tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Review warns that risks of long term HRT outweigh benefits
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The overall increased risk of serious adverse effects—including breast cancer, stroke, and pulmonary embolism—with long term hormone replacement therapy (HRT) outweighs the potential benefits in disease prevention, warns a review of major trials published last week.

Researchers at the Cancer Research UK's epidemiology unit in Oxford were asked by the Lancet to review all trials of long term HRT after the early termination of one part of the women's health initiative trial showed increased risk of cardiovascular events ( JAMA 2002;288:321-33)

They analysed four randomised …
The Significance of the Acanthocyte in Cirrhosis with Hemolytic Anemia.
Authors: Charles C. Douglass
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

s1 May 1968The Significance of the Acanthocyte in Cirrhosis with Hemolytic Anemia.Charles C. Douglass, M.D., Rolland C. Reynolds, M.D., Eugene P. Frenkel, M.D., F.A.C.P.Charles C. Douglass, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Rolland C. Reynolds, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Eugene P. Frenkel, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-68-5-1167_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThree patients with cirrhosis and a hemolytic anemia characterized by acanthocytes or "spur cells" have been studied. Data on the first case have been reported. Extensive in vitro studies reveal variable abnormalities: thus, only in one patient was noted increased autohemolysis that was not accentuated by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and was corrected by the addition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and accentuated by the addition of ouabain; transformation to a normal biconcave cell was achieved by increased albumin concentration in one and by added ATP in another; erythrocyte ATP levels were low in one patient. By contrast, in no patient could a... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Charles C. Douglass, M.D.; Rolland C. Reynolds, M.D.; Eugene P. Frenkel, M.D., F.A.C.P.Affiliations: Dallas, Texas PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1968Volume 68, Issue 5Page: 1167-1167KeywordsAdenosine triphosphateAlbuminsAttentionCellsCirrhosisEthylenediaminetetraacetic acidHemolytic anemia ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1968 PDF downloadLoading ...
Quality of Diabetes Care in Italy: Information From a Large Population-Based Multiregional Observatory (ARNO Diabetes)
Authors: Graziella Bruno, Enzo Bonora, Roberto Miccoli, Olga Vaccaro, Elisa Rossi, Davide Bernardi, Marisa De Rosa, Giulio Marchesini
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

A marked variability has been documented in the therapeutic approaches to diabetes by various countries, suggesting that the level of care currently delivered may not produce the expected health-related gains. We investigated quality of care indicators in a large, representative multiregional population-based cohort of people (the ARNO Observatory) living in four Italian regions (2 million inhabitants), assessing process indicators and hospital admissions as outcome indicators (1). Diabetic individuals were identified in 2010 through record linkage among prescriptions, hospital admissions, and local diabetes registries. The guidelines of the Italian scientific societies recommend that risk factors such as lipids and microalbuminuria should be tested at least once a year in all patients with type 2 diabetes, and HbA1c should be tested at least twice a year, even in people …
School-Associated Violent Deaths in the United States, 1994-1999
Authors: Mark Anderson
Journal: JAMA (2001)

To conduct the first nationwide investigation of violent deaths associated with schools in the United States, to quantify the risk of school-associated violent death, and to identify epidemiologic features of these deaths.Descriptive case series.United States, July 1, 1992, through June 30, 1994.School-associated violent deaths were identified by study collaborators and through 2 online news databases. Police reports, medical examiners' records, and interviews with police and school officials provided detailed information about each case.In a 2-year period, 105 school-associated violent deaths were identified. The estimated incidence of school-associated violent death was 0.09 per 100 000 student-years. Students in secondary schools, students of minority racial and ethnic backgrounds, and students in urban school districts had higher levels of risk. The deaths occurred in communities of all sizes in 25 different states. Homicide was the predominant cause of death (n = 85 [80.9%]), and firearms were responsible for a majority (n = 81 [77.1%]) of the deaths. Most victims were students (n = 76 [72.4%]). Both victims and offenders tended to be young (median ages, 16 and 17 years, respectively) and male (82.9% and 95.6%, respectively). Approximately equal numbers of deaths occurred inside school buildings (n = 31 [29.5%]), outdoors but on school property (n = 37 [35.2%]), and at off-campus locations while the victim was in transit to or from school (n = 37 [35.2%]). Equal numbers of deaths occurred during classes or other school activities (n = 46 [43.8%]) and before or after official school activities (n = 46 [43.8%]).School-associated violent deaths were more common than previously estimated. The epidemiologic features of these deaths were similar to those of homicides and suicides that occur elsewhere. A comprehensive approach that addresses violent injury and death among young people at school and elsewhere in the community is suggested.
Specific inhibition of in vitro Candida-induced lymphocyte proliferation by polysaccharidic antigens present in the serum of patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.
Authors: A Fischer, J J Ballet, C Griscelli
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

A specific inhibitory activity of in vitro proliferative responses of normal human lymphocytes to Candida metabolic antigen was found in the serum of 6 out of 23 children with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. In each of the six patients, the presence of an inhibitory activity was associated with Candida-specific cellular defects, characterized by a negative-skin test and a lack of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation. The presence of a circulating inhibitor was detected during relapses of the disease and disappeared under antifungal therapy. This inhibitory effect was not associated with any toxicity on tested lymphocytes. The factor was shown to be nondialysable, thermostable, nonprecipitable with ammonium sulfate and absorbable on anti-Candida antibodies or concanavalin A-coupled agarose columns. Altogether, these results suggest that the inhibitory factor is not an immunoglobulin, but rather a polysaccharidic antigen of Candida albicans. An inhibition of Candida-induced proliferative response of normal human lymphocytes was also obtained by addition of polysacharide antigens or purified mannans from C. albicans to cultures. Candida polysaccharidic antigens appeared, therefore, to be involved in specific depression of cellular functions observed in chronic candidiasis.
Experts at Buenos Aires Conference Predict Pandemic of Tobacco Deaths
Authors: Andrew A. Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1992)

THE WORLD is facing a pandemic of tobacco-related diseases that is likely to kill one fifth of all who now live in industrialized countries, if current smoking trends continue. People in the third world will face a similar fate if they continue to adopt the smoking habits of wealthier nations. If current smoking trends persist over the next 30 years, 7 million residents of developing countries will die every year of smoking-related diseases. Thus, smoking will become the world's leading cause of premature death. These were some of the dire predictions reported at the recent Eighth World Conference on Tobacco OR Health in Buenos Aires, Argentina, by Richard Peto, professor of medical statistics at Oxford University's Imperial Cancer Research Center, England, and Alan D. Lopez, PhD, an epidemiologist for the Tobacco or Health Program of the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva, Switzerland. Their gloomy forecast is based on extrapolations
DISCUSSION ON PERFORATION PERITONITIS.
Authors: W. W. Keen
Journal: JAMA (1898)

J. C. Wilson of Philadelphia—The resources of modern surgery have greatly simplified the work of the medical clinician. Forms of visceral disease that long baffled the art of medicine now yield promptly to surgical treatment. In the general category of pathologic conditions thus transferred from medicine to surgery many are primary, many secondary to infectious or other processes. The greater number of them do not tend to spontaneous recovery, so that a pure expectancy is without avail, while that modified expectancy which consists in the administration of drugs for the relief of symptoms is futile as to cure. In point of fact symptomatic treatment, while it allays suffering, very often darkens council by deferring accurate diagnosis and too long postponing surgical intervention. In the list of visceral diseases not yielding to medical treatment and sooner or later to be transferred to the care of the surgeon are the
Abstract 508: Correlation of antibody and T-cell responses against XAGE-1b in NSCLC patients
Authors: Yoshihiro Ohue, Shingo Eikawa, Yu Mizote, Hirofumi Matsumoto, Midori Isobe, Minoru Fukuda, Akiko Uenaka, Eiichi Nakayama, Mikio Oka
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract BACKGROUND: XAGE-1b is a cancer/testis antigen identified in lung cancer using autologous patient serum by SEREX. The expression of XAGE-1b is observed frequently in lung adenocarcinoma and rarely in some other tumors. Recently, we showed spontaneous T-cell response against XAGE-1b in XAGE-1b-antibody positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. In this study, we analyzed the frequency of XAGE-1b-reactive CD4 and CD8 T-cells in NSCLC patients showing high, intermediate and low antibody responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sera and PBMCs were obtained from NSCLC patients who visited Kawasaki Medical School Hospital between 2009 and 2011. Antibody response was determined for XAGE-1b protein by ELISA using O.D. values at 1:900 serum dilution and classified as high ≥ 3.0, 3.0 &amp;gt; intermediate ≥ 1.0 and 1.0 &amp;gt; low. CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses against XAGE-1b were examined by IFN-γ ELISA using 12- or 16-mer XAGE-1b-overlapping peptides (OLPs) spanning the entire XAGE-1b protein in antibody-positive patients. Cytotoxicity was analyzed determining GAPDH release by aCellaTox kit. RESULTS: The number of XAGE-1b-antibody positives was 29 (9.0%) of 323 NSCLC patients. Within those, the patients showing high, intermediate and low antibody response was 6, 11 and 12, respectively. The frequency of XAGE-1b-reactive CD4 T-cells in patients showing high, intermediate and low antibody response was 5.5 ±2.1 x 10-5, 1.5 ±0.7 x 10-5 and &amp;lt; 1.1 x 10-5, respectively. The frequency of XAGE-1b reactive CD8 T-cells was 6.9 ±1.6 x 10-6, 4.6 ±1.6 x 10-6 and &amp;lt; 1.1 x 10-6, respectively. The ratio of the CD8 T-cells recognizing XAGE-1b-expressing tumor to the XAGE-1b-peptide reactive CD8 T-cells in patients showing high and intermediate antibody responses was 60.0% and 14.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate correlation of antibody response to CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses against XAGE-1b in NSCLC patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 508. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-508
Lead poisoning and brain cell function.
Authors: G W Goldstein
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

Exposure to excessive amounts of inorganic lead during the toddler years may produce lasting adverse effects upon brain function. Maximal ingestion of lead occurs at an age when major changes are occurring in the density of brain synaptic connections. The developmental reorganization of synapses is, in part, mediated by protein kinases, and these enzymes are particularly sensitive to stimulation by lead. By inappropriately activating specific protein kinases, lead poisoning may disrupt the development of neural networks without producing overt pathological alterations. The blood-brain barrier is another potential vulnerable site for the neurotoxic action of lead. Protein kinases appear to regulate the development of brain capillaries and the expression of the blood-brain barrier properties. Stimulation of protein kinase by lead may disrupt barrier development and alter the precise regulation of the neuronal environment that is required for normal brain function. Together, these findings suggest that the sensitivity of protein kinases to lead may in part underlie the brain dysfunction observed in children poisoned by this toxicant.
Adverse Outcomes of Underuse of β-Blockers in Elderly Patients
Authors: Stephen J. Jay
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Soumerai et al<sup>1</sup>provide compelling evidence that in elderly survivors of AMI the underuse of β-blockers is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality rate among β-blocker recipients was 43% less than that for non-recipients after controlling for patient variables, indicators of severity of illness, and other indicators of comorbidities. Excluded from analysis were patients who had a contraindication to β-blocker use, including patients who used bronchodilators or had a diagnosis of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The authors indicated that a limitation of the study was their inability to measure lifestyle risk factors, such as smoking, that are not contained in administrative databases. They stated that "this limitation would not affect our results unless such factors are associated with β-blocker use."<sup>1</sup>It seems plausible, even in the absence of clinical asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, that physicians may regard smoking as a relative contraindication to the
Neuropsychological approaches for the detection and evaluation of toxic symptoms.
Authors: N Fiedler
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

The purpose of this paper is 3-fold: a) to review briefly the neuropsychological tests that have been used to evaluate the effects of neurotoxicants; b) to identify individual factors that may create heightened sensitivity to neurotoxicants; and c) to discuss test parameters that will increase the sensitivity of neuropsychological tests for detecting symptoms in low-level exposure situations. While the body of literature on neurobehavioral toxicology has increased dramatically during the past 10 years, it remains difficult to discern which tests are most effective in detecting behavioral effects even among workers with significant exposures. Few investigators have evaluated the interactions between individual differences, such as gender and psychiatric function, and exposure to neurotoxicants. Detection of behavioral performance decrements among uniquely susceptible populations such as those with sensitivities to low-level exposures (e.g., multiple chemical sensitivities) will require more difficult tests than are frequently used in current neuropsychological test batteries.
Fenestration Improves Clinical Outcome of the Fontan Procedure
Authors: Matthew S. Lemler, William A. Scott, Steven R. Leonard, Daniel Stromberg, Claudio Ramaciotti
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background — The Fontan procedure is the definitive operation for palliation of complex congenital heart disease with single-ventricle physiology. Fenestration of the Fontan circuit allows for shunting of deoxygenated blood to the systemic circulation. This procedure improved the clinical outcomes of patients who are at high risk for poor Fontan results. However, it is controversial whether fenestration is beneficial for standard-risk patients. Methods and Results — This prospective, randomized trial evaluated the clinical utility of fenestration in patients with standard preoperative risk profiles for Fontan surgery. Forty-nine consecutive patients were assigned to undergo either a fenestrated (25 patients) or nonfenestrated (24 patients) Fontan procedure. The fenestrated and nonfenestrated groups were comparable with respect to age ( P =0.944), body surface area ( P =0.250), number of preoperative risk factors for poor outcome ( P =0.681), cardiopulmonary bypass time ( P =0.302), number of patients who required aortic cross-clamping ( P =0.240), preoperative oxygen saturation ( P =0.101), and number of patients with dominant left ventricular morphology ( P =0.534). Patients in the fenestrated group had 55% less total chest tube drainage ( P =0.036), 41% shorter total hospitalization ( P =0.018), and 67% fewer additional procedures in the postoperative period ( P =0.006) than those in the nonfenestrated group. Conclusions — Baffle fenestration performed at the time of Fontan surgery improves short-term outcome in standard-risk patients by decreasing pleural drainage, hospital length of stay, and need for additional postoperative procedures.
Guanine nucleotide binding regulatory proteins and adenylate cyclase in livers of streptozotocin- and BB/Wor-diabetic rats. Immunodetection of Gs and Gi with antisera prepared against synthetic peptides.
Authors: C J Lynch, P F Blackmore, E H Johnson, R L Wange, P K Krone, J H Exton
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

Adenylate cyclase in liver plasma membranes from streptozotocin-diabetic (STZ) or BB/Wor spontaneously diabetic rats showed increased responsiveness to GTP, glucagon, fluoroaluminate, and cholera toxin. Basal or forskolin-stimulated activity was unchanged in STZ rats, but increased in BB/Wor rats. No change in the alpha-subunit of Gi (alpha i) was observed in STZ or BB/Wor rats using pertussis toxin-stimulated [32P]ADP-ribosylation. Immunodetection using antibodies against the COOH-terminal decapeptides of alpha T and alpha i-3 showed no change in alpha i in STZ rats and a slight decrease in BB/Wor rats. Angiotensin II inhibition of hepatic adenylate cyclase was not altered in either diabetic rat. In both models of diabetes, Gs alpha-subunits were increased as measured by cholera toxin-stimulated [32P]-ADP-ribosylation of 43-47.5-kD peptides, reconstitution with membranes from S49 cyc- cells or immunoreactivity using antibodies against the COOH-terminal decapeptide of alpha s. These data indicate that STZ-diabetes increases hepatic Gs but does not change Gi or adenylate cyclase catalytic activity. In contrast, BB/Wor rats show increased hepatic Gs and adenylate cyclase. These changes could explain the increase in hepatic cAMP and related dysfunctions observed in diabetes.
Increased Protein-Bound Iodine and Thyroxine-Binding Globulin in Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Authors: Charles S. Hollander, Robert L. Scott, Donald P. Tschudy, Mark Perlroth, Alan Waxman, Kenneth Sterling
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1967)

SOME of the manifestations of acute intermittent porphyria are suggestive of thyrotoxicosis. These include emotional lability, tachycardia and muscular weakness, and such findings have on occasion led to thyroidectomy in acute porphyria.1 Although the patients are usually euthyroid, as shown by normal thyroidal uptake of radioiodine (RAI) and basal metabolic rate, they may be erroneously considered to have hyperthyroidism because the serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) and thyroxine iodine (total T4) are frequently increased.2 The mechanism for these increases in thyroid hormone levels in the face of apparent euthyroidism has not been elucidated and is the subject of this . . .
Glucose reverses 2,4-dinitrophenol induced changes in action potentials and membrane currents of guinea pig ventricular cells via enhanced glycolysis
Authors: S. NAKAMURA, T. KIYOSUE, M. ARITA
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1989)

The precise mechanism involved in the restoration by glucose of action potentials and membrane currents has not been established, so we studied it in single guinea pig ventricular cells under conditions of metabolic inhibition by 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). Application of DNP (50 μmol·litre−1) significantly shortened the action potential duration (APD) from 276.3(SD 47.5) to 43.0(3.9) ms (n=10). The increase in glucose concentration from 5.5 (control) to 22 mmol·litre−1significantly restored the APD within 10 min, to 233.2(51.2) ms. In tight seal whole cell clamp studies, we found that DNP increased the steady state outward currents at potentials positive to −60 mV, and that this current was all but suppressed by 22 mmol·litre−1 glucose. The glucose induced recovery in the APD and membrane current was not seen in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose (2 mmol·litre−1), an inhibitor of glycolysis. Insulin (40 mIU·ml−1) reversed the DNP induced shortening of APD and abolished the increase in the outward current in the presence of 11 mmol·litre−1 glucose, though the application of glucose alone at this concentration failed to reverse these changes. Glucose (5.5 to 44 mmol·litre−1) did not directly affect single channel currents of ATP regulated K channels of the excised patch membrane in an outside out mode. These results suggest that the antagonising effects of glucose on the DNP induced alterations in APD and membrane currents are mediated by an increase in intracellular ATP concentration via enhanced glycolysis. Insulin might enhance this effect by facilitating the transport of glucose across the cell membrane.
Abstract 16743: Hyperphosphatemia and Hypozincemia Aggravated Hypertension and Cardiac Dysfunction in SHR/NDmcr-cp, a Model of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Yuka Suzuki, Takanori Yamaguchi, Ai Kato, Gaku Ichihara, Sahoko Ichihara
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background: It is known that metabolic syndrome affects cardiac function. Given that patients with diabetic nephropathy easily suffer from hyperphosphatemia and hypozincemia and obesity also induces higher phosphorus and lower zinc levels in plasma, we investigated whether the higher phosphorus and lower zinc levels in plasma affect cardiovascular system using SHR/NDmcr-cp, a rat model of metabolic syndrome. We also investigated the effects of antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), on the development of cardiac dysfunction under the above conditions. Methods &amp; Results: Male SHR/NDmcr-cp and control (WKY) rats were divided into 3 groups and were fed control diet (P 0.3% w/w, Zn 0.2% w/w) or a high-phosphorus and zinc-deficient (P 1.2 % w/w, Zn 0.0 % w/w) diet. The latter group was treated with either NAC (1.5 mg/g per day) or vehicle from 8 to 12 weeks of age (n = 6 or 8 for each group). The systolic blood pressure was increased by high-phosphate and zinc-deficient diet in both the SHR/NDmcr-cp and the WKY. NAC treatment improved these changes. The echocardiographic data elucidated that left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function was markedly reduced in the SHR/NDmcr-cp by high-phosphate and zinc-deficient diet and only LV diastolic function was reduced in the WKY by the same diets. The high-phosphate and zinc-deficient diet significantly induced fibrosis of myocardium in the SHR/NDmcr-cp pathologically, and this change was improved by NAC. Treatment with NAC prevented diastolic dysfunction in WKY, but in SHR/NDmcr-cp it could only improve systolic function but did not recover diastolic function. Conclusion: Dietary high phosphorus and deficiency of zinc induced cardiac dysfunction in rats. Cardiac dysfunction resisted against the protective effects by NAC in the rat model of metabolic syndrome.