tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mortality in Labour-Cases
Authors: G. Rigden
Journal: BMJ (1864)

This study aimed to identify simple rules for allocating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients to clinical phenotypes identified by cluster analyses. Data from 2409 COPD patients of French/Belgian COPD cohorts were analysed using cluster analysis resulting in the identification of subgroups, for which clinical relevance was determined by comparing 3-year all-cause mortality. Classification and regression trees (CARTs) were used to develop an algorithm for allocating patients to these subgroups. This algorithm was tested in 3651 patients from the COPD Cohorts Collaborative International Assessment (3CIA) initiative. Cluster analysis identified five subgroups of COPD patients with different clinical characteristics (especially regarding severity of respiratory disease and the presence of cardiovascular comorbidities and diabetes). The CART-based algorithm indicated that the variables relevant for patient grouping differed markedly between patients with isolated respiratory disease (FEV<sub>1</sub>, dyspnoea grade) and those with multi-morbidity (dyspnoea grade, age, FEV<sub>1</sub> and body mass index). Application of this algorithm to the 3CIA cohorts confirmed that it identified subgroups of patients with different clinical characteristics, mortality rates (median, from 4% to 27%) and age at death (median, from 68 to 76 years). A simple algorithm, integrating respiratory characteristics and comorbidities, allowed the identification of clinically relevant COPD phenotypes.
CELLULITIS AND MYOSITIS OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL, SIMULATING INTRA-ABDOMINAL CONDITIONS.
Authors: JAMES MORLEY HITZROT
Journal: JAMA (1907)

The cases which follow illustrate very well how closely conditions of the muscular layers of the abdominal wall, accompanied by symptoms most commonly referable to processes inside the abdomen, may be mistaken for the last named conditions. <h3>CASE REPORTS.</h3><h3>Case 1.</h3> —S. S., aged 18, was admitted to the New York Hospital, Dr. Bolton's service, July 21, 1903, complaining of pain on the right side of the abdomen. <h3>History.</h3> —Family history negative; past history negative; appetite good; bowels always regular. <h3>Present Illness.</h3> —One evening, eight days before admission, the patient ate a large quantity of peanuts, cakes, candy and other Coney Island delicacies. The next morning he awoke with pain in his abdomen. At first the pain was diffuse, but later became localized on the lower right side of the abdomen. It was cramp-like in character, the cramps coming in paroxysms. The pain then disappeared for about three days, and
Noninvasive markers: a double-edged sword that stratifies nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Goh Eun Chung, Donghee Kim
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2013)

See the Original "Noninvasive predictors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Korean patients with histologically proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease" on page 120.
Atlantoxial dislocation in Down's syndrome. Report of two patients requiring surgical correction
Authors: B. H. Curtis
Journal: JAMA (1968)

An increased atlantoodontoid interval is frequently observed in asymptomatic patients with Down's syndrome (mongolism) and severe neurologic complications can occur. Symptomatic atlantoaxial dislocations developed in two such patients. Conditions in both patients were relieved by surgical stabilization of the first and second cervical vertebrae.
Intravenous Use of Diazoxide in the Treatment of Severe Hypertension
Authors: WILLIAM M. HAMBY, GERALD J. JANKOWSKI, J. MAURICE POUGET, GEORGE DUNEA, CLARENCE L. GANTT
Journal: Circulation (1968)

Thirty-three patients with severe hypertension were treated with rapidly injected intravenous diazoxide. Renal function was measured in nine patients and four underwent cardiac catheterization during renal function studies. Diazoxide had a rapid, profound hypotensive effect. Average decrease in mean arterial pressure was 26%, with an average duration of 16 hours. Drug resistance was not observed. Renal function was not impaired despite maintenance of arterial pressure at or near normal levels. Decreased mean arterial pressure was associated with a decrease in systemic vascular resistance and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure while an increase in cardiac index and heart rate occurred. Urine volume was unchanged, whereas the glomerular filtration rate and the effective renal plasma flow increased but urinary sodium excretion decreased markedly. Intravenous diazoxide is a practical effective agent for treatment of all forms of severe hypertension.
Plasma Concentration of SCUBE1, a Novel Platelet Protein, Is Elevated in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome and Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Dao-Fu Dai, Peterus Thajeb, Cheng-Fen Tu, Fu-Tien Chiang, Chien-Hsiun Chen, Ruey-Bing Yang, Jin-Jer Chen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2008)
Episiotomy and the Second Stage of Labor
Authors: Allan G. Charles
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<i>Episiotomy and the Second Stage of Labor</i>, by Kitzinger and Simkin, is an interesting book. The authors' bias against episiotomy is evidenced by the illustration on the book cover, a primitive figurine of a woman delivering a child with a large, open pair of episiotomy scissors spread threateningly behind the figurine. In an era in which alternative birth methods are being offered and in which some basic obstetrical tenets are being questioned, books such as this should at least be read by conscientious practicing obstetricians. In an introductory chapter Kitzinger mentions a survey conducted by the Natural Childbirth Trust on experiences with episiotomies. Nowhere does she state how many women were interviewed or how the sample was chosen. She does state, however, that there were disturbing findings, among which was painful episiotomy. I would question the statement that "an episiotomy done early on a thick perineum, of course, increases pelvic
Effect of an Ovulatory Suppressant on the Serum Protein-Bound Iodine and the Red-Cell Uptake of Radioactive Trimodothyronine
Authors: Charles S. Hollander, Antonio M. Garcia, Somers H. Sturgis, Herbert A. Selenkow
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

THE binding capacity of plasma proteins for thyroxine is a major determinant of the serum protein-bound-iodine level. Variations in protein binding result in alterations in this level but do not necessarily influence metabolic status. The active or "free" hormones probably remain unchanged owing to a shift in binding equilibrium. The red-cell uptake of radioactive tri-iodothyronine is a convenient indirect measure of binding capacity that has been applied as a diagnostic test of thyroid function.1 In general, increased binding of thyroid hormones is associated with decreased values for the red-cell uptake of the hormone. Pharmacologic agents such as salicylates, hydantoins and . . .
Exercise Graded by Heart Rate in Electrocardiographic Testing for Angina Pectoris
Authors: L. T. SHEFFIELD, JOHN H. HOLT, T. JOSEPH REEVES
Journal: Circulation (1965)

Standardization of an exercise electrocardiographic test for myocardial ischemia is desirable. Standardization of exercise should be based upon a standardized challenge to the coronary circulation, not upon a standardized challenge to the skeletal muscles, for the stresses upon the heart are not identical. With the use of heart rate during exercise as an index of cardiac stress, the levels of exercise prescribed on the basis of age, sex, and weight in standard "two-step" test tables produce widely varying levels of cardiac stress-sometimes too low to induce significant ST-segment depression in patients with angina pectoris and, occasionally, much greater than necessary to produce such diagnostic electrocardiographic changes. The graded exercise test, using 85 per cent of the maximal age-predicted heart rate that may be induced by exercise, produces a closer approximation of a standardized cardiac stress, regardless of age, sex, or body build. Its use with angina pectoris patients and normal subjects results in increased sensitivity (fewer false negatives) and increased specificity (fewer false positives). Use of the graded exercise test as described is considered not to increase the hazard of testing, and perhaps even to decrease it.
PURULENT BRAIN DEPOSITS, AND PHLEBITIS AND THROMBOSIS OF THE CEREBRAL VEINS AND SINUSES FOLLOWING EAR DISEASE.
Authors: FRANK ALLPORT
Journal: JAMA (1892)

(<i>Continued from page 691</i>.) Brain abscesses are never a primary disease. They are always the result of traumatismi, pus contact, or pus migration, and are usually caused from otorrhœa. They affect the white rather than the gray matter, and being usually found in the temporal lobe —in which are neither motor or sensory nerve-tracts —distinct localization symptoms are apt to be conspicuous from their abscence. This is equally true of abscesses in the frontal lobe, which may be entirely destroyed, without producing special signs. Mr. Field says that "The more acute forms of abscess, give rise to the signs usually attributed to meningitis or encephalitis, while the more chronic ones give rise to no symptoms whatever, until the abscess extends sufficiently near the surface of the brain to light up an inflammation of the membranes, when it becomes suddenly revealed. The probability is that chronic abscesses may exist for years
The Class IV Semaphorin CD100 Plays Nonredundant Roles in the Immune System
Authors: Wei Shi, Atsushi Kumanogoh, Chie Watanabe, Junji Uchida, Xiaosong Wang, Teruhito Yasui, Kazunori Yukawa, Masahito Ikawa, Masaru Okabe, Jane R Parnes, Kanji Yoshida, Hitoshi Kikutani
Journal: Immunity (2000)
Demand Pacing for Transient Heart Block Associated With Changes in Posture
Authors: Vishnu D. Gaiha
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Complete heart block with syncope developed in an elderly woman upon standing. Sinus rhythm was reestablished upon lying down. Excessive vagal activity did not appear to be a causal factor, and an obvious explanation for the phenomenon is not available. Complete relief of symptoms was obtained by the use of a permanent demand transvenous pacemaker.
Atlas of Radiologic Imaging
Authors: R. Ted Steinbock
Journal: JAMA (1990)

As the title indicates,<i>The Atlas of Radiologic Imaging</i>concentrates on a visual presentation of diseases in all major organ systems. The various imaging modalities, including nuclear medicine computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, are well integrated into the nine chapters covering specific anatomic regions or organ systems. In addition, there are two chapters devoted to disease appearance by ultrasound and angiography as well as a third covering the techniques of interventional radiology. Paging through this book is a true delight. The choice and quality of illustrations are excellent. Colored arrows highlight the radiographic features and a large number of the illustrations are accompanied by line drawings further delineating the important findings and anatomic landmarks. There are numerous tables and charts that provide helpful classification of tumors, fractures, disease patterns, differential diagnosis, and optimal choice of radiological examination. The<i>Atlas</i>has tremendous value for both the radiology resident and practicing
Nature's Mind: The Biological Roots of Thinking, Emotions, Sexuality, Language, and Intelligence
Authors: Gregory S. Connor
Journal: JAMA (1993)

The gist of this provocative book is the application of Darwinian theory to contemporary neuroscience. The author argues that among other things, our thinking, emotions, language, and tendency for addiction are all genetically programmed. Our environment does not instruct us in these things but merely allows certain potentials to develop. All we do in life is discover what is already built into our brains. It seems that the Eastern concept of kismet has finally crept into the West, not through philosophy but through biology. "It seems that the Eastern concept of kismet has finally crept into the West, not through philosophy but through biology." Dr Gazzaniga draws from a large variety of sources to support his arguments. Current thinking in immunology provides the analogy of a biological system with unbelievable complexity whose manifestations are selected as needed by the environment. The development of the neural connections for the eye begins
Genomic Organization of the <i>KCNQ1</i> K <sup>+</sup> Channel Gene and Identification of C-Terminal Mutations in the Long-QT Syndrome
Authors: Nathalie Neyroud, Pascale Richard, Nicolas Vignier, Claire Donger, Isabelle Denjoy, Laurence Demay, Maria Shkolnikova, Ricardo Pesce, Philippe Chevalier, Bernard Hainque, Philippe Coumel, Ketty Schwartz, Pascale Guicheney
Journal: Circulation Research (1999)

Abstract —The voltage-gated K + channel KVLQT1 is essential for the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential and for K + homeostasis in the inner ear. Mutations in the human KCNQ1 gene encoding the α subunit of the KVLQT1 channel cause the long-QT syndrome (LQTS). The autosomal dominant form of this cardiac disease, the Romano-Ward syndrome, is characterized by a prolongation of the QT interval, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden death. The autosomal recessive form, the Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, also includes bilateral deafness. In the present study, we report the entire genomic structure of KCNQ1 , which consists of 19 exons spanning 400 kb on chromosome 11p15.5. We describe the sequences of exon-intron boundaries and oligonucleotide primers that allow polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of exons from genomic DNA. Two new (CA) n repeat microsatellites were found in introns 10 and 14. The present study provides helpful tools for the linkage analysis and mutation screening of the complete KCNQ1 gene. By use of these tools, five novel mutations were identified in LQTS patients by PCR–single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis in the C-terminal part of KCNQ1 : two missense mutations, a 20-bp and 1-bp deletions, and a 1-bp insertion. Such mutations in the C-terminal domain of the gene may be more frequent than previously expected, because this region has not been analyzed so far. This could explain the low percentage of mutations found in large LQTS cohorts.
Enhanced Progression of Urinary Albumin Excretion in IDDM During Puberty
Authors: László Barkai, Ildikó Vámosi, Katalin Lukács
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

OBJECTIVE To determine whether the progression of urinary albumin excretion rate (AER) is higher during puberty than before or after this period. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A prospective study was conducted in which normoalbuminuric prepubertal (n = 20), pubertal (n = 28), and postpubertal (n = 26) IDDM groups matched for diabetes duration and long-term metabolic control were followed for 3 years. At 6-month intervals, 24-h urine collection was used to determine AER. RESULTS AER increased significantly over a period of 3 years in the pubertal (P = 0.001) and postpubertal (P = 0.003) subjects but not in prepubertal subjects. The annual progression of AER was significantly higher in the pubertal group than in the prepubertal (P = 0.001) or postpubertal (P = 0.001) groups. Six pubertal, two postpubertal, and none of the prepubertal subjects developed microalbuminuria (AER ≥ 20 μg/min on two consecutive occasions) over a 3-year period (P = 0.047). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of development of microalbuminuria was increased in pubertal subjects compared with the prepubertal and postpubertal subjects (adjusted relative risk [95% CI]: 4.3 [1.5–9.3], P = 0.012, and 2.1 [1.1–5.0], P = 0.023, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Puberty represents an independent risk of the development of microalbuminuria in diabetes. This findings suggests that the endocrine changes of puberty lead to an accelerated process of early kidney damage in diabetes. In pediatric diabetes care, screening for microalbuminuria is needed soon after the onset of puberty.
Coxibs and caution
Authors: E N Wardle
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2005)

Dr McNaught is right to point out examples of racism in the NHS (December 2004 JRSM 1 ).But what to do about it?Maybe we can learn some lessons from the past.Today there is an over-representation of black people in the mental health system but in the 1960s Irish people were over-represented. 2 Psychiatrists thought that the prevalence of schizophrenia was high in people from the west of Ireland and invented a new syndrome 'western seaboard psychosis'. 3 Anthropologists descended on the unsuspecting immigrants to ask them if their Catholic faith caused their minds to unbalance and psychiatrists followed to dole out antipsychotics.But then some proper research was done and it showed no excess of schizophrenia in Irish immigrants. 4 The methods of case collection in the early studies were poor and cross-cultural comparisons were not properly thought through. 3 Today Irish people are no more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than anyone else.How did this happen?I would love to say that it was because of the new research or because of government initiatives.The research helped a bit but the main cures for anti-Irish discrimination were that the new immigrants were richer, better educated, better informed and more questioning.They would not be fobbed off with a misdiagnosis.An increasing understanding and appreciation of Irish culture also helped reduce anti-Irish discrimination generally.The most effective cure of all was time.A cynic would add that, nowadays, people have a new batch of immigrants (such as asylum seekers) to discriminate against.So we need fewer new policy drives and more changes of heart.These will only come from changes in society.Blaming individuals or even the NHS will not help.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Diagnosis by examination of pulmonary secretions
Authors: W. K. Lau
Journal: JAMA (1976)

To determine if examination of respiratory secretions is useful in diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, smear preparations of expectorated sputum, tracheal aspirates, and transtracheal aspirates stained by the Gomori methenamine silver nitrate method were examined. Pneumocysts were observed more frequently in material obtained by transtracheal aspiration than in secretions obtained by the other methods. Transtracheal aspiration yielded material containing pneumocysts in 8 (13%) of 60 patients; each had pulmonary infiltrates and clinical courses consistent with P carinii pneumonia. Of 330 smear preparations examined from expectorated sputum, three patients had pneumocysts in their sputum and one had organisms in both transtracheal aspiration and expectorated sputum; all three had pneumonia. This study provides evidence that transtracheal aspiration is a useful initial step in the approach to the diagnosis of P carinii pneumonia.
Overdose of Lomotil.
Authors: M McGuigan, F H Lovejoy
Journal: BMJ (1978)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Background</h3> Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is emerging as a potentially powerful, non-invasive technique for focal brain stimulation. Recent animal work suggests, however, that TUS effects may be confounded by indirect stimulation of early auditory pathways. <h3>Objective</h3> We aimed to investigate in human participants whether TUS elicits audible sounds and if these can be masked by an audio signal. <h3>Methods</h3> In 18 healthy participants, T1-weighted magnetic resonance brain imaging was acquired for 3D ultrasound simulations to determine optimal transducer placements and source amplitudes. Thermal simulations ensured that temperature rises were &lt;0.5 °C at the target and &lt;3 °C in the skull. To test for non-specific auditory activation, TUS (500 kHz, 300 ms burst, modulated at 1 kHz with 50% duty cycle) was applied to primary visual cortex and participants were asked to distinguish stimulation from non-stimulation trials. EEG was recorded throughout the task. Furthermore, ex-vivo skull experiments tested for the presence of skull vibrations during TUS. <h3>Results</h3> We found that participants can hear sound during TUS and can distinguish between stimulation and non-stimulation trials. This was corroborated by EEG recordings indicating auditory activation associated with TUS. Delivering an audio waveform to participants through earphones while TUS was applied reduced detection rates to chance level and abolished the TUS-induced auditory EEG signal. Ex vivo skull experiments demonstrated that sound is conducted through the skull at the pulse repetition frequency of the ultrasound. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Future studies using TUS in humans need to take this auditory confound into account and mask stimulation appropriately.
Proposed Revisions to the Declaration of Helsinki — Will They Weaken the Ethical Principles Underlying Human Research?
Authors: T A Brennan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

At a recent meeting of the human subjects committee of which I am a member, we discussed a proposed protocol involving an analysis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in pregnant women and subsequent follow-up of their offspring in rural areas of a country in sub-Saharan Africa. Recalling the recent controversy over the use of placebo in trials of zidovudine treatment to halt perinatal transmission of HIV infection in Third World countries14 and the decision by U.S. agencies to stop funding such trials,5 some members of our committee thought that the proposed protocol was ethically suspect because it did . . .
Regional interaction and its effect on patterns of myocardial segmental shortening and lengthening during different models of asynchronous contraction in the dog
Authors: T. E Meyer, P. Foex, W A Ryder
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1992)

The aim was to examine the effect of asynchrony and regional myocardial interaction on the pattern of segmental contraction and relaxation.Three models of asynchrony were produced. Firstly the left anterior descending artery was abruptly occluded for 60 s. Secondly, the same artery was gradually occluded to produce four degrees of ischaemia based on the severity of the mechanical dysfunction. Finally, asynchrony was created by infusing isoprenaline (0.04 microgram.ml-1) into the left circumflex artery. Twelve anaesthetised beagles, weighing 16-21 kg, were used for the study.The patterns of contraction and relaxation were characterised by analysing the phases of shortening and lengthening, the peak lengthening rate (dL/dt), and the timing from the onset of systole to minimum systolic length. A consistent pattern of shortening and lengthening was evident during all three models of asynchrony. There were reciprocal relations between the extent of isovolumetric shortening in the normal segment and in the abnormal segment, and on occasion between the extent of isovolumetric shortening in the normal segment and the extent of isovolumetric lengthening in the same segment. Normal segments that showed minimal shortening or even some lengthening during isovolumetric systole tended to shorten beyond ejection, while segments that shortened significantly during isovolumetric contraction, lengthened earlier. Despite no change in isovolumetric shortening, segments also shortened after ejection when the opposite segment lengthened in late systole and early diastole.The pattern of shortening and lengthening depends on the path of contraction or on its entire loading pattern throughout systole. It is also possible that during early isovolumetric systole a segment can either be unloaded or preloaded by an opposing segment.
Characterization and morphological analysis of a cholecystokinin derivative peptide-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres prepared by a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion solvent evaporation method
Authors: Marı́a J Blanco-Prı́eto, Elias Fattal, Annette Gulik, Jean C Dedieu, Bernard P Roques, Patrick Couvreur
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (1997)