tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Clinical Trials of Implantable Defibrillators
Authors: Robert J. Myerburg, Agustin Castellanos
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

Implantable cardioverter–defibrillators met with much uncertainty when first applied in clinical practice, as zealots and skeptics debated their value. Two points in their favor were clear from the beginning: the technology worked once energy sources and lead development were mastered, and such “safety net” therapy is rational, given the frequency and unpredictability of fatal arrhythmias. However, there were several countervailing sources of concern. These devices cannot help the 20 to 30 percent (or more) of patients with cardiac arrests caused by bradyarrhythmias or asystole.1 Furthermore, the majority of cardiac arrests occur in patients with cardiac diseases that are chronic and . . .
Intrauterine undernutrition: expression and activity of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase in male and female adult offspring
Authors: Maria do Carmo P Franco, Robéria Maria M P Arruda, Ana Paula Villela Dantas, Elisa Mitiko Kawamoto, Zuleica B Fortes, Cristoforo Scavone, Maria Helena C Carvalho, Rita C A Tostes, Dorothy Nigro
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

Epidemiological studies suggest that intrauterine undernutrition plays an important role in the development of arterial hypertension in adulthood. In an attempt to define the mechanisms whereby blood pressure may be raised, we have hypothesized that arteries from offspring of nutritionally restricted dams exhibit abnormalities in the endothelial function and in nitric oxide synthesis. In order to investigate the existence of potential gender differences on the effects of intrauterine undernutrition, both male and female offspring of pregnant Wistar rats on normal and restricted diets were studied in adulthood.Female pregnant Wistar rats were fed either normal or 50% of the normal intake diets, during the whole gestational period. At 14 weeks of age, the rats were used for the study of vascular reactivity, eNOS and iNOS gene expression, eNOS activity and, in the case of females, estrogen levels.Intrauterine undernutrition induced hypertension in both male and female offspring, but hypertension was more severe in male rats. Endothelium-intact aortic rings from male and female rats in the restricted diet group exhibited increased responses to norepinephrine, decreased vasodilation to acetylcholine and unaltered responses to sodium nitroprusside in comparison to aortic rings from control rats. No gender-related differences were observed in the vascular reactivity studies. Intrauterine undernutrition promoted decreased gene expression for eNOS in aorta isolated from male, but not female, offspring, reduction in eNOS activity in both male and female offspring and impairment in synthesis of estrogen in female offspring.Our data show that intrauterine undernutrition: (1) induces hypertension both in the male and female offspring, hypertension being more severe in male than in female rats; (2) alters endothelium-dependent responses in aortas from the resulting offspring. The endothelial dysfunction is associated with a decrease in activity/expression of eNOS in aortas from male offspring. The mechanism involved in altered response to ACh in female offspring might be a consequence of reduction in estrogen levels leading to reduced eNOS activity.
Sex Chromatin in Men With Leukemia, Lymphoma, and Hypertension
Authors: A. S. D. Spiers
Journal: JAMA (1977)

To the Editor.—  Certain constitutional diseases associated with aneuploidy and other cytogenetic defects carry an increased risk of leukemia. 1 Klinefelter syndrome may predispose to lymphoma, leukemia, and breast cancer, while the XYY syndrome may be associated with leukemia. Constitutional aneuploidy was found in five of 43 phenotypically normal individuals with acute leukemia. 2,3 By staining the nuclei of buccal mucosal cells, it is possible to rapidly screen large numbers of patients for numerical abnormalities of the X 4 and Y 5 chromosomes without time-consuming cytogenetic analyses. We sought to determine the presence of numerical changes in the sex chromosomes of men with leukemia and lymphoma and also to ascertain whether treatment with cytotoxic agents alters the incidence or expression of the sex chromatin in buccal mucosal cells.  The men were attending an outpatient clinic for the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma. Controls were men with nonmalignant blood disorders
1298 TARGETING PPARS BY BEZAFIBRATE ALLEVIATES OBESITY, NAFLD AND INSULIN RESISTANCE DUE TO MATERNAL OBESITY IN MICE
Authors: V. Souza-Mello, D.C. Magliano, T.C.L. Bargut, M.B. Aguila, C.A. Mandarim-de-Lacerda
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
The ProCESS Trial — A New Era of Sepsis Management
Authors: Craig M. Lilly
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

The importance of early detection and treatment for reducing the mortality associated with sepsis has been a tenet of medical training since the middle ages, when it was noted that ". . . the physicians say it happens in hectic fever, that in the beginning of the malady it is easy to cure but difficult to detect, but in the course of time, not having been either detected or treated in the beginning, it becomes easy to detect but difficult to cure."1,2 The critical role of the clinician in the early recognition of sepsis continues to this day to be fundamental . . .
Cholesterol screening is not worth while
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Testing cholesterol concentrations and treating raised concentrations while ignoring other risk factors for heart disease is unlikely to save lives and is a waste of NHS resources, according to a report from the NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination.

Cholesterol testing and treatment of raised concentrations with statins need to be targeted at those people with other risk factors of coronary heart disease, according to the report's …
Inflammation and Immunity in Diseases of the Arterial Tree
Authors: Peter Libby, Göran K. Hansson
Journal: Circulation Research (2015)

The hypothesis that immunity and inflammation participate in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases has now gained widespread recognition and stimulated work around the globe. Broadening knowledge has extended the recognition of the role of immune and inflammatory mechanisms to all of the layers of the artery, to all levels of the arterial tree, and implicated virtually all arms, cellular players, and effector molecules and pathways involved in these crucial host defenses, that turn against us in disease. We provide here a guide to a compendium series of articles that aimed to look forward and broaden the traditional focus of immunopathogenesis of arterial disease, with the goal of integrating the players and the layers involved. Although the field has advanced remarkably, much remains to be done, and this commentary also aims to highlight some of the gaps that future research should strive to close on the participation of inflammation and immunity in arterial diseases.
Selecting, designing, and developing your questionnaire
Authors: Petra M Boynton, Trisha Greenhalgh
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Anybody can write down a list of questions and photocopy it, but producing worthwhile and generalisable data from questionnaires needs careful planning and imaginative design 

The great popularity with questionnaires is they provide a “quick fix” for research methodology. No single method has been so abused. 1

Questionnaires offer an objective means of collecting information about people's knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviour.2 3 Do our patients like our opening hours? What do teenagers think of a local antidrugs campaign and has it changed their attitudes? Why don't doctors use computers to their maximum potential? Questionnaires can be used as the sole research instrument (such as in a cross sectional survey) or within clinical trials or epidemiological studies.

Randomised trials are subject to strict reporting criteria,4 but there is no comparable framework for questionnaire research. Hence, despite a wealthof detailed guidance in the specialist literature,1–3> 5 w1-w8 elementary methodological errors are common.1 Inappropriate instruments and lack of rigour inevitably lead to poor quality data, misleading conclusions, and woolly recommendations.w8 In this series we aim to present a practical guide that willenable research teams to do questionnaire research that is well designed, well managed, and non-discriminatory and which contributes to a generalisable evidence base. We start with selecting and designing the questionnaire.

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You and your co-researchers may have different assumptions about precisely what information you would like your study to generate. A formal scoping exercise will ensure that you clarify goals and if necessary reach an agreed compromise. It will also flag up potential practical problems—for example, how long the questionnaire will be and how it might be administered.

As a rule of thumb, if you are not familiar enough with the research area or with a particular population subgroup to predict the range …

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Bilateral pneumothoraces and pleural effusions complicating rheumatoid lung disease.
Authors: O Ayzenberg, D B Reiff, L Levin
Journal: Thorax (1983)

While pleural-pulmonary lesions are not uncommon in rheumatoid disease, pneumothoraces are rare.We describe a case of bilateral pneumothoraces and chyliform effusions with histological evidence of rheumatoid lung disease. Case reportA 58-year-old man was referred to Groote Schuur Hospi- tal from a peripheral hospital and in October 1980 was found to have a pneumothorax on the left side.In June 1981 he presented to the same hospital complaining of progressive shortness of breath; a left pneumothorax was again found and drained.He continued to complain of shortness of breath, and a chest radiograph in September 1981 showed recurrence of the left pneumothorax and he was referred for further investigation.He was a bricklayer but had stopped working because of considerable defor- mities of his joints.There was a history of smoking two to three cigarettes daily but he had had no exposure to min- eral dust.Over the past three years he had developed prog- ressive deformity of his joints associated with some morn- ing stiffness but no dry eyes or mouth.Physical examination showed typical rheumatoid defor- mities of the interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, and wrist joints with interosseus muscle wasting and fixed deformities of the ankles.In addition, there were large non-tender periarticular nodules on the extensor surface of both elbows.On examination of the chest, motion was not limited but there was dullness to percussion with decreased air entry and vocal resonance at both bases.The remainder
Proceedings: Biosynthesis and maturation of skin collagen in scleroderma.
Authors: C M Herbert, K A Lindberg, M I Jayson, A J Bailey
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1974)

DR. DAVIS I think you have missed the point.Our main concern has not been the measurement of viral antibodies as such, but antibodies against RNA; the two are not synonymous as I have explained.
Pulmonary biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins and related substances.
Authors: T E Eling, A I Ally
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1984)

On passage through the lung vascular bed, prostaglandins are removed from the circulation by a transport carrier and subsequently inactivated by intracellular enzymes. However, PGI2 is not inactivated by the lung in vivo. Although PGI2 is an excellent substrate for the intracellular enzymes in vitro, PGI2 is not a substrate for the carrier system. Thus, the transport carrier determines which circulating prostaglandin is inactivated by the pulmonary vascular bed. Also, the lung has a high capacity for forming prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Considerable differences exist between species in relation to amount and specific prostaglandin formed as determined by incubation of 11C-PGH2 with pulmonary microsomes. The pulmonary biosynthesis and metabolism of these prostaglandins and related substances are discussed.
Normal Bacterial Populations of the Intestine and Their Relation to Intestinal Function
Authors: Robert M. Donaldson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

MalabsorptionThe Blind-Loop SyndromeAbnormal intestinal function has been observed in a number of conditions characterized by excessive proliferation of bacteria within the lumen of the small bowel. In this so-called "blind-loop syndrome" macrocytic anemia, vitamin B12 malabsorption and steatorrhea are associated with small-bowel abnormalities conducive to localized stasis of intestinal contents. The major clinical and pathological features of the syndrome were documented in 1939 by Barker and Hummel,180 and the subject has more recently been extensively reviewed from several points of view.105,133, 181 182 183 Surgical blind loops, strictures, enteroenterostomies, fistulas and diverticula involving the small intestine may all be associated . . .
Air travel and respiratory disease
Authors: M. D L Morgan
Journal: BMJ (2002)

In spite of recent events, air passenger travel is increasing. Globally, over one billion people now fly each year, and the United Kingdom alone had over 180 million air traffic movements in 2001.1 The increasing availability of lower cost travel also makes such journeys accessible to older or less financially advantaged travellers. It has become common for people with lung disease to wish to travel and in turn seek advice from their medical practitioners about the provision of oxygen and other issues. Surprisingly, reports of serious incidents concerning travellers with lung disease are relatively rare, but a systematic investigation of this area has not yet been conducted. Since respiratory problems are estimated to make up about 11% of in-flight emergencies it is reasonable to assume that the burden of risk surrounding the flight itself and later disruption of the journey is significant.2

Advice about the particular medical hazards of travel for patients with respiratory disease and their necessary assessment has not been easy to obtain. Paradoxically, patients themselves have had greater access to information …
Abstract 2604: Transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway variants and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Genetics Study
Authors: Xiangyu Ma, Alicia Beeghly-Fadiel, Qiuyin Cai, Wei Lu, Yu-Tang Gao, Jirong Long, Ben Zhang, Jiajun Shi, Ying Zheng, Xiao-Ou Shu, Wei Zheng
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway is critical for several important cellular functions, and plays dual roles in the carcinogenic process. We systematically evaluated associations of common variants in TGF-β signaling pathway genes with breast cancer risk using a multi-staged, population-based, case-control study among Chinese women. In Stage I, 341 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with MAFs ≤ 0.05 across 11 genes were evaluated among 2,926 cases and 2,380 controls. In Stage II, 20 SNPs with promising associations were evaluated among an additional 1,890 cases and 2,000 controls. Six SNPs from the TGFB2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2 and TGFBR3 genes were found to have consistent and significant associations in combined analyses with breast cancer risk in combined analyses of Stage I and Stage II data. One variant, TGFBR2 rs1078985, had not only consistent, but also highly significant associations with breast cancer risk in both study stages, as well as promising results from in silico analysis, and so was further evaluated. Results from additional genotyping in Stage III (2,475 cases and 2,343 controls) were also consistent; compared with the major allele homozygotes (GG) of rs1078985, reduced breast cancer risks were associated with AA(OR=0.75, 95%CI=0.60-0.94) and AG (OR=0.89, 95%CI=0.82-0.96) genotypes (Ptrend =0.0003). These data support a role for common genetic variation in TGF-β signaling pathway genes, specifically for a variant in TGFBR2, in breast cancer susceptibility. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2604. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2604
Abnormal vascularization in mouse retina with dysregulated retinal cholesterol homeostasis
Authors: Saida Omarova, Casey D. Charvet, Rachel E. Reem, Natalia Mast, Wenchao Zheng, Suber Huang, Neal S. Peachey, Irina A. Pikuleva
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Several lines of evidence suggest a link between age-related macular degeneration and retinal cholesterol maintenance. Cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1) is a ubiquitously expressed mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase that plays an important role in the metabolism of cholesterol and cholesterol-related compounds. We conducted a comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation of mice lacking CYP27A1. We found that the loss of CYP27A1 led to dysregulation of retinal cholesterol homeostasis, including unexpected upregulation of retinal cholesterol biosynthesis. Cyp27a1-/- mice developed retinal lesions characterized by cholesterol deposition beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. Further, Cyp27a1-null mice showed pathological neovascularization, which likely arose from both the retina and the choroid, that led to the formation of retinal-choroidal anastomosis. Blood flow alterations and blood vessel leakage were noted in the areas of pathology. The Cyp27a1-/- retina was hypoxic and had activated Müller cells. We suggest a mechanism whereby abolished sterol 27-hydroxylase activity leads to vascular changes and identify Cyp27a1-/- mice as a model for one of the variants of type 3 retinal neovascularization occurring in some patients with age-related macular degeneration.
Palliative Care for Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Hiroshi Mitsumoto, Judith G. Rabkin
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating terminal neurodegenerative disease with a highly predictable clinical course such that palliative care should begin at or soon after diagnosis. The outcome is certain in most cases. The only medication approved for treatment in the United States, riluzole, extends life by about 2 months. Virtually all skeletal muscles eventually are affected. Multiple problems require a multidisciplinary approach including aggressive symptomatic management, rehabilitation to maintain motor function, nutritional and respiratory support, augmentative communication devices, and psychological support for both patients and families because family members so often play a central role in management and care. Social, bioethical, and financial issues as well as advance directives should be addressed long before enteral feeding or assistive ventilatory support might be considered. Goals of care should be assessed on an ongoing basis. Presenting the unusual case of a patient with ALS who is also a prominent neurologist specializing in ALS, we enumerate issues in management and palliative care applicable to ALS but also to other fatal, progressive neurologic diseases such as Huntington's chorea and late-stage Parkinson disease.
The draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)
Authors: Qiang Xu, Ling-Ling Chen, Xiaoan Ruan, Dijun Chen, Andan Zhu, Chunli Chen, Denis Bertrand, Wen-Biao Jiao, Bao-Hai Hao, Matthew P Lyon, Jiongjiong Chen, Song Gao, Feng Xing, Hong Lan, Ji-Wei Chang, Xianhong Ge, Yang Lei, Qun Hu, Yin Miao, Lun Wang, Shixin Xiao, Manosh Kumar Biswas, Wenfang Zeng, Fei Guo, Hongbo Cao, Xiaoming Yang, Xi-Wen Xu, Yun-Jiang Cheng, Juan Xu, Ji-Hong Liu, Oscar Junhong Luo, Zhonghui Tang, Wen-Wu Guo, Hanhui Kuang, Hong-Yu Zhang, Mikeal L Roose, Niranjan Nagarajan, Xiu-Xin Deng, Yijun Ruan
Journal: Nature Genetics (2012)

Yijun Ruan and colleagues report the draft genome of the sweet orange, Citrus sinensis. Their data suggests sweet orange originated from a cross between pummelo and mandarin. Oranges are an important nutritional source for human health and have immense economic value. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). The assembled sequence covers 87.3% of the estimated orange genome, which is relatively compact, as 20% is composed of repetitive elements. We predicted 29,445 protein-coding genes, half of which are in the heterozygous state. With additional sequencing of two more citrus species and comparative analyses of seven citrus genomes, we present evidence to suggest that sweet orange originated from a backcross hybrid between pummelo and mandarin. Focused analysis on genes involved in vitamin C metabolism showed that GalUR, encoding the rate-limiting enzyme of the galacturonate pathway, is significantly upregulated in orange fruit, and the recent expansion of this gene family may provide a genomic basis. This draft genome represents a valuable resource for understanding and improving many important citrus traits in the future.
Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection
Authors: William Krivit
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1977)

Abstract One of the more intriguing aspects of the spleen is the protection against certain bacterial infections afforded by its unique vascular and immune function. There have been extensive clinical surveys which indicate an incidence of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI) above that of the disease for which the splenectomy was done. In the absence of the spleen, either congenital or subsequent to surgical removal, this overwhelming sepsis has a 50% case fatality rate. The most common infective organism has been Diplococcus (Streptococcus) pneumoniae (D. pneumoniae). Intensive investigations indicated loss of phagocytic function of the spleen, depression of serum IgM levels, a possible suppression of the lymphocyte responsiveness, and changes in opsonin‐alternative complement system as potential causes of OPSI. Preventive measures against OPSI include trials of prophylactic Phenoxymethyl Penicillin (penicillin) and pneumococcal vaccine.
Tc-99m Diphosphonate Imaging in the Differential Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules
Authors: ASLAM R. SIDDIQUI, HENRY N. WELLMAN, HEE-MYUNG PARK, BRYAN T. BURNEY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1982)

Early Tc-99m diphosphonate (DP) imaging was performed in 122 patients with cold thyroid nodules in an effort to differentiate benign nodules from malignant. Immediately upon completion of the routine 24-hour I-123 uptake and multiview pinhole imaging, Tc-99m DP was injected intravenously and three serial 3-minute anterior images of the thyroid gland were obtained. Follow-up information was available in 85 patients. All cystic lesions had less Tc-99m uptake as compared with the uptake in the normal parts of the thyroid. However, 48 of 50 solid nodules had Tc-99m DP uptake to the same or greater degree than did the normal gland. The other two had mixed pattern on ultrasound examination. Most of the carcinomas (8 of 10) and benign adenomas (15 of 22) had identical appearance on Tc-99m scans, i.e., uptake in the lesion being the same as in the normal thyroid. It appears that by using this technique it is possible to separate solid nodules from cystic, but not benign from malignant.