tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effects of Growth Hormone on Glucose, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism in Human Subjects
Authors: Niels Møller, Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2009)

In evolutionary terms, GH and intracellular STAT 5 signaling is a very old regulatory system. Whereas insulin dominates periprandially, GH may be viewed as the primary anabolic hormone during stress and fasting. GH exerts anabolic effects directly and through stimulation of IGF-I, insulin, and free fatty acids (FFA). When subjects are well nourished, the GH-induced stimulation of IGF-I and insulin is important for anabolic storage and growth of lean body mass (LBM), adipose tissue, and glycogen reserves. During fasting and other catabolic states, GH predominantly stimulates the release and oxidation of FFA, which leads to decreased glucose and protein oxidation and preservation of LBM and glycogen stores. The most prominent metabolic effect of GH is a marked increase in lipolysis and FFA levels. In the basal state, the effects of GH on protein metabolism are modest and include increased protein synthesis and decreased breakdown at the whole body level and in muscle together with decreased amino acid degradation/oxidation and decreased hepatic urea formation. During fasting and stress, the effects of GH on protein metabolism become more pronounced; lack of GH during fasting increases protein loss and urea production rates by approximately 50%, with a similar increase in muscle protein breakdown. GH is a counterregulatory hormone that antagonizes the hepatic and peripheral effects of insulin on glucose metabolism via mechanisms involving the concomitant increase in FFA flux and uptake. This ability of GH to induce insulin resistance is significant for the defense against hypoglycemia, for the development of "stress" diabetes during fasting and inflammatory illness, and perhaps for the "Dawn" phenomenon (the increase in insulin requirements in the early morning hours). Adult patients with GH deficiency are insulin resistant-probably related to increased adiposity, reduced LBM, and impaired physical performance-which temporarily worsens when GH treatment is initiated. Conversely, despite increased LBM and decreased fat mass, patients with acromegaly are consistently insulin resistant and become more sensitive after appropriate treatment.
Career Choice and Performance on State Licensing Examinations of “Fifth Pathway” Students
Authors: Barry Stimmel, Harry Smith
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

Between 1975 and 1977, 340 American citizens trained in foreign medical schools (mostly Mexican) completed a year of supervised clinical training (Fifth Pathway) in New York State before beginning residency training. Analysis of 335 such students revealed a greater tendency to remain in the State for residency training as compared to graduates of New York State medical schools (P less than 0.01). A primary-care specialty was chosen by these students significantly less often than be American graduates (P less than 0.001). Their pass rate on state licensing examinations, although higher than that of other foreign-trained medical graduates, was significantly lower than that of American-trained students (P less than 0.001). Fifth Pathway programs can provide a source of United States-citizen house officers for hospitals currently staffed mainly by alien physicians. Such programs offer foreign-trained United States physicians an opportunity to improve their clinical skills before starting residencies, but evidently do not fully overcome their educational deficits.
The new measles campaign
Authors: E Miller
Journal: BMJ (1994)

The national measles and rubella campaign that begins next month is one of the most ambitious vaccination initiatives that Britain has undertaken. The aim is to vaccinate 95% of the seven million schoolchildren aged between 5 and 16 within one month and so to prevent an epidemic of measles that would otherwise be likely to occur early next year.1,2 The novel feature of this campaign is that it is meant to prevent an epidemic: the more usual response is to wait for an outbreak to occur before doing anything. This preventive action is likely to be far more cost effective than attempts to curtail spread once the chains of transmission are established. Experience in North America has shown that, despite the adoption of prompt and aggressive measures to control outbreaks, transmission is rarely interrupted.3,4

The campaign is based on comprehensive epidemiological surveillance data including serological studies, number of cases notified and confirmed, rates of complications …
Tumor-penetrating codelivery of siRNA and paclitaxel with ultrasound-responsive nanobubbles hetero-assembled from polymeric micelles and liposomes
Authors: Tinghui Yin, Ping Wang, Jingguo Li, Yiru Wang, Bowen Zheng, Rongqin Zheng, Du Cheng, Xintao Shuai
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)
Mitochondrial heme: an exit strategy at last
Authors: Mark D. Fleming, Iqbal Hamza
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

The transport of heme across membranes is critical for iron absorption, the formation of hemoglobin and other hemoproteins, and iron recycling in macrophages. However, the identity of heme transport proteins has been elusive. In this issue of the JCI, Chiabrando et al. reveal that an isoform of the feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor (FLVCR1) exports heme from the mitochondria and is critical for erythroid differentiation.
Remarks on the Conclusions of the Report of the Anaesthetics Committee of the British Medical Association
Authors: G. Eastes
Journal: BMJ (1901)

HIAVING described the origin, in I89I, and the constitution of the Anaesthetics Committee which was formed " to investi- gate the clinical evidence with regard to the effects of anies- tlletics upon the human subject, and especially the relative safety of the various aniesthetics, the best methods of ad- ministering them, and the best methods of restoring a patient in case of threatened death," Mr. Eastes stated that the anees- thetists throughout the kingdom wlho recorded their cases for the Committee in 1892, in books specially arranged for the purpose, returned 136 of the books with details of 25,920 cases from hospital and private practice.Each case in the record books was investigated by the Analysis Subcommittee, con- sisting of Dr. Buxton, Dr. Hewitt, Mr. Rowell, and Mr. Eastes, with Dr. C.
Can malt whisky be discriminated from blended whisky?: Peer commentaries and riposte: Good motivation but indifferent methods
Authors: J. Howie
Journal: BMJ (1983)

<b>1331</b> <h3>Objectives</h3> To evaluate whether <sup>131</sup>I-SPECT/CT may have an additional value over planar scan in identifying residues, local and distant metastases. <h3>Methods</h3> We studied 202 thyroidectomized DTC pts: 188 had <sup>131</sup>I diagnostic and 14 post-therapeutic planar and SPECT/CT scan by an hybrid dual head gamma camera. An incremental value was assigned to SPECT/CT when it provided a better iodine uptake foci identification and interpretation, a more correct anatomic localization and characterization and a precise tumor lesion differentiation from physiological areas. <h3>Results</h3> Planar evidenced 151 foci in 70/202 pts, SPECT/CT 204 foci in 79/202 pts confirming those seen at planar, but also identified 37 occult foci in 14/70 pts; 6 occult foci were seen at SPECT/CT in 9/202 further pts negative at planar. SPECT/CT correctly characterized 58 foci unclear at planar and classified as neoplastic foci for which planar excluded malignancy, discriminating residues from lymph node metastases in the neck some of which adjacent to salivary glands missed by planar. SPECT/CT also detected occult metastases in mediastinum, abdomen/pelvis and bone. Globally, SPECT/CT detected more foci than planar in 11.4% of pts, including 4.5% completely negative at planar. Moreover, SPECT/CT had an incremental value in 65.8% of pts, modified therapeutic management in 34.1% of positive cases and clarified physiologic areas also avoiding unnecessary treatment in 16.4% of pts with only a focus. <h3>Conclusions</h3> <sup>131</sup>I-SPECT/CT improved planar scintigraphy interpretation, reducing false positive and providing a higher accuracy in tumor identification; it was able to change therapeutic management defined by planar, including radioiodine dose, and resulted surgical planning reliable guide.
The case for student fundholding
Authors: S. Wilson
Journal: BMJ (1995)

EDITOR,--Teaching in medical schools is of variable quality, and I have often pondered how good teaching might be promoted by those who are taught. The answer, in fact, is learnt early by most students: “selective attendance,” which is also sometimes disparagingly termed “skiving.”

This laudable activity is usually misinterpreted by the medical school authorities, who seek to combat it. Undergraduates are adult learners capable of determining whether an hour is better spent with a textbook or being taught badly. If the authorities fear that the …
MEDICAL TENDENCIES AND MEDICAL IDEALS.
Authors: L. EMMETT HOLT
Journal: JAMA (1907)

The custom of opening the college session with a general address is an appropriate one, for it affords an opportunity to discuss some topics of interest alike to the medical student and teacher which are not provided for in the curriculum. It is well at times to take a somewhat general survey of our profession, to study its tendencies and get possibly a clearer vision of what should be its ideals. <h3>MEDICINE AND MODERN SCIENCE.</h3> In common with every branch of knowledge, medicine has felt the influence of the great advance in modern science. The progress made in the collateral subjects, biology, chemistry, physics, bacteriology, to which medicine is so closely related, has made necessary a general readjustment of opinion. Slowly but surely the superstition, prejudice and ignorance or half knowledge of the past are vanishing before the light of modern discovery, and almost before our eyes a new science
An in vitro human muscle preparation suitable for metabolic studies. Decreased insulin stimulation of glucose transport in muscle from morbidly obese and diabetic subjects.
Authors: G L Dohm, E B Tapscott, W J Pories, D J Dabbs, E G Flickinger, D Meelheim, T Fushiki, S M Atkinson, C W Elton, J F Caro
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

We have developed an in vitro muscle preparation suitable for metabolic studies with human muscle tissue and have investigated the effects of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) on glucose transport. Transport of 3-O-methylglucose and 2-deoxyglucose was stimulated approximately twofold by insulin in muscle from normal nonobese subjects and stimulation occurred in the normal physiological range of insulin concentrations. In contrast to insulin stimulation of 3-O-methylglucose and 2-deoxyglucose transport in muscle from normal, nonobese subjects, tissue from morbidly obese subjects, with or without NIDDM, were not responsive to insulin. Maximal 3-O-methylglucose transport was lower in muscle of obese than nonobese subjects. Morbidly obese patients, with or without NIDDM, have a severe state of insulin resistance in glucose transport. The novel in vitro human skeletal muscle preparation herein described should be useful in investigating the mechanism of this insulin resistance.
Decreased surfactant dose-response after delayed administration to preterm rabbits.
Authors: S R Seidner, M Ikegami, T Yamada, E D Rider, R Castro, A H Jobe
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Preterm rabbits from 14 litters were delivered at 27 d gestation, anesthetized, and treated with surfactant at birth, 15 min, or 30 min after the onset of mechanical ventilation. Doses of surfactant ranging from 0 to 100 mg/kg body weight were given intratracheally and the rabbits were ventilated for 45 min after birth. Pressure-volume curves and dynamic compliances demonstrated that the dose response to surfactant progressively decreased with delayed treatment. Following surfactant treatments of 50 mg/kg at birth, 15 min, and 30 min, peak lung volumes at 35 cm H2O were increased by 49, 30, and 8.4%, respectively over those of untreated controls. Lung lavages from rabbits receiving surfactant at 30 min had significantly higher protein contents and minimum surface tensions on the Wilhelmy balance than those from rabbits treated at birth (23.1 +/- 1.1 versus 16.0 +/- 2.7 dynes/cm), and lung sections from rabbits treated at 30 min had a significantly less uniform distribution of surfactant than those from rabbits treated at birth. While increasing phospholipid concentrations may reverse the inhibition of surfactant by serum proteins in vitro, there was a progressive inability of exogenous surfactant to overcome this inhibition in vivo following delayed administration to very immature rabbits. This inability to overcome inhibition with increasing surfactant dose was associated with a less uniform distribution of surfactant following its delayed administration.
On the Probability of Correct Diagnosis by Pulmonary Function Tests
Authors: R. J. Shephard, M. E. Turner
Journal: Thorax (1959)

For many years, chest physicians have cherished the hope that respiratory physiologists wiU devise an effective and simple test to distinguish normal from abnormal subjects.The limitations of well- established tests have gained increasing recogni- tion, and this has led to a rapid multiplication in the number of test procedures.Patients are commonly subjected to a battery of 10 or more tests, but all too commonly a clear separation of normal from abnormal is still not obtained.One difficulty is the tenuous relationship between the test procedures and the fundamental characteristics of the respiratory system.Multi- variate statistical techniques such as factor analysis (Gilson and Hugh-Jones, 1955; Shephard, Turner, and Williams, unpublished) and discriminant func- tion analysis are now beginning to explore this problem, and as it becomes better understood it may be possible to devise tests more specific to individual characteristics of the respiratory system, describing disease states in terms of alterations in these characteristics.Factor analysis is a formid- able undertaking, and it has been suggested that in the immediate future more efficient use of existing data could be obtained by applying discriminant analysis.Instead of relying upon intuitive inspection of the laboratory data sheet, results of individual tests are weighted and combined in a manner that maximizes the difference between normal subjects and those suffering from the disease under study.Factor analysis also produces a weighted combination of tests; however, the criterion of weighting involves maximizing the variation of the combined value rather than maximizing discrimination.A general discussion of the objectives, similarities, and differences of factor analysis, discriminant function analysis, and other multivariate techniques is given by Kendall (1957).Discriminant analysis has been used by Gilson and Hugh-Jones (1955) in assessing the degree of emphysema in coalworkers.and by Becklake, du Preez, and Lutz (1958) in a study of Witwatersrand gold-miners.The purpose of the present paper is to examine critically the value and limitations of the technique with reference to these examples and to a similar study carried out by us.
The effect of joint position on Doppler flow in finger synovitis
Authors: V Lee, A Zayat, R J Wakefield
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2009)

It is well recognised that one of the major limitations of musculoskeletal ultrasound (US) is its operator dependency.1 This issue is currently being addressed by the OMERACT and the EULAR Working Party in Imaging, who are working towards the production of guidelines for the acquisition and interpretation of US images particularly with respect to inflammatory arthritis.2

There are many variables that might influence an US image. These include factors pertaining to the machine (type of machine and transducer and control settings) and those that are not machine related (ambient temperature, transducer pressure3 and patient positioning). Doppler US appears particularly sensitive to all these factors as has recently been highlighted by Torp-Pedersen and Terslev4 and Teh.5 It has previously been reported that there are differences in Doppler signals within muscles4 5 and tendons4 …
Coffee, Tea, and Apnea
Authors: Marshall E. Deutsch
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Where an alternative interpretation of experimental results leads to a diametrically opposite treatment (or in this instance prophylaxis), it is important that the alternative interpretation be called to the attention of practitioners. Therefore, please note that the salutory effect of methylated purines in reducing the incidence of apneic episodes in premature babies might be a result of habituation to methylated purines that their mothers had taken during pregnancy (ie, the apnea might be the result of withdrawal of methylated purines at birth). If this is so, pregnant women should be advised to avoid taking methylated purines, rather than the opposite as proposed by a questioner at a press conference (235:693, 1976).
Abstract 3391: Interaction of microRNAs and target genes in bladder cancer metastasis
Authors: Yuanbin Ru, Katerina J. Kechris, Steven C. Smith, George A. Calin, Dan Theodorescu
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression through base pairing with other mRNA transcripts. MiRNA expression signatures have characterized many phenotypes in bladder cancer, including grade, stage, and metastasis. However, simultaneous mRNA changes accompanying the miRNA profile, along with the miRNA:mRNA interaction, were not systematically studied in these phenotypes. To gain insights into the miRNA regulatory network in bladder cancer metastasis, we profiled miRNA and mRNA expressions in two pairs of metastatic and non-metastatic cell lines. Interactions between differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs were predicted using six software. We identified 194 miRNA:mRNA pairs between 18 up-regulated miRNAs and 66 down-regulated genes in metastatic cells; while the down-regulation of miRNAs and the increased expression of target genes were rare. The overexpression of one of the miRNAs, hsa-miR-146a, is confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR in metastatic cell lines. The 66 potential target genes are enriched in cytoskeleton organization and actin binding, underlining the importance of cell motility in cancer metastasis. Analysis of microarray data from two patient cohorts indicated lower expression of the 66 miRNA target genes in tumors than in normal bladder tissues. Our results suggest the significance of miRNA regulatory network in cancer metastasis and provide a list of potential miRNA:mRNA pairs for further investigation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3391. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3391
Archibald Mckenzie McGregor
Authors: C. McGregor
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Former general practitioner Westray, New Deer, and Turriff (b Aberdeen 1924; q Aberdeen 1949), d 12 September 2002.

Archie entered singledhanded general practice in 1952 on the island of Westray, Orkney. He moved to New Deer in 1957, latterly assisted by his GP wife, Margaret. Both moved to a group practice in Turriff in 1966, where they helped secure the cottage hospital with the development of an attached health centre. Archie retired to Edinburgh in 1984, eventually moving to his native Deeside to enjoy his love of the mountains and pursue his interest in antiquarian books and local and family history. Predeceased by a son, he leaves Margaret; two children; and six grandchildren.
Superior Vena Cava Defibrillator Coils Make Transvenous Lead Extraction More Challenging and Riskier
Authors: Laurence M. Epstein, Charles J. Love, Bruce L. Wilkoff, Mina K. Chung, Joseph W. Hackler, Maria Grazia Bongiorni, Luca Segreti, Roger G. Carrillo, Pablo Baltodano, Avi Fischer, Charles Kennergren, Roger Viklund, Suneet Mittal, Aysha Arshad, Kenneth A. Ellenbogen, Roy M. John, Melanie Maytin
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Histidyl-proline diketopiperazine (His-Pro DKP) immunoreactivity is present in the glucagon-containing cells of the human fetal pancreas.
Authors: P Leduque, I M Jackson, A Kervran, S Aratan-Spire, P Czernichow, P M Dubois
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Histidyl-proline diketopiperazine (His-Pro DKP) cells in the pancreas of human fetuses aged between 12 and 19 wk were localized by the indirect antibody-enzyme method on semithin sections. To study their fine structure, two techniques were used: a superimposition technique consisting of comparison of the same cells in semithin and electron microscopic preparations, and an immunocytochemical technique on ultrathin sections using the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Our results show that (a) the same cells are positive for both His-Pro DKP and glucagon/glicentin, (b) His-Pro DKP immunoreactive cells possess extremely electron-opaque secretory granules, implying that these cells correspond to the A cells, and (c) His-Pro DKP immunoreactivity is found over the secretory granules. We hypothesize that the two peptides His-Pro DKP and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) have independent origins, since TRH is found in the B cells.
Abstract 441: Degree or extent of radially-aligned collagen fibrils in the tumor-stromal interface of rodent mammary tumor tissue is an indicator of chemotherapeutic potential of the EGFr inhibitor, Gefitinib
Authors: Marna E. Ericson, Steffan Nye, Ann Bode, Clinton Grubbs, Ron Lubet
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract There is an urgent need for unbiased evaluations of potential therapeutic treatments. An early indicator of treatment efficacy might allow for a more individualized and effective therapeutic regimen. In the present study we employed the MNU model of ER+ mammary tumors to address this question. Rats were treated with MNU at 50 days of age. When an animal developed a palpable mammary tumor it was randomized either to Iressa (6 mg/kg BW) or vehicle. Two days following this time animals were biopsied. Three days later animals were replaced on Iressa or vehicle for a period of 6 weeks. The objective was to determine whether tumors that responded to Iressa over a 6 week period exhibited changes in collagen fibril orientation relative to unresponsive tumors within two days of initial treatment. We examined collagen fibril orientation at the tumor-stromal interface. We employed a second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging protocol and examined collagen fiber orientation in normal glands, untreated tumors, tumors treated for 2 days which would then regress or not. We found that untreated tumors or non responsive tumors appeared to have a relatively disoriented pattern at the tumor-stromal interface whereas responding tumors within two days of treatment showed greater orientation of collagen fibrils oriented parallel to the tumor boundary. Thus the degree or extent of radially-aligned collagen fibrils in the tumor-stromal interface of rodent mammary tumor tissue is an indicator of chemotherapeutic potential of the EGFr inhibitor, Gefitinib (Iressa). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 441. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-441