tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Uneven host tissue ongrowth and tissue detachment in stent mounted heart valve allografts and xenografts
Authors: L. MAXWELL, J. B GAVIN, B. G BARRATT-BOYES
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1989)

Journal Article Uneven host tissue ongrowth and tissue detachment in stent mounted heart valve allografts and xenografts Get access LINDA MAXWELL, LINDA MAXWELL Address for correspondence and reprints: Professor J B Gavin, Department of Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JOHN B GAVIN, JOHN B GAVIN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar BRIAN G BARRATT-BOYES BRIAN G BARRATT-BOYES **From the Cardiothoracic Surgical Unit, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland, NewZealand Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 23, Issue 8, August 1989, Pages 709–714, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/23.8.709 Published: 01 August 1989 Article history Accepted: 21 March 1989 Published: 01 August 1989
Adjunctive Steroids for Tuberculous Meningitis — More Evidence, More Questions
Authors: Vincent Quagliarello
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Tuberculosis continues to plague global health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated an annual incidence of 8.8 million cases of tuberculosis worldwide, with 1.8 million deaths. Most of the disease burden is in Africa and Southeast Asia, where the annual incidence rates are 350 and 182 cases per 100,000 population, respectively.1 Of the 22 “high-burden” countries that account for 80 percent of the world's estimated incidence, only Vietnam has met the WHO targets for both case detection (70 percent) and treatment success (85 percent). Despite nationwide use of directly observed therapy, a low prevalence of coinfection with the human . . .
Leading stem cell scientist points to non-embryonic sources of cells
Authors: G. Watts
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A leading stem cell researcher has responded to critics who wonder why the much publicised field of regenerative medicine is not progressing more speedily.

Speaking three days before the opening on 12 July of the annual meeting in Nottingham of the UK National Stem Cell Network, David Warburton asked the critics to have a little more patience. In support of his faith in the potential value of stem cells he outlined recent lung and kidney research from his own laboratory.

British by birth, Professor Warburton has worked for 30 years in Los Angeles, where …
Evaluating Clinical Accuracy of Systems for Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose
Authors: William L Clarke, Daniel Cox, Linda A Gonder-Frederick, William Carter, Stephen L Pohl
Journal: Diabetes Care (1987)

Although the scientific literature contains numerous reports of the statistical accuracy of systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), most of these studies determine accuracy in ways that may not be clinically useful. We have developed an error grid analysis (EGA), which describes the clinical accuracy of SMBG systems over the entire range of blood glucose values, taking into account 1) the absolute value of the system-generated glucose value, 2) the absolute value of the reference blood glucose value, 3) the relative difference between these two values, and 4) the clinical significance of this difference. The EGA of accuracy of five different reflectance meters (Eyetone, Dextrometer, Glucometer I, Glucometer II, Memory Glucometer II), a visually interpretable glucose reagent strip (Glucostix), and filter-paper spot glucose determinations is presented. In addition, reanalyses of a laboratory comparison of three reflectance meters (Accucheck II, Glucometer II, Glucoscan 9000) and of two previously published studies comparing the accuracy of five different reflectance meters with EGA is described. EGA provides the practitioner and the researcher with a clinically meaningful method for evaluating the accuracy of blood glucose values generated with various monitoring systems and for analyzing the clinical implications of previously published data.
FUNCTIONAL PARALYSIS OF THE DIAPHRAGM IN TWO CASES WITH ACCELERATION OF RESPIRATION
Authors: A. Watson, J. S. Meighan
Journal: BMJ (1919)

PARALYSIS OF THE DIA.PHRAGM.[MEDICAL 303 were 320,161 cases and 81,289 deaths, or 25.3 per cent.In the last three years of this period, however (tlhese being war years as-it happens), prevalence was muclh less and the fatality rate low-2,126 cases and 57 deaths, or 2.6 per -cent.Small-pox in Germany will be considered in the next lecture.In Austria up till 1900 thlere was heavy prevalence with fatality rates of 20 to 40 per cent.From 1901 to 1914 inclusive the disease was at a low ebb, witlh fatality rates -mluch below the previous level, but in 1915 and 1916 there lhave been nearly 50,000 cases, thouglh the deatlhs are not stated.Hungary, like Austria, had mucll small-pox, but there lhas been very regular diminution from 15,470 deaths in 1887 to 81 deaths in 1912, the last year for whiclh figures were obtained.It is probable that the disease has had some prevalence during the war, thouglh Budapest is the only town of which that can be said wvitlh certainty.In Russia tbere is a great deal of small-pox, with appa- re4tly a very high fatality rate, though tlhere is p-obably some fallacv owing to incomplete retutrns of cases.The above facts as to the continent of Europe, taken from Dr. Bruce Low's report, show that while in some of the countries there has been much less small-pox in recent years, in otlhers there is still a higlh prevalence, and the constant intercourse between the United Kingdom and the Continent maintains a degree of risk which prevents any sense of security against successful invasion by the disease.Also, there is always a minor risk of small-pox by cotton from America, qnd by paper or other textile fabrics, as exemplified in Dr. Macewen's reports on outbreaks in cotton mnills in Laneashlire.But, reverting to our own country, during the last half- century there lhas been, with the exception of the metro- -politan epideinic of 1901-2, a great diminution in the fatality and the infectivitv and the prevalence of sinallpox.This diminution has progressed at an increasing rate of speed.In the latter part of the half-century, and iin particular since the mild epidemic of 1901-5, the country hlas shown unparalleled freedom from tlle disease, not -iterely in respect of fatality, btut also in respect of prevalence.REFERENCES.
Mental Health in the Millennium Development Goals: Not Ignored
Authors: Sonia Ehrlich Sachs, Jeffrey D Sachs
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

s PLoS Medicine, Daniel Reidpath and Kit Yee Chan challenge the widely cited link between HIV-related stigma and the spread of the epidemic [1].This is an important question, given the heavy emphasis on stigma in policies of the World Health Organization, the Joint United Programme on HIV/AIDS, and other public health institutions, but in making their argument Reidpath and Chan misrepresent the connections that other authors have made between stigma and viral transmission, ignore evidence that does suggest an association, and propose a model of their own for which they offer no evidence.HIV infection establishes itself fi rst in certain high-risk groups-men who have sex with men, intravenous drug users, sex workers, mobile populations-and only later moves into the general population.In the early stages of the epidemic, stigma facilitates transmission within high-risk groups, because these already marginalized groups receive little attention from policy makers and the health-care community and are further discriminated against when they are identifi ed with HIV and AIDS [2].Stigma also prevents or makes it more diffi cult for members of high-risk groups to access preventive services, including HIV antibody testing [3].Reidpath and Chan distort this dynamic by describing a model in which stigma leads to fear which leads to unsafe behavior.We know of no one who suggests that stigma causes sex between men or intravenous drug use.Instead, there is evidence that HIV-related stigma makes it diffi cult for people to take actions to reduce their risks; for example, by accessing HIV education [4], exchanging needles [5], and negotiating condom use [6].Stigma may even lead women who know they are HIV positive to breast-feed their infants rather than arouse suspicion of their serostatus through formula feeding [7].This undoubtedly increases the risk of vertical viral transmission.Reidpath and Chan go on to propose that stigma may actually "slow the spread of infection from those [highrisk] groups to the general population."Although there is a plausible logic to this suggestion, there is no evidence for it.Even if stigma does reduce the opportunities that marginalized groups have to transmit HIV to the broader population, this would have little effect on the dynamics of a generalized epidemic.While they recognize that stigma presents a barrier to the treatment and care of people living with HIV, Reidpath and Chan fail to recognize the association this may have with increased transmission.HIV-related stigma discourages people from disclosing their status, entering care, and adhering to antiretroviral regimens, all of which represent missed opportunities for prevention.Around the world HIV capitalizes on and reinforces social stigma and discrimination, especially the low status of women.Defeating the epidemic requires an honest examination of all these phenomena and interventions that target both the virus itself and its widespread social impacts.
Multiple sclerosis associated with interferon‐alpha therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Itaru Kataoka, Katsuji Shinagawa, Yoshihiko Shiro, Shinichiro Okamoto, Reiko Watanabe, Takehiko Mori, Daisuke Ito, Mine Harada
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2002)

Abstract We report a chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patient in chronic phase (CP) who developed multiple sclerosis (MS) in association with interferon‐alpha (IFN‐α) administration. In our patient, recombinant IFN‐α2b therapy induced hematologically complete and cytogenetically major partial response for CML first, and sequential central nervous system dysfunction evolved, which subsided shortly after the cessation of its administration. Restarting IFN‐α therapy by changing to a natural type of IFN‐α resulted in rapid exacerbation of MS. The patient's neurological symptoms progressed gradually, but partial hematologic response persisted without any IFN‐α derivatives or anti‐cancer agents until a matched unrelated donor transplant procedure was performed. Myeloablative therapy led to lasting stable state of MS and finally to complete cytogenetic remission of CML. This patient's presenting clinical course and laboratory data suggest that both exertion of anti‐leukemic activity and autoimmune process of MS might be mediated by mutual mechanisms, such as enhancement of specific cellular immunity induced by IFN‐α. Am. J. Hematol. 70:149–153, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Registering a need.
Authors: L. Donaldson
Journal: BMJ (1992)

Western agricultural policies and the surpluses they produce does little to mitigate such a scandal.2More alarming still is the current tendency of some key donor governments to provide only sufficient cereals for the general ration while supplying oil and legumes on a seemingly ad hoc basis.Emergency general rations, already deficient in key micronutrients, are thus becoming increasingly unpalatable for young children, whose small stomachs require energy dense foods, such as oil, rather than bulk to satisfy energy requirements.34The reasons why this is occurring remain unclear but probably relate to what surpluses are available and costs.
Received with thanks
Authors: T Greenhalgh
Journal: BMJ (1994)

She does it every time, but I always forget. After she has seen me in clinic she waits in the shadows until the last patient has gone. Then she creeps forward, places a plastic carrier bag outside my door, and scurries away. Ten minutes later I emerge laden with casenotes, and fall over it.

The contents of the bag, which are never wrapped, make up in originality for what they lack in style. Last time there was an orange and a box of tissues; the time before, a lump of Cheddar cheese and two pairs of nylon knickers. She is disabled and …
Abstract PD4-1: Comparison of mutations and protein expression in potentially actionable targets in 5500 triple negative vs. non-triple negative breast cancers
Authors: JA O'Shaughnessy, Z Gatalica, JM Kimbrough, SZ Millis
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Introduction Triple negative breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with no established targeted treatment options for patients with metastatic disease. Methods A cohort of 5500 patient samples was evaluated for differences and similarities in gene mutation (Sanger or Illumina Truseq), protein expression (immunohistochemistry), and/or amplification/rearrangement (CISH or FISH) between triple negative and non-triple negative breast cancers, with 16% of those patients identified as triple negative by IHC testing. Results PIK3CA and P53 gene mutations, PIK3CA, TOP2A, and EGFR amplification (measured as ≥ 4 copies in 40% or more tumor cells by FISH), and AR, EGFR, SPARC, and TS protein expression were shown to differ between the triple negative and non-triple negative breast cancer patients. The rate of mutation of the P53 tumor suppressor gene, measured by sequencing was twice as high in TNBC patients as in non-TNBC patients (60% versus 30%), while PIK3CA was mutated in half as many TNBC patients (12% versus 31% of non-TNBC patients). Amplification of Her2, PIK3CA, cMYC, and TOP2A was significantly greater in the non-TNBC patient population, while amplification of EGFR was significantly higher in the TNBC patient population (24% versus 13% of non-TNBC patients). Androgen receptor was expressed in 56% of the non-TNBC cohort but in only 15% of the TNBC cohort. Conclusions The gene mutation and protein expression differences in the triple negative subset of breast cancer patients, such as EGFR amplification, SPARC protein expression and P53 gene mutation, could inform new therapeutic possibilities for these difficult to treat, often more aggressive cancers. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr PD4-1.
Analysts disagree over whether spending on health has risen or fallen
Authors: I. Torjesen
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Spending on the NHS did not fall in real terms during the first year of the coalition government, an analysis of departmental spending published in the Guardian newspaper last week shows (www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2011/oct/26/government-spending-department-2010-11).

But one senior economist who has been doing his own in-depth analysis of recent and future likely trends in health spending has argued that spending by the Department of Health effectively did fall last year.

John Appleby, chief economist at the health policy think tank the King’s Fund, said that the figures used in the analysis by the Guardian and the Institute of Fiscal Studies are “slightly misleading” because they are not the ones that would normally …
A CASE OF NASAL DIPHTHERIA WITH MISLEADING HISTORY
Authors: William Francis O'Reilly
Journal: JAMA (1924)

Epidemiologists regard the epipharynx or postnasal space as the habitat of the germs in most of our diphtheria carriers. We all know the infrequency of culture taking from this recess, the attendant difficulties when the attempt is made, particularly in children, not only in private but also hospital practice, and the persistent positive culture in spite of antitoxin and hygienic measures to remove it. The same thing can be said of nasal diphtheria, often present without external nares signs and logically diagnosed as a common rhinitis or "cold." How excusable, then, with a traumatic history, as illustrated by the case here reported. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> A. L., a boy, aged 9 years, was in a slight automobile accident, July 20, 1923 The boy returned home with nosebleed, which recurred frequently, with a closing feeling of the nostrils. A week later a physician prescribed a wash to be sprayed into the
WHO investigates China's fall in SARS cases
Authors: J. Parry
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The World Health Organization's executive director for communicable diseases, Dr David Heymann, travelled to Beijing this week to investigate the rapid decline in the number of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

Whereas there were an average 166 new cases a day in China during the first week of May, there were only 90 cases a day in the second week, 27 …
Biomonitoring Data for 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in the United States and Canada: Interpretation in a Public Health Risk Assessment Context Using Biomonitoring Equivalents
Authors: Lesa L. Aylward, Marsha K. Morgan, Tye E. Arbuckle, Dana B. Barr, Carol J. Burns, Bruce H. Alexander, Sean M. Hays
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

Several extensive studies of exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) using urinary concentrations in samples from the general population, farm applicators, and farm family members are now available. Reference doses (RfDs) exist for 2,4-D, and Biomonitoring Equivalents (BEs; concentrations in urine or plasma that are consistent with those RfDs) for 2,4-D have recently been derived and published.We reviewed the available biomonitoring data for 2,4-D from the United States and Canada and compared them with BE values to draw conclusions regarding the margin of safety for 2,4-D exposures within each population group.Data on urinary 2,4-D excretion in general and target populations from recent published studies are tabulated and the derivation of BE values for 2,4-D summarized.The biomonitoring data indicate margins of safety (ratio of BE value to biomarker concentration) of approximately 200 at the central tendency and 50 at the extremes in the general population. Median exposures for applicators and their family members during periods of use appear to be well within acute exposure guidance values.Biomonitoring data from these studies indicate that current exposures to 2,4-D are below applicable exposure guidance values. This review demonstrates the value of biomonitoring data in assessing population exposures in the context of existing risk assessments using the BE approach. Risk managers can use this approach to integrate the available biomonitoring data into an overall assessment of current risk management practices for 2,4-D.
Differentially Active Origins of DNA Replication in Tumor versus Normal Cells
Authors: Domenic Di Paola, Gerald B. Price, Maria Zannis-Hadjopoulos
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Previously, a degenerate 36 bp human consensus sequence was identified as a determinant of autonomous replication in eukaryotic cells. Random mutagenesis analyses further identified an internal 20 bp of the 36 bp consensus sequence as sufficient for acting as a core origin element. Here, we have located six versions of the 20 bp consensus sequence (20mer) on human chromosome 19q13 over a region spanning ∼211 kb and tested them for ectopic and in situ replication activity by transient episomal replication assays and nascent DNA strand abundance analyses, respectively. The six versions of the 20mer alone were capable of supporting autonomous replication of their respective plasmids, unlike random genomic sequence of the same length. Furthermore, comparative analyses of the endogenous replication activity of these 20mers at their respective chromosomal sites, in five tumor/transformed and two normal cell lines, done by in situ chromosomal DNA replication assays, involving preparation of nascent DNA by the λ exonuclease method and quantification by real-time PCR, showed that these sites coincided with chromosomal origins of DNA replication in all cell lines. Moreover, a 2- to 3-fold higher origin activity in the tumor/transformed cells by comparison to the normal cells was observed, suggesting a higher activation of these origins in tumor/transformed cell lines. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(10): 5094-103)
A life stage of particle-laden rat dendritic cells in vivo: their terminal division, active phagocytosis, and translocation from the liver to the draining lymph.
Authors: K Matsuno, T Ezaki, S Kudo, Y Uehara
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

Initiation of an adoptive immune response against pathogenic organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, may involve phagocytic activity of dendritic cells (DC) or their immature precursors as a prelude to antigen processing and presentation. After intravenous injection of rats with particulate matter, particle-laden cells were detected in the peripheral hepatic lymph. Since it has been known there is a constant efflux of DC from nonlymphoid organs into the draining peripheral lymph, we examined whether these particle-laden cells belonged to the DC or macrophage lineage. The majority of particle-laden cells in lymph showed immature monocyte-like cytology, and the amount of ingested particles was small relative to typical macrophages. We identified these particle-laden cells as DC based on a number of established criteria: (a) they had a phenotype characteristic of rat DC, that is, major histocompatibility complex class Ihigh+ and IIhigh+, intercellular adhesion molecule 1+ and 80% positive with the rat DC-specific mAb OX62; (b) they showed strong stimulating capacity in primary allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction; (c) in vitro, they had little phagocytic activity; and (d) the kinetics of translocation was similar to that of lymph DC in that they migrated to the thymus-dependent area of the regional nodes. Furthermore, bromodeoxyuridine feeding studies revealed that most of the particle-laden DC were recently produced by the terminal division of precursor cells, at least 45% of them being <5.5 d old. The particle-laden DC, defined as OX62+ latex-laden cells, were first found in the sinusoidal area of the liver, in the liver perfusate, and in spleen cell suspensions, suggesting that the site of particle capture was mainly in the blood marginating pool. It is concluded that the particle-laden cells in the hepatic lymph are recently produced immature DC that manifest a temporary phagocytic activity for intravascular particles during or after the terminal division and that the phagocytic activity is downregulated at a migratory stage when they translocate from the sinusoidal area to the hepatic lymph.