tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Beware resurgence of malaria where incidence has fallen
Authors: R. D Gosling, D. Chandramohan
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Lines et al are concerned that the strategy of "shrinking the map" to eliminate malaria will lead to inequitable allocation of resources, development of resistance to insecticides and drugs, and inefficient combination of interventions.1 But the sustained malaria control strategy that they suggest as an alterative to elimination campaigns also has these risks.Malaria transmission has fallen across Africa, as documented in countries such as Kenya,2 Tanzania,3 Mozambique,4 Swaziland,4 South Africa,4 and Guinea Bissau.5This trend is probably the result of decades of malaria control activities, economic development, urbanisation, improved education, and access to health care.These countries also face the problems of inequitable and uncoordinated coverage of interventions, drug and insecticide resistance, and inappropriate allocation of resources.The "tipping point" has been reached in many regions of the endemic countries in Africa, where the incidence of malaria has fallen in large communities and made them susceptible to the resurgence of malaria.Thus, action to eliminate malaria should not be delayed, and malaria control programmes should be strengthened in the centre of the malaria map.1 We should move towards the elimination goal, starting in the centre of the map, but we can do this only if there is sustained political and financial commitment.Otherwise we will face the resurgence of malaria overburdening stretched health resources and repeat the failure of malaria control in Africa in the 1950s and 1960s.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Effects beyond the Lungs
Authors: Peter J. Barnes
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2010)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a growing global epidemic that is particularly important in developing countries.Morbidity and mortality from COPD will rise as populations age and mortality from cardiovascular and infectious diseases falls.Whereas cigarette smoking is the commonest cause of COPD in developed countries, COPD is also seen in nonsmokers, particularly in developing countries, yet very little is know about this form of COPD.COPD is primarily characterized by the presence of airflow limitation resulting from inflammation and remodelling of small airways and is often associated with lung parenchymal destruction or emphysema.It is increasingly recognised that COPD extends beyond the lung and that many patients have several systemic manifestations that can further impair functional capacity and health-related quality of life [1].In addition, COPD is associated with several other diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, more commonly than expected by chance.These associations are greater than expected from common aetiological factors, such as smoking, suggesting that these comorbidities may be causally associated with the mechanisms of COPD.Systemic effects and comorbidities of COPD increase both the risks of hospitalisation and mortality and the costs, and are therefore a topic of increasing concern [2].Indeed, cardiovascular disease and lung cancer are the commonest causes of death in patients with COPD [2,3].Although comorbidities are more commonly seen in association with severe COPD, they may also be associated with milder or earlier disease.The Essay section contains opinion pieces on topics of broad interest to a general medical audience.
The Biology of Degenerative Joint Disease.
Authors: Leon Sokoloff
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

This is a delightful, discursive, and well-d series of essays reviewing various aspects o pathology and cyto-physiology of osteoarth the author's own work lies primarily in the perimental and comparative pathology, these degenerative joint disease, which in the past rather neglected, are particularly well tr4
HLA-DRB1∗04 is associated with the genetic susceptibility to develop vitiligo in Mexican patients with autoimmune thyroid disease
Authors: Rocío Orozco-Topete, Julio Córdova-López, Jesús K. Yamamoto-Furusho, Vilma García-Benitez, Alondra López-Martínez, Julio Granados
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2004)
THE INFLUENCE OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, SOLUTE EXCRETION AND HYDRATION ON THE CONCENTRATING MECHANISM OF THE EXPERIMENTALLY DISEASED KIDNEY IN THE DOG *
Authors: Neal S. Bricker, S. Wesley Kime, Peter A. F. Morrin, Tadeusz Orlowski
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1960)

Recent studies from this laboratory indicate that the concentrating ability of the diseased kidney in the dog is not markedly impaired when the contralateral kidney is intact and the internal environment remains essentially normal ( 1 ).These data suggested that the direct effects of the pathological processes on the structural integrity of the functioning nephrons did not render the concentrating mechanism impotent.The present studies represent an attempt to obtain additional information about the functional characteristics of the concentrating mechanism in the dog with experimentally induced renal disease.The majority of experiments have been performed on animals with one of several types of unilateral renal pa- renchymal disease.In addition, observations have been made on dogs with unilateral hemiinfarcted kidneys and with bilateral renal parenchymal disease. METHODSExperiments were performed on young adult female dogs, maintained on standard dog chow with supplementary horse meat.The following experimental preparations were employed.1. Unilateral renal disease.Three forms of chronic unilateral renal disease were induced: a) pyelonephritis; b) antikidney serum glomerulonephritis; and c) amino- nucleoside-nephritis.The techniques for producing these lesions have been described in detail in previous publi-
H10N8 avian flu virus claims its first known human casualty
Authors: J. Parry
Journal: BMJ (2014)

As China grapples with H7N9 avian influenza, which had infected 113 people and killed 25 this year as of 3 February, the country’s health authorities have reported the first known human death from a different avian flu virus, type H10N8.

The victim was a 73 year old woman who was admitted to hospital in Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, four days after visiting a live poultry market. Nine days after the onset of illness she developed …
Operative Anatomy of the Heart
Authors: Fred A. Crawford
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Intense FDG Uptake of Metastatic Clear Cell Carcinoma From the Ovary in a Uterine Leiomyoma
Authors: Shiou-Chi Cherng, Chang-Hsien Liou, Yu-Ming Fan, Yao-Nan Yuan, Chuang-Shin Chiu
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

Uterine leiomyoma may cause slightly or moderately increased F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) uptake in the low pelvis. However, severely intense FDG accumulation resulting from the disease is rare. We present a patient with uterine leiomyoma and metastatic clear cell carcinoma from the ovary, whose F-18 FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging revealed heterogeneous, slightly increased FDG uptake of the ovarian cancer, but homogeneous, greatly increased FDG uptake of the uterine leiomyoma lesions. These findings suggest that intense FDG uptake in a uterine leiomyoma may be combined with malignancy.
946 BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION ACTIVATES THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS
Authors: F.T. Hernández, B. Martinez, R. Francés, T. Ortín, A. Peiró, P. Bellot, S. Pascual, J.M. Palazón, F. Carnicer, J. Such, J.F. Horga, M. Pérez-Mateo, P. Zapater
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Intimate examinations and other ethical challenges in medical education
Authors: P. A Singer
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Education and debate p 97

In this issue, Coldicott et al report an exploratory survey that shows, among other findings, that up to a quarter of intimate examinations in anaesthetised or sedated patients seem not to have had adequate consent from patients (p 97).1 This paper will generate a firestorm of controversy, wide media interest, and perhaps even calls for a public inquiry. Through the controversy, let us keep one point uppermost in mind: identifying the problem is only half the battle—the other half is coming up with an effective solution.

The fact that this report has been published at all represents a triumph of academic freedom. In particular, Coldicott, a medical student, deserves high praise for seeing this controversial study through to publication. The medical school examined in the study is probably not the only medical school in the world with similar practices, and the …
Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “An Ethical Analysis of Mandatory Influenza Vaccination of Health Care Personnel: Implementing Fairly and Balancing Benefits and Burdens”
Authors: Armand H. Matheny Antommaria
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2014)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe author acknowledges Leslie Francis for her constructive comments on an earlier version of this article. ▪
Monitoring of viral levels during therapy of hepatitis C
Authors: Gary L. Davis
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

Alpha interferon therapy of chronic hepatitis C is typically accompanied by a biphasic decrease in hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels: an initial rapid decline during the first 24 to 48 hours, and a second more gradual decline during the following weeks. The rate of second-phase decline correlates with ultimate response to interferon treatment. Thus, assessment of early virological response (EVR) may predict outcome. Data from 2 large clinical trials of peginterferon and ribavirin were combined and analyzed to determine the optimal definition of an EVR which, if not achieved, was associated with a low likelihood of a sustained virological response (SVR). A fall in HCV RNA level to undetectable or by at least 2 log 10 units after 12 weeks was found to be the optimal definition of an EVR. Among 965 patients, 778 (80%) achieved an EVR by week 12, including all except 1 patient with genotypes 2 or 3. Among 187 patients without an EVR, only 3 (1.6%) had an SVR. These findings suggest that patients with genotype 1 who do not achieve an EVR should stop treatment after 12 weeks. Use of an early stopping rule reduces treatment costs by at least 16% and avoids the inconvenience and side effects of treatment in the 19% of patients without an EVR who have little chance of a lasting virological response.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Impact of the Presence and Extent of Incomplete Angiographic Revascularization After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndromes: The Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy (ACUITY) Trial”
Authors: Gregg F. Rosner, Ajay J. Kirtane, Philippe Genereux, Alexandra J. Lansky, Ecaterina Cristea, Giora Weisz, Helen Parise, Martin Fahy, Roxana Mehran, Gregg W. Stone, Bernard J. Gersh
Journal: Circulation (2012)
Sodium and potassium intake and blood pressure change in childhood.
Authors: J M Geleijnse, D E Grobbee, A Hofman
Journal: BMJ (1990)

OBJECTIVE--To assess the association between sodium and potassium intake and the rise in blood pressure in childhood. DESIGN--Longitudinal study of a cohort of children with annual measurements during an average follow up period of seven years. SETTING--Epidemiological survey of the population of a suburban town in western Netherlands. SUBJECTS--Cohort of 233 children aged 5-17 drawn at random from participants in the population survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--At least six annual timed overnight urine samples were obtained. The mean 24 hour sodium and potassium excretion during the follow up period was estimated for each participant and the sodium to potassium ratio calculated. Individual slopes of blood pressure over time were calculated by linear regression analysis. RESULTS--No significant association was observed between sodium excretion and the change in blood pressure over time. The mean systolic blood pressure slopes, however, were lower when potassium intake was higher (coefficient of linear regression -0.045 mm Hg/year/mmol; 95% confidence interval -0.069 to -0.020), and the change in systolic pressure was greater when the urinary sodium to potassium ratio was higher (0.356 mm Hg/year/unit; 95% confidence interval 0.069 to 0.642). In relation to potassium this was interpreted as a rise in blood pressure that was on average 1.0 mm Hg (95% confidence interval -1.65 to -0.35) lower in children in the upper part of the distribution of intake compared with those in the lower part. The mean yearly rise in systolic blood pressure for the group as a whole was 1.95 mm Hg. Urinary electrolyte excretion was not associated with diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION--Dietary potassium and the dietary sodium to potassium ratio are related to the rise in blood pressure in childhood and may be important in the early pathogenesis of primary hypertension.
Training Physicians for Family Medicine
Authors: Kurt W. Deuschle
Journal: JAMA (1962)

THE DECLINING RATIO of physicians to population and the accompanying decrease in the number of general practitioners or family doctors present a serious problem demanding urgent attention. <h3>Some Factors in Physician Shortages</h3> Demographers predict that the population of the United States will reach 215 million by 1970. At the present rate of medical training, it will be impossible to maintain the present ratio of 133 physicians per 100,000 population. Several recent publications,<sup>1-4</sup>have considered this ratio and have emphasized its crudeness as an index of the supply of physicians relative to the needs for medical service. The ratio does not reflect that the number of physicians engaged in activities such as teaching and research has almost quadrupled in the past 30 years. Furthermore, 40% of all physicians are listed as specialists.<sup>5</sup>Alvey<sup>6</sup>recently pointed out that data in the<i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>showed that 95%
Abstract C30: Use of targeted magnetic nanoparticles for imaging in prostate cancer
Authors: Pamela J. Russell, C Soekmadji, B Thierry, G Cowin, T Strait-Gardner, N Verma, Wang Xiaochun, A Khatri
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Objective: Imaging techniques better than those conventionally used are needed to improve prostate cancer (PC) staging and read out of therapeutic effects in real time in treated patients. We aimed to perform preclinical evaluation of newly developed well-characterized, biocompatible, PC-targeted magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) targeted to prostate cancer by conjugation with J591 (from N. Bander, Cornell, USA), an antibody which binds specifically to prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) which is expressed on the surface of ∼90% of PCs including castrate resistant prostate cancers; this binding results in internalization. The use of targeted MNPs should enhance the specificity and sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to enable better staging of patients with PC and future targeted delivery of therapy. Methods: MNPs were prepared, engineered to the appropriate size and conjugated with J591. There was no compromise in J591 cell binding or specificity for PSMA positive cells due to the conjugation, and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry and Prussian blue staining for iron indicated increased uptake of MNPs that were conjugated with the antibody. In vivo studies were performed in immunodepressed nude mice with subcutaneous LNCaP-LN3 (PSMA-positive) xenografts (post euthanasia using an 11.7T NMR system) or on live mice with orthotopic LNCaP xenografts, using a 16.4T MRI imaging system following intravenous injection of MNPs. Results: Similar enhancement of MRI was obtained by NMR after injection of MNP or J591-MNP conjugates. Live imaging of mice given systemic J591-MNPs showed uptake into the prostate tumors. Conclusions: The data indicate the promise of this technique in enabling imaging of small clusters of human prostate cancer cells. This should enable the effects of therapy to be determined by imaging in real time, improving patient management. Citation Format: Pamela J. Russell, C Soekmadji, B Thierry, G Cowin, T Strait-Gardner, N Verma, Wang Xiaochun, A Khatri. Use of targeted magnetic nanoparticles for imaging in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr C30.
Letter: Standardization of the E.S.R.
Authors: R J Lane, G V Gill
Journal: BMJ (1974)

infection from the bowel operation.I have not used any preoperative preparation of the bowel for the past 12 years and I have had no cause to regret it.I would like to inquire whether there are any other surgeons who do not inflict preoperative therapy upon their patients.-Iam, etc.,
Dendritic Cells Transduced With Lentiviral Vectors Expressing VIP Differentiate Into VIP-secreting Tolerogenic-like DCs
Authors: Miguel G Toscano, Mario Delgado, Weimin Kong, Francisco Martin, Mario Skarica, Doina Ganea
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2010)

Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate immune responses as well as tolerance. We showed previously that the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) suppresses innate immune responses, modulates adaptive responses by generating regulatory T cells (Treg) through the induction of tolerogenic DCs (tDCs), and has therapeutic effects in models of autoimmune/inflammatory disorders. Systemic VIP administration is limited by its short biological half-life and by its pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, we used lentiviral vectors to genetically engineer VIP-expressing bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) and characterized the transduced LentiVIP-DC in terms of phenotype and therapeutic effects in models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis. LentiVIP-DCs secrete VIP, and resemble tDCs through lack of co-stimulatory molecule upregulation, lack of proinflammatory cytokine secretion, increased interleukin (IL)-10 production, and poor stimulation of allogeneic T cells. A single inoculation of LentiVIP-DC in EAE or CLP mice had therapeutic effects, which correlated with reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and increased IL-10 production in spinal cord and peritoneal fluid, respectively. In contrast to systemic VIP administration that requires repeated, high-dose inoculations, local delivery of VIP by LentiVIP-DC may represent a promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disorders.
Abstract 3388: Selective GFP labeling of disseminated cancer with a telomerase-specific adenovirus (OBP-401) to report recurrence after resection
Authors: Hiroyuki Kishimoto, Yasuo Urata, Toshiyoshi Fujiwara, Michael Bouvet, Robert M. Hoffman
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract In order to achieve improved resection of disseminated cancer we used a telomerase-specific replicating adenovirus expressing GFP (OBP-401, Telomelysin®-GFP) to label tumors in vivo. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is the catalytic subunit of telomerase which is highly active in cancer cells but quiescent in most normal cells. OBP-401 contains the replication cassette, in which the hTERT promoter element drives expression of E1 genes and the GFP gene. Therefore, OBP-401 can selectively replicate in and label tumor cells with GFP. We previously demonstrated that in a peritoneal carcinomatosis mouse model of colon cancer, OBP-401 administration specifically labeled tumor cells in vivo with GFP fluorescence and enabled fluorescence-guided surgical navigation (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1-6, 14514-14517, 2009; Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 8, 3001-3008, 2009). However, technical difficulties in removing microscopic tumors still remained to be solved since tumor could recur after fluorescence-guided resection. In the present study, we report an additional use of OBP-401 for surgical cure of cancer. Several weeks after cytoreduction surgery with OBP-401 GFP labeling, recurrent tumor tissues were also observed by GFP expression which could be resected under fluorescence guidance. These results indicate that OBP-401 treatment enabled fluorescent detection of subsequent recurrence after cancer surgery for the potential cure of early recurrence. The results suggest future human use of OBP-401 in cancer surgery. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3388.
Activation of phospholipase C in human B cells is dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation.
Authors: S Padeh, A Levitzki, A Gazit, G B Mills, C M Roifman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Cross-linking of the surface antigen receptor on B lymphocytes has been demonstrated to lead to activation of phospholipase C (PLC) with subsequent increases in production of inositol phosphates and diacylglycerol. In turn, these second messengers increase cytosolic free calcium [( Ca2+]i) and activate the serine threonine phosphotransferase protein kinase C (PKC). These processes are thought to play a major role in B cell activation and proliferation. However, the mechanism linking the B lymphocyte antigen receptor to phospholipase C remains to be identified. We demonstrate herein that activation of the antigen receptor on human lymphocytes, in addition to activation of PLC, increases tyrosine phosphorylation of specific substrates. Tyrphostins, a new class of tyrosine kinase inhibitors which compete for substrate binding site of specific tyrosine kinases have recently been synthesized. Preincubation of B lymphocytes with two different tyrphostins blocked anti-IgM-induced proliferation, oncogene expression, tyrosine phosphorylation, increases in [Ca2+]i, and production of inositol phosphates. The same inhibitors were without effect on B cell proliferation induced by phorbol esters and cation ionophores which directly activate PKC and increase [Ca2+]i thus bypassing PLC. These findings strongly indicate that tyrphostins do not exhibit significant nonspecific toxicity and suggest that they act proximal to PLC. The ability of the tyrphostins to block increases in [Ca2+]i and inositol phosphate production, after activation of the B cell antigen receptor, indicates that a tyrosine kinase acts as an essential link between the B cell antigen receptor and PLC.