tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Anti-Chlamydophila immunoglobulin prevalence in sarcoidosis and usual interstitial pneumoniae
Authors: K.I. Gaede, G. Wilke, L. Brade, H. Brade, M. Schlaak, J. Müller-Quernheim
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

Sarcoidosis and usual interstitial pneumoniae (UIP) are diseases of unknown aetiology affecting the lower respiratory tract. Although there are a number of studies investigating the causal role of these disorders, no micro-organism could be identified as the causal agent. The high incidence of Chlamydophila pneumoniae infections associated with lung injury encouraged the present investigations to screen patients with sarcoidosis and with UIP for their Chlamydophila-specific immune response. Thirty-nine patients with sarcoidosis, 26 patients with UIP and 34 controls were tested for the prevalence of Chlamydophila-specific antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and sera. Samples were tested for the presence of antibodies in a genus-specific test for Chlamydophila-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in a species-specific test for C. pneumoniae. This study revealed a significantly higher prevalence of Chlamydophila LPS-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)-G in the BALF of sarcoidosis patients (36.8%) compared to controls (8.8%) and patients with UIP (12.0%). Similar findings were observed in sera. The prevalence of C. pneumoniae-specific antibodies in BALF was significantly higher in sarcoidosis patients for IgG and IgA (IgG: 74.4%; IgA: 46.2%) and in UIP for IgG (IgG: 50.0%; IgA: 11.5%) compared to controls (IgG: 14.7%; IgA: 14.7%). The elevated prevalence of Chlamydophila-specific antibodies in sarcoidosis patients might implicate Chlamydophila as a causal agent. However, considering the high prevalence of Chlamydophila antibodies in the healthy population, the data presented might reflect Chlamydophila co-infections in pre-injured lungs seen in these patients.
General practitioners' management of hypertension in elderly patients.
Authors: M. D. Fotherby, G. D. Harper, J. F. Potter
Journal: BMJ (1992)

OBJECTIVE--To assess general practitioners9 attitudes to the diagnosis and management of hypertension in elderly patients. DESIGN--Postal questionnaire to all general practitioners in Leicestershire. RESULTS--360 of 451 general practitioners (80%) responded. 81% (292) reported rechecking an initially high blood pressure on two or three occasions before starting treatment, 56% (202) measured sitting blood pressure only, and just 28% (100) took sitting and standing levels. 36% (128) had no upper age limit for starting anti-hypertensive treatment; of the 58% (206) who did, the median was 80 (range 70-99) years. Blood pressure levels reported for starting treatment in patients aged 70-79 years were 180 (150-240)/106 (90-120) mm Hg. 34% of general practitioners (121) would not treat isolated systolic hypertension. The most popular first line treatment for an elderly hypertensive patient was a thiazide diuretic; only 17% of general practitioners (61) initially tried non-pharmacological methods. 34% (122) would continue anti-hypertensive treatment unchanged in the period immediately after stroke. CONCLUSIONS--The variation among general practitioners in the criteria for the measurement, diagnosis, and treatment of hypertension in elderly patients emphasises the need for clear management guidelines in this age group.
Messenger RNA Surveillance and the Evolutionary Proliferation of Introns
Authors: M. Lynch
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2003)

The mechanisms responsible for the proliferation and subsequent stabilization of introns within the eukaryotic lineage have remained elusive. In the early stages of eukaryotic evolution, most introns may have been mildly deleterious at the time of insertion, but enough of them eventually acquired integral roles in transcript processing that few eukaryotic species can any longer survive without them. We suggest that the proliferation of spliceosomal introns was facilitated by the evolution of nonsense-mediated decay, an ancient and (in many cases) intron-dependent mechanism for eliminating aberrant mRNA molecules resulting from errors in transcription and splicing and from mutations at the DNA level. The spatial distribution of introns, as revealed by whole-genome analysis, is consistent with expectations for a model in which maximum protective coverage of a gene stochastically evolves over time.
Reply to René Yiou's Letter to the Editor re: Michael Mitterberger, Germar M. Pinggera, Rainer Marksteiner, Eva Margreiter, Raffael Plattner, Günter Klima, Georg Bartsch and Hannes Strasser. Functional and Histological Changes after Myoblast Injections in the Porcine Rhabdosphincter. Eur Urol 2007;52:1736–43
Authors: Michael Mitterberger
Journal: European Urology (2007)
The "intoxication state of consciousness": a model for alcohol and drug abuse
Authors: Marc Galanter
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1976)

The author describes a model of intoxicant use based on altered states of consciousness and reviews his own and others' research on marijuana to illustrate the utility of this model, which is derived from both introspective reports and observed data. The relationship of social behavior and cognitive functioning to the "intoxication state of consciousness" is discussed. This state of consciousness may have an adaptive value in engendering and stabilizing social cohesion. Possible treatment implications include cognitive labeling of cues that precipitate episodes of abuse, training for moderated drug use while patients are intoxicated, and providing abusers with altered consciousness through other means, such as meditation.
The effect of cell hydration on the deformability of normal and sickle erythrocytes
Authors: Margaret L. Gulley, Dennis W. Ross, Claude Feo, Eugene P. Orringer
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1982)

Abstract The deformability of the erythrocyte (RBC) is greatly influenced by its state of hydration. The purpose of this investigation is to quantitate this relationship by measuring the deformability of an RBC population over a broad range of cell water content. By manipulation of the ion content of the RBC, we performed all of the experiments in media which were isotonic with plasma. To raise ion and water content, RBC were incubated in a Li 2 CO 3 medium. To lower cell ion and water content, RBC were exposed to the K ionophore, valinomycin. The range of cell water content achieved during the entire experiment was 900–3200 g/kg cell solid (normal in vivo cell water content being 1800–1950 g/kg cell solid). By using the Ektacytometer, an automated cylindrical viscometer, we were able to measure deformability of the RBC sampled at various points along this range of cell water content. We found that optimal rheologic behavior was exhibited by normal RBC when their water content was in the normal range. A rise or a fall in cell hydration resulted in a decrease in cell deformability. By contrast, the deformability of freshly drawn, well‐oxygenated sickle RBC was well below that found for normal RBC. Upon volume expansion, however, the deformability of these sickle RBC improved markedly. This observation suggests that sickle RBC are suboptimally hydrated and that their abnormal rheology is at least in part a consequence of cell dehydration.
Atherosclerosis: an international study
Authors: E. G. J. Olsen
Journal: BMJ (1969)

REDICAL JOSRNALBecause of the high ferrous content of the inland sands pure white glass was difficult to obtain, but cobalt-tinted glass was favoured for the storage of light-sensitive concoctions while opaline vessels were much in demand because they were inexpensive.It is interesting to note that madder pink, a favourite colour for the decoration of the white-glazed Holic faience, was introduced by settlers from Strasbourg.The translation is admirable.W. H. MCMENEAIEY.
Every Newborn: progress, priorities, and potential beyond survival
Authors: Joy E Lawn, Hannah Blencowe, Shefali Oza, Danzhen You, Anne CC Lee, Peter Waiswa, Marek Lalli, Zulfiqar Bhutta, Aluisio JD Barros, Parul Christian, Colin Mathers, Simon N Cousens
Journal: The Lancet (2014)
Fibroblast growth factor 23: friend or foe in uremia?
Authors: Orson W. Moe
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Uremia is a complex metabolic state marked by derangement of many signaling molecules and metabolic intermediates; of these, the massively increased levels of FGF23 are among the most striking. It has remained unclear whether FGF23 is directly implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its complications, a consequence of other dysregulated pathways, or perhaps an adaptive - and thus desirable - response. In this issue of the JCI, Shalhoub et al. describe the chronic effects of antibody-mediated FGF23 neutralization in a CKD mouse model, shedding new light on this complicated story and moving us one step closer to understanding the role of FGF23 in CKD.
Inebriety: its Etiology, Pathology, Treatment and Jurisprudence.
Authors: Norman Shanks Kerr
Journal: JAMA (1890)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Evidence in practice: an overview of effective measures to prevent sports injuries
Authors: I Vriend, E Kemler
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background Many studies have been performed to gain insight into the effectiveness of measures and training programs to prevent sports injuries. An overview of effective measures is essential in order to translate research results into policy recommendations and interventions, together with insight in potential barriers and possibilities for these measures to be used in real-life. Objective Gain insight in current scientific knowledge with regard to the effectiveness of sports injury prevention measures and give recommendations for the use by the athletic population on a national level. Results are published in the European database on injury prevention ( http://www.eurosafe.eu.com ) and made generally known to the Dutch target population. Design Literature was searched systematically and reviewed independently by two researchers on methodology and relevance as an update of a previous study performed in 2000. The results were reviewed by 15 (inter)national experts (sport scientists and/or sport physicians). If research was lacking or contradictory, experts' opinion was used as a guideline. Intervention 20 Primary preventive measures were selected that can be used by sport athletes and trainers, including taping and bracing, personal protective equipment, shoe features, warm-up, stretching, and various training programs. Measures are evaluated as single interventions or part of multifaceted training programs. Main outcome measurements Indications of effectiveness to prevent sports injuries and recommendations for practice and further research are given for every measure. Results Based on controlled study designs, only six measures have been proven to be effective for the prevention of sports injuries. Implementation of these measures in real-life is strongly recommended. Several measures lack sufficient evidence. Conclusion This study emphasises the need of additional research on the efficacy of several measures, and especially to evaluate the effect in real-life on compliance, behaviour and number of injuries. Currently, pilot studies are performed in the Netherlands to evaluate these effects in new interventions.
Quantitation of nitrotyrosine levels in lung sections of patients and animals with acute lung injury.
Authors: I Y Haddad, G Pataki, P Hu, C Galliani, J S Beckman, S Matalon
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Activated alveolar macrophages and epithelial type II cells release both nitric oxide and superoxide which react at near diffusion-limited rate (6.7 x 10(9) M-1s-1) to form peroxynitrite, a potent oxidant capable of damaging the alveolar epithelium and pulmonary surfactant. Peroxynitrite, but not nitric oxide or superoxide, readily nitrates phenolic rings including tyrosine. We quantified the presence of nitrotyrosine in the lungs of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and in the lungs of rats exposed to hyperoxia (100% O2 for 60 h) using quantitative immunofluorescence. Fresh frozen or paraffin-embedded lung sections were incubated with a polyclonal antibody to nitrotyrosine, followed by goat anti-rabbit IgG coupled to rhodamine. Sections from patients with ARDS (n = 5), or from rats exposed to hyperoxia (n = 4), exhibited a twofold increase of specific binding over controls. This binding was blocked by the addition of an excess amount of nitrotyrosine and was absent when the nitrotyrosine antibody was replaced with nonimmune IgG. In additional experiments we demonstrated nitrotyrosine formation in rat lung sections incubated in vitro with peroxynitrite, but not nitric oxide or reactive oxygen species. These data suggest that toxic levels of peroxynitrite may be formed in the lungs of patients with acute lung injury.
Increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate inhibits T lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis by two distinct mechanisms.
Authors: L S Gray, J Gnarra, E L Hewlett, V H Engelhard
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

Cholera toxin (CT), but not pertussis toxin (PT), treatment of cloned murine CTL inhibited target cell lysis in a dose-dependent fashion. The effects of CT were mimicked by forskolin and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) analogues. Inhibition of cytotoxicity by CT and cAMP analogs was mediated in part by attenuation of conjugate formation. Additionally, both CT and cAMP analogs blocked the increase in intracellular Ca2+ induced by stimulation of the TCR complex by mAbs. These findings indicate that cAMP inhibits the activity of CTL by two distinct mechanisms and suggests a role for this second messenger in CTL-mediated cytolysis.
Juniors' hours: is the end in sight?
Authors: F. Godlee
Journal: BMJ (1992)

The question of how to reduce junior doctors9 hours has taxed the government and hospital managers for nearly two decades. Now regional task forces are being asked to get them down to a maximum of 83 a week by 1 April next year. From a comparison of the way in which two different task forces (Northern and North West Thames) have responded to the challenge it emerges that most units will probably meet the 83 hour deadline by making simple rationalisations. Meeting the next deadline--of a 72 hour maximum by December 1996--will, however, require radical restructuring of working patterns.
Dismantle personnel empires
Authors: R. A Wood
Journal: BMJ (1981)

to high concentrations of oxygen as under a general anaesthetic.2Haemorrhage may be present in the thrombocytopenic patient.3The clinical importance of this is obvious.Steroids will improve the drug-induced change but encourage infection.Antibiotics will treat an infection but have no effect on disease infiltrates.Cytotoxic drugs will improve disease infiltrates but worsen drug-induced change.It is interesting to note the work of Phillips et al.1 They obtained a histological diagnosis with transbronchial lung biopsy in 26 out of 42 patients with Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, or leukaemia who had pulmonary disease that failed to respond to antibiotics.Perhaps the current practice of putting diagnosis before treatment is incorrect in these patients as diagnosis represents a relatively hazardous procedure.Empirical use of anti- biotics to exclude infection may be the first step in management.It is uncertain how long a trial of antibiotics should be continued before further investigation is initiated.
Lateral Wall Advancement in Orbital Decompression
Authors: Allan E. Wulc, Jeffrey C. Popp, Scott P. Bartlett
Journal: Ophthalmology (1990)

Treatment of dysthyroid orbitopathy can be enhanced with a modified craniofacial approach using a lateral wall osteotomy, and anterolateral advancement and osteosynthesis in conjunction with medial and inferior wall orbital decompression. The technique of lateral wall advancement is described, and the results are discussed. While the authors advocate orbital decompression for dysthyroid optic neuropathy, advancement of the lateral orbital wall can easily be performed as an adjunct to the two- or three-wall decompression procedure. Advancement appears to increase the overall decompressive effect by providing a potential space where lateral expansion can occur and by enlarging the bony orbital volume. It also appears to lessen lid retraction and facilitates (and in some cases, obviates) the need for further lid retraction surgery.
Bone and parathyroid inhibitory effects of S-2(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid. Studies in experimental animals and cultured bone cells.
Authors: M F Attie, M D Fallon, B Spar, J S Wolf, E Slatopolsky, S Goldfarb
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR 2721) is a radio- and chemoprotective agent which produces hypocalcemia in humans. Intravenous injection of 30 mg/kg WR 2721 in rats and 15 mg/kg in dogs lowers serum calcium by 19 and 25%, respectively. Hypocalcemia in dogs is associated with a fall in serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH), which suggests that the mechanism of its hypocalcemic effect is acute hypoparathyroidism. Despite this effect on PTH, in eight chronically parathyroidectomized rats on a low phosphate diet, WR 2721 reduced serum calcium from 9.4 +/- 0.6 to 7.7 +/- 0.5 mg/dl (P less than 0.01) at 3 h. Furthermore, in dogs rendered hypercalcemic by continuous infusion of PTH, WR 2721 reduced serum calcium from 11.0 +/- 0.5 to 10.6 +/- 0.5 mg/dl (P less than 0.01). To determine whether WR 2721 causes hypocalcemia by enhancing the exit of calcium from the circulation or inhibiting its entry, the drug was infused 3 h after administration of 45Ca to rats. WR 2721 did not significantly increase the rate of disappearance of 45Ca from the circulation even though serum calcium fell by 19%. However, serum 45Ca specific activity was higher at 1.5 h (P less than 0.01) and 3 h (P less than 0.05) in rats given WR 2721 than in rats given vehicle alone, which suggests that WR 2721 blocks the entry of nonradioactive calcium into the circulation, presumably from bone. In incubations with fetal rat long bone labeled in utero with 45Ca, 10(-3) M WR 2721 inhibited PTH-stimulated, but not base-line release of 45Ca. Bone resorption by primary culture of chick osteoclasts was inhibited by WR 2721 at concentrations as low as 10(-4) M in the absence of hormonal stimulation. These studies suggest that WR 2721 lowers serum calcium predominantly by blocking calcium release from bone. This acute hypocalcemic effect is at least in part independent of its effect on the parathyroid glands, and is most likely a direct effect of the agent on bone resorption.
Prior hysterectomy and discomfort during colonoscopy: a retrospective cohort analysis
Authors: Jessica Dyson, James Mason, Matthew Rutter
Journal: Endoscopy (2014)

<b>Background and study aims:</b> Discomfort during colonoscopy may affect acceptability of the procedure. The study aim was to determine factors, including prior hysterectomy and gender, associated with higher levels of patient discomfort during colonoscopy to help with procedural planning such as choice of instrument and sedation. <b>Methods:</b> A retrospective cohort study of colonoscopies (n = 1098) performed between February 2007 and March 2012 at the Tees Bowel Cancer Screening Centre within the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP). Determinants of moderate/severe discomfort assessed using the Gloucester Scale were explored, using logistic regression with a range of participant and procedural variables. <b>Results:</b> Rates of moderate/severe discomfort varied significantly among men, women without hysterectomy, and women with hysterectomy (5.8 %, 10.4 %, and 17.8 %, respectively; <i>P</i> < 0.001). In an unadjusted model, women with hysterectomy were significantly more likely to experience moderate/severe discomfort than those without (odds ratio [OR]1.87, 95 % confidence interval [95 %CI] 1.05 – 3.32, <i>P</i> = 0.005). The very strong influence of sedation on discomfort level precluded an adjusted model. In subgroup analysis of participants receiving sedation, adjusted comparison again showed increased odds for moderate/severe discomfort for women with hysterectomy, compared with women without (OR 1.70, 95 %CI 1.03 – 2.80, <i>P</i> = 0.036). <b>Conclusions:</b> Prior hysterectomy is associated with greater levels of moderate/severe discomfort in women undergoing colonoscopy. Minimizing participant discomfort is desirable in any screening or surveillance program. This should be considered in preprocedural counseling and in selecting equipment, sedation, and analgesia. Further studies should examine methods to minimize discomfort in those with prior hysterectomy.
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in Uremia
Authors: Raymond Scalettar, Milton E. Rubini, William H. Meroney
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1957)

GROSS gastrointestinal hemorrhage is not usually seen in uremic enterocolitis, and generally does not occur on the basis of renal failure.1 We have recently treated 2 patients with acute renal insufficiency who had massive gastrointestinal bleeding. The recognition of a bleeding lesion distinct from uremic enterocolitis was important for successful management.Case ReportsCase 1. A 40-year-old man was transferred to Walter Reed Army Hospital on October 28, 1954, with the diagnosis of lower-nephron nephrosis. Four days earlier, he had been found in a semistuporous condition after an alcoholic debauch. His course before transfer was complicated by grand-mal seizures and . . .
Loss of Unicef post raises concern among child nutrition pressure groups
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Non-governmental organisations working in the field of child nutrition have expressed their alarm at proposed staffing changes at Unicef, the United Nations children's fund. They say the changes will undermine implementation of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes.

The International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN), an umbrella organisation representing 200 local groups in 100 countries, is concerned that Unicef plans to abolish the post of headquarters legal officer in the nutrition section. The post is currently held by David Clark, a lawyer who advises national governments on how to implement the code in their regulation of the marketing of breast milk substitutes.

Unicef has been under new leadership …