tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Asthma in the elderly: an epidemiological survey.
Authors: M L Burr, T J Charles, K Roy, A Seaton
Journal: BMJ (1979)

A random sample of one in eight people aged 70 and over living at home in a south Wales town was surveyed to establish the prevalence of asthma. Subjects attended a screening clinic, where spirometry before and after an inhalation of salbutamol, skin prick testing, blood count, and sputum examination were carried out and a questionnaire answered. Those in whom asthma seemed at all likely were subsequently examined in detail in a chest clinic. Out of 485 subjects eligible, 418 (86.2%) were screened. Twelve (2.9%) had current asthma, of whom three had not previously been diagnosed as asthmatic and four were being treated but were unaware of the diagnosis. A further 15 (3.6%) had mild asthma or a history of the disease, giving a total prevalence of any history of asthma of 6.5%. Only one of the subjects who did not attend the screening clinic was known to have asthma, suggesting that the overall prevalence did not differ greatly from this figure. It was found that the disease might start or remit at any age. Thus in the elderly current asthma is more prevalent in men than women (5.1% compared to 1.8%) and in terms of spirometry is more severe. Two underlying disease processes may perhaps exist that fulfil criteria for asthma in the elderly, one causing sputum eosinophilia and the other a form of chronic bronchitis with reversible airways obstruction.
The burden of kidney disease: Improving global outcomes
Authors: Garabed Eknoyan, Norbert Lameire, Rashad Barsoum, Kai-Uwe Eckardt, Adeera Levin, Nathan Levin, Francesco Locatelli, Alison Macleod, Raymond Vanholder, Rowan Walker, Haiyan Wang
Journal: Kidney International (2004)
Illustrative Cranial Neuroradiology
Authors: Bernard S. Wolf
Journal: JAMA (1968)

<b>The Spinal Cord</b>, by H. Vakili, 360 pp, 263 illus, New York: Intercontinental Medical Book Corp., 1967. These two books in neuroradiology are topographically complementary since one is restricted to the skull and brain and the other to the spinal column and cord. Both acknowledge their debt to the Seraphimer Hospital in Sweden and specifically to Eric Lindgren. The influence of Lindgren is evident in the abundant use of line drawings which accompany the reproductions of the original films. Except for this, there is little resemblance between these two texts. Drs. Schmitz, Haveson, and Hanna expound their own views and describe "in most cases, only those findings which have been found valid by personal experience." No attempt has been made to be encyclopedic (eg, no basic anatomy is included), but the authors have succeeded in their aim to cover the majority of problems met with in clinical practice.<i>Illustrative Cranial</i>
Pharmacologic perturbation of neutrophils by Fluosol results in a sustained reduction in infarct size in the canine model of reperfusion
Authors: Mervyn B. Forman, Christos J. Pitarys, Harry D. Vildibill, Thomas L. Lambert, David A. Ingram, Renu Virmani, John J. Murray
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1992)
Researchers claim clinical trials are reported with misleading statistics
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2002)

US researchers have claimed that most randomised trials of new treatments published in leading medical journals are reported in a potentially misleading way, with statistics designed to make the results more positive than if other statistical tests were used.

Researchers from the University of California at Davis, near Sacramento, reviewed 359 randomised clinical trials of new treatments published between 1989 and 1998 in five major medical journals: the Annals of Internal Medicine , BMJ , JAMA , Lancet , and New England Journal of Medicine. 

They found that most of the trials report results based on relative risk reduction—the percentage difference in end points between the active treatment and …
Thyroid Hormone Interactions: Molecular Conformation, Protein Binding, and Hormone Action*
Authors: VIVIAN CODY
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1980)

STUDIES of the thyroid hormones (Fig. 1) continue to provide new insights into the molecular level events controlling biosynthesis, transport, and mechanism of action. Despite the progress made in understanding thyroid hormone effects on specific metabolic reactions, there is as yet no unifying concept describing thyroid hormone function. However, it has been shown that the thyroid hormones have profound effects on growth, differentiation, and development of tissues, as well as effects on carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Since the thyroid hormones are protein bound when transported throughout the general circulation, when at the cell membrane, and when in the cell nucleus, their molecular level interactions with these proteins are of paramount interest. This suggests that the stereochemical nature of the hormones plays an important role in defining thyroid hormone activity. Only the thyroid hormones T4 and T3, synthesized in the thyroid gland, are secreted into the blood stream in response to thyroid stimulating hormone. However, with the advent of more sensitive radioimmunoassay techniques (1), the presence of all the deiodination products of thyroxine (Fig. 2) was identified in the thyroid gland. As yet, the physiological function of these metabolites is not known. It has been shown that almost all of the circulating T3 is generated peripherally from T4. Reverse T3 (3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine), which comes from the deiodination of the inner ring of thyroxine (Fig. 2), as opposed to outer ring deiodination to form T3, has also been identified in the plasma but is not physiologically active. It has been suggested that the selective deiodination of T4 may represent an important peripheral regulatory mechanism for modulating the quantity of biologically active hormone at the tissue level (2).
Reporting healthcare associated infections should be mandatory, says audit office
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The UK government has been urged to introduce mandatory surveillance of all infections associated with health care after a report showed that many are on the increase.

The National Audit Office commended the Department of Health in its report for reducing rates of meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium difficile , but repeated calls that had been made in earlier reports that mandatory surveillance on all healthcare associated infections was needed.

The Health Protection Agency runs a voluntary surveillance scheme, and according to data it has received from hospitals the number of reports of bloodstream infections has increased from 80 000 in 2003 to 105 000 in 2007. However, the …
PRESCRIBERS AND DISPENSERS.Read in the Section on Materia Medica and Pharmacy at the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at San Francisco. June 5-8, 1894.
Authors: W. M. SEARBY
Journal: JAMA (1894)

The courteous invitation given by the American Medical Association to the American Pharmaceutical Association to be represented by delegates at this important gathering and the further courtesy of requesting some of these delegates to read papers, would seem to indicate a generous out-stretching of the hand on the part of your Association toward ours. On behalf of the American Pharmaceutical Association I accept, therefore, the proffered hand, and reciprocate the desire for more cordial relations between these two branches of science and art— medicine and pharmacy. And I avail myself of this opportunity to make an effort in the direction referred to; for it is not to be denied that, while professedly friendly, and actually so in the main, there is yet a good deal of friction at certain points, and unfriendly remarks are sometimes heard, and ungenerous actions undulged in by members of these two great bodies toward each
Scintigraphic 'Eyebrow Sign' on Bone Scan
Authors: ERNO J. GYETVAI, ROBERT C. STADALNIK
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1997)

A 69-year-old man who had widespread bony metastatic disease from prostate cancer also had a long history of diffuse joint pain. Tc-99m MDP whole-body imaging showed progression of a diffuse metastatic pattern, with increased tracer uptake in the supraorbital rims. These lesions in the supraorbital rims represent an unusual variant of bony metastases to the skull.
Channel specificity in antiarrhythmic drug action. Mechanism of potassium channel block and its role in suppressing and aggravating cardiac arrhythmias.
Authors: T J Colatsky, C H Follmer, C F Starmer
Journal: Circulation (1990)

Although work on class III antiarrhythmics remains at an early stage, these agents still appear to possess greater efficacy and less proarrhythmia than conventional class I agents in those experimental arrhythmia models considered to be most representative of the clinical situation. Although prolongation of repolarization carries with its own tendency for pause-dependent arrhythmogenesis (i.e., torsade de pointes), available data suggest that this may be a function of nonspecificity in potassium channel block rather than a general characteristic of class III activity. The availability of new and more selective blockers of specific cardiac potassium channels under development as class III agents have already helped to clarify basic questions about the ionic mechanism of repolarization in the heart, and one hopes that a growing clinical data base will eventually determine the relative safety and efficacy of these agents in preventing symptomatic and life-threatening arrhythmias.
Prior esophageal variceal bleeding does not adversely affect survival after orthotopic liver transplantation
Authors: Ka-Sic Ho, Bret A. Lashner, Jean C. Emond, Alfred L. Baker
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

Prior variceal bleeding may adversely affect the prognosis of orthotopic liver transplantation. We studied this question by evaluating all 175 adult patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation at our institution to determine risk factors associated with mortality after transplantation. Seventy patients demonstrated prior variceal bleeding, and of those, 32 had a course of sclerotherapy. Thirteen also had portal systemic shunts. Compared with the 105 transplant patients who had no prior bleeding, patients who bled were more likely to have parenchymal liver disease (74% vs. 50%), equally likely to have cholestatic liver disease (19%), and less likely to have malignancy (6% vs. 19%) or fulminant liver failure (1% vs. 12%). Bleeding patients also were more likely to be Child-Pugh class C (46% vs. 35%). By the common closing date of December 31, 1990, 26 patients (37%) with prior bleeding and 48 patients (46%) without bleeding died after transplantation. From survival curves, patients with prior bleeding had improved survival rates at 1 yr (65% vs. 54%), at 3 yr (60% vs. 47%) and at 5 yr (55% vs. 43%), although the differences were not statistically significant. With a proportional hazards model to adjust for confounding effects, the relative risk of mortality among patients with prior bleeding was 0.60 (95% confidence interval, 0.27 to 1.30). Sclerotherapy or portal systemic shunts did not alter survival. Important adverse risk factors for mortality included older age at transplantation, black race, malignant disease and more advanced Child-Pugh class. This study suggests that prior esophageal variceal bleeding did not adversely affect the mortality of patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation.
Indicator dilution measurements of extravascular water in the lungs
Authors: Carl A. Goresky, Robert F. P. Cronin, Brita E. Wangel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1969)

Multiple indicator dilution studies of the pulmonary circulation were carried out in conscious, resting and exercising, and anesthetized dogs under conditions where there was no pulmonary edema. Labeled red cells, water, and albumin were injected together into the pulmonary artery, and effluent dilution patterns were obtained from the descending thoracic aorta. The product of the mean transit time differences between labeled water and red cells, and the pulmonary water flow was used to estimate extravascular parenchymatous water; and this was expressed as a proportion of the water content of the blood-drained lung at postmortem examination. These estimates of the proportional water content were found to increase with flow, and to approach an asymptotic value. Reconsideration of the flow patterns in capillaries, however, led to the postulate that extravascular water should be calculated, utilizing as the appropriate vascular reference a substance that uniformly labels the water in red cells and plasma, and which is confined to the circulation, rather than a tracer that only labels red cells. The mean transit time of this substance is approximated by the sum of the mean transit times of labeled red cells and albumin, each weighted according to the proportion of the water content of blood present in that phase. The values for lung water content so computed also increased with flow, and appeared to approach an asymptote that corresponded to approximately two-thirds of the wet lung weight. The estimated values for the water space after pentobarbital anesthesia corresponded to the lower values obtained in the resting conscious animals. When the anesthetized animals were also bled, the estimated water space was disproportionately large, in relation to the previous values. These experimental results support the hypothesis that dilutional estimates of the lung water space reflect pulmonary capillary filling; that this filling increases with exercise; and that a relative increase in filling also occurs as part of the response to hemorrhage.
SNP A79G in the second exon of the myoglobin gene in elite long distance runners
Authors: J Wu, Y Hu, G Liu, D Q Zhou
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

Myoglobin contains 153 amino acid residues in a compactly folded polypeptide chain and a haem.1 This small protein facilitates oxygen transport in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Myoglobin plays a crucial role in energy metabolism by carrying molecular oxygen between the capillaries and the mitochondria to satisfy the requirement for sustained work.2

The human myoglobin gene has been mapped to chromosome 22q11.2–q13, with three exons and two introns in 10.5 kb pairs. Previous studies found a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP A79G) in the second exon of the myoglobin gene,3,4 with a tendency towards a higher frequency of the 79A allele in high altitude Tibetans than in sea level residents.5 Whether the genotypes of this gene are associated with aerobic capacity remains an interesting question. We compared the SNP A79G in elite long distance runners and normal people, all members of the Han population of China.

### Subjects

The Han people constitute the majority (93.3%) of China’s 1.3 billion inhabitants, and generally reside in the northern plains. Elite long distance runners mainly come from northern China, particularly northeast China. All the subjects selected for this study came from the Han population of northern China.

DNA samples were obtained from two groups, controls and athletes. There were 312 normal, unrelated, and healthy but sedentary subjects in the control group (224 men and 88 women). Their …
Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Early and Late After a Diagnosis of Giant-Cell Arteritis
Authors: Gunnar Tomasson, Peter A. Merkel
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

Letters5 August 2014Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Early and Late After a Diagnosis of Giant-Cell ArteritisGunnar Tomasson, MD and Peter A. Merkel, MD, MPHGunnar Tomasson, MDFrom University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Search for more papers by this author and Peter A. Merkel, MD, MPHFrom University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/L14-5015-2 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:As our article states, 19% of patients with GCA were receiving statins when this condition was diagnosed and 28% were receiving aspirin. Regarding the possible association between treatment with statins, aspirin, or both and treatment with glucocorticoids, we emphasize that treatment with glucocorticoids was embedded in our definition of GCA exposure. Furthermore, in our study cohort, only 34 patients received a statin (1.0%) and 128 received aspirin (3.6%) for the first time in the month before and the month after diagnosis of GCA was established. Therefore, our data sources do not allow assessment of the efficacy of these ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Disclosures: Authors have disclosed no conflicts of interest. Forms can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M12-3046. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoRisk for Cardiovascular Disease Early and Late After a Diagnosis of Giant-Cell Arteritis Gunnar Tomasson , Christine Peloquin , Aladdin Mohammad , Thorvardur J. Love , Yuqing Zhang , Hyon K. Choi , and Peter A. Merkel Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Early and Late After a Diagnosis of Giant-Cell Arteritis Gunnar Tomasson , Christine Peloquin , Aladdin Mohammad , Thorvardur J. Love , Yuqing Zhang , Hyon K. Choi , and Peter A. Merkel Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Early and Late After a Diagnosis of Giant-Cell Arteritis Claude Bachmeyer , Milène Buffo , and Bérénice Soyez Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Early and Late After a Diagnosis of Giant-Cell Arteritis Claude Bachmeyer , Milène Buffo , and Bérénice Soyez Metrics Cited ByGiant Cell Arteritis 5 August 2014Volume 161, Issue 3Page: 230KeywordsCardiovascular disease riskCardiovascular diseasesCohort studiesConflicts of interestDatabasesDisclosureHealth information technologyInformation storage and retrievalStatins ePublished: 5 August 2014 Issue Published: 5 August 2014 CopyrightCopyright © 2014 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
CCR5 deficiency increases risk of symptomatic West Nile virus infection
Authors: William G. Glass, David H. McDermott, Jean K. Lim, Sudkamon Lekhong, Shuk Fong Yu, William A. Frank, John Pape, Ronald C. Cheshier, Philip M. Murphy
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2006)

West Nile virus (WNV) is a reemerging pathogen that causes fatal encephalitis in several species, including mouse and human. Recently, we showed that the chemokine receptor CCR5 is critical for survival of mice infected with WNV, acting at the level of leukocyte trafficking to the brain. To test whether this receptor is also protective in man, we determined the frequency of CCR5Delta32, a defective CCR5 allele found predominantly in Caucasians, in two independent cohorts of patients, one from Arizona and the other from Colorado, who had laboratory-confirmed, symptomatic WNV infection. The distribution of CCR5Delta32 in a control population of healthy United States Caucasian random blood donors was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and CCR5Delta32 homozygotes represented 1.0% of the total group (n = 1,318). In contrast, CCR5Delta32 homozygotes represented 4.2% of Caucasians in the Arizona cohort (odds ratios [OR] = 4.4 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-11.8], P = 0.0013) and 8.3% of Caucasians in the Colorado cohort (OR = 9.1 [95% CI, 3.4-24.8], P < 0.0001). CCR5Delta32 homozygosity was significantly associated with fatal outcome in the Arizona cohort (OR = 13.2 [95% CI, 1.9-89.9], P = 0.03). We conclude that CCR5 mediates resistance to symptomatic WNV infection. Because CCR5 is also the major HIV coreceptor, these findings have important implications for the safety of CCR5-blocking agents under development for HIV/AIDS.
Expression of hepatitis C virus NS5B protein: Characterization of its RNA polymerase activity and RNA binding
Authors: Koji Ishii, Yoshinobu Tanaka, Chan-Choo Yap, Hideki Aizaki, Yoshiharu Matsuura, Tatsuo Miyamura
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

The nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is considered to possess RNA–dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity and to play an essential role for the viral replication. In this study, we expressed the NS5B protein of 65 kd by a recombinant baculovirus. With the highly purified NS5B protein, we established an in vitro system for RdRp activity by using poly(A) as a template and a 15–mer oligo(U) (oligo(U) 15 ) as a primer. Optimal conditions of temperature and pH for primer–dependent polymerase activity of the NS5B were 32°C and pH 8.0. The addition of 10 mmol of Mg 2+ increased the activity. The importance of three motifs conserved in RdRp among other positive–strand RNA viruses was confirmed by introduction of an Ala residue to every amino acid of the motifs by site–directed mutagenesis. All mutants lost RdRp activity, but retained the RNA binding activity, except one mutant at Thr 287 /Asn 291 . Deletion mutant analysis indicated that the N–terminal region of NS5B protein was critical for the RNA binding. Inhibition of RdRp activity by (-)β– l –2′,3′–dideoxy–3′–thiacytidine 5′–triphosphate (3TC; lamivudine triphosphate) and phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) was observed after screening of nucleoside analogs and known polymerase inhibitors. These data provide us not only important clues for understanding the mechanism of HCV replication, but also a new target of antiviral therapy
Secondary Septicaemia from Intravenous Cannulae
Authors: J. H. Darrell, L. P. Garrod
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Within a period of only seven months three patients in one hospital under treatment with antibiotics by intravenous infusion developed secondary bloodstream infection originating from the site of insertion of the cannula. Two of these infections were fatal. Precautions suggested include strict asepsis, the skin being sterilized with iodine in spirit solution; antibiotic spray; and changing the cannula site.
Drug-Eluting Balloon for Treatment of Superficial Femoral Artery In-Stent Restenosis
Authors: Eugenio Stabile, Vittorio Virga, Luigi Salemme, Angelo Cioppa, Vittorio Ambrosini, Giovanni Sorropago, Tullio Tesorio, Linda Cota, Grigore Popusoi, Armando Pucciarelli, Giancarlo Biamino, Paolo Rubino
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)