tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ABC of the upper gastrointestinal tract: Pathophysiology of duodenal and gastric ulcer and gastric cancer
Authors: J. Calam, J H Baron
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Duodenal and gastric ulcers and gastric cancer are common and serious diseases but occur in only a minority of people infected with Helicobacter pylori . Mass eradication of H pylori is impractical because of the cost and the danger of generating antibiotic resistance, so we need to know how to target prophylaxis. Knowledge of the mechanisms that lead to ulcer formation or to gastric cancer in the presence of H pylori infection is therefore valuable.



Relation of H pylori infection to upper gastrointestinal conditions



Various factors affect the outcome of H pylori infection, including the host response and particularly the extent and severity of gastric inflammation and thus the amount of acid secreted by parietal cells. H pylori can elevate acid secretion in people who develop duodenal ulcers, decrease acid through gastric atrophy in those who develop gastric ulcers or cancer, and leave acid secretion largely unchanged in those who do not develop these diseases.

Several specialised cells in the gastric mucosa contribute to the control of acid secretion. G cells in the gastric antrum release the hormone gastrin. Gastrin acts on the enterochromaffin-like cells in the gastric corpus to release histamine, which stimulates parietal cells to secrete acid. Gastrin also stimulates parietal cells directly and promotes growth of enterochromaffin-like and parietal cells.



Autoregulation of acid secretion. Food stimulates release of gastrin from antral G cells (G). Gastrin stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL) to release histamine, which stimulates parietal cells (P) in the gastric corpus to secrete acid. Acid stimulates release of somatostatin from somatostatin cells (S) in the antrum, inhibiting further gastrin release



Histamine H2 receptor antagonists act by blocking the effect of histamine on parietal cells. Proton pump inhibitors act by inhibiting the enzyme in parietal cells that catalyses acid production for release into the gastric lumen. G …
"RESPIRATORY VACCINES" IN PNEUMONIA
Authors: Russell L. Cecil
Journal: JAMA (1928)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —My attention has been called to an advertisement recently sent out to physicians by Dr. G. H. Sherman, 14600 East Jefferson Avenue, Detroit, that at Bellevue Hospital physicians are using Sherman's Respiratory Vaccine in the treatment of their pneumonia patients. This statement is misleading. There are four medical services at Bellevue Hospital, and so far as I know vaccines have never been used on the first, second or third medical services. Certainly, they have never been used on the second (Cornell) division, with which I am connected. On the fourth medical service, vaccines have been used in the treatment of pneumonia under the direction of Dr. Alexander Lambert.
Indirect Systolic Pressures and Pulse Waves in Arterial Occlusive Disease of the Lower Extremities
Authors: STEFAN A. CARTER
Journal: Circulation (1968)

Measurements were carried out in 146 limbs with angiographically documented arterial occlusive disease (AOD) and in 85 limbs without AOD. Ankle systolic pressure (AP) was equal to or higher than brachial systolic pressure in limbs without AOD. It was below 82% of the brachial in all limbs with complete occlusion, usually below 50% in those with multiple occlusions, and above 50% in limbs with single block. AP was below normal in 19 of 25 limbs with severe and in five of nine with mild stenosis. All limbs with complete occlusion and 14 of 16 with stenosis had abnormal pressures in the thigh. The foot-to-peak time (CT) and the width of pulse waves at half amplitude (WD) were related to heart rate in normal limbs. Considering the heart rate, the majority of limbs with AOD had abnormally prolonged CT and WD. Normal pressures and pulse waves were found together in only two limbs with stenosis and symptoms. The findings indicate that pressures and pulse waves provide a sensitive method for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with AOD.
AN AID TO SPECULAR EXAMINATION
Authors: Beatrice E. Tucker
Journal: JAMA (1934)

At the Chicago Maternity Center we have been using a simple device, contrived by Dr. De Lee, to improve vaginal specular examinations, as shown in the illustration. A 2½ inch rubber sleeve, used in making cigaret drains, is slipped over the regular duckbill speculum. When the blades are opened a rubber side-wall is formed, which keeps the vagina from pouching into the field. This device is particularly useful in multiparas and pregnant women with relaxed and redundant vaginal walls. It also obtains good exposure for colposcopic examination and forms a protection to the tissues when the cervix is cauterized. 1336 Newberry Avenue.
John Bryce Stafford
Authors: J. C Gates
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Former medical officer of health and general practitioner (b 1911; q Edinburgh 1940; DPH), d 29 June 2002.

Jack served in Burma in the second world war. In 1946 he became a medical missionary in India. He returned to general practice in Barking before leaving for Nigeria and Ghana as medical officer of health. In the early 1960s he returned to Peterborough as medical officer of health and later specialised in mental health at Brockhall Hospital in Blackburn, where he designed a chair for disabled people (still used commercially). He moved to Thorne near Doncaster in the mid-1970s as a GP and retired to Looe in Cornwall, where he assisted in the local practice. He leaves a wife, Jeanie; and four children.
Obesity, hunger, and agriculture: the damaging role of subsidies
Authors: Liselotte Schäfer Elinder
Journal: BMJ (2005)

States found it difficult to bring together the different cultures of hospital medicine and primary care, 5 with the exception of long established integrated delivery systems such as Kaiser Permanente. Will it work?In the NHS of the future, district general hospitals will compete with other NHS hospitals, NHS treatment centres, independent sector treatment centres, and established private hospitals.Planned care, outpatient services, and diagnostic facilities will be available in a range of settings, and primary care providers will develop alternatives to hospital for unplanned care.The services available at most district general hospitals will be more limited than in the past, with the public using other providers for some forms of treatment, both routine and specialist.On an optimistic reading, it is possible to envisage enhanced primary care facilities and independent sector providers acting as a one stop shop for most forms of care apart from hospital inpatient services.Under this scenario, reductions in the services provided by district general hospitals will be more than compensated for by the provision of a wider range of services outside hospital and by increasing patient choice of providers.Whether the incentives are strong enough for a sufficient number of general practitioners to respond to this challenge is one of the major uncertainties facing government.On a pessimistic reading, the changes could result in reduced access to services and ultimately hospital closures.Lack of co-ordination between different providers may lead to the withdrawal of essential services in some localities.In view of the iconic status of hospitals in the eyes of the public, government risks huge unpopularity in dealing with the consequences.The decision to commission work on market exit strategies, and to contemplate the possibility of hospital closures, indicates that the new secretary of state for health is preparing for this eventuality. 6Whether the deliber-ately destabilising effects of current changes can be managed effectively must be doubted.
Multicenter Evaluation of Training Of Non-Endoscopists in 30-Cm Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
Authors: G. S. Weissman, S. J. Winawer, M. P. Baldwin, C. H. Miller, R. L. Cummins, R. Ephraim, T. M. Talbott, J. A. Dixon, M. Schapiro
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1987)

An estimated 145,000 patients will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the United States in 1987. Although half of these cancers are potentially detectable by sigmoidoscopy, rigid sigmoidoscopy is not widely used for early detection, largely because of discomfort it causes patients. Flexible sigmoidoscopy has been shown to be more acceptable and more efficient in detecting cancers. In order for flexible sigmoidoscopy to be of more value in cancer control, however, primary care physicians must learn the technique and incorporate it into their complete physical examinations. This paper reports the results of a multicenter trial that evaluated the training required for non-endoscopists to learn how to use the 30-cm flexible sigmoidoscope. Instructions with plastic models, followed by an average of six supervised patient examinations, proved sufficient for them to learn the necessary skills.
Retinoic acid treatment protects MRL/lpr lupus mice from the development of glomerular disease
Authors: Guillermo Pérez De Lema, Francisco Javier Lucio-Cazaña, A.N.A. Molina, Bruno Luckow, Holger Schmid, Cor de Wit, Victoria Moreno-Manzano, Bernhard Banas, Francisco Mampaso, Detlef Schlöndorff
Journal: Kidney International (2004)
Autoimmunity, Recessive Diseases, and Gene Replacement Therapy
Authors: James M Wilson
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2010)

The next chapter in the complicated story of host immune responses to in vivo gene therapy has been written in the form of a report on adeno-associated vector (AAV)-mediated gene transfer to muscle of subjects with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD).1 In this phase I study, six boys with DMD received an intramuscular injection of an AAV vector encoding a truncated form of the dystrophin gene. An important conclusion of the study is that the AAV vector induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against transduced cells, leading to loss of transgene expression.
Viruses and Respiratory Infections
Authors: P. Wood
Journal: BMJ (1964)

BRiTisH 1707 suffering from a carbuncle on her back.She was afebrile.On Wednesday, 13 May, she developed a temperature of 100' F. (37.8'C.).She had no symptoms except that she " felt hot."The carbuncle was clearing.On Thursday, her temperature rose to 103' F. (39.5'C.).On this same day (14 May) her companion, who shared lodgings with her, developed a temperature, and on Friday, 15 May, was admitted to the Crombie Hall Sick Bay with a temperature of 104' F. (40' C.).On Friday night, 15 May, the second student developed mild diarrhoea.On Saturday the first patient had a mild epistaxis.Both students were admitted to the Nurses' Ward at the Royal Infirmary on the evening of Saturday, 16 May, and barrier-nursed.The first student developed diarrhoea after admis- sion to the Royal Infirmary.Blood and stool cultures were reported as "suspicious " on Tuesday, 18 May, and the patients were immediately transferred to the City Hospital and the M.O.H. notified.On Wednesday, 19 May, the blood and stool cultures were confirmed as positive Salnonella typhi H.
1073-145 Noninvasive assessment of right gastroepiploic artery graft patency using transcutaneous doppler echocardiography
Authors: Toshikazu Yagi, Atsushi Yamamuro, Takashi Akasaka, Koichi Tamita, Kunihiko Nagai, Minako Katayama, Tomoko Tani, Kazuaki Tanabe, Shigefumi Morioka, Yukikatsu Okada
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Epigenetic regulation of key vascular genes and growth factors
Authors: M. P. Turunen, S. Yla-Herttuala
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2011)

The role of small RNAs in epigenetic regulation is an emerging field. This research may also open novel treatment strategies based on manipulation of the epigenetic status of the target tissues. Our objective is to review epigenetic regulation of key vascular genes and growth factors. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is one of the key players in regulating and maintaining cardiovascular functions and pathology. Although its epigenetic regulation is still not completely understood, expression of the VEGF gene can be manipulated by epigenetic mechanisms using small RNAs that are targeted to the gene promoter which results in the alteration of histone code. VEGF exerts its effects mostly through two receptors, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, and their expression is also regulated by promoter DNA methylation in various cancer cells. These findings suggest the importance of epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of vascular functions.
Multiple stenting after myocardial infarction protects against cardiac events better than a single artery stent
Authors: I. Torjesen
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Stenting coronary arteries that have considerable build up of plaque as a preventive measure in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction at the same time as a stent is inserted into the artery where the infarct occurred can dramatically reduce the risk of further potentially fatal cardiovascular events, a UK study has found.1

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is recommended to treat the infarct artery (or culprit) lesion responsible for the infarct in acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction to stem ongoing myocardial necrosis and prevent recurrent life threatening infarction.2 Other plaques that may be severe but not thrombotic may be identified during emergency angiography and …
Small bowel adenocarcinoma copy number profiles are more closely related to colorectal than to gastric cancers
Authors: J.C. Haan, T.E. Buffart, P.P. Eijk, M.A. van de Wiel, W.N. van Wieringen, P.D. Howdle, C.J.J. Mulder, C.J. van de Velde, P. Quirke, I.D. Nagtegaal, N.C.T. van Grieken, H. Grabsch, G.A. Meijer, B. Ylstra
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2011)
Correction: Figure Labels in Diamond and Forrester Paper
Authors: George A. Diamond, James S. Forrester
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Letters and Corrections1 June 1983Correction: Figure Labels in Diamond and Forrester PaperGEORGE A. DIAMOND, M.D., JAMES S. FORRESTER, M.D.GEORGE A. DIAMOND, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, JAMES S. FORRESTER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-6-1032_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: An error in our article, "Clinical Trials and Statistical Verdicts" (1), has come to our attention. The sample size labels in Figure 1A are reversed in order. The uppermost curve should be labeled "10" and the lowermost curve should be labeled "100 000." The associated text under the heading "Small Sample Size" is, therefore, incorrect and should be disregarded....Reference1. DIAMONDFORRESTER GJ. Clinical trials and statistical verdicts: probable grounds for appeal. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:385-94. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByAnalysis of Data from Clinical TrialsSUSAN ELLENBERG, PH.D., JANET WITTES, PH.D. 1 June 1983Volume 98, Issue 6Page: 1032-1032KeywordsClinical trials Issue Published: 1 June 1983 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Sociodemographic and motivational characteristics of parents who volunteer their children for clinical research: a controlled study.
Authors: S C Harth, Y H Thong
Journal: BMJ (1990)

OBJECTIVE--To determine the sociodemographic and motivational characteristics of parents who volunteer their children for clinical research. DESIGN--A questionnaire was administered to parents who volunteered their children for a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of a drug to treat asthma and to a control group of parents whose children were eligible for the trial but had refused the invitation. SETTING--A children9s hospital in Australia. SUBJECTS--68 Parents who had volunteered their children and 42 who had not; a response rate of 94% and 70%, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Responses of parents to questionnaire designed to assess their perceptions, attitudes, and health seeking behaviour as well as sociodemographic data. RESULTS--Volunteering parents were less well educated with only 15% (10/68) of mothers and 16% (11/68) and of fathers having had a tertiary or university education compared with 26% (11/42) of mothers and 45% (19/42) in the non-volunteering group. Fewer volunteering parents had professional or administrative jobs than did non-volunteering parents (mothers 6% (4/68); fathers 9% (6/68) v mothers 14% (6/42); fathers 31% (13/42)). Volunteering parents had less social support, and they displayed greater health seeking behaviour and consumed more habit forming substances. They were motivated by a desire to help others and to contribute to medical research, but they were also searching for more information and better ways to help their own children. CONCLUSION--Parents who volunteer their children for medical research are significantly more socially disadvantaged and emotionally vulnerable.
Diagnosis of gastric cancer.
Authors: A W Segal, M J Healy, A G COX, I Williams, G Slavin, A Smithers, A J Levi
Journal: BMJ (1975)

A prospective comparison was made of the accuracy of different diagnostic methods for gastric cancer. The basis of the study was a consecutive series of 113 patients thought to have gastric pathology; cancer was the final diagnosis in 32. Endoscopy and radiology were the most accurate investigations, whereas biopsy, cytology, and clinical examination gave disappointing results. A wide range of clinical features and laboratory investigations were studied in all patients in an attempt to identify criteria suggestive of malignancy. Multifactorial computer analysis of these investigations failed to improve upon the radiological diagnosis. A systemic approach designed to make optimal use of limited endoscopic and histopathological resources in the diagnosis of gastric lesions is presented.
FRACTURES OF THE NASAL BONES.
Authors: FREDERICK C. COBB
Journal: JAMA (1898)

action upon the deeper tissues, the 2 per cent, is the most efficient; as the stronger the solution of cocain the greater the superficial contraction and the less absorption of the drug.My usual procedure is to spray the parts with a 2 per cent, solution, followed in five minutes by a pledget of cotton, saturated in the same solution;after five minutes apply a 4 or 10 per cent, solution on cotton; in five minutes after the last application the parts will be as thoroughly anesthetized as the idio- syncrasy of the patient will permit.The use of cocain outside of minor operations, where I believe it will be in most instances super- ceded by eucain, are many and exceedingly valuable.The purpose of this paper is to give the personal
Obesity and reproduction
Authors: Jane E Ramsay, Ian Greer, Naveed Sattar
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The effect of adiposity is manifest in nearly every aspect of female reproductive life, whether as a metabolic or reproductive complication or as a technical problem affecting clinical issues such as ultrasonography or surgery. Indeed, obesity is present in 35% of maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. 

View this table:

 
Potential effects of adiposity before and during pregnancy 



Such concerns are particularly important given recent evidence of a doubling in the prevalence of obesity in young women attending for antenatal care in maternity hospitals in the UK (in some places, almost one in five are now obese). In the United States, where obesity rates are generally even higher, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has issued guidance on the impact of obesity on pregnancy. 

Strong evidence shows that insulin resistance is an integral part of polycystic ovarian syndrome, especially in obese women. In most women with the syndrome, hyperinsulinaemia—driven or revealed by excess weight gain—promotes ovarian androgen secretion and abnormal follicular development, leading to dysfunctional ovarian and menstrual activity. 



Endocrine and clinical effects of obesity and insulin resistance in. Adapted from Harborne et al. Lancet 2003;361:1894-901 



Androgens are carried in the circulation bound to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Conditions of high androgen and insulin concentrations are associated with lower levels of SHBG, resulting in high free androgen activity. Thus, clinical manifestations of polycystic ovarian syndrome are associated with androgen activity and include hirsutism, acne, and alopecia, as well as oligomenorrhoea and ovulation failure. 

Medications that contain oestrogen (such as the combined contraceptive pill) or ovulation induction drugs (resulting in high levels of endogenous oestrogen) may be associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism in obese women. The combined effect of obesity and the combined contraceptive pill results in a 10-fold increased risk of venous thromboembolism in women with a body …
Germany forced to tackle high death rates from breast cancer
Authors: A. Tuffs
Journal: BMJ (2001)

<h3>Objectives</h3> Job exposure matrices (JEMs) are increasingly used to estimate physical workplace exposures. We conducted a cross-national comparison of exposure estimates from two general population JEMs to aid the interpretation of exposure–outcome associations across countries and to explore the feasibility of cross-national application of JEMs to provide workplace physical exposure estimates. <h3>Methods</h3> We compared physical exposure estimates from two general population JEMs created from the French<i>Cohorte des consultants des Centres d’examens de santé</i> study (27 exposure variables) and the American Occupational Information Network database (21 exposure variables). These exposure variables were related to physical demands or ergonomic risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders. We used a crosswalk to match French Profession et Catégorie Sociale job codes with American Standard Occupational Classification job codes and calculated Spearman’s correlations and Cohen’s kappa values for exposure variable pairs between these French and American JEMs. We defined a priori 50 matched French and American JEM variable pairs that measured similar exposures. <h3>Results</h3> All variable pairs measuring similar physical exposures demonstrated positive correlations. Among the 50 matched pairs, 33 showed high correlation (ρ≥0.70) and 46 showed at least moderate agreement (κ≥0.41). Exposures expected to be mutually exclusive (manual work vs office work) showed strongly negative correlations. <h3>Conclusions</h3> French and American general population physical exposure JEMs were related, sharing moderate to high association and moderate to substantial agreement between the majority of variable pairs measuring similar exposures. These findings will inform cross-national comparisons of study results and support some uses of general population JEMs outside their countries of origin.
Characterization of Lymphomas Developing in Immunodeficient Mice Implanted With Primary Human Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Thomas John, Naoki Yanagawa, Derek Kohler, Kenneth J. Craddock, Bizhan Bandarchi-Chamkhaleh, Melania Pintilie, Jenna Sykes, Christine To, Ming Li, Devang Panchal, Weisan Chen, Frances A. Shepherd, Ming-Sound Tsao
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2012)