tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: offering hope for a term pregnancy and a healthy child?
Authors: A. A Mitchell
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: offering hope for a term pregnancy and a healthy child?We need a common approach to definition and detection of birth defects O ne of the most recent techniques of assisted reproduction, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, offers hope for those suffering from subfertility, and particularly male factor infertility.This hope is tempered by worry, since couples who undergo this procedure might never become pregnant or, if they do, may not carry the pregnancy to term.Added to these known risks are theoretical risks regarding birth defects: intracytoplasmic sperm injection involves fertility drugs, chemical baths, and physical procedures, any of which could increase malformation rates.Moreover, if left to nature, the sperm manipulated by this procedure would probably not produce a pregnancy, and these sperm themselves may carry an increased risk for birth defects.Some reassurance about these theoretical concerns was offered recently when researchers from Belgium reported that major birth defects affected only 3.3% (14) of 423 children born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection, 1 a rate no higher than in the general population.In the current issue, however, Kurinczuk and Bower provide a less reassuring interpretation. 2 Using the classification scheme and data from the highly regarded Western Australia birth defects registry, they note that many major defects in the Belgian series had been incorrectly classified as minor.Reclassification yielded 31 major defects, or 7.38%; compared with the Western Australian rate of 3.78%, the risk of major defects following intracytoplasmic sperm injection was increased twofold.Although the Belgian group has expanded its experience to 877 children, with an overall major malformation rate of 2.6%, 3 these later findings are based on the same analytic approach and may similarly be called into question.On the other hand, researchers from New York recently found only nine major malformations among 578 babies born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection, 4 a rate of only 1.6%-less than half that in Western Australia.Even if the six minor defects they identified were reclassified as major, the resulting rate of 2.6% is still below the expected.Do these findings suggest that birth defect risks can be minimised if couples undergo this procedure in New York rather than Belgium, or might something else explain these discrepant results?The Western Australia researchers correctly argue that for comparisons of birth defect rates to be valid, investigators must use the same definition of what Correction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Methylation Markers for Small Cell Lung Cancer in Peripheral Blood Leukocyte DNA
Authors: Liang Wang, Jeremiah A. Aakre, Ruoxiang Jiang, Randolph S. Marks, Yanhong Wu, Jun Chen, Stephen N. Thibodeau, V. Shane Pankratz, Ping Yang
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
The First School of Medicine in the Country
Authors: Marcy Seligman Roberts
Journal: JAMA (1987)

To the Editor.—  The opening statement by Martini 1 in an article in the May 15, 1987, issue of JAMA slightly changes the course of history.  The first medical school in America was established not in New York City as the article states, but rather in Philadelphia. The University of Pennsylvania's School of Medicine was founded in 1765 by John Morgan, a young Philadelphia physician. Morgan was appointed the first faculty member of the newly founded school and held the first chair of medicine in a chartered college in America. Morgan's medical school was the only one in the 13 colonies, and is the oldest in America. Here in Philadelphia we prefer to call it not the oldest but rather the first School of Medicine in the country.
Upstream stimulatory factors stimulate transcription through E-box motifs in the PF4 gene in megakaryocytes
Authors: Yoshiaki Okada, Eri Matsuura, Zenzaburo Tozuka, Ryohei Nagai, Ayako Watanabe, Kayoko Matsumoto, Kazuta Yasui, Robert W. Jackman, Toru Nakano, Takefumi Doi
Journal: Blood (2004)
British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 1999
Authors: R. Hubbard
Journal: Thorax (2000)

The 1999 Winter Meeting of the British Thoracic Society (BTS) was the largest yet and the research presented covered a wide range of topics in respiratory medicine. This article reviews some of the highlights of the work presented at the meeting.

At the BTS meeting in 1998, Paul Plant et al presented a paper demonstrating that non-invasive ventilation (NIV) may be used effectively in a variety of hospital settings for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).1 At the 1999 meeting the cost effectiveness data for this study were presented and it was estimated that a saving of £2829 per patient might be anticipated by a Trust investing in NIV.2 In addition, there was some evidence of a survival advantage at 12 months in favour of NIV.3 

The subject of sleep disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease, and the implications for funding sleep services, formed the basis of a lively debate at the 1997 BTS meeting.4-7 This year Davies et al presented evidence that patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) have higher blood pressure than controls, not only at night but also during the day,8though a parallel study9 found no evidence of an increased prevalence of early cerebrovascular disease. Further evidence of the benefits of treating OSA with nasal continuous positive airway pressure was …
Dose-response relation of diazoxide in children with hypertension.
Authors: R C Boerth, W R Long
Journal: Circulation (1977)

Diazoxide was administered to sixteen pediatric patients (ages 10 months to 13 years) with secondary forms of hypertension. Admission BP was 178+/-8/130+/-5 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM). Diazoxide was administered rapidly intravenously in doses ranging from 2 to 7.5 mg/kg. A significant (P less than 0.001), linear log dose-response relation was obtained which showed that a 3 mg/kg dose of diazoxide lowered diastolic BP by an average of 30 mm Hg. In five patients reduction of idastolic BP by a single injection of diazoxide was no different than when the same total dose was given as two or three small injections repeated at fifteen to twenty minute intervals. It is concluded that 1) many hypertensive children respons significantly to doses of diazoxide smaller than the usually recommended 5 mg/kg; 2) diazoxide has a significant dose-response relation in hypertensive pediatric patients; and 3) the desired blood pressure response in hypertensive children can be titrated using repeated small injections of diazoxide.
The 2006 WHO child growth standards
Authors: Martin Bloem
Journal: BMJ (2007)

In April 2006, the World Health Organization released its new WHO child growth standards,1 16 years after a WHO working group on infant growth recommended that these standards should describe how children should grow rather than how they actually grow.2 The basis for the new growth standards was six population based studies of infants and children from Ghana, India, Norway, Brazil, Oman, and North America, undertaken between 1997 and 2003. Participants were fed according to accepted international nutritional standards (including breast feeding), and their mothers were adequately nourished and avoided known adverse factors such as tobacco exposure.
Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes in cancer
Authors: James G. Herman
Journal: Seminars in Cancer Biology (1999)

Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes and other genes functionally important in the neoplastic process is a recently recognized process. This epigenetic process is characterized by loss of function of these genes associated with transcriptional loss in the absence of structural alterations. The growing list of genes inactivated by promoter region hypermethylation provide an opportunity to examine the patterns of inactivation of such genes and provide clues as to the roles these events play in the neoplastic process.
The Present Status of the Medical Profession.
Authors: J. J. MULHERON
Journal: JAMA (1893)

<h3>To the Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association</h3><h3>Dear Sir:</h3> —An article on this subject by Dr. Dudley S. Reynolds, in the June 3 issue ofThe Journal, reminds me of the case of a real estate friend of mine who has invested largely in acreage near our city, the demand for which has never been very brisk. Notwithstanding that he has been unable to unload, my optimistic friend periodically takes stock of his investment and adds a good round percentage to his estimate of its value. This he has been doing for a number of years and, as a matter of consequence his books show him to be a very wealthy man, while as a matter of fact he would have difficulty in realizing the original purchase price of the property. Dr. Reynolds' article shows the present status of medical education and the requirements for graduation
Surface expression of eosinophil major basic protein (MBP) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), without apparent extracellular release, by activated human eosinophils
Authors: T. Matsuura, K.R. Bartemes, D.L. Squillace, G.J. Gleich, H. Kita
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2003)
Intrapleural administration of a serotype 5 adeno-associated virus coding for α1-antitrypsin mediates persistent, high lung and serum levels of α1-antitrypsin
Authors: Bishnu De, Adriana Heguy, Philip L. Leopold, Nabil Wasif, Robert J. Korst, Neil R. Hackett, Ronald G. Crystal
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2004)

α1-Antitrypsin (α1AT) is a serine proteinase inhibitor that protects the lung from degradation by neutrophil proteases. In α1AT deficiency, an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from mutations in the α1AT (approved symbol SERPINA1) gene, serum α1AT levels of < 570 μg/ml are associated with development of emphysema. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 2 (AAV2) vectors expressing α1AT administered intramuscularly or intravenously mediate sustained serum levels of α1AT in experimental animals. Since the lung is only 2% of the body weight, AAV vector delivery to the muscle or liver is inefficient, as most of the α1AT does not reach the lung. The present study evaluates AAV2- and AAV5-mediated delivery of human α1AT (hα1AT) to C57BL/6 mice using the intrapleural space as a platform for local production of α1AT. Intrapleural administration of either an AAV5-hα1AT or an AAV2-hα1AT vector achieves higher lung and serum levels of α1AT than intramuscular delivery. AAV5-mediated serum and lung α1AT levels were 10-fold higher than those achieved by AAV2 delivery via either route. The diaphragm, lung, and heart are the major sites of transgene expression following intrapleural administration of an AAV5 reporter vector. At 40 weeks postadministration, intrapleural administration of the AAV5-hα1AT vector mediated serum α1AT levels of 900 ± 50 μg/ml, 1.6-fold higher than the accepted therapeutic level of 570 μg/ml. In the context that the pleura is a safe site for administration, intrapleural administration using AAV5 vectors may represent an attractive gene therapy strategy for α1AT deficiency in humans.
OBSTRUCTION AT THE TERMINAL PORTION OF THE COMMON BILE DUCTDUE TO CANCER OF THE AMPULLA. AN ANOMALY IN THE CYSTIC DUCT. SIMILAR OBSTRUCTION DUE TO PANCREATIC CANCER.
Authors: FREDERICK C. HERRICK
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Cases of cancer at the terminal portion of the bile duct within the duodenal wall are sufficiently rare and the signs are sufficiently characteristic to warrant the following report. Jaundice and pain are the most frequent signs of disease of the bile passages, jaundice belonging especially to common duct disease. Musser found it present in 17 of 18 cases of cancer of the ducts and pain in 12 of the 18. In gall-bladder disease jaundice is present in but 20 per cent. of the cases. In 16 cases of cancer of the ampulla on record, jaundice has occurred in all, while pain is mentioned as present in but three, and then of an aching or general abdominal character. This may be partly explained by the fact that when the ducts are the seat of cancer I found a history of gallstones in but 18 per cent. of 25 cases, while
The appendix in bed four ..
Authors: T Greenhalgh
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Greenhalgh,” my mother is found of saying, “is pronounced as if the last ‘g' were an ‘s.'”

Except that it isn't. Most people pronounce it as if the last “h” were an “e,” but I have been known to answer to a second syllable of hock, ink, grass, ugh, and blah. I married a Macfarlane, who brought with him the option of being misclassified with the MacFarlands, McFarlens, and Mcfaydens, so I have soldiered on with the devil I know. A medical direct mail organisation, which once rained junk mail on a non-existent Dr Mrcgp, has fused me with my first degree (Greenhaba) and honoured …
Ice Hockey and Spectators' Eye Injuries
Authors: W. Michael Myles, John D. Dickinson, G. Robert LaRoche
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

To the Editor: In recent years, there has been a decline in the incidence of reported ocular injuries in the sport most frequently associated with them -- hockey.1 Injuries to spectators' eyes have received much less attention. We treated three patients who had been struck in the face with hockey pucks while attending ice-hockey games. A 14-year-old girl had a traumatic hyphema (blood in the anterior chamber of the eye) and nasal fracture. She recovered normal vision, but has anterior-chamber angle recession, which places her at risk for glaucoma. A 15-year-old girl had a traumatic hyphema, facial laceration, and a . . .
Failure to Diagnose Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: J. Douglas White
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I read the article by Zarling et al with great interest. Several conclusions, however, seem overdrawn, lacking either clinical or statistical significance. The autopsy rate at the hospital studied (in excess of 20% ) seems high, particularly in the context of several articles and an editorial in the same issue suggesting much lower rates as the norm. In conjunction with the retrospective study design, this high rate suggests that the investigator may have selected out suspicious or perplexing deaths to examine. In the absence of a prospective and randomized protocol, I am less certain than the authors that this study has shown the way to improved prospective diagnosis. The abstract states that noninternists and noncardiologists were more likely to miss this diagnosis, and the conclusion states that cardiologists demonstrated greater accuracy in their diagnostic acumen. The latter statement is not supported by the data, and the former statement
Interactions between Glycoconjugates from Human Respiratory Airways and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>
Authors: André Scharfman, Edwige van Brussel, Nicole Houdret, Geneviève Lamblin, Philippe Roussel
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa binds to different glycoconjugates in vitro. As six other bacteria, it binds to several glycolipids, mainly asialo GM1 and asialo GM2. Asialo GM1 has been reported to exist at the surface of cystic fibrosis cells. The binding of P. aeruginosa to asialo GM1 involves the pili, especially the C-terminal part of pilin that recognizes the GaINAc(β1,4)Gal sequence of asialo GM1. P. aeruginosa may also bind to sialylated membrane-bound glycoproteins. Human salivary and respiratory mucins are also recognized by P. aeruginosa. Mucins represent the main components of mucus. The peptide part (apomucin) of this broad family of secreted glycoproteins is encoded by several mucin genes. The apomucins are covered by a large number of carbohydrate chains that can be remarkably different and represent a mosaic of sites for attachment of microorganisms. The binding of P. aeruginosa to mucins involves outer membrane proteins and mucin carbohydrate chains that are structurally different from the carbohydrate recognized by pilin. Airway and salivary mucins secreted by patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF) show alterations in their carbohydrate moiety. The increased sulfation of airway mucins seems to correspond to a primary defect. Other abnormalities such as increased sialylation or fucosylation have also been detected. The binding of P. aeruginosa to airway or salivary mucins is increased in CF. However, the precise link between the carbohydrate alterations and the increased binding of P. aeruginosa to CF mucins remains to be elucidated.
Quantitative studies on T cell diversity. IV. Mathematical analysis of multiple limiting populations of effector and suppressor T cells.
Authors: K Fey, I Melchers, K Eichmann
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1983)

Limiting dilution (LD) analyses of polyclonally activated T cells yielded results suggesting the existence of multiple paired populations of effector and suppressor precursors for a number of different T cell functions and specificities analyzed. These populations occur at graded frequencies and suppression occurs within a pair but not between pairs. In this paper, we establish the mathematical basis for the interpretation of these multi-component limiting dilution results. First, we derive equations for a number of mathematical models and identify one model that both makes biological sense and can be used to reproduce experimental data. Second, within this model, we identify parameters such as the frequency of suppressive cells and the number of suppressive cells required for suppression. The results suggest that within each paired population, suppressor precursors are 20 times more frequent that effector precursors. Furthermore, a similar but variable excess of suppressor cells is required for suppression to become effective. Together with the high frequency (1/50-1/500) of most effector T cell precursors previously reported, the results suggest that up to 40% of the T cells can become involved in suppression of an antigen-specific effector T cell population. These studies may provide exact estimates for predictions to be tested in experiments on immune regulation.
New partnership pumps 1m into stem cell research for multiple sclerosis
Authors: G. Watts
Journal: BMJ (2010)

In a bid to overcome a critical shortage of funds for stem cell research in Britain, the Multiple Sclerosis Society and the UK Stem Cell Foundation have set aside a dedicated pool of research money amounting to £1m (€1.1m; $1.6m). Announcing the plan on Thursday 14 January, Doug Brown, biomedical research manager for the MS Society, said that the new partnership in this field would “pump prime and speed up stem cell research.”

To mark the creation of the fund the London Regenerative Medicine Network chose the same day to hold a meeting at which two prominent stem cell researchers outlined their views on the future research into multiple sclerosis.

Robin Franklin of the Medical …
Plasma C-Peptide and Diagnosis of Factitious Hyperinsulinism
Authors: Couropmitree C, Freinkel N, Nagel Tc, Horwitz Dl, Rubenstein Ah, Metzger B, Hahnel R
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Factitious hyperinsulinism was suspected in a patient with an 11-year history of insulin-dependent, ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus who began to experience repetitive episodes of "spontaneous" hypoglycemia. Insulin mediation of the hypoglycemia was confirmed by documenting that urinary insulin and total extractable insulin in plasma increased during periods of hypoglycemia. Failure to detect significant amounts of human C-peptide by radioimmunoassay during periods of hypoglycemia or in response to stimulation with glucagon, leucine, or tolbutamide indicated that the insulin was not endogenous. The diagnosis of factitious hyperinsulinism was ultimately proved by the finding of radioactivity in the patient's urine after 131I Hippuran® was added to a vial of insulin found in the patient's room.
Histologic Transformation of Epstein-Barr Virus–Positive Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Elderly
Authors: Eunyoung Lee, Tae Min Kim, Yoojoo Lim, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Heounjeong Go, Chul Woo Kim, Dae Seog Heo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

Case ReportA 72-year-old Korean woman with a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hypothyroidism presented with dyspnea, anorexia, and night sweats that had persisted for a month.Physical examination demonstrated cervical and axillary lymphadenopathies and hepatosplenomegaly.Computed tomography of the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis revealed lymph node enlargements from the cervical to inguinal areas.The serum lactate dehydrogenase level was 1,559 IU/L (normal range, 100-225 IU/L), and bone marrow examination showed CD20 ϩ EBER ϩ lymphoid aggregates.Serologic tests for human immunodeficiency, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C viruses were negative.Lymph nodes were diffusely effaced by many atypical medium-to large-sized lymphoid cells and Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg-like cells (Fig 1A; hematoxylin and eosin staining, ϫ400 magnification) on pathologic examination of the excised lymph nodes.CD20 (Fig 1B), multiple myeloma oncogene 1, BCL6, and EBER by in situ hybridization (Fig 1C) were positive in large atypical lymphocytes, and CD10 was negative.Monoclonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene was observed by polymerase chain reaction analysis, but T-cell receptor (TCR) gamma gene rearrangement was polyclonal.The patient was diagnosed with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) -positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the elderly.Complete remission was achieved after six cycles of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (R-CHOP) between December 2009 and April 2010.The patient was admitted to the hospital twice during R-CHOP chemotherapy because of grade 3 febrile neutropenia and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia.After completion of R-CHOP chemotherapy, she experienced herpes zoster infection in the left cranial nerve area (V1) and a community-acquired pneumonia.In December 2010, the patient complained of a maculopapular rash over the whole body and multiple arthralgias for 2 days.She
Treatment of Reflux Esophagitis with Stricture
Authors: Marshall K. Bartlett, Henry H. Faxon, William R. Waddell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

THE subject of reflux esophagitis has received considerable attention since Winkelstein's1 description in 1935. It is a condition in which the lower esophagus becomes involved by inflammatory changes that may progress to ulceration and stenosis and eventually to cicatricial stricture. A hiatus hernia of the sliding type is usually present, and there is a high incidence of concomitant duodenal ulcer in these patients.EtiologyAll available evidence points to the reflux of chemically irritating material into the lower esophagus as the commonest cause of this condition. This is usually gastric contents containing pepsin and enough hydrochloric acid to render it . . .
Diabetic drug is often prescribed inappropriately, researchers say
Authors: D. Spurgeon
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Metformin, the most commonly prescribed branded diabetes drug in the United States, may often be inappropriately prescribed for patients with type II diabetes who have renal dysfunction and congestive heart failure, where it has been associated with lactic acidosis causing death.

This is the finding of a group of pharmacists and public health doctors, which they report in a research letter to the editor of JAMA (2002;287:2504-5).

They did a retrospective review of randomly selected charts of patients receiving metformin (Glucophage) through the outpatient pharmacy at …