tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for osteoporosis in coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: E M Scott
Journal: Gut (2000)

The problem Osteoporotic fractures are a major public health problem.It has been estimated that in the USA the remaining lifetime fracture risk at the age of 50 years is 40% for white women and 13% for white men, 1 the major fracture sites being spine, forearm and hip.This results in considerable morbidity and mortality and rising costs, including acute hospital care and long term care in the home or nursing home.The estimated total annual cost of osteoporotic fractures in England and Wales is £742 million ($464 million). 2These costs are likely to increase as the population ages. Screening BONE MINERAL DENSITYOsteoporosis can be reliably detected by measurement of bone mineral density (BMD), which can be expressed as the number of SDs above or below either the mean BMD for young adults (T score) or the mean BMD for age matched controls (Z score).A BMD more than 2.5 SD below the mean for a young adult is generally taken to indicate osteoporosis. 3tratification for fracture risk is possible using BMD.The risk increases roughly twofold for each SD decline in BMD below the population mean. 4 5This compares with a 1.5-fold increase in the risk of death from coronary artery disease with each SD increase in cholesterol concentrations or diastolic pressure.2.
Evidence of independent gene duplications during the evolution of archaeal and eukaryotic family B DNA polymerases
Authors: D. R. Edgell, S. B. Malik, W. F. Doolittle
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1998)

Eukaryotes and archaea both possess multiple genes coding for family B DNA polymerases. In animals and fungi, three family B DNA polymerases, alpha, delta, and epsilon, are responsible for replication of nuclear DNA. We used a PCR-based approach to amplify and sequence phylogenetically conserved regions of these three DNA polymerases from Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis, representatives of early-diverging eukaryotic lineages. Phylogenetic analysis of eukaryotic and archaeal paralogs suggests that the gene duplications that gave rise to the three replicative paralogs occurred before the divergence of the earliest eukaryotic lineages, and that all eukaryotes are likely to possess these paralogs. One eukaryotic paralog, epsilon, consistently branches within archaeal sequences to the exclusion of other eukaryotic paralogs, suggesting that an epsilon-like family B DNA polymerase was ancestral to both archaea and eukaryotes. Because crenarchaeote and euryarchaeote paralogs do not form monophyletic groups in phylogenetic analysis, it is possible that archaeal family B paralogs themselves evolved by a series of gene duplications independent of the gene duplications that gave rise to eukaryotic paralogs.
Sputum Metalloproteinase-9/Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 Ratio Correlates with Airflow Obstruction in Asthma and Chronic Bronchitis
Authors: ANTONIO M. VIGNOLA, LOREDANA RICCOBONO, ANGELA MIRABELLA, MIRELLA PROFITA, PASCAL CHANEZ, VINCENZO BELLIA, GISÈLE MAUTINO, PROVVIDENZA D'ACCARDI, JEAN BOUSQUET, GIOVANNI BONSIGNORE
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

Asthma and chronic bronchitis are inflammatory diseases with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and collagen deposition. Collagen homeostasis is controlled by metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). We evaluated MMP and TIMP balance in induced sputum of 10 control, 31 untreated asthmatic, and 16 chronic bronchitic subjects. We first performed zymographic analysis to identify the profile of MMPs. Zymography revealed a similar MMPs profile in all populations studied and that MMP-9 was the major enzyme released. We then measured, using enzyme immunoassay, the concentrations of MMP-9 and of its inhibitor TIMP-1 and evaluated whether airflow limitation may be associated with an imbalance between these enzymes. MMP-9 and TIMP-1 concentrations were greater in sputum of patients with asthma and chronic bronchitis than in control subjects. The molar ratio between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 was lower in asthmatics and chronic bronchitics than in control subjects, and positively correlated with FEV1 values. In asthma, MMP-9 levels were significantly correlated with the number of macrophages and neutrophils. This study shows that airway inflammation in asthma and chronic bronchitis is associated with an imbalance between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 which may have a role in the pathogenesis of ECM remodeling and airflow obstruction.
IMPACT OF STRUT–VESSEL DISTANCE AND PLAQUE CHARACTERISTICS ON PERSISTENT INCOMPLETE STRUT APPOSITION: SERIAL OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANALYSIS AFTER EVEROLIMUS–ELUTING STENT IMPLANTATION
Authors: Takumi Inoue, Toshiro Shinke, Hiromasa Otake, Masayuki Nakagawa, Hirotoshi Hariki, Tsuyoshi Osue, Ryo Nishio, Hiranuma Noritoshi, Yu Taniguchi, Masamichi Iwasaki, Akihide Konishi, Hiroto Kinutani, Masaru Kuroda, Ken–ichi Hirata
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Bone destruction in arthritis
Authors: E M Gravallese
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2002)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterised by the presence of an inflammatory synovitis accompanied by destruction of joint cartilage and bone. Destruction of cartilage matrix results predominantly from the action of connective tissue proteinases released by RA synovial tissues, chondrocytes, and pannus tissue. Several lines of evidence in RA and in animal models of arthritis support a role for osteoclasts in the pathogenesis of bone erosions. RA synovial tissues produce a variety of cytokines and growth factors that may increase osteoclast formation, activity, and/or survival. These include interleukin 1α (IL1α) and β, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), IL11, IL17, and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). Receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) is an essential factor for osteoclast differentiation and also functions to augment T cell-dendritic cell cooperative interactions. CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells and synovial fibroblasts derived from RA synovium are sources of RANKL. Furthermore, in collagen induced arthritis (CIA), blockade with osteoprotegerin (OPG), a decoy receptor for RANKL, results in protection from bone destruction. To further evaluate the role of osteoclasts in focal bone erosion in arthritis, arthritis was generated in the RANKL knockout mouse using a serum transfer model. Despite ongoing inflammation, the degree of bone erosion in arthritic RANKL knockout mice, as assessed by microcomputed tomography and correlated histopathological analysis, was dramatically reduced compared with that seen in arthritic control mice. Cartilage damage was present in both the arthritic RANKL knockout mice and in arthritic control littermates, with a trend toward milder cartilage damage in the RANKL knockout mice. This study supports the hypothesis that osteoclasts play an important part in the pathogenesis of focal bone erosion in arthritis, and reveals distinct mechanisms of cartilage destruction and bone erosion in this animal model of arthritis. Future directions for research in this area include the further investigation of a possible direct role for the RANKL/RANK/OPG system in cartilage metabolism, and the possible role of other cell types and cytokines in bone erosion in arthritis.
The Effect of a β-Adrenergic-Blocking Agent (Nethalide) and Nitroglycerin on Exercise Tolerance in Angina Pectoris
Authors: REX N. MACALPIN, ALBERT A. KATTUS, MARK E. WINFIELD
Journal: Circulation (1965)

A study was made of the acute effects of orally administered nethalide on the subjective and electrocardiographic responses to treadmill exercise in 11 patients with angina pectoris. Nethalide lowered the standing heart rate at rest and the maximum heart rate attained with exercise whether or not nitroglycerin was used concurrently. No consistent change in exercise capacity or time of onset of anginal pain and electrocardiographic abnormalities was noted after nethalide administration in the doses used in this study. However, the combination of nethalide and nitroglycerin in most subjects caused a strikingly greater exercise tolerance and delay in the onset of pain and electrocardiographic changes than did nitroglycerin alone.
Treatment, outcome, and cost of care in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Manjusha Kumar, Terry A. Vik, Cynthia S. Johnson, M. Elaine Southwood, James M. Croop
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2005)

Data were reviewed on treatment patterns, outcome, and hospital charges for children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Records of 186 children with ITP, seen between January 1997 and April 2001, were reviewed. Hospital charges for initial management and first re-treatment were calculated by combining physician, hospital, and pathology charges. Anti-D immune globulin [anti-D IG] was used in 32.3%, intravenous immune globulin [IVIG] in 22.6%, steroids in 22.6%, combination therapies in 8%, and 14.5% were observed. Two patients had CNS bleeding, one with intraventricular hemorrhage at diagnosis, and the other with a parietal bleed 1 year from diagnosis. There was no significant differences in time to reach platelet counts of 20, 50, or 150 (x 10(9)/L) across different treatment groups. There was no significant difference in median charges for the IVIG and anti-D IG groups for the initial treatment of ITP. However, the IVIG was significantly more expensive than steroids or observation. Charges for the anti-D IG group were higher than the observation group but not the steroid group. After drug charges were excluded, patients in the IVIG group had statistically higher charges compared to patients in anti-D IG group. Almost half the patients were re-treated. There was no significant difference between anti-D IG, IVIG, and steroid groups when initial and re-treatment charges were combined. The observation group remained least expensive. Outcome for children with ITP is similar regardless of initial management. There is not a statistically significant difference in hospital charges between patients treated with anti-D IG and IVIG. The IVIG-treated group tends to be more costly, but this is not due to drug charges. Re-treatment is common and decreases the difference in patient charges among initial therapies.
Agents Affecting Fertility: A Symposium
Authors: Larry McGowan
Journal: JAMA (1966)

The topics covered by the clinicians, pharmacologists, and biologists included antifertility agents of plant origin, nutritional factors affecting fertility, related immunology, chemical control of male fertility, agents affecting insect fertility, nonsteroidal agents inhibiting pituitary gonadotrophic function, mechanism and clinical application of oral contraceptives, central neural block to ovulation, maternally transmitted embryotrophic agents, inhibition of decidualization, and tranquilizers and nidation.  The symposium presented various stimulating aspects, as, for example, the attempt which should be made to recover knowledge concerning antifertility agents of plant origin from cultures collapsing under the impact of civilization, before the knowledge and empirical work is lost to humanity; immunization for controlling fertility; an agent for the selective suppression of spermatogenesis of immobilization of the spermatozoa; agents having great specificity which act by means of neural mechanisms to regulate the reproductive function of the adenohypophysis; and the intrauterine coil, which prevents nidation by producing a slight but constant
Familial primary cutaneous amyloidosis
Authors: J. A. NEWTON, A. JAGJIVAN, B. BHOGAL, P. H. McKEE, D. H. McGIBBON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

Journal Article Familial primary cutaneous amyloidosis Get access J. A. NEWTON, J. A. NEWTON Department of Dermatology, St Thomas'Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. JAGJIVAN, A. JAGJIVAN Department of Dermatology, St Thomas'Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.Department of Surgical Pathology, St Thomas'Hospital Medical School, London SE1 7EH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B. BHOGAL, B. BHOGAL Department of Immunofluorescence, the Institute of Dermatology, Lisle Street, London, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. H. McKEE, P. H. McKEE Department of Surgical Pathology, St Thomas'Hospital Medical School, London SE1 7EH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D. H. McGIBBON D. H. McGIBBON Department of Dermatology, St Thomas'Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 112, Issue 2, 1 February 1985, Pages 201–208, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1985.tb00084.x Published: 01 February 1985 Article history Accepted: 11 July 1984 Published: 01 February 1985
Attenuation of aspirin-induced bronchoconstriction by sodium cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium.
Authors: M Robuschi, G Gambaro, P Sestini, M G Pieroni, R M Refini, A Vaghi, S Bianco
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

The protective activity of nedocromil sodium and of sodium cromoglycate against aspirin-induced asthma has never been investigated in controlled studies. Because it has been reported that aspirin-induced platelet-mediated cytotoxic activity in vitro is inhibited after treatment in vivo with nedocromil but not with cromoglycate, we investigated whether these compounds also exhibit a different protective activity against aspirin-induced bronchoconstriction. Ten patients with aspirin-induced asthma underwent three bronchial challenges with a single dose of lysine acetylsalicylate (LASA) that caused a decrease in FEV1 of 25% or more in a preliminary dose-response test 30 min after inhalation of 4 mg nedocromil sodium, 10 mg sodium cromoglycate, or placebo. FEV1 and SRaw were recorded at intervals for 195 min. After placebo, LASA caused a maximal decrease in FEV1 of 42 +/- 4% of baseline. After cromoglycate and nedocromil the maximal decrease in FEV1 was reduced to 20 +/- 3% and 18 +/- 4%, respectively (p < 0.01 versus placebo for both treatments), without significant differences between the two treatments. Similar results were observed with SRaw. We conclude that, at the recommended therapeutic doses, sodium cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium are equally effective in attenuating aspirin-induced bronchoconstriction and that it is unlikely that platelet activation participates in the pathogenesis of aspirin-induced asthma.
Experimental Rhinovirus 16 Infection Causes Variable Airway Obstruction in Subjects with Atopic Asthma
Authors: KATRIEN GRÜNBERG, MIEKE C. TIMMERS, ERIC P. A. de KLERK, ELLIOT C. DICK, PETER J. STERK
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

Exacerbations of asthma are often associated with rhinovirus infections. However, it has not been investigated whether rhinovirus infection can induce variable airway obstruction in asthma. We examined the effect of experimental rhinovirus 16 (RV16) infection on daily home recordings of FEV1 in 27 subjects (nonsmoking, atopic, mildly asthmatic) who participated in a parallel placebo-controlled study. The subjects used a microspirometer to record FEV1 three times daily from 4 d before until 10 d after RV16 (n = 19) or placebo (n = 8) inoculation. In addition, symptoms of asthma and symptoms of common cold were scored. Airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine was measured 3 d before and on Days 4 and 11 after RV16/placebo administration. Home recordings of FEV1 decreased significantly after RV16 infection, reaching a minimum 2 d after inoculation (ANOVA, p ⩽ 0.005), which was significantly different from placebo (p ⩽ 0.004). In the RV16 group the lowest FEV1 (expressed as a percentage of personal best) during Days 0–3 after infection (mean ± SEM: 78.7 ± 2.6% versus baseline: 85.6 ± 1.2%, p = 0.008) correlated significantly with the cold score (r = − 0.47, p = 0.04), asthma score (r = − 0.47, p = 0.04), and with the decrease in airway hyperresponsiveness on Day 4 as compared with baseline (r = 0.50, p = 0.03). We conclude that experimental RV16 infection augments variable airway obstruction in subjects with asthma. This favors a causative role for rhinovirus colds in asthma exacerbations, and is in keeping with rhinovirus-induced worsening of airway inflammation.
CTLA‐4 exon 1 polymorphism in patients with autoimmune blood disorders
Authors: Marica Pavkovic, Borce Georgievski, Lidija Cevreska, Mirko Spiroski, Dimitar G. Efremov
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2003)

Abstract CTLA‐4 is a CD28 homologue that plays an important role in negative regulation of T‐cell responses. Its transient expression on the surface of activated T cells antagonizes the activating signals and terminates the T‐cell response. An A to G polymorphism at position 49 of the CTLA‐4 first exon has recently been associated with several autoimmune disorders. In the present study we have examined the prevalence of the A and G alleles of the CTLA‐4 gene in 50 patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), of which 20 had idiopathic AIHA and 30 had AIHA and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and in 60 patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Control subjects were 100 healthy individuals and 100 CLL patients without clinical evidence for an autoimmune disease. The G allele was present at a significantly higher frequency among the patients with AIHA ( P = 0.003), whereas no difference was observed between patients with ITP and controls. The G allele frequency was highest among CLL patients who had developed AIHA. The obtained data indicate that the G allele of CTLA‐4 predisposes to the development of AIHA, particularly among patients with CLL. Am. J. Hematol. 72:147–149, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recruitment of co-metabolic enzymes for environmental detoxification of organohalides.
Authors: L P Wackett
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

Polyhalogenated compounds are often environmentally persistent and toxic to mammals. Microorganisms that metabolize these compounds can detoxify contaminated environments. Different biochemical mechanisms are used to metabolize polyhalogenated compounds, but few naturally occurring bacteria have this capability. A recombinant bacterium was constructed to metabolize polyhalogenated compounds to nonhalogenated end products. Seven genes were expressed in Pseudomonas putida G786 to biosynthesize cytochrome P450CAM and toluene dioxygenase. Cytochrome P450CAM catalyzed reductive dechlorinated reactions and toluene dioxygenase catalyzed oxidative dechlorination. With pentachloroethane, reductive dechlorination yielded trichloroethylene, which was further oxidized to formate and glyoxylate. The sequential action of cytochrome P450CAM and toluene dioxygenase with polyhalogenated compounds constitutes a novel engineered metabolic pathway.
Sex-related differences in respiratory symptoms: results from the BOLD Study
Authors: Bernd Lamprecht, Lowie E. Vanfleteren, Michael Studnicka, Michael Allison, Mary Ann McBurnie, William M. Vollmer, Wan Cheng Tan, Rune Nielsen, Pawel Nastalek, Louisa Gnatiuc, Bernhard Kaiser, Christer Janson, Emiel F.M. Wouters, Peter Burney, A. Sonia Buist
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

For the same degree of lung function impairment females tend to report more (severe) dyspnoea and cough, but less phlegm http://ow.ly/mp2CF
OUTPATIENT SCREENING WITH VERIFYNOW AND CYP2C19 GENOTYPING TO IDENTIFY PATIENTS AT RISK FOR CLOPIDOGREL RESISTANCE
Authors: Jayalalitha Dharmavaram, George A. Stouffer, Michael W. Cammarata, Karen E. Weck, Kenneth Muldrew, Christine M. Walko, Don Gabriel, Joseph Rossi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
"Superscan" Appearance in Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Authors: KENJIROU OHASHI, HOWARD S. SMITH, MARTIN P. JACOBS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1991)

Distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is known to cause metabolic bone abnormalities. For the first time to our knowledge, a case of distal RTA is reported in association with a superscan on bone scintigraphy. Reported cases of metabolic bone diseases producing a superscan appearance were reviewed, and underlying mechanisms are discussed. We speculate that impaired hydrogen ion secretion in this patient with distal RTA subclinically increased bone turnover, contributing to the superscan appearance on bone scintigraphy.
S115 Pleural Fluid Adenosine Deaminase (ada) In The Diagnosis Of Tuberculous Pleural Effusions In A Low Incidence Population
Authors: D. Arnold, R. Bhatnagar, L. Fairbanks, N. Zahan-Evans, A. Clive, A. Medford, N. Maskell
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Numerous studies have assessed the diagnostic ability of pleural adenosine deaminase (ADA) in detecting tuberculous pleural effusions, with good specificity and sensitivity reported. However, in the UK (UK) ADA is not routinely used in the investigation of a patient with a pleural effusion, mainly due to a lack of evidence as to its utility in areas where tuberculosis (TB) incidence is low. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients presenting with an undiagnosed pleural effusion to a tertiary pleural centre in South-West England over a 3 year period, were prospectively recruited to a pleural biomarker study, in which baseline pleural fluid samples were collected and stored. Samples from consecutive patients with robust 12-month follow up data and confirmed diagnoses were sent for ADA analysis. <h3>Results</h3> Of 338 patients enrolled, 7 had confirmed tuberculous pleural effusion (2%). All 7 TB effusions were lymphocyte predominant with a median ADA of 72.0 IU/L (range- 26.7 to 91.5) compared to a population median of 12.0 IU/L (range- 0.3 to 568.4). Using the established cut off of 35 IU/L, ADA was shown to have a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.7% (95% CI; 98.2–99.9%) for the exclusion of TB, and sensitivity of 85.7% (95% CI; 42.2–97.6%) with an area under the curve of 0.88 (95% CI; 0.732–1.000). In the context of a lymphocytic effusion an ADA over 35 IU/L had a sensitivity and positive predictive value of 85.7% (95% CI; 42.2–97.6%), see figure. Bacterial pleural infection was the main alternative cause of raised ADA in our cohort. <h3>Discussion</h3> This is the first study examining the diagnostic utility of pleural fluid ADA in a low TB incidence area. The chance of an effusion with an ADA under 35 IU/L being of tuberculous aetiology was negligible and empirical anti-TB therapy could be avoided in such cases. A pleural ADA of over 35 IU/L in lymphocyte-predominant pleural fluid gives a strong suspicion of tuberculous aetiology. In patients who are unsuitable for more invasive procedures this could be used as an indication to start therapy.
Longitudinal Relationship of Early-Life Immunomodulatory T-cell Phenotype and Function with Development of Allergic Sensitization in an Urban Cohort
Authors: R.M. McLoughlin, A. Calatroni, C.M. Visness, P.K. Wallace, W.W. Cruikshank, J.E. Gern, D.R. Gold
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)