tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pathobiology: when the tumor is the target.
Authors: A Richardson, L Carey
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #ES-5 Breast cancer evaluation and treatment has benefited markedly from expanding understanding of the anatomic and molecular mechanisms that control cell growth and metastasis. Traditional staging has been augmented by genomic-based assays, targetable differences among tumors have emerged, and the future holds promise that we will be able to individualize and optimize treatment based upon identifiable tumor and host characteristics. This education session will:&amp;#x2028; - Review molecular pathways relevant to breast cancer development and growth&amp;#x2028; - Discuss how genomics has expanded our understanding of breast cancer biology and behavior&amp;#x2028; - Examine how modern molecular biology is applied clinically Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr ES-5.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF JAGZIEKTE
Authors: E. V. Cowdry
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1925)

The lungs of South African sheep, in a district in which jagziekte is appearing sporadically, differ from those of normal American sheep. Their structure is in general variable. They are more subject to the action of bacteria, demonstrable histologically, and to the effect of inhaled foreign material. The most significant difference, however, centers in the interalveolar tissue, which, in about 33 per cent of the animals, is definitely thickened beyond the range of variation in this direction observed in American sheep. The thickenings occur in localized areas several millimeters in diameter. They begin with engorgement of the alveolar capillaries and accumulation of macrophages and of lymphocytes. Many of the macrophages pass into the alveolar lumina and assume the appearance of typical epithelioid cells. These infiltrative and exudative changes are primary to the epithelial proliferations which always arise in tissues modified in this way and which it is proposed to describe in a second paper.
Factors Contributing to the Declining Mortality Rate in Renal Transplantation
Authors: Nicholas L. Tilney, Terry B. Strom, Gordon C. Vineyard, John P. Merrill
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

Recent modifications and refinements in the management of patients with renal allografts have diminished the mortality rate at our hospital to 2 per cent and 5 per cent at one year for patients receiving kidneys from related and cadaveric sources, respectively. Of 186 receiving transplants since 1974, seven (4 per cent) have died within one year of operation. The incidence of wound infections has been reduced from approximately 25 per cent in 1972 to 2 per cent since 1976 by the use of a single high dose of broad-spectrum antibiotics administered at the time of induction of anesthesia for any surgical procedure. Risks and limitations of immunosuppression have been better appreciated, ultrasound is used more often in the diagnosis of partial obstruction or perinephric fluid collections, and needle biopsy of the transplanted kidney has reduced the morbidity inherent in open biopsy. The contribution of sepsis as a cause of death has declined. The diminishing hazard of renal transplantation has made it an increasingly attractive treatment for end-stage kidney disease. (N Engl J Med 299:1321–1325, 1978)
Using Chemopreventive Agents to Enhance the Efficacy of Cancer Therapy
Authors: Fazlul H. Sarkar, Yiwei Li
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Emerging evidence suggests that cancer preventative agents might be combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy for the more effective treatment of cancer. Recent studies suggest that genistein and other dietary compounds that prevent cancer may enhance the efficacy of cancer therapeutics by modifying the activity of key cell proliferation and survival pathways, such as those controlled by Akt, nuclear factor-κB, and cyclooxygenase-2. In this article, we summarize the findings of recent investigations of chemopreventive agents in combination with cancer treatment regimens. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(7):3347-50)
Hospital chief resigns, accusing Monitor of undermining leaders
Authors: R. Vize
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The former consultant physician Mark Newbold has resigned as chief executive of Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, saying that the regulator Monitor had set too short a timescale for improvements to be made at the trust.

Last month the regulator put a condition on the trust’s licence that raised the prospect of forcing a change of leadership.1 It acted after the trust failed to reduce waiting …
Lower leg subcutaneous blood flow during walking and passive dependency in chronic venous insufficiency
Authors: K. PETERS, J. H. SINDRUP, L. J. PETERSEN, F. OLIVARIUS, L. DANIELSEN, J. K. KRISTENSEN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

The blood flow in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the lower leg of eight normal subjects and 19 patients with chronic venous insufficiency was measured. The 133Xe-washout technique was used with portable CdT1(C1) detectors and a data storage unit. Only those patients with ulcers and a systolic blood pressure at the toe of ≥ 60 mm were investigated. In the controls the relative blood flow during sitting was 0.61 (range 0.35–0.80). In the patients it was 0.46 (range 0.22–0.87). This difference was not significant. During walking the blood flow increased in controls as well as in the patients compared to the value determined in the sitting position (P= 0.0078 and P= 0.0028, respectively. Wilcoxon matched-pairs test). The relative blood-flow rate during walking was 0.96 (range 0.60–1.58) in the controls, and 1.04 (range 0.49–1.46) in the patients. The difference between the normal subjects and the patients was not significant (P= 0.79). We conclude from our studies that patients with venous insufficiency are able to increase their blood flow during walking to the same extent as normal controls.
Promoting clinical effectiveness
Authors: J. Hayward
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Britain's NHS Executive seems determined to encourage an evidence based and evaluative approach to clinical decision making. Earlier this year it issued a booklet, Promoting Clinical Effectiveness—A Framework for Action in and through the NHS, to chief executives of health authorities and NHS trusts.1 This is a useful and important document, but many health professionals may think that the promotion of effective clinical policy would be even more welcome if it were matched by an evidence based culture in other areas of government health policy.

Promoting Clinical Effectiveness has a tone very different from earlier approaches of the executive. Two years ago purchasers were urged to put the use of clinical guidelines into contracts.2 This was advocated as a mechanism that could promote good practice, but it was untried and at best a blunt instrument: some guidelines were not even based on good evidence, to the embarrassment of those expected to work with them. In contrast, this recent publication is designed to be supportive, not prescriptive, and that in itself is a welcome change.

The booklet provides excellent background reading for anyone seeking a guide to the subject. It summarises the value of systematic reviews, publicises the work of …
Operative Cystic Duct Cholangiography
Authors: John H. Beggs
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Operative cystic duct cholangiography, introduced by Mirizzi in 1937, continues to be a valuable tool and has its advocates in many quarters. Its use remains as a vexing technical pathway unless one maintains facility in performing the maneuver. Consistent good quality records are difficult to obtain and each operator has his own peculiar method of accomplishing this intraoperative roentgenogram. The intracystic duct cannula, a metal tube as originally described by Mirizzi,<sup>1</sup>has numerous modifications. The latest, an 18-gauge plastic catheter tipped with an expanded head, still requires that a ligature be placed about the cystic duct with just the proper tension to prevent leakage of contrast material but not occlude the tube. The Orr cystic duct clamp concept has eliminated many of our technical problems (Dittmar and Penn Corp, Philadelphia). We have modified a right angle clamp as seen in the Figure. A 2-mm groove is
Death Foretold: Prophecy and Prognosis in Medical Care
Authors: Matthew K. Wynia
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Medical Writings: Book Notes20 March 2001Death Foretold: Prophecy and Prognosis in Medical CareMatthew K. Wynia, MDMatthew K. Wynia, MDInstitute for Ethics, American Medical Association, Chicago, Illinois. (Wynia)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-6-200103200-00033 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Christakis NA. 296 pages. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Pr; 1999. $30.00. ISBN 0226104702. Order phone 773-702-7700.Field of medicine: Medical ethics and medical sociology.Format: Hardcover book.Audience: Physicians and members of the lay public, especially those interested in end-of-life care.Purpose: To examine physician prognostication and, in particular, how and why physicians tend to avoid prognostication and what biases they bring to the task.Content: Christakis, a physician and sociologist, contends that even though most patients want to know their physician's best estimate of the course their disease will take, physicians usually avoid prognostication and sometimes misuse it. Drawing ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Institute for Ethics, American Medical Association, Chicago, Illinois. (Wynia) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 20 March 2001Volume 134, Issue 6Page: 536KeywordsClinical decision support systemsDecision makingForecastingInternetMedical ethicsMedical sociologyPalliative careSoftware tools ePublished: 20 March 2001 Issue Published: 20 March 2001 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2001 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Induction of Immune Tolerance to a Therapeutic Protein by Intrathymic Gene Delivery
Authors: Qiuming Chu, Rodney J Moreland, Lan Gao, Kristin M Taylor, Elizabeth Meyers, Seng H Cheng, Ronald K Scheule
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2010)

The efficacy of recombinant enzyme therapy for genetic diseases is limited in some patients by the generation of a humoral immune response to the therapeutic protein. Inducing immune tolerance to the protein prior to treatment has the potential to increase therapeutic efficacy. Using an AAV8 vector encoding human acid α-glucosidase (hGAA), we have evaluated direct intrathymic injection for inducing tolerance. We have also compared the final tolerogenic states achieved by intrathymic and intravenous injection. Intrathymic vector delivery induced tolerance equivalent to that generated by intravenous delivery, but at a 25-fold lower dose, the thymic hGAA expression level was 10,000-fold lower than the liver expression necessary for systemic tolerance induction. Splenic regulatory T cells (Tregs) were apparent after delivery by both routes, but with different phenotypes. Intrathymic delivery resulted in Tregs with higher FoxP3, TGFβ, and IL-10 mRNA levels. These differences may account for the differences noted in splenic T cells, where only intravenous delivery appeared to inhibit their activation. Our results imply that different mechanisms may be operating to generate immune tolerance by intrathymic and intravenous delivery of an AAV vector, and suggest that the intrathymic route may hold promise for decreasing the humoral immune response to therapeutic proteins in genetic disease indications.
Outcome of Uncomplicated Syphilitic Aortitis
Authors: R. E. Irvine
Journal: BMJ (1956)

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN SYPHILIS MEDICALJOURNALCardiovascular syphilis was suspected in one patient who had been treated for secondary syphilis, and in three whose disease was inherited.Criteria for the establishment of the diagnosis of syphilis are discussed.The great majority of syphilitic patients present undoubted serological evidence of the disease.Time alone will establish the value of the treponemal immobilization test in the remainder.Difficulties attending the diagnosis of cardiovascular syphilis are briefly'mentioned.Necropsy results in 27 cases confirmed our diagnosis in all but one instance.
Characterization of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma of the intraductal growth-type and its precursor lesions
Authors: Ta-Sen Yeh, Jeng-Hwei Tseng, Tse-Ching Chen, Nai-Jen Liu, Cheng-Tang Chiu, Yi-Yin Jan, Miin-Fu Chen
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Abstract A cohort of patients with intraductal growth-type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IG-ICC) and its precursor lesions, collectively termed intraductal papillary neoplasm of the liver (IPNL), was characterized with respect to demographics, clinical manifestations, perioperative management, long-term survival, and molecular features associated with carcinogenesis. A total of 122 patients with IPNL types 1 through 4, 108 patients with non–IG-ICC and 210 patients with hepatolithiasis alone were studied. Expression of CDX2, TFF1, MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, EGFR, and p53 was determined by using immunohistochemistry. Females predominated in those with hepatolithiasis alone and IPNL. The mean age of patients with hepatolithiasis alone was 6 to 8 years younger than that of those with IPNL. The association with hepatolithiasis in patients with IPNL types 1 and 2, IPNL types 3 and 4, and non–IG-ICC was 100%, 79%, and 64%, respectively. Mucobilia, anemia, and elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels were helpful in distinguishing IG-ICC and its precursor lesions. The mean survival of patients with IPNL type 3, IPNL type 4, and non–IG-ICC was 55.5 months, 36.9 months, and 15.8 months, respectively. The incidence of expression of CDX2 and TFF1 was maximal in IPNL type 3. Expression and cellular distribution of MUC2 and CDX2 were similar. MUC5AC was strongly expressed in all patients with IPNL; EGFR and p53 were rarely expressed in patients with IPNL. In conclusion , hepatolithiasis appears to be a precipitating factor in the development of IPNL. Signs of mucobilia were specific for the diagnosis of IPNL. Expression of CDX2 and MUC2 are helpful in differentiating IPNL and non–IG-ICC. Significant differences in survival associated with the various lesions studied warrants a more aggressive surgical strategy in their management. (Hepatology 2005;42:657–664.)
INCREASED MICROVASCULAR BLOOD FLOW AND PERMEABILITY ASSOCIATES WITH FDG SIGNAL IN HUMAN ATHEROMA
Authors: Viviany Taqueti, Marcelo Di Carli, Michael Jerosch-Herold, Galina Sukhova, Venkatesh Murthy, Eduardo Folco, Raymond Kwong, Matthias Nahrendorf, Ralph Weissleder, Peter Libby
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Preventing Adverse Events
Authors: Klaus Bielefeldt
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Letters15 June 1995Preventing Adverse EventsKlaus BielefeldtKlaus BielefeldtSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-122-12-199506150-00022 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Residency programs in the United States have changed and, in the face of health care reform, will certainly continue to do so. It seems imperative that we assess the effect of these changes on the educational value of postgraduate medical training and on the quality of patient care in teaching hospitals. In their article, Petersen and colleagues [1] focused on only one of the recent modifications: the decrease in weekly work time for each individual resident, which is offset by cross-coverage arrangements or night float systems. The data they present confirm their hypothesis that cross-covering residents caused ...REFERENCE1. Petersen LA, Brennan TA, O'Neil AC, Cook EF, Lee TH. Does housestaff discontinuity of care increase the risk for preventable adverse events? Ann Intern Med. 1994; 121:866-72. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 June 1995Volume 122, Issue 12Page: 962-964KeywordsAdverse eventsHealth careHealth care qualityMedical educationPatientsResidency Issue Published: 15 June 1995 CopyrightCopyright © 1995 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Periodic Breast Cancer Screening in Reducing Mortality From Breast Cancer
Authors: Sam Shapiro
Journal: JAMA (1971)

First results in a long-term investigation to determine whether periodic breast cancer screening with mammography and clinical examination leads to lowered breast cancer mortality provide grounds for cautious optimism. The study compares the experience in a random sample of 31,000 women, aged 40 to 64 years, offered screening examinations with the experience in a similarly constituted "control" group. There were 52 deaths due to breast cancer in the control group, as compared with 31 breast cancer deaths in the study group, in the period available for follow-up. The 3 1/2-year case fatality rates among women with histologically confirmed breast cancers reinforce the impression that screening leads to lowered mortality. More time, possibly ten years of follow-up, is needed to establish whether the effect of the screening program is short-term or long-term.
Setting up a practice newsletter.
Authors: J. D. Fletcher
Journal: BMJ (1992)

operative complications and therefore the day-case unit is not a suitable place for basic surgical training.All trainees should, however, benefit from experience in the day-case unit."'With the high level of day surgery in the United States much of trainees' teaching there must obviously go on in that setting.One of us (RH) performs 40% of his cataract operations as day cases and finds no real difficulty in teaching junior staff members while so doing.We certainly agree with Alistair R Fielder that this issue must not be used to stem the development of day case cataract surgery.Colin Dryden may be correct in claiming that modern general anaesthesia has many of the benefits associated with local anaesthesia.2A recent study of cataract surgery comparing general anaes- thesia with local anaesthesia found, however, that local anaesthesia was 15 times cheaper in material, led to a faster throughput of patients in the operating theatre, and halved the expenditure on staff (ophthalmologists gave the local anaesthetic).'These are important factors where waiting lists are long or units are competing to obtain contracts for work.Patients' opinions are hard to gauge, but a small study of 24 patients with cataract suggested a preference for local anaesthesia.4
Threshold dose for egg allergy determined by oral challenge
Authors: S. Hefle, L. Christie, S. Sicherer, K. Althage, A. Burks, H. Sampson, S. Mofidi, S. Noone, L. Michaelis, S. Strobel, J. Hourihane, J. Nordlee, S. Taylor
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2003)
Nanoparticles of cationic amphiphilic cyclodextrins entangling anionic porphyrins as carrier-sensitizer system in photodynamic cancer therapy
Authors: Salvatore Sortino, Antonino Mazzaglia, Luigi Monsù Scolaro, Francesca Marino Merlo, Vincenza Valveri, Maria Teresa Sciortino
Journal: Biomaterials (2006)
MATERNITY AND INFANT CARE PROVISIONS FOR SERVICEMEN'S WIVES
Authors: Genevieve W. Carter
Journal: JAMA (1952)

The following account presents an abstract of part 1 of an extensive study under way in the Research Department of the Welfare Council of Metropolitan Los Angeles for the purpose of determining: ( a ) the magnitude and nature of the need for obstetric, pediatric, 1 and hospital care for wives of servicemen; 2 ( b ) the manner in which these needs are currently being met through local medical resources; and ( c ) the expressed reactions of the servicemen's wives in regard to present provisions for such care.  This article briefly discusses (1) the concept of need as it operates as a frame of reference for study findings; (2) the method employed in part 1 of the completed study and of the method used in part 2 now under way; (3) some characteristics of the geographic setting of the study population; (4) composite case abstracts representing typical cases; and (5) a review of some
Master's Two-Step Test
Authors: ARTHUR M. MASTER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Letters, Comments, and Corrections1 November 1971Master's Two-Step TestARTHUR M. MASTER, M.D.ARTHUR M. MASTER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-75-5-804 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In their recent ANNALS paper (74:509-517, 1971) on correlations with the two-step test, Fitz-Gibbon and associates stated, "The double Master's two-step test yields an unacceptable number of "false positive" results. . . . The prevalence of "false negative" results indicates that reliance on the test in excluding the presence of even grave coronary artery disease is unwarranted."The authors depend almost wholly on their angiographic findings. Yet coronary angiography is far from foolproof. Scores of papers make this point. A large number of studies have shown that angiography fails to demonstrate coronary disease in about 15% of...References1. CAMPEAULESPERANCEBOURASSA LJM: Myocardial infarction without obstructive disease at coronary arteriography. Can Med Assoc J 99:837-843, 1968 MedlineGoogle Scholar2. SIDDKEMPGORLIN JHR: Acute myocardial infarction in a nineteen-year-old student in the absence of coronary obstructive disease. N Engl J Med 282:1306-1307, 1970 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. DWYERWIENERCOX ELJ: Angina pectoris in patients with normal and abnormal coronary arteriograms. Am J Cardiol 23:639, 1969 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. MOSTKEMPGORLIN AHR: Postexercise electrocardiography in patients with arteriographically documented coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 71:1043-1049, 1969 LinkGoogle Scholar5. ROBBMARKS GH: Postexercise ECG in arteriosclerotic heart disease. JAMA 200: 918-926, 1967 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: The Mount Sinai School of Medicine of the City University of New York The Mount Sinai Hospital New York, N.Y. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 November 1971Volume 75, Issue 5Page: 804-805KeywordsAngiographyStable coronary artery disease Issue Published: 1 November 1971 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Potential long term vaccine benefits poorly translate in cost effectiveness modelling
Authors: S. Black
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Christensen and colleagues’ study highlights the difficulties and inappropriateness of basing decisions solely on cost effectiveness models when uncertainty cannot be quantified.1 Vaccines are particularly prone to uncertainty regarding impact because serotype coverage and herd immunity can be difficult or impossible to assess in pre-licensure trials. The fact that this publication marks the third adaptation of the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) meningitis B model attests to these difficulties.

The cost effectiveness estimate for PCV7 was unfavourable ($80 000 (£50 480; €64 464)/quality adjusted life year (QALY)), although the vaccine was highly cost effective ($7500/QALY) when introduced.2 In the UK, the herd immunity benefits of the meningitis …