tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Royal colleges produce evidence of reduced activity
Authors: L Beecham
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Medical royal colleges have reported to the secretary of state for health and the chief medical officer examples of pressure to reduce activities. Last year Mrs Bottomley asked for hard data rather than anecdotal evidence on the effects of the NHS contractual arrangements on clinical activity. Several colleges have conducted surveys of the work patterns of their consultants during the past year and the results were presented to the Joint Consultants Committee last week.

The Royal College of Surgeons had a 75% response from a survey of over 230 surgical tutors. In the eight months from April to November 1993, 44% of surgical divisions were told to reduce or stop some activity. This compares with a reduction to 62% that emerged from the previous year's survey after 10 months. Most of the reduction in activity was related to cold admissions and cold surgery but some units had been told to reduce the number of outpatients and investigations. Fifty seven general surgical units and 45 orthopaedic and trauma units had been told to deal only or selectively with general practice fundholders. Twenty seven general surgical units had been told to deal with non-urgent waiting list cases regardless of clinical priorities. The college found that waiting lists had increased in 98 general surgical and in 68 orthopaedic and trauma units.

The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists had a 79% response rate from questionnaires sent to over 260 district tutors. Seventy five hospitals reported that waiting lists for gynaecological admissions had increased, 68 that the number of beds had been reduced or wards closed, and 50 that the patients of fundholders were given priority.

The Royal College of Ophthalmologists surveyed 160 units and there was a 71% response. More units reported a reduction in clinical activity in the six months from April …
Electric-potential difference--a neglected parameter of gut integrity and function?
Authors: M G Geall, W H Summerskill
Journal: Gut (1969)

Electric-potential difference-a neglected parameter of gut integrity and function?'Electrophysiological measurements, already established as crucial to investigation or diagnosis in other fields, may be applied increasingly to the understanding of gastrointestinal function and disease through deterninations of the electric-potential difference between the gastro- intestinal mucosa and serosa.The electric-potential difference is the difference between the electric potentials of two standard non-polariz- able electrodes in contact with solutions on either side of a membrane, the junction potential being eliminated.In vivo, this steady potential reflects several factors, including the maintained separation of ions, the concentrations of such ions on the two sides of the membrane, and tissue resistance'; it differs from small cyclic potentials generated in smooth muscle cells.Although the precise origin of transmural electric- potential difference in the gut, and the relative influences of the physicochemical processes that modify it or are modified by it, are uncertain, the transmural electric-potential difference arises in the mucosal cells2 3, 4, 5 and represents the algebraic sum of all the potential differences across both the luminal and the serosal membranes6.Striking regional differences in the electric-potential difference are found in the gastrointestinal tract, presumably because of the differing structures and functions of the mucosa at various anatomical sites.Whereas earlier studies of electric-potential difference in man yielded conflicting results, because of the use of the unabraded or variably abraded skin for the indifferent electrode, valid determinations of electric-potential difference can now be performed simply by placing the indifferent electrode in peripheral blood7, which has been shown to be equipotential with serosa8.The electric-potential difference in the human stomach is relatively high, approximating 40 mv in the corpus and 20 mv in the antrum (mucosa negative to serosa)7' 8. Abrupt declines in the electric-potential difference occur when the sensing electrode is passed from the stomach to the oesophagus or duodenum, and these declines coincide with the gastrooesophageal or pyloroduodenal mucosal junctions; therefore, the electric-potential difference has been used to locate these regions for a variety of purposes7, 9, 10, 11, 12. Animal studies can be interpreted asshowing that gastric electric-potential difference is probably generated by continuous secretion of chloride in excess of cations13, but a more direct relationship with sodium transport is not excluded'4.An intact mucosa is probably essential for maintenance of normal electric-
A PLEA FOR THE BACKWARD CHILD.
Authors: C. F. WAHRER
Journal: JAMA (1901)

Before treating this subject in any detail, I wish to define the term "backward child." By this I do not mean a defective child, but one whose body, as well as intellectual faculties, are all in existence, and whose parentage is not of a degenerate character, but normal, as we generally understand the term. The line between normal and abnormal may be somewhat hazy, not well defined, nor perhaps capable of exact definition, but we all somehow have a very fair conception of the expression, unless we appear as experts in a will case in court. Yet if we remember our experiences in the school room as teachers or even as fellow pupils, or make observations in schools as visitors, we do not always have this same opinion, as to the brightness or dulness exhibited by various children. Thus many a child, somewhat backward in its studies, has been condemned
Ethnicity in epidemiological research Similar methodological problems exist in health services
Authors: S Laws, C Cuninghame, I Azuonye
Journal: BMJ (1994)

coping."Guidelines on referral can help to over- come such difficulties.Any suggested inquiry into death rates should cover all providers of long stay care.This would allow a comparison of the rates across all providers, thus keeping results for nursing homes in context.Death rates in nursing homes may not be appreciably different from those for other providers of long stay care.We must be careful when discussing the many factors that influence death rates, and particularly in any attempts to link death rates to care previously given.We agree with Bowman that our survey shows that the population in nursing homes is dynamic and changing.More research is required to address some of the points raised generally by our survey and the response to our paper.
Looking for causes of neural tube defects: where does the environment fit in?
Authors: L E Sever
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

The neural tube defects anencephaly and spina bifida are important causes of infant mortality and morbidity. Recent studies suggest that many of these defects can be prevented by the periconceptional use of folic acid. At the same time, we do not know what causes most cases of neural tube defects and there is evidence to suggest that they are etiologically heterogeneous. Additional research needs to be directed toward the role of occupational and environmental exposures in the etiology of these defects. Importantly, studies need to examine embryologically and anatomically specific types of defects and develop accurate information on biologically relevant exposures. Exposures toward which attention needs to be directed include organic solvents; agricultural chemicals, including pesticides; water nitrates; heavy metals such as mercury; ionizing radiation; and water disinfection by products. We also recommend that additional attention be paid to mechanisms of neural tube closure and to the potential role of genetic heterogeneity in the absorption and metabolism of xenobiotics and in their effects on the neural tube.
Molecular Evolution of the teosinte branched Gene Among Maize and Related Grasses
Authors: Lewis Lukens, John Doebley
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2001)

Several authors have proposed that changes in a small number of regulatory genes may be sufficient for the evolution of novel morphologies. Recent analyses have indicated that teosinte branched1 (tb1), a putative bHLH transcription factor, played such a role during the morphological evolution of maize from its wild ancestor, teosinte. To address whether or not tb1 played a similar role during the evolution of the Andropogoneae, the tribe to which maize belongs, and to examine the rate and pattern of tb1 evolution within this tribe, we analyzed tb1-like sequences from 23 members of the Andropogoneae and five other grasses. Our analysis revealed that the TB1 protein evolves slowly within three conserved domains but rapidly outside these domains. The nonconserved regions of the gene are characterized by both a high nonsynonymous substitution rate and frequent indels. The ratio of nonsynonymous substitutions per nonsynonymous site (dN) to synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (dS) was not significantly greater than 1.0, providing no evidence for positive selection. However, the dN/dS ratio varied significantly among lineages and was high compared with those of other plant nuclear genes. Variation in the dN/dS ratio among the Andropogoneae could be explained by unequal levels of purifying selection among lineages. Consistent with this interpretation, the rate of nonsynonymous substitution differed along several lineages, while the synonymous substitution rate did not differ significantly. Finally, using tb1, we examined phylogenetic relationships within the Andropogoneae. The phylogeny suggests that the tribe underwent a rapid radiation during its early history and that the monoecious Andropogoneae are polyphyletic.
The Place of Steroids in the Nephrotic Syndrome.
Authors: D. A. K. Black
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

s1 May 1968The Place of Steroids in the Nephrotic Syndrome.D. A. K. Black, M.D., F.R.C.P.D. A. K. Black, M.D., F.R.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-68-5-1178_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptA multicenter controlled trial was begun in 1962, under the auspices of the Medical Research Council, to evaluate steroids in the nephrotic syndrome in adult patients. Only patients whose biopsies showed glomerulonephritis were included, under the histological categories "minimal glomerular change," "proliferative," and "membranous." Patients were randomly allocated to "prednisone" and "control" groups. Both groups received diuretic and other general treatment, but the "prednisone" group received in addition prednisone in the range of from 20 to 40 mg/day for at least 6 months.In patients with minimal glomerular change, there was a significant and prompt reduction in proteinuria in the... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Manchester, PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1968Volume 68, Issue 5Page: 1178-1179KeywordsBiopsyDiureticsGlomerulonephritisProteinuriaSteroids Issue Published: 1 May 1968 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Austen Fox Riggs: His Significance to American Psychiatry of Today
Authors: JOHN A. P. MILLET
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1969)

As early as 1913—ten years before Freud turned his attention to this field—Austen Fox Riggs had developed a fully integrated conceptual system of ego psychology. Between 1913 and 1940 at Stockbridge, Mass., he laid the groundwork for the reeducational treatment of the psychoneuroses and allied states in a tightly organized therapeutic community. As a by-product of his work he developed specialized services which are today recognizable in the fields of student mental health, child guidance, and community psychiatry and in the teaching of psychosomatic medicine.
PREVALENCE OF PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN ADULT CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Authors: Annelieke CMJ van Riel, Mark Schuuring, Irene D. van Hessen, Aeilko Zwinderman, Luc Cozijnsen, Stan C.L.A. Reichert, Jan Hoorntje, Lodewijk Wagenaar, M.C. Post, Arie Van Dijk, Elke Hoendermis, Barbara Mulder, Berto Bouma
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
A Systematic Comparison of Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Fundus Autofluorescence in Patients with Geographic Atrophy
Authors: Ramzi G. Sayegh, Christian Simader, Ulrike Scheschy, Alessio Montuoro, Christopher Kiss, Stefan Sacu, David P. Kreil, Christian Prünte, Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
Journal: Ophthalmology (2011)
Identification of Breast Tumor Mutations in <i>BRCA1</i> That Abolish Its Function in Homologous DNA Recombination
Authors: Derek J.R. Ransburgh, Natsuko Chiba, Chikashi Ishioka, Amanda Ewart Toland, Jeffrey D. Parvin
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Effects of breast cancer–associated gene 1 (BRCA1) missense mutations on the function of BRCA1 protein in DNA recombination have been little studied. In this report, we adapted a homology-directed recombination (HDR) assay to analyze the effects of BRCA1 mutations on this function. Using a HeLa-derived cell line with a genomically integrated recombination substrate, we expressed an endonuclease creating a double-stranded break in the substrate that the HDR assay scores by generation of green fluorescent protein–positive cells. By combining RNA interference (RNAi) that targets cellular BRCA1 mRNA with expression of RNAi-resistant BRCA1 mutants, we could effectively substitute selected point mutants to test these in the cellular recombination assay. We found that ∼300 residues at both termini of the BRCA1 protein were essential for HDR. Whereas some mutations analyzed were neutral, mutations that altered any zinc-coordinating residue or generated M18T and T37R alterations were defective for recombination. This study established a robust assay system to analyze the function of BRCA1 in regulating homologous recombination, which is critical for its tumor suppressor function. Cancer Res; 70(3); 988–95
THE COMPENSATORY MECHANISM OF DELUSIONS AND HALLUCINATIONS
Authors: S A. SILK
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1921)

Delusions and hallucinations are not senseless and accidental psychical phenomena. Like the symptoms of purely physical disease they too serve a definite purpose as defense mechanisms established during the history of the Psyche. Just as fever is no symptom of any definite disease so a certain delusion or hallucination is no indication of a definite mental conflict, and just as certain groups of symptoms often indicate a specific disease so a certain group of delusions and hallucinations frequently indicate a definite mental conflict. Delusions of persecutions and reference coupled with ideas of great efficiency, powers of invention, and history of heterosexual abstinence in a majority of cases indicate homosexuality and impotence.
Percentage of volume intake for rehydration after exercise-induced dehydration
Authors: Ishak Ismail, Rabindarjeet Singh
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

The present cross over study assessed the percentage of dehydration and effectiveness of 120% rehydration (R) with sports drink (SD) and plain water (PW) on whole body rehydration (R), plasma volume (PV) restoration after exercise-induced dehydration. Ten healthy male subjects (age range, 19–27 years) were exercised at 65% of VO 2 max at an environmental temperature of 32.06±0.02°C on which relative humidity of 67.32±0.17% for 90-min until 3.08±0.04% (1.83±0.10 kg) of their body weight loss. After which, the subjects move to the thermo neutral environment (21.2±0.3°C) and seated for 30 min prior to begin the 2-h R period. During R, subjects drank either SD or PW representing 120% of the fluid lost divided in three boluses representation 50% (915±54 ml), 40%(732±37 ml) and 30% (556±35 ml) at 0, 30, 60 min, respectively. In the entire trials subjects were somewhat hypo hydrated (range 0.32–0.52 kg below initial body weight) after completing the 2-h R period. The percent body weight loss that was regained (used as index of percent rehydration) during SD and PW was 68±2% and 58±2%, respectively, with significantly (p&lt;0.05) better R with SD compared with PW. The rehydration index for SD was significantly lower than PW (p&lt;0.01). PV was restored similarly to euhydration levels after 2-h of R with SD but was significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) with PW trials. Cumulative urine output was significantly higher for PW when compare to SD (p&lt;0.05). Serum Cl, Na and K were significantly higher with SD (p&lt;0.05) and urine osmolality of PW trial were significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) than SD at the end of 2-h R period. Plasma glucose concentration were significantly higher when SD was ingested compared to PW (p&lt;0.01). In conclusion, ingesting the volume of 120% of losses still under hypohydrated because of urine production and SD was better than PW for rehydration after exercise-induced dehydration.
Adaptation to the Ionizing Radiation–Induced G2 Checkpoint Occurs in Human Cells and Depends on Checkpoint Kinase 1 and Polo-like Kinase 1 Kinases
Authors: Randi G. Syljuåsen, Sanne Jensen, Jiri Bartek, Jiri Lukas
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Checkpoint adaptation was originally defined in yeast as the ability to divide despite the presence of damaged DNA. An important unanswered question is whether checkpoint adaptation also occurs in human cells. Here, we show that following the ionizing radiation-induced G(2) checkpoint, human osteosarcoma cells entered mitosis with gamma-H2AX foci, a marker for unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks. Exit from the G(2) checkpoint was accelerated by inhibiting the checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) and delayed by overexpressing wild-type Chk1 or depleting the Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). Chk1 and Plk1 controlled this process, at least partly, via independent signaling pathways. Our results suggest that human cells are able to exit the checkpoint arrest and divide before the damage has been fully repaired. Such cell division in the presence of damaged DNA may be detrimental for genetic stability and could potentially contribute to cancer development.
FOLFOX in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and high alkaline phosphatase level: an exploratory cohort of the GERCOR OPTIMOX1 study
Authors: B. Chibaudel, C. Tournigand, P. Artru, T. André, A. Cervantes, A. Figer, G. Lledo, M. Flesch, M. Buyse, L. Mineur, E. Carola, F. Rivera, N. Perez-Staub, C. Louvet, A. de Gramont
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2009)
DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY, IMAGE QUALITY AND PATIENT COMFORT FOR CORONARY CT ANGIOGRAPHY PERFORMED USING LOW VERSUS HIGH IODINE CONTENT CONTRAST: A PROSPECTIVE MULTICENTER RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: Reza Arsanjani, Ryo Nakazato, Aryeh Shalev, Millie Gomez, Heidi Gransar, Jonathon Leipsic, Daniel Berman, James Min
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
Authors: M. Arvanitakis, J. Devière
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is still the subject of intensive clinical research. This year, new data were presented during the Digestive Disease Week (DDW) on biliary stenting, as well as ERCP-associated complications and methods of prevention. In addition, several abstracts discussed the use of combined ERCP and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) techniques for diagnostic and therapeutic management in biliary and pancreatic diseases. This review highlights the most relevant studies, which will be reported in detail. The remaining abstracts are cited as references, and in some cases summarized in the tables.
The Placenta in Nutrition
Authors: Hamish N. Munro, Sydne J. Pilistine, Michael E. Fant
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (1983)

The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved ...Read More
Renal, Metabolic, and Hormonal Responses to Proteins of Different Origin in Normotensive, Nonproteinuric Type I Diabetic Patients
Authors: Panayotis A Kontessis, Irini Bossinakou, Leda Sarika, Elsa Iliopoulou, Antonis Papantoniou, Roberto Trevisan, Demetra Roussi, Katherine Stipsanelli, Stelios Grigorakis, Athanasios Souvatzoglou
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

OBJECTIVE Whether the differences in renal function found in vegetarian compared with omnivorous subjects are related to quantity or quality of the protein is unknown. We have studied the renal function of nine normotensive, nonproteinuric type I diabetic patients who were fed in random order for 4 weeks either an animal protein diet (APD) (protein intake 1.1 g · kg−1 · day−1) or a vegetable protein diet VPD (protein intake 0.95 g · kg−1 · day−1). The two diets were isocaloric. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a crossover study, we measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (inulin clearance), renal plasma flow (RPF) (p-aminohippurate clearance), plasma amino acids, growth hormone, glucagon, insulin-like growth factor I-(IGF-I), and microalbuminuria. RESULTS GFR and RPF were lower with the VPD than with the APD (89.9 ± 4.1 vs. 105.6 ± 5.1 ml · min−1 · 1.73 m−2, P &amp;lt; 0.05, and 425.7 ± 22.2 vs. 477.8 ± 32.2 ml · min−1 1.73m−2, P &amp;lt; 0.05, respectively). Renal vascular resistance (RVR) was higher with the VPD than with the APD (101 ± 25 vs. 91 ± 10 mmHg · min−1 · ml−1, P &amp;lt; 0.05). Filtration fraction (FF) remained unchanged after either diet. Fractional clearance of albumin fell with the VPD to 2.0 ± 0.65 from 3.4 ± 1.15 × 10−6 (P &amp;lt; 0.05). At the end of the APD and VPD, the plasma levels of growth hormone and glucagon did not differ significantly. Plasma levels of IGF-I were higher with the APD than with the VPD (1.1 ± 0.6 vs. 0.9 ± 0.13 U/ml, P &amp;lt; 0.05). Plasma concentrations of valine and lysine were significantly higher with the APD than with the VPD (234.6 ± 30.3 vs. 164.5 ± 25.4 mmol/1, P &amp;lt; 0.05, and 565 ± 45.1 vs. 430 ± 56.1 mmol/l, P &amp;lt; 0.05, respectively), whereas plasma valine was strongly correlated to the GFR (r = 0.832, P &amp;lt; 0.01). No differences were found in other amino acids. CONCLUSIONS A VPD has significantly different renal effects from an APD equal in protein intake in normotensive type I diabetic patients. This could be explained partly by differences in plasma concentrations of amino acids and IGF-I.
DETAILED MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PLAQUES WITH EROSION: A THREE-VESSEL OCT AND IVUS STUDY
Authors: Jinwei Tian, Shiro Uemura, Seung-Jung Park, Yangsoo Jang, Peter Barlis, Stephen Lee, Haibo Jia, Rocco Vergallo, Tsunenari Soeda, Sining Hu, Hang Lee, Bo Yu, Ik-Kyung Jang
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Recent changes in lung cancer incidence for south Asians: a population based register study
Authors: L. K Smith
Journal: BMJ (2003)

In Britain the incidence of lung cancer among south Asians (Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi) is much lower than in the rest of the population.1 In the UK south Asian population, however, it is the commonest cancer for men and the second commonest for women.2 Little has been reported on lung cancer trends among south Asians in Britain. We explored trends in lung cancer incidence from 1990 to 1999 in Leicester (22% of residents classified as south Asian in 1991 census).

We identified cases of lung cancer diagnosed in Leicester residents between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 1999 from the Trent Cancer Registry. Ethnicity data were not available for all patients, so we used software assessing forename and surname to classify patients as south Asian or non-south Asian,3 with visual inspection of the data to increase accuracy. We assessed deprivation using the Townsend index. The local research ethics committee approved the study.

Population …