tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The arthritic in an urban environment
Authors: M. A. Chamberlain, J. M. Buchanan, H. Hanks
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1979)

Ninety-five patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthrosis were interviewed and questioned in their homes, being randomly selected from 354 outpatients with these diseases. The findings were compared with answers from 30 matched able-bodied controls. The handicapped were mainly female and elderly; over half were severely or appreciably handicapped; nearly one-third lived alone. The average weekly income of these households was pound25, at least pound6 a week less than their age-matched counterparts. Very few subjects lived in adapted or specially designed housing, and half the housing had at least 2 steps to street level. A third of the sample could not walk more than 10 yards (9 m), and only half could walk 100 yards (90 m); yet only one-third had a bus stop, one-quarter a local park, and one-third a local shop within this distance. One-third of the patients could not shop for themselves. Powered wheelchairs were not used. Buses were rarely or never used by nearly half these arthritics because of severe disability. Cars were owned by less than a quarter of the sample, and only by those financially better off. Over a third were unable to get a lift when wanted. Cars ameliorated much of the frustration and lack of social contact caused by physical disability. Adequate financing would enable those with severe disability to engage in normal activities. Better designed buses stopping nearer the homes of handicapped would improve independence for those less severely disabled. Correct siting of mobility housing, shops, community facilities, and parks would be greatly appreciated, as would removal of all unnecessary steps and kerbs.
Physical Fitness in Military Personnel
Authors: Willibald Nagler
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To the Editor.—  In the study Physical Fitness in US and Austrian Military Personnel by Cooper ( 215 :931, 1971), the author mentions a lack of explanation for the difference in physical fitness among the incoming recruits of the US Air Force and the Austrian Army. The incoming recruits of the Austrian Army fared much better in the performance of the applied 12-minute field test.  Fifteen years ago, Dr. Hans Kraus performed extensive physical fitness studies among American highschool students and Austrian children of corresponding age. 1-3 The so-called Kraus-Weber test, which tests for flexibility and strength of the trunk muscles, was applied. The results of the studies showed a much higher failure rate among American high-school students as compared with Austrian students.  The Kraus-Weber test was criticized as being too simplified to serve as a screening test for physical fitness. In the light of Cooper's studies, it appears that the
The world health organisation needs to reconsider its definition of health
Authors: R. Saracci
Journal: BMJ (1997)

The World Health Organization's (WHO) definition of health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" had the merit of widening concepts of health to include psychological and social aspects, but is of no practical use. In fact, this statement more accurately defines happiness than health. These two life experiences are distinct and have no fixed relationship with each other. In addition, it can be argued that health is a right, but no one can guarantee the right of happiness. The consequences of failing to distinguish between health and happiness are that 1) any disturbance to happiness may be viewed as a health problem, 2) the boundless nature of the quest for happiness legitimizes a similar quest for health, 3) regarding health in terms of a universal right presents an underlying prescriptive view of happiness in society, and 4) devoting resources to attempting to achieve the unattainable (happiness for every citizen) will detract from chances to guarantee the gradually attainable achievement of justice and equity in health.
Hepatobiliary transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugate in rats with hereditary hyperbilirubinemia.
Authors: R P Elferink, R Ottenhoff, W Liefting, J de Haan, P L Jansen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

TR- mutant rats have an autosomal recessive mutation that is expressed as a severely impaired hepatobiliary secretion of organic anions like bilirubin-(di)glucuronide and dibromosulphthalein (DBSP). In this paper, the hepatobiliary transport of glutathione and a glutathione conjugate was studied in normal Wistar rats and TR- rats. It was shown that glutathione is virtually absent from the bile of TR- rats. In the isolated, perfused liver the secretion of glutathione and the glutathione conjugate, dinitrophenyl-glutathione (GS-DNP), from hepatocyte to bile is severely impaired, whereas the sinusoidal secretion from liver to blood is not affected. The secretion of GS-DNP was also studied in isolated hepatocytes. The secretion of GS-DNP from cells isolated from TR- rat liver was significantly slower than from normal hepatocytes. Efflux of GS-DNP was a saturable process with respect to intracellular GS-DNP concentration: Vmax and Km for efflux from TR- cells was 498 nmol/min.g dry wt and 3.3 mM, respectively, as compared with 1514 nmol/min.g dry wt and 0.92 mM in normal hepatocytes. These results suggest that the canalicular transport system for glutathione and glutathione conjugates is severely impaired in TR- rats, whereas sinusoidal efflux is unaffected. Because the defect also comes to expression in isolated hepatocytes, efflux of GS-DNP from normal hepatocytes must predominantly be mediated by the canalicular transport mechanism, which is deficient in TR- rats.
Viruses as therapeutic agents. II. Viral reassortants map prevention of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to the small RNA of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.
Authors: M B Oldstone, R Ahmed, M Salvato
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice are the experimental prototype of type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). These mice develop a characteristic autoimmune lesion in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, where infiltrating lymphocytes destroy beta cells, resulting in hypoinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and death. This IDDM, which closely resembles that in humans, is prevented by infecting NOD mice with particular strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), including Armstrong 53b, Traub, WE, and Pasteur. In contrast, the LCMV Armstrong 53b variant, Clone 13, fails to abort IDDM. Hence, although Clone 13 establishes a persistent infection that endures throughout the life spans of NOD mice, their hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and lymphocytic infiltration into the islets of Langerhans still occur. Genetic reassortant viruses generated between the IDDM therapeutic strain of LCMV Pasteur and the nontherapeutic variant, LCMV Clone 13, were used to treat NOD mice. By using such reassortants and both parental strains of virus to infect NOD mice, the prevention of IDDM was mapped to the S RNA segment of LCMV Pasteur.
Platelet transfusions: Utilization and associated costs in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: K.R. Meehan, C.O. Matias, S.S. Rathore, S.G. Sandler, J. Kallich, J. LaBrecque, H. Erder, K.A. Schulman
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2000)

We implemented a prospective study to evaluate platelet transfusion utilization, resource use, and costs in a tertiary care hospital over a 6-month period. All hospitalized patients receiving platelet transfusions between July and December 1996 were followed prospectively to determine platelet use and costs. Clinical and financial data were collected, evaluated, and compared to identify trends in resource utilization based on admitting service and platelet-refractory status. One thousand nine hundred forty-four platelet units were transfused to 245 hospitalized patients (50.6% male, mean age 49 years) during the study period. The majority of platelet units transfused were single donor (N = 1,460, 75%) and administered to bone marrow patients and patients with a hematological malignancy/disorder. Median hospitalization costs per admission were $27,750, ranging from a high of $58,729 for admission to the Bone Marrow Transplant service to $13,856 per admission to the Internal Medicine/Other service. Patients were refractory to platelet transfusions during 21.6% of hospitalizations. Hospital stays were longer (35.0 days vs. 14.4 days, P < 0.001) and inpatient hospital costs ($103,956 vs. $37,817, P < 0.001) were more than two and a half times higher for patients refractory to platelet transfusions. Platelet utilization, resource use, and costs vary by admitting service. Refractoriness to platelet transfusion was associated with significantly greater costs and lengths of stay. Monitoring platelet transfusion practices, particularly for patients refractory to platelet transfusions, may be beneficial for limiting costs and improving efficacy. Am. J. Hematol. 64:251–256, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Molecular Imaging of Factor XIIIa Activity in Thrombosis Using a Novel, Near-Infrared Fluorescent Contrast Agent That Covalently Links to Thrombi
Authors: Farouc A. Jaffer, Ching-Hsuan Tung, Joanna J. Wykrzykowska, Nan-Hui Ho, Aiilyan K. Houng, Guy L. Reed, Ralph Weissleder
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Background— Activated factor XIII (FXIIIa) mediates fibrinolytic resistance and is a hallmark of newly formed thrombi. In vivo imaging of FXIIIa activity could further elucidate the role of this molecule in thrombosis and other biological processes and aid in the clinical detection of acute thrombi. Methods and Results— An FXIIIa-sensitive near-infrared fluorescence imaging agent (A15) was engineered by conjugating a near-infrared fluorochrome to a peptide ligand derived from the amino terminus of α 2 -antiplasmin. To evaluate the molecular specificity of A15 for FXIIIa, a control agent (C15) was also synthesized by modifying a single key glutamine residue in A15. Fluorescence imaging experiments with A15 demonstrated stronger thrombosis enhancement in human plasma clots in vitro ( P &lt;0.001 versus C15 clots and other controls). A15 was found to be highly specific for the active site of FXIIIa and was covalently bound to fibrin. In vivo murine experiments with A15 demonstrated significant signal enhancement in acute intravascular thrombi ( P &lt;0.05 versus C15 group). Minimal A15 enhancement was seen in older aged thrombi (&gt;24 hours), consistent with an expected decline of FXIIIa activity over time. Imaging results were confirmed on correlative histopathology and fluorescence microscopy. Conclusions— A15 is a novel optical imaging agent that is specifically crosslinked to fibrin by FXIIIa, permitting detection of FXIIIa activity in experimental thrombi in vivo. This agent should permit assessment of FXIIIa activity in a broad range of biological processes and could aid in the clinical diagnosis of acute thrombi.
The effect of lathyrogen beta-amino proprionitrile (BAPN) on the mechanical properties of experimentally hypertrophied rat cardiac muscle.
Authors: O H Bing, B L Fanburg, W W Brooks, S Matsushita
Journal: Circulation Research (1978)

yS-Amino proprionitrile (BAPN) at dietary concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 g BAPN/kg rat chow was administered to rats for 14-21 days following surgical constriction of the ascending aorta.Five and 10 g BAPN/kg rat chow prevented the increase in left ventricular collagen content which occurred with cardiac hypertrophy in rats following aortic constriction.In spite of this block in the increase in collagen in the ventricles, isolated trabecular muscles from hypertrophied hearts showed a decrease in maximum velocity of shortening at a preload of 0.5 g/mm 2 (max V) and an increase in time to peak tension as compared with values for sham-operated animals.Max V for rats with aortic constriction was decreased 0.57 muscle length/sec as compared with sham-operated animals (P< 0.01) whereas time to peak tension was prolonged by 12 msec (P < 0.05).In rats with aortic constriction receiving 10 g BAPN/kg rat chow, max V was decreased 0.66 muscle length/sec (P < 0.05), and time to peak tension was prolonged by 21 msec (P < 0.001).Resting tension was increased to 1.70 ± 0.18 (mean ± SEM) g/mm 2 as compared with shams (1.22 ± 0.10 g/mm 2 ; P < 0.002) in cardiac hypertrophy without BAPN.However, the increase in resting tension was not seen when animals with aortic constriction received 10 g BAPN/kg rat chow [1.23 ± 0.9 g/mm 2 as compared with shams, 1.15 ± 0.09 g/mm 2 (not significant)].We conclude that the decrease in maximum velocity of shortening and prolongation of time to peak tension in experimental cardiac hypertrophy occur independently of elevated collagen content, whereas elevations in resting tension appear to depend upon an increase in collagen content of these hearts. MethodsMale Charles River CD rats, weighing 180-220 g, were used.Ninety-nine rats were subjected to con-Downloaded from http://ahajournals.org
Total Contact Casting in Treatment of Diabetic Plantar Ulcers: Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Michael J Mueller, Jay E Diamond, David R Sinacore, Anthony Delitto, Vilray P Blair, Dolores A Drury, Steven J Rose
Journal: Diabetes Care (1989)

This study compared the treatment of total contact casting (TCC) with traditional dressing treatment (TDT) in the management of diabetic plantar ulcers. Forty patients with diabetes mellitus and a plantar ulcer but with nogross infection, osteomyelitis, or gangrene were randomly assigned to the TCC group (n = 21) or TDT group (n = 19). Age, sex, ratio of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, duration of diabetes mellitus, vascular status, size and duration of ulcer, and sensation were not significantly different between groups (P &amp;gt; .05). In the experimental group, TCC was applied on the initial visit, and subjects were instructed to limit ambulation to ∼33% of their usual activity. Subjects in the control group were prescribed dressing changes and accommodative footwear and were instructed to avoid bearing weight on the involved extremity. Ulcers were considered healed if they showed complete skin closure with no drainage. Ulcers were considered not healed if they showed no decrease in size by 6 wk or if infection developed that required hospitalization. In the TCC group, 19 of 21 ulcers healed in 42 ± 29 days; in the TDT group, 6 of 19 ulcers healed in 65 ± 29 days. Significantly more ulcers healed (χ2 = 12.4, P &amp;lt; .05) and fewer infections developed (χ2 = 4.1, P &amp;lt; .05) in the TCC group. We conclude TCC is a successful method of treating diabetic plantar ulcers but requires careful application, close follow-up, and patient compliance with scheduled appointments to minimize complications.
Risk of Leukemia After Treatment With Pituitary Growth Hormone
Authors: Judith E. Fradkin
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To determine whether pituitary-derived human growth hormone treatment increases the subsequent risk of developing leukemia and lymphoma.Cohort study.United States.A total of 6284 recipients of pituitary-derived human growth hormone distributed by the National Hormone and Pituitary Program between 1963 and 1985.Leukemia and lymphoma.Three cases of leukemia occurred in 59,736 patient-years of follow-up from the start of growth hormone therapy to case ascertainment at interview; this number was not significantly higher (P = .23) than the 1.66 cases expected in the US age-, race-, and gender-matched general population. Three additional cases, found in an extended follow-up that provided 83,917 person-years of risk, yielded a minimum rate of leukemia that was significantly increased (six cases found, 2.26 expected; P = .028). The relative risk of leukemia in pituitary growth hormone recipients compared with the general population was 1.8 (90% confidence interval [CI], 0.82 to 7.5) for the defined follow-up and 2.6 (90% CI, 1.2 to 5.2) for the extended follow-up. Five of the six subjects who developed leukemia had antecedent cranial tumors (four craniopharyngioma, one astrocytoma) as the cause of growth hormone deficiency, and four had received radiotherapy. There was no increase in leukemia in patients with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. The association of leukemia and craniopharyngioma was significant (P < .001). There was no excess of lymphoma in the cohort.This cohort of growth hormone recipients had a significantly increased rate of leukemia compared with the age-, race-, and gender-matched general population. However, the upper bound CI of the relative risk in our population (5.2) is well below the other estimates (7.6). Compared with the general population, our study population had more possible risk factors for leukemia (radiation, tumor) that may have contributed to the excess observed. The clustering of cases of leukemia in craniopharyngioma patients should be further evaluated.
Screening for colorectal cancer
Authors: J. Austoker, P. Hewitson
Journal: BMJ (2008)

In the United Kingdom there are almost 31,000 new cases of colorectal cancer each year and nearly 20,000 deaths. It is the second most common cause of all deaths from cancer in the United Kingdom. The efficacy of screening with faecal occult blood tests to detect and treat tumours at an early stage, and thereby to reduce mortality, is currently being assessed in several randomised controlled trials. In general, faecal occult blood tests have a low sensitivity and only moderate levels of uptake among the population invited for screening. Until the studies in Denmark, Sweden, and Nottingham report their findings, there is no case for providing such screening routinely to an asymptomatic population. Detecting and removing premalignant adenomas by flexible sigmoidoscopy could be more effective than detecting early localised, asymptomatic cancers in reducing deaths from colorectal cancer. It is estimated that screening people at about the age of 60 by a single flexible sigmoidoscopy examination with appropriate colonoscopic surveillance could prevent 5500 cases of colorectal cancer and 3500 deaths in the United Kingdom each year. A randomised controlled trial to confirm these observations should be seen as a priority.
On the Treatment of Vascular Growths of the Urethra without Operation
Authors: A. W. Edis
Journal: BMJ (1874)

THFi PRITISH MEDICAL 7OURNAL.449 denly left him, and lhe was soon sleeping, forgetful of his troubles.Upon examining the urine passed, the small serrated calculus No. 3 was cliscovere(l.As a rule, there is no difficulty in accurately diagnosing these cases.The only affectioni, in my opinlion1, wNhich could possibly be takien for this complainit is a severe attack of colic.This error may be avoided by noticingthe sympathetic irritation which is set up in the testicle of the affected side, the appearance occasionally of blood in the urinie, and the frequent attempts at miiicturitioni.The best treatment is that of opium in grain-doses every hour unitil there is a mitigationi of the symptoms, wvith a plentiful supply of potashwater in a state of effervescence.Hot baths will also be found(I very useful.
A FATAL CASE OF TETANUS OCCURRING WITHIN SEVENTY-TWO HOURS OF INJURY.
Authors: J. B. TYRRELL
Journal: JAMA (1905)

<h3>Patient.</h3> —W. D. G., boy, aged 10. <h3>History.</h3> —On Tuesday, Aug. 15, 1905, at about 6 p. m., the boy fell from a stageing to the ground, a distance of about 8 or 10 feet, and sustained a compound fracture transversely through the lower epiphysis of the tibia, the bone ripping the soft parts and stocking for a distance of 4 inches above the site of the fracture and sticking to the ground. <h3>Treatment.</h3> —He was picked up and carried to his home, where the wound was cleansed thoroughly, care being taken to leave no foreign particles in it; hydrogen peroxid was used finally. The bone was replaced and the leg put in a temporary splint dressing. The subsequent treatment consisted of irrigation of the open wound and the liberal use of hydrogen peroxid. <h3>Subsequent History.</h3> —On Saturday, August 19, his father, who is a physician, told me the boy
Interaction effect of psychological distress and asthma control on productivity loss?
Authors: Grégory Moullec, J. Mark FitzGerald, Roxanne Rousseau, Wenjia Chen, Mohsen Sadatsafavi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2015)

Little is known about the potential synergistic effect of comorbid psychological distress (PD) and uncontrolled asthma (UA) on productivity loss. We estimated the productivity loss associated with the combination of these two potentially preventable conditions in employed adults with asthma. A population-based random sample of 300 adults with asthma in British Columbia, Canada, was prospectively recruited between Dec 2010 and Aug 2012. PD and productivity loss due to absenteeism and presenteeism was measured using validated instruments, and asthma control was ascertained using 2010 Global Initiative for Asthma management strategy. We used two-part regression models to study the contribution of UA and PD to productivity loss. Compared with reference group (controlled asthma (CA)+noPD), those with UA+noPD had CAD$286 (95%CI $276–297) weekly productivity loss, and those with CA+PD had CAD$465 ($445–485). Those with UA+PD had CAD$449 (437–462) in productivity loss. There was no significant interaction effect of PD with asthma control levels on productivity loss (p=0.22). In patients without PD, uncontrolled asthma was associated with a higher productivity loss than controlled asthma, but this was not the case in patients with PD. This finding can be explained by the fact that the contribution of PD to productivity loss is so large that there is no room for synergy with asthma control. Future studies should assess the impact of interventions that modify PD in patients with asthma.
Abstract C20: CXCR4 antagonist inhibits perineural invasion of adenoid cystic carcinoma in preclinical murine model
Authors: Woo-Jin Jeong, Ik Joon Choi, Min-Woo Park, Soo-Youn An, Eun-Hui Jeon, Jin Ho Paik, Myung-Whun Sung, Soon-Hyun Ahn
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background. Perineural invasion is a characteristic feature of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). Expression of CXCR4 is also a characteristic feature of ACC which distinguishes it from other non-neurotropic head and neck cancers. Therefore, CXCR4 may play a role in the perineural invasion of ACC. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate CXCR4 expression in ACC, to identify its association with perineural invasion, and to investigate the impact of CXCR4 inhibitor in vitro and in a murine perineural invasion model. Materials &amp; Methods. Expression of CXCR4 was assessed in ACC cell lines and in human tissue. The effect of gene knockdown using siRNA and a specific blocker of CXCR4 (AMD3100) were evaluated in vitro. A preclinical perineural invasion model was developed using BALB/c nude mouse. The effect of AMD3100 was evaluated in vivo. Results. CXCR4 was highly expressed in aggressive strains of ACC in vitro, in the tumor in the animal model, and in the tumor of human tissue. SDF-1 expression was also demonstrated in the nerve of murine and human tissue. Gene knockdown by siRNA and inhibition by a CXCR4 specific inhibitor AMD3100 effectively abrogated invasion but not proliferation of ACC in vitro. The rate of perineural invasion was significantly decreased with AMD3100 treatment in the animal model (71.4% vs 18.8%, P=.009). Conclusions. CXCR4 is highly expressed in ACC and is associated with perineural invasion. AMD3100, which can effectively diminish perineural invasion of ACC in vitro and in vivo, may have an adjuvant role in the management of ACC. Citation Format: Woo-Jin Jeong, Ik Joon Choi, Min-Woo Park, Soo-Youn An, Eun-Hui Jeon, Jin Ho Paik, Myung-Whun Sung, Soon-Hyun Ahn. CXCR4 antagonist inhibits perineural invasion of adenoid cystic carcinoma in preclinical murine model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr C20.