tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Small B cells as antigen-presenting cells in the induction of tolerance to soluble protein antigens.
Authors: E E Eynon, D C Parker
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

We have investigated the ability of resting B cells, acting as antigen-presenting cells, to induce tolerance to soluble protein antigens in mice, using an antigen targeted specifically to B cells. We inject mice intravenously with ultracentrifuged Fab fragments of rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin D (IgD) (Fab anti-delta). Treatment with Fab anti-delta results in profound tolerance to challenge with 100 micrograms Fab nonimmune rabbit Ig (Fab NRG), precipitated in alum, as measured by antibody production. Tolerance to rabbit Fab is antigen specific, since the treated mice make normal antibody responses to a control antigen, chicken Ig. Tolerance is dependent on antigen presentation by B cells, since intravenous injection of soluble Fab NRG, which is not targeted to B cells, results in a much lower frequency and degree of tolerance, especially at lower doses. T cell help in this system is affected, since T cells from Fab anti-delta-treated mice fail to provide help for an adoptive primary antibody response to Fab NRG when transferred together with normal B cells into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. The antigen-specific B cell compartment is also affected during tolerance induction, since B cells from treated animals make less antibody than normal B cells when transferred into SCID mice with normal T cells. Although the mechanism of nonresponsiveness in the helper T cell compartment remains to be determined, we think it is likely that the precursors of helper T cells are inactivated or deleted by encountering antigen presented by small, resting B cells, which lack accessory signals necessary to induce helper T cell proliferation and differentiation to effector function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
DOES LVAD INFLOW CANNULA POSITION CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUMP THROMBOSIS REQUIRING DEVICE EXCHANGE?
Authors: Jay Bhama, Chad Eckert, Kathleen Lockard, Akira Shiose, Christian Bermudez, Jeffrey Teuteberg, Ravi Ramani, Marc Simon, Vinay Badhwar, Robert Kormos
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Rapid Regulation of Platelet Activation In Vivo by Nitric Oxide
Authors: Andreas Schäfer, Frank Wiesmann, Stefan Neubauer, Martin Eigenthaler, Johann Bauersachs, Keith M. Channon
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Platelet activation is a feature of many cardiovascular diseases characterized by endothelial dysfunction. The mechanistic relationship between impaired systemic nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and platelet activation in vivo remains unclear. We investigated whether acute inhibition of NO production in humans modulates platelet activation in vivo and whether exogenous NO would counteract such an effect.Intravenous injection of the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine in healthy volunteers resulted in NO synthase inhibition as detected by increased blood pressure and by significantly reduced phosphorylation of platelet vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, an indicator of NO signaling. NO synthase inhibition increased platelet activation as determined by enhanced platelet binding of fibrinogen and surface expression of P-selectin, glycoprotein 53, and CD40 ligand, demonstrating tonic inhibition of platelet activation by NO production in vivo. Sublingual administration of the NO donor glyceryl trinitrate normalized platelet VASP phosphorylation and restored markers of platelet activation to baseline levels.Acute inhibition of endogenous NO production in humans causes rapid platelet activation in vivo, which is reversed by exogenous NO, demonstrating that platelet function in vivo is rapidly regulated by NO bioavailability.
Methods for Determination Of Urinary Oxypurines
Authors: Charles C. Irving
Journal: JAMA (1969)

To the Editor:—  We believe that the method described for the determination of urinary oxypurines ( 205 : 213, 1968) is sufficiently accurate for most purposes.  The method reported by Klinenberg et al 1 is more specific, therefore, more accurate. However, to say that the two methods are not similar is a matter of semantics ( 206 : 1576, 1968). The methods are similar in the sense that each involves the determination of the amount of uric acid formed by oxidation of oxypurines (xanthine + hypoxanthine) in urine upon addition of xanthine oxidase. The greater accuracy obtained by Klinenberg is achieved at the expense of more time and labor.  The term significant error needs to be defined for a given set of conditions. Applying Klinenberg's data for the relative increases in absorbance at 292 nanometers (nm) due to the oxidation of xanthine and hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidase to our data, one can calculate that the
Eight Americas: Differences in Asian Communities Are Important
Authors: Linda Silka, Robin Toof, Dorcas Grigg-Saito
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

s PLoS Medicine, Daniel Reidpath and Kit Yee Chan challenge the widely cited link between HIV-related stigma and the spread of the epidemic [1].This is an important question, given the heavy emphasis on stigma in policies of the World Health Organization, the Joint United Programme on HIV/AIDS, and other public health institutions, but in making their argument Reidpath and Chan misrepresent the connections that other authors have made between stigma and viral transmission, ignore evidence that does suggest an association, and propose a model of their own for which they offer no evidence.HIV infection establishes itself fi rst in certain high-risk groups-men who have sex with men, intravenous drug users, sex workers, mobile populations-and only later moves into the general population.In the early stages of the epidemic, stigma facilitates transmission within high-risk groups, because these already marginalized groups receive little attention from policy makers and the health-care community and are further discriminated against when they are identifi ed with HIV and AIDS [2].Stigma also prevents or makes it more diffi cult for members of high-risk groups to access preventive services, including HIV antibody testing [3].Reidpath and Chan distort this dynamic by describing a model in which stigma leads to fear which leads to unsafe behavior.We know of no one who suggests that stigma causes sex between men or intravenous drug use.Instead, there is evidence that HIV-related stigma makes it diffi cult for people to take actions to reduce their risks; for example, by accessing HIV education [4], exchanging needles [5], and negotiating condom use [6].Stigma may even lead women who know they are HIV positive to breast-feed their infants rather than arouse suspicion of their serostatus through formula feeding [7].This undoubtedly increases the risk of vertical viral transmission.Reidpath and Chan go on to propose that stigma may actually "slow the spread of infection from those [highrisk] groups to the general population."Although there is a plausible logic to this suggestion, there is no evidence for it.Even if stigma does reduce the opportunities that marginalized groups have to transmit HIV to the broader population, this would have little effect on the dynamics of a generalized epidemic.While they recognize that stigma presents a barrier to the treatment and care of people living with HIV, Reidpath and Chan fail to recognize the association this may have with increased transmission.HIV-related stigma discourages people from disclosing their status, entering care, and adhering to antiretroviral regimens, all of which represent missed opportunities for prevention.Around the world HIV capitalizes on and reinforces social stigma and discrimination, especially the low status of women.Defeating the epidemic requires an honest examination of all these phenomena and interventions that target both the virus itself and its widespread social impacts.
Rare Occurrence of Simultaneous Pneumothorax and Lung Cancer
Authors: Leroy Hyde
Journal: JAMA (1978)

A RECENT statement that  recurrence of a pneumothorax, particularly after satisfactory reexpansion via a chest tube, should suggest the possibility of underlying malignant disease 1 could lead to unnecessary bronchoscopies, expensive laboratory tests, and thoracotomies. Actually lung cancer and pneumothorax rarely occur simultaneously, and when they are found together, the patient is almost always older than 40 years of age.  Report of a Case  Sudden pain developed in the left side of a 68-year-old man's chest, and he was admitted to the hospital an hour later with dyspnea, slight cough, small amount of mucoid sputum, and wheezing. He had smoked one package of cigarettes a day for more than 40 years and had been told four years previously that he had pulmonary emphysema.  Physical examination showed the patient to be in acute respiratory distress. The blood pressure was 130/80 mm Hg. Examination of the lungs showed hyperresonance with wheezes
Traumatic Aortic Rupture
Authors: A. Alan Chambers
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>Diagnosis:</h3> Traumatic aortic rupture. The chest roentgenogram on admission (Fig 1) shows enlargement of the aortic knob, widened mediastinum, and density along the descending aorta. There is a small pneumothorax on the right and bilateral juxtahilar alveolar infiltration characteristic of pulmonary contusion. A chest tube was inserted into the right pleural cavity. After this, a thoracic aortogram was performed through a transfemoral approach (Fig 2). The aortogram shows an irregularity of the aortic margin just beyond the left subclavian artery, representing the site of aortic tear. Immediately distal to this, an elongated false aneurysm filled with contrast medium terminates inferiorly where the aorta resumes its normal caliber. There is a residual right pneumothorax and fluid in the left pleura, probably blood. At operation, a complete tear of the aorta was found, with almost 3 cm of separation between the torn ends. The false aneurysm was walled off by organized blood
Are Clinical Trials a Cost-effective Investment?
Authors: Allan S. Detsky
Journal: JAMA (1989)

To assess the economic attractiveness of clinical research, this study measures the cost-effectiveness of seven selected randomized trials. The model considers the cost of performing a trial and the benefits to the health status of a target population one could expect before the trial was performed. The incremental cost-effectiveness for performing the trials ranged from a low of $2 to $3 per life-year saved for a trial of aspirin in unstable angina to a high of $396 to $685 per life-year saved for the randomized trial portion of the Coronary Artery Surgery Study. These ratios were substantially lower (ie, more economically attractive) than the cost-effectiveness ratios associated with performing interventions of proved effectiveness. This study shows that a selected group of clinical trials, some of which were controversial and expensive, were indeed a good investment. This information may be helpful to policymakers who consider allocating funds to biomedical research.Detsky describes the use of cost-effectiveness analysis to assess the economic attractiveness of clinical research. A theoretical model to measure cost-effectiveness was applied to a selected group of seven clinical trials performed over the last two decades. The model was used to consider the cost of performing a trial and the expected benefits to the health status of a target population before a trial is performed. The results then were compared with the cost-effectiveness ratios associated with performing conventional interventions of proved effectiveness. Results showed that the trials were a good investment, with lower dollar per life-year saved ratios than those associated with the proven interventions. Detsky sees the study results as being useful to policy makers who must set priorities when allocating health care funds in a climate of scarcity.
Fluid retention during Arsenic trioxide treatment in acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Ayako Arai, Asako Kitano, Tetsuya Kurosu, Koh Yamamoto, Tohru Miki, Naomi Murakami, Osamu Miura
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2005)

To the Editor: A 58-year-old man presented 7 years ago with Binet stage II of CLL.Because of rapidly rising lymphocyte count of 46.9 Â 10 9 /L [normal range: (1.5-4.0)Â 10 9 /L], he was treated with FND (fludarabine, mitoxantrone, dexamethasone), which resulted in recurrent neutropenia [1].Six weeks after the fourth cycle of chemotherapy, he developed fever of unknown origin.Complete blood count showed hemoglobin 9.1 g/dL, platelets 58 Â 10 9 /L, leucocyte count 7.7 Â 10 9 /L [normal range: (4-11) Â 10 9 /L].Differential count showed neutrophils 2.3 Â 10 9 /L [normal range: (2-7.5)Â 10 9 /L], lymphocytes 5.4Â 10 9 /L [normal range: (1.5-4)Â 10 9 /L], and absence of monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.CD4 count was 0.2 Â 10 9 /L with a reversed CD4/CD8 ratio of 0.45:1.Serum IgG measured 346 mg/dL (normal >819 mg/dL), IgA 14 mg/dL (normal >70 mg/dL), and IgM 13 mg/dL (normal >55 mg/dL).Eight days after admission, he developed painful left thigh swelling.Computed tomography revealed hypodensities at the left rectis femoris, vastus intermedius, and vastus lateralis, which yielded pus on drainage (Fig. 1).Histological examination of tissue adjacent to the abscess revealed abundant Ziehl-Neelsen-positive mycobacteria, and subsequent culture confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Digging deeper into obesity
Authors: Rexford S. Ahima
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

The growing problem of obesity is associated with multiple morbidities, including increased risk of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, sleep apnea, and cancer. Obesity promotes disability, decreases productivity, and shortens life span. Although much attention has been focused on diet and exercise, these strategies alone are not effective in preventing obesity and maintaining weight loss. Moreover, the development of pharmacological approaches for obesity treatment has been dogged by poor efficacy and serious side effects. The biology of obesity is very complex, and mechanisms linking obesity to various diseases are poorly understood. This issue of the JCI highlights important concepts in our understanding of the pathogenesis of obesity and its complications.
Book: Beyond Six Billion: Forecasting the World's Population
Authors: M. King
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Eds John Bongaarts, Rodolfo A Bulatao; Panel on Population Projections, Committee on Population, National Research Council 

National Academy Press, $29.95, pp 258

ISBN 0 309 06990 4

Available to read free online at http://www.nap.edu/books/0309069904/html/

Rating: 0

This is a study in political correctness. It takes a comfortable global view and forecasts that humanity, having passed the six billion point two years ago, is now heading for nine billion by 2050—a year which many readers can expect to see. A report issued this month by the United Nations Population Fund predicted that the world's population would reach 9.3 billion by 2050 ( BMJ 2001;323:1088). Other recent studies show the world's …
Herpes Zoster of the Face with Paralysis
Authors: H. H. Murphy
Journal: BMJ (1897)

to be diseased.With a sharp chisel I removed the upper wall of the osseous auditory meatus, and then, cutting upwards, I chiselled through the root of the zygoma and opened up the cerebral cavity.The dura mater was incised and a Macewen's pus-searcher passed upwards and inwards for about an inch into the temporo-sphenoidal lobe.
Substantial Evidence of Effectiveness
Authors: Stanley Hoyt Block
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Physicians in Rhode Island have recently been notified by the Department of Social and Rehabilitative Services that the Department of Health and Human Services has mandated that, in accordance with provisions of Section 2103 of Federal PL 97-35, payment cannot be made for certain drug products through state Medicaid programs, which the Food and Drug Administration has proposed to withdraw from the market as lacking substantial evidence of effectiveness. Physicians were further advised that, effective immediately, the state must, in accordance with federal requirements, discontinue reimbursement for those drug products classified by the FDA as lacking substantial evidence of effectiveness when provided to eligible recipients of the State Medical Assistance Program. A list of drugs no longer reimbursed under the State Assistance Program was included, and related or similar drugs known by their generic names were also prohibited from reimbursement. On the list of drugs lacking "substantial
Lipodystrophy in human immunodeficiency virus patients impairs insulin action and induces defects in β-cell function
Authors: Ove Andersen, Steen B Haugaard, Ulrik B Andersen, Nina Friis-Møller, Heidi Storgaard, Aage Vølund, Jens Ole Nielsen, Johan Iversen, Sten Madsbad
Journal: Metabolism (2003)
The state of the prisons. Deaths in prison.
Authors: R Smith
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Prison must be a peculiarly unpleasant place to die, and yet every year about 50 to 70 people die while they are prisoners in England and Wales.' 2 About 20 prisoners die in NHS hospitals; between 10 and 20 die by their own hand; up to 10 die of other unnatural causes; and most of the rest die in the prison hospital.The high number of deaths, and of suicides in particular, has caused concern, and the Chief Inspector of Prisons is currently conducting a study into suicide in prison. SuicideIn England and Wales in 1982, 2781 of the 49-3 million inhabitants killed themselves (5-6/100 000),3 whereas 17 prisoners among a daily average population of 44 000 did so (38-6/ 100 000).' Obviously, great caution is necessary in interpreting these crude.figures; in particular, the daily average prison popu- lation is a changing one, and prisoners are most likely to kill themselves in the first month in prison.5But this difference in the incidence of suicide be- tween prison and the community has been seen for a long time and in many different countries.A prison doctor from Parkhurst ob- served in 1913 that the suicide rate among prisoners was three times that of general population,"and Dr D 0 Topp, another prison doctor, found a similar order of difference reviewing prison suicides from 1880 to 1971.~He reported, too, that the suicide rate over that time declined from about 60/100 000 to about 40/
Aspects of Prostaglandin Function in the Lung
Authors: Aleksander A. Mathé, Per Hedqvist, Kjell Strandberg, Crystal A. Leslie
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

Prostaglandin Release from "Healthy," Antigen-Sensitized and Anaphylactic LungInvestigating the chemical mediators in the pulmonary perfusates from the anaphylactic guinea pig, Piper and Vane5 discovered that PG's were released from the lung. Since PG's are not stored in tissues, this release into the medium is a reflection of de novo synthesis. The primary products of synthesis could either be released into the medium or further metabolized before the release, depending presumably on the activities of the PG-catabolizing enzymes present and the degree of hindrance to passage to extracellular spaces. In any lung disease or physiologic response in which membrane alteration . . .
Oregon jury hits Philip Morris with $150m damages for low tar cigarettes
Authors: F. Charatan
Journal: BMJ (2002)

After deliberating for four days, a jury in Portland, Oregon, has ordered Philip Morris to pay more than $150m (£105m; €172m) to the family of Michelle Schwarz, a nurse who died of lung cancer in 1999, aged 53.

The award was made up of $118514.22 in actual damages, mostly medical costs; $50000 for pain and suffering; and $150m in punitive damages.

Ms Schwarz, who had tried several times to stop since she took up smoking in the 1960s, switched from Benson and Hedges to Merit—a Philip Morris brand marketed as …
CIRCULAR REGROWTH IN ALOPECIA AREATA
Authors: R.S.H. Tan, T.J. Delaney
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1975)

Journal Article CIRCULAR REGROWTH IN ALOPECIA AREATA Get access R.S.H. Tan, R.S.H. Tan Westminster Hospital, London S.W.1 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T.J. Delaney T.J. Delaney St George's Hospital, London S.W.1 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 92, Issue 2, 1 February 1975, Pages 233–234, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1975.tb03069.x Published: 01 February 1975
Glycemic Control and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Optimal Hemoglobin A<sub>1c</sub> Targets. A Guidance Statement from the American College of Physicians
Authors: Amir Qaseem, Sandeep Vijan, Vincenza Snow, J. Thomas Cross, Kevin B. Weiss, Douglas K. Owens
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2007)

This guidance statement is derived from other organizations' guidelines and is based on an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the available guidelines. We used the Appraisal of Guidelines, Research and Evaluation in Europe (AGREE) appraisal instrument to evaluate the guidelines from various organizations. On the basis of the review of the available guidelines, we recommend: Statement 1: To prevent microvascular complications of diabetes, the goal for glycemic control should be as low as is feasible without undue risk for adverse events or an unacceptable burden on patients. Treatment goals should be based on a discussion of the benefits and harms of specific levels of glycemic control with the patient. A hemoglobin A1c level less than 7% based on individualized assessment is a reasonable goal for many but not all patients. Statement 2: The goal for hemoglobin A1c level should be based on individualized assessment of risk for complications from diabetes, comorbidity, life expectancy, and patient preferences. Statement 3: We recommend further research to assess the optimal level of glycemic control, particularly in the presence of comorbid conditions. *This paper, written by Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA; Sandeep Vijan, MD, MS; Vincenza Snow, MD; J. Thomas Cross, MD, MPH; Kevin B. Weiss, MD, MPH; and Douglas K. Owens, MD, MS, was developed for the American College of Physicians' Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee: Douglas K. Owens, MD, MS (Chair); Donald E. Casey Jr., MD, MPH, MBA; J. Thomas Cross Jr., MD, MPH; Paul Dallas, MD; Nancy C. Dolan, MD; Mary Ann Forciea, MD; Lakshmi Halasyamani, MD; Robert H. Hopkins Jr., MD; and Paul Shekelle, MD, PhD. Approved by the ACP Board of Regents on 28 October 2006.