tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Galvano-Cautery Sound, and its Application Especially in Hypertrophied Prostate; with Report of Cases
Authors: R. Newman
Journal: BMJ (1887)

tion of phonograph and telephone, or the " eleatic phonograph," that the reder of a paper in a medical congres can hereafter have his thoughts recorded on a properly trepared iron disc, and, when invited to read it, instead of taking a trip across the ocean, will forward his disc, which, being connected with the speaking telephone, can be heard by the audience as well as if the writer was near and spoke through the telephone.2YA serious objection to this arrangement is that we should be deprived of the pleasures due to social intercourse at the place of meeting and the magnetic influence of the speaker.The programme as printed for each day will enable you to know the subjects of papers and discussions to be presented to the Section, and I will no longer trespass on your patience and keep you from the consideration of the valuable treatises that will be offered by the ma- tured experience of thcse who are to participate in our scientific work.
Most Australians believe that drug company payments influence doctors' decisions
Authors: R. Moynihan
Journal: BMJ (2012)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Stimuli are represented in the brain by the collective population responses of sensory neurons, and an object presented under varying conditions gives rise to a collection of neural population responses called an <i>object manifold</i>. Changes in the object representation along a hierarchical sensory system are associated with changes in the geometry of those manifolds, and recent theoretical progress connects this geometry with <i>classification capacity</i>, a quantitative measure of the ability to support object classification. Deep neural networks trained on object classification tasks are a natural testbed for the applicability of this relation. We show how classification capacity improves along the hierarchies of deep neural networks with different architectures. We demonstrate that changes in the geometry of the associated object manifolds underlie this improved capacity, and shed light on the functional roles different levels in the hierarchy play to achieve it, through orchestrated reduction of manifolds’ radius, dimensionality and inter-manifold correlations.
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE ON THE PLEA OF INSANITY IN CRIMINAL TRIALS
Authors: J. W. Springthorpe, W. L. Mullen
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1893)

We are able to say, with comnplete confidence and earnest sincerity, that the legal test for the irresponsibility of the insane is wrong in theory, false in fact, cruel in its metaphysical conception, and unreliable in its practical application. If, however, the law, admitting its errors, asks medical men to supply sonic new test of irresponsibility capable of general application, it is asking an impossibility. Insanity is not a result of metaphysical definition; it is a matter of physical brain disease. There is no single test of insanity; there caii be no single test for the irresponsibility of the insane. Some insane are responsible for certain, if not all of their criminal acts; others are completely irresponsible, and there are gradations of responsibility varying with the nature of the act and the state of the insane person. Every case must be considered by its own facts. As well might a medical man ask the law to lay down the test for typhoid fever when an area is declared infected and when all cases occuring therein must be reported under penalty of a fine. "The falseness of the legal position," says Maudsley, "will appear at once if we suppose a case of poisoning instead of a case of mental derangement. What would be thought of a judge who, when medical evidence of poisoning was given, should instruct the jury as a principle of law that they must be governed in their verdict by the presence or absence of a particular symptom. If the tests of insanity are matters of law the practice of allowing experts to testify what they are should be discontinued; if they are matters of fact the judge should no longer testify without being sworn as a witness, and showing himself qualified to testify as an expert." Judge Doe, State of New Hampshire vs. Pike. "But, in truth, the tests of insanity are no more matters of law than are the tests of a poison or the symptoms of a disease. If a jury were instructed that certain manifestations were symptoms or tests of consumption, cholera, congestion or poison, a verdict rendered in accordance with such instructions would be set aside, not because they were be determined by the jury upon evidence." Boardman vs. Woodman, State of New Hampshire. Dispassionate thought must convince anyone that there can be no single test for the irresponsibility of the insance. The absence of a knowledge of right and wrong, the inability to control one's impulses, the want of design in planning some act, the lack of cunning in escaping from justice, the failure to recognize acquaintances, the unfitness to transact business—not one of these is a sure test. All tests of insanity and of irresponsibility there-from are purely matters of fact which should in each case be determined by the jury, and not laid down by the Court.
Dislocation of Hip in a Child
Authors: Charles Haines
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> An article by Dr. Raymond G. Tronzo entitled "Traumatic Dislocation of the Hip in a Child: A Problem in Anesthetic Management" appeared inThe Journal(<b>176</b>:526 [May 13] 1961). In the<i>Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery</i>(<b>19</b>:1126 [Oct.] 1937), I reported a "Traumatic Dislocation of Head of Femur in a Child." My patient was 6 years of age at the time of the accident. I reduced the dislocation of the head of the femur by the Simpson method without using narcotics or an anesthetic. Although Simpson reported his maneuver for the reduction of a dislocation of the hip more than 60 years ago, the method seems to have fallen into undeserved disuse. In my experience the Simpson method is simple, easy to carry out, and usually successful. Briefly, the Simpson method consists in placing the patient prone on a firm table with the pelvis
Octreotide induced prolongation of colonic transit increases faecal anaerobic bacteria, bile acid metabolising enzymes, and serum deoxycholic acid in patients with acromegaly
Authors: L A Thomas
Journal: Gut (2005)

Acromegalic patients have slow colonic transit, increased rates of deoxycholic acid formation, and an increased prevalence of cholesterol gall stones, especially during long term octreotide treatment. However, the effects of this prolonged large bowel transit time on the numbers of faecal anaerobes and the activities of the enzyme systems which biotransform conjugated cholic acid into unconjugated deoxycholic acid (cholylglycine hydrolase and 7alpha-dehydroxylase) are unknown.Therefore, in 10 non-acromegalic controls, 11 acromegalic patients not treated with octreotide, and 11 acromegalics on long term (8-48 months) octreotide (100-200 mug three times daily subcutaneously), we measured large bowel transit time and, in freshly voided faeces, the activities of the two bile acid metabolising enzymes, and related the results to the proportion of deoxycholic acid in fasting serum. Moreover, in patients with acromegaly, we measured quantitative bacteriology in faeces.Mean large bowel transit time in acromegalics not treated with octreotide (35 (SEM 6.5) hours) was 66% longer than that in non-acromegalic controls (21 (3.1) hours; NS) and became further prolonged during octreotide treatment (48 (6.6) hours; p<0.001). These octreotide induced changes in transit were associated, in acromegalic patients, with more total (15.0 (2.5) v 6.3 (1.3)x10(9) colony forming units (cfu)/g; p<0.05) and Gram positive (6.3 (2.3) v 3.2 (1.0)x10(9) cfu/g; p<0.05) faecal anaerobes. Mean faecal cholylglycine hydrolase activity in the long term octreotide group (22.0 (6.0)x10(-2) U/mg protein) was 138% greater than that in non-acromegalic controls (12.0 (6.0)x10(-2); p<0.01). Similarly, mean 7alpha-dehydroxylase activity in octreotide treated acromegalics (11.1 (1.18)x10(-4) U/mg protein) was 78% greater than that in patients not receiving long term octreotide (6.3 (0.5)x10(-4); p<0.001). The mean proportion of deoxycholic acid in fasting serum also increased from 18.0 (2.88)% in the untreated group to 29.6 (2.3)% during long term octreotide (p<0.05). There were significant linear relationships between large bowel transit time and: (i) faecal 7alpha-dehydroxylase activity; and (ii) the proportion of deoxycholic acid in fasting serum and between 7alpha-dehydroxylase activity and the proportion of deoxycholic acid in serum.Summary/interpretation: These data suggest that increased deoxycholic acid formation seen in acromegalics during octreotide treatment is due not only to the greater numbers of faecal anaerobes but also to increased activity of the rate limiting enzyme pathway (7alpha-dehydroxylation) converting cholic acid to deoxycholic acid.
A New Gastrostomy Catheter
Authors: A. W. Kay
Journal: BMJ (1964)

patients; improvement in swallowing occurred within 36 hours and complete relief of dysphagia by the fourth day.Rapid healing of the oesophagus occurred, and it was confirmed that the radiological appearances return completely to normal within 10 to 14 days (Kaufman et al., 1960).Amphotericin B is also effective (Egeblad, 1961), but would seem to possess little advantage over nystatin in the treatment of gastro-intestinal moniliasis.The simultaneous administration of nystatin during broad- spectrum antibiotic therapy (Newcomer, Wright, and Sternberg, 1954-5) reduces intestinal overgrowth by candida and should be considered when treating infections in patients who are particularly prone to develop monilial infections. SummaryTwo cases of painful retrosternal dysphagia due to monilial oesophagitis are described.Oesophageal involvement was the presenting and predominant feature of the monilial infection, there being little evidence of thrush elsewhere.The value of radiology in assisting in diagnosis is emphasized.Our thanks are due to Dr. E. R. Cullinan and Dr. K. 0.
Lipid Research Clinics Program-Reply
Authors: Basil M. Rifkind
Journal: JAMA (1984)

In Reply.—  None of the differences in cause-specific mortality that Dr Gimlett cites, nor the difference between the two LRC-CPPT treatment groups in all-cause mortality, was statistically significant. Note, however, that from its inception, the LRC-CPPT was testing the hypothesis that the combined incidence of definite CHD death and nonfatal myocardial infarction, which was the  end  specified in the protocol , would be lower in the cholestyramine group than in the placebo-treated controls.  A study at least five times larger than the LRC-CPPT would have been required to test the hypothesis that cholesterol reduction lowers either all-cause or cardiovascular mortality. It is the statistically significant difference in incidence of the prespecified primary end point rather than the nonsignificant difference in CHD mortality that enables one to conclude that treatment was beneficial. While the trend toward more accidental deaths, suicides, and homicides in the cholestyramine group has to be noted,
Extended Patient Care: A Guide for Nursing Facilities
Authors: Maggie Hadro
Journal: JAMA (1986)

With the upsurge in interest in geriatrics as a health care speciality, the idea of creating a quick reference manual for those who take care of aged patients is both relevant and timely. Drs Wohl and Schiff clearly state the facts that an increasing geriatric population and the institution of diagnosis-related groups along with new Medicare regulations will indeed place more acute geriatric patients in extended care facilities. Thus, there will be a need for more knowledgeable professionals to take care of these patients. This text was created to provide guidelines for care of the common day-to-day problems encountered by nursing home staff (primarily nurses). It does not purport to be a comprehensive guide on geriatric care or chronic disease. The authors should be commended for their attempt to provide a general, useful manual on elderly patient care. Unfortunately, owing to the brevity and generality of the content, the book
Management of Diabetes Mellitus and Surgery
Authors: Jurgen Steinke
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

A 44-year-old obese woman is admitted to the hospital for elective hysterectomy; on routine preoperative urine testing she is found to have glycosuria. Should operation be postponed?A 72-year-old diabetic man with advanced peripheral vascular disease and one gangrenous toe is scheduled for surgery. His diabetes has been managed with diet and tolbutamide, two tablets before breakfast and one before supper. How should his diabetes be managed on the day of surgery?A 19-year-old previously healthy college student is seen at the emergency ward with acute abdominal pain and vomiting. His white-cell count is 18,000; his urine gives a 4+ . . .
Cognitive function in hepatitis C patients with advanced fibrosis enrolled in the HALT-C trial
Authors: Robert J. Fontana, Linas A. Bieliauskas, Carla Back-Madruga, Karen L. Lindsay, Ziad Kronfol, Anna S. Lok, Latha Padmanabhan, None the HALT-C Trial Group
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2005)
The Relation between Hospital Management and Medical Staff under a Prospective-Payment System
Authors: Bruce E. Spivey
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

The relationship between hospital managers and medical staff has frequently been one of less than mutual trust and respect, in part because the two groups have somewhat different goals. Hospital management focuses on finances, and its primary financial goal is to keep the hospital fiscally solvent and efficient, whereas the medical staffs primary goal is to provide patients with the best possible care, with less regard for cost. If these somewhat differing goals have been a problem in the past, they could produce a crisis with the advent of prospective-payment systems.Under the new Medicare prospective-payment system, payments to hospitals . . .
Environmental Levels of <i>para</i> -Nonylphenol Are Able to Affect Cytokine Secretion in Human Placenta
Authors: Nicoletta Bechi, Francesca Ietta, Roberta Romagnoli, Silke Jantra, Marco Cencini, Gianmichele Galassi, Tommaso Serchi, Ilaria Corsi, Silvano Focardi, Luana Paulesu
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

para-Nonylphenol (p-NP) is a metabolite of alkylphenols widely used in the chemical industry and manufacturing. It accumulates in the environment, where it acts with estrogen-like activity. We previously showed that p-NP acts on human placenta by inducing trophoblast differentiation and apoptosis.
The JAMA Journal Club
Authors: Michael I. Gannon
Journal: JAMA (1989)

The American Medical Association (AMA) provides continuing medical education to physicians worldwide through<i>JAMA</i>, the 11 international editions of<i>JAMA</i>, and the 9 AMA specialty journals. The regular English-language<i>JAMA</i>is received by nearly 400 000 recipients in 132 countries. The international editions are received by approximately another 300 000, and the specialty journals have an aggregate distribution of about 360 000. Authors of articles accepted for publication, therefore, reach and communicate with hundreds of thousands of physicians and, through the media, the public at large. This week the AMA launches a new continuing medical education program that will extend and amplify the educational value of these journals many times over—the<i>JAMA</i>Journal Club. The concept is deceptively simple. The reading of journal articles, which physicians have always indicated as a primary source of their continuing medical education,<sup>1</sup>is combined with small-group discussion, which educators have always recognized as
Natural History and Risk Stratification of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Jean-Sébastien Hulot, Xavier Jouven, Jean-Philippe Empana, Robert Frank, Guy Fontaine
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Management of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) is complicated by the incomplete information on the natural history of the disease and by the lack of risk stratification for cardiovascular death. The aim of the study was the identification of risk factors related to long-term prognosis.Data were collected from 130 patients (100 men; age at onset of symptoms, 31.8+/-14.4 years) from a tertiary center between 1977 and 2000 who fulfilled the international standardized diagnostic criteria for ARVD/C. Risk factors for cardiovascular death were determined by a logistic regression model. After a mean follow-up of 8.1+/-7.8 years, 24 deaths were recorded, with a mean age at death of 54+/-19 years (annual mortality rate, 2.3%). There were 21 deaths with a cardiovascular origin (progressive heart failure for 14 patients and sudden death for the remaining 7 patients). All patients who died had a history of ventricular tachycardia. Multivariate analysis showed that after adjustment for sex, history of syncope, chest pain, inaugural ventricular tachycardia, recurrence of ventricular tachycardia, and QRS dispersion, clinical signs of right ventricular failure and left ventricular dysfunction both remained independently associated with cardiovascular mortality. The combined presence of one of these risk factors and ventricular tachycardia identifies high-risk subjects for cardiovascular mortality, whereas patients without ventricular tachycardia displayed the best prognosis.The information on the natural history of patients with ARVD allowed us to identify risks factors for cardiovascular mortality. An analysis of a large international registry is needed to refine these results.
Adaptive strategies regulating energy balance in human pregnancy
Authors: Andrew M. Prentice, Sally D. Poppitt, Gail R. Goldberg, Ann Prentice
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (1995)

Journal Article Adaptive strategies regulating energy balance in human pregnancy Get access Andrew M. Prentice, Andrew M. Prentice 1 MRC Dunn Clinical Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2DH, UK 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Telephone: (0) 1223 415 695; Fax: (0) 1223 413 763 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Sally D. Poppitt, Sally D. Poppitt MRC Dunn Clinical Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2DH, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Gail R. Goldberg, Gail R. Goldberg MRC Dunn Clinical Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2DH, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ann Prentice Ann Prentice MRC Dunn Clinical Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2DH, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Human Reproduction Update, Volume 1, Issue 2, 1 January 1995, Pages 149–161, https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/1.2.149 Published: 01 March 1995
RABBIT POX
Authors: Harry S. N. Greene
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1934)

The lesions found in animals with epidemic rabbit pox have been described in this paper. The most distinctive gross lesion in all organs and tissues was the small nodule or papule which was found to consist of mononuclear infiltration and necrosis. Diffuse lesions were also found in which the infiltration was widespread and accompanied by edema, hemorrhage and extensive necrosis of affected tissues and organs. The possibility of the diffuse lesions being due to the action of secondary invaders was considered, but available evidence indicated that the different types, including pneumonia, represented reactions to a single causative agent. Moreover, an intimate relationship was observed to exist between lesions and small blood vessels in which primary endothelial damage was usually apparent. The degree of vascular damage generally corresponded to the extent of the lesion and it is probable that this in turn corresponded to the dose of the causative agent. The close analogy between the clinical manifestations and pathological processes of this disease in the rabbit and small pox in man led to the conclusion that the disease in the rabbit is essentially the same as small pox, and that it is probably produced by a virus closely related to the virus of small pox. Available evidence indicated that the infection originated in the Institute and that it spread in atypical form or masked by some other disease until it reached the breeding colony as a clearly defined epidemic infection.
Integrative Genomic Analysis Reveals a High Frequency of LKB1 Genetic Alteration in Chinese Lung Adenocarcinomas
Authors: Rong Fang, Chao Zheng, Yihua Sun, Xiangkun Han, Bin Gao, Chenguang Li, Hongyan Liu, Kwok-Kin Wong, Xin-Yuan Liu, Haiquan Chen, Hongbin Ji
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2014)
Cetacean culture: Resisting myths and addressing lacunae
Authors: Alan Rauch
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

Assessments of cetacean behavior has been hampered by popular misconceptions and mythic imagery. Rendell and Whitehead argue persuasively for accepting the idea of cetacean culture. Approaches to “culture,” however, must resist positivist approaches that reaffirm the observable. Culture is also comprised of “lacunae” when organisms choose to resist or avoid behavioral patterns.
An Ethical Debate Financial ties as part of informed consent to postmarketing research: But is it research?
Authors: J. S Tobias
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Clinicians in the United Kingdom are well acquainted with phase I-III studies of novel pharmaceutical agents before marketing, but the concept of phase IV research is less familiar. La Puma and colleagues ask an important question: if pharmaceutical companies are prepared to offer individual doctors financial inducement to use a new agent, should the doctor make the patient aware of this payment? Bearing in mind that substantial rewards are also commonplace for enrolment of patients in phase I-III studies, what's the difference here? Why the fuss?

The central issue is that so little “postmarketing research” can truly be described as research at all. It is more in the nature of a marketing exercise—as the Chicago reports points out, these studies …
Ventricular Septal Defect with Aortic Insufficiency
Authors: ERNST W. O. KECK, PATRICK A. ONGLEY, OWINGS W. KINCAID, H. J. C. SWAN
Journal: Circulation (1963)

Eighteen patients with the combination of ventricular septal defect and aortic insufficiency were studied. Nine also had infundibular pulmonary stenosis. Seventeen were treated by open-heart operations. The physical findings were those of a typical ventricular defect murmur and thrill together with an aortic insufficiency blow and a wide pulse pressure. A systolic murmur at the upper left sternal border with thrill is strongly suggestive of the additional lesion of infundibular pulmonary stenosis, but the presence or absence of infundibular pulmonary stenosis was indicated most accurately at cardiac catheterization and on inspection at operation. It was not of sufficient severity for signs of additional right ventricular hypertrophy to appear on the electrocardiogram. Retrograde aortography serves to demonstrate the severity of the aortic regurgitation. The problem of the surgical correction of these lesions will be the subject of a separate communication.