tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Beta-blocking drugs and thyroid function
Authors: B I Hoffbrand
Journal: BMJ (1977)

examination.However, if the tail is cut with the loop of tail left in the uterus after insertion entanglement with tampons or introducers of vaginal preparations may result in the tail being pulled down to the introitus, with resultant vulval discomfort.The tail is then naturally cut shorter and may again disappear into the uterus as it reverts to the looped position.Confirmation of the presence of the device in the cavity now necessitates uterine sounding, ultrasonic scanning, or x-raying, and, if it cannot be changed otherwise, the risks of a general anaesthetic with impairment of patient confidence in the method.Although tail complications are not usually serious, they lead to inconvenience and worry for the patient.The design of the tail and introducer is as important as the design of the device itself.
Hyperbaric Oxygen for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning-Reply
Authors: Roy A. M. Myers
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Drs Becker and Olson, in their comments on our article, are correct in pointing out the need for more data. The prognosis for the victim of carbon monoxide poisoning is unclear after both conventional and hyperbaric therapy. The unquestioned reduction of time required for the elimination of carbon monoxide from the poisoned victim with hyperbaric oxygenation as compared with conventional therapy and the consequent shorter exposure to the toxic effects of carbon monoxide if hyperbaric therapy is employed may not necessarily lead to better outcomes in the survivors. The situation may be analogous to the use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in victims of cardiac arrest. The treatment may save persons who might otherwise have died but it may also result in an increased number of survivors with severe residual effects. Further research is indicated. Our article, however, was an attempt to define an interesting class of smoke victims who
US Teaching Hospitals in the Evolving Health Care System
Authors: Arnold M. Epstein
Journal: JAMA (1995)

AMONG the surprises in the last 2 years' health care debate was the extensive controversy engendered by proposals related to teaching hospitals and their associated academic health centers. Of more than 6500 hospitals nationwide, only some 300 nonfederal hospitals are generally considered to be "major teaching hospitals" (hospitals whose ratio of the number of interns and residents to the number of beds is ≥0.25)<sup>1</sup>and fewer than 1250 participate in graduate medical education.<sup>2</sup>Nevertheless, the importance of these institutions and their medical school partners in the national dialogue soon became clear. They play a central role in workforce training, research, and patient care, especially for disadvantaged populations. As centers of excellence, they epitomize the high-technology care that many US citizens associate with worldwide leadership in the quality of their medical care. Most of the policy interest and controversy centered on two key issues: the financial viability of teaching
Budesonide and Formoterol in One Metered-Dose Inhaler Improves Health-Related Quality of Life in Adults with Mild to Moderate Persistent Asthma Previously Treated with Inhaled Corticosteroids
Authors: H. Nelson, K. Murphy, B. Parasuraman, R. Boggs, C. Miller, L. O'Dowd
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
800 UTILITY OF ITPA GENOTYPING TO PREDICT EARLY SEVERE ANEMIA IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C PATIENTS RECEIVING TRIPLE THERAPY
Authors: S. Camós, M. Buti, M.A. Serra, F. Rodríguez-Frías, A. Escudero, M. Homs, F. Rodríguez, D. Tabernero, R. Esteban
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Bactericidal properties of murine intestinal phospholipase A2.
Authors: S S Harwig, L Tan, X D Qu, Y Cho, P B Eisenhauer, R I Lehrer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

We purified a molecule from the murine small intestine that killed both Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes, and identified it as intestinal phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) by NH2-terminal sequencing and enzymatic measurements. The ability of iPLA2 to kill. L. monocytogenes was greatly enhanced by 5 mM calcium, inhibited by EGTA and abolished after reduction and alkylation, suggesting that enzymatic activity was required for iPLA2-mediated bactericidal activity. A mouse-avirulent phoP mutant, S. typhimurium 7953S, was 3.5-fold more susceptible to iPLA2 than its isogenic virulent parent, S. typhimurium 14028S (estimated minimal bactericidal concentrations 12.7 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml vs. 43.9 +/- 4.5 micrograms/ml P < 0.001). Overall, these findings identify iPLA2 as part of the antimicrobial arsenal that equips Paneth cells to protect the small intestinal crypts from microbial invasion. Because iPLA2 is identical to Type 2 phospholipase A2 molecules found in other sites, including spleen, platelets and inflammatory exudate cells, this enzyme may also contribute to antibacterial defenses elsewhere in the body.
Abstract IA25: Local immunomodulation at a single site of tumor generates a therapeutic immune response that cures metastatic disease at distant sites, including the brain.
Authors: Aurelien Marabelle, Holbrook Kohrt, Ronald Levy
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract TLR-9 ligand (CpG) injected directly into a tumor can induce a therapeutic immune response. However regulatory T-cells (Tregs) eventually inhibit the anti-tumor immune response and thereby limit the power of cancer immunotherapies. We found that Tregs within the tumor preferentially express the cell surface markers CTLA-4 and OX40. We show that intra-tumoral co-injection of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-OX40 together with CpG depletes tumor-infiltrating Tregs. This in situ immunomodulation performed with low doses of antibodies into a single tumor generates a systemic anti-tumor immune response able to eradicate disseminated disease in mice, including established CNS lymphoma with leptomeningeal metastases, sites usually considered as sanctuaries for conventional systemic therapies. These results support a paradigm shift in cancer therapy where instead of using monoclonal antibodies to target cancer cells systemically, we use monoclonal antibodies at low doses to target the tumor infiltrative immune cells locally. The consequences of this strategy are the generation of a more potent anti-tumor immune response, and the expectation of less toxicity. On the basis of our preclinical results we are now opening a Phase I/II clinical trial testing the combination of local low dose radiotherapy with escalating doses of Ibilumimab (anti-CTLA4). Patients with metastatic melanoma, colorectal cancer and lymphoma are eligible. The intention will be to find a safe dose of the antibody when injected locally together with radiotherapy and then to assess the patients for immune responses and for tumor responses at uninjected sites of disease. Citation Format: Aurelien Marabelle, Holbrook Kohrt, Ronald Levy. Local immunomodulation at a single site of tumor generates a therapeutic immune response that cures metastatic disease at distant sites, including the brain. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology: Multidisciplinary Science Driving Basic and Clinical Advances; Dec 2-5, 2012; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(1 Suppl):Abstract nr IA25.
Australia squabbles over overseas doctors
Authors: C. Zinn
Journal: BMJ (1995)

The federal government's alleged failure to control the influx of doctors who trained overseas has been blamed for robbing Australians of the chance of becoming doctors in their own country. Dr Bob Birrell, an expert in immigration at Monash University, has produced figures showing that doctors who trained overseas are overrepresented in the medical workforce.

Dr Birrell has claimed that he found that a disproportionate number of students in Australian medical faculties had been born in Britain, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and other Asian countries. His figures show that, of the estimated 40000 doctors in Australia, almost 12% were born in the United Kingdom and …
Inflammatory monocytes regulate pathologic responses to commensals during acute gastrointestinal infection
Authors: John R Grainger, Elizabeth A Wohlfert, Ivan J Fuss, Nicolas Bouladoux, Michael H Askenase, Fanny Legrand, Lily Y Koo, Jason M Brenchley, Iain D C Fraser, Yasmine Belkaid
Journal: Nature Medicine (2013)
Esophageal Chest Pain: Current Controversies in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy
Authors: Joel E. Richter
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Purpose: To evaluate the importance of esophageal abnormalities as a potential cause of recurrent noncardiac chest pain. Data Identification: We discuss the rapidly evolving new knowledge in this field after analyzing the literature in English published since 1979. Study Selection: We reviewed 117 articles on recurring chest pain and paid specific attention to the following nine controversial issues: the potential mechanisms of esophageal pain, the differentiation of cardiac and esophageal causes, the evaluation of new esophageal motility disorders, the use of esophageal tests in evaluating noncardiac chest pain, the usefulness of techniques for prolonged monitoring of intraesophageal pressure and pH, the relation of psychologic abnormalities to esophageal motility disorders, the possible mechanisms for decreased visceral pain thresholds in these patients, the relation of esophageal chest pain to the irritable bowel syndrome, and the appropriate therapies for these patients. Results of Data Synthesis: Through our review of the literature, we identified areas of concordance and disagreement. These areas are discussed and an overall perspective is provided. Conclusions: Continuing attempts to develop rational diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to patients with noncardiac chest pain should include a multidisciplinary approach involving basic scientists, gastroenterologists, psychologists, and other clinical experts in the field of pain research.
E.N.T. advances.
Authors: L Fisch
Journal: BMJ (1972)

hibitor and Fast Red TR salt solution in 3% aqueous dupanol as colour index.The results are summarized in the Table.Number IAbnor-Genetic Disorder Exam-mal ined Cases % i-thalassaemia trait .. 156 27 17-3 Hb A, increased (>335%) 156 25 16-0 g I thal.(Hb F > 5%) 156 2 1-3 -6-PD deficiency . . . . . . . . .
An Ethically Justified Framework for Clinical Investigation to Benefit Pregnant and Fetal Patients
Authors: Frank A. Chervenak, Laurence B. McCullough
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2011)

Research to improve the health of pregnant and fetal patients presents ethical challenges to clinical investigators, institutional review boards, funding agencies, and data safety and monitoring boards. The Common Rule sets out requirements that such research must satisfy but no ethical framework to guide their application. We provide such an ethical framework, based on the ethical concept of the fetus as a patient. We offer criteria for innovation and for Phase I and II and then for Phase III clinical trials to improve the health of pregnant patients and of fetal patients and also criteria to responsibly manage the transition from investigation to clinical practice. Basing ethical criteria for research involving pregnant women on the ethical concept of the fetus as a patient insulates the proposed ethical framework and therefore research on pregnant women from the divisive and politicized concepts and discourses of personhood, fetal rights, and unborn child.
Induction of IL‐6 in co‐culture of bronchial epithelial cells and eosinophils is regulated by p38 MAPK and NF‐<i>κ</i>B
Authors: C. B. Wang, C. K. Wong, W. K. Ip, M. L. Y. Li, Y. P. Tian, C. W. K. Lam
Journal: Allergy (2005)

Background: Prominent infiltration of eosinophils into the airway mucosa and release of inflammatory mediators upon their adhesion onto airway epithelial cells are the immunopathogical mechanisms of allergic asthma. Objective: We investigated the effect of normal and paraformaldyhyde‐fixed human eosinophils on BEAS‐2B cells, a human bronchial epithelial cell line, for the release of inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐6. Methods: Interleukin‐6 in cell culture supernatant, protein amount of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor‐ κ B (NF‐ κ B) activity in BEAS‐2B cells were analyzed by Western blot and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL‐6 gene expression was assessed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and p38 MAPK activity and inhibitor (I) κ B‐ α induction were evaluated by Western blot. Results: Co‐culture of BEAS‐2B cells and eosinophils induced a significant elevation of IL‐6 expression in BEAS‐2B cells. Interaction of eosinophils and BEAS‐2B cells led to a marked induction in phospho‐p38 MAPK, phospho‐I κ B‐ α and activity of NF‐ κ B in BEAS‐2B cells. NF‐ κ B inhibitor BAY 11‐7082 and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB 203580 significantly decreased IL‐6 release in a co‐culture of BEAS‐2B cells and eosinophils. Fixed human eosinophils were able to maintain their ability to induce IL‐6 release in co‐culture, activate p38 MAPK and NK‐ κ B, and up‐regulate IL‐6 gene expression in BEAS‐2B cells. Conclusions: These data indicate that the interaction of eosinophils and bronchial epithelial cells plays an important role in airway inflammation, at least partly, via IL‐6 induction.
Effects of 45S5 bioglass on surface properties of dental enamel subjected to 35% hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Meng Deng, Hai-Lin Wen, Xiao-Li Dong, Feng Li, Xin Xu, Hong Li, Ji-Yao Li, Xue-Dong Zhou
Journal: International Journal of Oral Science (2013)

Tooth bleaching agents may weaken the tooth structure. Therefore, it is important to minimize any risks of tooth hard tissue damage caused by bleaching agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of applying 45S5 bioglass (BG) before, after, and during 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) bleaching on whitening efficacy, physicochemical properties and microstructures of bovine enamel. Seventy-two bovine enamel blocks were prepared and randomly divided into six groups: distilled deionized water (DDW), BG, HP, BG before HP, BG after HP and BG during HP. Colorimetric and microhardness tests were performed before and after the treatment procedure. Representative specimens from each group were selected for morphology investigation after the final tests. A significant color change was observed in group HP, BG before HP, BG after HP and BG during HP. The microhardness loss was in the following order: group HP>BG before HP, BG after HP>BG during HP>DDW, BG. The most obvious morphological alteration of was observed on enamel surfaces in group HP, and a slight morphological alteration was also detected in group BG before HP and BG after HP. Our findings suggest that the combination use of BG and HP could not impede the tooth whitening efficacy. Using BG during HP brought better protective effect than pre/post-bleaching use of BG, as it could more effectively reduce the mineral loss as well as retain the surface integrity of enamel. BG may serve as a promising biomimetic adjunct for bleaching therapy to prevent/restore the enamel damage induced by bleaching agents. The application of bioglass during hydrogen peroxide tooth bleaching may greatly improve enamel protection, researchers in China report. Bleaching with hydrogen peroxide is a popular way of improving tooth appearance, but can cause significant chemical and structural damage to both the surface and internal structure of tooth enamel. Ji-Yao Li and colleagues at Sichuan University and Zhejiang Chinese Medical University analyzed the use of bioglass — a silica-based synthetic material widely used for bone and tissue reconstruction — as an enamel repair agent in bleaching. The team investigated the effect of adding bioglass to the bleaching procedure before, during and after the application of 35% hydrogen peroxide onto bovine teeth. They found that applying bioglass during bleaching was most effective: it reduced mineral loss and retained the surface integrity of the enamel.
Promotion and Subsequent Inhibition of Plasminogen Activation after Administration of Intravenous Endotoxin to Normal Subjects
Authors: Anthony F. Suffredini, Peter C. Harpel, Joseph E. Parrillo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

To evaluate the effect of endotoxin on the fibrinolytic response, we administered Escherichia coli endotoxin (4 ng per kilogram of body weight) intravenously to 19 healthy volunteers and measured fibrinolytic proteins, protease inhibitors, neutrophil elastase, and von Willebrand factor in serial blood samples obtained over 24 hours. One hour after endotoxin administration, the level of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen rose from 10 to 23 ng per milliliter, peaking at 52 ng per milliliter at three hours. The level of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor–plasmin complexes increased sevenfold, peaking at three hours. Plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 activity rose more slowly, from 7 U per milliliter to a maximum of 49 U per milliliter at five hours. The concentrations of neutrophil elastase and von Willebrand antigen were unchanged at one hour, increased approximately threefold by 3 hours, and remained elevated at 24 hours. None of these measures changed in a control group (n = 5) given intravenous saline instead of endotoxin. We studied t-PA functional activity in four subjects. The level of activity rose rapidly, from 1.2 ng per milliliter at base line to 8.3 ng per milliliter at one hour and 13.9 ng per milliliter at two hours; it was undetectable at three hours. This increase in plasminogen activator activity was abolished in vitro by incubation of t-PA with an antiserum specific for human t-PA, suggesting that t-PA may be directly responsible for plasmin generation in the response to endotoxin. We conclude from this study of healthy subjects that endotoxin activates the fibrinolytic system, beginning with release of t-PA in the blood within one hour. The early activation of plasmin by endotoxin may prevent thrombosis, and the increase in fibrinolysis is then offset by the release of plasminogen activator inhibitor. (N Engl J Med 1989;320:1165–72.)
THE TREATMENT OF SEPTIC MENINGITIS BY CONTINUOUS DRAINAGE
Authors: WARREN R. RAINEY
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Recovery from septic meningitis developing after skull fracture or, indeed, from any other cause, is sufficiently rare to justify the reporting of illustrative cases. In the present instance, we find further reasons for publishing the reports of two cases in the facts, first, that previous accounts of the therapeutic methods employed have not attracted the attention of the profession which they deserve; and, second, that in one of the cases a simplification of technic which promises to popularize the method was introduced.  A survey of the literature discloses that spinal drainage, or drainage combined with irrigation, is no novel procedure in the treatment of meningitis. During the last fifty years there have been numerous accounts of its use in some form or other, and at a number of different points in the skull or vertebral column. It is scarcely necessary to give a detailed summary of the literature on the
Musculoskeletal disorders in the community
Authors: H A CAPELL, A MCENTEGART
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1999)

We noted with interest the recent findings of Urwin et al .1 We have previously reported higher HAQ scores (poorer function) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients from more deprived areas.2 We subsequently wished to determine whether this difference in functional ability was a true difference or one of patient perception. A cross sectional study …
Endoscopic ultrasound diagnosis of colon cancer metastatic to the pancreas
Authors: M. Rengen, J. De, M. Kott, D. Adler
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

A 53-year-old woman presented with a history of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and a 40-kg weight loss, without change in bowel pattern. Physical examination revealed epigastric tenderness, good bowel sounds, and an abdominal fluid wave. Rectal examination was normal without occult blood. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a hypodense area of enlargement in the head of the pancreas, ascites, and multiple metastatic lesions in the liver, and normal bowels.
Role of the alveolar macrophage in lung injury: studies with ultrafine particles.
Authors: G Oberdörster, J Ferin, R Gelein, S C Soderholm, J Finkelstein
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1992)

We conducted a series of experiments with ultrafine particles (approximately 20 nm) and larger particles (less than 200 nm) of "nuisance" dusts to evaluate the involvement of alveolar macrophages (AM) in particle-induced lung injury and particle translocation in rats. After intratracheal instillation of both ultrafine particles and larger particles of TiO2, we found a highly increased interstitial access of the ultrafine particles combined with a large acute inflammatory reaction as determined by lung lavage parameters. An additional experiment revealed that intratracheal instillation of phagocytized ultrafine TiO2 particles (inside AM) prevented both the pulmonary inflammatory reaction and the interstitial access of the ultrafine particles. Another experiment showed that the influx of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) into the alveolar space unexpectedly decreased with higher doses of ultrafine particles, whereas alveolar epithelial permeability (protein leakage) increased. The divergence between PMN influx into the alveolar space and changes in alveolar epithelial permeability implies that they are separate events. Pulmonary inflammatory parameters determined by lung lavage analysis correlated best with the surface area of the retained particles rather than with their mass, volume, or numbers. Because higher doses resulted in an increased interstitialized fraction of particles, we suggest that inflammatory events induced by particles in the interstitial space can modify the inflammation in the alveolar space detectable by lung lavage. Our results demonstrate the dual role of AM for modifying particle-induced lung injury, i.e., both preventing such injury and contributing to it. We conclude that the increased pulmonary toxicity of ultrafine particles is related to their larger surface area and to their increased interstitial access.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
More `No Smoking' Signs Seen in Hospitals
Authors: Timothy F. Kirn
Journal: JAMA (1988)

INSTITUTIONS THAT CARE for the sick apparently are deciding it is time to provide a more healthy environment. According to a recent survey, 90% of hospitals now have a smoking policy; 8% of those have banned smoking completely. Some hospitals say they will no longer hire smokers. "Like civil rights, like feminism, it's a thing whose time has come," says Peter Weil, PhD, director of research and public policy of the American College of Healthcare Executives, the organization that conducted the survey. The information was acquired as part of a larger survey, mailed to executives at 774 hospitals, 420 of whom responded. The justification for a smoking policy offered most frequently was that the hospital is obligated to set an example for the community. Weil says the survey did not ask those without a policy why one had not been implemented because it puts the respondent on the defensive and