tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
MEDICO-LEGAL SUPERSTITIONS CONCERNING CRIMINAL INEBRIATES.Read in the Section on Neurology and Medical Jurisprudence, at the Forty fifth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at San Francisco. June 5-8, 1894.
Authors: T. D. CROTHERS
Journal: JAMA (1894)

During the past few months I have examined the facts and circumstances of six different homicides. In all these cases the prisoners were convicted and sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law. In every instance the prisoner was an inebriate, and had been using spirits to excess before and at the time of committing the crime. The defense in all these cases was insanity, intoxication and incapacity to reason of the nature and consequences of the act, with inability of control. The prosecution denied this, and sought to prove a state of sanity and mental capacity that in no way lessened responsibility. The jury in each instance considered this established and returned a verdict of guilty. In four cases the judge expressed great approbation of the courage of the jury in their verdicts, and sentenced the prisoner in terms of severity and harshness. In one instance the judge
Geoffrey Rose's big idea.
Authors: A. Hofman, J. P. Vandenbroucke
Journal: BMJ (1992)

Severe stress may precipitate transient, complex hallucinations, which the subject recognises as arising from his or her imagination.'8 19Dissociative (conversion) phenomena may account both for these pseudohallucinations and for many spiritual and paranormal phenomena.820A dissociative mech- anism may also underlie memory flashbacks (which may be experienced as real2) in post-traumatic stress disorder.22Dissociative experiences may even be normal.8Isolated hallucinations may be common and normal per- ceptual errors and no more indicative of psychiatric illness than isolated illusions.But, whether we describe visions and voices as psychotic, dissociative, hypnagogic, or normal, uncertainties remain about their underlying psychophysiology and the relations between these seemingly very different states of mind.
Cost-Effectiveness of Follow-Up of Pulmonary Nodules Incidentally Detected on Cardiac Computed Tomographic Angiography in Patients With Suspected Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Alexander Goehler, Pamela M. McMahon, Heidi S. Lumish, Carol C. Wu, Vidit Munshi, Michael Gilmore, Jonathan H. Chung, Brian B. Ghoshhajra, Daniel Mark, Quynh A. Truong, G. Scott Gazelle, Udo Hoffmann
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Pulmonary nodules (PNs) are often detected incidentally during coronary computed tomographic (CT) angiography, which is increasingly being used to evaluate patients with chest pain symptoms. However, the efficiency of following up on incidentally detected PN is unknown.We determined demographic and clinical characteristics of stable symptomatic patients referred for coronary CT angiography in whom incidentally detected PNs warranted follow-up. A validated lung cancer simulation model was populated with data from these patients, and clinical and economic consequences of follow-up per Fleischner guidelines versus no follow-up were simulated. Of the 3665 patients referred for coronary CT angiography, 591 (16%) had PNs requiring follow-up. The mean age of patients with PNs was 59±10 years; 66% were male; 67% had ever smoked; and 21% had obstructive coronary artery disease. The projected overall lung cancer incidence was 5.8% in these patients, but the majority died of coronary artery disease (38%) and other causes (57%). Follow-up of PNs was associated with a 4.6% relative reduction in cumulative lung cancer mortality (absolute mortality: follow-up, 4.33% versus non-follow-up, 4.54%), more downstream testing (follow-up, 2.34 CTs per patient versus non-follow-up, 1.01 CTs per patient), and an average increase in quality-adjusted life of 7 days. Costs per quality-adjusted life-year gained were $154 700 to follow up the entire cohort and $129 800 per quality-adjusted life-year when only smokers were included.Follow-up of PNs incidentally detected in patients undergoing coronary CT angiography for chest pain evaluation is associated with a small reduction in lung cancer mortality. However, significant downstream testing contributes to limited efficiency, as demonstrated by a high cost per quality-adjusted life-year, especially in nonsmokers.
Current Problems of Atherosclerosis
Authors: M. F. Oliver
Journal: BMJ (1963)

A qualified doctor is always expected to do something useful when faced with any sort of medical emergency.This may be extremely embarrassing, for a medical degree does not confer on its possessor an invariable expertness in all such crises.Every doctor should therefore possess a concise reference book to enable him in an emergency to cover the critical period before facilities for orthodox treat- ment become available.A number of such works are available in Great Britain and America, but only one other, so far as I know, is written, as this one is, not by a single author but by a team of specialists.The team gathered together by Dr. Gardiner-Hill is a distinguished one, each member of which has decided with a discriminating judgment what emergencies are most likely to occur in his particular field and what he, the expert, would advise the inexpert to do under the circumstances.The emergency is considered under three headings: its nature and pathology; its recog- nition; and its management and treatment.The word " emergency" has been liberally interpreted to include such conditions as pneumonia, acute urinary infection, pyloric stenosis, and so forth.Nearly all the common acute conditions are discussed which occur in internal medicine, paediatrics, psychiatry, dermatology, ortho- paedics, ophthalmology, obstetrics and gynaecology, anaesthetics, otorhinolaryngology, and dentistry.The index, of great importance in a reference book of this kind, is a good one.On the whole the advice given is informative, concise, and up to date.It may be questioned whether in diabetic coma zinc protamine insulin should ever be given intra- venously even if soluble insulin is not available.No mention is made of the use of glucagon in the treatment of hypoglycaemic coma.It is not stressed, as it should be, that thyroxine is preferable to.thyroid extract in hypo- thyroidism.In the treatment of acute adrenal crisis it is stated that " if the patient is not vomiting 1-3 mg.fluoro- cortisone should be given by mouth and repeated 12 hours later.If the patient is vomiting, 50 mg. of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate should be injected through the drip tubing
The Transcriptional Corepressor RIP140 Regulates Oxidative Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Asha Seth, Jennifer H. Steel, Donna Nichol, Victoria Pocock, Mande K. Kumaran, Asmaa Fritah, Margaret Mobberley, Timothy A. Ryder, Anthea Rowlerson, James Scott, Matti Poutanen, Roger White, Malcolm Parker
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2007)

Nuclear receptor signaling plays an important role in energy metabolism. In this study we demonstrate that the nuclear receptor corepressor RIP140 is a key regulator of metabolism in skeletal muscle. RIP140 is expressed in a fiber type-specific manner, and manipulation of its levels in null, heterozygous, and transgenic mice demonstrate that low levels promote while increased expression suppresses the formation of oxidative fibers. Expression profiling reveals global changes in the expression of genes implicated in both myofiber phenotype and metabolic functions. Genes involved in fatty-acid oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial biogenesis are upregulated in the absence of RIP140. Analysis of cultured myofibers demonstrates that the changes in expression are intrinsic to muscle cells and that nuclear receptor-regulated genes are direct targets for repression by RIP140. Therefore RIP140 is an important signaling factor in the regulation of skeletal muscle function and physiology.
Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma As An Entity With A High Rate of Surgical Cure
Authors: Tadatoshi Takayama, Masatoshi Makuuchi, Setsuo Hirohashi, Michiie Sakamoto, Junji Yamamoto, Kazuaki Shimada, Tomoo Kosuge, Shuichi Okada, Kenichi Takayasu, Susumu Yamasaki
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been defined as a well–differentiated cancer containing Glisson's triad, but it remains unknown whether this lesion is curable. We prospectively studied 70 patients (enrolled from 1,172 referrals between 1982 and 1991) who had a diagnosis of a single HCC 2 cm or less in diameter (Stage T1) and who underwent curative hepatectomy and long–term follow–up (range, 0.2 to 14.3 years). Patients were eligible for surgery if they had a tumor that met the diagnostic criteria for HCC and were in Child–Pugh class A (n = 59) or B (n = 11) status. Among the 70 patients, there was 1 operative death. Based on our typing system, the tumors were assigned as early HCC (n = 15), overt HCC (n = 52), and non–HCC tumor (n = 3). The rate of microscopic regional spread was lower in early HCCs than in overt HCCs (7% vs. 42%; P = .01). The early HCC group had a longer time to recurrence than did the overt HCC group (3.9 vs. 1.7 years; P &lt; .001) and had no local recurrence. After a median follow–up of 6.3 years, both overall survival and recurrence–free survival in the early HCC group were significantly better than those in the overt HCC group ( P = .01; P = .001). In these two groups, the 5–year rates of overall survival were 93% and 54% ( P = .01), and those of recurrence–free survival were 47% and 16% ( P = .05), respectively; a significant survival benefit persisted over a decade (57% vs. 21%; P = .05). The early HCC group was at a lower risk of recurrence (relative risk, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.65; P = .002) and death (relative risk, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.73; P = .01) than was the overt HCC group. Early HCC is a distinct clinical entity with a high rate of surgical cure, thereby justifying its definition. It can be a lesion that corresponds to “Stage 0” cancer in other organs.
Hepatitis B virus HBx protein impairs liver regeneration through enhanced expression of IL-6 in transgenic mice
Authors: Ivan Quétier, Nicolas Brezillon, Marion Duriez, Hélène Massinet, Eric Giang, James Ahodantin, Céline Lamant, Marie-Noëlle Brunelle, Patrick Soussan, Dina Kremsdorf
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
A Patient with Mediastinal Mature Teratoma Presenting with Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis
Authors: Katsunobu Kawahara, Michiyo Miyawaki, Kentarou Anami, Toshihiko Moroga, Satoshi Yamamoto, Keita Tokuishi, Shinichi Yamashita, Toshihide Kumamoto
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2011)
Requiem for a champion? Living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Pierre-Alain Clavien, Philipp Dutkowski, James F. Trotter
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)

Since its widespread application in the late 90s, adultto-adult LDLT has been the focus of many debates in Western countries. While the number of LDLT procedures peaked in 2001 in Europe and the USA, there has been, thereafter, a significant decrease of cases in the USA and no further increase in Europe (Fig. 1). For example, the number of patients undergoing LDLT dropped from 518 in 2001 to 318 in 2005 and to a projected figure of 168 in 2009, representing a 67% decrease, which currently represents only 3% of all adult liver transplantations performed in the USA. The recent history of LDLT at the University of Pittsburgh has been the subject of considerable external scrutiny in the public press [1] and professional liver transplantation community. The manuscript by Marsh et al. [2] comprehensively describes the outcomes of right lobe LDLT donors and recipients at Pittsburgh since 2003, when the volumes of LDLT dramatically increased with the arrival of a new surgical team. While there are other single-center, retrospective studies from mature liver programs reporting complications, most of which were published 8–10 years ago, this manuscript is novel in at least three aspects compared to previous reports. First, it comes from Dr. Thomas E. Starzl, and every transplant physician would like to know his opinion on the procedure, because he has been unchar-
Endothelin-3 Expression in the Subfornical Organ Enhances the Sensitivity of Nax, the Brain Sodium-Level Sensor, to Suppress Salt Intake
Authors: Takeshi Y. Hiyama, Masahide Yoshida, Masahito Matsumoto, Ryoko Suzuki, Takashi Matsuda, Eiji Watanabe, Masaharu Noda
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2013)
Comparative Evaluation of Quantitative Glomerular Filtration Rate Measured by Isotopic and Nonisotopic Methods
Authors: SUPPIAH BALACHANDRAN, ALLAN G. TOGURI, THOMAS W. PETRUSICK
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1981)

Good correlation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured isotopically from plasma disappearance of Tc-99m-DTPA (Sn) was shown with inulin clearance, creatinine clearance, and graded radionuclide imaging. The isotopic GFR is a simple, urineless technique not requiring continuous infusion that enables one to perform simultaneous renal imaging with one radiotracer.
Stimulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha production in human monocytes by inhibitors of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A.
Authors: S J Sung, J A Walters, S M Fu
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

The protein phosphatase 1 and 2A inhibitor, okadaic acid, has been shown to stimulate many cellular functions by increasing the phosphorylation state of phosphoproteins. In human monocytes, okadaic acid by itself stimulates tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA accumulation and TNF-alpha synthesis. Calyculin A, a more potent inhibitor of phosphatase 1, has similar effects. TNF-alpha mRNA accumulation in okadaic acid-treated monocytes is due to increased TNF-alpha mRNA stability and transcription rate. The increase in TNF-alpha mRNA stability is more remarkable in okadaic acid-treated monocytes than the mRNA stability of other cytokines, such as interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-1 beta, and IL-6. Gel retardation studies show the stimulation of AP-1, AP-2, and NF-kappa B binding activities in okadaic acid-stimulated monocytes. This increase may correlate with the increase in TNF-alpha mRNA transcription rate. In addition to the stimulation of TNF-alpha secretion by monocytes, okadaic acid appears to modulate TNF-alpha precursor processing, as indicated by a marked increase in the cell-associated 26-kD precursor. These results suggest that active basal phosphorylation/dephosphorylation occurs in monocytes, and that protein phosphatase 1 or 2A is important in regulating TNF-alpha gene transcription, translation, and posttranslational modification.
Tumor Cells Carried Through Autotransfusion
Authors: Peter B. Yaw
Journal: JAMA (1975)

AUTOTRANSFUSION in various forms is a well-recognized and accepted mode of support therapy during major surgical procedures where blood loss is likely or unavoidable. Fecal contamination and spillage of malignant cells have been stated to be contraindications to intraoperative blood recovery, without substantial proof of either contention. Recently, during the care of a patient with carcinoma of the lung, we had occasion to substantiate the transfer of tumor cells from the operative field to blood transfer packs via an autotransfusor. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 52-year-old man was admitted to the Marion County General Hospital with a four-week history of hemoptysis, weakness, anorexia, and an 11- to 14-kg (25- to 30-1b) weight loss. He had had a previous episode of hemoptysis about ten years before this admission, a chronic cough, and a 90- to 100-pack/yr smoking habit. The patient appeared cachectic and chronically ill, and was having constant hemoptysis. Blood
Patients choosing their hospital
Authors: J. Appleby
Journal: BMJ (2003)

In a speech last week, the British secretary of state for health, Alan Milburn, continued his push to extend the right of patients to choose their hospital—and in so doing, cut the time they have to wait.1 Given Sweden's experience where since 1992 a national guarantee of treatment within a certain period has been in place, and that of Denmark, where a similar guarantee has been in place for the past 10 years, squeezing an individualist notion of choice into a collectivist system of healthcare funding and provision may not prove as difficult as some expect. But it will not be pain free for the NHS or clinicians, or, potentially, for some patients.

As currently conceived patients' choice is being driven by a need to reduce waiting times and hit targets (as it …
Use of "Disease" for Chronic Alcoholism
Authors: Clement G. Martin
Journal: JAMA (1962)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I wish to object to the use of the word "disease" as a description of chronic alcoholism. I quote the opening sentence of the article, "Definition of Alcoholism" by Drs. M. Korman and R. L. Stubblefield (<b>178</b>:1184 [Dec. 30] 1961): "In spite of the recently acquired status of alcoholism as a medically recognized disease, its cause remains unknown and its course and prognosis are uncomfortably variable." This causes me to wince. Why do I wince? Alcoholism, as pointed out in this article and most other articles in current literature, is a personality disorder of behavior with a specific neurotic behavior pattern—drunkenness. The insurance industry, particularly when it issues individual accident and health policies, cannot attempt to include coverage for most behavior disorders, neuroses, and psychoses. Inclusion of these would increase the premium far too much and make sales extremely difficult, if not impossible. Also, society, in
Howard M. Temin, Ph.D. An Appreciation
Authors: F. X. Mahaney
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1994)

Journal Article Howard M. Temin, Ph.D. An Appreciation Get access Francis X. Mahaney, Jr. Francis X. Mahaney, Jr. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 86, Issue 6, 16 March 1994, Page 407, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/86.6.407 Published: 16 March 1994
Abstract 1020: Investigating LKB1 regulation in osteosarcoma
Authors: Malihe Eskandarpour, Laure Duhamel, Roberto Tirabosco, Adrienne Flanagan
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Osteosarcoma (OS) accounts for approximately 60% of primary malignant bone tumours diagnosed in the first two decades of life. The incidence of osteosarcoma is 200/year in the UK, but is higher in children and young adults. On introduction of multimodal chemotherapy for the treatment of osteosarcoma, patients’ average 5 year survival rate increased from 20% to 70% but there has been little improvement since. Also, despite this improvement in survival it is not possible to predict which patients are likely to respond to therapy. Knowledge of the molecular biological characteristics of osteosarcoma may resolve this problem and help in selecting patients for targeted therapy. LKB1 is a serine/threonine kinase and a tumour suppressor gene that is frequently lost in some cancer types. However, its role in the pathogenesis of human OS pathogenesis is unknown although it has been reported that mice deficient in one LKB1 allele (LKB1+/-) develop osteoblastic tumours. We therefore investigated the role of this gene in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. We showed that 85% (17/20) of osteosarcomas have a low or undetectable protein expression level as assessed by western blotting (WB), and 59% (153/259) by immunohistochemistry. However, no cases showed LKB1 copy number loss when analyzed by fluoresence in situ hybridisation, and none of the previously reported somatic mutations in this gene was detected in 21 tumours. Since no significant differences were detected in the mRNA level by q-RT-PCR in these cases it is postulated that the low level of LKB1 protein is regulated by a post-transcriptional mechanism. Recently has been shown that SIRT1 protein antagonizes LKB1-dependent AMPK activation through promoting the acetylation, ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of LKB1. SIRT1 is a class III deacetylase and is implicated in a wide range of cellular functions. We hypothesised that SIRT1 regulates LKB1 degradation. We first demonstrated an inverse correlation between LKB1 and SIRT1 in OS cell lines by WB, and in OS tumours by double immunofluoresence. Using the proteosome inhibitor (PS-341), we showed protection of LKB1 from degradation. We also showed prevention of LKB1 degradation by applying the SIRT1 inhibitor (sirtinol) or SIRT1 suppressor (morpholinos) in OS cell lines, SaOS2, U2OS and MNNG/ HOS. In conclusion, absence of LKB1 protein expression is a common event in human osteosarcomas; the mechanism appears to be a post-transcriptional event and our findings implicate a role for SIRT1 in LKB1 regulation through degradation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1020. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1020
Ice Storage versus Perfusion for Preservation of Kidneys before Transplantation
Authors: D. F. Scott, D. Whiteside, J. Redhead, R. C. Atkins
Journal: BMJ (1974)

The results of simple ice storage and prolonged perfusion storage of kidneys were compared in two series, each of 100 cadaver kidney transplants. There was a similar warm ischaemia time for both groups, but the average total storage time was 17 hours for the perfused kidneys as compared to three and a half hours for those stored in ice. The results of transplantation (as shown by transplant function at three and 12 months) were the same for both groups. There was no evidence of damage due to prolonged perfusion. The extra time, however, enabled a more convenient operation time to be chosen and more extensive tissue matching to be undertaken.
Apolipoprotein E Enhances MicroRNA-146a in Monocytes and Macrophages to Suppress Nuclear Factor-κB–Driven Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Kang Li, Daniel Ching, Fu Sang Luk, Robert L. Raffai
Journal: Circulation Research (2015)

Rationale: Apolipoprotein E (apoE) exerts anti-inflammatory properties that protect against atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases. However, mechanisms by which apoE suppresses the cellular activation of leukocytes commonly associated with atherosclerosis remain incompletely understood. Objective: To test the hypothesis that apoE suppresses inflammation and atherosclerosis by regulating cellular microRNA levels in these leukocytes. Methods and Results: An assessment of apoE expression among such leukocyte subsets in wild-type mice revealed that only macrophages and monocytes express apoE abundantly. An absence of apoE expression in macrophages and monocytes resulted in enhanced nuclear factor-κB signaling and an exaggerated inflammatory response on stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. This correlated with reduced levels of microRNA-146a, a critical negative regulator of nuclear factor-κB signaling. Ectopic apoE expression in Apoe –/– macrophages and monocytes raised miR-146a levels, whereas its silencing in wild-type cells had an opposite effect. Mechanistically, apoE increased the expression of transcription factor purine-rich PU-box–binding protein 1, which raised levels of pri-miR-146 transcripts, demonstrating that apoE exerts transcriptional control over miR-146a. In vivo, even a small amount of apoE expression in macrophages and monocytes of hypomorphic apoE mice led to increased miR-146a levels, and inhibited macrophage proinflammatory responses, Ly-6C high monocytosis, and atherosclerosis in the settings of hyperlipidemia. Accordingly, cellular enrichment of miR-146a through the systemic delivery of miR-146a mimetics in Apoe –/– Ldlr –/– and Ldlr –/– mice attenuated monocyte/macrophage activation and atherosclerosis in the absence of plasma lipid reduction. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that cellular apoE expression suppresses nuclear factor-κB–mediated inflammation and atherosclerosis by enhancing miR-146a levels in monocytes and macrophages.