tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Surgeon wins £1.6m in race discrimination case
Authors: Clare Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2005)

A former consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist who was sacked seven years ago after she launched a race discrimination claim against her employers has won £1.6m ($2.9m; £2.4m) compensation. With legal costs, the case is expected to cost her employers, South Tyneside NHS Foundation Trust, nearly £3m.

Nigerian born Feyi Awotona, aged 50 from Gosforth in Tyne and Wear, was sacked in December 1998 for gross personal misconduct. The trust said she was confrontational and obstructive, but an employment tribunal accepted her argument that the race discrimination claim she was preparing was the …
Silicone Gel Breast Implants
Authors: John R. Agnew
Journal: JAMA (1994)

To the Editor.  —I rise to the bait tossed out by the Council on Scientific Affairs (CSA) in their report on silicone breast implants.1This august group suggests that I discuss the risks and benefits with the patient and then let her choose. The benefits are obviously in the mind of the patient; I cannot suggest any additional benefits. The risks are unknown, or at least very uncertain. Just what is it that I am supposed to discuss?
Fraudulent Use of Dr. Murphy's Name.
Authors: J. B. Murphy
Journal: JAMA (1903)

Chicago, May 19, 1903. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I received your letter to-day with the literature from the "Christian Hospital" inclosed. I would say that your letter was one of hundreds which I have received, containing the same kind of literature. As far as I am able to determine, all of the states west of the Mississippi have been flooded with the publications of the "Christian Hospital." I would say, further, that my name was used without either my knowledge or consent, and that this literature was sent out during my absence from the city. I do not know, and have never seen, to my knowledge, a single man whose name is mentioned in the list of the "staff"; I see in there a number of the names which were used in a scheme similar to this one in connection with the "St. Luke's Hospital, Niles, Michigan," scheme, where Dr. Senn's
613 EFFECT OF CHRONIC HCV INFECTION ON HELPER T CELL SKEWING CAPACITY OF CIRCULATING PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELLS. THE INFLUENCE OF ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT (RIBAVIRIN)
Authors: I. Pachiadakis, S. Chokshi, H. Cooksley, D. Farmakiotis, N.V. Naoumov
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Indirect measurement of systolic blood pressure in the lower limb using a mercury in rubber strain gauge
Authors: G. BELL, P. E. NIELSEN, N. A. LASSEN, B. WOLFSON
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1973)

The systolic blood pressure in the thigh, calf, and first toe was measured in 30 normal subjects between the ages of 13 and 55, using a mercury in rubber strain gauge on the toe as the indicator of systolic pressure. The thigh and calf systolic pressures were on average 2·8 mm Hg (SD± 12·8) and 5·2 mm Hg (SD± 12·2), respectively, above that of the brachial artery measured by auscultation. The mean toe systolic pressure was 5·1 mm Hg (SD ± 14·7) below that of the arm when allowances were made for the hydrostatic pressure effect caused by the difference in height between the arm and toe. After correction for changes in arm systolic pressure which occurred between the measurements, the elevation in thigh and calf systolic pressure over the arm was greatest in the older subjects. However, the drop in toe systolic pressure below that of the arm was most marked in the younger subjects. Pressure gradients have been calculated between the thigh and calf and between the calf and toe. The thigh systolic pressure is on average 2·4 mm Hg below that of the calf. The mean calf systolic pressure is 10·4 mm Hg above that of the toe. We conclude that the mercury in rubber strain gauge on the toe is an accurate measurement of systolic blood pressure in the lower limb, is extremely simple to perform, and will be of value in detecting systolic pressure gradients. The pressure measurements may be used to predict run-off problems before surgery for peripheral arterial disease and for selecting more accurately those patients with critical ischaemia.
Hereditary Opalescent Dentine and Wind-instruments
Authors: G. Forrai, C. Vadasz
Journal: BMJ (1966)

not deduce cause and effect from this.My own work showed that the popliteal artery below the level of the knee-joint rarely develops atherosclerotic plaques, and large collaterals seldom arose from this segment.Robertson's work' showed that intimal cushions develop at the origin of branches in the femoral and popliteal arteries and these are transformed into atherosclerotic plaques with increasing age.If this work is valid, plaques are likely to develop in regions where branches are numerous-that is, in the adductor region and in the popliteal artery a few centimetres above the knee-joint-and plaques are less likely to develop where branches are uncommon-that is, in the popliteal artery below the level of the knee- joint.The less severe atherosclerotic changes found in the distal part of the popliteal artery seem therefore to be due to the protective effect of occlusions occurring proximally and to the absence of large branches in this segment of the popliteal artery.-Iam, etc.,
The dissection of transcriptional modules regulated by various drugs of abuse in the mouse striatum
Authors: Marcin Piechota, Michal Korostynski, Wojciech Solecki, Agnieszka Gieryk, Michal Slezak, Wiktor Bilecki, Barbara Ziolkowska, Elzbieta Kostrzewa, Iwona Cymerman, Lukasz Swiech, Jacek Jaworski, Ryszard Przewlocki
Journal: Genome biology (2010)

Abstract Background Various drugs of abuse activate intracellular pathways in the brain reward system. These pathways regulate the expression of genes that are essential to the development of addiction. To reveal genes common and distinct for different classes of drugs of abuse, we compared the effects of nicotine, ethanol, cocaine, morphine, heroin and methamphetamine on gene expression profiles in the mouse striatum. Results We applied whole-genome microarray profiling to evaluate detailed time-courses (1, 2, 4 and 8 hours) of transcriptome alterations following acute drug administration in mice. We identified 42 drug-responsive genes that were segregated into two main transcriptional modules. The first module consisted of activity-dependent transcripts (including Fos and Npas4 ), which are induced by psychostimulants and opioids. The second group of genes (including Fkbp5 and S3-12 ), which are controlled, in part, by the release of steroid hormones, was strongly activated by ethanol and opioids. Using pharmacological tools, we were able to inhibit the induction of particular modules of drug-related genomic profiles. We selected a subset of genes for validation by in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR. We also showed that knockdown of the drug-responsive genes Sgk1 and Tsc22d3 resulted in alterations to dendritic spines in mice, possibly reflecting an altered potential for plastic changes. Conclusions Our study identified modules of drug-induced genes that share functional relationships. These genes may play a critical role in the early stages of addiction.
Failure of Vasodilator Drugs in Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Authors: JAY D. COFFMAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Vasodilator drugs were evaluated at rest (nylidrin, isoxsuprine, and tolazoline) and during exercise (nylidrin, isoxsuprine, and nicotinyl alcohol) in patients with intermittent claudication caused by aortoiliac or femoropopliteal arteriosclerosis obliterans. All drugs were given orally in large doses. Blood flows were measured at rest by plethysmography and during exercise by the disappearance rate of a radioisotope from the gastrocnemius muscle. Nylidrin, isoxsuprine, and tolazoline produced no significant change in resting foot flow; nylidrin increased calf flow at rest in patients with femoropopliteal disease. In 54 exercise tests, there were only 6 patients with improved flow during exercise after nylidrin, isoxsuprine, or nicotinyl alcohol treatment, and even these 6 individuals developed claudication at their usual work load. Since patients with intermittent claudication need an increased muscle flow during exercise and patients with ischemia at rest need an increased skin flow, it is concluded that these drugs are without value when used acutely.
In Favor of the Old Code.
Authors: J. L. Tracy
Journal: JAMA (1894)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —If there were any argument required to prove that the Code as it now stands is a masterpiece in dignified statement of what constitutes professional conduct, that argument in most convincing power would be furnished by placing the alleged "old," "obsolete," Code side by side with the productions of the would-be revisers of it. The Code has been sneered at as a meaningless wordy-make-up hundreds of times, and yet somehow, notwithstanding that it is meaningless, just as soon as a man does an unprofessional thing the old Code tells him of it. The Code appeals to the highest principles in man. Anything which antagonizes the Code is something which is of a lower order than the highest principles in man. Mr. Editor, there are a great many men in the world who enjoy being members of an honorable profession, and who never do anything toward maintaining the
The origin of ventricular arrhythmias 24 hours following experimental anterior septal coronary artery occlusion.
Authors: J F Spear, E L Michelson, S R Spielman, E N Moore
Journal: Circulation (1977)

The anterior septal coronary artery was acutely ligated in 16 open-chest anesthetized dogs to produce an infarct of the septal myocardium. Twenty-four hours following occlusion complete epicardial mapping and extensive plunge electrode recording techniques were used to localize the sites of origin and patterns of activation of the ventricular tachyarrhythmias that developed during recovery. The earliest electrical activity for 13 individual rhythms was recorded from surviving septal subendocardial Purkinje fibers at the margins of the infarct, in the right or left ventricle, directly underlying the sites of earliest epicardial breakthrough. The sites of origin were verified by demonstrating unchanged activation sequences during pacing through the electrode sites which recorded the earliest activity. None of the arrhythmias arose from the His bundle or bundle branches despite the fact that these tissues course directly through the necrotic septum. The data presented supports the hypothesis that ventricular arrhythmias occuring in the 24-36 hour post acute infarction period may originate in the surviving subendocardial Purkinje system. Our experimental model shows that in cases in which a malignant rhythm arises from a focus, whether it is due to enhanced automaticity or local re-entry, epicardial mapping alone may not identify the source of the arrhythmias. Extensive endocardial mapping may provide a more rational basis for surgical interventions designed to abolish these arrhythmias.
Cross Reactions in Human and Simian Malaria
Authors: John E. Tobie
Journal: JAMA (1963)

THE DETECTION of antibody in humans infected by various species of malarial parasites has presented a problem for more than 50 years. Of all the tests, the complement-fixation reaction has provided the most information, but even with this test the chief difficulty has been the lack of a standardized specific antigen of sufficient sensitivity. During the course of complement-fixation studies of malaria, certain investigators have noted cross reactions. In 1927, Kingsbury<sup>1</sup>reported that<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>antigen reacted to about the same degree with<i>P vivax</i>antisera as with<i>P falciparum</i>antisera. However, the same amount of cross reaction did not occur when<i>P vivax</i>antigen was used. In this instance, the<i>P vivax</i>antigen detected the presence of antibody in 67% of the<i>P vivax</i>cases but in only 31% of the<i>P falciparum</i>cases. Some years later Eaton and Coggeshall,<sup>2</sup>using antigen prepared from the parasite,
Randomized Secondary Prevention Trial of Azithromycin in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease and Serological Evidence for <i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> Infection
Authors: Jeffrey L. Anderson, Joseph B. Muhlestein, John Carlquist, Ann Allen, Sanjeev Trehan, Cindy Nielson, Staci Hall, John Brady, Marlene Egger, Benjamin Horne, Tobin Lim
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background — Chlamydia pneumoniae commonly causes respiratory infection, is vasotropic, causes atherosclerosis in animal models, and has been found in human atheromas. Whether it plays a causal role in clinical coronary artery disease (CAD) and is amenable to antibiotic therapy is uncertain. Methods and Results —CAD patients (n=302) who had a seropositive reaction to C pneumoniae (IgG titers ≥1:16) were randomized to receive placebo or azithromycin, 500 mg/d for 3 days, then 500 mg/wk for 3 months. Circulating markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin [IL]-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α), C pneumoniae antibody titers, and cardiovascular events were assessed at 3 and 6 months. Treatment groups were balanced, with age averaging 64 (SD=10) years; 89% of the patients were male. Azithromycin reduced a global rank sum score of the 4 inflammatory markers at 6 (but not 3) months ( P =0.011) as well as the mean global rank sum change score: 531 (SD=201) for active drug and 587 (SD=190) for placebo ( P =0.027). Specifically, change-score ranks were significantly lower for CRP ( P =0.011) and IL-6 ( P =0.043). Antibody titers were unchanged, and number of clinical cardiovascular events at 6 months did not differ by therapy (9 for active drug, 7 for placebo). Azithromycin decreased infections requiring antibiotics (1 versus 12 at 3 months, P =0.002) but caused more mild, primarily gastrointestinal, adverse effects (36 versus 17, P =0.003). Conclusions —In CAD patients positive for C pneumoniae antibodies, global tests of 4 markers of inflammation improved at 6 months with azithromycin. However, unlike another smaller study, no differences in antibody titers and clinical events were observed. Longer-term and larger studies of antichlamydial therapy are indicated.
EFFECT OF 6-MERCAPTOPURINE (6-MP) ON DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ANTIBODY
Authors: Yves Borel, Marthe Fauconnet, Peter A. Miescher
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1965)

In the primary response of mice and rabbits immunized with foreign red cells, 6-MP administration prolonged the formation of 19S antibody. 7S antibody formation was delayed and reduced in these animals. Animals treated with 6-MP during primary response exhibited a preferential 19S response when challenged in the anamnestic response. Animals immunized with small doses of antigen and treated with 6-MP only during the secondary response, reversed the usual antibody pattern and responded with preferential 19S antibody formation.
Health policies on drug dependence must be based on scientific evidence
Authors: M. Davoli
Journal: BMJ (2002)

EDITOR—Scientific evidence on the effectiveness of interventions for drug dependence is increasingly available and should be used to inform policies. Differences between the approaches of the Netherlands and Italy lead us to doubt that this is happening.

Dutch investigators have recently recommended the prescription of heroin to addicts on the basis of two randomised controlled trials.1 The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (the European Union's drug agency) recently stated that “substitution treatment is a key component of a comprehensive approach to drug treatment and can be …
More doctors is not the answer to the EU Working Time Directive
Authors: R. MacDonald
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Social cues, such as eye gaze and pointing fingers, can increase the prioritisation of specific locations for cognitive processing.A previous study using a manual reaching task showed that, although both gaze and pointing cues altered target prioritisation (reaction times [RTs]), only pointing cues affected action execution (trajectory deviations).These differential effects of gaze and pointing cues on action execution could be because the gaze cue was conveyed through a disembodied head; hence, the model lacked the potential for a body part (i.e., hands) to interact with the target.In the present study, the image of a male gaze model, whose gaze direction coincided with two potential target locations, was centrally presented.The model either had his arms and hands extended underneath the potential target locations, indicating the potential to act on the targets (Experiment 1), or had his arms crossed in front of his chest, indicating the absence of potential to act (Experiment 2).Participants reached to a target that followed a nonpredictive gaze cue at one of three stimulus onset asynchronies.RTs and reach trajectories of the movements to cued and uncued targets were analysed.RTs showed a facilitation effect for both experiments, whereas trajectory analysis revealed facilitatory and inhibitory effects, but only in Experiment 1 when the model could potentially act on the targets.The results of this study suggested that when the gaze model had the potential to interact with the cued target location, the model's gaze affected not only target prioritisation but also movement execution.
Phase IB study of the FLT3 kinase inhibitor midostaurin with chemotherapy in younger newly diagnosed adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: R M Stone, T Fischer, R Paquette, G Schiller, C A Schiffer, G Ehninger, J Cortes, H M Kantarjian, D J DeAngelo, A Huntsman-Labed, C Dutreix, A del Corral, F Giles
Journal: Leukemia (2012)
FAMILIAL OCCURRENCE OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Authors: Arthur A. Marlow
Journal: JAMA (1960)

The familia occurrence of systemic lupus erythematosus (S. L. E.) is reported in two sisters of Italian ancestry and a mother and daughter of Mexican ancestry. All four cases exhibited typical symptoms and signs of the disease. The first patient was studied before the L. E. test was in general use, but autopsy revealed the principal microscopic criteria for S. L. E. The other three patients had positive results of L. E. tests, and their conditions have been well controlled by the careful use of corticosteroids. Fifteen other well-documented cases in the literature bring the total reported familial instances of S. L. E. to 19.
SARS in Northern Vietnam
Authors: Thu H. Vu, Jean-François Cabau, Ngoc Tho Nguyen, Michel Lenoir
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

To the Editor: The outbreak of a new, potentially severe, infectious disease, without known cause or treatment, is a stressful challenge, both for patients and for physicians. Our only therapeutic weapons may be individual protection by means of masks, glasses, gloves, smocks, or even suits designed like those that protect against nuclear, biologic, and chemical agents. We would like to summarize our experience with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 39 patients in Vietnam. The incubation period appeared to be about four or five days, after direct contact with a sick patient. In our experience, there did not seem to . . .
A patient with suspected miscarriage is found to have hypertension, renal failure, and thrombocytopenia: case outcome
Authors: Chris M Laing, Rhys Roberts, Liz Lightstone, Alison Graham, Terry H Cook, Shaun Summers, Charles D Pusey
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Last week (30 June; doi: 10.1136/bmj.39212.564745.BE) we described the case of a 46 year old woman who presented after a possible miscarriage with severe hypertension, acute renal failure, alveolar infiltrates on chest radiography, thrombocytopenia, and grand mal convulsions.

Initially, she was given an intravenous infusion of lorazepam, frusemide, and a nitrate. A computed tomography scan of the brain excluded acute haemorrhage. She was then transferred to the renal unit of the Hammersmith Hospital.

On arrival, she remained severely hypertensive at 200/120 mm Hg. Fundoscopy demonstrated flame haemorrhages and papillo-oedema. She had severe peripheral and pulmonary oedema. Urine microscopy demonstrated red blood cells but no red cell casts. Her haemoglobin continued to fall …
Effect of prosthetic valve malfunction on the Doppler-catheter gradient relation for bileaflet aortic valve prostheses.
Authors: H Baumgartner, H Schima, P Kühn
Journal: Circulation (1993)

Considerable discrepancies between Doppler and catheter gradients caused by localized gradients and pressure recovery have been reported for normal bileaflet aortic valve prostheses.To examine whether this Doppler-catheter gradient relation is affected by prosthetic valve malfunction, a 19-mm CarboMedics aortic valve was simultaneously studied with continuous-wave Doppler and catheter technique in normal function and in various states of malfunction ranging from slightly restricted opening to total occlusion of one leaflet. For each functional status, peak and mean gradients were measured at eight different flow rates (cardiac output, 2.0-6.0 L/min). Excellent correlation between Doppler and catheter gradients was found regardless of the valve function (r = 0.99, SEE = 1.0-3.3 mm Hg). However, the relation between Doppler and catheter gradient was highly dependent on the function of the valve as shown by a variation of slopes from 1.08 to 2.08. For the normally functioning valve (angle between flow axis and leaflet 5 degrees), peak and mean Doppler gradients were approximately twice the catheter gradients (slope, 2.08 and 2.03 for peak and mean gradients, respectively). Slightly restricted opening of one leaflet (22 degrees) significantly altered the Doppler-catheter gradient relation, and slopes decreased to 1.69 (p < 0.01) and 1.52 (p < 0.001) for peak and mean gradients, respectively. The differences between Doppler and catheter gradients significantly decreased with further restriction of valve opening, and slopes ranged from 1.25 to 1.41 for angles between 34 degrees and 52 degrees. When one leaflet was totally occluded, the slope finally dropped to 1.08 for both peak and mean gradients, and Doppler gradients were only slightly greater than catheter gradients. Gradients increased with malfunction of the valve caused by reduction of the effective orifice area. However, the increase of Doppler gradients was considerably smaller than the increase of simultaneous catheter gradients.The discrepancies between Doppler and catheter gradients that have been reported for normally functioning bileaflet aortic valve prostheses may be reduced or even disappear in patients with malfunctioning valves. Furthermore, the increase of Doppler gradients caused by malfunction of the valve may underestimate the true hemodynamic changes.