tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Recent Origins of Sperm Genes in Drosophila
Authors: S. Dorus, Z. N. Freeman, E. R. Parker, B. D. Heath, T. L. Karr
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2008)

Newly created genes often acquire testis-specific or enhanced expression but neither the mechanisms responsible for this specificity nor the functional consequences of these evolutionary processes are well understood. Genomic analyses of the Drosophila melanogaster sperm proteome has identified 2 recently evolved gene families on the melanogaster lineage and 4 genes created by retrotransposition during the evolution of the melanogaster group that encode novel sperm components. The expanded Mst35B (protamine) and tektin gene families are the result of tandem duplication events with all family members displaying testis-specific expression. The Mst35B family encodes rapidly evolving protamines that display a robust signature of positive selection within the DNA-binding high-mobility group box consistent with functional diversification in genome repackaging during sperm nuclear remodeling. The Mst35B paralogs also reside in a significant regional cluster of testis-overexpressed genes. Tektins, known components of the axoneme, are encoded by 3 nearly identical X-linked genes, a finding consistent with very recent gene family expansion. In addition to localized duplication events, the evolution of the sperm proteome has also been driven by recent retrotransposition events resulting in Cdlc2, CG13340, Vha36, and CG4706. Cdlc2, CG13340, and Vha36 all display high levels of overexpression in the testis, and Cdlc2 and CG13340 reside within testis-overexpressed gene clusters. Thus, gene creation is a dynamic force in the evolution of sperm composition and possibly function, which further suggests that acquisition of molecular functionality in sperm may be an influential pathway in the fixation of new genes.
Spontaneous pneumothorax in young subjects: A clinical and pathological study
Authors: I. Lichter, J. F. Gwynne
Journal: Thorax (1971)

Spontaneous pneumothorax may complicate lung disease which is clinically or radiologically apparent in patients suffering from chronic bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, and, less commonly, bronchial cancer, silicosis, pulmonary infarction, and other more rare disorders. These patients are usually in the older age group, and the commonest predisposing factor is chronic bronchitis. Pneumothorax occurring in these diseases is well recognized and needs no further elaboration. Spontaneous pneumothorax may also occur in apparently healthy people with no demonstrable pulmonary lesion. The subjects are often young, usually male, and have been in good health prior to their first episode. They are often athletic and tend to be of tall, thin physique. A group of 20 cases which falls into this latter category forms the basis of this study. They were all treated by wedge resection of apical lung disease. The clinical and histological findings are presented and the literature is briefly reviewed.
Pericardial Drainage-Reply
Authors: Kalyansundaram Venkataraman
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Our article on cardiac tamponade during anticoagulation describes a pericardial drainage procedure that allowed continued anticoagulation in a patient suffering from pericardial tamponade. Dr Spodick suggests pericardial catheterization should be attempted first. We find open drainage using a subcostal approach under local anesthesia to be a quick and safe procedure that ensures adequate drainage. Pericardial catheterization is less traumatic, but catheter blockage and kinking occur. Since our patient had a hemorrhagic effusion, which increases the likelihood of clotting and catheter blockage, we chose to place a drain to ensure adequate drainage. We appreciate the interest of Dr Spodick in our communication. Pericardial catheterization can be considered an alternate procedure, but the physician must weigh the increased trauma of open drainage vs the probability of catheter blockage.
OP17 * MICRORNA PROFILING USING SMALL RNA-SEQ IN PAEDIATRIC LOW GRADE GLIOMAS
Authors: J. N. Jeyapalan, T. A. Jones, R. G. Tatevossian, I. Qaddoumi, D. W. Ellison, D. Sheer
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

INTRODUCTION: MicroRNAs regulate gene expression by targeting mRNAs for translational repression or degradation at the post-transcriptional level. In paediatric low-grade gliomas a few key genetic mutations have been identified, including BRAF fusions, FGFR1 duplications and MYB rearrangements. Our aim in the current study is to profile aberrant microRNA expression in paediatric low-grade gliomas and determine the role of epigenetic changes in the aetiology and behaviour of these tumours. METHOD: MicroRNA profiling of tumour samples (6 pilocytic, 2 diffuse, 2 pilomyxoid astrocytomas) and normal brain controls (4 adult normal brain samples and a primary glial progenitor cell-line) was performed using small RNA sequencing. Bioinformatic analysis included sequence alignment, analysis of the number of reads (CPM, counts per million) and differential expression. RESULTS: Sequence alignment identified 695 microRNAs, whose expression was compared in tumours v. normal brain. PCA and hierarchical clustering showed separate groups for tumours and normal brain. Computational analysis identified approximately 400 differentially expressed microRNAs in the tumours compared to matched location controls. Our findings will then be validated and integrated with extensive genetic and epigenetic information we have previously obtained for the full tumour cohort. CONCLUSION: We have identified microRNAs that are differentially expressed in paediatric low-grade gliomas. As microRNAs are known to target genes involved in the initiation and progression of cancer, they provide critical information on tumour pathogenesis and are an important class of biomarkers.
Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity
Authors: Warner J. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1981)

There is a widespread taboo against homosexuality in the Western sphere of influence. It is thought to be a disease, an aberrancy that is dangerous not only to the deviant, but to the society as a whole. It is equated with failure to fulfill the male role model and with stereotypes of appearance and behavior. Yet some explorations of homosexuality in other cultures indicate that homosexuality may serve a socially accepted and useful function, perhaps as an expression of solidarity among men who must depend on each other in times of crisis.  So, it may come as no surprise that an extremely aggressive, war-like, male-oriented society in New Guinea has been found to be universally and mandatorily homosexual from boyhood into late adolescence. During these years,heterosexuality among boys of this group is considered deviant and taboo, and the only way to achieve manhood is to suck repeatedly an
A Patient Decision Aid Regarding Antithrombotic Therapy for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation&lt;SUBTITLE&gt;A Randomized Controlled Trial&lt;/SUBTITLE&gt;
Authors: M Man-Son-Hing, A Laupacis, A M O'Connor, J Biggs, E Drake, E Yetisir, R G Hart
Journal: JAMA (1999)

Decision aids are tools designed to help patients participate in the clinical decision-making process.To determine whether use of an audiobooklet (AB) decision aid explaining the results of a clinical trial affected the decision-making process of study participants.Randomized controlled trial conducted from May 1997 to April 1998.Fourteen centers that participated in the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (SPAF) III trial.A total of 287 patients from the SPAF III aspirin cohort study, in which patients with atrial fibrillation and a relatively low risk of stroke received 325 mg/d of aspirin and were followed up for a mean of 2 years.At the end of SPAF III, participants were randomized to be informed of the study results with usual care plus use of an AB (AB group) vs usual care alone (control group). The AB included pertinent information to help patients decide whether to continue taking aspirin or switch to warfarin.Patients' ability to make choices regarding antithrombotic therapy, and 6-month adherence to these decisions. Their knowledge, expectations, decisional conflict (the amount of uncertainty about the course of action to take), and satisfaction with the decision-making process were also measured.More patients in the AB group made a choice about antithrombotic therapy than in the control group (99% vs 94%; P = .02). Patients in the AB group were more knowledgeable and had more realistic expectations about the risk of stroke and hemorrhage (in the AB group, 53%-80% correctly estimated different risks; in the control group, 16%-28% gave correct estimates). Decisional conflict and satisfaction were similar for the 2 groups. After 6 months, a similar percentage of patients were still taking their initial choice of antithrombotic therapy (95% vs 93%; P = .44).For patients with atrial fibrillation who had participated in a major clinical trial, the use of an AB decision aid improved their understanding of the benefits and risks associated with different treatment options and helped them make definitive choices about which therapy to take. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the acceptability and impact of decision aids in other clinical settings.
Effects of -Adrenergic Receptor Blockade on Airway Conductance and Lung Volume in Normal and Asthmatic Subjects
Authors: P. S. Richardson, G. M. Sterling
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Ten normal and five asthmatic subjects were given intravenous injections of 10 ml. of 0·9% saline with and without 10 mg. of propranolol, and specific airway conductance was followed in a whole-body plethysmograph. Saline alone had no significant effect on conducatance in either group of subjects. Propranolol had no significant effect on conductance in normal subjects, but caused a mean fall of 34·9% in the asthmatics.
SEALING DEVICE FOR HEMATOCRIT
Authors: C. M. Van Allen
Journal: JAMA (1925)

An hematocrit that has proved satisfactory because of its accuracy and simplicity and the small amount of blood required has already been described.<sup>1</sup>Recently, the efficiency of the instrument has been improved, by the substitution of a mechanical sealing device for the rubber band originally employed for the purpose of closing the lower end of the hematocrit during centrifugalization. The complete apparatus in its improved form is shown in the accompanying illustration. The hematocrit (<i>A</i>) consists in a capillary bulb pipet about 10 cm. in length. The shaft, from the lower extremity to the bulb, is graduated in a scale of 100 parts, the bore beneath this scale being of uniform caliber. A rubber mouth tube is fitted above the bulb. The sealing clip (<i>B</i>) is constructed of three parts: a wire loop to fit over the bulb; a metal cup, rubber cushioned, to enclose the end of the
Dual function of pneumolysin in the early pathogenesis of murine pneumococcal pneumonia.
Authors: J B Rubins, D Charboneau, J C Paton, T J Mitchell, P W Andrew, E N Janoff
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most common etiologic agents of community-acquired pneumonia, particularly bacteremic pneumonia. Pneumolysin, a multifunctional cytotoxin, is a putative virulence factor for S. pneumoniae; however, a direct role for pneumolysin in the early pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia has not been confirmed in vivo. We compared the growth of a pneumolysin-deficient (PLY[-]) type 2 S. pneumoniae strain with its isogenic wild-type strain (PLY[+]) after direct endotracheal instillation of bacteria into murine lungs. Compared with PLY(-) bacteria, infection with PLY(+) bacteria produced greater injury to the alveolar-capillary barrier, as assayed by albumin concentrations in alveolar lavage, and substantially greater numbers of PLY(+) bacteria were recovered in alveolar lavages and lung homogenates at 3 and 6 h after infection. The presence of pneumolysin also contributed to the development of bacteremia, which was detected at 3 h after intratracheal instillation of PLY(+) bacteria. The direct effects of pneumolysin on lung injury and on the ability of pneumococci to evade local lung defenses was confirmed by addition of purified recombinant pneumolysin to inocula of PLY(-) pneumococci, which promoted growth of PLY(-) bacteria in the lung to levels comparable to those seen with the PLY(+) strain. We further demonstrated the contributions of both the cytolytic and the complement-activating properties of pneumolysin on enhanced bacterial growth in murine lungs using genetically modified pneumolysin congeners and genetically complement-deficient mice. Thus, pneumolysin facilitates intraalveolar replication of pneumococci, penetration of bacteria from alveoli into the interstitium of the lung, and dissemination of pneumococci into the bloodstream during experimental pneumonia. Moreover, both the cytotoxic and the complement-activating activities of pneumolysin may contribute independently to the acute pulmonary injury and the high rates of bacteremia which characterize pneumococcal pneumonia.
The dark side of Freud's legacy
Authors: S. C Vaughan
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Lucas’s review of Breuer and Freud’s Studies on Hysteria does not mention its most damaging legacy—namely, the widespread belief that all symptoms that elude diagnosis are psychosomatic in origin.1 This assumption has caused untold frustration and distress to patients who, on top of having illnesses that elude medical diagnosis, have …
Evidence of inherited urea cycle defect in a case of fatal valproate toxicity.
Authors: M Hjelm, L V de Silva, J W Seakins, V G Oberholzer, C J Rolles
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Case reportsCase I-A 62 year old man after 10 years of severe kypertension (235/135 mm Hg) seemed to have-75-90% stenosis of the left and minimal stenosis of the right renal artery.Renal function was unimpaired (plasma creatinine concentration 89 slmol/l (1-01 mg/100 ml), creatinine clearance 100 mI/min) (ta'ble).Treatment
Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery with ventricular septal defect.
Authors: W W Pinsky, P C Gillette, D F Duff, N Wanderman, J H Morriss, C E Mullins, D G McNamara
Journal: Circulation (1978)

Only two cases have been reported previously of the association of ventricular septal defect (VSD) with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery (ALCA) arising from the pulmonary artery. The purpose of this paper is to present two additional cases, to describe the pathophysiology, and to emphasize how the clinical course of this combination of defects differs from that of isolated ALCA. Patients with both of these anomalies present in infancy with manifestations only of a large left-right ventricular shunt and pulmonary hypertension. Initially the ALCA is well perfused from the high pressure in the pulmonary artery. In these instances in which the pulmonary artery pressure subsequently decreased because of spontaneous reduction in size of the VSD, the left coronary arterial system became less well perfused. Because of this decreased perfusion in association with the left ventricular myocardial stress initially caused by volume overload, myocardial ischemia and ultimately infarction occurred. Early identification and repair of the anatomic abnormality could prevent irreversible myocardial damage.
Race and Allocation of Kidneys for Transplantation
Authors: Karol T. Wolicki
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —I find the article by Gaston et al<sup>1</sup>disturbing. The encroachment of specific racial issues into transplantation medicine seems to disqualify the scientific method and violate the art of medicine. The argument in favor of injecting race bias into kidney allocation seems to hinge on two premises, one spoken and one not. The overt premise is that with modern immunotherapy, HLA matching is no longer predictive of graft survival. The covert premise is that such immunotherapy represents an acceptable therapy from a formal risk vs benefit perspective. If, in fact, both of these are true, then we are witnessing a technological triumph in renal transplantation that would obviate any specific racial reference and allow the formulation of a new race-blind protocol for allocation of scarce organs. Until that time, the race-correlated but prejudice-free technique of HLA matching to enhance graft survival represents the state of the
ERYTHROSIS PIGMENTOSA PERIBUCCALIS
Authors: E. LIPMAN COHEN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1948)

Journal Article ERYTHROSIS PIGMENTOSA PERIBUCCALIS Get access E. LIPMAN COHEN, M.B., B.Chir.(Cantab.) E. LIPMAN COHEN, M.B., B.Chir.(Cantab.) Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 60, Issue 6, 1 June 1948, Pages 203–211, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1948.tb11028.x Published: 01 June 1948
Respiratory syncytial virus induces interleukin-10 by human alveolar macrophages. Suppression of early cytokine production and implications for incomplete immunity.
Authors: J R Panuska, R Merolla, N A Rebert, S P Hoffmann, P Tsivitse, N M Cirino, R H Silverman, J A Rankin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes repeated infections thought to be due to an ineffective immune response. We examined the hypothesis that incomplete immunity may result, in part, from RSV-infected alveolar macrophage production of IL-10 which can interfere with the production of immunoregulatory cytokines. We also assessed whether RSV induced the expression of the 2',5' oligoadenylate (2-5A)-dependent RNase L, an endoribonuclease involved in the antiviral activities of interferons. Human alveolar macrophages were exposed to medium (uninfected control), RSV, LPS, and RSV + LPS then were assessed for expression of the cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-8, IL-10, as well as 2-5A-dependent RNase L. LPS up-regulated the expression of protein and mRNA for all cytokines. RSV stimulated the protein levels of TNF-alpha, did not alter IL-1 beta, and decreased IL-8. RSV markedly stimulated protein expression of IL-10 and 2-5A-dependent RNase L. RSV had minor effects on the steady state mRNA levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-8, yet potently induced IL-10. Cells costimulated with RSV + LPS demonstrated reduced protein and mRNA levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-8 but synergistically increased IL-10 levels compared to RSV- or LPS-activated cells. Kinetic analysis indicated that RSV induced a delayed and sustained increase in IL-10 transcripts. Furthermore, RSV-infected alveolar macrophage supernatants suppressed IL-1 beta and IL-8 production by LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages as did recombinant IL-10. Anti-IL-10 neutralized these effects. These studies indicate that RSV is capable of suppressing production of early immunoregulatory cytokines through induction of IL-10 perhaps mediated by 2-5A-dependent RNase L (or other endoribonucleases) accounting for the ineffective immune response to this virus.
Chemical Induction of Ovulation
Authors: Olive W. Smith
Journal: JAMA (1962)

To the Editor:—  The lead article ( JAMA  178 :101 [Oct. 14] 1961) by Greenblatt and his associates called forth an excellent editorial entitled Induction of Ovulation with MRL/41. Two synthetic nonsteroidal drugs, 1-[p-2-diethylaminoethoxyphenyl]-1-2-p-methoxyphenlyethanol (MER-25) and clomiphene citrate (MRL/41), both structurally related to chlorotrianisene (Tace) but without that compound's estrogenic activity, have been observed to produce ovulatory menstrual cycles in certain types of ammenorrhea. Three groups of investigators have now reported this observation: Tyler, Olson, and Gotlib in 1960; Kistner and Smith in 1960, and again in 1961; and, finally Greenblatt and his associates. One of these reports was not referred to, either in the editorial or in the paper by Green-blatt et al., for which reason I will give the complete reference (Kistner, R. W., and Smith, O. W.: Observations on Use of a Non-Steroidal Estrogen Antagonist: MER-25, Surg Forum  10 :725, 1960). I would like to call especial attention
Percutaneous Right and Left Heart Catheterization in Children
Authors: HARVEY SIMOVITCH, ARNO R. HOHN, HENRY R. WAGNER, PETER VLAD, S. SUBRAMANIAN, EDWARD C. LAMBERT
Journal: Circulation (1970)

One thousand patients, ranging in age from 4 months to 26 years, underwent percutaneous catheterization of the femoral artery and femoral vein. Cardiac catheterization was combined with selective angiocardiography in all patients. The catheter entered the right ventricle in 972 of 990 patients (98%) and the left ventricle in 832 of 856 (97%), including 82 of 89 patients (92%) with aortic stenosis. There were no deaths, perforations of the heart, or loss of tissue. The peripheral pulse was decreased in 6% (49 of 856) and absent in 2% (17 of 856). Other complications included two uneventful perforations of the aortic arch, two lacerations of the femoral artery, three lacerations of the femoral vein, a false aneurysm of the femoral artery, and a cerebrovascular accident. Our findings indicate that, in children more than 2 years old and weighing more than 10 kg, the percutaneous method is safe, informative, and associated with less arterial circulatory complications than the approach from the surgically exposed artery.
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND SEVERE ISOLATED AORTIC STENOSIS WITH PRESERVED LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION FRACTION; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC AND PROGNOSTIC INSIGHTS
Authors: Visali Kodali, Florentina Petillo, Simcha Pollack, Nathaniel Reichek, Eddy Barasch
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
A Tumor-selective Biotherapy With Prolonged Impact on Established Metastases Based on Cytokine Gene-engineered MSCs
Authors: Xiancheng Chen, Xiaojuan Lin, Jianlei Zhao, Wei Shi, Heng Zhang, Yongsheng Wang, Bing Kan, Licheng Du, Baiding Wang, Yuquan Wei, Yi Liu, Xia Zhao
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2008)

The poor prognosis for patients with advanced malignancy relates partly to the inability to reverse cancer metastasis. In this study we have investigated an integrated immunotherapy method against pre-established metastases in three kinds of advanced cancer models including B16 melanoma, 4T1 breast tumor, and Hca hepatoma. The progression of metastases into multistep lymph nodes (LN) and internal organs was, markedly impeded in the midway stage and reversed in the ultimate stage following a 20-day course of intravenous immunotherapy [with interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene-engineered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), administered once every 5 days P < 0.05)]; the therapy was without systemic toxic effects. As the control, obvious systemic toxicity was observed in the free AdIL-12 group, yet metastasis was partly delayed only in the midway stage but not in the ultimate stage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the intratumoral expression levels of IL-12 were enhanced by cytokine-engineered MSCs to be tenfold greater than that of free AdIL-12 groups in the ultimate stage; conversely, free AdIL-12 groups showed elevated serum, but not intratumoral levels of IL-12, during the midway stage. Furthermore, histomorphometric analysis revealed a reductive tendency toward reversion of tumor-associated lymphatic sprouts and an increased tumor apoptosis index in engineered MSC groups (P < 0.05). These data indicate the potential of cytokine-engineered MSCs to be considered as an integrated therapeutic weapon for targeting advanced malignancies.