tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
New commission will look at non-medical ways to improve health of Americans
Authors: Bob Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The government has agreed in principle that the General Medical Council, the medical profession's regulator, will take over responsibility for postgraduate medical training in the United Kingdom.The move to assimilate the Postgraduate Medical and Training Board within the GMC-which will not go ahead before 2010-has been welcomed by Graeme Catto, the council's president.Sir Graeme said, "The merger will bring under one roof the regulation of all stages of medical education and will deliver real benefits for patients and the public, as well as for the medical profession."He added that the board, which was set up in autumn 2005, had made an important contribution to postgraduate medical education in the UK and promised to maintain the momentum it had generated.However, in a statement the Royal College of Surgeons of England expressed its disappointment at the slow timetable for implementing the change."We are pleased with the acceptance that PMETB [the Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board] will become part of the GMC.However, it is disappointing that no opportunity can apparently be found to carry out this badly needed reform until 2010," it said.Altogether the government agreed (or agreed in principle) to 24 of 47 recommendations made by John Tooke in the report of his inquiry into the reform of Modernising Medical Careers (MMC), which was published in January (BMJ 2008;336:61, 12 Jan).Other proposals were put on hold for "further consideration" or were dismissed as the responsibility of other organisations.Proposals that were agreed in principle are to be evaluated as part of the next stage review, being carried out by health minister Lord Darzi and due to be published in June.Alan Johnson, the health secretary, said that his department needed more time to consider one of the late additions to the list of recommendations, the proposal to set up a new independent body, provisionally called NHS Medical Education England, GMC will take responsibility for postgraduate medical training, as advised by Tooke report UK NEWS Deaths from cancer fall after 20 years of screening in England, p 527 WorlD NEWS European Commission looks into possible restrictive practices by drug companies, p 524 bmj.com london GPs express fear over Darzi's proposals for the capital
Abstract P1-08-02: Short-Term Pregnancy Levels of Estradiol Delays Mammary Tumor Development by Altering PI3K/AKT Pathway in Her2/neu Mice
Authors: JA Parada, A Arumugam, P Agullo, S Myers, A Delgado, T Boopalan, R. Lakshmanaswamy, L. Paul
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Approximately 20-30% of all breast cancers overexpress the human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (Her2). Breast cancers that overexpress Her2 have been associated with a more aggressive phenotype and decreased survival. Currently, the FDA has only approved trastuzumab, a recombinant monoclonal antibody against the Her2 receptor, for treatment of Her2- overexpressing breast cancer. Even though trastuzumab has been effective, many breast cancers do not respond to treatment or they eventually progress to a resistant state. Hence, several research investigations are underway to identify therapies besides trastuzumab that could be used for the treatment of Her2-positive breast cancer. It has been earlier demonstrated that uniparous Her2/neu transgenic mice developed smaller mammary tumors and these tumors had significantly decreased metastatic potential. Also, we had earlier demonstrated that short-term treatment with pregnancy levels of estradiol was very effective in delaying tumor progression and decreasing tumor burden. In this present investigation, we have attempted to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this anti-tumor effect of short-term pregnancy levels of estradiol treatment against Her2/neu driven mammary carcinogenesis. Seven week old activated Her2/neu (murine-mammary-tumor virus (MMTV)-c-neu) FVB transgenic mice were treated for 3 weeks with 100mg of estradiol in silastic capsules. We have shown that this dose of estradiol treatment mimics pregnancy levels of the hormone in circulation. Control animals received empty silastic capsules for the same duration. Mice were palpated once every week for nine months to monitor the development of mammary cancer. Histopathological examination was performed to confirm the carcinomatous nature of the palpable tumors. A group (n=3) of mice were terminated from control and estradiol treated groups immediately after three weeks of treatment, and also, at 6 and 12 weeks post withdrawal of the treatment. Mammary tumor and normal mammary tissue were excised, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C. Protein and total RNA were extracted from these tissues. Pathway focused microarray analysis was done on the PI3K/AKT pathway. Results demonstrate that, in parous and estrogen treated mice, proteins and genes involved in tumor-suppression (Mtcp1,Rbl2,Srf and Ywhah) and immune response (Cd14,Tlr4) were upregulated; which have been shown to play a role in reducing tumors by induction of apoptosis. This trend in gene expression alteration is present in both normal and mammary tumor tissue in the estradiol treated and parous groups and demonstrates that short-term pregnancy levels estrogen is altering the PI3K/AKT pathway; which correlates with our previous findings that short-term estradiol treatment is effective in tumor delay. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-08-02.
The Etiology of Rheumatic Fever, and an Explanation of its Relations to Other Diseases
Authors: B. N. Dalton
Journal: BMJ (1890)

JOURNALI [March 1, 18O. in the absence of air, as in a flask filled with Pasteur's fluid.But though thus closely resembling the butyric bacillus in appear- ance, there were some points of difference.One was their growth in gelatine.This was evidently a bad medium; only two out of several inoculations were successful, and, when successful, only a moistening, not liquefaction, took place.A second is the formation of spores in the rods when grown freely in air on the potato.
Follow-up Testing for Curatively Treated Cancer Survivors
Authors: Charles L. Loprinzi
Journal: JAMA (1995)

The article by Virgo et al<sup>1</sup>in this issue of<i>JAMA</i>examines the question, "What is appropriate follow-up for colorectal cancer patients treated with an intent to cure?" The authors approach this topic by summarizing 11 different strategies and then dealing with financial aspects of proposed follow-up testing recommendations. While such financial considerations are important, there are other important factors to be considered in determining appropriate follow-up practices, these primarily being quantity and quality of life. See also p 1837. There are few data regarding the influence of follow-up strategies on the quality of life of cancer survivors. While some will argue that patients feel reassured when test results are normal and that frequent testing will improve their quality of life, there are many patients whose quality of life is negatively affected for days to weeks in anticipation of upcoming testing procedures, during subsequent procedures performed because of false-positive
Swainsonine Inhibition of Spontaneous Metastasis
Authors: Sheila A. Newton, Sandra L. White, Martin J. Humphries, Kenneth Olden
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1989)

Journal Article Swainsonine Inhibition of Spontaneous Metastasis Get access Sheila A. Newton, Sheila A. Newton Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Sandra L. White, Sandra L. White Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Martin J. Humphries, Martin J. Humphries Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Kenneth Olden Kenneth Olden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 81, Issue 13, 5 July 1989, Pages 1024–1028, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/81.13.1024 Published: 05 July 1989 Article history Received: 18 November 1988 Revision received: 06 March 1989 Accepted: 20 March 1989 Published: 05 July 1989
City reacts negatively as GlaxoSmithKline announces plans for new drugs
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Europe's biggest drug company, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), saw its share price fall last week, despite unveiling details of its “product pipeline” for the next five years.

GSK's chief executive, Jean-Pierre Garnier, told London market analysts: “There is no doubt that after 2006, GSK will outpace the rest of the industry.” But investors saw little prospect of immediate gain, with most of the new drugs years away from possible approval with regulatory hurdles still to overcome.

This week's newspapers suggested that GSK had shot itself in the foot when its vice president of genetic research, Allen Roses, told a scientific meeting in London that the “vast majority of drugs only work in …
Self-assembly of ciprofloxacin and a tripeptide into an antimicrobial nanostructured hydrogel
Authors: Silvia Marchesan, Yue Qu, Lynne J. Waddington, Christopher D. Easton, Veronica Glattauer, Trevor J. Lithgow, Keith M. McLean, John S. Forsythe, Patrick G. Hartley
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
Antihypertensive Therapy After Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Barbara Nikolaidou, Antonios Lazaridis, Michael Doumas
Journal: JAMA (2014)

The China Antihypertensive Trial in Acute Ischemic Stroke (CATIS) study reported that antihypertensive therapy immediately after an acute ischemic stroke did not reduce the likelihood of death or major disability compared with placebo.1 In the trial, the effects of antihypertensive therapy seemed to be time dependent.

Although the study revealed no effect of antihypertensive therapy when treatment was administered within the first day of stroke, blood pressure lowering was associated with a 27% reduction in the primary outcome among patients treated after 24 hours of stroke onset. This finding is in accordance with the results from the Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors (ACCESS) study,2 in which candesartan was administered an average of 30 hours after recognition of stroke symptoms. Did Dr He and colleagues1 perform a formal interaction test3 to verify this finding? This finding comes from a subgroup analysis and can only be considered hypothesis generating, requiring further testing in future trials.
Psychiatric House Staff on Strike
Authors: Gabriel Koz
Journal: JAMA (1978)

PHYSICIANS' strikes were once extremely rare in the United States. Now they are becoming more common. In 1975, strikes occurred in the three largest American cities—New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles. In these cities, house staff members united to exact concessions from the hospitals and medical centers employing them. Traditionally physicians did not join unions or engage in strikes. Even today most physicians hesitate to join a union, particularly those practicing in the less industrial sections of the nation. Thus at the founding of the Physicians National Housestaff Association (PNHA), the residents and the union's executive director debated the wisdom of publicly acknowledging its true nature. The executive director, formerly a union organizer, favored bluntly stating the purpose of PNHA: "Why look like a duck, quack like a duck, and call yourself a pheasant?" The PNHA's vice-president, who was a physician, advised house staff to concentrate on the issues. In
Transplanting a Kidney Is the Easy Part
Authors: Mitchell H. Katz
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

The transition from adolescence to adulthood is difficult under the best of circumstances.Young people with chronic diseases face particular challenges because they must adhere to medical therapy and keep medical appointments while they cope with peer pressure, hormonal surges, academic demands, and uncertainty regarding the future.This study demonstrates the profound challenges of adolescents with renal transplants.The 10year risk of graft loss among recipients aged 14 to 16 years is the highest of any age cohort despite the robust protoplasm of this age group.We agree with the authors that transition programs that address the unique developmental needs of youth should be developed and tested.The study has another important lesson in this era of health care reform.Graft loss was significantly greater among pub-
Surveillance of AIDS in the United Kingdom.
Authors: A McCormick, H Tillett, B Bannister, J Emslie
Journal: BMJ (1987)

The surveillance of cases of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United Kingdom is described and a preliminary analysis made of the 1012 cases that were reported to the end of August 1987. Homosexuals were the largest risk group. For the first time it is possible to present cases by the date of diagnosis and by the regional health authority of residence. The rate of increase of new cases shows no sign of slowing down. One third of patients with AIDS lived in a different regional health authority from that in which their disease had been diagnosed. The geographical distribution varied with the risk group. The commonest presenting clinical feature at diagnosis was Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Kaposi's sarcoma was considerably more common among homosexuals than among people in other groups at risk.
392 TWENTY CASES OF INTRAHEPATIC BILIARY CYSTADENOMA AND CYSTADENOCARCINOMA
Authors: S.H. Lee, S.H. Kim, Y.J. Jung, J.-H. Hwang, J.-W. Kim, S.-H. Jeong, J.K. Ryu, Y.-T. Kim, Y.B. Yoon
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Therapy‐related lymphomas in patients with autoimmune diseases after treatment with disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs
Authors: Wing‐Yan Au, Edmond S.K. Ma, Carolyn Choy, Lap‐Ping Chung, Tsz‐Kin Fung, Raymond Liang, Yok‐Lam Kwong
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2005)

Abstract Ten patients developing lymphomas after disease modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs (DMARD) (methotrexate, n = 3, mean cumulative dose = 3.4 g; cyclophosphamide, n = 2, mean dose = 70 g; azathioprine, n = 6, mean dose = 243 g) were investigated. Methotrexate‐related lymphomas were Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐positive, had infrequent aberrant methylation of p15 and p16 , and responded well to methotrexate withdrawal or anti‐CD20 antibody (rituximab) alone without concomitant chemotherapy, implying that defective immunosurveillance was important in lymphomagenesis. However, 75% of cyclophosphamide/azathioprine‐related lymphomas were EBV‐negative, had frequent p15 and p16 methylation, and responded poorly to drug withdrawal and chemotherapy, implying that direct drug‐induced mutagenesis might be involved in lymphomagenesis. Am. J. Hematol. 81:5–11, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The 1995 Albert Lasker Medical Research Award. The keys to cell-mediated immunity
Authors: P. C. Doherty
Journal: JAMA (1995)

THE HUMAN immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic has made us aware of the intimate relationships between viruses and the immune system. These human lentiviruses grow in lymphocytes of the CD4+ subset and are probably controlled, at least for a time, by the CD8+ effectors of cell-mediated immunity (CMI). When we discuss CMI-based strategies to limit HIV infection, the debate is framed by the efforts made over the past 20 years to understand the way that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins function in viral immunity. This article places these efforts in historical context and, together with the accompanying article by Rolf Zinkernagel,<sup>1</sup>relates how our understanding of virus-specific CMI and the biological role of the MHC became intertwined. <h3>BACKGROUND</h3> In the early 1970s, the international effort on virus-specific CMI was minuscule. Most virologists had shifted their attention from whole-animal studies, in which virology and immunology approaches were inextricably linked, to
The Role of Bone Scan and Radiography in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Suspected Pedal Osteomyelitis
Authors: GEORGE M. SEGALL, MATILDE NINO-MURCIA, TOM JACOBS, KAREN CHANG
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

The authors reviewed the three-phase bone scans and radiographs of 24 patients with suspected pedal osteomyelitis who also had histologic confirmation of the diagnosis. Twenty patients had a pedal ulcer, cellulitis, or necrosis. Sensitivity and specificity of bone scanning were 70% and 43% respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of radiography were 70% and 50% respectively. The non-invasive diagnosis of pedal osteomyelitis remains problematic due to the poor specificity of bone scans and radiographs.
Sebaceous carcinoma: an unusual cause of a rapidly enlarging rhinophyma
Authors: R. J. MOTLEY, A. F. DOUGLAS-JONES, P. J. A. HOLT
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

We describe a patient who developed sebaceous carcinoma within a long-standing rhinophyma with rapid enlargement of the lesion. We believe the development of this tumour was a random occurrence but the possibility of tumour development should be considered in any rhinophyma showing a rapid increase in size.
Polio virus spreads from Syria to Iraq
Authors: S. Arie
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Iraq has reported its first case of poliomyelitis for 14 years, amid concern that the disease cannot be prevented from spreading beyond Syria and throughout the Middle East.

Laboratory testing has confirmed a case of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) in a 6 month old Iraqi baby living in the outskirts of Baghdad. The disease is the same strain as that in cases reported in Syria last October in a poor and largely rebel held eastern region that shares a long border with Iraq.

“It is a huge blow, because for 14 years Iraq has been polio free,” said Syed Jaffar Hussain, head of mission for the World Health Organization (WHO) in Iraq.

So far 38 cases of polio have been confirmed inside Syria, and tests have confirmed that the virus was brought into the country from Pakistan.

A single confirmed case indicates a wider problem, because for every case of polio that leads to paralysis WHO estimates that another 199 infected children are carrying the virus and spreading it undetected. On the basis of this assumption WHO has estimated that there might …
Neural plausibility and validation may not be so E-Z
Authors: Sara C. Sereno, Patrick J. O'Donnell, Anne B. Sereno
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Although the E-Z Reader model accounts well for eye-tracking data, it will be judged by new predictions and consistency with evidence from brain imaging methodologies. The stage architecture proposed for lexical access seems somewhat arbitrary and calculated timings are conservatively slow. There are certain effects in the literature that seem incompatible with the model.
Predictive Value of Electrophoretically Detected Lipoprotein(a) for Coronary Heart Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease in a Community-Based Cohort of 9936 Men and Women
Authors: Tu T. Nguyen, Ralph D. Ellefson, David O. Hodge, Kent R. Bailey, Thomas E. Kottke, Haitham S. Abu-Lebdeh
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels have been associated with the presence of atherosclerotic disease. However, the results of prospective studies of Lp(a) and cardiovascular disease have been contradictory. Methods and Results From 1968 through 1982, lipoprotein analysis was performed in 11 335 Olmsted County residents. Quantitative cholesterol and triglycerides were obtained along with semiquantitative Lp(a) levels based on electrophoretic pattern. Lp(a) bands were scored from 0 (absent) to 3 (increased). A cohort of 4967 men and 4968 women with no prior history of atherosclerotic disease who had baseline Lp(a) determinations were followed up for 14 years for development of coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD). During 131 330 person-years of follow-up, there were 1848 CAD events and 841 CVD events. Age, diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly and independently associated with an increased risk of CAD and CVD in men and women. There was a significant increase in the adjusted hazards ratio for CAD with increasing Lp(a) levels for men and women. For Lp(a) level 3, the hazard ratio was 1.9 (range, 1.3 to 2.9) in women and 1.6 (range, 1.0 to 2.5) in men. The adjusted hazard ratio for CVD showed an irregular association with Lp(a) levels in men and no association in women. Conclusions In this cohort of 9936 men and women initially free of cardiovascular disease who were followed up for 14 years, Lp(a) was a significant predictor of risk of future CAD. Lp(a) was a weak risk factor for CVD in men and was not a significant predictor of CVD risk in women.
Serum Leptin Concentrations in Young Smokers With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Giovanni Targher, Luciano Zenari, Giovanni Faccini, Giancarlo Falezza, Michele Muggeo, Giacomo Zoppini
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

Several studies have reported that serum levels of leptin, an adipocyte-secreted hormone, increase exponentially with increasing body fat mass (1). However, there is considerable variability in leptin levels at a given level of adiposity, suggesting that other factors may influence circulating leptin levels. In this context, there is little and somewhat conflicting information regarding the effects of diabetic state per se on leptin levels, particularly in type 1 diabetes. Serum leptin concentrations have been found to be normal (2,3) or higher (4) in type 1 diabetic patients compared with control subjects. Moreover, although significantly lower serum leptin levels have been demonstrated in nondiabetic smokers versus nonsmokers (1,5–7), to our knowledge, there is a lack of available data regarding the impact of smoking on leptin levels in …
The Cost of Hospitalizations for Firearm Injuries
Authors: David C. Morris
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> It would be erroneous to use the results of the study by Martin et al<sup>1</sup>to justify further restrictions on gun ownership by individuals, although legislators will probably do this. Before even thinking of further legislation, one must examine the harmful effects of gun control laws, which have been known to increase violent crime rates in some instances. In fact, the defensive use of guns in a restrained and proper manner by homeowners often scares away intruders without causing injury. In addition, violent crime in Orlando, Fla, decreased dramatically after the police trained 2500 women in firearm use several years ago. The above facts, along with others, are detailed in an excellent monograph published by the Cato Institute.<sup>2</sup> While public sources are currently paying most of the cost of firearm injuries, this does not call for restricting the rights of peaceful law-abiding persons to defend
US family fights for son to die
Authors: J Roberts
Journal: BMJ (1994)

US family fights for son to dieA Minnesota family's decision to stop medical treatment of their son has erupted into a public battle over the rights of disabled people in the United States.Jamie Butcher was 17 when a car crash left him unconscious in October 1977.Five years later Ronald Cranford, a neurologist from Min- neapolis, diagnosed Jamie as being in a per- sistent vegetative state.The Butcher family continued to care for Jamie, first for seven years at home and then in a nursing home.This year, almost 17 years after the accident, his mother, Pattie Butcher, announced that the family had decided that Jamie would never regain con- sciousness, and they asked doctors to remove his feeding tube.The family contacted Dr Cranford, an expert in the persistent vegetative state, and went through standard procedures to assess whether this was the best course ofaction for Jamie.The procedures included a neuro- logical re-evaluation, consultation with an ethics committee, and further family dis- cussions.Unlike many states, Minnesota generally leaves patients, families, and their doctors to decide when to withdraw treatment.