tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Collagen Binding α1β1 Integrin VLA-1 Regulates CD8 T Cell-Mediated Immune Protection against Heterologous Influenza Infection
Authors: Steven J Ray, Suzanne N Franki, Robert H Pierce, Snezhana Dimitrova, Victor Koteliansky, Andrew G Sprague, Peter C Doherty, Antonin R de Fougerolles, David J Topham
Journal: Immunity (2004)
Climate Change and Children’s Health: Protecting and Preparing Our Youngest
Authors: Tanya Tillett
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

The Role of Diesel Particulate Matter in Lung InflammationDiesel particulate matter (DPM) is a nearly ubiquitous environmental pollutant.It is known to be inflammatory and is linked to a plethora of health effects including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis.New research sheds light on which components of DPM are harmful to the lung and what mechanisms they trigger [EHP 119(3):332-336; Reynolds et al.].The authors focused on receptors for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), cell-surface proteins expressed in many cell types.Previous research performed in the same laboratory documented that RAGE can be activated in response to cellular stress resulting from exposure to particles in cigarette smoke.The authors hypothesized that exposure to DPM generated by fuel combustion could induce RAGE in the epithelial cells lining the lungs.The team studied effects of DPM exposure in human primary pulmonary epithelial cells and R3/1 cells, an immortalized aveolar type 1 cell line derived from rats.They found that the quantities of RAGE messenger RNA and protein increased by approximately 100% in both cell types after exposure to DPM for 2 hours, compared with controls.By demonstrating that RAGE is indeed upregulated following exposure to DPM, the authors identified a surface signaling mechanism involved in inflammatory responses triggered by DPM exposure.From there, the scientists identified some of the downstream signaling effects associated with RAGE upregulation.Their gene reporter experiments showed DPM exposure caused significant translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), a potent proinflammatory mediator, into the nucleus of R3/1 cells, where it can promote the expression of more than 200 genes.Through experiments involving the inhibition of RAGE with small interfering RNA (siRNA), the team confirmed that DPM-induced NF-κB activation is mediated in part by RAGE expression.The scientists also documented that exposure to DPM increased the synthesis and secretion of two NF-κB targets (IL-8, a chemokine, and MCP-1, a cytokine) by the R/31 cells.These molecules were secreted to a lesser extent, but were not completely inhibited, in cells transfected with siRNA for RAGE prior to DPM exposure, which suggests other factors and pathways also are involved in inflammatory responses to DPM.The new research is also significant for contradicting conventional wisdom that only "fresh" DPM is biologically active.The work suggests that even "aged" DPM that has been suspended in the atmosphere for more than a decade is capable of biological activity, which has important public health implications given the abundance of this pollutant in the atmosphere.Kellyn S. Betts has written about environmental contaminants, hazards, and technology for solving environmental problems for publications including EHP and Environmental Science & Technology for more than a dozen years.
Beyond simple utility in predicting self-control fatigue: A proximate alternative to the opportunity cost model
Authors: Michael Inzlicht, Brandon J. Schmeichel
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Abstract The opportunity cost model offers an ultimate explanation of ego depletion that helps to move the field beyond biologically improbable resource accounts. The model's more proximate explanation, however, falls short of accounting for much data and is based on an outdated view of human rationality. We suggest that our own process model offers a better proximate account of self-control fatigue.
Giant Meckel's Diverticulum
Authors: Harold L. Endlich
Journal: JAMA (1965)

REGARDLESS of its size, Meckel's diverticulum may escape detection for long periods of time. It must be considered in every case of gastrointestinal dysfunction of an obscure nature. The diverticulum described in this case report is of interest because of its unusually large diameter and unusual position, as well as its prolonged symptomatic history.  Report of a Case  An 11 1/2-year-old white girl was referred because of chronic anemia. Interrogation revealed that she had been afflicted with chronic vomiting since birth. During infancy, the attacks of vomiting occurred several times daily. At the age of 6 1/2 months she was studied at another hospital, where roentgenographic studies of the stomach and small intestine failed to demonstrate any abnormality. Thereafter, it was assumed that the vomiting was on a functional rather than a mechanical basis. The frequency of episodes of vomiting gradually decreased; when the patient reached the age of six,
Metformin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Kidney Disease
Authors: Silvio E. Inzucchi, Kasia J. Lipska, Helen Mayo, Clifford J. Bailey, Darren K. McGuire
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Metformin is widely viewed as the best initial pharmacological option to lower glucose concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the drug is contraindicated in many individuals with impaired kidney function because of concerns of lactic acidosis.
Self experimentation in medicine
Authors: P J Watkins
Journal: BMJ (1987)

years of age and sometimes younger, in addition to those aged over 75 years who are mentioned in the discussion papers.The diagnostic range includes the whole range of psychiatric morbidity, not only the demented.3Here is a hot spot of new and worthwhile activity, the very essence of the flexible responsive approach health services require.Performance indicators that cannot identify or monitor its dimensions will lead to the withdrawal ofresources and the activity will cease.
Comparison of the findings on preoperative dipyridamole perfusion scintigraphy and intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography: Implications regarding the identification of myocardium at ischemic risk
Authors: Thomas A. Watters, Elias H. Botvinick, Michael W. Dae, Michael Cahalan, John Urbanowicz, David J. Benefiel, Nelson B. Schiller, Gerald Goldstone, Linda Reilly, Ronald J. Stoney
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
Facteurs prédictifs de succès d'une analgésie associant hydroxyzine, nefopam, phloroglucinol et protoxyde d'azote pour la réalisation d'une coloscopie
Authors: JP Farmachidi, A Dusoleil, S Ramsang Kella, JL Walcker, V Lhomme Getler
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

Introduction: En France, 90% des coloscopies se font sous anesthésie générale. Une alternative à l'anesthésie générale a été développée dans notre service: Depuis 2007, 263 patients ont été inclus dans un protocole associant hydroxyzine, nefopam, phloroglucinol et protoxyde d'azote: La coloscopie était totale chez 76% des 103 premiers patients âgés en moyenne de 64,3 ans sans effet indésirable majeur. Une étude retrospective a été menée afin d'identifier les facteurs prédictifs de succès de ce protocole analgésique sur les 160 patients suivants.
The Health Effects of Economic Sanctions and Embargoes: The Role of Health Professionals
Authors: Karine Morin, Steven H. Miles
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

As a widely used tool of foreign policy, economic sanctions take many forms. They include mandating trade restrictions (for example, limiting imports from or exports to a sanctioned nation), freezing bank accounts, limiting international travel to and from an area, imposing additional tariffs, and exerting other pressures that are intended to slow key economic activities. Since the end of the Cold War, as the global market has expanded, many countries and the United Nations have increasingly used economic sanctions instead of military intervention to compel nations to end civil or extraterritorial war or to reduce abuse of human rights. Similarly, the United States has attempted to influence international governments' domestic policies by using other economic means, such as relating "most favored nation" trading status to a country's human rights record or prohibiting the import of goods from countries in which illegal child labor is widespread. Repercussions from these measures influence a country's economic development and, therefore, can also affect the overall welfare of a nation's population. In contrast to war's easily observable casualties, the apparently nonviolent consequences of economic intervention seem like an acceptable alternative. However, recent reports suggest that economic sanctions can seriously harm the health of persons who live in targeted nations. For this reason, the American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine has undertaken this examination of physicians' roles in addressing the health effects of economic sanctions. *Members of the Ethics and Human Rights Committee were Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, MD (chair); Joanne Lynn, MD; Richard J. Carroll, MD; David A. Fleming, MD; Steven H. Miles, MD; Gail J. Povar, MD; Vincent Herrin, MD; James A. Tulsky, MD; Alan L. Gordon, MD; Siang Y. Tan, MD; and Lee J. Dunn Jr., JD, LLM. Approved by the Board of Regents on 7 February 1999.
Freshwater Wound Infection Due to Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Peter G. Hanson
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<i>AEROMONAS hydrophila</i>is a Gramnegative bacillus, member of the family Vibrionaceae, which is a common inhabitant of freshwater lakes and streams.<sup>1-4</sup>It is not commonly identified as an agent of human infection. Most reports have described gastroenteritis, septicemia, meningitis, pneumonia, or surgical wound infections, primarily in immunocompromised patients.<sup>1,4-8</sup> Infections of immunologically competent persons have been rare. We report a well-documented case of severe cellulitis in a previously healthy young man that derived from a laceration acquired during swimming.<i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>was recovered in large numbers from the wound and was subsequently shown to be the major bacterial contaminant of the freshwater lake where the injury occurred. The clinical features of<i>Aeromonas</i>infections of freshwater traumatic wounds suggest a characteristic syndrome, indistinguishable from cellulitis caused by group A<i>Streptococcus</i>. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 22-year-old man sustained a full-thickness scalp laceration while diving in shallow water in Lake Mendota,
THE RHEUMATIC AND GOUTY DIATHESIS, AS MANIFESTED IN DISEASES OF THE PERIDENTAL MEMBRANE.
Authors: John S Marshall
Journal: JAMA (1891)

In nearly all our text books on dental surgery and dental pathology, mention is made of the fact that rheumatic and gouty individuals sometimes suffer from irritation of the peridental membrane, causing the teeth to become more or less sore and loosened in their sockets; supposedly the results of the peculiar diathesis of the system, but farther than this no light is thrown upon the subject. Clinical and post-mortem experience teaches that the<i>materies morbi</i>of these diseases has a predilection for the fibrous structures of the body, especially the synovial membranes, the aponuroses of muscles, the dura mater, the cardiac tissues, periostal and peridental membranes. The one most commonly affected is the synovial membrane, resulting in inflammatory conditions of the joints. It not uncommonly happens, however, that there is associated with the inflammatory phenomena of the joints, enlargement of the long bones and nodular formations in other localities; and
Medial arterial calcification and diabetic neuropathy.
Authors: M E Edmonds, N Morrison, J W Laws, P J Watkins
Journal: BMJ (1982)

X-ray examinations of the feet, knees, and hands were performed on 20 diabetics with severe neuropathy and 20 diabetics with no evidence of neuropathy but with a similar mean age and duration of diabetes. All were under 53 years old with no clinical evidence of peripheral vascular disease. Medial arterial calcification was much more common and extensive in the patients with neuropathy, occurring in the feet in 15 and in the hands in eight compared with in four (p less than 0.001) and none (p less than 0.001) of the controls respectively. Although there was some correlation between calcification and both proteinuria (p less than 0.05) and proliferative retinopathy (p less than 0.02), the association between calcification and neuropathy (p less than 0.001) was much stronger. Neuropathy, with sympathetic denervation of the smooth muscle of the tunica media, may be important in the aetiology of medial arterial calcification.
Ions and signal transduction in the macula densa
Authors: Scott C. Thomson, Roland C. Blantz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2000)

The body’s internal environment is regulated, in large part, by processes occurring in the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) of nephrons. One such processes is the well described phenomenon of tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). A second and related process, the control of renin secretion by the macula densa, is the subject of the report by Cheng et al. (1) in the present issue of the JCI. Because TGF and the macula densa control of renin are intertwined, this research also bears on events in the JGA beyond its role in the systemic renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which itself has profound effects on salt excretion. Products of the RAAS formed downstream from renin act to conserve salt by causing glomerular vasoconstriction and by increasing reabsorption of salt and water from the proximal and distal nephrons.

TGF allows changes in the chloride content of tubular fluid passing the macula densa at the end of Henle’s loop to effect a reciprocal change in single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR). This negative feedback mechanism operates on a time scale of seconds and stabilizes both SNGFR and the rate at which salt reaches the distal nephron. In addition to initiating the TGF response, chloride also exerts an effect over longer times on renin secretion, the rate-limiting event in the RAAS. Specifically, when the apical macula densa is exposed to high chloride concentrations for 20 minutes or more, renin secretion from granular cells in the nearby afferent arteriole is suppressed (2). As a consequence, production of the peptide angiotensin II declines, as does the rate of salt and water reabsorption from the proximal tubule. The subsequent increase in late peroximal flow leads directly to an increase in chloride concentration at the macula densa (a consequence of the kinetics of salt transport in the water-impermeable ascending loop of Henle). Therefore, suppression of RAAS activity at the nephron level will increase both late proximal flow and macula densa chloride.
Half of people dying within four days of hospital admission lack input from senior doctors, inquiry finds
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The care of half the people who die within four days of admission to hospitals in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland lacks involvement of senior doctors, leading to delays in provision of appropriate care, a new survey says.

The report, from the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD), reviewed the care of 3153 people who died within four days of admission to hospital.

Expert reviewers who assessed the patients’ records, together with further information provided by hospital staff, found that consultants were not involved in making a diagnosis in just over half (53%) of the cases. And there was a clinically important delay in first review by a consultant in 25% of cases. Consultant involvement was less …
Profound Underestimation of Glucose Uptake by [ <sup>18</sup> F]2-Deoxy-2-fluoroglucose in Reperfused Rat Heart Muscle
Authors: Torsten Doenst, Heinrich Taegtmeyer
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —[ 18 F]2-deoxy-2-fluoroglucose (FDG) is widely used as a tracer for glucose uptake in ischemic heart muscle. We tested the effects of low-flow ischemia and reperfusion on the ratio of tracer/tracee (lumped constant, LC). Methods and Results —Isolated working rat hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing only glucose 5 mmol/L (group 1) or glucose 5 mmol/L plus oleate 0.4 mmol/L (group 2, fed; group 3, fasted). Dynamic glucose uptake was measured simultaneously with [2- 3 H]glucose and with FDG. After 20 minutes, coronary flow was reduced by 75% for 30 minutes before it was returned to control conditions for the final 20 minutes. Hexokinase activity in the cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions and tissue metabolites were determined. Rates of glucose uptake were highest when glucose was the only substrate. Glucose uptake, FDG uptake, and the LC increased during ischemia only in group 3. There was no change of these parameters during ischemia in groups 1 and 2. FDG uptake decreased significantly with reperfusion in groups 2 and 3, and there was a striking fall in the LC (from &gt;1.0 to &lt;0.2, P &lt;.001). The fall in the LC was associated with a significant increase in intracellular free glucose. Neither ischemia nor reperfusion affected the kinetic properties of hexokinase. Conclusions —FDG profoundly underestimates glucose uptake during reperfusion in the presence of fatty acids. In the fasted state, however, FDG overestimates glucose uptake during ischemia. The results indicate limitations in the use of FDG to quantify myocardial glucose uptake in human heart.
Responsibility for ancillary care in clinical trials: Research patrimony and unintended coercion are hazards
Authors: Arvindan Veiraiah
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Firm foundation for senior house officers Five years is long enoughEditor-The editorial by Gallen and Peile signals anything but a firm foundation for training junior doctors. 1 The first foundation year will essentially be an extension of undergraduate training, its doctors allowed only to observe medical practice.And doctors in foundation year 2 will be "career tourists," spending too little time in each specialty to be able to offer much service in return.Medical educationalists should realise that nurses and other paramedical groups are encroaching on traditional medical practice and do not seem to need the sort of extended training we demand of medical students.For example, a six week course apparently enables paramedics to administer safely almost all drugs used in emergency practice.By contrast we seem intent on postponing the time at which our bright and enthusiastic young doctors can start treating patients.Five years is quite long enough to learn the theory of medicine.After that, the sooner young doctors are allowed to start treating patients, in a supervised setting, the better.
Functional and Structural Alterations With 24-Hour Myocardial Hibernation and Recovery After Reperfusion
Authors: Chunguang Chen, Lianglong Chen, John T. Fallon, Lijie Ma, Li Li, Laurine Bow, David Knibbs, Raymond McKay, Linda D. Gillam, David D. Waters
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Short-term myocardial hibernation of 3 hours resulting from a moderate resting coronary flow reduction has been reproduced in pigs. This study was designed to determine whether any structural changes accompany short-term hibernation caused by a moderate flow reduction maintained for 24 hours and whether any such structural alterations are reversible after reperfusion.A severe left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) stenosis was created with a reduction of resting flow to approximately 60% of baseline and maintained for 24 hours. Regional coronary flow was measured by a flowmeter; wall thickening was determined by echocardiography, and local metabolic changes were measured. Of 17 pigs, 11 completed the study protocol of 24 hours. The LAD flow was reduced from 0.91 +/- 0.11 to 0.52 +/- 0.13 mL.min-1.g-1, a 43% mean decrease, at 15 minutes after the LAD stenosis and was maintained at 0.56 +/- 0.11 mL.min-1.g-1 at 24 hours. The reduction of regional coronary flow initially produced acute myocardial ischemia, as evidenced by reduced regional wall thickening (from 37.2 +/- 6.9% at baseline to 11.5 +/- 6.8%), regional lactate production (-0.34 +/- 0.28 mumol.g-1.min-1), and a decrease in regional coronary venous pH (from 7.41 +/- 0.035 at baseline to 7.30 +/- 0.030). At 24 hours, the reductions in coronary flow and wall thickening were maintained relatively constant and the rate-pressure product was relatively unchanged, but lactate production ceased and regional H+ concentration normalized, with a tendency toward a further reduction in regional oxygen consumption, from 3.10 +/- 0.90 mL.min-1.100 g-1 at 15 minutes after stenosis to 2.52 +/- 0.95 mL.min-1.100 g-1 at 24 hours (P = .06), indicating metabolic adaptation of the hypoperfused regions. Of 11 pigs, 6 were free of myocardial infarction; 3 had patchy necrosis involving 4%, 5%, and 6% of the area at risk; and 2 other pigs had a few scattered myocytes with necrosis, detected only by light and electron microscopy. Ultrastructural changes consisted of a partial loss of myofibrils and an increase in mitochondria and glycogen deposition. Regional wall thickening recovered 1 week after reperfusion in most pigs, and the ultrastructural changes reverted to normal.In this pig model, moderately ischemic myocardium undergoes metabolic and structural adaptations but preserves the capacity to recover both functionally and ultrastructurally after reperfusion.
Chemiluminescence of Human and Canine Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes in the Absence of Phagocytosis
Authors: Liana Harvath, Harold J. Amirault, Burton R. Andersen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) have increased oxidative metabolism during phagocytosis and emit light (chemiluminescence, CL) as a result of metabolic activation. The present study examined PMN CL in the absence of phagocytosis using sodium fluoride (NaF), a nonparticulate agent and known stimulator of cellular oxidative metabolism. Normal human and canine PMNs were assayed in a CL spectrometer which permitted continuous sample mixing and constant temperature regulation during CL measurement. PMNs treated with 20 mM NaF demonstrated maximum CL responses of 10,000-20,000 cpm above background, 13-17 min after addition of NaF at 37°C. Temperature regulation of reaction mixtures was found to be a critical factor in assaying PMN CL responses to NaF, because a small decrease in temperature (i.e. 1.5°C) substantially depressed and delayed the CL response. Superoxide anion production correlated closely with CL responses in NaF-treated human PMNs. CL responses were completely suppressed in the presence of the oxidative metabolic inhibitors, iodoacetamide, and N-ethylmalemide; and were partially suppressed in the presence of either superoxide dismutase or sodium azide.
Re: Rodolfo Montironi, Liang Cheng, Antonio Lopez-Beltran, et al. Stage pT0 in Radical Prostatectomy with No Residual Carcinoma and with a Previous Positive Biopsy Conveys a Wrong Message to Clinicians and Patients: Why Is Cancer Not Present in the Radical Prostatectomy Specimen? Eur Urol 2009;56:272–4
Authors: José I. López
Journal: European Urology (2009)