions between the Department of Health and the General Medical Services Committee about the payment for out of hours work there has been a considerable reaction from general practitioners in Cumbria, particularly after the publication of the department's offer of £2000 a year plus £9 a visit between the hours of 2200 and 0800. Cumbria has a higher …
Urinary Tract Dilatation and Oral Contraceptives
Authors: P. B. Guyer, D. Delany
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Six nulliparous patients were found to have overdistensiblity of the upper urinary tract on excretion urography. Of these five had had persistent or recurrent urinary infections. All had been or were receiving oral contraceptives. Though overdistensibility associated with contraceptive therapy is unlikely to be life-threatening, it may be associated with increased patient morbidity.
GALLSTONES IN INFANCY
Authors: A. A. Skemp
Journal: JAMA (1931)

Gallstones have been found in new-born infants and in very young children, but the finding is such a rarity that it merits reporting whenever it does occur. Early in July, a child, aged 17 months, took sick with convulsions and died about six hours after the onset of the convulsions. A possible etiology was suggested by the mother in relating the child's activities during the day before death, when it was seen to be eating various plants and wild berries that grew in the vicinity of the house. Permission for a postmortem was obtained and an extensive pneumonic process, involving the lower part of the left lung was found. The abdomen was normal except that the gallbladder was slightly distended and contained stones. The gallbladder was carefully removed and sent to the Pathological Department of the University of Wisconsin, where it has been preserved as specimen 450. There were numerous
Lesson of the week: Spontaneous fractures in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy
Authors: S Lingam, J Joester
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Children and adolescents with cerebral palsy, in addition to the motor disability, have other, associated disabilities: hearing and visual impairment, learning disabilities, failure to thrive in infancy and poor growth in childhood, and scoliosis. They are prone to dislocations, particularly dislocation of the hips. They also develop other contractures and deformities, which may need surgery.

* Children and adolescents with cerebral palsy have a tendency to sustain spontaneous fractures

We report on five children and adolescents who developed spontaneous fractures of long bones, an association which, as far as we are aware, is not recognised.

The five subjects, aged 10 to 19 years (four male and one female) with various types of cerebral palsy, were resident pupils at Meldreth Manor School, …
The Epidemiology and Prevention of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: JAMES W. CURRAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

The incidence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has continued to increase worldwide. From June 1981 to September 1985, 12 932 cases have been diagnosed and reported in the United States; this number is expected to double during the next year. The incubation period is long and few persons infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) have AIDS diagnosed within 2 to 5 years of infection. The widespread use of HTLV-III/LAV serologic tests to screen donated blood and plasma, the continued deferral of donors from groups with an increased incidence of AIDS, and the use of heat-treated clotting factor concentrates should help prevent HTLV-III/LAV transmission through blood and blood products. Preventing transmission among sexual partners, among intravenous drug users, and from infected mothers to newborns will continue to be difficult without a vaccine, specific antiviral therapy, or both. Risk reduction strategies should involve community groups to provide accurate information and influence behaviors that lead to transmission of the virus.
Asymptomatic Enlargement of The Parotid Glands
Authors: Steven Borsanyi
Journal: JAMA (1960)

Painless enlargement of the parotid glands was studied in 21 patients in whom this condition was associated with the clinical signs of hepatic cirrhosis and a long history of alcoholism. In no case was any other salivary gland involved. Sialography, parotid biopsy, and measurement of the resting rate of salivary secretion were performed in each case. This differential diagnosis is valuable after specific parotid diseases have been ruled out in directing attention to a certain group of conditions including latent diabetes, liver cirrhosis and precirrhotic changes. Opinions differ as to the cause of the asymptomatic parotid enlargement but nutritional deficiency states and endocrine disorders, or both, are possible factors. Histological changes of the parotid vary little in the different underlying diseases and are not definitely characteristic of them.
More funds for water and sanitation would deliver "huge savings in healthcare costs"
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2010)

United Nations agencies, led by the World Health Organization, are calling on donors to reverse the decline in the share of aid that is earmarked for improving sanitation and safe drinking water.

Maria Neira, WHO’s director for public health and environment, said, “Neglecting sanitation and drinking water is a strike against progress. Without them, communities and countries will lose the battle against poverty and ill health.” 

Dr Neira said that more aid could reduce by 2.2 million the number of children under 5 years …
805 FUNCTIONAL PATHWAY ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) AND NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH)
Authors: M. Stepanova, G. Manyam, N. Hossain, V. Chandhoke, A. Baranova, Z. Goodman, Z. Younossi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
407 EARLY ON-TREATMENT HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND GENOTYPE PREDICT RESPONSE TO PEGYLATED INTERFERON AND RIBAVIRIN COMBINATION THERAPY IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C CIRRHOSIS
Authors: I. Carey, A. Mendes, D. Joshi, A. Gera, S. Knighton, M. Al-Freah, A. Suddle, K. Agarwal
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) on water and solute transport in the human jejunum.
Authors: K J Moriarty, J O'Grady, D D Rolston, M J Kelly, M L Clark
Journal: Gut (1986)

Prostacyclin is an arachidonic acid metabolite, synthesised throughout the gastrointestinal tract, which has different effects on water and electrolyte transport across a variety of mammalian gastrointestinal epithelia. Using a perfusion technique in the human jejunum of 11 healthy subjects in vivo, the effect of intravenous prostacyclin, 4 ng/kg/min, on jejunal water and solute transport from a glucose electrolyte solution was investigated. In the prostacyclin group (n = 5), prostacyclin was infused intravenously from 70-150 minutes, and buffer administered iv from 0-70 and 150-210 minutes. In the buffer group (n = 6), iv buffer was administered from 0-210 minutes. In the prostacyclin group, net jejunal absorption of water was inhibited from 90-120 min (p less than 0.05), 150-180 min (p less than 0.01) and 180-210 min (p less than 0.01), of sodium was inhibited from 90-120 min (p less than 0.05), 120-150 min (p less than 0.05), 150-180 min (p less than 0.01) and 180-210 min (p less than 0.01), and of chloride was inhibited from 90-120 min (p less than 0.05), 120-150 min (p less than 0.005), 150-180 min (p less than 0.01) and 180-210 min (p less than 0.01). Prostacyclin had no effect on net movement of glucose, potassium or bicarbonate. These results are consistent with a role for prostacyclin in the endogenous humoral regulation of water and electrolyte transport in the human jejunum.
Parasympathetic nervous system in nocturnal asthma
Authors: J F J Morrison, S B Pearson, H G Dean
Journal: BMJ (1988)

To investigate the effect of vagal blockade with atropine on nocturnal fall in peak expiratory flow rate 10 patients with asthma who had a diurnal variation in peak expiratory flow rate of &gt;20% were given 30 μg/kg of intravenous atropine or a placebo at 4 am and 4 pm. Vagal blockade caused significant bronchodilatation at 4 am and 4 pm (peak expiratory flow rate rose from 260 to 390 l/min at 4 am and 400 to 440 l/min at 4 pm) and significantly increased the pulse rate from 60 to 121 beats/minute at 4 am and from 76 to 122 beats/minute at 4 pm. Nocturnal asthma was almost totally reversed, implying that vagal mechanisms are fundamental in its pathophysiology. Other mechanisms—diurnal changes in plasma adrenaline concentration, the activity of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nerves, and circadian rhythms of inflammatory mediator activity—may also be implicated.
The Best Doctors in the U.S.: A Guide to the Finest Specialist Hospitals and Health Centers
Authors: William R. Barclay
Journal: JAMA (1980)

The title of this book should alert those knowledgeable about medical care that it contains little or no information of practical value. The criteria by which to judge one physician as expert and good and another as inexpert and poor have yet to be agreed on. One can make judgments about university affiliation, service on expert committees, length of bibliography, or academic title, but when added together these factors do not separate the sheep from the goats. The list of physicians in this book reads like a directory of section chiefs and department chairmen in the 120 US medical schools. But such folks, many of whom I know and count among my friends, are not necessarily the best. One can feel confident, however, that they would not rank among the worst. Actually, the best medical care is given not only in university centers but also in nonacademic centers and in
Good practice in sterilisation
Authors: H. Roberts
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Compared with other Western European countries, Great Britain has a high rate of sterilisation, 23% of women of reproductive age or their partners using this method. For New Zealand these figures are even higher, 38% of couples relying on sterilisation.1 Although these figures may fall with the introduction of other long acting contraceptive methods and a shift to delayed childbearing, it is timely to have guidelines from the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology on such common procedures.2

The guideline on male and female sterilisation synthesises the available evidence and categorises it according to its strength as A (based on adequately designed randomised controlled trials), B (other experimental or observational evidence), or C (consensus among experts).2 The guideline emphasises the specific consent issues for different procedures together with a revised estimate of failure of tubal ligation. Previous studies of failure rates after tubal ligation have often had only one or two years of follow up. The revised pregnancy rate after tubal ligation quoted by the guideline is 1 in 200. The large multicentre study from the Centers for Disease Control, with a 10 year follow up found even higher failure rates—from 18.0 to 18.8 per 1000 procedures.3 Factors associated with increased failure were age under 30 and the use of bipolar coagulation. Improper application of the occlusive …
The anomaly called psi: Recent research and criticism
Authors: K. Ramakrishna Rao, John Palmer
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1987)

Over the past hundred years, a number of scientific investigators claim to have adduced experimental evidence for "psi" phenomena – that is, the apparent ability to receive information shielded from the senses (ESP) and to influence systems outside the sphere of motor activity (PK). A report of one series of highly significant psi experiments and the objections of critics are discussed in some depth. It is concluded that the possibility of sensory cues, machine bias, cheating by subjects, and experimenter error or incompetence cannot reasonably account for the significant results. In addition, less detailed reviews of the experimental results in several broad areas of psi research indicate that psi results are statistically replicable and that significant patterns exist across a large body of experimental data. For example, a wide range of research seems to converge on the idea that, because ESP "information" seems to behave like a weak signal that has to compete for the information-processing resources of the organism, a reduction of ongoing sensorimotor activity may facilitate ESP detection. Such a meaningful convergence of results suggests that psi phenomena may represent a unitary, coherent process whose nature and compatibility with current physical theory have yet to be determined. The theoretical implications and potential practical applications of psi could be significant, irrespective of the small magnitude of psi effects in laboratory settings.
Plans stall on allowing media access to medical reports in family court cases
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The UK government has deferred controversial plans to allow the media access to medical reports in family court cases after an outcry from paediatricians, psychiatrists, lawyers, and children’s groups.

Ministers had planned to legislate for the move—as the second phase of opening up the family courts—in a new Children, Schools and Families Bill.

Accredited media have been allowed into the family courts since last April and have been able to report the gist of cases without identifying children or families, but journalists complained that hearings were meaningless unless they could see expert reports.

As a compromise the bill places …
Abstract B53: MiR-1 inhibits EMT via Slug-dependent and tumorigenesis via Slug-independent mechanisms
Authors: Yen-Nien Liu, Juan Juan Yin, Wassim Abou-Kheir, Paul Hynes, Orla Casey, Philip Martin, Kelly Kathleen
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract EMT is a developmental program of signaling pathways that determine commitment to epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes. In the prostate, EMT processes have been implicated in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer progression. In a model of Pten and TP53 null prostate adenocarcinoma that progresses via TGFβ-induced EMT, mesenchymal transformation is characterized by plasticity leading to various mesenchymal lineages and the production of bone. Here we show that SLUG is the dominant regulator of mesenchymal differentiation. As microRNAs are pleiotropic regulators of differentiation and tumorigenesis, we evaluated miR expression associated with tumorigenesis and EMT. Mir-1 and mir-200 were reduced with progression of prostate adenocarcinoma, and we identify Slug as one of the phylogenetically-conserved targets of these miRs. We demonstrate that SLUG is a direct repressor of miR-1 and miR-200 transcription. Thus, SLUG and miR-1/miR-200 act in a self-reinforcing regulatory loop leading to amplification of EMT. Depletion of Slug inhibited EMT during tumorigenesis, while forced expression of miR-1 or miR-200 inhibited both EMT and tumorigenesis in human and mouse model systems. Various miR targets were analyzed, and our findings suggest that miR-1 has roles in regulating EMT and mesenchymal differentiation through Slug and functions in tumor-suppressive programs by regulating additional targets. Citation Format: Yen-Nien Liu, Juan Juan Yin, Wassim Abou-Kheir, Paul Hynes, Orla Casey, Philip Martin, Kelly Kathleen. MiR-1 inhibits EMT via Slugdependent and tumorigenesis via Slug-independent mechanisms [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr B53.
Anticipation in familial pancreatic cancer
Authors: C D McFaul
Journal: Gut (2005)

<b>Background:</b> Previous studies of anticipation in familial pancreatic cancer have been small and subject to ascertainment bias. Our aim was to determine evidence for anticipation in a large number of European families. <b>Patients and methods:</b> A total of 1223 individuals at risk from 106 families (264 affected individuals) were investigated. Generation G3 was defined as the latest generation that included any individual aged over 39 years; preceding generations were then defined as G2 and G1. <b>Results:</b> With 80 affected child-parent pairs, the children died a median (interquartile range) of 10 (7, 14) years earlier. The median (interquartile range) age of death from pancreatic cancer was 70 (59, 77), 64 (57, 69), and 49 (44, 56) years for G1, G2, and G3, respectively. These indications of anticipation could be the result of bias. Truncation of Kaplan-Meier analysis to a 60 year period to correct for follow up time bias and a matched test statistic indicated significant anticipation (p = 0.002 and p&lt;0.001). To minimise bias further, an iterative analysis to predict cancer numbers was developed. No single risk category could be applied that accurately predicted cancer cases in every generation. Using three risk categories (low with no pancreatic cancer in earlier generations, high with a single earlier generation, and very high where two preceding generations were affected), incidence was estimated without significant error. Anticipation was independent of smoking. <b>Conclusion:</b> This study provides the first strong evidence for anticipation in familial pancreatic cancer and must be considered in genetic counselling and the commencement of secondary screening for pancreatic cancer.