tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Low Back Pain Syndrome
Authors: Dorothea D. Glass
Journal: JAMA (1981)

This is an interesting, concise, and pithy presentation that clearly and simply unravels the complexities of the anatomy and physiology of the back, underlying the many problems that attend its dysfunctions and lead to pain. This excellent exposition is amplified by numerous well-executed drawings that further clarify the points made in the text. Those acquainted with the previous editions of this book will welcome the changes and new additions that increase its usefulness and practical value. Dr Cailliet begins with a masterful explanation of the anatomic and functional aspects of the static and kinetic elements of the normal back, as a basis for a clear understanding of the dysfunctions leading to pain. He then discusses the clinical application of these concepts concerning low back mechanics in specific diagnosis and treatment of pain syndromes. A comprehensive therapeutic approach and correction of faulty mechanics in management of low back pain includes a
The <i>non</i>-significance of straw man arguments
Authors: Niels G. Waller, Wesley O. Johnson
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

We demonstrate that Statistical significance (Chow 1996) includes straw man arguments against (1) effect size, (2) meta-analysis, and (3) Bayesianism. We agree with the author that in experimental designs, H 0 “is the effect of chance influences on the data-collection procedure . . . it says nothing about the substantive hypothesis or its logical complement” (Chow 1996, p. 41).
Plasma interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) levels during acute hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Jason Grebely, Jordan J. Feld, Tanya Applegate, Gail V. Matthews, Margaret Hellard, Alana Sherker, Kathy Petoumenos, Geng Zang, Ineke Shaw, Barbara Yeung, Jacob George, Suzy Teutsch, John M. Kaldor, Vera Cherepanov, Julie Bruneau, Naglaa H. Shoukry, Andrew R. Lloyd, Gregory J. Dore
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

Abstract Systemic levels of interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) are predictive of treatment-induced clearance in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). In the present study, factors associated with plasma IP-10 levels at the time of acute HCV detection and the association between IP-10 levels and spontaneous clearance were assessed in three cohorts of acute HCV infection. Among 299 individuals, 245 (181 male, 47 human immunodeficiency virus-positive [HIV+]) were HCV RNA+ at acute HCV detection. In adjusted analysis, factors independently associated with IP-10 levels ≥150 pg/mL (median level) included HCV RNA levels &gt;6 log IU/mL, HIV coinfection and non-Aboriginal ethnicity. Among 245 HCV RNA+ at acute HCV detection, 214 were untreated (n = 137) or had persistent infection (infection duration ≥26 weeks) at treatment initiation (n = 77). Spontaneous clearance occurred in 14% (29 of 214). Individuals without spontaneous clearance had significantly higher mean plasma IP-10 levels at the time of acute HCV detection than those with clearance (248 ± 32 versus 142 ± 22 pg/mL, P = 0.008). The proportion of individuals with spontaneous clearance was 0% (0 of 22, P = 0.048) and 16% (27 of 165) and in those with and without plasma IP-10 levels ≥380 pg/mL. In adjusted analyses, favorable IL28B genotype was associated with spontaneous clearance, while higher HCV RNA level was independently associated with lower odds of spontaneous clearance. Conclusion : High IP-10 levels at acute HCV detection were associated with failure to spontaneously clear HCV. Patients with acute HCV and high baseline IP-10 levels, particularly &gt;380 pg/mL, should be considered for early therapeutic intervention, and those with low levels should defer therapy for potential spontaneous clearance.
Laser Ablation of Ampullary Carcinoma
Authors: A L Fowler, C P Barham, B J Britton, H Barr
Journal: Endoscopy (1999)

The aim of this study was to assess whether the use of laser ablation could palliate or potentially cure ampullary carcinoma.This study involved patients with confirmed ampullary carcinomas who were deemed fit for repeated endoscopic treatment but who were unfit for more radical treatment, and included six patients in Oxford and six in Gloucester. Repeated laser therapy was used after endoscopic stenting, following investigation as described.Good periods of survival were seen with good palliation and no complications of treatment. The longest survival was 36 months (range 4-36, median 21). Duodenal obstruction was successfully relieved in one patient.The treatment shows promise in selected patients, but conclusions are limited by the small numbers and lack of controls in this study.
Managing Oncologic Emergencies Involving Structural Dysfunction
Authors: D. J. Glover, J. H. Glick
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1985)

As antitumor therapy becomes more effective and less toxic, it is imperative to recognize potentially life-threatening or permanently disabling complications that may be prevented or reversed by prompt action. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of oncologic emergencies may both improve the quality of life and increase the length of survival, allowing more cancer patients to receive an adequate trial of definitive therapy designed to eradicate or palliate their disease.
Reduced serum haptoglobin values in hemophiliacs receiving monoclonally purified factor viii concentrates
Authors: George R. Buchanan, Christine A. Holtkamp, Andrea Johnson
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1990)

Abstract Hemophiliacs often have mild anemia, and hemolysis has been suggested as the likely mechanism on the basis of the reduced serum haptoglobin values frequently observed in these patients. It has been suggested that hypohaptoglobinemia results from isohemagglutinins or other contaminating proteins in the infused factor concentrates. The advent and increased utilization of Factor VIII concentrates that are highly purified by use of monoclonal antibodies have provided the opportunity to study whether proteins other than Factor VIII contained in the concentrate induce hemolysis. Of 49 consecutively studied Factor VIII‐deficient hemophiliacs, 19 (39%) had a reduced serum haptoglobin level (&lt; 27 mg/dl). In particular, 16 of 35 (46%) of patients receiving only monoclonally purified Factor VIII products (Monoclate or Hemofil‐M) had a reduced serum haptoglobin value. Haptoglobin measurements were variable on repeat measurement in 8 patients. Haptoglobin levels did not correlate with type or severity of hemophilia, hemoglobin value, or alterations in liver function. Low serum haptoglobin values were also observed in children with leukemia, without apparent hemolysis, who had extensive cutaneous hemorrhage associated with thrombocytopenia. We propose that reduced serum haptoglobin values in hemophiliacs do not result from immune‐mediated hemolysis due to contaminating proteins in the concentrate. Moreover, hypohaptoglobinemia may not be due to hemolysis at all but may instead result from dissolution of hematomas and other foci of internal hemorrhage.
Concise Information on Thoracic Surgery
Authors: T. H. Sellors
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Reviewswhole-time teachers (here again he comments that the private practice of psychoanalysis often constitutes a disincentive to whole-time, and indeed to thorough, teaching), and by more use of audiovisual aids.Perhaps one may be allowed to criticize Dr. Werkman for too summarily dismissing the intern and-later years as appropriate times for further education in psychiatry.Without detracting from his survey of medical schools, he might perhaps have said more about the proper field of their endeavour and the advantages to be gained by assigning part of their task to the graduate years.This book is brief, lucid, provocative, and informative.It gives a r~sum6 of official reports on psychiatric education, as well as 'a useful list of references to papers skilfully woven into the text.By sparing us a mass of detail about timetables and concentrating on principles, as well as by freely offering his personal comment on what
Effects of Selective Autonomic Blockade on T-Wave Alternans in Humans
Authors: Eric J. Rashba, Michael Cooklin, Karen MacMurdy, Neal Kavesh, Malcolm Kirk, Samantha Sarang, Robert W. Peters, Stephen R. Shorofsky, Michael R. Gold
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background — T-wave alternans (TWA) is an important noninvasive measure of ventricular arrhythmia vulnerability. This study tested the hypothesis that the autonomic nervous system influences TWA measurement in high-risk subjects with coronary artery disease. Methods and Results — T-wave alternans was measured in 60 patients with coronary artery disease, left ventricular dysfunction, and inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia during electrophysiological studies. All patients had TWA measured at baseline with atrial pacing at 100 bpm (600 ms), 109 bpm (550 ms), and 120 bpm (500 ms). After a 10-minute recovery period, TWA was measured again after sympathetic blockade (esmolol, n=20), parasympathetic blockade (atropine, n=20), or no intervention (control subjects, n=20). The prevalence of significant TWA was unchanged compared with baseline after atropine infusion and in the control group. In contrast, the amplitude of TWA in the vector magnitude lead was significantly reduced after esmolol infusion ( P &lt;0.001), and the number of positive TWA tests was reduced by 50% (70% versus 35%, P &lt;0.05). Conclusions — Our findings have important implications for the use of TWA to risk-stratify patients for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and provide a new potential mechanism for the reduction in sudden cardiac death conferred by β-blockers among patients with coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure.
Arteriovenous Fistula of the Superior Mesenteric Vessels after a Gunshot Wound
Authors: Nathan B. Rabhan, James G. Guillebeau, Edwin L. Brackney
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

FISTULAS between arteries and portal veins are uncommon. Reported in the literature are 5 such cases of the hepatic artery and portal veins,1 2 3 4 5 8 of the splenic artery and vein6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 and 3 of mesenteric arteries and veins.14 15 16 This report describes the first known case of an arteriovenous fistula of the superior mesenteric vessels caused by a bullet wound.Case ReportJ.G., a 22-year-old man, was seen in another hospital on October 19, 1958, 8 months before death, which was due to a single 0.22-caliber bullet wound of the abdomen. He was in shock, with a rapid, weak pulse and blood . . .
Chronic Vasodilator Therapy in the Management of Cardiogenic Shock and Intractable Left Ventricular Failure
Authors: JAY N. COHN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1974)

A patient with cardiogenic shock and intractable left ventricular failure due to coronary artery disease was treated with a 21-day infusion of sodium nitroprusside followed by chronic administration of nitrates by mouth and topically. Heart size has returned nearly to normal, and functional status has markedly improved. Hemodynamic and clinical deterioration occurred initially whenever the nitroprusside infusion was stopped and more recently when the chronic vasodilator therapy was discontinued. These observations suggest that chronic reduction of impedance to left ventricular ejection may be a useful approach to the treatment of severe left ventricular failure.
The Amount of Food-Specific IgE at Age 1 Year is Associated with the Risk of Asthma at Age 6 Years
Authors: K SHANOVICH, M EVANS, C TISLER, K ROBERG, E ANDERSON, T PAPPAS, L SALAZAR, N HALLETT, D DASILVA, R GANGNON
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2008)
Serum polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans among people eating contaminated home-produced eggs and beef.
Authors: L R Goldman, M Harnly, J Flattery, D G Patterson, L L Needham
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

We compared serum polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) among residents of two homes to levels among age- and sex-matched comparison subjects. The residents of the two homes consumed contaminated eggs and beef from animals raised at the homes. The animals had greater soil contact than those raised with conventional commercial husbandry practices. The comparison subjects were from a similar rural area, but did not consume home-produced beef and eggs. Serum levels of 2,3,7, 8-substituted tetra-, penta-, and hexaCDDs and penta-, hexa-, and heptaCDFs were increased between 2- and 6-fold in residents from one home; contaminated eggs and beef were consumed by residents for 2-15 years. Elevations were less for those in the other index home, where only home-produced eggs were consumed for 2 years; a 3-fold elevation of 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexaCDD as compared to controls was most apparent. Very strong bivariate correlations among all of the 2,3,7, 8 penta- and hexaCDDs/CDFs were observed. The elevations observed verify that PCDD/PCDF-contaminated food contributed to the body burden of these compounds. The blood levels among the highest exposed participants are generally higher than those observed in other studies of U.S. contaminated-fish consumers and higher than average adipose tissue levels observed in U.S. urban populations. There are sufficient animal toxicologic and human epidemiologic data to recommend that exposures be reduced. In the study area, pentachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol incineration sources have been identified, and the animal contamination and blood elevations probably reflect these sources. Soil reference values and site-specific risk assessments should include estimates of exposures to contamination in home-produced animal products. Such estimates can be verified with limited PCDD/PCDF sampling of animals and humans.
The Men or Women Behind Nevi: Sophie Spitz
Authors: Nazzaro Gianluca
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2014)

An eponym is a person or a thing after which a particular place, object, discovery, disease, syndrome, and so forth, is named. In the field of medicine, and especially in dermatology, many eponyms are used, and physicians often do not know who is the man or woman behind them.
ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RESPIRATORY QUOTIENTS AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF CERTAIN CARBOHYDRATES
Authors: Walter R. Campbell, E. J. Maltby
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1928)

Following the administration of dihydroxyacetone there is a temporary increase in the carbon dioxide production and a secondary increase in the oxygen consumption, as has been shown by others as well as ourselves (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).In some respects the results differ from those following glucose administration.The increase in CO2 occurs more sharply, that of oxygen gradually, but at the end of four hours the average oxygen consumption approximates that of the preliminary control period in both cases.The so-called respiratory quotient becomes very high (1.0 to 1.31) on account of the increased CO2 elimination and this has been interpreted as indicating a differ- ence in the metabolism of the triose (increased combustion) as com- pared with glucose and has been advanced as evidence that dihydroxyacetone is metabolized more readily than glucose and is, therefore, more suitable for the treatment of diabetics than glucose itself.The bulk of the other evidence on accurately controlled experimental animals is definitely opposed to this view and supports the opinion that the triose is converted into glucose prior to its utilization.On examination two inconsistencies reveal themselves: First, that a respiratory quotient above 1.0 should be regarded as signifying that a substance with a respiratory quotient of 1.0 is being burned; secondly, that the CO2 elimination precedes the increased oxygen intake.When we consider that a similar rise in oxygen absorption and CO2 elimina- tion occurs in completely depancreatized animals fed the triose, even while they are excreting the equivalent of the triose given as glucose in the urine, this interpretation becomes remarkable and, we believe, untenable.
Questioning the Methodologic Superiority of ‘Placebo’ Over ‘Active’ Controlled Trials
Authors: Jeremy Howick
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2009)

A resilient issue in research ethics is whether and when a placebo-controlled trial (PCT) is justified if it deprives research subjects of a recognized treatment. The clinicians' moral duty to provide the best available care seems to require the use of 'active' controlled trials (ACTs) that use an established treatment as a control whenever such a therapy is available. In another regard, ACTs are supposedly methodologically inferior to PCTs. Hence, the moral duty of the clinical researcher to use the best methods will favor PCTs. In this target article, I analyze the three reasons for believing that ACTs are inferior to PCTs namely: 1) ACTs lack 'assay sensitivity'; 2) ACTs do not measure absolute effect size; and 3) ACTs require more participants; and I contend that none are acceptable. Consequently the tension between clinical and research ethics dissolves: the moral duty of the clinician to avoid PCTs is unopposed by methodological considerations.
Reference bias in reports of drug trials.
Authors: P C Gotzsche
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Articles published before 1985 describing double blind trials of two or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis were examined to see whether there was any bias in the references they cited. Althogether 244 articles meeting the criteria were found through a Medline search and through examining the reference lists of the articles retrieved. The drugs compared in the studies were classified as new or as control drugs and the outcome of the trial as positive or not positive. The reference lists of all papers with references to other trials on the new drug were then examined for reference bias. Positive bias was judged to have occurred if the reference list contained a higher proportion of references with a positive outcome for that drug than among all the articles assumed to have been available to the authors (those published more than two years earlier than the index article). Altogether 133 of the 244 articles were excluded for various reasons--for example, 44 because of multiple publication and 19 because they had no references. Among the 111 articles analysed bias was not possible in the references of 35 (because all the references gave the same outcome); 10 had a neutral selection of references, 22 a negative selection, and 44 a positive selection--a significant positive bias. This bias was not caused by better scientific standing of the cited articles over the uncited ones. Thus retrieving literature by scanning reference lists may produce a biased sample of articles, and reference bias may also render the conclusions of an article less reliable.
Europe's mental health strategy
Authors: Kristian Wahlbeck, Vappu Taipale
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The committee advised on standards of disclosure that would be included in the donor's informed consent.These comprise 22 fields that cover all aspects of the donor experience, from the reason for donation to the principles of confidentiality.The advisory committee also published two sample documents that covered initial consent for evaluation and consent to surgery.The shortage of available organs has raised concerns that potential donors could be pressured, perhaps unwittingly, by relatives and overenthusiastic clinicians.Transplant teams must make every effort to ensure that donors are not coerced in any way when making their decision.Even after that decision has been made, potential donors must be screened and told that they may be ineligible for a variety of reasons and that they can change their mind about donating at any time.The process involves psychological assessment and medical consultation, physical examination, laboratory investigations, and an array of imaging tests including some form of renal angiography.Donors must also be warned that these investigations might show up previously undetected pathology.Before surgery, teams should inform donors about the surgical technique to be used and the expected postoperative course, including any alternative procedures that may become necessary, and the potential morbidity (both physical and psychological) and mortality.Depression, psychological illness, and family conflict are more likely in older donors and those who lack social support, and after rejection of the donated organ. 10 It is important to explain to donors the evidence on outcomes for both donors and recipients.Most living donors are relatives with altruistic reasons for donating who have a strong desire for recipients to do well.
Cocktails for Two
Authors: Keith Wrenn
Journal: JAMA (2006)

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Differential Effect of Formoterol on Adenosine Monophosphate and Histamine Reactivity in Asthma
Authors: JULIA A. NIGHTINGALE, DUNCAN F. ROGERS, PETER J. BARNES
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

Short-acting β2-agonists provide greater protection against bronchoconstriction induced by adenosine 5 ′ -monophosphate (AMP) than by direct-acting bronchoconstrictors such as histamine and methacholine. AMP is thought to cause bronchoconstriction via release of mediators from mast cells, which suggests that these drugs stabilize mast cells in vivo. This in vivo property has not yet been demonstrated for long-acting β2-agonists. We undertook a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study to investigate the effects of a single dose of formoterol inhaled via Turbuhaler (12 μ g) and of albuterol inhaled via Turbuhaler (200 μ g) on airway responsiveness to AMP and histamine in 16 subjects with mild atopic asthma. Albuterol reduced airway responsiveness to AMP and histamine by 4.1 ± 0.5 and 3.5 ± 0.4 doubling doses, respectively. In contrast, formoterol caused a greater protective effect against AMP than against histamine challenge, decreasing airway responsiveness by 6.0 ± 0.8 and 4.2 ± 0.4 doubling doses, respectively (p < 0.05). Thus, the long-acting β2-agonist formoterol appears to have a mast cell-stabilizing effect in vivo in mild asthma.