tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRUSES AS OBSERVED IN THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Councilman Morgan, Calderon Howe, Harry M. Rose
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1961)

Stages in the development and release of Western equine encephalomyelitis virus are illustrated and described. It is suggested that precursor particles 22 mµ in diameter differentiate at template sites close to membranes bordering cytoplasmic vacuoles and that these particles either pass into the lumen of the vacuole, acquiring in the process a coat and peripheral membrane, or are dispersed in the cytoplasm and extruded through the cellular wall, emerging as viral particles on the surface. Although necrosis and dissolution of the cell with release of contents, including virus, may intervene at any stage of infection, ejection of virus from the vacuoles presumably can occur without rupture of the cell. The virus consists of a 30 mµ core separated by a zone of lesser density from a sharply defined peripheral membrane 45 to 48 mµ in diameter. Precursor particles, as well as viral particles, occasionally crystallize, the former in the cytoplasm, the latter in vacuoles and probably on the cellular surface.
Computer-Assisted Cranial Tomography in Early Diagnosis of Tuberous Sclerosis
Authors: Gilbert I. Martin
Journal: JAMA (1976)

THE DIAGNOSIS of tuberous sclerosis is not difficult when the classic triad of seizures, adenoma sebaceum, and mental retardation is present.<sup>1,2</sup>In the infant or young child, skin lesions may not be present, and further diagnostic studies are necessary to establish the diagnosis. Computer-assisted cranial tomography (CT) is an important new noninvasive roentgenographic technique<sup>3</sup>that enhances diagnostic capabilities and delineates multiple factors useful in the management of patients with tuberous sclerosis. <h3>Patients and Methods</h3> The patient group consisted of five boys and six girls ranging in age from 8 months to 12 years. Each child was referred with a diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis. All were receiving varied combinations of antiseizure medications. The clinical features of the disease in these patients are summarized in Table 1. Laboratory evaluation included CT, a skull series, and an electroencephalogram. The technical aspects of CT have been described previously.<sup>4</sup>In brief, a narrow,
Radionuclide Appearance of Rheumatoid Rib Erosions
Authors: D B HOGAN, R J R McKENDRY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1981)

Radioisotope scans were performed on three subjects with superior margin rib defects secondary to rheumatoid arthritis. All patients had negative Tc-99m-MDP scans of the involved rib areas. This suggests that the defects may not be secondary to active rheumatoid synovitis.
Increased Vascular permeability produced by human platelet granule cationic extract
Authors: Ralph L. Nachman, Babette Weksler, Barbara Ferris
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1970)

A cationic protein extract obtained from isolated human platelet granules increased vascular permeability in mouse and rabbit skin. The permeability-enhancing effect was not inhibited by soybean trypsin and pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, methylsergide maleate, carboxypeptidase B, and C[unk]1 inactivator. Permeability-enhancing activity was blocked by prior treatment of challenged animals with antihistamine. The nondializable relatively heat-stable cationic granule protein extract possessed potent mastocytolytic activity. The experiments described suggest that human platelets exert a permeability-enhancing effect by lysosomal release of cationic proteins which cause histamine release from adjacent tissue mast cells.
Safety lapses are common in US labs that handle deadly pathogens, experts tell Congress
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Safety lapses in US laboratories that study deadly pathogens are far too common, experts have told a congressional hearing on reports that scientists at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) repeatedly violated safety protocols when working with samples of anthrax, avian influenza, and other deadly pathogens.

The hearing, by the House Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, was prompted by an incident in June in which scores of CDC employees were potentially exposed to anthrax after a laboratory worker failed to adequately sterilize a sample of the deadly bacterium. A CDC review of the incident released last week found additional lapses, including the accidental transfer of a highly pathogenic strain of the H5N1 influenza, or “bird flu.”1

Tim Murphy, a Republican Representative for Pennsylvania who chaired the hearing, said that the anthrax incident and other newly disclosed safety lapses at CDC laboratories “raised serious questions about the CDC’s ability to safeguard properly select agents in its own labs.” Select agents are natural or manmade organisms or toxins that pose a severe threat to health.

In his testimony Tom Frieden, CDC director, told the committee that none of the safety lapses had caused any illnesses but that the “incidents should never have happened, and the lack of adequate procedures and oversight that allowed them to happen was totally unacceptable.” Previous safety failures had prompted the CDC to …
Meta-analysis: High-dose statin pretreatment prevents periprocedural cardiac events in patients having PCI
Authors: Emil L. Fosbol, Christopher B. Granger
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Source Citation Patti G, Cannon CP, Murphy SA, et al. Clinical benefit of statin pretreatment in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a collaborative patient-level meta-analysis of 13 randomized studies. Circulation. 2011;123:1622-32. 21464051
Some Paediatric Problems at Belsen Camp: A Clinical Survey
Authors: W. R. F. Collis, P. C. MacClancy
Journal: BMJ (1946)

MBDICALSJOURNAL 273to be + +.The cephalin flocculation test done on the blood of these two cases was + + in one case and ++ + in the other.Blood smears showed the presence of P. falciparum in both cases.In a case of chronic malaria with splenomegaly the cephalin flocculation test on the splenic blood was +++, while on the peripheral blood it was + + + +, despite the fact that no malaria parasites could be demonstrated from either the splenic puncture material or the peripheral blood.On the basis of the above data it seems reasonable to conclude that the cephalin flocculation test is an index of malarial activity in the tissues of the host.Group 3: Cases in which Malaria and Liver Disease were Ruled Out (Controls) This group of 90 cases consisted of subjects observed in the A.U.B. Hospital wards, and may be considered as a group of controls.Results.-In all cases the cephalin flocculation test was negative.Discussion In this paper I have presented evidence that in the great majority of malaria cases the cephalin flocculation test is positive to a significant degree.The percentage of positive tests was greater than the percentage of positive smears in our series.The fact that the test became positive near the onset of clinically recognizable symptoms should facilitate an early diagnosis of malaria where infectious hepatitis is ruled out, even though splenic enlargement may not be noted and blood films may still be negative for plasmodia.I suggest that the cephalin-cholesterol flocculation test be carried out as a routine on all prospective blood-bank donors, and that all positive reactors be excluded as possible carriers of malaria or infectious hepatitis.The need for the application of such a procedure to persons who have been in highly malarious areas, particularly returning personnel of the armed Services, is obvious.The simplicity, reliability, and established significance of this test in infectious hepatitis and chronic malaria make it the obvious method of choice for routine use. SummaryThe cephalin flocculation test was done on sera obtained from 105 malaria cases.A positive flocculation reaction was obtained in 96 cases (91.4%), it being ++ and above in 94 cases (89.5%).The proportion of positive smears was 73.7% (77 cases).The cephalin flocculation test tended to become, negative with antimalarial treatment.It thus may be used safely as an index of the activity of malaria parasites in the host.Use of the test on cerebrospinal fluid is suggested in cerebral malaria to determine the degree of activity of the infection.Routine use of the cephalin test on all prospective blood-bank donors is also suggested.
TCT-67 Can Duration Of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Predict Favourable Functional Status After An Out Of Hospital Cardiac Arrest? An Analysis From A Dedicated Heart Attack Centre
Authors: M Bilal Iqbal, Abtehale Al-Hussaini Al-Hussaini, Gareth Rosser, Salim Salehi, Maria Phylactou, Ramyah Rajakulasingam, Katharine E. Elliott, Jayna Patel, Poornima Mohan, Rebecca Green, Robert Smith, Charles D. Ilsley
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Blindness in the British Commonwealth
Authors: A. Sorsby
Journal: BMJ (1945)

Only a tentative estimate of the number of blind and the barest of 'assessments of the causes of blindness in the British Com- monwealth as a whole are possible.Fairly complete data are available for England, Wales, and Scotland, but those for other parts of the Empire vary between being relatively adequate to negligible.Any final analysis is therefore out of the question.
Inhibition of Bronchoprotective Effects of β<sub>2</sub>-Adrenoceptor Agonists by Peroxynitrite in Guinea Pig Airways
Authors: HIROSHI KANAZAWA, SATOSHI SHIRAISHI, TAKASHI OKAMOTO, KAZUTO HIRATA, JUNICHI YOSHIKAWA
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

Peroxynitrite plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including those affecting the lung. In inflamed airways, simultaneous cellular production of superoxide anion ( · O2 −) and nitric oxide (NO) may occur, potentially resulting in continuous formation of peroxynitrite. However, because peroxynitrite has a short half-life, its in vivo physiologic effects in the airways may not be sufficiently evaluated with a single administration. Accordingly, this study was designed to use 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), a compound that releases peroxynitrite, to determine whether peroxynitrite could alter airway β2-adrenoceptor ( β2-AR) function in anesthetized guinea pigs. Though SIN-1(10− 7 M) alone had no effect on pulmonary resistance, pretreatment with SIN-1 significantly attenuated isoprenaline- and salbutamol-induced bronchoprotection against acetylcholine. Pretreatment with SIN-1 also attenuated forskolin-induced bronchoprotection. S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a potent NO donor, did not have the same effect as SIN-1. N-Acetylcysteine and glutathione each significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of SIN-1 on isoprenaline-induced bronchoprotection in a dose-dependent manner. These striking findings suggested that peroxynitrite, but not NO, is an important mediator of alteration of β2-AR function in airway smooth muscle. Additionally, the action of peroxynitrite seems to be directed either at adenylate cyclase activity or at effects downstream of such activity.
Renal Papillary Necrosis
Authors: Arthur A. Hellebusch
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Necrotizing papillitis has been previously described as a fulminating form of acute pyelonephritis often resulting in death. Emergency treatment was given to four consecutive patients. Management consisted of drainage with an indwelling ureteral catheter to relieve obstruction, lavage of the renal pelvis to dissolve debris, administration of appropriate antibiotics, and adequate hydration. With this regimen, renal function was preserved and death from sepsis prevented.
Effects of hemipancreatectomy on pancreatic alpha and beta cell function in healthy human donors.
Authors: E R Seaquist, R P Robertson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

To assess the metabolic consequences of hemipancreatectomy in humans, we determined pancreatic beta and alpha cell function in healthy donors. Donors examined cross-sectionally were found to have significantly decreased glucose-induced phasic insulin secretion and arginine-induced insulin and glucagon secretion as compared to age, sex, and body index-matched controls. However, their fasting glucose and insulin values were not different from controls. Similar observations were found in the prospective evaluation of eight donors before and 15 +/- 2 mo after hemipancreatectomy. Beta cell reserve, as measured by glucose potentiation of arginine-induced insulin secretion, was significantly decreased in donors (maximal acute insulin response [AIRmax]: donors = 666 +/- 84 pM vs controls = 1,772 +/- 234 pM) while the PG50 (the glucose value at which the half-maximal response was observed) was the same in the two groups. Donors and controls responded to 60-min continuous intravenous infusions of glucose by reaching identical serum glucose values, despite significantly lower insulin secretory responses in donors. We conclude that hemipancreatectomy in human donors is associated with decreased pancreatic alpha and beta cell function. Since donors generally maintain normoglycemia after hemipancreatectomy despite diminished insulin secretion, our data suggest that healthy humans may compensate for hemipancreatectomy by increasing glucose disposal.
Noncanonical Functions of Telomerase: Implications in Telomerase-Targeted Cancer Therapies
Authors: Yinghui Li, Vinay Tergaonkar
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Telomerase plays a pivotal role in bypassing cellular senescence and maintaining telomere homeostasis, essential properties required for the sustenance and progression of cancer. However, recent investigations have uncovered extratelomeric properties of telomerase that are independent of its role in telomere extension. This review summarizes recent insights to the noncanonical functions of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) catalytic subunit, in particular in cancer progression, and highlights two major signaling mechanisms involved in the cross-talk with TERT-the NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. We propose a feed-forward regulatory loop mechanism underlying TERT activation in cancers in which TERT acts as a transcriptional modulator of oncogenic signaling pathways that sustain its own levels and control the induction of target genes critical for tumor cell survival and proliferation. Finally, we provide a new perspective on telomerase-targeted cancer therapies and suggest possible interventions targeting the nontelomeric roles of TERT. This therapeutic strategy can be used in the future targeting of other telomerase components that exhibit novel nontelomeric functions in cancer and other ailments.
Remarks on the Pathology of Syphilis: Being the Concluding Reply on the Debate at the Pathological Society of London
Authors: J. Hutchinson
Journal: BMJ (1876)

April 8, T876.the cells of the auditory perceptive centre by means of fibres connect- ing together the two: an explanation, perhaps, of the fact that fibres from the corpus striatum and thalamus pass to all marginal convolu- tions, whether in the motor or sensory regions of the hemispheres.And, as the motor nuclei of the cord can still be employed in reflex action through the sensory nuclei, as well as in voluntary motion by means of descending fibres from the corpus striatum, so may the word- groups in the corpus striatum be reached imitatively through the auditory perccptive centre, as well as through the third frontal gyrus.We come now to an important consideration.The auditory sense- centres and percelptive centres concerned in the formation of the word- groups being bilaterally associated, and the motor nerve-nuclei concerned in the utterance of words-those of the chest, larynx, tongue, and lips- being also bilaterally associated, the word-groups must be formed in both corpora striata, although the left hemisphere only is educated for speech.Were it otherwise, and were word-groups formed in the left corpus striatumn only, we should Eave aphasia equally from damage to this ganglion as fromu lesion of the third frontal gyrus of this side, which is not the case.Right hemiplegia is common enough without aphasia, and I know of no case on recomd in which lesion of the corpus striatum not extending higher has given rise to loss of speech.When
Evaluation of Fiducial Marker Migration and Respiratory-Induced Motion for Image Guided Radiotherapy in Whole Breast Irradiation.
Authors: K. Latifi, K. Forster, E. Harris
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: Image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) may be beneficial to improve set up accuracy and reduce treatment margins, therefore improving efficacy while decreasing long term toxicity of whole breast irradiation (WBI). In order to assess if intraparenchymal fiducials can facilitate the use of IGRT, this study quantifies fiducial motion over the normal course of whole breast irradiation.Materials and Methods: On a prospective IRB-approved protocol, fiducials were placed in fourteen patients who were then treated with 3D conformal WBI. Three or four intraparenchymal gold fiducial markers were placed in each patient at the periphery of the surgical bed intraoperatively. Free breathing 4D CT image sets were obtained at pre-treatment simulation and then every two weeks over a six week course of treatment. Each fiducial marker was contoured at end-inspiration and end-expiration on all 4D CT image sets. The effects of respiration induced motion were assessed by comparing the positions of the fiducials between inspiration and expiration. Overall fiducial migration was determined by comparing the relative positions of each marker to one another from the pre-treatment and post-treatment 4D CT image sets.Results: The 4D CT image sets were acquired over a period of 55±4 days with a range of 49 to 60 days. The respiration induced fiducial motion, as measured by the average change in the fiducials' center of mass, was 0.8±0.6 mm with a range of 0 to 2.2 mm. The average fiducial displacement over the course of treatment as determined from relative seed position from the image sets was 1.5±1.2 mm with a range of 0.1 to 3.3 mm for all individual fiducials with 71% of the fiducials moving closer to each other and 29% away from each other.Conclusions: The preliminary results of using gold fiducials for breast IGRT are promising. Fiducial position was very stable during treatment, and there was very little respiration induced motion. Using IGRT, there is the potential to improve the accuracy of daily set-up and to reduce margins in WBI. Better tumor bed localization and reduced margin size will decrease the volume of normal tissue treated, which may translate into improved local control by ensuring accurate coverage of the target volumes throughout the treatment course and improvement in cosmesis and other long term toxicities. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 4113.
Risk of testicular cancer in cohort of boys with cryptorchidism
Authors: A J Swerdlow, C D Higgins, M C Pike
Journal: BMJ (1997)

To determine the risk of testicular cancer in relation to undescended testis and its treatment based on recorded details of the maldescent, treatment, and biopsy from case notes.Cohort study.Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London.1075 boys with cryptorchidism treated by orchidopexy or hormones at the hospital during 1951-64.Relative risk of testicular cancer in the cohort compared with men in the general population.12 testicular cancers occurred in 11 of the patients during follow up to mid-1990 (relative risk of cancer in males with cryptorchidism = 7.5 (95% confidence interval 3.9 to 12.8)). The relative risk fell significantly beyond 15 years after orchidopexy but did not decrease with younger age at orchidopexy. Risk was significantly raised in testes that had had biopsy samples removed during orchidopexy (relative risk = 66.7 (23.9 to 143.3) compared with a testis in a man in the general population) and was significantly greater in these testes than in undescended testes that had not had biopsy samples taken at orchidopexy (6.7 (2.7 to 13.5)). No reasons for biopsy or distinguishing clinical aspects of the testes that had had biopsy samples taken and later developed malignancies were evident in the case notes. No histological abnormalities were evident at initial biopsy except in one testis that had features of dysgenesis.Biopsy seems to be a stronger risk factor for testicular cancer than any factor previously identified. The trauma of open biopsy may contribute substantially to risk of malignancy or the testes may have been selected for biopsy on the basis of clinical factors predictive of malignancy but not mentioned in the case notes.
Monitoring surgical mortality
Authors: Nancy N Baxter
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Scottish scheme has worked well but may not be transferable to other settings 

S hould surgical mortality be routinely monitored? In this issue Thompson and Stonebridge present a compelling argument for systematic audits (p 1139)1 and Esmail, in the first part of a new series on the General Medical Council and revalidation, argues that doctors will have nothing to fear from the GMC's revised plans (p 1144).2

The Scottish Audit of Surgical Mortality is a voluntary, peer reviewed, critical event analysis that has become an established part of standard surgical practice in Scotland. Scottish surgeons have shown tremendous support for the programme—99% of surgeons participate and 91% of deaths under surgical care in Scotland are audited. They support the scheme perhaps because …
Functional and molecular characterization of single serial killer CAR+ T cells demonstrates adaptive modification of behavior and fate based on tumor cell density
Authors: Navin Varadarajan, Ivan Liadi, Gabrielle Romain, Harjeet Singh, Laurence Cooper
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts T cells genetically modified to express a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) for the investigational treatment of B cell malignancies comprise a heterogeneous population, and their ability to persist and participate in serial killing of tumor cells is a predictor of