tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
No circulating human cytomegalovirus in 14 cases of glioblastoma
Authors: S. Lehrer, S. Green, K. E. Rosenzweig, A. Rendo
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

Cobbs et al have reported that many gliomas contain human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene products.1 Mitchell et al reported that 80% of patients with diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme have HCMV DNA in their peripheral blood; seropositive normal donors and other surgical patients did not.2 However, Baumgarten et al reported that HCMV infection in tumor cells of the nervous system is not detectable with standardized pathologico-virological diagnostics,3 calling into question the etiologic role of HCMV in glioblastoma.4

In our own studies, we have collected peripheral blood in anticoagulated tubes from 14 patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme who were referred for radiation therapy.5 We used standard methods for detecting HCMV by reverse transcriptase PCR6 and peripheral blood culture.7 None of our patients had circulating HCMV detected. Mitchell et al reported that 80% of patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme have detectable cytomegalovirus DNA in their peripheral blood.2 The chance of a single glioblastoma patient not having detectable cytomegalovirus would be 20% or 0.2. Therefore, the chance of none of 14 patients having detectable cytomegalovirus would be 0.214 or P = 1.6 × 10−10.

Moreover, HCMV seropositivity data and glioblastoma incidence data do not support a HCMV-glioblastoma association since HCMV seroprevalence rates are not consistently related to glioblastoma incidence rates.8 HCMV seroprevalence is, however, related to socioeconomic status. HCMV infection is significantly lower in whites than in blacks or Hispanics (Mexican Americans), while glioblastoma incidence is higher in whites than in blacks or Hispanics. But HCMV seroprevalence rates are significantly higher in women than in men, although glioblastoma is more common in men. Therefore, a possible HCMV-glioblastoma association cannot be readily substantiated with HCMV seropositivity rates.

Age at infection may be involved since the incidence of both glioblastoma multiforme and HCMV infection are related to socioeconomic status, as described above. HCMV infection in early childhood, which is more common in lower socioeconomic groups, may be protective against glioblastoma, whereas HCMV infection in later childhood or adulthood may be a risk factor for glioblastoma. If so, glioblastoma would be similar to paralytic polio, in which low socioeconomic status, poor hygiene, and early infection are protective.9
Simvastatin-Associated Rhabdomyolysis Demonstrated on Bone Scan
Authors: CASEY A. RHODES, HELENA R. BALON
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2002)

From the Departments of Radiology* and Nuclear Medicine,† William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan Received for publication February 6, 2002. Revision accepted April 17, 2002. Correspondence: Helena Balon, Department of Nuclear Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, 3601 West 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073-6769. E-mail: [email protected]
Ocean's Bottom More Distant (in a Sense) Than Moon's Behind, Say Some Researchers
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1989)

"HAT THE DIVER. Okay, diver on gas. Give rig final check. Diver ready. Put diver in the water." These are the sounds of researchers at work in the US Navy Experimental Diving Unit, Panama City, Fla. Under water is just one of a variety of environments in which men and women of the nation's armed services do their work. As a result, the military physicians who care for them are involved in some unusual forms of environmental medicine. Particularly fascinating is the medical care associated with the US Navy's underwater mission. To prepare its physicians for one aspect of this mission— diving—the Navy conducts two 9-week courses annually in diving medicine at the Panama City facility. The course is conducted in cooperation with the Naval Undersea Medical Institute, New London, Conn. <h3>And Back With the Diver...</h3> Over the loudspeaker at the Experimental Diving Unit comes the bubbling sound of gases
Platelets and the Environment
Authors: Dale E. Hammerschmidt
Journal: JAMA (1982)

IN THE past two decades, a body of evidence has accumulated to suggest that the formed elements of the blood may play roles in a variety of disease states other than those usually considered to be hematologic diseases. Thus, a role for the platelet in atherogenesis has become accepted,<sup>1</sup>and the concept has prompted large clinical trials of antiplatelet agents for secondary prophylaxis in myocardial infarction and stroke<sup>2-9</sup>; evidence for a similar role for granulocytes and monocytes is beginning to unfold.<sup>10-14</sup>At the same time, another body of evidence has accumulated that links environmental effects to disease states, in many cases the same disease states for which a role of the formed elements of the blood has been shown. Thus, behavioral factors, lipid and sodium content of the diet, smoking, work load, pollutant exposure, and and personality type have all attracted attention for possible association with atherosclerosis.
Diminished Ret expression compromises neuronal survival in the colon and causes intestinal aganglionosis in mice
Authors: Toshihiro Uesaka, Mayumi Nagashimada, Shigenobu Yonemura, Hideki Enomoto
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Mutations in the RET gene are the primary cause of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), or congenital intestinal aganglionosis. However, how RET malfunction leads to HSCR is not known. It has recently been shown that glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor α1 (GFRα1), which binds to GDNF and activates RET, is essential for the survival of enteric neurons. In this study, we investigated Ret regulation of enteric neuron survival and its potential involvement in HSCR. Conditional ablation of Ret in postmigratory enteric neurons caused widespread neuronal death in the colon, which led to colonic aganglionosis. To further examine this finding, we generated a mouse model for HSCR by reducing Ret expression levels. These mice recapitulated the genetic and phenotypic features of HSCR and developed colonic aganglionosis due to impaired migration and successive death of enteric neural crest–derived cells. Death of enteric neurons was also induced in the colon, where reduction of Ret expression was induced after the period of enteric neural crest cell migration, indicating that diminished Ret expression directly affected the survival of colonic neurons. Thus, enteric neuron survival is sensitive to RET dosage, and cell death is potentially involved in the etiology of HSCR.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Defines Cervicovaginal Anatomy, Cancer, and VEGF Trap Antiangiogenic Efficacy in Estrogen-Treated K14-HPV16 Transgenic Mice
Authors: Joel R. Garbow, Andrea C. Santeford, Jeff R. Anderson, John A. Engelbach, Jeffrey M. Arbeit
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Noninvasive detection of dysplasia provides a potential platform for monitoring the efficacy of chemopreventive therapy of premalignancy, imaging the tissue compartments comprising dysplasia: epithelium, microvasculature, and stromal inflammatory cells. Here, using respiratory-gated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the anatomy of premalignant and malignant stages of cervical carcinogenesis in estrogen-treated K14-HPV16 transgenic mice was noninvasively defined. Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI was used to quantify leakage across premalignant dysplastic microvasculature. Vascular permeability as measured by DCE-MRI, K(trans), was similar in transgenic (0.053 +/- 0.020 min(-1); n = 32 mice) and nontransgenic (0.056 +/- 0.029 min(-1); n = 17 mice) animals despite a 2-fold increase in microvascular area in the former compared with the latter. DCE-MRI did detect a significant decrease in vascular permeability accompanying diminution of dysplastic microvasculature by the antiangiogenic agent, vascular endothelial growth factor Trap (K(trans) = 0.052 +/- 0.013 min(-1) pretreatment; n = 6 mice versus K(trans) = 0.019 +/- 0.008 min(-1) post-treatment; n = 5 mice). Thus, we determined that the threshold of microvessel leakage associated with cervical dysplasia was <17 kDa and highlighted the potential of DCE-MRI to noninvasively monitor the efficacy of antiangiogenic drugs or chemoprevention regimens targeting the vasculature in premalignant cervical dysplasia.
Simian Malaria
Authors: G. Robert Coatney
Journal: JAMA (1963)

UNTIL RECENTLY, it was taken for granted by malariologists that parasites of nonhuman hosts of malaria transmissible to man would not be a problem in the eradication of malaria. This may still be true. The inadvertence was caused by: (1) lack of epidemiological data on such a possibility, and (2) the difficulty experienced by investigators who tried to transmit malaria from lower animals to man. In May, 1960,<sup>1</sup>two members of the staff of our laboratory in Memphis contracted a febrile illness which was diagnosed as malaria of the<i>Plasmodium vivax</i>type. After thorough investigation, the infection was regarded to be of simian origin because: (1) the people were involved in experimental studies of simian malaria, (2) they had carried out large-scale dissections of mosquitoes heavily infected with monkey malaria some 2 weeks before, and (3) neither of the workers had had any contact with human malaria during
THE RELATION OF THE STUDY OF PATHOLOGY TO THE HIGHER MEDICAL EDUCATION.
Authors: J. CLARK STEWART
Journal: JAMA (1894)

In speaking upon this purely scientific subject, I shall try to avoid as far as possible, technical terms and expressions so as to make my remarks intelligible and I hope interesting to our youngest undergraduates, although naturally such a topic appeals more strongly to graduates and advanced students. Our subject is a most important one and worthy of the most careful consideration, both on account of its intrinsic importance and also on account of the rapid change in medical opinion as to its place in the college curriculum. To illustrate this latter phase of the subject, let us compare the changes in the teaching of our best colleges since 1880. Take, for instance, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, a college which then enjoyed and has since maintained a foremost place among our medical colleges by virtue of its high standards and progressive methods. At that time
A Short History of Medicine
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1982)

At present, medical history is undergoing a considerable rise in popularity, but for the most part this new edition of an old book will do little to advance that trend. The book is short—240 pages of actual text, including 23 large illustrations—and in that brief compass the author gives a jet-propelled survey that starts from paleopathology and primitive medicine, passes through Egypt, India, and China to Greece, and thence in a fairly direct line through Western medicine to the 20th century. The text bristles with names. Indeed, the index contains no less than 777 proper names, many of them of secondary and tertiary importance, and most of them mentioned only once. For a few of the historical figures, offered in such profusion, the author is able to pack a fair amount of information into a few sentences, but this is exceptional. The amount of meaningful information conveyed<i>about</i>most of
THE NATURE OF SURGICAL SHOCK AND HENDERSON'S THEORY OF ACAPNIA
Authors: A. OSORIO DE ALMEIDA
Journal: JAMA (1918)

The problem of shock is at present the direct object of energetic research in various scientific laboratories of the United States. The purpose of this research is to determine in the briefest possible time the true nature of this peculiar condition. The urgent need for such investigation is easily understood in view of the fact that large numbers of wounded soldiers are constantly being lost through our inability to treat cases of this nature successfully.  Before the war, the question of shock had been studied in detail, and distinguished among the publications presented on this subject are those of Yandell Henderson. Some time after the appearance of Henderson's work in which the theory of acapnia was advanced, we had occasion to conduct a series of experiments in order to verify the findings of the American physiologist. A paper 1 dealing with the results of these experiments was published in a
Structural determinants of the eosinophil: chemotactic activity of the acidic tetrapeptides of eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis.
Authors: E J Goetzl, K F Austen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1976)

The acidic tetrapeptides of ECF-A, Ala/Val-Gly-Ser-Glu, exhibit peak in vitro chemotactic activity for human eosinophils at concentrations of 3 X 10(-8) M to 10(-6) M, and rapidly deactivate eosinophils to homologous and other stimuli at concentrations as low as 10(-10) M. The analogue Leu-Gly-Ser-Glu reaches peak activity at 10(-8)M-10(-7)M, while Phe-Gly-Ser-Glu requires 10(-4)M to elicit a peak response. Although inversion of the order of glycine and serine does not alter the eosinophil chemotactic activity of the tetrapeptides, deletion of glycine increases by 10-fold the concentration required for peak chemotactic activity, indicating the critical nature of the spacing between NH2- and COOH-terminal residues. The substituent COOH-terminal tripeptide, which is only marginally chemotactic, irreversibly suppresses eosinophil chemotactic responsiveness at a concentration 10,000-fold higher than concentrations necessary for deactivation by the intact tetrapeptide. The high concentration of tripeptide required for this cell directed effect, which is assumed to be analogous to deactivation, is attributed to the absence of the NH2-terminal residue which would facilitate effective interaction with the eosinophil. A substituent NH2-terminal tripeptide and amides of the NH2-terminal amino acids, which are devoid of chemotactic and deactivating activities, reversibly inhibit the tetrapeptide stimulus in a dose-response fashion. The additional finding that the NH2-terminal tripeptide protects the eosinophil from deactivation by the intact tetrapeptide confirms that the competitive interaction is stimulus specific.
Gene responsible for most malignant melanomas is discovered
Authors: M. Gould
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Scientists working on the cancer genome project announced this week that they have made an “unexpectedly early” discovery of the mutant gene responsible for 70% of all malignant melanomas. The project, which is funded by the Wellcome Trust, is based at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire.

The researchers predict that the finding, which occurs in the early stages of a project involving 50 million experiments, will mean that the “vast majority” of the genes involved in the most common cancers will be identified …
Book: Women and Health Services: An Agenda for Change
Authors: A. McPherson
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Ed Lesley Doyal Open University Press, £14.99, pp 258 ISBN 0 335 20136 9 Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img> This multi-author, 16 chapter book is divided into two parts: the first looks at the theory and the case for change, and the second gives examples of the principles in practice. This format works well, and many of the chapters give a useful insight into aspects of health services for women. Three chapters in particular raised my spirits. As expected, Hilary Graham sets health against the backdrop of the widening gap between rich and poor in Britain, and her chapter is well written, understandable, and to the point. For those planning … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif
The Globalization of Motherhood: Deconstructions and Reconstructions of Biology and Care
Authors: Sunita Puri
Journal: JAMA (2011)

“Debby lives on Manhattan's upper West Side. She is the 41-year-old mother of 4-month-old twins conceived via a Hungarian IVF clinic and of 3-year-old Lindsay, adopted from a Chinese orphanage at 11 months of age.”
Tinea Barbae: Man and Beast
Authors: D A Glaser, A T Riordan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Figure 1 A 23-year-old brick mason presented with a three-month history of a boggy, crusted nodule on his upper lip (Panel A). Areas of alopecia and pustules were noted within the lesion. The man owned a bull mastiff, which also had alopecia on his snout that had begun approximately five months previously (Panel B). The patient recalled being nipped on the upper lip by his dog about five months earlier. Culture of the man's lesion revealed a buff-colored powdery colony, with growth within 7 to 10 days (Panel C). Microscopical examination revealed spiral, coiled hyphae and microconidia that were arranged in grape-like clusters (Panel D; lactophenol cotton blue, ×40) and were identified as Trichophyton mentagrophytes variant mentagrophytes. The patient was treated with 200 mg of ketoconazole orally twice a day for one month, and his dog was referred to a veterinarian for treatment of its dermatophyte infection. Neither the patient nor the dog returned for follow-up. Figure 1 A 23-year-old brick mason presented with a three-month history of a boggy, crusted nodule on his upper lip (Panel A). Areas of alopecia and pustules were noted within the lesion. The man owned a bull mastiff, which also had alopecia on his snout that had begun approximately five months previously (Panel B). The patient recalled being nipped on the upper lip by his dog about five months earlier. Culture of the man's lesion revealed a buff-colored powdery colony, with growth within 7 to 10 days (Panel C). Microscopical examination revealed spiral, coiled hyphae and microconidia that were arranged in grape-like clusters (Panel D; lactophenol cotton blue, ×40) and were identified as Trichophyton mentagrophytes variant mentagrophytes. The patient was treated with 200 mg of ketoconazole orally twice a day for one month, and his dog was referred to a veterinarian for treatment of its dermatophyte infection. Neither the patient nor the dog returned for follow-up. Dee Anna Glaser, M.D.Anne T. Riordan, M.D.St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104
Socioeconomic determinants of health: Children, inequalities, and health
Authors: H. Roberts
Journal: BMJ (1997)

This article describes a growing body of evidence showing the adverse effects of the widening income gap on the health and welfare of children and young people. The effects of this go well beyond morbidity and mortality and can also be seen in the areas of crime, violence, and educational attainment. There is a need for evidence based policy in this area, but meanwhile there is scope for intervention in pregnancy and the early years, and good evidence that this is effective. A number of well evaluated interventions not necessarily directly related to health, such as early learning programmes and social support for parents, promise to have beneficial health effects.
Bone marrow patients are in critical condition as they wait for ash cloud to shift
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2010)

At least 16 people in the United Kingdom are in a critical condition as they wait for stem cell transplantations using cells from bone marrow donors abroad that have been held up because of the flight restrictions caused by the shutdown of a large part of European airspace. The patients include a toddler who is waiting for cells from a match in Canada.

The Anthony Nolan Trust, which finds matches for people who need lifesaving stem cell transplantations in the UK and abroad, says that it is doing “everything humanly possible” to get the transplants through alternative routes.

Henny Braund, chief executive of the trust, said, “We have cells sitting in North America while patients in the UK are being kept …
Psychiatry in Dissent
Authors: John P. Callan
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Ever since Phillippe Pinel struck the chains from the insane in the Salpetriere during the French Revolution, psychiatry has been racked by dissent, confusion, and controversy. Even the origins of the word appear to reflect some of the fuzziness and lack of definition surrounding the specialty and its allied disciplines. Though psyche was used to indicate mind and thinking as early as the 17th century, it was not until 200 years later that it was used in the medical sense of studying and treating mental illness.  TheSydenham Lexiconof terms cited it as a medical specialty in 1846, and the following year it was included in Von Feuchtisleben'sMedical Psychology.  Though the ambivalence and uncertainty surrounding psychiatry's infant years has abated to a large extent within the medical profession, psychiatry is under attack from without. Controversial issues, attracting demonstrators like a magnet, include psychosurgery and electroconvulsive therapy, while the
Nervous System, vol 1, Neurologic and Neuromuscular Disorders
Authors: Frank R. Freemon
Journal: JAMA (1986)

The CIBA Pharmaceutical Company first published the nervous system drawings of Frank Netter in 1953. By 1980, this very popular collection of illustrations had gone through 13 printings. An entire generation of physicians has learned about the nervous system from Netter drawings. I can recall that in my medical training at the University of Florida, Gainesville, virtually every lecture about the nervous system was illustrated by the characteristic bright color pictures drawn by Frank Netter. The lecturer had no need to disclose the source of his slide material for everyone in the class recognized the Netter style. Many students, including me, owned and studied the volume of published pictures. Now we have a new edition, grown to such size that it has split into two books, one on normal structure and this one on disordered function. Each plate of illustrations concerns one clinical condition. Thirty neurologists, neurosurgeons, and psychiatrists
Penicillin and Pursers
Authors: J. S. Hall
Journal: BMJ (1946)

Principal-protected securities are the most popular form of structured hedge fund products, and constitute the largest segment of the structured hedge fund market. Financial institutions provide guarantees for the repayment of the principal amount of the protected securities at maturity. To date, structured hedge fund practitioners have used, by and large, the constant proportion portfolio insurance (CPPI) methodology to structure these securities, although some have used the Black-Scholes option (Option) pricing methodology as well. However, few, if any, of the practitioners have used the collateralized debt obligation (CDO) methodology in structuring these securities. The CDO methodology has been one of the most successful and popular methodologies in the structured fixed-income securities market. The CDO methodology obviates the need for a financial institution to guarantee the principal of the securities. This article is designed to illustrate the basic structural frameworks, investment processes, and benefits of the CDO, CPPI, and Option methodologies. The preference for a methodology in structuring a protected securities transaction depends on several factors, such as target investor, leverage, and cost. The author believes that as the market grows and becomes more competitive, the CDO methodology will become one of the structural alternatives for the principal-protected securities transactions.
Leucocyte Ascorbic Acid Levels
Authors: I. W. Dymock, W. P. G. Turck, P. W. Brown, W. P. Small, W. Sircus
Journal: BMJ (1967)

sHu^375 servation as inpatients for periods varying from 14 weeks to 38 years (mean 12.6 years) before treatment.One improved in gait and arm after seven days of treatment, but another showed no improvement until after two months, when walking improved, but not until four and a half months later was improvement seen in the spasticity of the arm.'