tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Positive Darwinian Selection at the Pantophysin (Pan I) Locus in Marine Gadid Fishes
Authors: Grant H. Pogson, Kathryn A. Mesa
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2004)

Maximum-likelihood models of codon substitution were used to test for positive Darwinian selection at the vesicle protein pantophysin in two allelic lineages segregating in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and in 18 related species of marine gadid fishes. Positive selection was detected in the two intravesicular loops of the integral membrane protein but not in four membrane-spanning regions or the 3′ cytoplasmic tail. The proportion of positively selected sites (24.9%) and the mean nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratio (ω = dN/dS = 5.35) were both greater in the first intravesicular (IV1) domain compared with the second intravesicular (IV2) domain (11.0% positively selected sites with mean ω = 3.76). Likelihood ratio tests comparing models that assume identical ω ratios along all branches of the phylogeny to those that allow ω ratios to vary among lineages were not significant for either the IV1 or IV2 domains, indicating that the selective pressures favoring amino acid replacements have operated consistently in both regions during the diversification of the group. Positive selection was observed in the IV1 domain in both G. morhua allelic lineages, and, although three of the four codons that differ between alleles were targets of positive selection in the broader group, no similar polymorphisms were detected in other taxa. The two G. morhua Pan I alleles appeared to have evolved before the speciation event separating it from its sister taxon, Theragra chalcogramma, and on the basis of a standard mtDNA clock are estimated to be at least 2 Myr old. Although the function of pantophysin remains unknown, the strong signal of positive selection at specific sites in the IV1 and IV2 domains may help clarify its role in cellular trafficking pathways.
ADDRESS OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SECTION ON SURGERY AND ANATOMY.
Authors: C. A. WHEATON
Journal: JAMA (1896)

<h3>Gentlemen of the Surgical Section:</h3> —Through the agency of our worthy secretary we have been enabled to provide a program of rare promise for the ensuing three days. Custom has established that the presiding officer of the Section on Surgery shall offer some contribution to its proceedings. Such are usually of a scientific character. I believe, however, that fully as much benefit may accrue from a résumé of the needs and obligations of the workers in this department of ourAssociation. In my humble opinion, at a time when the scientific attainments of the representative members of thisAssociationwere of a much more mediocre quality, when they met together in general session and deliberated upon the requirements of the profession, and before the days of the segregation of thisAssociation, before the epoch of specialties, these meetings meant something, and much of good immediate and remote resulted. Memory recalls
Predicted impact of intravenous thrombolysis on prognosis of general population of stroke patients: simulation model
Authors: H. S. Jorgensen, H. Nakayama, L. P. Kammersgaard, H. O. Raaschou, T. S. Olsen
Journal: BMJ (1999)

aetiological factors of this problem to identify pregnancies at risk must remain a prerequisite for any selective strategy to prevent these deaths.
Drug-induced immunophenotypic modulation in childhood ALL: implications for minimal residual disease detection
Authors: G Gaipa, G Basso, O Maglia, V Leoni, A Faini, G Cazzaniga, C Bugarin, M Veltroni, B Michelotto, R Ratei, T Coliva, M G Valsecchi, A Biondi, M N Dworzak
Journal: Leukemia (2004)
Zimbabwe: an eyewitness account
Authors: Kate Adams
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Personal View

No soap in a hospital? Can you believe it? But this is Zimbabwe, a country whose public health system was once the envy of neighbouring countries and that now has the lowest life expectancy in the world: 34 for women and 37 for men. This statistic continues to shock and disturb me; Zimbabwe is, after all, not a country at war.

Of course, HIV has had a great impact. But it is mainly the policies pursued by Robert Mugabe’s Zanu PF party that has moved Zimbabwe, once the bread basket of this part of Africa, to a basket case.

In late October 2007 I spent 10 days in Zimbabwe. I am a trustee of a charity, Zimbabwe Health Training Support, whose aim is to support the training of health professionals and medical students in Zimbabwe. During my stay I ran workshops on medical ethics for junior doctors and consultants. I gave a talk to GPs in Bulawayo on how quality is assessed in general practice in the United Kingdom. While in Bulawayo I stayed with a physician …
WHA resolution on Chagas' disease should not ignore diagnosis and treatment, say charities
Authors: P. Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A new drive by the World Health Organization to control Chagas’ disease will be a “missed opportunity” if it focuses only on prevention and fails to promote diagnosis and treatment, claim the health charities Medecins Sans Frontieres and the Drugs for Neglected Disease Initiative.

American trypanosomiasis, better known as Chagas’ disease, affects an estimated 18 million people worldwide annually. Each year it kills up to 50 000 people, who often didn’t know they had the disease.

In Central and South America the disease kills more people than any other parasite-borne infection, including malaria. Increased migration means that a growing number of cases is being reported in the United States, Europe, Australia, and Japan.

Occurring …
Paying for Performance — Risks and Recommendations
Authors: Elliott S Fisher
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Interview with Bruce Weinstein on getting paid for performance. (07:25)Download Fee-for-service payment and a high degree of autonomy have long been defining characteristics of physician practice in the United States. And for the past 40 years, the Medicare program has protected — and largely reinforced — this traditional professional model. But change appears to be imminent.The past decade has brought compelling evidence of serious gaps in the quality of medical care. The increased availability of reliable measures of the technical quality of care in both hospital and ambulatory settings has proved that it is feasible to measure quality — and highlighted a remarkable variability in performance. Rising costs are . . .
Rapid giant paper sections of lungs
Authors: W. F. Whimster
Journal: Thorax (1969)

A detailed account is given of a method of preparing giant paper sections of lung for the day following necropsy or, better and more easily, for the subsequent day. This method represents minor modifications to the highly successful Gough-Wentworth technique by challenging the need for lengthy fixation and embedding procedures, but producing results which are thought to be comparable.
Anti-DNA Antibodies: Specificity?
Authors: SHELDON P. BLAU
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Letters, Comments, and Corrections1 February 1973Anti-DNA Antibodies: Specificity?SHELDON P. BLAU, M.D.SHELDON P. BLAU, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-78-2-308_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: I read with interest the review on recent advances in rheumatoid diseases (Ann Intern Med 77:455-464, 1972). I was particularly impressed by the statement, "antibodies against DNA . . . seem to be quite specific for human systemic lupus erythematosus." It would appear that this is a generalization and is not correct.To begin, in the ANNALS OFINTERNALMEDICINE, 76: 365-374, 1972, Hahn and others have shown that hydralazine-induced lupus may elicit the formation of anti-DNA antibodies in significant titer. In addition, I have extensive personal experience with the Farr method for measuring antibodies to DNA.... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: SHELDON P. BLAU, M.D. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byDrugs Acting on the Cardiovascular SystemDrug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus: A critical review 1 February 1973Volume 78, Issue 2 Page: 308-308 Keywords Antibodies DNA Lupus erythematosus Specificity ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 February 1973 PDF downloadLoading ...
Gross Pathology: A Color Atlas
Authors: Alvin E. Rodin
Journal: JAMA (1975)

This atlas of gross pathology is a companion volume to an earlier one on histopathology. The color reproductions are surprisingly accurate for an inexpensive book, and particularly excellent are the sections on female genitalia. Coverage is fairly complete, except for the absence of salivary gland tumors. Aside from the first section on inflammation, the organization is based on organ systems. A useful disease index is provided. Each photograph has a concise description, often with reference to incidence, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical relationships, and prognosis. Medical students are the primary audience. Inclusion of rare entities is not essential for the "core" pathology course but makes the atlas also suitable for residency training in pathology and other specialties. This excellent atlas can provide considerable orientation for both medical students and residents. A leisurely browsing through it can also serve as an esthetic experience for those pathologists and clinicians who are still concerned with
Right-sided pedunculated hepatocellular carcinoma: A form of adrenal metastasis
Authors: Kunio Okuda, Masahiro Arakawa, Yasuhiko Kubo, Kenji Sakata, Masayoshi Kage, Shozo Iwamoto, Shigeaki Takeda, Koshi Sonoda, Hayato Sanefuji
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Pedunculated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or extrahepatic growth of HCC is an uncommon but not rare pathological form, but its genesis is unknown. Right-sided adrenal metastases of HCC that were abutting on or about to fuse with the right hepatic lobe were resected in three patients. The masses seemed to have originated in the para-adrenal tissue, leaving the adrenal gland intact. They were partially supplied by the hepatic artery as well as by the suprarenal artery. Four cases of autopsied pedunculated HCC of the right lobe were also studied. The mass was protruding caudad from the noncancerous parenchyma of the right lobe. Postmortem angiography carried out on one liver showed that only a small portion of the mass toward the liver was supplied from the hepatic artery. These observations suggest that some, perhaps most, of the right-sided pedunculated HCCs represent fusion of the right lobe and para-adrenal or adrenal metastatic HCC. This phenomenon may be explained by possible transport of cancer cells toward the right adrenal gland through the so-called adrenohepatic fusion, a relatively common anatomical change in advanced age.
Life in Britain: Using Millennial Census Data to Understand Poverty, Inequality and Place
Authors: Helen Roberts
Journal: BMJ (2005)

G eography (at least at my school) used to be about the world painted red and capitals, cargoes, and climates. Now, geographers rule the waves. People who used to be economists are economic geographers, sociologists are social geographers, and epidemiologists health geographers. If academic subjects were hung on a Christmas tree, geography would be the star on top and Life in Britain the box of delights below.

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Ben Wheeler, Mary Shaw, Richard Mitchell, Danny Dorling

Policy Press (for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation), £49.99 ISBN 1 86134 773 1 www.policypress.org.uk

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A group that has provided scientific material for some of the best tabloid headlines on inequalities in health (a compliment) and photographs relating place and space to health has now brought out a package using millennial census data to understand poverty, inequality, and place. Books are out, other media in, and the delights in this particular box are five posters, 10 short reports, a detailed technical report, and an overall summary. These present an introduction to …

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TRAIL-expressing T cells induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in the atherosclerotic plaque
Authors: Kayoko Sato, Alexander Niessner, Stephen L. Kopecky, Robert L. Frye, Jörg J. Goronzy, Cornelia M. Weyand
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2006)

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are precipitated by a rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque, often at the site of T cell and macrophage infiltration. Here, we show that plaque-infiltrating CD4 T cells effectively kill vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). VSMCs sensitive to T cell–mediated killing express the death receptor DR5 (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand [TRAIL] receptor 2), and anti-TRAIL and anti-DR5 antibodies block T cell–mediated apoptosis. CD4 T cells that express TRAIL upon stimulation are expanded in patients with ACS and more effectively induce VSMC apoptosis. Adoptive transfer of plaque-derived CD4 T cells into immunodeficient mice that are engrafted with human atherosclerotic plaque results in apoptosis of VSMCs, which was prevented by coadministration of anti-TRAIL antibody. These data identify that the death pathway is triggered by TRAIL-producing CD4 T cells as a direct mechanism of VSMC apoptosis, a process which may lead to plaque destabilization.
Calcium Supplements and Nail Quality
Authors: Ian R. Reid
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

To the Editor: In the trial conducted by Kemler and colleagues (Aug.31 issue), 1 spinal cord stimulation plus physical therapy was compared with physical therapy alone in carefully selected patients with intractable pain due to chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy.However, no pain-relieving effects could be expected from the exercise program, since physical therapy had already been shown to be ineffective.Hence, the control group received no effective treatment, despite intractable pain.Since spinal cord stimulation is a technique used for the relief of pain, it would be more appropriate to compare spinal cord stimulation plus optimal pain medication with optimal pain medication alone.In a study of the effects of spinal cord stimulation on pain due to ischemia in patients with chronic critical limb ischemia, it was shown that medical treatment could provide pain relief similar to that achieved with spinal cord stimulation; the same was true for the effects of treatment on the quality of life. 2
Acute effect of corticosteroids on respiratory mechanics in mechanically ventilated patients with chronic airflow obstruction and acute respiratory failure.
Authors: F Rubini, C Rampulla, S Nava
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

We assessed the short-term effect of steroids on respiratory mechanics in eight mechanically ventilated patients with chronic airflow obstruction (CAO) and hypercapnic respiratory failure. Airflow (V), airway pressure (Paw), and changes in pulmonary volume were measured using a conventional ventilator. End-expiratory and end-inspiratory airway occlusions were performed to assess intrinsic PEEP (PEEPi), static compliance of total respiratory system (Cstrs), maximum inspiratory resistance (Rrsmax), and minimum inspiratory resistance (Rrsmin). These parameters were recorded at control, 30 min after saline, and 90 min after steroid (methylprednisolone 0.8 mg/kg intravenous) administration. No significant changes were found in respiratory mechanics after administration of saline. Steroids induced a significant decrease (p < 0.01) in inspiratory resistance (Rrsmax from 20.3 +/- 8.6 cm H2O/L/s (control) to 15.3 +/- 6.1 (90 min) and Rrsmin from 16.2 +/- 8.0 (control) to 11.9 +/- 6.5 (90 min), with no significant reduction in Paw and Cstrs. The PEEPi, reflecting pulmonary dynamic hyperinflation, was also significantly reduced (-16% from control). We conclude that in mechanically ventilated CAO patients, steroids may be useful in improving respiratory mechanics and therefore in providing better conditions for weaning from mechanical ventilation.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Diazepam (Intravenously)
Authors: Robert A. Hines
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Local inflammation causing either phlebitis or thrombophlebitis often follows intravenous administration of diazepam,<sup>1</sup>but no serious complications from this local inflammation have been described. For this reason, we report a carpal tunnel syndrome occurring in a patient after the intravenous injection of 10 mg of diazepam into a superficial vein over the anterolateral aspect of the wrist. A 54-year-old man experienced pain over the injection site while intravenously receiving diazepam preoperatively for gastroscopy. There was no immediate evidence of extravasation nor was local phlebitis noted. Two days later, pain, swelling, and paresthesias appeared in the wrist and hand. Examination revealed cellulitis of the skin over the hand, wrist, and forearm, hypesthesia of the thumb, index, and middle fingers, and a positive Tinel sign. Fibrillation potentials were present in the thenar muscles. Signs of cellulitis lasted ten days. Evidence of the synovitis, eg, Tinel sign, persisted for
Measuring Low-Value Care in Medicare
Authors: Aaron L. Schwartz, Bruce E. Landon, Adam G. Elshaug, Michael E. Chernew, J. Michael McWilliams
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

<h3>Importance</h3> Despite the importance of identifying and reducing wasteful health care use, few direct measures of overuse have been developed. Direct measures are appealing because they identify specific services to limit and can characterize low-value care even among the most efficient providers. <h3>Objectives</h3> To develop claims-based measures of low-value services, examine service use (and associated spending) detected by these measures in Medicare, and determine whether patterns of use are related across different types of low-value services. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> Drawing from evidence-based lists of services that provide minimal clinical benefit, we developed 26 claims-based measures of low-value services. Using 2009 claims for 1 360 908 Medicare beneficiaries, we assessed the proportion of beneficiaries receiving these services, mean per-beneficiary service use, and the proportion of total spending devoted to these services. We compared the amount of use and spending detected by versions of these measures with different sensitivity and specificity. We also estimated correlations between use of different services within geographic areas, adjusting for beneficiaries’ sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Use and spending detected by 26 measures of low-value services in 6 categories: low-value cancer screening, low-value diagnostic and preventive testing, low-value preoperative testing, low-value imaging, low-value cardiovascular testing and procedures, and other low-value surgical procedures. <h3>Results</h3> Services detected by more sensitive versions of measures affected 42% of beneficiaries and constituted 2.7% of overall annual spending. Services detected by more specific versions of measures affected 25% of beneficiaries and constituted 0.6% of overall spending. In adjusted analyses, low-value spending detected in geographic regions at the 5th percentile of the regional distribution of low-value spending ($227 per beneficiary) exceeded the difference in detected low-value spending between regions at the 5th and 95th percentiles ($189 per beneficiary). Adjusted regional use was positively correlated among 5 of 6 categories of low-value services (mean<i>r</i>for pairwise, between-category correlations, 0.33; range, 0.14-0.54;<i>P</i> ≤ .01). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Services detected by a limited number of measures of low-value care constituted modest proportions of overall spending but affected substantial proportions of beneficiaries and may be reflective of overuse more broadly. Performance of claims-based measures in supporting targeted payment or coverage policies to reduce overuse may depend heavily on how the measures are defined.
Hepatitis C virus targets the T cell secretory machinery as a mechanism of immune evasion
Authors: Danijela Petrovic, Zania Stamataki, Eugene Dempsey, Lucy Golden-Mason, Michael Freeley, Derek Doherty, David Prichard, Catherine Keogh, Jennifer Conroy, Siobhan Mitchell, Yuri Volkov, Jane A. McKeating, Cliona O'Farrelly, Dermot Kelleher, Aideen Long
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

T cell activation and the resultant production of interleukin (IL-2) is a central response of the adaptive immune system to pathogens, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV uses several mechanisms to evade both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. Here we demonstrate that liver biopsy specimens from individuals infected with HCV had significantly lower levels of IL-2 compared with those with other inflammatory liver diseases. Cell culture–grown HCV particles inhibited the production of IL-2 by normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as did serum from HCV-infected patients. This process was mediated by the interaction of HCV envelope protein E2 with tetraspanin CD81 coreceptor. HCV E2 attenuated IL-2 production at the level of secretion and not transcription by targeting the translocation of protein kinase C beta (PKCβ), which is essential for IL-2 secretion, to lipid raft microdomains. The lipid raft disruptor methyl-β-cyclodextrin reversed HCV E2-mediated inhibition of IL-2 secretion, but not in the presence of a PKCβ-selective inhibitor. HCV E2 further inhibited the secretion of other cytokines, including interferon-γ. Conclusion: These data suggest that HCV E2–mediated disruption of the association of PKCβ with the cellular secretory machinery represents a novel mechanism for HCV to evade the human immune response and to establish persistent infection. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
Unresectable Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Treatment With Neoadjuvant Leucovorin, Fluorouracil, Irinotecan, and Oxaliplatin and Assessment of Surgical Resectability
Authors: Esther Liu Mondo, Marcus S. Noel, Alan W. Katz, Luke O. Schoeniger, Aram F. Hezel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)
512 Bronchial mucosal gene expression of the CC chemokines RANTES and MCP-3 in symptomatic atopic and non-atopic asthma: Relationship to eosinophil-active cytokines IL-5, GM-CSF and IL-3
Authors: M HUMBERT, S YING, G MENZ, J BARKANS, R PFISTER, C CORRIGAN, S DURHAM, A KAY
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1996)
Industry has too much influence in health technology body meetings, scientists say
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Leading experts in health technology assessment have warned their global representative body that it risks losing scientific integrity by allowing companies that produce drugs and medical devices too much influence.

Several representatives of Health Technology Assessment International (HTAi) have raised “serious concerns” over its strategic direction in an open letter to its president, Carole Longson. They said that industry views and sponsorship were too prominent at society conferences, which could narrow the focus to “marketable products rather than a broader public health view on health care interventions.” Furthermore, they warned that the organisation’s obligation to protect patients’ interests and act as a neutral forum for “independent researched-based decision support” was being endangered.

Signatories to the letter included David Banta, emeritus professor at the University of Maastricht, who heads the health programme of the US Congressional Office of Technology Assessment.

But the society has defended its neutrality while admitting that the industry’s profile was “higher than in years …