tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Portable Cholesterol Analyzers
Authors: Jacques Massé
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Kaufman et al<sup>1</sup>reported that they calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration by subtracting the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and one fifth of the triglyceride concentration from the total cholesterol concentration.<sup>2</sup>As I have stated elsewhere,<sup>3</sup>this equation was developed with conventional units and must be adapted before application with Système International (SI) units: the triglyceride concentration must be divided by 2.18 instead of 5. Also, the Friedewald formula is valid only if the triglyceride level is below 4.52 mmol/L.<sup>4,5</sup>Kaufman et al<sup>1</sup>excluded specimens only if they were lipemic, but those with triglyceride concentrations between 4.52 and 6.77 mmol/L are not necessarily grossly lipemic, so the absence of lipemia does not mean that the equation can be validly applied in this range.
To Treat Hepatic Coma in Malignancy?
Authors: JACOB RAJFER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Letters and Comments1 July 1971To Treat Hepatic Coma in Malignancy?JACOB RAJFERJACOB RAJFERSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-75-1-142 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: I read with interest the article by Eras and Sherlock in the April 1971 issue of the ANNALS, where they conclude that "Clearly, metastatic liver disease may result in hepatic coma. Its early recognition should result in rapid institution of a hepatic coma regimen. Narcotics . . . should be avoided when possible since they may aggravate the hepatic coma."Why would the authors or any other physician recommend treatment of hepatic coma in a patient with metastatic hepatic carcinoma? Isn't this [hepatic coma] a more humane way of dying? Why institute heroic treatment, avoid narcotics, and... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: JACOB RAJFER PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 July 1971Volume 75, Issue 1Page: 142-142KeywordsComaLiver diseases ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 July 1971 PDF downloadLoading ...
Abstract P4-09-19: The Naïve-Bayes Decision Tree (NBTree) Classifier — Predicting the Probability of Survival in Breast Cancer
Authors: A Al-Allak, R Leonard, PD. Lewis
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Introduction As clinicians we are commonly asked by patients ‘what is my chance of surviving breast cancer?’ A number of methods have been in use in anattempt to provide an answer including the TNM classification and the Nottingham Prognostic index (NPI). With the introduction of new machine learning methods and the vast amount of data available to us the call for new models that can predict survival more accurately. As clinicians we must question the usefulness of methods that only tell us whether a patient will survive ten years or die within that time. You may prefer to make a prognosis and be able to predict the likelihood of survival or death within a chosen time span. Objectives To develop a new predictive model based on a machine learning method known as the Naïve-Bayes Decision Tree (NBTree) classifier. Methods Data set: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data was used to build a data set of women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1990 and 1997. Inclusion criteria included: all women with a diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma, under the age of 70 and with a minimum follow up of ten years. Fields included in the data were tumour size, grade, number of positive lymph nodes, survival time and alive status. Model: NBTree is a classifier that combines a decision tree with a Naïve base classifier to build a model that provides the probabilities of outcome. The model was generated using the freely available statistical package R. The model was built based on tumour size, grade and number of positive lymph nodes. It was then validated using K-fold cross validation and tested on a subset of data. Results A total of 50,895 women were included in the analysis. The model was generated a total of 10 times and validated using 10-fold cross validation. The model was able to correctly classify patients 69.26% of the time. When tested on a sub-group of the data set (2000 cases) the model was able to correctly classify patients in 68% of the instances. Conclusion The NBTree probablistic - machine learning method provides a robust method of putting a value or probability to ten year survival following the diagnosis of breast cancer. Our future aim is to evaluate the method on European datasets to determine its accuracy for patient management relative to existing validated systems. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-09-19.
PWE-132 The Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Cryoglobulinaemia in a Scottish Cohort of Hepatitis C Patients: Abstract PWE-132 Table
Authors: R E Swann, M Robinson, S Barclay, M Priest, P Mills, J McLauchlan, A Patel
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common cause of cryoglobulinaemia – a clonal B cell disorder characterised by precipitation of antibody aggregates on serum cooling. This can lead to vasculitic symptoms and complications including renal failure [1]. One meta-analysis suggested a prevalence of 44% in HCV infected patients. However, other studies have reported much lower rates [2]. Genotype is thought to influence prevalence, and data from the UK, where 45% of cases are genotype 3, is unknown. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cryoglobulinaemia in a cohort of HCV infected patients and identify any associated clinical features. <h3>Methods</h3> 75 patients with chronic G1 or G3 HCV were prospectively recruited from liver clinics in addition to 20 healthy controls. None had a prior diagnosis of cryoglobulinaemia. Each patient completed a symptom questionnaire and clinical and laboratory details were recorded. A whole blood sample was collected and maintained at 37°C until serum had been separated using a heated centrifuge. Serum was stored at 4°C for 7 days. A patient was recorded as cryoglobulin positive if a precipitate formed which disappeared on re-warming. Clinical features were correlated with presence of cryoglobulin. <h3>Results</h3> Adequate samples were received in 65/75 HCV infected patients (31 G1, 34 G3). Of these, 35.4% (23/65) had detectable cryoglobulin. No cryoglobulin was detected in the healthy control samples. Clinical associations are listed below (p values from Fisher’s Exact Test unless otherwise stated). There was no difference in prevalence of IVDU or Diabetes in those with cryoglobulins. No individual symptom was associated with cryoglobulin detection. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Cryoglobulinaemia has a surprisingly high prevalence of 35% within our UK based cohort of HCV patients, being less common in males. Symptoms are non-specific and occur in the absence of detectable cryoglobulin with no association between symptoms and cryoglobulin positivity. There was a non-significant trend to association with cirrhosis and genotype 3 as shown in previous studies. Cryoglobulinaemia may have been underdiagnosed previously due to practical difficulties with testing and it should be considered in any patients with renal dysfunction and HCV. <h3>References</h3> Adv Hematol 2011 doi:10.1155/2011/835314 Hepatology 2002; 36:978–985
Sarcoplasmic reticulum in heart failure: central player or bystander?
Authors: Ronald M Phillips, Prakash Narayan, Ana M Gómez, Keith Dilly, Larry R Jones, W.Jonathan Lederer, Ruth A Altschuld
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1998)

Time for primary review 10 days.

Myocardial excitation-contraction coupling begins with membrane depolarization, a process that activates voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels in the sarcolemma and allows a small amount of Ca2+ to enter the cell. This Ca2+ serves as a trigger to activate Ca2+-release channels in the adjacent junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) [1]: the ensuing efflux of stored SR Ca2+ increases the cytosolic free Ca2+ ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) and initiates contraction. The amount of Ca2+ released by the SR depends on the size of its Ca2+ load and on the size and duration of the initial Ca2+ trigger. This allows [Ca2+]i transient amplitudes to be graded [2]— an important feature in cardiac muscle, where all cells contract with each beat. Modulation of the [Ca2+]i transient amplitude provides one mechanism to vary the force of contraction and thereby match cardiac output to the body's metabolic demands.

Myocardial relaxation occurs when Ca2+ is removed from the cytosol, and re-uptake by the SR is quantitatively the most important mechanism for decreasing cytosolic [Ca2+]i. This is accomplished through the activity of the SR Ca2+ pump protein, SERCA2, a Ca2+-activated ATPase that pumps Ca2+ into the SR lumen. Re-uptake occurs in the non-junctional SR, primarily in the SR membrane and Ca2+ ATPase rich portion of the cell near the transverse tubules, at the Z-line of the sarcomere [3].

Activity of the cardiac SR Ca pump is tonically inhibited by an endogenous SR component, phospholamban [4]. Phospholamban is a low molecular weight protein that can exist as either a pentamer or a monomer. Each phospholamban monomer contains two amino acid residues that can be … 

* Corresponding author. Tel. (+1-614) 292 1158; Fax (+1-614) 292 4118; E-mail: altschuld.2@osu.edu
Abstract 4323: ATP binding cassette transporters modulate both D-luciferin- and coelenterazine-based bioluminescence imaging
Authors: Ruimin Huang, Jelena Vider, Tatiana Kochetkov, Ronald Blasberg
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of luciferase reporters provides a relatively simple, cost-effective, and extremely sensitive means to image fundamental biological processes in cancer research, including tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Translocation of D-luciferin (the substrate for Click Beetle Red (cLuc) and Firefly (fLuc) luciferase), and coelenterazine (the substrate for Renilla (rLuc), and Gaussia (gLuc) luciferase), across the cellular membrane could affect BLI intensity in vivo. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are membrane-bound efflux pumps utilizing the energy from ATP hydrolysis. They are implicated in multidrug resistant phenotypes of tumor cells and may be cancer stem cell markers. To investigate the effect of ABC transporters on luciferase-based BLI, we generated HEK-293 reporter cells with selective overexpression of different ABC transporters (ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2) and different luciferases (cLuc, fLuc, rLuc and gLuc). In vitro studies showed that BLI signal intensity of intact cells compared to cell lysates decreased 89%, 77% and 75% when ABCG2 was overexpressed in HEK-293 cLuc, fLuc and rLuc reporter cells, respectively. No significant BLI change was observed in HEK-293 gLuc reporter cells with high expression of ABCG2. Overexpression of ABCB1 reduced BLI intensity only in HEK-293 rLuc reporter cells by 51%. ABCC1 overexpression did not affect BLI intensity in any of the HEK-293 reporter cells. These data indicate that ABCG2 affects BLI signal intensity generated from both D-luciferin and coelenterazine, and that ABCB1 affects coelenterazine (but not D-luciferin) signal intensity. Selective ABC transporter inhibitors, Reversin 121 against ABCB1, MK-571 against ABCC1, and fumitremorgin C (FTC) against ABCG2, were applied in HEK-293 reporter cells with ABC transporter overexpression. Compared with vehicle treatment, FTC increased BLI intensity more than 2-fold in HEK-293 cLuc, fLuc and rLuc reporter cells; Reversin 121 elevated BLI intensity 2.1 fold only in HEK-293 rLuc reporter cells. BLI of xenografts derived from HEK-293 reporter cells with overexpression of ABC transporters confirmed the results of inhibitor treatment in vivo. These findings demonstrate that ABC transporters can significantly modulate intracellular delivery of luciferase-based substrates, and that endogenous expression of ABC transporters can significantly affect BLI readout, both in vitro and in vivo. In this context, the BLI-based assay can provide a high throughout platform to screen the novel ABC transporter inhibitors for the improvement of antitumor therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4323.
Lymphoscintigraphy in the Diagnosis of Lymphangiomatosis
Authors: Nicole Beveridge, Leonard Allen, Kerry Rogers
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2010)

Lymphangiomatosis is a rare condition characterized by multiple abnormalities of the lymphatic system. Diagnosis is often difficult, as chronic, intermittent, or acute pain; edema; and other symptoms may affect the respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, hepatic, skeletal, and other organ systems. We report the case of a patient who first presented with lymphedema in childhood and was treated intermittently for related symptoms before diagnosis was achieved 36 years later. Plain film radiography, bone scanning, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and lymphoscintigraphy were used to arrive at a diagnosis. Information derived from all scan types was combined to derive a diagnosis of lymphangiomatosis. Lymphoscintigraphy provided direct evidence of the abnormal lymphatic flows associated with lymphangiomatosis. Lymphangiomatosis presents a diagnostic challenge; information from several scan types, including lymphoscintigraphy, is useful in deriving this diagnosis.
Should I have an H1N1 flu vaccination after Guillain-Barre syndrome?
Authors: L. C. Price
Journal: BMJ (2009)

I have found myself asking the difficult question of whether to be vaccinated against H1N1 flu when I return to work as a hospital doctor this autumn. In December 2008 I developed severe Guillain-Barre syndrome but am making a good recovery.

I presented with foot drop one week after an episode of food poisoning. Nerve conduction studies showed patchy motor nerve demyelination and marked conduction block. I was admitted to the intensive care unit for invasive ventilation and supportive care for three months. During this time I had marked neuropathic pain (with “burning” skin) and also haemodynamic instability and adynamic ileus as a result of autonomic dysfunction. Serology testing was positive for Campylobacter jejuni . I had no other relevant past medical history and had had one previous seasonal flu vaccine without adverse effects.

My concern stems from the “swine influenza” vaccination programme in the United States in 1976, when 45 million people were given the influenza A(H1N1)/New Jersey/1976 vaccine. Vaccinations were suspended after 10 weeks mainly because 532 new cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome, or just under one case per 100 000 vaccinations, were reported, with a peak relative risk exceeding 12 in the two to three weeks after vaccination.1 To …
CPR for Patients Labeled DNR
Authors: Susan B. LeGrand
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2003)

Letters21 October 2003CPR for Patients Labeled DNRSusan B. LeGrand, MDSusan B. LeGrand, MDFrom The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-139-8-200310210-00024 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Choudhry and colleagues (1) suggested the addition of a new code status: LATO. I have 2 main concerns about their article. First, the exact problem that this new resuscitation status is meant to resolve is unclear. Is there a concern that individuals who might have benefited from resuscitation have somehow missed this opportunity? Certainly in the United States the problem is not one of inappropriately denying resuscitation but of inappropriately resuscitating the dying (2). Do-not-resuscitate orders are rarely written until late in the course of an illness, and even when living wills exist and the circumstances do ...References1. Choudhry NK, Choudhry S, Singer PA. CPR for patients labeled DNR: the role of the limited aggressive therapy order. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:65-8. [PMID: 12513047] LinkGoogle Scholar2. A controlled trial to improve care for seriously ill hospitalized patients. The study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments (SUPPORT). The SUPPORT Principal Investigators. JAMA. 1995;274:1591-8. [PMID: 7474243] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Susan B. LeGrand, MDAffiliations: From The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoCPR for Patients Labeled DNR: The Role of the Limited Aggressive Therapy Order Niteesh K. Choudhry , Sujit Choudhry , and Peter A. Singer CPR for Patients Labeled DNR Bernard M. Karnath CPR for Patients Labeled DNR Niteesh K. Choudhry , Sujit Choudhry , and Peter A. Singer CPR for Patients Labeled DNR Muriel Gillick CPR for Patients Labeled DNR Jack P. Freer Metrics 21 October 2003Volume 139, Issue 8Page: 704-705KeywordsAcute myocardial infarctionAdvanced directivesCardiopulmonary resuscitationDo not resuscitate ordersLiving willsResuscitation ePublished: 21 October 2003 Issue Published: 21 October 2003 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2003 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Lp95, a novel leptospiral protein that binds extracellular matrix components and activates e-selectin on endothelial cells
Authors: Marina V. Atzingen, Ricardo M. Gómez, Mirta Schattner, Gabriela Pretre, Amane P. Gonçales, Zenaide M. de Morais, Silvio A. Vasconcellos, Ana L.T.O. Nascimento
Journal: Journal of Infection (2009)
DETAILED ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSES OF SERA OF HEALTHY YOUNG MEN 1
Authors: Edward R. Berry, Alfred Chanutin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1955)

The electrophoretic patterns of plasma and serum obtained from healthy individuals have been described by a number of investigators and the results of such analyses are summarized in a recent paper (1). Appreciable fluctuations in the concentrations and percentage distributions of the major protein components are noted. A critical examination of these data shows that workers in this field use a variety of buffer solutions with different ionic strength and usually average the results obtained for males and females in different age groups. Furthermore, Bernfeld, Donahue, and Homburger (2) have observed large variations in the general appearance of electrophoretic patterns and have emphasized the necessity of considering the finer structures of the contour in the analytical procedure. The data obtained from electrophoretic analyses depend on the method by which the area of the electrophoretic pattern is subdivided. The analysis of electrophoretic patterns of serum proteins is generally done by the procedure of Tiselius and Kabat (3) which involves drawing a perpendicular from the base line to the minimum between two peaks, or the components may be resolved by drawing a series of symmetrical curves as described by Svedberg and Pedersen (4). The method of Tiselius and Kabat has the advantage of simplicity and the results approach those given by the Pedersen procedure (5, 6). Wiedemann (7) subdivided the electrophoretic areas of sera with the aid of Gaussian curves and stated that nine
Antinuclear Antibodies and Propylthiouracil Therapy
Authors: José Antonio Cetina
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Drugs that have been reported to activate systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can be divided into those that do so by their own pharmacologic properties, and thus cause it in a considerable percentage of individuals who receive them (hydralazine hydrochloride, isoniazid, procainamide hydrochloride, and various anticonvulsants), and drugs that apparently do it by causing allergic reactions which in turn trigger SLE.<sup>1</sup> One common denominator of drugs that act on their own is that they elicit antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in an even larger percentage of individuals taking them on a long-term basis.<sup>2-4</sup> Activation of SLE by propylthiouracil (PTU) has been described on at least three occasions.<sup>5-7</sup>These reports suggest that this drug might have lupus-activating properties of its own. We have, therefore, investigated the presence and specifity of ANA in the serum of 46 patients (34 females) undergoing long-term PTU treatment by means of a microcomplement
Apoptosis in atherosclerosis: beneficial or detrimental?
Authors: M Kockx
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

Several groups have demonstrated apoptotic cell death in atherosclerotic plaques. The significance of apoptosis in atherosclerosis depends on the stage of the plaque, localization and the cell types involved. Both macrophages and smooth muscle cells undergo apoptosis in atherosclerotic plaques. Apoptosis of macrophages is mainly present in regions showing signs of DNA synthesis/repair. Smooth muscle cell apoptosis is mainly present in less cellular regions and is not associated with DNA synthesis/repair. Even in early stages of atherosclerosis smooth muscle cells become susceptible to undergoing apoptosis since they increase different pro-apoptotic factors. Moreover, recent data indicate that smooth muscle cells may be killed by activated macrophages. The loss of the smooth muscle cells can be detrimental for plaque stability since most of the interstitial collagen fibers, which are important for the tensile strength of the fibrous cap, are produced by SMC. Apoptosis of macrophages could be beneficial for plaque stability if apoptotic bodies are removed. Apoptotic cells that are not scavenged in the plaque activate thrombin which could further induce intraplaque thrombosis. It can be concluded that apoptosis in the primary atherosclerosis is detrimental since it could lead to plaque rupture and thrombosis. Recent data of our group indicate that apoptosis decreases after lipid lowering which could be important in our understanding of the cell biology of plaque stabilization.