tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HEMOGLOBINURIA AND HEMOGLOBINEMIA. REPORT OF CASES, TWO DEATHS AND FOUR RECOVERIES.
Authors: GEORGE J. HIRTH
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Hemoglobinuria, which may be a disease<i>per se</i>, is also present as a symptom in many other conditions, viz: in various chemical intoxications, a long list of infective processes and also extensive burns; more especially does it occur, as a disease, in paroxysmal hemoglobinuria, syphilis and malaria being the cause. A given predisposition, combined with a sufficient cause, as sudden exposure to cold, strained physical condition and the like, will produce the characteristic lesion which is to be found in the blood, and which consists of the disassociation of the oxy. or carbondioxy hemoglobin, the free hemoglobin being taken up by the blood plasma—hemoglobinemia (Virchow). The free hemoglobin produced by the increased hemolysis is eliminated as such, in part, by the kidney (hemoglobinuria), and in part as gall (bile pigment of bilirubin and biliverdin). The stroma of the blood corpuscles having undergone this change are to be found generally in
Validation of the cephalosporin intradermal skin test for predicting immediate hypersensitivity: a prospective study with drug challenge
Authors: S.‐Y. Yoon, S. Y. Park, S. Kim, T. Lee, Y. S. Lee, H.‐S. Kwon, Y. S. Cho, H.‐B. Moon, T.‐B. Kim
Journal: Allergy (2013)

Abstract Background Cephalosporin is a major offending agent in terms of drug hypersensitivity along with penicillin. Cephalosporin intradermal skin tests ( IDT s) have been widely used; however, their validity for predicting immediate hypersensitivity has not been studied. This study aimed to determine the predictive value of cephalosporin intradermal skin testing before administration of the drug. Methods We prospectively conducted IDT s with four cephalosporins, one each of selected first‐, second‐, third‐, or fourth‐generation cephalosporins: ceftezol; cefotetan or cefamandole; ceftriaxone or cefotaxime; and flomoxef, respectively, as well as with penicillin G . After the skin test, whatever the result, one of the tested cephalosporins was administered intravenously and the patient was carefully observed. Results We recruited 1421 patients who required preoperative cephalosporins. Seventy‐four patients (74/1421, 5.2%) were positive to at least one cephalosporin. However, none of responders had immediate hypersensitivity reactions after a challenge dose of the same or different cephalosporin, which were positive in the skin test. Four patients who suffered generalized urticaria and itching after challenge gave negative skin tests for the corresponding drug. The IDT for cephalosporin had a sensitivity of 0%, a specificity of 97.5%, a negative predictive value of 99.7%, and a positive predictive value ( PPV ) of 0%, when challenged with the same drugs that were positive in the skin test. Conclusion Routine skin testing with a cephalosporin before its administration is not useful for predicting immediate hypersensitivity because of the extremely low sensitivity and PPV of the skin test ( CRIS registration no. KCT 0000455).
Erythropoietin Fails to Interfere with the Antiproliferative and Cytotoxic Effects of Antitumor Drugs
Authors: David A. Gewirtz, Xu Di, Teneille D. Walker, Stephen T. Sawyer
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Purpose: Erythropoietin (EPO) therapy is widely used for the prevention and treatment of anemia resulting from cancer chemotherapy. Native EPO regulates erythropoiesis, at least in part, by protecting erythroid progenitor cells from apoptotic cell death. The recent discovery of the EPO receptor (EPOR) on cancer cells raises the concern that EPO therapy might stimulate tumor growth and/or protect cancer cells from drug-induced apoptosis. Therefore, the capacity of EPO to interfere with the effects of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs on proliferation, apoptosis, and the induction of senescence was investigated in MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 breast tumor cells, which express the EPOR as well as in F-MEL erythroleukemia cells. Experimental Design: Breast cancer cells and F-MEL leukemic cells were cultured in the presence or absence of EPO and then exposed to antitumor drugs. Cell proliferation was assessed by a standard 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide dye reduction assay 72 hours after drug exposure. Cytotoxicity was monitored by clonogenic survival. Apoptosis was evaluated either by the terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase–mediated nick-end labeling assay or fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, and senescence was monitored by β-galactosidase staining. EPO signaling was assessed by monitoring the phosphorylation/activation of specific signaling proteins. Results: EPO failed to stimulate the proliferation of MCF-7 or MDA-MB231 breast tumor cells or F-MEL leukemic cells. EPO treatment also failed to interfere with the antiproliferative and/or cytotoxic effects of Adriamycin, Taxol, and tamoxifen in breast tumor cells (or of cytarabine and daunorubicin in F-MEL cells). EPO failed to prevent apoptosis induced by Taxol or senescence induced by Adriamycin in MCF-7 cells. EPO stimulated the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, and c-Jun-NH2-kinase in MCF-7 cells but did not activate Akt or signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5). EPO failed to activate any of these signaling pathways in MDA-MB231 cells. Cytarabine and daunorubicin interfered with EPO signaling in F-MEL cells. Conclusions: These findings suggest that EPO is unlikely to directly counteract the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. This may be a consequence of either ineffective signaling through the EPOR or drug-mediated suppression of EPO signaling.
Toxic Effects of Toluene
Authors: Charles M. Fischman
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> We would like to make a clarification regarding our recent article "Toxic Effects of Toluene: A New Cause of High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis" (241:1713, 1979). Since the publication of our article, we have received several letters pointing out that toluene is not ordinarily a component of transmission fluid. The product that our patients inhaled was 100% toluene and was labeled (without justification?) and sold by the manufacturer as transmission fluid. There is no question, therefore, that our patients suffered from toluene toxic reaction. It should not have been implied, however, that regular transmission fluid is a source of this potential toxin.
Acrodynia and Excessive Intake of Mercury
Authors: J. G. Dathan
Journal: BMJ (1954)

Consultant Paediatrician to the Stoke-on-Trent Group of HospitalsAcrodynia is a disease of comparatively recent recog- nition, being first described in detail by Swift (1914) in Australia, and not reported in England before 1922.Since these earlier descriptions the disease has been recognized with increasing frequency in Europe and America as well as Australia, and in England it appears to be particularly prevalent in the neighbourhood of large industrial towns and cities of the North and Mid- lands-a distribution which may be of some signifi- cance, as is shown later.Another feature of some possible significance is the rather unusual fact that this disease is exceptional in that it affects breast-fed just as r-eadily as artificially fed infants.
Recovery of<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>from “Sterile” Synovial Fluid in Gonococcal Arthritis
Authors: King K. Holmes, Laura T. Gutman, Melvin E. Belding, Marvin Turck
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

ALTHOUGH arthritis is the most common manifestation of disseminated gonococcal infection, recovery of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from synovial fluid is noted in only a few cases.1 2 3 4 5This report describes the recovery of N. gonorrhoeae from the "sterile" synovial fluid of a patient with gonococcal arthritis by means of a medium developed for the propagation of gonococcal l-forms in vitro.Case Report*A 32-year-old woman was hospitalized on April 19, 1970, with pain and swelling of the left wrist of 10 days' duration. She denied fever, chills, polyarthritis, pharyngitis and anogenital symptoms. The temperature was 99°F. The wrist was acutely inflamed, but . . .
Exeter Project for Handicapped Children
Authors: F. S. W. Brimblecombe
Journal: BMJ (1974)

A project in Exeter has tried to increase the contribution of the paediatric department of a district general hospital to the long-term care, support, and treatment of handicapped children and their families. They include an infant care unit, day units for handicapped children, and holiday projects, and are based on close links with the educational and social services. The availability of such a family support unit may diminish the strain on the families of handicapped children and help them to maintain normal family and social relationships.
Enantiomer-associated p38 Activation as a Function of Stimulation Intensity and Duration in Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: E.A. Duru, A.L. Reno, J.L. Parks IV, R.A. Panettieri Jr., W.J. Calhoun, B.T. Ameredes
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
OSMIC ACID INJECTIONS FOE BELIEF OF TRIFACIAL NEURALGIA.
Authors: JOHN B. MURPHY
Journal: JAMA (1904)

<h3>CLINICAL CASES.</h3><h3>Case 1.</h3> —Mr. A. L. C, age 76 years, retired farmer. Admitted to Mercy Hospital June 8, 1903. <h3>Present Illness.</h3> —For thirteen years has suffered from neuralgic pains in right side of face, but they were not very severe or constant until four years ago. At that time he had a severe attack which he thought was caused by a diseased right upper cuspid. The tooth was removed about two months after the onset, and for six weeks following he was relieved. Pain then recurred and was severe and persistent. Two years ago he had an operation performed on the right superior maxilla, the exact nature of which he does not know. He was free from pain for four months after the operation, but at the end of that time it returned and has been present, at intervals, ever since. The pain is of a severe shooting character, beginning at right ala nasi and radiating toward cheek. He also has some pain in the forehead, just above the right eyebrow, radiating toward temple. General health has been fair for a man of his years.
Myocardial Infarction After Factor IX Therapy
Authors: John H. Fuerth
Journal: JAMA (1981)

A 17-year-old boy with hemophilia A and strong inhibitors for factor VIII suffered a myocardial infarction on the sixth day of treatment with large amounts of human factor IX complex (Konyne). The patient also had had diabetes for one year, for which he was receiving insulin injections, but there was no evidence of vascular disease. Thromboembolic complications that occur after the administration of factor IX concentrates have been reported in patients with hemophilia B or liver disease, but these complications are extremely rare in patients with classic hemophilia. (<i>JAMA</i>1981;245:1455-1456)
A comparison of the effect of inducers on the expression of glutathione-S-transferases in the liver of the intact rat and in hepatocytes in primary culture
Authors: S Langouet, F Morel, D J Meyer, O Fardel, L Corcos, B Ketterer, A Guillouzo
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

Recently, we used human hepatocytes in primary culture to study the effects of inducers of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) in the expectation that information obtained can be used to predict the value of particular inducers for use in the chemoprevention of cancer and other toxicities. However, in vitro human studies cannot readily be confirmed by studies in vivo. This problem does not arise in experimental animals. In the current studies, the response of male rat hepatocytes in primary culture to the following inducers of GST isoenzymes has been determined: 3-methylcholanthrene (MC); phenobarbital (PB); 1,2-dithiole-3-thione and its 5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl derivative, oltipraz (OPZ), and the results have been compared with induction obtained in livers of MC- and OPZ-treated rats. Each type of inducer was found to elicit a different response. In vitro, phenobarbital increased messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of subunits 1b and 3 after 12 and 72 hours, respectively; MC had a rapid effect on GST alpha class mRNAs (bringing about increase after only 2 hours of treatment), increased subunit 7 mRNA slightly, and had no effect on mu class mRNAs; dithiolethiones induced both subunit lb and 7 mRNAs after 4 hours and, to a much lower extent, subunit 3 mRNA after 72 hours. In vivo, MC induced significantly both subunit lb and 7 mRNAs whereas OPZ increased significantly subunits lb, 3 and 7 mRNA levels, and to a lower extent those of subunit 2, after 3 days and beyond to at least 5 days of treatment. Results obtained in mRNA studies were confirmed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of GST subunits. HPLC also showed an induction of subunit 10 at the protein level of which the mRNA was not analyzed. Our results show that rat hepatocytes in primary culture prove to be a good model for the effect of inducers on both the expression of GST mRNA and protein levels in the rat liver in vivo. The demonstration of this good correlation in the rat with respect to increases gives support for the use of human hepatocytes for predictive studies of chemoprotection in human pharmacology.
Effect of maintenance chemotherapy in childhood on numbers of melanocytic naevi.
Authors: E. A. Baird, P. M. McHenry, R. M. MacKie
Journal: BMJ (1992)

(a) To determine whether children given chemotherapy for haematological malignancy have significantly more melanocytic naevi than age matched children in the local population; (b) to establish whether any observed variation in naevus counts from normal is seen at the start of maintenance chemotherapy.Follow up of 29 consecutive children starting maintenance chemotherapy, with parental interview and count of all melanocytic naevi > or = 2 mm on the child's skin. Assessment repeated three years later after completion of maintenance chemotherapy. Other dermatological problems identified at either visit were also recorded.Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow.At the start of maintenance chemotherapy all children had total body counts of melanocytic naevi within the normal range established for age matched children in the local population. Three years later total body naevus counts were significantly increased, the median increase being 66 naevi per child (95% confidence interval 57 to 94). The only other problem noted in these children was relatively poor regrowth of scalp hair.Children on maintenance chemotherapy for haematological malignancies develop an excessive number of melanocytic naevi. Excessive numbers of melanocytic naevi are the most important risk factor for melanoma in the general population. These children should have periodic skin examinations at their follow up visits, and both child and parent should be educated about clinical features of early melanoma.
MYOCARDIAL INJURY AND NOX2-DERIVED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
Authors: Roberto Cangemi, Camilla Calvieri, Tommaso Bucci, Roberto Carnevale, Marco Casciaro, Elisabetta Rossi, Cinzia Calabrese, Marco Falcone, Andrea Celestini, Pasquale Pignatelli
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Can Hemophilus Infections Be Prevented?
Authors: Floyd W. Denny
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

Infections due to Hemophilus influenzae are a major problem in people of all ages. In children, H. influenzae type b is the leading cause of meningitis, the primary cause of epiglottitis, and an important cause of arthritis, cellulitis, and pneumonia. The role of strains of H. influenzae that cannot be typed is less clear. They have been associated prominently with Otitis media in children and with bronchitis in adults who have chronic lung disease. It is possible that they are associated more closely than has previously been realized with invasive disease in adults1 and with lower-respiratory-tract infections in children, especially . . .
Activin A is upregulated by radiation in breast cancer cells and promotes conversion of CD4 T cells into regulatory T cells
Authors: Claire Vanpouille-Box, Julie Diamond, Silvia Fomenti, Sandra Demaria
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2013)

Meeting abstracts Activin A is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily and a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates many processes, from reproduction and development to cancer and immunity. Activin A shares the smad2/3 signal transduction pathway with TGFβ and displays
Effect of Bacteriuria on the Fetus
Authors: Miriam G. Wilson, William L. Hewitt, Ofelia T. Monzon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

ANY measure that decreases the proportion of infants of low birth weighty¶ is of great significance. Recently Kass4 , 5 has reported that pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuria have an increased incidence of premature births∥ that can be prevented by treatment of bacteriuria during pregnancy. Some studies support his findings6 , 7; others do not.8 9 10 11 12 13 We obtained the results reported in this paper by determining the outcome of 230 bacteriuric pregnancies from a total of 395 bacteriuric pregnancies (6.5 per cent) found by screening of 6048 pregnancies from August, 1958, to January, 1965. In 143 of these the second bacteriuric specimen was obtained . . .
Experimental Evaluation of Thiazides and Potassium as a Cause of Small-Bowel Ulcer
Authors: Scott J. Boley
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Recent recognition of a sudden and startling increase in the incidence of small-bowel ulcerations has generated an intensive search for the cause of this phenomenon. Although some cases of perforation have been reported, the majority of patients have had signs of intestinal obstruction due to a short area of stenosis at the site of a circumferential ulcer. Three observations have been made which may be pertinent to the etiology and rising frequency of these lesions: In the majority of our patients we have noted microscopic abnormalities in veins and arteries beneath the small-bowel ulcers, and in the mesentery adjacent to them.<sup>1</sup> The presence of some underlying cardiovascular condition has been recognized in most, but not all, of the cases reported.<sup>2</sup> Lindholmer et al,<sup>3</sup>and Baker et al<sup>4</sup>suggested that enteric-coated thiazides with potassium, especially the latter, were the responsible agents and subsequent reviews
Lessons from Finland's Successful Immunization Program
Authors: Michael B. Heisler, Julius B. Richmond
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

The successful eradication of smallpox from the world in 1977, the dramatic progress now being achieved toward the global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000, and the increasing number of reports of the interruption of indigenous measles transmission around the world highlight what is possible with the right combination of scientific knowledge and political will. Finland's success in eliminating measles, mumps, and rubella, reported in this issue of the Journal,1 is an excellent example of what can be achieved with a well-designed program. There are a number of important lessons to be learned from the success of this program. . . .
Book Review Mendelian Inheritance in Man: Catalogs of Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, and X-Linked Phenotypes Tenth edition. By Victor A. McKusick. 2320 pp. in two volumes. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. $150. 0-8018-4411-8
Authors: Kurt Hirschhorn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)
Prevention of first overt episode of hepatic encephalopathy after TIPS: No easy task
Authors: Kevin D. Mullen, Ravi K. Ghanta, Brian S. Putka
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Abstract Background/Aims: Hepatic encephalopathy is a frequent event after transjugular-intrahepatic-portosystemic-shunt (TIPS), especially during the first months. Aim of this study was to compare two different treatments (lactitol 60 g/day, rifaximin 1200 mg/day) with no-treatment in the prevention of post-TIPS hepatic encephalopathy. Methods: Seventy-five consecutive cirrhotics submitted to TIPS were randomized to receive either one of the above treatments or no-treatment. The main end-point was the occurrence of an episode of overt hepatic encephalopathy during the first month post-TIPS. Before the procedure and weekly thereafter the patients were evaluated by examining their mental status, asterixis, ammonia and trail-making-test Part-A (TMT-A). Results: The three groups were comparable for age, sex, etiology, Child-Pugh-score, post-TIPS porto-systemic gradient, previous hepatic encephalopathy, basal values of ammonia and psychometric performance. Twenty-five patients developed hepatic encephalopathy (33%, CI 95%=22-45%). One-month incidence was similar in the three groups (P=0.97). Previous hepatic encephalopathy (Relative Hazard=3.79;1.27-11.31) and basal-TMT-A Z-score1.5 (RH=3.55;1.24-10.2) were predictors of post-TIPS encephalopathy at multivariate analysis. A &lt;5 mmHg porto-systemic gradient was also significantly related to the occurrence of encephalopathy. Conclusions: Our data show that treatment with lactitol or rifaximin is not effective in the prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy during the first month after a TIPS.
What is more explanatory, processing capacity or processing speed?
Authors: Nelson Cowan
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Halford et al. have sharpened the concept of processing capacity as applied to various complex tasks. This commentary examines the apparent contradiction between capacity theories and theories in which it is processing speed, rather than capacity, that presumably limits cognitive performance. It explains how capacity and speed often are interrelated and suggests how one might examine whether capacity or speed is the more elementary in processing.
Tobacco: Promotion and Smoking-Reply
Authors: John W. Richards
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Teens and preteens somehow get the idea that smoking makes one sexy, athletic, cool, or macho. The tobacco industry says these ideas come from their peers. No one asks where these peers—other kids—get these ideas. Yet, about the only place in our society where these silly images occur is advertising. So-called peer pressure explains little. It is merely a clever term used to shift blame from the manufacturer and advertiser to the user. Like peer pressure, "parental example" does not just spontaneously occur. Parents of today started smoking as children, and no doubt had similar silly ideas about what smoking would do for their images. So few parents used spitting tobacco two decades ago that parental example cannot be used to explain the current epidemic of spitting tobacco use among children.<sup>1</sup>The dramatic increase in the number of children addicted to this form of tobacco followed an