tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome induced by exposure to a mixture containing isocyanate: functional and histopathologic behaviour
Authors: C. Lemiere, J.‐L. Malo, L.‐P. Boulet, M. Boutet
Journal: Allergy (1996)

A 31‐year‐old machinist experienced acute symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis, coughing, shortness of breath, and wheezing after sudden exposure to fumes containing isocyanates and solvents. Lung function tests carried out 11 days after the event showed reduced flow rates. Forty days after the acute inhalational injury, expiratory flows improved, and the PC 20 was 0.8 mg/ml, showing moderate bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Six days later, the subject underwent bronchoscopy. Bronchial biopsies showed a marked loss of epithelial cells, severe subepithelial oedema, and inflammatory cells infiltrate (mainly lymphocytes). The subject was given inhaled steroids. The PC 20 was back to normal 42 days later. Bronchial biopsies then showed incomplete regeneration of the epithelial layer with few ciliated cells and persistence of inflammation (lymphocyte infiltrate) in epithelia and connective tissue. We conclude that irritant exposure to a mixture of isocyanates and solvents can cause occupational asthma without a latency period, i.e., reactive airways dysfunction syndrome.
Effect of atenolol on ventilatory and cardiac function in asthma.
Authors: J S Vilsvik, J Schaanning
Journal: BMJ (1976)

The effects on ventilatory and cardiac function of atenolol, a new cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, were compared with those of practolol in a double-blind trial in 12 patients with asthma. Both drugs impaired ventilatory function--atenolol insignificantly and practolol significantly. Atenolol was if anything more cardioselective than practolol. Neither drug interfered significantly with the bronchodilator response to inhaled isoprenaline. Atenolol is suitable for use in patients for whom practolol would formerly have been chosen because of its cardioselectivity.
Responsiveness of EQ-5D and SF-6D in patients with early arthritis: results from the ESPOIR cohort
Authors: Cécile Gaujoux-Viala, Anne-Christine Rat, Francis Guillemin, René-Marc Flipo, Patrice Fardellone, Pierre Bourgeois, Bruno Fautrel
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2012)

The revolution of early aggressive treatments for early arthritis (EA) has fuelled the search for better approaches to establishing their cost-utility ratio. The authors aimed to compare the responsiveness of the EQ-5D and the SF-6D in a large prospective cohort of patients with EA.EQ-5D and SF-6D utility measures were assessed in 813 patients with EA over 2 years. Responsiveness was analysed by the standardised response mean (SRM) and effect size between baseline and 6, 12 and 24 months for the entire sample and subgroups by disease evolution (increase or decrease in Disease Activity Score for 28 joints). Bootstrap methods were used to estimate 95% CI.The EQ-5D provided larger absolute mean change estimates with greater variance than the SF-6D, whatever the direction of change. At 12 months, the SF-6D was more sensitive to change with improved condition than the EQ-5D: SRM 0.83 (0.82 to 0.84) versus 0.57 (0.56 to 0.58). In contrast, the EQ-5D was more sensitive to change with deteriorated condition than the SF-6D: SRM -0.20 (-0.23 to -0.18) versus -0.11 (-0.14 to -0.08). Results were similar for 6 and 24 months.The SF-6D was more responsive than the EQ-5D with improved EA condition. Confidence in the relative cost-effectiveness of two treatments would be better with the SF-6D because of its smaller variance. The SF-6D provided more conservative cost-effectiveness ratios than the EQ-5D and may be more appropriate for trials of biological treatments for patients with EA.
Giardia lamblia Expresses a Proteobacterial-like DnaK Homolog
Authors: Hilary G. Morrison, Andrew J. Roger, Todd G. Nystul, Frances D. Gillin, Mitchell L. Sogin
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2001)

We identified a novel gene encoding molecular chaperone HSP70 in the amitochondriate parasite Giardia lamblia. The predicted protein is similar to bacterial DnaK and mitochondrial HSP70s. The gene is transcribed and translated at a constant level during trophozoite growth and encystation. Alignment of the sequence with a data set of cytosolic, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondrial, and DnaK HSP70 homologs indicated that the sequence was extremely divergent and contained insertions unique to giardial HSP70s. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that this sequence was distinct from the cytosolic and ER forms and was most similar to proteobacterial and mitochondrial DnaKs. However, a specific relationship with the alpha proteobacterial and mitochondrial sequences was not strongly supported by phylogenetic analyses of this data set, in contrast to similar analyses of cpn60. These data neither confirm nor reject the possibility that this gene is a relic of secondary mitochondrial loss; they leave open the possibility that it was acquired in a separate endosymbiotic event.
Localization of Urinary Tract Infection-Reply
Authors: Godfrey K. M. Harding
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Hawthorne and his colleagues correctly point out, and we agree, that ureteral catheterization as initially described by Stamey et al<sup>1</sup>is the most accurate method to localize the site of infection within the urinary tract. As they have noted in their investigation, there may be difficulties in interpretation of the study because some patients had to be excluded from the final analysis.<sup>2</sup> In our early investigations we found that the BW test findings correlated adequately with those of the ureteral catheterization study; therefore, we did not enlarge our data base and publish our findings. The BW test is also less invasive, less costly, and well accepted by patients. However, the BW test cannot be used to identify which kidney is involved if there is unilateral upper urinary tract infection. We, as well as other investigators, think that the BW test, originally described by Fairley et al
Mechanisms Controlling Corpus Luteum Function in Sheep, Cows, Nonhuman Primates, and Women Especially in Relation to the Time of Luteolysis
Authors: FREDERICK J. AULETTA, ANTHONY P. F. FLINT
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1988)

THE CORPUS luteum (CL) of sheep, cows, and primates consists primarily of luteinized granulosa and thecal cells (1, 2). Luteal cells synthesized and secrete progesterone, and in certain species, estrogen. There appear to be two types of luteal steroidogenic cells in many species, including the sheep (3–5), cow (6–8), rhesus monkey (9, 10), and human female (11–13) which can be distinguished on the basis of their size and morphology; these have been presumed to be derived separately from granulosa and thecal cells and have been assigned different endocrine functions in the sheep (14). By determining the function of these cells at different stages during the life of the CL it may be possible to identify factors causing luteolysis and those required for the maintenance of pregnancy. The primary function of the CL is generally considered to be the production of the steroid progesterone, which prepares the uterine endometrium for implantation and maintains early pregnancy. In order to fulfill this role, the CL must remain viable for a specific period in gestation (Table 1); thereafter [at the time of the luteoplacental shift; Csapo (23)] in most species, the placenta assumes the role of progesterone synthesis for the remainder of the pregnancy and the CL is expendable. If fertilization and implantation do not occur, ovulatory cycles resume only after luteal function ceases; this emphasizes a second role of the CL, that of blocking ovulation.
Abstract 2662: Effects of chemotherapy on tumor hypoxia measured with 18-F-FAZA PET/CT and compared to FDG-PET/CT in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Authors: Gerald S.M.A. Kerner, Vikram R. Bollineni, Thijo J.N. Hiltermann, Jan Pruim, Harry J.M. Groen
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Introduction Hypoxia in tumors is associated with resistance to chemotherapy. 18-F-FAZA is a PET tracer developed to characterize intratumoral hypoxic regions. Tumor metabolism is measured with 18-F-FDG PET. Goal of this study is to investigate hypoxic changes in relation to metabolic alterations in patients with advanced NSCLC during chemotherapy. Methods PET-CT with 18-F-FDG and 18-F-FAZA tracers were used prior to the first cycle and after the second cycle of chemotherapy. Volumes of interest were manually drawn on visual inspection. For FAZA, mean and maximum (max) tumor to background (FAZAT/B) ratios, and for FDG, SUVmax and SUVmean, were calculated. Measurements were corrected for partial volume using a NEMA image quality phantom. The fractional hypoxic volume, defined as the tumor fraction with a T/B ratio above 1.2 was calculated. The hypoxic and metabolic distribution within the primary tumor was studied with skewness and kurtosis. Differences between baseline and second measurement were calculated with the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results FDG and FAZA scans were performed in 9 patients. Median FAZAT/Bmax was 2.8 (1.9-4.7) at baseline and 3.3 (1.3-5.5) and after 2 cycles, respectively, while SUVmax was 14.8 (5.8-32.5) at baseline and 14.6 (1.9-24.9) after 2 cycles. Fractional hypoxic volume was 78% (17-100%) at baseline and 74% (0-100%) after 2 cycles of therapy. No significant changes in hypoxia or metabolism were observed during chemotherapy. Hypoxic and metabolic heterogeneity within the primary tumor remained unchanged. At baseline skewness was different between FDG and FAZA (p=0.02). After 2 cycles this difference did not persist (p=0.31). There was no difference at baseline or after 2 cycles in kurtosis between FDG and FAZA. Tumor response measured with CT was 2 PR, 5 SD and 2 PD. Conclusion In this exploratory study the fractional hypoxic volume and the heterogeneity of hypoxic and metabolic areas remained unchanged during chemotherapy. The intratumoral difference in FAZA and FDG distribution changed from baseline to that after 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Citation Format: Gerald S.M.A. Kerner, Vikram R. Bollineni, Thijo J.N. Hiltermann, Jan Pruim, Harry J.M. Groen. Effects of chemotherapy on tumor hypoxia measured with 18-F-FAZA PET/CT and compared to FDG-PET/CT in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2662. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2662
Chemosurgery: Microscopically Controlled Surgery for Skin Cancer
Authors: Kirby I. Bland
Journal: JAMA (1980)

This well-recognized authority on chemosurgery has completed the second text that addresses the primary therapy for a variety of skin neoplasms and infections. The term "chemosurgery" implies the basic application of systematic frozen-section analyses as a measure to guide complete microscopically controlled excision. This unique concept allows layer-by-layer excision of suspect tissues with microscopic scanning of the undersurface of each layer. The accepted principle of surgery dictates that microscopic guidance of excision selectively extirpates neoplastic foci that often extend considerable distances beyond clinically visible margins of the neoplasm. Zinc chloride paste (thus, the term "chemo") provides fixation in situ and facilitates excision and tissue sectioning. Since 1973, chemosurgery using fresh-tissue techniques has also allowed application of these principles in circumstances where the fixed tissue is not needed (mainly eyelid margins). Mohs discusses the experimental background of microscopically controlled excision. He also details the technical considerations in chemosurgery, potential complications and
Focus on HIV
Authors: S T Green
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Because so much has already been written about the subject it is easy to forget that AIDS and HIV were described only in 1981 and 1983 respectively. But the numbers suffering from this uniformly lethal but 100% preventable infection continue to increase worldwide, so a continuing flow of scientific thought and activity remains crucial. Focus on HIV summarises the presentations and subsequent discussions at a symposium in September 1992, reviewing many aspects of HIV/AIDS epidemiology, molecular biology, immunology, and therapeutics.

The extraordinary molecular and biological diversity of HIV - something that will have to be overcome before significant therapeutic advances can …
Maximal acid response of Pavlov pouches to food and histamine
Authors: A. M. Brooks, M. I. Grossman
Journal: Gut (1970)

Secretion of gastric acid in response to histamine, insulin, and a meal of liver, with and without 5% bone dust, was studied in three dogs with Pavlov pouches and gastric fistulas. The ratios of insulin-induced to histamine-induced secretion were the same in pouch and main stomach indicating that their innervation was equivalent. Meals of a liver and bone dust mixture in amounts of 11 to 44 g/kg resulted in Pavlov pouch acid outputs that were 34 to 56% higher than the maximal response to histamine (p &lt; 0·05 to &lt; 0·001). Liver without bone dust also produced higher acid outputs than histamine. These results indicate that combinations of endogenously generated stimuli can produce a potentiated gastric response which exceeds that produced by histamine alone.
I. The Costs and Returns to the Intern
Authors: Truman Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1961)

AT THE outset I should like to express my apA preciation to the Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Association, to the Advisory Board of Medical Specialties, to the Federation of State Medical Boards of the United States, and to their particular representatives, for this opportunity to comment very briefly on certain aspects of house staff officer training programs. Any assessment of a training program requires an initial recognition of the purposes for which that program is designed. While the purposes of internship training have long been and even now remain a focus of controversy, it seems totally reasonable to state that internship training should basically constitute a learning experience above all else. It should provide an opportunity for the developing physician to learn effective integration of general, theoretical, and multidisciplinary concepts into a workable, albeit imperfect, understanding of the disease process of the particular patient.
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma with Radioiodide Transport
Authors: BRIAN E. MICHAEL, FARIPOUR A. FOROUHAR, RICHARD P. SPENCER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1985)

A 37-year-old woman presented with a neck mass that proved to be medullary thyroid carcinoma by histologic and immunoperoxidase examinations. Serum calcitonin values were greatly elevated (over 100,000 pg/ml). There were widespread metastases in bone and liver. As the peripheral lesions showed only slight response to chemotherapy and local radiation therapy, potential use of radioiodine was studied. The bone lesions showed uptake of both Tc-99m MDP and radioiodide (l-131). Metastatic lesions were similar to the primary tumor in terms of histology, presence of calcitonin, and absence of thyroglobulin. Hence, the patient had a medullary thyroid carcinoma that took up radioiodide in its metastases. Two large oral doses of radioiodide (over 100 mCi each) did not significantly alter the serum calcitonin values, although there was a slight response in the activity of bone lesions. The whole body turnover of radioiodide was rapid (T½ = 0.7 days). Upon oral administration of lithium carbonate, whole-body radioiodide turnover slowed slightly (T½ = 1 day). If this effect were reflected in greater tumor retention of radioiodide (slower release), then agents that block radioiodide egress might have a role to play in therapy.
Treatment with co-trimoxazole for urinary tract infections in women
Authors: J. A Cramer, R. D Scheyer
Journal: BMJ (1990)

from screening would be hard to handle without additional resources.Our work in Peterborough has, however, shown clearly the benefits.'Of 304 residents ofhomes for the elderly, five confused people improved remarkably in their mental state with the use of personal amplifiers after being screened by a specialist teacher of the deaf.Our project was funded by Marks and Spencer.The size of the project was commensurate with the capacity of the audiology clinic that received referrals for new hearing aids or new moulds.I agree with Mr R W R Farrell and his col-leagues4 that audiological screening for every senior citizen is a utopian dream.But the Peterborough model-using the skills of a specialist teacher of the deaf to screen, retube blocked tubes, change batteries, and counsel lay workers-is worth considering.The skills of the specialist social services officer for the hard of hearing are a valuable adjunct.On our recommendation, seven old people's homes were fitted with a loop system.
Effects of monotherapy with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by serial quantitative arteriography. The Canadian Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial.
Authors: D Waters, L Higginson, P Gladstone, B Kimball, M Le May, S J Boccuzzi, J Lespérance
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors are widely prescribed for hyperlipidemia, yet their effect on the evolution of coronary atherosclerosis has not been defined. METHODS AND RESULTS To address this issue, 331 patients with diffuse but not necessarily severe coronary atherosclerosis documented on a recent arteriogram and with fasting serum cholesterol between 220 and 300 mg/dL were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. All patients received intensive dietary counseling. Lovastatin or placebo was begun at 20 mg/d and was titrated to 40 and 80 mg during the first 16 weeks to attain a fasting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol &lt; or = 130 mg/dL. The mean lovastatin dose was 36 mg/d. Coronary arteriography was repeated after 2 years. In 299 patients (90%), 3858 coronary segments containing 2309 stenoses were measured blindly on pairs of films with an automated computerized quantitative system. Total and LDL cholesterol decreased by 21 +/- 11% and 29 +/- 11%, respectively, in the lovastatin-treated group but changed by &lt; 2% in placebo patients. The primary end point, coronary change score, defined as the per-patient mean of the minimum lumen diameter changes (follow-up minus baseline angiogram) for all lesions measured, excluding those &lt; 25% on both films, worsened by 0.09 +/- 0.16 mm in the placebo group and by 0.05 +/- 0.13 mm in the lovastatin group (P = .01). Progression (a worsening in minimum diameter of one or more stenoses by &gt; or = 0.4 mm) with no regression at other sites occurred in 48 of 146 lovastatin and 76 of 153 placebo patients (33% versus 50%, P = .003). New coronary lesions developed in 23 lovastatin and 49 placebo patients (P = .001). The beneficial effect of treatment was most pronounced in the more numerous, milder lesions and in patients whose baseline total or LDL cholesterol levels were above the group median. CONCLUSIONS Lovastatin slows the progression of coronary atherosclerosis and inhibits the development of new coronary lesions.
Cardiac surgery in Wessex: review of 1000 consecutive open-heart procedures.
Authors: J K Ross, J L Monro, J M Manners, J C Edwards, B Lewis, I Hyde, N Conway, A M Johnson
Journal: BMJ (1976)

The regional structure of the National Health Service enables specialist regional units to monitor both the amount and the quality of the work they do in relation to the population they serve and the facilities at their disposal.This applies particularly to the specialist unit holding a monopoly position in its region such as the cardiac surgical service in Wessex.This paper reports a review of 1000 consecutive open-heart procedures carried out in the Wessex regional unit at Southampton from September 1972 to April 1976. Wessex Region and facilitiesThe Wessex Region covers central southern England and includes the counties of Hampshire, Dorset, and Wiltshire and the Isle of Wight.The population is 2 7 million and the annual birth rate is 12 7 births per 1000 population (1974).The cardiothoracic unit has 20 beds allocated for cardiac surgical patients, including a paediatric unit separate from the adult beds; four intensive care beds; and two operating theatres providing 10 cardiac operating sessions a week.The great majority of the cardiac work is done in one operating theatre during eight of the available
Scientific Basis of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Authors: Wayne L. Johnson
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Collating the scientific basis for a broad clinical specialty could easily result in a tome of encyclopedic proportions. This book is a gem. Dr. Macdonald has selected topics of current interest and with 20 contributors has edited a volume that is coherent and readable and contains a great deal of information distilled into terms easily assimilated by the clinician. The physiologic and pharmacologic basis of several areas of human reproduction are reviewed and newer aspects are presented. There are chapters devoted to the uterus, placenta, and the fetus in pregnancy, and an excellent chapter on the current status of prostaglandins. Genetics, immunology, teratology, gynecologic cancer, and human sexual behavior also receive attention. Each chapter begins with an outline of the material to be discussed and ends with a section titled "Conclusions." The material is well organized and well presented. The references are many and current. All of the contributors are
Opposite Effects of Notch-1 and Notch-2 on Mesothelioma Cell Survival under Hypoxia Are Exerted through the Akt Pathway
Authors: Irene Graziani, Sandra Eliasz, Melissa A. De Marco, Yuanbin Chen, Harvey I. Pass, Richard M. De May, Peter R. Strack, Lucio Miele, Maurizio Bocchetta
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a cancer of the lining of the lungs, heart, and intestine and is known to respond poorly to chemotherapy. Here we show that malignant mesothelial cells have an elevated Notch signaling pathway compared with normal human mesothelial cells. We studied the role of Notch in MM under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, the latter condition best recapitulating the MM microenvironment. Genetic and chemical modulation of the Notch pathway indicated that MM cells are dependent on Notch signaling. More specifically, this signaling was Notch-1 dependent as the result of its negative transcriptional regulation on phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), which led to activation of the prosurvival phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Our study also provides evidence that whereas Notch-1 is elevated in the malignant setting, Notch-2 is diminished. This differential expression of the two Notch isoforms benefits cancer cell survival because reexpression of Notch-2 was toxic to MM cells. The mechanism of Notch-2 toxicity to MM cells countered that of Notch-1, as it was the result of positive transcriptional regulation of PTEN and inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. These results provide new insight into the role of Notch in MM and suggest that Notch pathway inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of this deadly disease. [Cancer Res 2008;68(23):9678–85]