tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Two-hour methyl isocyanate inhalation exposure and 91-day recovery: a preliminary description of pathologic changes in F344 rats.
Authors: J R Bucher, G A Boorman, B N Gupta, L C Uraih, L B Hall, S A Stefanski
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1987)

The accidental release of methyl isocyanate (MIC) in Bhopal, India, was reportedly responsible for the deaths of more than 2,000 people. To study the pathology of acute inhalation exposure to MIC, the tissues of male and female Fischer 344 rats were evaluated immediately after a single 2-hr exposure to 0, 3, 10, or 30 ppm MIC, and through day 91. Early gross pathologic changes in the 30 ppm-exposed rats included a reddish white encrustation around the mouth and nose, a small thymus, and distension of the gastrointestinal tract with gas. Lungs (middle and median lobes) showed consolidation and hemorrhage and failed to deflate when the chest cavity was opened. Microscopic changes in the upper respiratory tract 3 hr after exposure included marked erosion and separation of olfactory and respiratory epithelia from the basement membrane with accumulation of serofibrinous fluid. On day 1, acute inflammation and fibrinopurulent exudate partially blocked the nasal passages. Epithelial cells had sloughed from the nasopharynx, trachea, bronchi, and major bronchioles, leaving the basement membrane covered with fibrin and exudate. Granulomatous inflammation and intraluminal fibrosis of the airways were observed by day 3, with increased intraluminal fibrosis by day 7. Lower airways became blocked by exfoliated cells, mucous plugs, and/or intraluminal fibrosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Therapy for Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes — New Opportunities
Authors: Raymond J. Gibbons, Valentin Fuster
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Acute coronary syndromes, defined as myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation, myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation, and unstable angina, share a common pathophysiology: atherosclerotic plaque rupture, erosion, or both with superimposed intracoronary thrombosis, commonly known as atherothrombosis.1 Two large randomized trials reported in this issue of the Journal 2,3 address the evolving use of antithrombotic agents for these syndromes; a third trial has been published recently.4 Table 1 places these trials in the context of existing practice guidelines for antithrombotic agents. The oldest antithrombotic agent is unfractionated heparin. Although treatment with unfractionated heparin is generally indicated for 24 to 48 hours in myocardial . . .
India to extend price controls on drugs
Authors: Sanjay Kumar
Journal: BMJ (2004)

India's minister for chemicals and fertilisers, Ram Vilas Paswan, has declared that the government will bring the prices of some 300 essential drugs under its control.

The move is seen as reversing the current trend of liberalisation. It aims to increase the affordability of drugs, as pharmaceutical companies were overcharging consumers. Currently, just 74 bulk drugs and their formulations are under price control.

Consumers are paying six to 32 times more than the retailers' purchase price for some drugs, says the chemicals ministry, referring to three drugs—nimesulide (an anti-inflammatory drug), omeprazole (a treatment for gastric ulcers), and cetrizine (an …
On the Natural History of Plummer???s Disease
Authors: JAN D. WIENER, ADRI A. A. de VRIES
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1979)

Plummer's disease (autonomous goiter) presents a spectrum of forms, raging from solitary autonomous thyroid nodules to numerous small autonomous areas, and from unequivocal to servere hyperthyroidism. Progression is often very slow, but data on long-term follow up are scare, contradictory and limited to solitary nodules. We re-examined 58 untreated patients on one or more occasions. Follow-up time ranged from 1 to 12 years (average 4 years). There were gross clinical or scintigraphic changes in 13 patients. Three included six euthyroidal patients who became (mildly) hyperthyroid, one with a change from single to numerous "hot spots," and one in which the radionuclide disappeared in one of two separate autonomous areas. Minor changes were seen in 14 patients. Changes occurred irrespective of the scintigraphic pattern. In contrast, progression was very rapid in two of 300 other patients with the disease, leading to fatal thyrotoxic crisis withing three months in one. In another patient, transient hyperthyroidism was documented after excessive iodine administration. It is concluded that patients may be left untreated as long as serious complaints and clinical suspicion of associated malignancy are absent.
Medulloblastoma Can Be Initiated by Deletion of Patched in Lineage-Restricted Progenitors or Stem Cells
Authors: Zeng-Jie Yang, Tammy Ellis, Shirley L. Markant, Tracy-Ann Read, Jessica D. Kessler, Melissa Bourboulas, Ulrich Schüller, Robert Machold, Gord Fishell, David H. Rowitch, Brandon J. Wainwright, Robert J. Wechsler-Reya
Journal: Cancer Cell (2008)
Saving the Hypothermic Patient
Authors: Terrence S. Carden
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Traditionally, winter is a season of pristine snow-covered landscapes, sleigh bells, mirth, and good cheer. It conjures up comfortable images of home and hearth. In recent years it has become a season of outdoor participation sports and activities for an increasing segment of the population. As always there is a segment of the population that does not have access to adequate warmth, food, and shelter.  Both the young, healthy ski enthusiast and the skid-row derelict share the risk of hypothermia when they are exposed to the elements for a sufficient period without adequate protection. This can happen if an outdoor-sports enthusiast becomes separated from his companions and is unable to find the way to shelter. It can happen in the urban environment as well. Street people, reassuringly warmed by alcohol, which impairs their judgment and sense of danger, often fall into snowdrifts, where they may not be found for hours.
Does Anesthesia Contribute to Operative Mortality?-Reply
Authors: Marsha M. Cohen
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>In Reply. —</h3> Kissin et al raise some interesting questions about the interpretation of variables estimated in multiple logistic regression models. The overall fit of a model is not altered by the choice of reference category. We chose to "dummy code" categories of anesthetic techniques using inhalation alone as the reference category. The Table shows that the relative odds of mortality can be seen to vary considerably from 0.36 to 5.00 depending on the technique chosen as the reference. We used "inhalation alone" as the reference technique because patients who had this technique were found to have the lowest mortality in the bivariate analysis and because it was the most commonly used technique. Our assessment of the importance of a variable, or in this case a group of like variables, was not by the magnitude of the relative odds but by how much they contributed to the overall fit of
356 RECENT PROGRESS IN MANAGEMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA DIAGNOSED DURING SURVEILLANCE IN JAPAN
Authors: E. Ando, R. Kuromatsu, M. Tanaka, A. Takata, N. Fukushima, S. Sumie, J. Kurogi, S. Nagaoka, K. Inoue, T. Niizeki, M. Nakano, T. Torimura, T. Ueno, M. Sata
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Limits of Predictive Models Using Microarray Data for Breast Cancer Clinical Treatment Outcome
Authors: James F. Reid, Lara Lusa, Loris De Cecco, Danila Coradini, Silvia Veneroni, Maria Grazia Daidone, Manuela Gariboldi, Marco A. Pierotti
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2005)

Data from microarray studies have been used to develop predictive models for treatment outcome in breast cancer, such as a recently proposed predictive model for antiestrogen response after tamoxifen treatment that was based on the expression ratio of two genes. We attempted to validate this model on an independent cohort of 58 patients with resectable estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. We measured expression of the genes HOXB13 and IL17BR with real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and assessed the association between their expression and outcome by use of univariate logistic regression, area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC), a two-sample t test, and a Mann-Whitney test. We also applied standard supervised methods to the original microarray dataset and to another independent dataset from similar patients to estimate the classification accuracy obtainable by using more than two genes in a microarray-based predictive model. We could not validate the performance of the two-gene predictor on our cohort of samples (relation between outcome and the following genes estimated by logistic regression: for HOXB13, odds ratio [OR] = 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.92 to 1.16, P = .54; for IL17BR, OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.40 to 1.20, P = .18; and for HOXB13/IL17BR, OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 0.88 to 1.93, P = .18). Similar results were obtained with the AUC, a two-sample two-sided t test, and a Mann-Whitney test. In addition, estimates of classification accuracies applied to two independent microarray datasets highlighted the poor performance of treatment-response predictive models that can be achieved with the sample sizes of patients and informative genes to date.
Atrial contribution to ventricular filling in mitral stenosis.
Authors: J S Meisner, G Keren, O E Pajaro, A Mani, J A Strom, R W Frater, S Laniado, E L Yellin
Journal: Circulation (1991)

BACKGROUND The importance of the contribution of atrial systole to ventricular filling in mitral stenosis is controversial. The cause of reduced cardiac output following the onset of atrial fibrillation may be due to an increased heart rate, a loss of booster pump function, or both. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied the atrial contribution to filling under a variety of conditions by combining noninvasive studies of patients with computer modeling. Thirty patients in sinus rhythm with mild-to-severe stenosis were studied with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography for measurement of mitral flow velocity and mitral valve area (MVA). The mean +/- SD atrial contribution to left ventricular filling volume was 18 +/- 10% and varied inversely with mitral resistance. Patients with mild mitral stenosis (MVA, 1.8 +/- 0.7 cm2) and severe mitral stenosis (MVA, 0.9 +/- 0.2 cm2) had atrial contributions of 29 +/- 4% and 9 +/- 5%, respectively. The pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for these trends were further investigated by the computer model. In modeled severe mitral stenosis, increasing heart rate from 75 to 150 beats/min caused an increase of 5.2 mm Hg in mean left atrial pressure, whereas loss of atrial contraction at a heart rate of 150 beats/min caused only a 1.3 mm Hg increase. CONCLUSIONS The atrial booster pump contributes less to ventricular filling in mitral stenosis than in the normal heart, and the loss of atrial pump function is less important than the effect of increasing heart rate as the cause of decompensation during atrial fibrillation.
Comparison of a New Refractive Multifocal Intraocular Lens with an Inferior Segmental Near Add and a Diffractive Multifocal Intraocular Lens
Authors: Jorge L. Alio, Ana B. Plaza-Puche, Jaime Javaloy, María José Ayala, Luis J. Moreno, David P. Piñero
Journal: Ophthalmology (2012)
Evaluation of Maxillofacial Vascular Abnormalities with Tc-99m RBC
Authors: EINAT EVEN-SAPIR, ZEEV TULCHINSKY, JACOB BRAUN, ORA ISRAEL, DOV LAUFER, GERALD M. KOLODNY, DOV FRONT
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

Three-phase scintigraphy using Tc-99m RBC was performed in seven patients with vascular abnormalities of the maxillofacial region. Scintigraphy was able to distinguish whether the lesions had increased perfusion (three patients) or only a large venous component (four patients), and thus helped in assessing the best route for contrast angiography. In four patients a recurrence was suspected. In one, a follow-up Tc-99m RBC study showed successful embolization therapy and no recurrence, and in three patients it showed early recurrence of the lesion. The results of this report indicate the value of Tc-99m RBC scintigraphy in the management of patients with vascular abnormalities of the maxillofacial region.
396 ASSESSMENT OF LIVER STIFFNESS (LS) IN THE RELAPSE OF ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE (RALD) AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION (LT)
Authors: A. Cannesson, H. Aftisse, E. Boleslawski, V. Canva, N. Declerck, P. Mathurin, F.R. Pruvot, S. Dharancy
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Treatment of Hypothyroidism: A Reappraisal of Thyroxine Therapy
Authors: D. Evered, E. T. Young, B. J. Ormston, R. Menzies, P. A. Smith, R. Hall
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Twenty-two subjects with hypothyroidism have been studied in detail before and during replacement therapy with L-thyroxine (T-4). All subjects were stabilized on the minimum dose of T-4 which was necessary to suppress their serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration to normal, and on this dose most subjects had a normal or impaired TSH response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). The daily dose of T-4 required to suppress TSH was 0.1 mg (13 subjects), 0.15 mg (six subjects), and 0.2 mg (three subjects). It was shown that all subjects were euthyroid on these doses and, using a range of thyroid function tests, that they were normal in all respects when compared with a group of euthyroid controls, with the exception of a small group who had a marginally raised serum triiodo-L-thyronine (T-3) concentration. It has been shown that those subjects who required the larger doses of T-4 had a more advanced degree of thyroid failure than those who were stabilized on 0.1 mg T-4 daily. It is concluded that conventional doses of T-4 (0.2-0.4 mg daily) are often associated with subclinical hyperthyroidism.
Atrial natriuretic polypeptide is removed by the lungs and released into the left atrium as well as the right atrium in humans
Authors: Kenji Obata, Hirofumi Yasue, Ken Okumura, Koshi Matsuyama, Hisao Ogawa, Mitsuro Kurose, Yoshihiko Saito, Kazuwa Nakao, Hirod Imura, Masakiyo Nobuyoshi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1990)
Systemic Toxicity–Efficacy Profile of ICOVIR-5, a Potent and Selective Oncolytic Adenovirus Based on the pRB Pathway
Authors: Manel Cascallo, Marta M Alonso, Juan J Rojas, Anna Perez-Gimenez, Juan Fueyo, Ramon Alemany
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2007)

E2F acts as a transcriptional repressor when bound to unphosphorylated RB during the G(1) or G(0) phase. Upon phosphorylation, E2F is released from the E2F-RB complexes to activate transcription. Tumor cells are characterized by an increase in the level of "free" E2F as a consequence of the absence or hyperphosphorylation of RB. The E2F-1 promoter is a well-characterized E2F-responsive promoter, and it can be used to control adenovirus E1a gene expression as a strategy to achieve tumor-selective expression and replication of an adenovirus. ICOVIR-5 (Ad-DM-E2F-K-Delta24RGD) is an optimized oncolytic adenovirus that combines E1a transcriptional control by an insulated form of the E2F promoter with the Delta24 mutation of E1a to improve the therapeutic index of AdDelta24RGD. ICOVIR-5 also contains the Kozak sequence at the E1a start codon, which is important to restore E1a expression and viral replication to AdwtRGD levels in tumor cells. The unique combination of genetic elements in ICOVIR-5 allows the selectivity for cells with a deregulated E2F-RB pathway to be increased and potent anti-tumoral activity to be maintained. Dose-response toxicological and efficacy studies after a single systemic administration in pre-clinical models in mice are presented to demonstrate that this virus holds promise for treatment of disseminated cancer.
The Yellow Admiral
Authors: Thomas B. Cole
Journal: JAMA (1997)

When last we had news of Captain Jack Aubrey and his close friend and shipmate Dr Stephen Maturin, in the 17th of the series of historical novels by Patrick O'Brian, they had thwarted a French invasion of Ireland. The 18th and latest book in the series,<i>The Yellow Admiral</i>, finds Aubrey at home on dry land but awash in political and family squabbles. In the nick of time he and Maturin receive orders to set sail again. There is not a moment to be lost. In the course of this novel Aubrey battles the French fleet, and Maturin does the odd bit of spying for the admiralty, but the book's main purpose seems to be to set the stage for greater adventures (in better novels) to come. Therefore, I can only recommend this book to diehard fans who fear that some day, by choice or necessity, O'Brian will cease to
The Role of Radioimmunodetection in the Management of Testicular Cancer
Authors: Nasser Javadpour
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Five patients with testicular cancer received an intravenous injection of between 1 and 2.5 mCi of iodine 131-labeled antibody to human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), followed by total-body photoscanning to visualize areas of abnormal radioactivity. Blood-pool and nontarget sites of radioactivity were reduced by subtracting the images derived by injection of technetium Tc 99m-labeled components from the iodine 131 scans. The HCG-immune scintiscans proved helpful in tumor localization and in the selection of appropriate therapy, while the AFP scan presented corroborative evidence of widespread tumor. Elevated serum levels of these two markers did not hinder successful tumor detection and localization by this method of radioimmunodetection. Cancer radioimmunodetection with antibodies to HCG and to AFP appears to be a useful procedure for the pretreatment and posttreatment evaluation of patients with testicular cancer and can reveal sites of tumor not detected by other methods.
Chronic cardiac toxicity after inhalation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
Authors: A A McLeod, R Marjot, M J Monaghan, P Hugh-Jones, G Jackson
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Two patients showed evidence of chronic cardiac toxicity after repeated exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane. In both cases there was circumstantial evidence of a deterioration after routine anaesthetic use of the related compound halothane. An adolescent boy who sniffed trichloroethane presented with multiple ventricular arrhythmias during tonsillectomy. Follow up showed mild chronic left ventricular impairment. A 54 year old man had repeated industrial exposure to trichloroethane and deteriorated from mild stable cardiac failure to end stage cardiac failure after halothane anaesthesia for herniorrhaphy. Chronic cardiac toxicity is a previously unreported feature of this type of solvent exposure. Related compounds such as halothane may have a toxic interaction after exposure to trichloroethane.
Changes in Ca <sup>2+</sup> Cycling Proteins Underlie Cardiac Action Potential Prolongation in a Pressure-Overloaded Guinea Pig Model With Cardiac Hypertrophy and Failure
Authors: Gias U. Ahmmed, Pei Hong Dong, Guoji Song, Nancy A. Ball, Yanfang Xu, Richard A. Walsh, Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
Journal: Circulation Research (2000)

Ventricular arrhythmias are common in both cardiac hypertrophy and failure; cardiac failure in particular is associated with a significant increase in the risk of sudden cardiac death. We studied the electrophysiologic changes in a guinea pig model with aortic banding resulting in cardiac hypertrophy at 4 weeks and progressing to cardiac failure at 8 weeks using whole-cell patch-clamp and biochemical techniques. Action potential durations (APDs) were significantly prolonged in banded animals at 4 and 8 weeks compared with age-matched sham-operated animals. APDs at 50% and 90% repolarization (APD(50) and APD(90) in ms) were the following: 4 week, banded, 208+/-51 and 248+/-49 (n = 15); 4 week, sham, 189+/-68 and 213+/-69 (n = 16); 8 week, banded, 197+/-40 and 226+/-40 (n = 21); and 8 week, sham, 156+/-42 and 189+/-45 (n = 22), respectively; P<0.05 comparing banded versus sham-operated animals. We observed no significant differences in the K(+) currents between the 2 groups of animals at 4 and 8 weeks. However, banded animals exhibited a significant increase in Na(+) and Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchange current densities compared with controls. Furthermore, we have found a significant attenuation in the Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of the L-type Ca(2+) current in the banded compared with sham-operated animals, likely as a result of the significant downregulation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase, which has been documented previously in the heart failure animals. Our data provide an alternate mechanism for APD prolongation in cardiac hypertrophy and failure and support the notion that there is close interaction between Ca(2+) handling and action potential profile.
Investigating and managing chronic dysphagia: Gastroenterological input should have been included
Authors: C. J Lewis
Journal: BMJ (2003)

EDITOR—The clinical review article by Leslie et al on chronic dysphagia gives a clear and succinct overview of managing dysphagia in a multidisciplinary team specialising in cricopharyngeal dysfunction and oropharyngeal dysphagia.1

We advocate strongly the use of a multidisciplinary team in investigating and managing chronic dysphagia, but Lewis et al make little mention of a gastroenterological input. …
PTU-160 So You Requested Coeliac Serology; What Next?: A Seven Year Review Of Outcome After Requesting Anti-tissue Transglutaminase
Authors: MW Johnson, D Housley, D Gordon, K Rostami
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Coeliac disease is common in the UK with a prevalence of 1 in every 100–200 of the population. Individuals may go undetected for many years, despite presenting numerous times to both primary and secondary care. Some of the delay in diagnosis and missed diagnoses, may reflect that fact that coeliac disease can be asymptomatic or present with very subtle gastrointestinal symptoms. Serological testing is simple and accurate with studies suggesting sensitivity and specificity to be in the order of 95–98% and 95–97%, respectively. Not surprisingly therefore biochemistry laboratories throughout UK receive a substantial number of requests for coeliac serological assessments every year. <h3>Objective</h3> We set out to review the total number of requested anti-endomysial antibody (AEAs) and anti-tissue transglutaminase (ATTG) tests between 2007 and 2013 at a busy district general hospital, and reviewed the outcome of having made that request. <h3>Methods</h3> The results of all the coeliac serology requests made during the study period were reviewed and a retrospective analysis was made of the hospital records to find out the outcome in all those patients with positive results. The laboratory issued a positive result if the ATTG was greater or equal to 4. <h3>Results</h3> During 2007, 810 AEAs were requested, of which 30 (3.7%) were positive (10 were weak positive), 736 were negative, 44 were not done. In 2008 ATTG became the primary coeliac serology test and AEAs were only used to review gluten free dietary (GFD) compliance. Between Jan 2008 and Dec 2013 a total of 20,677 ATTGs were requested. This has steadily increase year on year. In 2008 there were 913 requests, 1,389 in 2009, 3,060 in 2010, 4,238 in 2011, 5,584 in 2012 and 6,483 in 2013. Of these 785 (3.6%) proved positive, 19891 were negative, 372 samples were deemed insufficient and 605 were rejected by the laboratory as not indicated. Histological confirmation of coeliac disease was made in 222 patients, however a large proportion of positive serology received no further assessment. <h3>Conclusion</h3> There is an ever increasing number of requests for coeliac serology, costing our local CCG £21,070 in 2013. Despite the positive pick up rate being high at 3.6%, a large number of positive results were not pursued any further, with patients failing to have a definitive diagnosis made. It is important to ensure that there are robust mechanisms of chasing up on hospital results, and acting on them appropriately to prevent delayed or missed diagnoses. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.