tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HIV, Stigma, and Rates of Infection: A Human Rights and Public Health Imperative
Authors: Susan Timberlake, Jason Sigurdson
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

s PLoS Medicine, Daniel Reidpath and Kit Yee Chan challenge the widely cited link between HIV-related stigma and the spread of the epidemic [1].This is an important question, given the heavy emphasis on stigma in policies of the World Health Organization, the Joint United Programme on HIV/AIDS, and other public health institutions, but in making their argument Reidpath and Chan misrepresent the connections that other authors have made between stigma and viral transmission, ignore evidence that does suggest an association, and propose a model of their own for which they offer no evidence.HIV infection establishes itself fi rst in certain high-risk groups-men who have sex with men, intravenous drug users, sex workers, mobile populations-and only later moves into the general population.In the early stages of the epidemic, stigma facilitates transmission within high-risk groups, because these already marginalized groups receive little attention from policy makers and the health-care community and are further discriminated against when they are identifi ed with HIV and AIDS [2].Stigma also prevents or makes it more diffi cult for members of high-risk groups to access preventive services, including HIV antibody testing [3].Reidpath and Chan distort this dynamic by describing a model in which stigma leads to fear which leads to unsafe behavior.We know of no one who suggests that stigma causes sex between men or intravenous drug use.Instead, there is evidence that HIV-related stigma makes it diffi cult for people to take actions to reduce their risks; for example, by accessing HIV education [4], exchanging needles [5], and negotiating condom use [6].Stigma may even lead women who know they are HIV positive to breast-feed their infants rather than arouse suspicion of their serostatus through formula feeding [7].This undoubtedly increases the risk of vertical viral transmission.Reidpath and Chan go on to propose that stigma may actually "slow the spread of infection from those [highrisk] groups to the general population."Although there is a plausible logic to this suggestion, there is no evidence for it.Even if stigma does reduce the opportunities that marginalized groups have to transmit HIV to the broader population, this would have little effect on the dynamics of a generalized epidemic.While they recognize that stigma presents a barrier to the treatment and care of people living with HIV, Reidpath and Chan fail to recognize the association this may have with increased transmission.HIV-related stigma discourages people from disclosing their status, entering care, and adhering to antiretroviral regimens, all of which represent missed opportunities for prevention.Around the world HIV capitalizes on and reinforces social stigma and discrimination, especially the low status of women.Defeating the epidemic requires an honest examination of all these phenomena and interventions that target both the virus itself and its widespread social impacts.
A Group Psychotherapy Approach to the Treatment of Neurotic Symptoms in Male and Female Patients of Homosexual Preference
Authors: L. Covi
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1972)

A group psychotherapy approach to the treatment of neurotic outpatients who show a homosexual preference in their sexual life is described. Male and female patients were treated in the same group. The characteristics of the patients, the differences between male and female members and some of the group dynamics, techniques and results obtained are presented.
Surgical specimens to be tested for new variant CJD
Authors: J. Warden
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The discovery of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (nvCJD) in the appendix of a patient who later developed the disease has provided British scientists with an opportunity to measure its prevalence in the population for the first time, as well as opening up unprecedented diagnostic possibilities.

A programme of testing several thousand pathological specimens of appendixes and tonsils is to start under government supervision. The testing will be done on an anonymous retrospective basis, using specimens removed during routine surgery. If this produces a positive result the programme would become proactive, with tests on appendixes and tonsils before surgery.

The recent discovery of …
Hemocompatibility of liposomes loaded with lipophilic prodrugs of methotrexate and melphalan in the lipid bilayer
Authors: Natalia R. Kuznetsova, Chantal Sevrin, David Lespineux, Nicolai V. Bovin, Elena L. Vodovozova, Tamás Mészáros, Janos Szebeni, Christian Grandfils
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2011)
Ectopic soft tissue calcium deposition following liver transplantation
Authors: Santiago J. Munoz, Steven B. Nagelberg, Paul J. Green, John D. Angstadt, Shuin L. Yang, Bruce E. Jarrell, Willis C. Maddrey
Journal: Hepatology (1988)

We observed ectopic soft tissue calcification affecting seven patients following orthotopic liver transplantation. The cause of such calcification is unknown, but potential pathogenetic factors include hyperparathyroidism, calcium administered during and following surgery, renal failure, acid-base changes and citrate in fresh frozen plasma. To investigate some of the mechanisms underlying ectopic calcification following liver transplantation, we determined preoperative levels of ionized serum calcium, phosphate, magnesium, parathyroid hormone (midmolecule assay) and 1,25-(OH) 2 vitamin D in 20 patients who underwent 24 liver transplants. In addition, these parameters were measured weekly in 15 patients during the first month after liver transplantation. Preoperatively, 5 of the 20 patients had elevated serum levels of parathyroid hormone, and 9 others had low levels of 1,25-(OH) 2 vitamin D. After liver transplantation, ectopic calcification was found in seven patients (47%). The organs affected in order of frequency were lungs, liver graft, colon, vascular walls, kidneys, adrenal glands and gastric mucosa. One patient with ectopic calcification of both lungs had markedly restricted pulmonary function as well as radiologic evidence of osteopenia and pathologic fractures of three vertebrae. Postoperatively, increased parathyroid hormone levels were found in all patients who developed soft tissue calcification. Parathyroid hormone levels peaked during the second week after transplantation and were higher at all times compared to subjects without calcification. Five of the seven patients with ectopic calcification had associated renal failure. Individuals who developed calcification had received significantly more fresh frozen plasma, red blood cells and elemental calcium postoperatively, but showed no difference in serum levels of calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, total plasma CO 2 or phosphate levels when compared to patients without calcification. We conclude that multiorgan ectopic soft tissue calcification may complicate the postoperative course following liver transplantation. In one patient, calcifications were associated with respiratory insufficiency and bone fractures. Renal failure, secondary hyperparathyroidism and large amounts of transfused blood-derived products appear to be major factors associated with ectopic calcification. We speculate that renal failure and the citrate contained in massive fresh frozen plasma transfusions lead to transient hypocalcemia, which in turn stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Under these conditions, local tissue injury and concomitant administration of exogenous calcium may result in soft tissue calcium deposition.
Factors controlling gastric-glucagon release.
Authors: P J Lefèbvre, A S Luyckx
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1977)

A system consisting of an isolated dog stomach perfused with whole blood has been designed to study gastric glucagon secretion. Under basal conditions, gastric glucagon release was 0.0-3.1 ng glucagon/100g of stomach per min. Arginine, at an arterial plasma concentration averaging 10 mM, elicited a rapid glucagon release. This gastric glucagon release was almost completely abolished by somatostatin (100 ng/ml). The release of gastric glucagon was not affected by hyperglycemia alone but was reduced by about 40% when hyperglycemia was concomitant with an hyperinsulinemia within the physiological range. These observations support the concept that adequate concentrations of insulin are necessary in order for hyperglycemia to inhibit gastric glucagon secretion. Furthermore, it is suggested that the isolated perfused dog stomach might provide a unique tool permitting investigation of alpha-cell function in the absence of endogenously released insulin.
Mechanisms leading to hypogonadism in men with burns injuries.
Authors: C G Semple, W R Robertson, R Mitchell, D Gordon, C E Gray, G H Beastall, W H Reid
Journal: BMJ (1987)

A profound and persistent depression of serum testosterone concentrations was found in 19 men with burns injuries. This could not be explained by changes in sex hormone binding globulin capacity, hyperprolactinaemia, classical primary testicular failure, or a hypogonadotrophic state. Pulsatile release of luteinising hormone was found in control subjects but was absent or diminished in burnt patients with low serum testosterone concentrations. In addition, these patients showed reduced biological activity of luteinising hormone as measured by bioassay even though normal concentrations of luteinising hormone were detected by radioimmunoassay. The temporary hypogonadism after burns injury and possibly in other clinical states may be related to hypothalamic dysfunction, which leads to abnormal generation of luteinising hormone releasing hormone and non-pulsatile secretion of luteinising hormone of reduced biological activity.
Abstract 246: Mammary cancer preventive activity of an extract of withania somnifera roots
Authors: kamel F. Khazal, Donald Hill, Clinton J. Grubbs
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Mammary cancer preventive activity of an alcoholic extract of Withania somnifera (WS) roots was examined in female ErbB2+/- (MMTV/Neu) mice. The WS root extract was mixed with feed at a concentration of 750 mg/kg of diet. Mice treated with the root extract developed fewer mammary tumors relative to mice in the untreated group; after 310 days, mice in the treated group had an average of 1.62 tumors, and mice in the control group had 2.48, a reduction of 33% (p=0.1). Representative samples of the mammary tumors were examined histologically after staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) and for proliferation (Ki67 and PCNA). For mammary tumors of control mice, sections stained with H&amp;E showed high mitotic activity, whereas in tumors from treated mice, there was low mitotic activity. Labeling indices for Ki67 and PCNA markers in cancers of treated mice were 35% and 30% lower, respectively, than those of the control group. Expression of the cytokine CCL2 was 50% lower in cancers of the treated group. These results indicate that the root extract of WS reduces mammary tumor formation and tumor cell proliferation. Supported by grant U54 CA118948. Citation Format: kamel F. Khazal, Donald Hill, Clinton J. Grubbs. Mammary cancer preventive activity of an extract of withania somnifera roots. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 246. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-246
Aging Research on the International Agenda
Authors: Norman Swan
Journal: JAMA (1999)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Thermally Induced Asthma
Authors: CHAKRADHAR KOTARU, ALBERT CORENO, MARY SKOWRONSKI, RUSSELL CIUFO, E. R. McFADDEN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

The purpose of the present study was to determine if nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the pathogenesis of thermally induced asthma. To provide data on this issue, 10 normal and 13 asthmatic subjects performed isocapnic hyperventilation with frigid air while the fractional concentration of NO in the expirate air (FENO) was serially monitored with a chemiluminescence analyzer. FEV1 was measured before and after hyperpnea. Prior to and throughout the challenge, the asthmatics had significantly larger values for FENO (baseline FENO normal, 11 +/- 2 ppb; asthma, 16 +/- 1; p = 0.03). Posthyperpnea, the normal subjects had little change in bronchial caliber (deltaFEV1 baseline to 5 min posthyperpnea, -3.5 +/- 1.5%; p = 0.06), whereas the patients with asthma developed significant airway obstruction (deltaFEV1, -27.7 +/- 2.9%; p = 0.0001). During hyperventilation, the volume of NO rose in both groups. The asthmatic subjects, however, generated approximately 55% more NO/min than did the normal control subjects even though their level of ventilation was approximately 66% less. In contrast to the normal subjects, NO production in the asthmatics continued into the recovery period after the challenge stopped and FENO rose temporally as the airflow limitation developed. These results suggest that NO plays an intimate role in the development of airway obstruction that follows hyperpnea.
Amylase activity in human bile.
Authors: L A Donaldson, S N Joffe, W McIntosh, M J Brodie
Journal: Gut (1979)

The mean amylase level in 42 human bile samples was 154 IU/l and there was no significant difference in the amylase activity of 32 paired serum and bile samples. Estimation of the amylase thermolability of bile showed it to be similar to that of serum. This suggests that the amylase activity in bile may have filtered through the liver from the hepatic circulation rather than refluxed from the pancreatic duct. The presence of amylase in human bile provides further evidence that the liver might have a role in the regulation of serum amylase.
Virus-free iPS-derived cardiomyocytes: a new piece in the puzzle of patient-tailored therapies
Authors: A. Barbuti
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2011)

This editorial refers to ‘Pharmacological response of human cardiomyocytes derived from virus-free induced pluripotent stem cells’ by A. Mehta et al ., doi:10.1093/cvr/cvr132 

The potential of human embryonic stem (hES) cells for therapeutic purposes became immediately clear after their derivation by Thomson's group in 1998.1 It was also clear, though, that their origin represented their main limitation. The ethical and legislative issues challenging hES cell-based research have produced a ‘selective pressure’ in response to which a new type of stem cells has stemmed: human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells.2 The generation of hiPS cells from somatic cells, by virus-mediated ectopic expression of a very limited number of pluripotency genes (Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, Kfl4, and c-myc),3 is undoubtedly one of the most important research advancements of the last decade. hiPS cells have indeed overcome two of the most important drawbacks of hES cells: their ethically questionable origin and their intrinsic immunogenic potential.

The first generations of iPS cells presented nonetheless some important limitations, deriving from the random insertion of the reprogramming genes and of the virus in the genome, a manoeuvre that can repress genes influencing the differentiation potential or activate oncogenes. Recently, virus- and vector-free hiPS cells have been generated using episomal …
Hybrid SPECT/CT for Attenuation Correction of Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
Authors: Rui Huang, Fanglan Li, Zhen Zhao, Bin Liu, Xiaohong Ou, Rong Tian, Lin Li
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2011)

This study aimed to determine whether attenuation correction using the Hybrid SPECT/CT reduced attenuation artifacts.Ninety-nine patients (55 men and 44 women) underwent coronary angiography and electrocardiography gated stress/rest myocardial perfusion imaging using Tc-99m sestamibi (MIBI) with CT-attenuation correction (CT-AC) for stress scans. Visual semi-quantitative analysis of the CT-AC and noncorrected perfusion images was performed. In this study, there was 39.3% moderate or severe misregistration. The overall specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy for noncorrected versus CT-AC were 62.9% versus 79.0% (P = 0.041), 94.6% versus 91.9% (P = NS), and 74.7% versus 83.8% (P = 0.035), respectively. CT-AC increased specificity in the right coronary artery region, from 77.9% to 98.7% (P = 0.000), accompanied by a decrease in specificity in the left anterior descending region, from 94.1% to 82.4% (P = 0.008). CT-AC significantly reduced defect scores in the inferior wall. This was more obvious in men than in women (P = 0.027). In the anterior wall, although a tendency for defect scores to increase with CT-AC was observed only in men, no significant difference was found between the gender (P = 0.049).Attenuation correction using Hybrid SPECT/CT improved specificity in the right coronary artery, but decreased specificity in the left anterior descending. This technique is likely to be more useful in men than in women.
Misleading Findings on lndium-111 Leukocyte Images
Authors: HENRY M. GOODGOLD, LARRY D. SAMUELS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1986)

ln-111 leukocyte imaging usually yields images which are interpreted easily. Five potentially misleading cases were noted, however, of over 200 scans performed over a four-year period. These included two cases of bladder visualization without bladder inflammation and three cases of abdominal activity without intra-abdominal abscess or inflammatory bowel disease. Migration of leukocytes from other true pathologic sites and technical factors were responsible for the activity seen. Knowledge of all aspects of the patient's clinical status, including other diagnostic modalities performed, was critical in arriving at the correct diagnosis.
An unusual source of hospital wound infection.
Authors: W A Dickson, P Boothman, K Hare
Journal: BMJ (1984)

started.The chest pain was very intense and was relieved first after inter- costal blockade and high doses of dextropropoxyphene and paracetamol.The patient's condition deteriorated during the next week with fever up to 39-4°C.Analysis of blood gases showed a fall of oxygen pressure P02 to 8-4 kPa (63 mm Hg), and the pulmonary infiltrates increased in size and pleural effusion appeared (fig 2).Erythrocyte sedimentation rate increased to 131 FIG 1-Chest x ray film immediately after inhalation of liquid paraffins.
Torsion or Spontaneous Haemorrhagic Infarction of Testicle in Newborn Infant
Authors: S. Glaser, H. R. E. Wallis
Journal: BMJ (1954)

BJouxfL Garrod (1948).Streptomycin sulphate and the calcium chloride compound behaved similarly in these experiments.Following improvements in the dispensing and injection technique, 75 samples of streptomycin solution proved sterile on culture.We attribute this result, however, not so much to any specific changes in technique as to greater care having been taken when the hazard was understood.It seems advisable to impress on novices and occasionally to remind experienced staff that antibiotic solutions may not be self-sterilizing and that therefore they always require a rigorously aseptic technique in their use.Stable ready- prepared solutions of streptomycin have recently become available commercially, and these should reduce the danger of contamination, besides saving labour and lessening the risk of drug sensitization of staff.Samples of such a solution containing 0.25% phenol were examined.Little bactericidal action was observed over a period of 10 minutes with inocula of 10' streptomycin-resistant cocci per ml. of solution, and care therefore should not be relaxed even when such products are used.We are indebted to Dr. R.
Letter Regarding Article by Wang et al, “Coronary Artery Spatial Distribution of Acute Myocardial Infarction Occlusions”
Authors: Adnan Abaci
Journal: Circulation (2005)

To the Editor:I read with interest the recent article by Wang et al 1 investigating the geographical distribution of coronary thromboses causing ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI).The authors demonstrated that these thromboses are clustered within the proximal portions of the major epicardial coronaries.They claimed that diagnostic and therapeutic approaches designed to diagnose unstable plaques or to prevent subsequent thrombosis should focus on these high-risk locations.The authors proposed theoretical explanations for the proximal location of coronary thromboses, such as high shear stress.Gibson et al 2 also studied culprit lesion location in patients with STEMI, and reported similar findings-that the majority of culprit lesions in STEMI are located within the proximal third of the major coronary arteries.These 2 articles give the impression that the proximal coronary plaques are more prone to rupture.Although coronary artery disease is a diffuse disease, the diameter of vessel is one of the important factors in the development of plaques in the coronary arteries.We know that proximal location of atherosclerotic plaques occurs more frequently than does distal disease, and coronary stenoses of Ͼ50% of luminal diameter involve most frequently the proximal portion of the major coronary arteries. 3,4 For example, Hochman et al 4 demonstrated that of 252 vessels with Ն75% stenosis, 166 (66%) has proximal disease versus 107 (42%) with mid-disease and 40 (16%) with distal disease.They also showed that proximal lesions are long and diffuse, whereas distal lesions are more often short and discrete.Furthermore, Fox et al 5 demonstrated that the distribution of plaques in those vessels affected only by early fatty disease are concentrated proximally and diminish with distance downstream in all coronary arteries in subjects Ͻ40 years old dying of noncardiovascular causes.Acute coronary occlusions leading to STEMI tend to occur within the proximal third of the coronary arteries because the atherosclerotic plaques leading to coronary occlusions cluster within the proximal portions of the major epicardial coronaries.Although their finding is of potential therapeutic importance, it is not unexpected.Unfortunately, the authors do not comment on this issue.I think that the more intriguing fact is why the proximal portion of coronary arteries is more prone to atherosclerosis.
Exosomal miR-1290 and miR-375 as Prognostic Markers in Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Xiaoyi Huang, Tiezheng Yuan, Meihua Liang, Meijun Du, Shu Xia, Rachel Dittmar, Dian Wang, William See, Brian A. Costello, Fernando Quevedo, Winston Tan, Debashis Nandy, Graham H. Bevan, Sherri Longenbach, Zhifu Sun, Yan Lu, Tao Wang, Stephen N. Thibodeau, Lisa Boardman, Manish Kohli, Liang Wang
Journal: European Urology (2014)