tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and prediagnostic serum organochlorines: beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, chlordane/heptachlor-related compounds, dieldrin, and hexachlorobenzene.
Authors: Kenneth P Cantor, Paul T Strickland, John W Brock, David Bush, Kathy Helzlsouer, Larry L Needham, Shelia Hoar Zahm, George W Comstock, Nathaniel Rothman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Increases in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) incidence and mortality rates during the past few decades remain largely unexplained. Studies suggest that organochlorine pesticides may contribute to an increased risk of NHL. In 1974, serum samples were obtained from 25,802 participants in the Campaign Against Cancer and Stroke in Washington County, Maryland (USA), and cryopreserved for future study. We measured prediagnostic levels of chlordane, lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, transnonachlor, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, dieldrin, and hexachlorobenzene in serum samples of 74 cases of NHL and 147 matched controls. Previously, we found an association between NHL and serum levels of total PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), but not DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and related compounds. In this instance, there was no evidence of an association between NHL risk and serum levels of any of the individual lipid- and recovery-corrected organochlorines that we evaluated, nor of the summed chlordane-related compounds (transnonachlor, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane). These findings do not support the hypothesis that the organochlorine compounds included in this study are strongly linked to the development of NHL. The possibility of a weak association cannot be excluded by these data.
Improved survival of patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia treated with plasma exchange.
Authors: G R Thompson, J P Miller, J L Breslow
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Plasma exchange was undertaken in five patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia at intervals of two weeks for a mean of 8.4 years. These patients had survived an average of 5.5 years longer than their five respective homozygous siblings (p = 0.3), each of whom must have had a matching genetic defect but who died untreated. The 37% decrease in peak serum cholesterol concentrations maintained by plasma exchange presumably reduced progression of atherosclerosis in the treated patients and thus lessened their risk of premature death.
Extreme cutaneous histamine sensitivity with hay fever and increased IgE concentrations in an unselected population.
Authors: C S Witt, M S Stuckey, R L Dawkins
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Cutaneous sensitivity to histamine, responses to prick tests with allergens, and serum IgE concentrations were measured and hay fever assessed by questionnaire in an unselected population to determine whether increased sensitivity to histamine is an independent phenomenon contributing to allergic disorders or may be caused by allergic reactions. Increased cutaneous sensitivity to histamine was strongly associated with an increased number of positive responses to prick tests, high serum concentrations of IgE, and hay fever. This new test is simple, cheap, applicable to schoolchildren, and provides useful information.
Hepatic recruitment of the inflammatory Gr1<sup>+</sup>monocyte subset upon liver injury promotes hepatic fibrosis
Authors: Karlin Raja Karlmark, Ralf Weiskirchen, Henning W. Zimmermann, Nikolaus Gassler, Florent Ginhoux, Christian Weber, Miriam Merad, Tom Luedde, Christian Trautwein, Frank Tacke
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Abstract In addition to liver-resident Kupffer cells, infiltrating immune cells have recently been linked to the development of liver fibrosis. Blood monocytes are circulating precursors of tissue macrophages and can be divided into two functionally distinct subpopulations in mice: Gr1 hi (Ly6C hi ) and Gr1 lo (Ly6C lo ) monocytes. The role of these monocyte subsets in hepatic fibrosis and the mechanisms of their differential recruitment into the injured liver are unknown. We therefore characterized subpopulations of infiltrating monocytes in acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced liver injury in mice using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Inflammatory Gr1 hi but not Gr1 lo monocytes are massively recruited into the liver upon toxic injury constituting an up to 10-fold increase in CD11b + F4/80 + intrahepatic macrophages. Comparing wild-type with C-C chemokine receptor (CCR2)-deficient and CCR2/CCR6–deficient mice revealed that CCR2 critically controls intrahepatic Gr1 hi monocyte accumulation by mediating their egress from bone marrow. During chronic liver damage, intrahepatic CD11b + F4/80 + Gr1 + monocyte-derived cells differentiate preferentially into inducible nitric oxide synthase–producing macrophages exerting proinflammatory and profibrogenic actions, such as promoting hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, T helper 1–T cell differentiation and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) release. Impaired monocyte subset recruitment in Ccr2 −/− and Ccr2 −/− Ccr6 −/− mice results in reduced HSC activation and diminished liver fibrosis. Moreover, adoptively transferred Gr1 hi monocytes traffic into the injured liver and promote fibrosis progression in wild-type and Ccr2 −/− Ccr6 −/− mice, which are otherwise protected from hepatic fibrosis. Intrahepatic CD11b + F4/80 + Gr1 + monocyte-derived macrophages purified from CCl 4 -treated animals, but not naïve bone marrow monocytes or control lymphocytes, directly activate HSCs in a TGF-β–dependent manner in vitro . Conclusion: Inflammatory Gr1 + monocytes, recruited into the injured liver via CCR2-dependent bone marrow egress, promote the progression of liver fibrosis. Thus, they may represent an interesting novel target for antifibrotic strategies. (Hepatology 2009;50:261–274.)
Medical Writing: Another Look
Authors: Saul S. Radovsky
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

A LOOK at medical journals shows that good science and good writing rarely go together, and that easily understood writing is often too much to expect. Complaints and critical analyses seem to have had little effect. Thirty-five years ago Alan Gregg said, "The common level of medical and scientific writing in our professional books and journals constitutes the most serious internal limitation to medical education and research."1 And four years ago another astute critic, Michael Crichton, wrote, "With medical writing as forbidding as it is...it is impossible to guess the cost...in wasted time, duplicated findings, and buried pearls. But such . . .
Fractures and Dislocations in Children
Authors: Henry R. Cowell
Journal: JAMA (1974)

This book has been written to serve as a practical guide for emergency room care and is not intended to be comprehensive. The book consists of a brief introduction followed by a discussion of common fractures and dislocations in children arranged in an anatomic fashion. The cause, site, displacement, diagnosis, radiography, treatment (both operative and nonoperative), and complications are outlined for each fracture. The book is profusely illustrated with roentgenograms of excellent quality. In attempting to fulfill the stated purpose of the book, the author has oversimplified his presentation in many areas to the point where his omissions may lead to care detrimental to the patient. This is particularly true in the section on spinal injuries that occupies only six pages. The sequelae of fractures of the spine may be so disabling that further space should be devoted to them, even though they may be uncommon. The discussion of plaster
Reversible pulmonary hypertension in heart transplant candidates—pretransplant evaluation and outcome after orthotopic heart transplantation
Authors: Stefan Klotz, Mario C. Deng, Dudy Hanafy, Christof Schmid, Jörg Stypmann, Christoph Schmidt, Dieter Hammel, Hans H. Scheld
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2003)
Re: Persistence of Treponema pallidum Following Penicillin G Therapy-Reply
Authors: Edmund C. Tramont
Journal: JAMA (1977)

In Reply.—  There were two errors in the original manuscript. The second patient was treated with 4.8 million units of penicillin G procaine intramuscularly in addition to 1.0 g probenecid on two occasions seven days apart. Twenty-three days later, a CSF specimen was obtained which infected rabbits. Both patients were treated with aqueous penicillin G (benzyl penicillin), not penicillin G benzathine.
Cause of Death in Very Old People
Authors: K. P. Zabel
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I cannot agree with the basic theme of Dr Kohn expressed in his article entitled "Cause of Death in Very Old People" (1982;247:2793). People do not die of old age—they die of disease. Senescence is not an acceptable explanation of death. No purpose is served by inventing a wastebasket term to explain the cause of death. No scientific principle is advanced by generalizations. We need more, not less, study of the mode of death in the elderly, so that the quality, if not the quantity, of their lives can be improved. The physician must never accept death as inevitable. He should always seek to identify diseases that can be treated for the betterment of the patient. A needless death is a tragedy at any age. People do not die of advanced age any more than premature infants die simply because they are too young. My practice of
Biomarkers in Relation to the Effects of Ticagrelor in Comparison With Clopidogrel in Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients Managed With or Without In-Hospital Revascularization
Authors: Lars Wallentin, Daniel Lindholm, Agneta Siegbahn, Lisa Wernroth, Richard C. Becker, Christopher P. Cannon, Jan H. Cornel, Anders Himmelmann, Evangelos Giannitsis, Robert A. Harrington, Claes Held, Steen Husted, Hugo A. Katus, Kenneth W. Mahaffey, Ph. Gabriel Steg, Robert F. Storey, Stefan K. James
Journal: Circulation (2013)

Risk stratification and the use of specific biomarkers have been proposed for tailoring treatment in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). We investigated the prognostic importance of high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) in relation to randomized treatment (ticagrelor versus clopidogrel) and management strategy (with or without revascularization) in the NSTE-ACS subgroup of the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial.Of 18 624 patients in the PLATO trial, 9946 had an entry diagnosis of NSTE-ACS and baseline blood samples available. During index hospitalization, 5357 were revascularized, and 4589 were managed without revascularization. Hs-TnT, NT-proBNP, and GDF-15 were determined and assessed according to predefined cutoff levels. Median follow-up was 9.1 months. Increasing levels of hs-TnT were associated with increasing risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in medically managed patients (P<0.001), but not in those managed invasively. NT-proBNP and GDF-15 levels were associated with the same events independent of management strategy. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel reduced the rate of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in patients with NSTE-ACS and hs-TnT ≥14.0 ng/L in both invasively and noninvasively managed patients; in patients with hs-TnT <14.0 ng/L, there was no difference between ticagrelor and clopidogrel in the noninvasive groupHs-TnT, NT-proBNP, and GDF-15 are predictors of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in patients with NSTE-ACS managed noninvasively, and NT-proBNP and GDF-15 also in those managed invasively. Elevated hs-TnT predicts substantial benefit of ticagrelor over clopidogrel both in invasively and noninvasively managed patients, but no apparent benefit was seen at normal hs-TnT.URL:http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00391872.
Epidermolysis bullosa: preliminary observations of blister formation in keratinocyte cultures
Authors: I.M. LEIGH, M.J. TIDMAN, R.A.J. EADY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

Keratinocytes from patients with different types of epidermolysis bullosa (EB) demonstrated an abnormal tendency to blister or bleb formation after 14–22 days in culture. The changes were most marked in samples from cases of junctional EB and were not observed in control cultures of normal skin. These findings suggest the possibility of a primary abnormality of keratinocyte adhesion in different varieties of EB and that keratinocyte culture should provide a useful model for further studies on disorders of adhesion in EB.
Genetic Determinants Predicting Efficacy of Glucose-Lowering Drugs?
Authors: Michael A. Nauck, Irfan Vardarli
Journal: Diabetes Care (2010)

In this issue of Diabetes Care , Sathananthan et al. (1) report differences in the insulinotropic response to exogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in healthy volunteers, depending on the presence or absence of certain common polymorphisms of the GLP-1 receptor gene. This study suggests that individuals may variably respond to GLP-1, depending on the presence or absence of minor alleles characterized by single nucleotide polymorphisms. The authors suggest that the insulinotropic activity of GLP-1, as studied with the present protocol, may predict a better or worse clinical response to incretin-based medications (GLP-1 receptor agonists or incretin mimetics and inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 [DPP-4], so-called incretin enhancers) and thus may help select a glucose-lowering drug tailored to the individual needs of a given patient.

Guidelines usually present a simplified flowchart to suggest a uniform approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes, starting with lifestyle changes aiming at a healthier diet, calorie restriction in obese patients, and physical activity to improve fitness and reduce the degree of insulin resistance (2,3). Early in the course of type 2 diabetes, metformin is rather uniformly recommended (2,3), although many other glucose-lowering agents have been approved for use as a single agent. When metformin alone fails to secure adequate glycemic control, the choice includes sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, α-glucosidase inhibitors, insulin, and the incretin-based medications, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and DPP-4 inhibitors (3). There is no clear uniform recommendation of any of these agents to be preferentially added to metformin treatment. Today, the choice is left to the individual recommendation of a physician practicing the …
A Continuous Cardiac Output Recorder Employing the Fick Principle
Authors: ARTHUR C. GUYTON, FARISH CHARLES A., ABERNATHY J. BERRY
Journal: Circulation Research (1959)

A continuous cardiac output recorder has been developed utilizing an oxygen consumption recorder, an arteriovenous oxygen difference recorder and a computer. The computer continuously derives and records the cardiac output by dividing the rate of oxygen consumption by the A-V oxygen difference. Calibration of the continuous cardiac output recorder against a Ludwig stromuhr showed that under many different conditions and many different levels of cardiac output the 305 individual calibration points had a mean deviation from the regression line of ± 7.7 per cent. This correlation is as satisfactory as previously reported correlations between the intravenous dye method for recording cardiac output and the direct Fick method.
Increased Incidence of Hodgkin Disease in Homosexual Men with HIV Infection
Authors: Nancy A. Hessol, Mitchell H. Katz, Jennifer Y. Liu, Susan P. Buchbinder, Christopher J. Rubino, Scott D. Holmberg
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

▪Objective: To evaluate the incidence of Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma among homosexual men infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ▪Design: Cohort study with computer-matched identification of participants with the Northern California Cancer Center registry. Population rate comparisons were made with data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry. ▪Participants: The 6704 homosexual men in the San Francisco City Clinic Cohort study. ▪Measurements: Incidence of Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, HIV infection, and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); calculation of sex and age-adjusted standardized morbidity ratios and attributable risk. ▪Results: Eight cases of Hodgkin disease and 90 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma were identified through computer matching among cohort members residing in the San Francisco Bay area from 1978 through 1989. Among the HIV-infected men, the age-adjustedstandardized morbidity ratio was 5.0 (95% Cl, 2.0 to 10.3) for Hodgkin disease and 37.7 (Cl, 30.3 to 46.7) for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The excess risk attributable to HIV infection was 19.3 cases of Hodgkin disease per 100 000 person-years and 224.9 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma per 100 000 person-years. ▪Conclusion: An excess incidence of Hodgkin disease was found in HIV-infected homosexual men. Additional well-designed epidemiologic studies are needed to determine whether Hodgkin disease should be considered an HIV-related malignancy.
AIDS in Women in the United States
Authors: Pascale M. Wortley
Journal: JAMA (1997)

The effect of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic on women is substantial and warrants an updated analysis.To describe AIDS incidence trends in women.We analyzed national surveillance data on women 13 years of age and older with AIDS reported through June 1996. Data were adjusted for reporting delay, unreported risk, and the 1993 change in AIDS surveillance case definition to assess overall trends and examine trends by age group and birth cohort.Surveillance conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in collaboration with state and local health departments.In 1995, women accounted for 19% of AIDS cases in adults; AIDS incidence rates per 100000 women were highest in black women (50.1), women in the Northeast (22.3), heterosexual contacts (5.5), and women living in metropolitan statistical areas with more than 1 million residents (15.9). Greatest increases in rates between 1991 and 1995 by region and mode of transmission were in the South and in heterosexual contacts. Greatest increases in AIDS incidence rates were observed in heterosexually infected women born between 1970 and 1974, ie, women who were 14 to 18 years old in 1988.These trends predict continued growth of the number of AIDS cases in women, especially in those in the South and those infected heterosexually, and suggest that successive cohorts of young women may be at risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection as they reach adolescence and young adulthood. Prevention programs must reach young women before they initiate sexual activity and drug use.
Pulmonary Artery Catheter Emboli: Successful Nonsurgical Removal
Authors: ANTHONY R. GERACI
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Migration of a polyethylene catheter to the pulmonary artery has occurred on three occasions within a period of 9 months. Nonsurgical removal was accomplished in all cases with a snare device constructed of ordinary materials available in most hospitals equipped to perform cardiac catheterizations. Emphasis is on careful insertion and removal of the percutaneous polyethylene devices and the avoidance of entry sites of flexibility that allow shearing movement to occur.
Comparison of nine blood tests and transient elastography for liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C: The ANRS HCEP-23 study
Authors: Jean-Pierre Zarski, Nathalie Sturm, Jérôme Guechot, Adeline Paris, Elie-Serge Zafrani, Tarik Asselah, Renée-Claude Boisson, Jean-Luc Bosson, Dominique Guyader, Jean-Charles Renversez, Jean-Pierre Bronowicki, Marie-Christine Gelineau, Albert Tran, Candice Trocme, Victor De Ledinghen, Elisabeth Lasnier, Armelle Poujol-Robert, Frédéric Ziegler, Marc Bourliere, Hélène Voitot, Dominique Larrey, Maria Alessandra Rosenthal-Allieri, Isabelle Fouchard Hubert, François Bailly, Michel Vaubourdolle
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Radionuclide Imaging in the Evaluation of Renal Transplant Failure
Authors: MARK S. GOLDSMITH, DOINA E. TANASESCU, ALAN D. WAXMAN, JOHN V. CRUES
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was compared with radionuclide scintigraphy (RNS) in 16 patients with renal transplants undergoing renal failure to determine which modality could best discriminate between rejection, acute tubular necrosis (ATN), and cyclosporin nephrotoxicity (CN). Although all rejecting transplants had reduced corticomedullary dilferenttation (CMD) on T1-weighted MR images, four of live cases of ATN had appearances that could not be distinguished from rejection. A normal CMO suggests nonrejection, but diminished CMO is nonspecific. Tc-99m DTPA/I-131 hippuran RNS was superior to MRI In differentiating rejection from ATN. Although ATN and CN have similar RNS patterns, this distinction can usually be made based on the clinical time course. Other potential uses of MRI in the evaluation of the renal transplants are discussed.
Examination of instruments used to rate quality of health information on the internet: chronicle of a voyage with an unclear destination
Authors: A. Gagliardi
Journal: BMJ (2002)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> This study updates work published in 1998, which found that of 47 rating instruments appearing on websites offering health information, 14 described how they were developed, five provided instructions for use, and none reported the interobserver reliability and construct validity of the measurements. <b>Design:</b> All rating instrument sites noted in the original study were visited to ascertain whether they were still operating. New rating instruments were identified by duplicating and enhancing the comprehensive search of the internet and the medical and information science literature used in the previous study. Eligible instruments were evaluated as in the original study. <b>Results:</b> 98 instruments used to assess the quality of websites in the past five years were identified. Many of the rating instruments identified in the original study were no longer available. Of 51 newly identified rating instruments, only five provided some information by which they could be evaluated. As with the six sites identified in the original study that remained available, none of these five instruments seemed to have been validated. <b>Conclusions:</b> Many incompletely developed rating instruments continue to appear on websites providing health information, even when the organisations that gave rise to those instruments no longer exist. Many researchers, organisations, and website developers are exploring alternative ways of helping people to find and use high quality information available on the internet. Whether they are needed or sustainable and whether they make a difference remain to be shown. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> The rapid growth of healthcare websites in the 1990s was accompanied by initiatives to rate their quality, including award-like symbols on websites A systematic review of the reliability and validity of such rating instruments, published in 1998, showed that they were incompletely developed <h3>What this study adds</h3> Few of the rating instruments identified in 1998 remain functional; 51 new instruments were identified Of the 51 newly identified instruments, 11 were not functional, 35 were available but provided no information, and five provided information but were not validated Many researchers, organisations, and website developers are exploring alternative ways of helping people to find high quality information on the internet