tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
CLOSURE OF THE ABDOMINAL INCISION.
Authors: PHILANDER A. HARRIS
Journal: JAMA (1897)

A great deal has been said and written of late about the perfection of gynecologic operative technique least calculated to render necessary secondary operation. There is probably no condition following the gynecologic abdominal incision which calls more frequently for a secondary operation than that of hernia appearing at or in the line of the incision. It is extremely embarrassing to have our patients return exhibiting a hernia at one point or other of our incision, and still more humiliating to find that a patient goes elsewhere and receives the announcement. It is the purpose of this paper to deal briefly with what the writer esteems to be the more important points in the closure of the ordinary and median line of abdominal incision, between the umbilicus and the pubes. Until the past few years, as we all well know, the general custom of through and through interrupted stitching prevailed everywhere.
Smoking in China
Authors: Gonghuan Yang, Lixin Fan, Jian Tan, Guoming Qi, Yifang Zhang, Jonathan M. Samet, Carl E. Taylor, Karen Becker, Jing Xu
Journal: JAMA (1999)

S LARGEST PROducer and consumer of tobacco, China bears a substantial proportion of the global burden of smoking-related disease. 1 Of China's population of 1.2 billion, more than 300 million men and 20 million women are smokers, making China the world's largest actual and potential national market for cigarettes.In 1994 about 1.7 trillion cigarettes were produced in China and about 900 million were imported. 2The sales volume has grown steadily since 1981 (FIGURE 1) when economic reforms were initiated, and current sales of cigarettes are estimated at 1900 cigarettes per adult per year. 2 More than 1000 brands of cigarettes are available in China with average prices ranging from approximately 5 RMB ($0.63 per pack) in urban locations to 2 RMB ($0.25) in rural areas.Western brands tend to be more costly.The average smoker is estimated to spend about 25% of his/her income on cigarettes. 2 China is considered to be in an early stage of a tobacco epidemic, but the burden of disease attributable to smoking in China will assume greater prominence in coming years.It is estimated that deaths due to smoking will increase from about 1 million worldwide in 1995 to more than 7 million in 2025. 3At current smoking rates, by the year 2025, 2 million smoking-related deaths are predicted to occur in China, and at least 50 million Chinese smokers alive today are expected to die prematurely. 4Data from China's disease surveillance point (DSP) system indicate that China is experiencing an epidemic of diseases caused by tobacco. 5
Ruling out Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Thomas H. Lee, Gregory Juarez, E. Francis Cook, Monica C. Weisberg, Gregory W. Rouan, Donald A. Brand, Lee Goldman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

Although previous investigations have suggested that 24 hours is required to exclude acute myocardial infarction in patients who are admitted to a coronary care unit for the evaluation of acute chest pain, we hypothesized that a 12-hour period might be adequate for patients with a low probability of infarction at the time of admission.
Stimulation of renal sympathetic activity by static contraction: evidence for mechanoreceptor-induced reflexes from skeletal muscle.
Authors: R G Victor, D M Rotto, S L Pryor, M P Kaufman
Journal: Circulation Research (1989)

Static muscular contraction in anesthetized animals has been firmly established to reflexly increase arterial pressure. Although group III and IV muscle afferents are known to be responsible for this reflex pressor response, there is no evidence that the stimulation of muscle mechanoreceptors, many of which are supplied by group III fibers, plays a role in causing this contraction-induced reflex effect. To provide this evidence, we recorded renal sympathetic nerve activity in chloralose-anesthetized cats while contracting the triceps surae muscles. We found that static contraction tripled renal nerve activity within three seconds of its onset, an increase that was abolished by cutting the L6 and S2 dorsal roots. On average, the contraction-induced increase in renal nerve activity was observed 0.8 +/- 0.1 seconds after the onset of this maneuver. In addition, intermittent tetanic contractions synchronized renal nerve discharge so that a burst of activity was evoked by each contraction. A similarly synchronized renal nerve discharge was evoked in paralyzed cats by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve at five times motor threshold, a current intensity that activates group III afferents. We conclude that, in anesthetized animal preparations, mechanoreceptors with group III afferents contribute to the reflex stimulation of renal sympathetic outflow evoked by muscular contraction.
RECIPROCITY IN MEDICAL LICENSURE; A PLEA FOR INTERSTATE INDORSEMENT.
Authors: WILLIAM WARREN POTTER
Journal: JAMA (1897)

For the second time it becomes my duty to assume the functions of presiding officer over the deliberations of this Confederation, and I beg at the outset to offer you my best thanks for this renewed mark of your favor. Since our meeting at Atlanta last year the Confederation has suffered beyond measure in the death of Dr. Perry H. Millard, of St. Paul, one of its most able and useful members. Since the death of Dr. Rauch, I know of no one whose counsel has been so necessary to our welfare and of none whose devotion to the interests of the organization has been greater. It was my sad privilege to visit him at Johns Hopkins Hospital only a month before his end and then, though feeble in body, his clear and active mind was busy with the affairs of this Confederation; and especially with the report of the
Role of cellular proteinases in acute myocardial infarction I. proteolysis in nonischemic and ischemic rat myocardium and the effects of antipain, leupeptin, pepstatin and chymostatin administered in vivo
Authors: Roberto Bolli, Richard O. Cannon, Edith Speir, Robert E. Goldstein, Stephen E. Epstein
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1983)
The Stomach Speaks — Ghrelin and Weight Regulation
Authors: Jeffrey S. Flier, Eleftheria Maratos-Flier
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Recent years have witnessed explosive growth in knowledge of the physiologic factors regulating appetite and body weight.1 Among these are neural, metabolic, and endocrine signals from the periphery that reflect the short- and long-term status of energy balance and a central neural network centered in the hypothalamus that receives and integrates these signals and orchestrates appropriate responses of appetite and energy expenditure. Satiety signals are divided into those that influence the termination of individual meals and those that relate to the long-term regulation of body weight, although these systems overlap. Not surprisingly, satiety resulting from individual meals involves the gut, . . .
Immunological findings during treatment of multiple keratoacanthoma with etretinate
Authors: EVELINE BLITSTEIN-WILLINGER, N. HAAS, F. NURNBERGER, G. STUTTGEN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1986)

Journal Article Immunological findings during treatment of multiple keratoacanthoma with etretinate Get access EVELINE BLITSTEIN‐WILLINGER, EVELINE BLITSTEIN‐WILLINGER Department of Dermatology, Free University of Berlin at the Rudolf Virchow Hospital, Berlin, Germany Dr E. Blitstein‐Willinger, Department of Dermatology, Free University of Berlin at the Rudolf Virchow Hospital, Augustenburger Platz I, D‐1000 Berlin 65, Germany. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar N. HAAS, N. HAAS Department of Dermatology, Free University of Berlin at the Rudolf Virchow Hospital, Berlin, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar F. NÜRNBERGER, F. NÜRNBERGER Department of Dermatology, Free University of Berlin at the Rudolf Virchow Hospital, Berlin, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar G. STÜTTGEN G. STÜTTGEN Department of Dermatology, Free University of Berlin at the Rudolf Virchow Hospital, Berlin, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 114, Issue 1, 1 January 1986, Pages 109–116, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb02785.x Published: 01 January 1986 Article history Accepted: 02 May 1985 Published: 01 January 1986
GMC should have power to appeal decisions on fitness to practise, MPs say
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The UK government must act “as soon as possible” to give the General Medical Council power to appeal against decisions of fitness to practise panels of the Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service that it considers too lenient, the House of Commons Health Committee urges.1

The committee’s chairman, the Conservative MP Stephen Dorrell, has called on the government to grant the power by secondary legislation, known as a section 60 order, because the chances that a draft bill including the power would receive royal assent and become law before the general election were “very remote,” he said.

The GMC has been asking for the power since it transferred fitness to practise decisions to the semi-independent tribunal service in 2012. The government intended to make a section 60 order in 2014 but is now proposing that the power be contained in a draft bill governing eight regulators of health and social care professionals.2

The draft bill, drawn up by the three law commissions for England …
Letter: Amphotericin pharmacophobia and renal toxicity.
Authors: R Forgan-Smith, J H Darrell
Journal: BMJ (1974)

Lastly, we must point out that when hyperthermia is given together with cytotoxic drugs, as is current practice in Edinburgh, the combined treatment is associated with a definite mortality.It therefore appears to us that further controlled studies and consid_rably more data are required before hyperthermia can be accepted as having a significant role to play in cancer management.-We are, etc.,
Hyperventilation during migraine attacks.
Authors: J N Blau, S L Dexter
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Hyperventilation during migraine attacksWe have recently seen four patients who hyperventilated during the headache phase of some of their migraine attacks.The symptoms frightened the patients and raised diagnostic difficulties for their family practitioners. Case reportA 24-year-old film projectionist (case 1) had had common migraine from the age of 10.During the past two years he had had four severe attacks with additional features, in two of which he was taken to hospital by ambulance.During these recent episodes he had numbness round the mouth "like a dental anaesthetic," paraesthesiae ascending the limbs, a tightness round the mouth that interfered with his speech, a constricting sensation round his chest that made him "fight for breath," and a stiffening of the hands that he imitated by flexing the wrists and metacarpophalangeal joints and extending the interphalangeal joints.These added symptoms, associated with clouding of memory, occurred one hour after the headache started and lasted one to
Strangers in the night
Authors: P. Palimar
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Having qualified with a postgraduate degree in ophthalmology and after a spell as senior registrar in northern India, I moved back home to Bangalore in southern India. I decided to spend eight months with my parents while preparing for the exams to come in Britain. Needing funds for the voyage, I put up a sign at home offering my specialist services to “private” patients in the evenings. Few patients trickled in, allowing me sufficient time to catch up on my reading.

The year was 1985, and the town was under a scare of violent burglaries and dacoities targeting remote houses. One winter night, we were …
Double Knockdown of Prolyl Hydroxylase and Factor-Inhibiting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor With Nonviral Minicircle Gene Therapy Enhances Stem Cell Mobilization and Angiogenesis After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Mei Huang, Patricia Nguyen, Fangjun Jia, Shijun Hu, Yongquan Gong, Patricia E. de Almeida, Li Wang, Divya Nag, Mark A. Kay, Amato J. Giaccia, Robert C. Robbins, Joseph C. Wu
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Under normoxic conditions, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is rapidly degraded by 2 hydroxylases: prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) and factor-inhibiting HIF-1 (FIH). Because HIF-1α mediates the cardioprotective response to ischemic injury, its upregulation may be an effective therapeutic option for ischemic heart failure.PHD and FIH were cloned from mouse embryonic stem cells. The best candidate short hairpin (sh) sequences for inhibiting PHD isoenzyme 2 and FIH were inserted into novel, nonviral, minicircle vectors. In vitro studies after cell transfection of mouse C2C12 myoblasts, HL-1 atrial myocytes, and c-kit(+) cardiac progenitor cells demonstrated higher expression of angiogenesis factors in the double-knockdown group compared with the single-knockdown and short hairpin scramble control groups. To confirm in vitro data, shRNA minicircle vectors were injected intramyocardially after left anterior descending coronary artery ligation in adult FVB mice (n=60). Functional studies using MRI, echocardiography, and pressure-volume loops showed greater improvement in cardiac function in the double-knockdown group. To assess mechanisms of this functional recovery, we performed a cell trafficking experiment, which demonstrated significantly greater recruitment of bone marrow cells to the ischemic myocardium in the double-knockdown group. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting showed significantly higher activation of endogenous c-kit(+) cardiac progenitor cells. Immunostaining showed increased neovascularization and decreased apoptosis in areas of injured myocardium. Finally, western blots and laser-capture microdissection analysis confirmed upregulation of HIF-1α protein and angiogenesis genes, respectively.We demonstrated that HIF-1α upregulation by double knockdown of PHD and FIH synergistically increases stem cell mobilization and myocardial angiogenesis, leading to improved cardiac function.
The Tumor Microenvironment Controls Primary Effusion Lymphoma Growth<b><i>in Vivo</i></b>
Authors: Michelle R. Staudt, Yogita Kanan, Joseph H. Jeong, James F. Papin, Rebecca Hines-Boykin, Dirk P. Dittmer
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Certain lymphomas in AIDS patients, such as primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), are closely associated with the lymphotropic γ herpes virus Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), also called human herpesvirus 8. The virus is thought to be essential for tumorigenesis, yet systems to investigate PEL in vivo are rare. Here we describe PEL tumorigenesis in a new xenograft model. Embedded in Matrigel, PEL cells formed rapid, well-organized, and angiogenic tumors after s.c. implantation of C.B.17 SCID mice. Without Matrigel we did not observe comparable tumors, which implies that extracellular support and/or signaling aids PEL. All of the tumors maintained the KSHV genome, and the KSHV latent protein LANA/orf73 was uniformly expressed. However, the expression profile for key lytic mRNAs, as well as LANA-2/vIRF3, differed between tissue culture and sites of implantation. We did not observe a net effect of ganciclovir on PEL growth in culture or as xenograft. These findings underscore the importance of the microenvironment for PEL tumorigenesis and simplify the preclinical evaluation of potential anticancer agents.
Late Pregnancy Exposures to Disinfection By-products and Growth-Related Birth Outcomes
Authors: Alison F. Hinckley, Annette M. Bachand, John S. Reif
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

Toxicologic studies have demonstrated associations between growth-related birth outcomes and exposure to high concentrations of disinfection by-products (DBPs), including specific trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) chemical subspecies. Few prior investigations of DBPs have evaluated exposure during the third trimester of pregnancy, the time period of gestation when fetal growth may be most sensitive to environmental influences. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to examine the effects of exposure to THMs and HAAs during the third trimester and during individual weeks and months of late gestation on the risks for term low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, and very preterm and preterm births. The study population (n = 48,119) included all live births and fetal deaths occurring from January 1998 through March 2003 to women whose residence was served by one of three community water treatment facilities. We found evidence of associations between exposure to specific HAAs and term low birth weight as well as intrauterine growth retardation and for exposure to the five regulated HAAs (HAA5) and term low birth weight. Our findings suggest a critical window of exposure with respect to fetal development during weeks 33-40 for the effects of dibromoacetic acid and during weeks 37-40 for the effects of dichloroacetic acid. Adjustment for potential confounders did not affect the conclusions.
Generation of hypoallergenic neoglycoconjugates for dendritic cell targeted vaccination: A novel tool for specific immunotherapy
Authors: Esther E. Weinberger, Martin Himly, Julia Myschik, Michael Hauser, Friedrich Altmann, Almedina Isakovic, Sandra Scheiblhofer, Josef Thalhamer, Richard Weiss
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2012)

The incidence of allergic disorders and asthma continuously increased over the past decades, consuming a considerable proportion of the health care budget. Allergen-specific subcutaneous immunotherapy represents the only intervention treating the underlying causes of type I allergies, but still suffers from unwanted side effects and low compliance. There is an urgent need for novel approaches improving safety and efficacy of this therapy. In the present study we investigated carbohydrate-mediated targeting of allergens to dermal antigen-presenting cells and its influence on immunogenicity and allergenicity. Mannan, high (40 kDa) and low (6 kDa) molecular weight dextran, and maltodextrin were covalently attached to ovalbumin and papain via mild carbohydrate oxidation resulting in neoglycocomplexes of various sizes. In particular, mannan-conjugates were efficiently taken up by dendritic cells in vivo leading to elevated humoral immune responses against the protein moiety and a shift from IgE to IgG. Beyond providing an adjuvant effect, papain glycocomplexes also proved to mask B-cell epitopes, thus rendering the allergen derivative hypoallergenic. The present data demonstrate that carbohydrate-modified allergens combine targeting of antigen presenting cells with hypoallergenicity, offering the potential for low dose allergen-specific immunotherapy while concomitantly reducing the risk of side effects.
Oncogenic H-Ras Up-Regulates Expression of ERCC1 to Protect Cells from Platinum-Based Anticancer Agents
Authors: Cha-Kyung Youn, Mi-Hwa Kim, Hyun-Ju Cho, Hong-Beum Kim, In-Youb Chang, Myung-Hee Chung, Ho Jin You
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Tumors frequently contain mutations in the ras genes, resulting in the constitutive activation of the Ras-activated signaling pathway. The activation of Ras is involved not only in tumor progression but also in the development of resistance of the tumor cells to platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. To investigate the potential mechanisms underlying this resistance, we analyzed the effect of activated H-Ras on the expression of the nucleotide excision repair genes. Here we identified ERCC1, which is one of the key enzymes involved in nucleotide excision repair, as being markedly up-regulated by the activated H-Ras. From promoter analysis of ERCC1, an increase in the Ap1 transcriptional activity as a result of the expression of the oncogenic H-Ras was found to be crucial for this induction. In addition, ERCC1 small interfering RNA expression was shown to reduce the oncogenic H-Ras-mediated increase in the DNA repair activity as well as to suppress the oncogenic H-Ras-mediated resistance of the cells to platinum-containing chemotherapeutic agents. These results suggest that the oncogenic H-Ras-induced ERCC1, which activates the DNA repair capacity, may be involved in the protection of the cells against platinum-based anticancer agents.
Clinical Aspects of Immunology
Authors: Paul P. VanArsdel
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Until the first edition was published six years ago, standard texts had long been segregated into those devoted to microbial immunity ( traditional immunology) on the one hand and clinical allergy (hypersensitivity) on the other. Von Pirquet (1906) had previously anticipated the problems in defining the scope of immunology. He said, "Immunity and Supersensitivity can therefore be most closely interrelated. And yet these two terms contradict each other, their union is a forced one." But the union is forced only semantically; in operation, one needs to look only at the immunology of organ transplantation to realize that immunity and hypersensitivity no longer can be segregated. The recent developments in immunology as it relates to human disease have come from investigators who often owe first allegiance to their own diverse traditional specialties. Clinical immunology, therefore, is still diffuse and fragmented. Hence, it was a formidable undertaking to prepare a single volume encompassing
Oral RDP58 Allows CPT-11 Dose Intensification for Enhanced Tumor Response by Decreasing Gastrointestinal Toxicity
Authors: Jingsong Zhao, Lingyan Huang, Nicole Belmar, Roland Buelow, Timothy Fong
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Cancer patients undergoing triple therapy (CPT-11, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin) often present with severe delayed diarrhea as a result of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity and inflammation. RDP58 is a novel, anti-inflammatory, d-amino acid decapeptide that inhibits the production of tumor necrosis factor α, IFN-γ, and interleukin 12, and has been shown to effectively inhibit clinical symptoms and intestinal inflammation in several rodent models of chemically induced colitis, nonhuman primates with spontaneous colitis, and humans with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. We evaluated RDP58 as a potential protective agent in chemotherapy-induced GI inflammation. Oral administration of RDP58 significantly decreased the incidence of diarrhea and improved the survival rates of mice treated with toxic doses of CPT-11 or 5-fluorouracil. Histological analysis showed that RDP58 significantly reduced the destruction of the intestinal mucosa by inhibiting local overproduction of tumor necrosis factor α, IFN-γ, and interleukin 12 in vivo. Furthermore, RDP58 administration allowed the maximum tolerated dose of CPT-11 to be doubled in tumor-bearing mice resulting in significantly enhanced primary tumor responses and prolongation of time to relapse without a concomitant increase in GI toxicity. Our results suggest that RDP58 may have clinical utility in cancer therapy by preventing treatment-associated GI toxicity and potentially increasing the effectiveness of chemotherapy.