tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A 2020 Vision for Healthy People
Authors: Howard K. Koh
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

How can we best advance the collective health of the United States, while monitoring our progress? This year offers another opportunity to revisit this fundamental yet profound question through the lens of the Healthy People initiative. In setting the country's health-promotion and disease-prevention agenda for the past three decades, Healthy People has articulated overarching goals and tracked movement toward established targets. As we prepare for the next decade, the initiative aims to unify national dialogue about health, motivate action, and encourage new directions in health promotion, providing a public health roadmap and compass for the country.The initiative, launched by . . .
Effect of renal sympathetic nerve stimulation on proximal water and sodium reabsorption.
Authors: E Bell-Reuss, D L Trevino, C W Gottschalk
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

The renal responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation were studied in saline-expanded rats. The left kidney was partially denervated by crushing the left greater splanchnic nerve. Then the distal portion of the nerve was stimulated with square wave pulses of 0.5 ms duration, voltage twice threshold, and 1 or 2 Hz frequency while monitoring the compound action potential. Fibers with conduction speeds of 13-17 m-s-1 and of 0.7-1 m-s-1 were identified. Only stimulation of the latter appeared to produce changes in renal Na and water excretion. Whole kidney and individual nephron studies were performed alternating control and nerve stimulation periods. Nerve stimulation produced approximately a 25% reduction of the left kidney urine volume and sodium excretion. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow remained unchanged. Right kidney Na and water excretion, glomerular filtration rate, and renal plasma flow remained constant. In the left kidney, during nerve stimulation, the tubular fluid to plasma inulin concentration ratio increased significantly in the late proximal tubule. We conclude that the antidiuresis and antinatriuresis seen during sympathetic nerve stimulation were caused by increased sodium and water reabsorption in the proximal tubule, probably mediated by the stimulation of slowly conducting unmyelinated fibers. These responses appeared to be unrelated to systemic or intrarenal hemodynamic changes.
Briskly Bleeding Gastric Ulcer
Authors: P Vashi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Figure 1. A 67-year-old woman was evaluated for a one-week history of mild epigastric pain and black stools. On the day of admission she had two episodes of hematemesis. Physical examination revealed a pulse of 92 per minute, blood pressure of 120/67 mm Hg, and pallor with minimal epigastric tenderness. Hypochromic microcytic anemia was found, with a hematocrit of 25 percent. The patient was not taking aspirin or other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. She had quit smoking a few years earlier, after she was found to have ischemic heart disease.
Effects of Various Timings and Concentrations of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Lung Ischemia–Reperfusion
Authors: SHINYA MURAKAMI, EMILE A. BACHA, GUY M. MAZMANIAN, HÉLENE DÉTRUIT, ALAIN CHAPELIER, PHILIPPE DARTEVELLE, PHILIPPE HERVÉ
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Experimental studies reveal that inhaled nitric oxide (NO) can prevent, worsen, or have no effect on lung injury in the setting of ischemia–reperfusion (I–R). We tested the hypothesis that these disparate effects could be related to differences in the timing of administration and/or concentration of inhaled NO during I–R. Isolated rat lungs were subjected to 1-h periods of ischemia followed by 1-h periods of blood reperfusion. We investigated the effects of NO (30 ppm) given during ischemia, NO (30 or 80 ppm) begun immediately at reperfusion, or NO (30 ppm) given 15 min after the beginning of reperfusion, on total pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), the coefficient of filtration (Kfc), the lung wet/dry weight ratio (W/D) of lung tissue, and lung myeloperoxidase activity (MPO). A control group did not receive NO. NO given during ischemia had no effect on Kfc or MPO, but decreased PVR. NO (30 ppm) during reperfusion (early or delayed) decreased PVR, W/D, Kfc, and MPO. NO at 80 ppm decreased PVR and MPO but not W/D or Kfc. In conclusion, NO at 30 ppm, given immediately or in a delayed fashion during reperfusion, attenuates I–R-induced lung injury. NO at 30 ppm given during ischemia or at 80 ppm during reperfusion is not protective.
Transfusing blood safely and appropriately
Authors: M. F. Murphy, J. H. Waters, E. M. Wood, M. H. Yazer
Journal: BMJ (2013)

#### Summary points 

Blood transfusion is an essential part of modern healthcare and can be life saving when used appropriately. Blood services worldwide strive to provide a safe supply and work with hospitals to ensure that blood products are readily available for patients. Blood components such as red cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and granulocytes are prepared from whole blood donations or collected by apheresis. Plasma derivatives such as coagulation factor concentrates, immunoglobulins, and albumin are prepared from large pools of plasma under drug manufacturing conditions.

#### Sources and selection criteria

As well as using our personal reference collections, we searched the Cochrane database (www.cochrane.org), Clinical Evidence (http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com), Best Practice (http://bestpractice.bmj.com), and a library of systematic reviews in transfusion medicine (www.transfusionevidencelibrary.com). The review draws on multiple sources including national guidelines, peer reviewed original research publications including randomised controlled trials, and systematic reviews. Examples include transfusion guidelines from Australia and New Zealand, which were developed from a series of systematic reviews,1 and a special collection of systematic reviews on avoiding unnecessary transfusion in the Cochrane Library.2

The process of getting a unit of …
Lowering Cholesterol With Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
Authors: Mark R. Goldstein
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The Preliminary Communication by Nimer et al<sup>1</sup>on the cholesterol-lowering activity of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor that appeared in the December 9 issue ofThe Journalwas interesting, but indeed preliminary. There is a piece of important information that was omitted from this study: the total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured, but there was no measurement of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The triglyceride levels were not changed significantly and thus it was assumed the levels of very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not change. How much of the cholesterol-lowering effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor was from lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and how much from lowering of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was not determined. If there was a significant reduction in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in addition to the reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, any potential benefit in the prevention of atherosclerosis would be negated—especially if there was an unfavorable
Selective upregulation of a functional β<sub>7</sub> integrin on differentiating eosinophils
Authors: J. Lundahl, R. Sehmi, L. Hayes, K. Howie, J. A. Denburg
Journal: Allergy (2000)

Background: The sequence of adhesion‐molecule expression during eosinophil differentiation remains unclear. Methods: We analyzed the surface expression of α 4 , β 1 , and β 7 integrins and compared it to established myeloid developmental markers, using the eosinophilic cell line HL‐60 clone 15, as well as cord and peripheral blood differentiation assays. Results: Cells induced to eosinophil differentiation by treatment with butyric acid, IL‐5, and GM‐CSF showed a significant upregulation of β 7 integrin expression coincident with a marked upregulation of CD35 and attenuation of CD33 and β 1 integrin expression. In addition, adhesion of induced HL‐60 clone 15 cells to fibronectin was attenuated by a β 7 integrin antibody. Conclusions: Our data show that protein synthesis‐dependent upregulation of the functional β 7 integrin occurs under conditions when α 4 and β 1 integrins are fully expressed, indicating a sequential appearance of specific adhesion molecules on differentiating eosinophil progenitors.
LUPUS LEISHMANIASIS: A LEISHMANIASIS OF THE SKIN RESEMBLING LUPUS VULGARIS; HITHERTO UNCLASSIFIED
Authors: J. B. CHRISTOPHERSON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1923)

Journal Article LUPUS LEISHMANIASIS: A LEISHMANIASIS OF THE SKIN RESEMBLING LUPUS VULGARIS; HITHERTO UNCLASSIFIED Get access J. B. CHRISTOPHERSON, C.B.E., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S. J. B. CHRISTOPHERSON, C.B.E., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S. Late Medical Department, Sudan Government, Khartoum; Specialist in Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Pensions Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 35, Issue 4, 1 April 1923, Pages 123–131, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1923.tb09096.x Published: 01 April 1923
The Relation of Apolipoproteins A-I and B in Children to Parental Myocardial Infarction
Authors: David S. Freedman, Sathanur R. Srinivasan, Charles L. Shear, Frank A. Franklin, Larry S. Webber, Gerald S. Berenson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

Clinical studies suggest that serum levels of apolipoproteins A-I and B may be more strongly related to coronary artery disease than are their respective lipoprotein-cholesterol fractions. Therefore, we assessed the association between levels of apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A-I, lipids, and lipoprotein cholesterols in children and the reported histories of myocardial infarction in their parents in a survey of 2416 black and white school-age children. As compared with children whose fathers did not report a myocardial infarction, those whose fathers reported having had an infarction (n = 139) had a lower mean level of apolipoprotein A-I (137 vs. 141 mg per deciliter; P = 0.04) and a lower ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to apolipoprotein B (1.08 vs. 1.11; P = 0.007), along with a higher ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A-I (0.64 vs. 0.61; P = 0.04). These associations existed independently of the children's race, sex, age, and history of obesity, smoking, alcohol intake, and use of oral contraceptives. Children whose mothers reported having had a myocardial infarction (n = 56) had no decrease in the ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to apolipoprotein B, but they tended to have an elevated ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A-I. In contrast, serum lipoprotein-cholesterol fractions in children were not related to myocardial infarctions in either parent. These results provide further evidence that apolipoproteins are more strongly related to the risk of cardiovascular disease than are lipoprotein-cholesterol fractions. (N Engl J Med 1986; 315:721–6.)
The Twilight Years of Lady Osier: Letters of a Doctor's Wife
Authors: William K. Beatty
Journal: JAMA (1986)

A collection of letters written by a woman about the last years and deaths of her only son and her husband could make dispiriting reading. However, Frederick Wagner, Grace Revere Osier Emeritus Professor of Surgery at Jefferson, has chosen and edited these letters skillfully. The result successfully portrays the final 14 years (1914-1928) in the productive life of a fascinating individual.  Grace Linzee Revere, the strong-willed granddaughter of Paul Revere, was married twice: for 13 years to the surgeon Samuel W. Gross and, after his death at age 52, to William Osier for 27 years. She bore a stillborn infant to Gross and a child who lived only a week to Osier. When Revere Osler was born in 1895, he thus became the main element in his parents' lives. These letters begin with the war years; Revere was killed in 1917 and Sir William died heartbroken two years later.  Most
Blood Clotting and Cholesterol Crystal Embolization
Authors: Peter Oster
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In a recent article (241:807, 1979), Kempczinski described lower extremity arterial emboli from ulcerating atherosclerotic plaques. Neither heparin nor warfarin had been effective in preventing recurrent embolization.<sup>1-3</sup> We observed a 65-year-old man in whom, two days after initiation of treatment of bilateral femoral vein thrombosis with streptokinase, livedo reticularis of the lower part of the body developed; a few days later, necrosis of skin and toes and acute renal failure developed. The renal failure was treated conservatively; for several reasons, hemodialysis was not performed. At autopsy, severe ulcerative atheromatosis of the aorta with cholesterol crystal embolization (CCE) in both kidneys was found (Figure), as well as in the liver, spleen, prostate, and medium-sized and small femoral arteries. The time course and the finding of CCE in only the lower part of the body may suggest a lysis of the protecting thrombi from the aortic atheromas by
Flow cytometric analysis of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the human nasal mucosa
Authors: M. Okuda, R. Pawankar
Journal: Allergy (1992)

Recently, much research has been carried out on phenotypes and the function of intraepithelial lymphocytes of the intestines. However, only few studies have been made of nasal intraepithelial lymphocytes (nIEL), and the results have been controversial. We examined the population of different subsets of the human nIEL by means of 2‐color flow cytometry after culturing lymphocytes isolated from the inferior turbinates of hypertrophic rhinitis in incubation media with monoclonal antibody against CD 3 . As a result, CD + 8 cells (suppressor/cytotoxic T cells) and double negative T cells (CD − 8 CD − 8 T cells) were the most predominant. The CD + 4 cells (helper/inducer T cells) to CD + 8 cells ratio was 0.6. Cytotoxic T cells predominated over suppressor T cells in CD + 8 cells and helper T cells predominated over inducer T cells in CD + 4 cells. Double positive T cells (CD + 8 CD + 4 T cells) were nil and natural killer cells and CD + 8 killer cells few. CD + 8 cells and CD + 4 cells were activated during cell culture. αβ receptor bearing T cells predominated over γδ receptor bearing T cells in CD + 8 cells and CD + 4 cells but γδ receptor bearing T cells predominated over αβ receptor bearing T cells in double negative T cells. To investigate the effect of cell culture on the population of each phenotype of nIEL we also examined peripheral blood lymphocytes by flow cytometry before and after culture, and found that activated T cells markedly increased and suppressor T cells, γδ bearing T cells and natural killer cells slightly decreased. From the above results, it could be concluded that nIEL heterogeneous in phenotype and characterized by a predominance of CD + 8 cells, particularly cytotoxic T cells and double negative T cells with γδ receptor, which may be important for future study.
Suicidal and Accidental Digoxin Ingestion
Authors: THOMAS W. SMITH, JAMES T. WILLERSON
Journal: Circulation (1971)

Clinical and serum digoxin concentration data are presented for five cases of accidental or suicidal ingestion of large amounts of digoxin. Three patients, 20 years of age or less, were without previous evidence of heart disease and responded with the development of atrioventricular block or sino-atrial exit block, which was reversed in two instances by atropine. The third died with refractory hyperkalemia, suggesting generalized inhibition of the cellular sodium-potassium transport system. Ventricular ectopic beats did not occur in any of these three. In contrast, two patients with preexisting advanced coronary artery disease developed multifocal ventricular premature beats, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation as initial manifestations of toxicity. Serum digoxin levels 4 or more hours after each ingestion were markedly in excess of those ordinarily encountered in patients receiving usual therapeutic doses, reaching levels as high as 42 ng/ml. Apparent serum half-times between 5 and 48 hours after each ingestion were shorter than those usually observed with normal therapeutic doses of digoxin.
India opens clinic to help people "addicted" to mobile phones and video games
Authors: C. Travasso
Journal: BMJ (2014)

<b>Background: </b>Pediatric patients receiving chronic mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy have variable needs for oxygenation. Supplemental oxygen can be supplied either through the ventilator or at the tracheostomy site. In this study we compared tracheal FIO<sub>2</sub> achieved through 2 different methods in a model of pediatric mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy. We hypothesize that administering oxygen through the tracheostomy would provide a higher FIO<sub>2</sub>. <b>Methods: </b>An in-vitro model of pediatric ventilation via tracheostomy was utilized with a home ventilator (Breas Vivo 65) which was connected in series to a single-limb heated wire passive ventilator circuit (Fisher &amp; Paykel RT219, internal diameter 30 mm), a tracheostomy ring (t-ring) adapter, 4.0 pediatric tracheostomy tube with cuff inflated (Bivona TTS), t-piece with oxygen analyzer (trachea), filter, and an infant test lung (20% leak, resistance Rp50 and compliance 2 mL/mbar). Ventilator settings were PC-SIMV, RR 30, PC 30, I-time 0.6, PEEP 5 and PS 15. Oxygen was administered through the ventilator's designated oxygen inlet and through the t-ring at different flows and the resultant FIO<sub>2</sub> was measured at the tracheal level. Measurements were done in quadruplicate after 5 minutes of continuous operation. A T-test was used to compared tracheal FIO<sub>2</sub> obtained with different connections. <b>Results: </b>See Table. <b>Conclusions: </b>In an in-vitro model of pediatric ventilation via tracheostomy, delivering supplemental oxygen through the t-ring provided a higher FIO<sub>2</sub> than using the ventilator port when oxygen flows were ≥ 3 L/min. However, the use of a t-ring could potentially affect the monitored tidal volume.
Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Hans-Christoph Diener, Julien Bogousslavsky, Lawrence M Brass, Claudio Cimminiello, Laszlo Csiba, Markku Kaste, Didier Leys, Jordi Matias-Guiu, Hans-Jürgen Rupprecht
Journal: The Lancet (2004)
Abstract 4919: Visible/NIR-activatable prodrug strategy for treating local tumors by the combination of photodynamic therapy and local chemotherapy
Authors: Pallavi Rajaputra, Moses Bio, Gregory Nkepang, Youngjae You
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy have been used for treating localized tumors. However, each has its shortcomings such as limited efficacy to larger tumors and systemic side effects. We proposed a novel prodrug strategy by combining PDT and localized chemotherapy, which overcomes the problems of PDT and chemotherapy. A prodrug is composed of a photosensitizer and an anticancer drug connected via singlet oxygen (SO)-cleavable linker. Thus, SO generated by the illumination (690 nm) of the prodrug will not only directly damage tumors but also release active drug to kill surviving cancer cells. In our recent paper, we demonstrated the concept of our visible/NIR-activatable prodrug expressing the combination effect of PDT and local chemotherapy. We prepared CMP-L-CA4 where CMP = core-modified porphyrin (photosensitizer), CA4 = combretastatin A-4 (anticancer drug), and L = aminoacrylate linker (SO-cleavable linker) and its pseudo-prodrug (CMP-NCL-CA4: NCL = non-cleavable linker). CMP-L-CA4 showed desirable characteristics such as &amp;gt; 80% drug release in test tubes in 10 min, 6 times reduction in IC50 by illumination, and bystander effect. On the other hand, CMP-NCL-CA4 showed smaller increase in IC50 by illumination and did not show the bystander effect. Consistent with the in vitro results, CMP-L-CA4 showed significantly better antitumor effect than CMP-NCL-CA4. Recently, we developed improved prodrugs using phthalocyanine (Pc) as a photosensitizer. In our presentation, we will show our newer biological data with the prodrugs supporting our novel prodrug strategy. Citation Format: Pallavi Rajaputra, Moses Bio, Gregory Nkepang, Youngjae You. Visible/NIR-activatable prodrug strategy for treating local tumors by the combination of photodynamic therapy and local chemotherapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4919. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4919
Can mere phonemes be components of Millikan's substance concepts?
Authors: Niko Scharer
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

In presenting her attractive theory of concepts, Millikan makes an unwarranted assumption about the role of language in concept acquisition. The phoneme string, rather than the “word” as a semantic entity, may suffice to play the crucial role in the acquisition of substance concepts. Hence Millikan may underestimate the degree of similarity between language and other media of perception.
Thyroid eye disease. More treatment options.
Authors: A N Harnett, A MacDonald, G N Dutton
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Thyroid eye diseaseMore treatment options EDrTOR,-Donald Munro clearly reviews the pathogenesis and treatment of dysthyroid eye disease.'There are, however, alternative treat- ments which merit consideration.Lid retraction may be asymptomatic but a considerable proportion of patients benefit from upper or lower eyelid lengthening procedures.2These can be very effective in improving the cosmetic appearance and protecting the cornea.These procedures are preferable to lateral tarsor- rhaphy because the cosmetic results are better and anterior displacement of the globe is not restricted (thus lessening the risk of optic nerve compression).High dose steroid treatment is effective in relieving compressive optic neuropathy, but the disease often progresses when the dose is gradually reduced to a more modest level.So, in many cases, long term maintenance treatment is required.Local treatment is therefore preferable and avoids the well known side effects of steroids.Surgical decompression of the orbit into the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses is a successful procedure for many patients, including those for whom the "eye signs are disfiguring or disabling."Complications include double vision due to stra- bismus and infraorbital hypoaesthesia.Radiotherapy is dismissed by Munro: "Britain has few enthusiasts for local irradiation of the orbit."Carefully planned low dose external beam radiotherapy is very effective in patients with progressive disease,34 particularly disease of less than two years' duration.The long term risk of neoplasia is low.It is negligible in elderly patients, for whom this treatment is particularly indicated because of the problems associated with taking steroids long term.
Malpractice Reform — Opportunities for Leadership by Health Care Institutions and Liability Insurers
Authors: Michelle M. Mello, Thomas H. Gallagher
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

In February 2010, the Illinois Supreme Court ruled that the state's cap on noneconomic damages in medical malpractice cases violated the Illinois constitution.1 This development has contributed to growing pessimism about traditional approaches to medical liability reform. In some quarters, interest is shifting to innovative reforms that can be implemented by health care institutions and liability insurers without requiring changes in the law. These approaches provide a better balance between the interests of providers and those of patients and illuminate a path around the political gridlock over tort reform. They also afford opportunities for health care institutions and liability insurers . . .