Ticks and Lyme Disease in the United States
Authors: WILLY BURGDORFER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Editorials1 July 1983Ticks and Lyme Disease in the United StatesWILLY BURGDORFER, PH.D., JAMES E. KEIRANS, PH.D.WILLY BURGDORFER, PH.D.Search for more papers by this author, JAMES E. KEIRANS, PH.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-99-1-121 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptIn 1909, the Swedish physician Arvid Afzelius described for the first time a migrating annular lesion, erythema chronicum migrans, on a patient bitten by the ixodid tick, Ixodes ricinus. Subsequently, numerous cases of erythema chronicum migrans have been reported in northern and middle Europe and have been associated with the bites of this tick or possibly other hematophagous arthropods. The cause of this and related disorders (meningoradiculitis or Bannwarth's syndrome) remained unknown although tick-transmitted toxins, viruses, rickettsiae, and even spirochetes had been considered.In the United States, the first case of erythema chronicum migrans was reported in 1970 from Wisconsin...References1. SCRIMENTI R. Erythema chronicum migrans. Arch Dermatol. 1970;102:104-5. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. STEERE A, MALAWISTA S, HARDIN J, RUDDY S, ASKENASE P, and ANDIMAN W. Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis: the enlarging clinical spectrum. Ann Intern Med. 1977;86:685-98. LinkGoogle Scholar3. BURGDORFER W, BARBOUR A, HAYES S, BENACH J, GRUNWALDT E, and DAVIS J. Lyme disease—a tickborne spirochetosis. Science. 1982;216:1317-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. STEERE A, GRODZICKI R, and KORNBLATT A. The spirochetal etiology of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:733-40. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. BENACH J, BOSLER E, and HANRAHAN J. Spirochetes isolated from the blood of two patients with Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:740-4. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. BURGDORFER W, BARBOUR A, HAYES S, PÉTER O, and AESCHLIMANN A. Erythema chronicum migrans—a tickborne spirochetosis. Acta Trop. 1983;40:79-83. MedlineGoogle Scholar7. NAVERSEN D and GARDNER L. Erythema chronicum migrans in America. Arch Dermatol. 1978;114:253-4. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8. CAMPAGNA J, LAVOIE P, BIRNBAUM N, and FURMAN D. Lyme disease in Northern California. West J Med. (In press). Google Scholar9. STEERE A and MALAWISTA S. Cases of Lyme disease in the United States: location correlated with distribution of Ixodes dammini. Ann Intern Med. 1979;91:730-3. LinkGoogle Scholar10. BOSLER E, COLEMAN J, and BENACH J. Natural distribution of the Ixodes dammini spirochetes. Science. 1983;220:321-2. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11. ANDERSON J, MAGNARELLI L, BURGDORFER W, and BARBOUR A. Spirochetes in Ixodes dammini and mammals from Connecticut. Am J Trop Med Hyg. (In press). Google Scholar12. STEERE A, HUTCHINSON G, and RAHN D. Treatment of the early clinical manifestations of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:22-6. LinkGoogle Scholar13. STEERE A, BARTENHAGEN N, and CRAFT J. The early clinical manifestations of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:76-82. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: WILLY BURGDORFER, PH.D.; JAMES E. 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