tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of bone marrow transplantation on enzyme levels and clinical course in the neurologically affected twitcher mouse.
Authors: P M Hoogerbrugge, B J Poorthuis, A E Romme, J J van de Kamp, G Wagemaker, D W van Bekkum
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

The effect of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) was investigated in the neurologically affected twitcher mouse, a model for human Krabbe's disease. Twitcher mice have a hereditary deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme galactosylceramidase, which causes growth delay, tremor, and paralysis of the hind legs. Death occurs at 30-40 d of age. After BMT galactosylceramidase activity increased to donor levels in hemopoietic organs. In lung, heart, and liver, galactosylceramidase activity rose to levels intermediate between those of twitcher and normal mice. Increased galactosylceramidase activity in liver parenchymal cells indicated uptake of the donor enzyme by recipient cells of nonhemopoietic origin. Enzyme activity also increased in kidney tissue. BMT resulted in a gradual increase in galactosylceramidase activity in the central nervous system to 15% of normal donor levels. A 5-6-fold increase in galactosylceramidase activity was found in the peripheral nervous system. This increase in enzyme activity was accompanied by a partial alleviation of neurological symptoms. In particular, paralysis of the hind legs was prevented by BMT. BMT led to a modest restoration of growth and prolonged survival. In several cases, the mice survived for more than 100 d, but eventually all animals died with severe neurological disease.
Excessive Fibrin Deposition Caused by a Fibrinolytic Disorder Associated with Reduction of Tissue Plaminogen Activator Expression in Nasal Polyps
Authors: Tetsuji Takabayashi, Atsushi Kato, Anju Peters, Kathryn E. Hulse, Lydia Suh, Roderick Carter, James Norton, Leslie C. Grammer, Seong Ho Cho, Bruce Tan, Rakesh Chandra, David Conley, Robert Kern, Shigeharu Fujieda, Robert P. Schleimer
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
The Cost-effectiveness of Mammographic Screening Strategies
Authors: Karen K Lindfors, C. J. Rosenquist
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To compare and analyze the cost-effectiveness of different mammographic screening strategies.A computer simulation model was developed to compare mammographic screening with observation without screening. Cost-effectiveness was expressed as marginal cost per year of life saved (MCYLS) and was calculated for the following mammographic screening strategies: (1) annual for ages 40 to 79 years; (2) annual for ages 50 to 79 years; (3) biennial for ages 50 to 79 years; (4) annual for ages 40 to 49 years with biennial for ages 50 to 79 years; (5) annual for ages 40 to 64 years with biennial for ages 65 to 79 years; (6) biennial for ages 40 to 49 years with annual for ages 50 to 79 years; and (7) annual for high-risk and biennial for normal-risk women aged 40 to 49 years with annual for ages 50 to 79 years.The probability and cost of all outcomes were established from previously published data or community experience.The most cost-effective screening strategy is biennial mammography for women aged 50 to 79 years, with an MCYLS of $16,000. Adding annual mammography for women aged 40 to 49 years increases the MCYLS to $20,200, but is more cost-effective than other tested protocols that included women in their 40s; annual mammography for ages 40 to 49 years with biennial for ages 50 to 79 years is also more cost-effective than annual mammography for ages 50 to 79 years.Screening programs that include women in their 40s can be as cost-effective as some that exclude such women. Choice of a screening strategy depends on financial resources and desired effectiveness.
The Contribution of Founder Mutations to Early-Onset Breast Cancer in French-Canadian Women.
Authors: P. Ghadirian, A. Robidoux, R. Royer, P. Zhang, M. Akbari, S. Zhang, E. Fafard, M. Costa, G. Martin, C. Potvin, E. Patocskai, N. Larouche, R. Younan, E. Nassif, S. Giroux, S. Narod, W. Foulkes
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Background: In an ethnically-homogeneous population, it is valuable to identify founder mutations in cancer-predisposing genes. Founder mutations have been found in four breast cancer predisposing genes in French-Canadian breast cancer families. The frequencies of the mutant alleles have not been measured in a large series of unselected breast cancer patients from Quebec, nor in healthy controls. These estimates are necessary to measure their contribution to the hereditary burden of breast cancer in Quebec and to help develop genetic screening policies which are appropriate for the province.Methods: We studied 564 French-Canadian women with early-onset invasive breast cancer who were treated at a single Montreal hospital. Patients had been diagnosed at age 50 or less, and were ascertained between 2004 and 2008. We screened all 564 patients for nine founder mutations; four in BRCA1, three in BRCA2 and one each in PALB2 and CHEK2. We also studied 6433 DNA samples from newborn infants from the Quebec City area to estimate the frequency of the nine variant alleles in the French-Canadian population.Results: We identified a mutation in 36 of the 564 breast cancer cases (6.4%) and in 35 of 6443 controls (0.5%). In the breast cancer patients, the majority of mutations were in BRCA2 (54%). However, in the general population (newborn infants), the majority of mutations were in CHEK2 (54%). The odds ratio for breast cancer to age 50, given a BRCA1 mutation was 10.1 (95% CI: 3.7 to 28) and given a BRCA2 mutation was 29.5 (95% CI: 12.9 – 67). The odds ratio for breast cancer to age 50, given a CHEK2 mutation was 3.6 (95% CI: 1.4 – 9.1). One-half of the women with a mutation had a first or second-degree relative diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 902.
Microvascular surgery to preserve a preterm infant's ischaemic arm.
Authors: P. M. Davison, L. Sully
Journal: BMJ (1988)

LothianAcute neonatal gangrene is an uncommon but devastating event.It may follow the adjustments in circulation that occur after birth, which may lead to an embolus arising from a thrombus within the ductus arteriosus or from an extension of an umbilical artery thrombosis.' Arterial blood sampling2 and compression during delivery can both result in acute neonatal gangrene, and the condition also occurs in babies with sepsis, dehydration, and polycythaemia. Case reportA normal baby weighing 1300 g, one of identical twins, was born by uncomplicated caesarean section at 30 weeks' gestation.An intravenous infusion was started in his right arm.At 1l/2hours old his left arm became white, and, though a brachial pulse was palpable, the radial pulse was absent.Within half an hour his forearm was a dusky purple colour, with no capillary return, and was paralysed (figure).The Ischaemi'c forearm i'npreterm baby
Is epidural injection of steroids effective for low back pain?
Authors: Ash Samanta, Jo Samanta
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The evidence is equivocal, but clinical experience favours its use in some patients 

Low back pain is a problem that is common and costly to society, and its effective management remains a challenge.1 2 Exercise programmes combined with early return to normal activities have been shown to be beneficial in chronic low back pain.2–3 Other interventions may also have a beneficial effect, and epidural injection of steroids represents one such alternative. This editorial examines the evidence to determine whether such treatment is justified.

In clinical practice a structured approach at the initial consultation facilitates the evaluation of patients with low back pain.4 The presence of “red flag” signs indicates possible serious underlying pathology and warrants urgent referral to a specialist unit.5 Usually, “leg pain dominant” features indicate lumbosacral nerve root irritation or entrapment, whereas “back pain dominant” features indicate a biomechanical cause. Mechanical back pain may often be associated with some nerve root …
Computed tomography of abdomen in staging and clinical management of lymphoma.
Authors: J J Best, G Blackledge, W S Forbes, I D Todd, B Eddleston, D Crowther, I Isherwood
Journal: BMJ (1978)

During July 1976 to Demember 1977, 150 patients with Hodgkin9s disease and 138 with non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma were examined by computed tomography (CT). In 45 cases 50 repeat examinations were conducted. Concurrent laparotomy and lymphography were performed on 68 and 56 patients respectively. The overall incidence of false-positive CT examinations as confirmed by laparotomy was 7.4%. In 18 patients with non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma in the abdomen there was good correlation between the two techniques. Of the 50 patients with Hodgkin9s disease who underwent laparotomy, 17 had splenic disease and 14 minimally enlarged lymph nodes in 20 areas; CT, however, detected only four diseased spleens and five minimally enlarged lymph nodes. Nevertheless, CT often detected enlarged lymph nodes missed by lymphography and was 23% more efficient than lymphography in detecting unsuspected disease. CT also detected unsuspected disease in patients with relapse of lymphoma. CT may replace other non-invasive investigations of abdominal disease in patients with lymphoma and give a reliable guide to prognosis. It does not, however, eliminate the need for laparotomy in staging Hodgkin9s disease.
Conceptual Issues in Psychoanalysis: Essays in History and Method
Authors: Edward J. Khantzian
Journal: JAMA (1987)

This book is well suited for serious students of the mind who seek a perspective on the intellectual ferment going on in contemporary psychoanalysis. At the same time, it provides a scholarly and clear presentation of the history of ideas and scientific method in psychological thought in particular and in medicine in general. John Gedo's book about psychoanalysis demonstrates how temperament influences our concepts and affects the methods we employ, which in turn helps us to identify and understand what is important in psychological life. Psychoanalysis has been called "the impossible profession." It is just as true to say it is a profession that provides infinite possibilities for self-knowledge and transformation. Psychoanalysis is a method of treatment for mental dysfunction and suffering and a method of studying mental life. Thus, it is a calling that tugs at us as practitioner-healer at the same time that it tugs at us as
Abstract ES3-4: Clinical Trial Designs for New Therapies: When Should We Randomize?
Authors: S Hunsberger
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract There is a tension in clinical trial study design between the desire to keep the number of patients in a study small (so that as few patients as possible are exposed to potentially harmful agents, resources are minimized, and an answer is obtained as early as possible) and how much certainty is needed in the conclusion of the study. Different phases of drug development require different levels of certainty. Single arm studies require fewer patients than randomized studies but an observed improvement in the study defined endpoint in a single arm study may be observed for reasons unrelated to the experimental treatment. In randomized studies factors (known and unknown) that influence the endpoint of interest should be balanced between groups therefore any improvement in the endpoint of interest can be attributed to the experimental agent. In this talk I discuss circumstances that would be appropriate to perform single arms studies and circumstances that require randomized studies. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr ES3-4.
Mima polymorpha bacteremia. False-positive cultures due to contaminated penicillinase
Authors: H. M. Faris
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Over a ten-month period 56 blood cultures from 27 patients grew Mima polymorpha. Only three patients in this group had clinical evidence of bacteremia. Most of the 48 positive blood cultures in the 24 patients without clinical evidence of bacteremia were caused by addition to the blood cultures of penicillinase, which was contaminated with M polymorpha. Several patients were treated because of the false-positive blood culture results.
A perspective on nonmutagenic mechanisms in carcinogenesis.
Authors: R W Tennant
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Although there is compelling evidence for multiple mutagenic events in the induction of cancers, there is also substantial evidence in support of nonmutagenic mechanisms. It is proposed that the genetic basis of noninduced or spontaneous tumors, as well as cancers induced by nonmutagens, involves heritable changes in the regulation of gene expression.
Condom gap in Africa: evidence from donor agencies and key informants
Authors: J. D Shelton, B. Johnston
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Public discussions on combating HIV in Africa seem to be focusing on antiretroviral drugs rather than condoms, which are the mainstay of prevention. 1 In sub-Saharan Africa most condoms are bought with funds from donors, although a few countries (such as South Africa and Botswana) buy them from national funds.We assessed provision of condoms in these countries.
The constitution and properties of two gastrins extracted from hog antral mucosa: Part I The isolation of two gastrins from hog antral mucosa
Authors: R. A. Gregory, H. J. Tracy
Journal: Gut (1964)

EDITORIAL SYNOPSIS This paper is the culmination of many years' work on the detection, isolation, physiological study, and now, large-scale production of gastrin.The final product has been identified as two almost identical peptides (gastrins I and II).Both are many times more potent than histamine in stimulating gastric acid secretion.Secretion may be inhibited if the dose administered is large.This duplex effect (stimulation in low concentration, inhibition in high concentration) has other pharmacological parallels such as the effect of nicotine on ganglionic transmission.This very important paper is likely to have many repercussions in clinical practice.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene and Protein and Gefitinib Sensitivity in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Federico Cappuzzo, Fred R. Hirsch, Elisa Rossi, Stefania Bartolini, Giovanni L. Ceresoli, Lynne Bemis, Jerry Haney, Samir Witta, Kathleen Danenberg, Irene Domenichini, Vienna Ludovini, Elisabetta Magrini, Vanesa Gregorc, Claudio Doglioni, Angelo Sidoni, Maurizio Tonato, Wilbur A. Franklin, Lucio Crino, Paul A. Bunn, Marileila Varella-Garcia
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2005)

Background: Gefitinib is a selective inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, which is overexpressed in many cancers, including non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We carried out a clinical study to compare the relationship between EGFR gene copy number, EGFR protein expression, EGFR mutations, and Akt activation status as predictive markers for gefitinib therapy in advanced NSCLC. Methods: Tumors from 102 NSCLC patients treated daily with 250 mg of gefitinib were evaluated for EGFR status by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), DNA sequencing, and immunohistochemistry and for Akt activation status (phospho-Akt [P-Akt]) by immunohistochemistry. Time to progression, overall survival, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and evaluated by the Kaplan–Meier method; groups were compared using the log-rank test. Risk factors associated with survival were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression modeling and multivariable analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Amplification or high polysomy of the EGFR gene (seen in 33 of 102 patients) and high protein expression (seen in 58 of 98 patients) were statistically significantly associated with better response (36% versus 3%, mean difference = 34%, 95% CI = 16.6 to 50.3; P <.001), disease control rate (67% versus 26%, mean difference = 40.6%, 95% CI = 21.5 to 59.7; P <.001), time to progression (9.0 versus 2.5 months, mean difference = 6.5 months, 95% CI = 2.8 to 10.3; P <.001), and survival (18.7 versus 7.0 months, mean difference = 11.7 months, 95% CI = 2.1 to 21.4; P = .03). EGFR mutations (seen in 15 of 89 patients) were also statistically significantly related to response and time to progression, but the association with survival was not statistically significant, and 40% of the patients with mutation had progressive disease. In multivariable analysis, only high EGFR gene copy number remained statistically significantly associated with better survival (hazard ratio = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.23 to 0.82). Independent of EGFR assessment method, EGFR + /P-Akt + patients had a statistically significantly better outcome than EGFR − , P-Akt − , or EGFR + /P-Akt − patients. Conclusions: High EGFR gene copy number identified by FISH may be an effective molecular predictor for gefitinib efficacy in advanced NSCLC.
Poliomyelitis in developing countries.
Authors: C. L. Crawford, M. J. Hobbs
Journal: BMJ (1992)

risk.In many cases the equipment, if issued after certain dates, must comply with agreed European or national standards.These new regulations will operate alongside some of the existing legislation, such as the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations, which already require employers to protect employees from such hazardous substances as glutaraldehyde, anaesthetic gases, infected blood, and other body tissues.4Accident and emergency staff who do not wear suitable personal protective equipment may therefore be in breach of new health and safety legislation, specifically the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regula- tions and, generally, the Health and Safety at Work, etc, Act 1974 and the proposed "general provisions" regulations.It is rumoured that when the general provisions regulations are finally agreed they will be renamed the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations, which would put the onus of compliance for health and safety on management.
T-Tube Cholangiography With Barium After Reaction to lodinated Contrast Medium
Authors: Neil T. Wolfman
Journal: JAMA (1975)

SEVERE reactions following the intravascular injection of iodinated contrast media include cardiovascular collapse, bronchospasm, urticaria, and abdominal and chest pain.<sup>1,2</sup>Reactions during T-tube cholangiography are generally thought not to occur. Hess<sup>3</sup>states that he has never seen such a reaction during cholangiography. This report emphasizes that, although rare, such procedures can cause severe, allergic-type reactions. We have, in the patient to be described, averted the problem of reaction to iodinated contrast medium by substituting sterile barium sulfate and have employed this contrast agent in the nonoperative extraction of retained common duct stones. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 49-year-old man entered the hospital seven weeks after cholecystectomy and common duct exploration for the removal of common duct stones. The patient reported an allergic-type reaction during a previous intravenous urogram manifested by pruritus and urticaria. A subsequent T-tube cholangiogram, however, was performed without incident. There was no history of other
The Influence of Heart Rate and Age on the Systolic and Diastolic Time Intervals in Children
Authors: S. SPITAELS, R. ARBOGAST, J. C. FOURON, A. DAVIGNON
Journal: Circulation (1974)

The systolic time intervals have been measured in 76 normal children, aged 1 month to 15 years, from simultaneous recordings of the electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram and carotid arterial pulse or apexcardiogram (left or right). Four different statistical methods were applied to study the separate influence of heart rate (HR) and age on these intervals. Left ventricular ejection time (LVET) had a highly significant correlation with HR but none with age. Age alone had a slight but significant influence on pre-ejection period (PEP) and isometric contraction time (ICT). Electromechanical systole (Q-II) varied directly with age and inversely with HR. Right and left total mechanical systole (TMS R , TMS L ) and left isometric relaxation time (IRT L ) were inversely related to HR, while right electromechanical delay varied only with age. Q to first sound interval (Q-I), interval from onset of contraction to first sound on left and right apexcardiogram (Cl L , Cl R ) and left electromechanical delay (EMD L ) were found to be constant values. PEP/LVET (0.313, sd 0.05) and TMS L /LVET (1.546, sd 0.128) were not significantly correlated with HR nor age. Regression equations and mean values are presented to permit rapid estimation of predicted normal values in children. The ratios TMS L /LVET and PEP/LVET being unaffected by age or HR, are suggested as practical indices of myocardial function in children.
BMA says fetal tissue should not be used for treatment
Authors: L Beecham
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Fetal oocytes and ovarian tissues should not be used for treatment purposes, the BMA says, mainly because of the potential risk of genetic and other abnormality to the resulting children. It might review the position if research shows that the material could be used safely. The BMA accepts, however, the use of fetal material for research but reaffirms that it would be unethical for abortion procedures to be altered in order to retrieve suitable fetal material.

The association was responding to the consultation document, Donated Ovarian Tissue in Embryo Research and Assisted Conception, from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) (BMJ 1994;308:153).

The BMA supports the principle of egg donation for research and treatment. In view of the current shortage of donated eggs ways should be found to increase the supply. The association commends the HFEA's decision to examine the question of payment and inducements to donate gametes in the light of the reports that a private fertility clinic had offered a woman free fertility treatment in exchange for some of her eggs.

In its response the BMA emphasises that donated eggs or ovarian tissue should not be used for treatment purposes unless high standards of appropriate testing could be guaranteed for genetically inherited diseases and infections such as HIV.

There is support in principle for the use of eggs and ovarian tissue from cadavers for research or treatment for which the deceased person had given specific consent. Consent should be given using a specially designated donor card and it would be inappropriate for relatives to be able to veto a deceased woman's …