tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Large Trials vs Meta-analysis of Smaller Trials
Authors: Blair T. Johnson
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The article by Dr Cappelleri and colleagues<sup>1</sup>suggests that larger trials and meta-analyses of smaller medical intervention studies typically yield the same result. Although assumptions in conventional statistical power analysis predict that large trials gauging a population effect yield parallel results to aggregated smaller trials, questions of treatment integrity yield a different prediction. For example, larger studies may involve more personnel who are less likely to be trained as scientists or who may be less concerned with the scientific integrity of the trial. The hypothesis that larger studies should produce smaller effects is best tested by examining treatment magnitude as a continuous function of the sample size, an analysis that Cappelleri et al did not report. Recent meta-analyses of behavioral intervention studies examining health-risk behaviors provide another opportunity to test this hypothesis. Our search of MEDLINE (1966 through December 1996) and other databases (eg, PsychLIT, January 1974 through September
Positive Cancer Smears in Teenage Girls
Authors: J. H. Ferguson
Journal: JAMA (1961)

A study of a group of teenagers with positive cancer smears strengthened the author's conviction that all women deserve to have cytologic screening included in their pelvic examinations. It has been a common practice to omit cancer smears in the decades where cervical cancer is less frequent. Limitation based on age ignores the fact that overt cancer is preceded by a silent preclinical phase that is curable and can be detected by cytologic screening. Among a group of 1,500 women with positive smears there were 77 who were 19 years of age or less when the positive smear was found. Despite the failure of the majority of these girls to have the indicated biopsies, 10 have already been found to have intraepithelial carcinoma (in situ) of the cervix.
Refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts associated with marked thrombocytosis harbors JAK2 mutation and shows overlapping myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic features
Authors: S A Wang, R P Hasserjian, J M Loew, E V Sechman, D Jones, S Hao, Q Liu, W Zhao, M Mehdi, N Galili, B Woda, A Raza
Journal: Leukemia (2006)
Close Association Between Basal Cell Layer Antibodies and Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Chronic Delta Infection
Authors: Daniela Zauli, Marco Fusconi, Cristina Crespi, Francesco B. Bianchi, Antonio Craxi, Emilio Pisi
Journal: Hepatology (1984)

Antibodies reacting in immunofluorescence with the basal cell layer of rat forestomach (BCLA) have been detected in 36 of 121 (30%) hepatitis B virus (HBV)-mediated chronic liver disease (CLD), in 1 of 30 (3%) HBV-negative CLD, in 3 of 36 (8%) alcoholic liver disease (with no correlation with serum HBV markers), in 1 of 25 (4%) primary biliary cirrhosis, in none of 19 HBV-related HBsAg-negative CLD and 60 healthy blood donors. Of 352 hospitalized patients with miscellaneous diseases (including immunological conditions), the antibodies were found in four (1%). In the 36 BCLA positive cases from HBV-mediated CLD, evidence of chronic delta infection was found in 34. The overall prevalence of BCLA in 68 delta cases was 50% (58% in chronic active hepatitis, 46% in cirrhosis), and in 28 delta negative cases was 4% (p &lt; 0.00002). BCLA of delta cases were mainly of the IgG class (38 of 41 sera), and high titers (up to 40,960) were found in the majority (66% &gt;1:640). The high titer BCLA has to be considered a marker of chronic delta infection in HBV cases.
Liver-Spleen Visualization Following Aerosol Lung Ventilation with Technetium-99m DTPA
Authors: PETER GOYER, EUGENE SILVERMAN, KASTYTIS KARVELIS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

In addition to lung distribution, a Tc-99m DTPA aerosol study also revealed prominent hepatic and splenic uptake. These images suggest the presence of colloidal forms of Tc-99m and thus illustrate the necessity of rigorous radiopharmaceutical quality control, particularly if clearance times are calculated.
Activated Ras Enhances Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Induction of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Prostate Epithelial Cells
Authors: Mark Stearns, Jordan Tran, Mary Kay Francis, Hong Zhang, Christian Sell
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Mutations in the three closely related RAS genes, HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS are among the most common mutations found in human cancer; reaching 50% in some types of cancer, such as colorectal carcinoma, and 10% in prostate cancers. The activated Ras proteins produced by these mutations can, among other cellular changes, increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. Moreover, tumors bearing RAS gene mutations are more vascular than tumors without RAS mutations. We find that, in prostate epithelial cells, the introduction of an activated HRAS causes cells to produce VEGF in response to insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). In comparison, cells lacking an activated Ras are unable to produce VEGF in response to IGF-I. This effect of Ras may occur through stabilization of a second messenger protein, insulin receptor substrate 1, that mediates PI 3-kinase-dependent signaling. Because IGF-I is a paracrine/endocrine hormone that has been associated with increased risk for several types of cancer, these results suggest a novel interrelationship between oncogenic conversion of a cellular gene such as HRAS, and IGF-I produced locally for normal tissue homeostasis.
Is Obesity a Risk Factor for Mortality in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery?
Authors: Ruyun Jin, Gary L. Grunkemeier, Anthony P. Furnary, John R. Handy
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— The published articles examining obesity and CABG surgery contain conflicting results about the role of body mass index (BMI) as a risk factor for in-hospital mortality. Methods and Results— We studied 16 218 patients who underwent isolated CABG in the Providence Health System Cardiovascular Study Group database from 1997 to 2003. The effect of BMI on in-hospital mortality was assessed by logistic regression, with BMI group (underweight, normal, overweight, and 3 subgroups of obesity) as a categorical variable or transformations, including fractional polynomials, of BMI as a continuous variable. BMI was not a statistically significant risk factor for mortality in any of these assessments. However, using cumulative sum techniques, we found that the lowest risk-adjusted CABG in-hospital mortality was in the high-normal and that overweight BMI subgroup patients with lower or higher BMI had slightly increased mortality. Conclusions— Body size is not a significant risk factor for CABG mortality, but the lowest mortality is found in the high-normal and overweight subgroups compared with obese and underweight.
The older sickle cell patient
Authors: Thomas D.H. McKerrell, Hillel W. Cohen, Henny H. Billett
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2004)

Abstract The lifespan of sickle cell patients has increased substantially. We chose to compare the attributes of older sickle cell patients with younger ones within the confines of a single institutional study serving the local Bronx population. Laboratory and clinical assessments from 40 patients with sickle cell disease over 40 years of age were compared to 40 patients under 30 years of age. When the older group was compared to the younger group, hemoglobin, indirect bilirubin, and platelet counts were significantly lower. Creatinine clearances were lower and BUN levels were higher in the older group. Although the prevalence of radiographically measured cardiomegaly was significantly higher in the older group, systolic and diastolic blood pressures remained unchanged. The number of crises and number of admissions were higher in the younger group than in the older, but there was wide variation, and no significant differences could be detected; days spent in hospital over the previous 2 years did not differ. No statistically significant differences were observed for absolute reticulocyte count, MCV, % HbF, white cell count, liver function tests, or oxygen saturation. Comparing genders within age groups, younger males had higher hemoglobin levels and absolute reticulocyte counts than younger females, while only the older females had higher HbF levels than the corresponding males. Lower levels of hemoglobin associated with older age may reflect decreased hematopoietic potential that may in part be due to decreased renal function. Lower platelet counts in older sickle cell patients may be a consequence of this decreased hematopoietic potential but may also represent a secondary survival benefit effect in sickle cell anemia. Am. J. Hematol. 76:101–106, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Water Balloon Orbitopathy
Authors: John B. Holds, Richard L. Anderson, Michael Teske
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Colleges and universities traditionally have been fertile arenas for the invention of new sublethal sports. We describe an injury that resulted from a water balloon launched by a giant slingshot near an institution of higher learning. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> The patient, a 23-year-old man, was injured while attending a university football game in October 1987. He was struck in the right orbit by a water balloon launched by a giant slingshot located more than 300 m from the stadium and he suffered transient loss of consciousness. He was taken to a local emergency department, where extensive orbital fractures, lid ecchymosis, and loss of vision in the right eye were noted; the patient then was transferred to our care. Initial examination was remarkable for an acuity of count fingers at.9 m in the right eye, 20/15 in the left. A 15% layered hyphema was noted in the
"Refractory" Thrombocytopenic Purpura Treated Successfully With Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Russell K. Laros
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Immunosuppressive agents have been used with varying success in the treatment of  thrombocytopenic purpura. Cyclophosphamide, a potent immunosuppressive agent with a good therapeutic index, has, to our knowledge, not been used in the treatment of this disorder. Our experience consists of the study of 11 patients previously treated with corticosteroids. The spleens of nine had been removed. Cyclophosphamide was administered in a daily dose of from 50 to 200 mg. Seven patients had an excellent response and have remained in complete hematologic remission for 10 to 40 months after discontinuation of all therapy. Four patients had a fair response, a definite improvement of platelet levels which have not reached or remained at normal levels. Our experience indicates that cyclophosphamide can be a safe and effective means of inducing remission in patients refractory to conventional therapy.
Nutritional Therapy for Adults With Renal Disease
Authors: Carl F. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1973)

During the past decade, advances in nutritional therapy, along with development of long-term hemodialysis therapy and renal transplantation, have added immeasurably to the possibilities of treatment for chronic uremia. Of the three methods, only nutritional therapy is applicable in every case. If the patient is able to ingest a diet containing adequate essential amino acids, 1,800 to 3,500 kcal, and essential vitamins and minerals, lessening of uremic symptoms and a positive nitrogen balance often ensue. Similar attention to the protein, calorie, mineral, and vitamin content of the diet will benefit patients with the nephrotic syndrome or acute renal failure.
The assessment of human organic cation transporter 1 (<i>hOCT1</i>) mRNA expression in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia is affected by the proportion of different cells types in the analyzed cell population
Authors: Zdenek Racil, Filip Razga, Lucie Buresova, Tomas Jurcek, Dana Dvorakova, Daniela Zackova, Shira Timilsina, Petr Cetkovsky, Jiri Mayer
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2010)

et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. The assessment of human organic cation transporter 1 (hOCT1) mRNA expression in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia is affected by the proportion of different cells types in the analyzed cell population
General aspects of cadmium: transport, uptake and metabolism by the kidney.
Authors: M Nordberg
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1984)

Cadmium taken up from lung and gastrointestinal tract is transported via blood to liver and kidney. On long-term exposure to cadmium, renal tubular dysfunction develops in humans and experimental animals. Data from animal experiments demonstrate that initially after exposure cadmium in blood is bound to albumin and proteins with higher molecular weight. Such cadmium is mainly taken up in liver. For a few days after exposure cadmium exists as metallothionein in plasma and blood cells. After both single and long-term administration of cadmium bound to metallothionein, cadmium is taken up by the kidney. The concentration of metallothionein-bound cadmium in plasma is quite low due to continuous renal clearance. Cadmium from metallothionein is taken up in renal tubules by pinocytosis and subsequently degraded in lysosomes, thereby releasing cadmium which stimulates de novo synthesis of metallothionein but also binds to reabsorbed metallothionein. Catabolizing and rebinding are continuous and prevent excretion of cadmium. Because of differences in transport, renal metabolic handling forms of cadmium are also different for different forms of cadmium administered and rate of administration. A single dose of metallothionein-bound cadmium given intravenously is almost immediately and completely taken up in the renal tubule. Under such conditions, resynthesis and rebinding processes are insufficient to sequester cadmium from sensitive tissue receptors, and renal damage occurs at total tissue concentrations much lower than when renal cadmium concentrations rise slowly. This explains the wide range (10-200 micrograms Cd/g wet weight) of cadmium in the renal cortex that associated with renal tubular dysfunction in experimental animals.
US citizens are living longer and consuming more prescription drugs than ever, finds report
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2014)

People in the United States are living longer and are consuming more prescription drugs than ever before, an annual report on the nation’s health prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has found.1

The report, which runs for more than 500 pages, found that between 1980 and 2010 male life expectancy at birth rose from 70.0 years to 76.2 and female life expectancy from 77.4 to 81.0 years.

Racial disparities in life expectancy diminished but still remained significant, the report found. In 1990 life expectancy at birth for white males was 8.2 years …
Molecular genetics of colorectal carcinoma.
Authors: I. B. Kerr
Journal: BMJ (1989)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Summary</h3> Genetic predispositions to diseases populate the noncoding regions of the human genome. Delineating their functional basis can inform on the mechanisms contributing to disease development. However, this remains a challenge due to the poor characterization of the noncoding genome. Variant Set Enrichment (VSE) is a fast method to calculate the enrichment of a set of disease-associated variants across functionally annotated genomic regions, consequently highlighting the mechanisms important in the etiology of the disease studied. <h3>Availability and Implementation</h3> VSE is implemented as an R package and can easily be implemented in any system with R. See supplementary information for details. <h3>Contact</h3> hansenhe@uhnresearch.ca; mlupien@uhnresearch.ca
Use of an Osmotic Diuretic—THAM—in Treatment of Barbiturate Poisoning
Authors: Reuben C. Balagot
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Of the many methods employed to treat barbiturate poisoning, forced diuresis has been recommended by a few groups. Experimentally, the authors have found tromethamine (THAM), an osmotic diuretic and in vivo buffer, to be an excellent augmentor of renal elimination of pentobarbital (a short-acting barbiturate). They present a case of poisoning with phenobarbital (a long-acting barbiturate), in a 22-year-old woman, showing this same effect. The possible mechanisms of action are: (1) alkali nization of urine, which promotes ionization of barbiturate into a form not readily reabsorbed by the proximal tubules of the kidney; (2) increased renal elimination of electrolytes, which interferes with the reabsorption of barbiturates. Furthermore, alkalinization of blood promotes outward migration of undissociated barbiturate molecules from within the cell, thus possibly lightening depth of narcosis and increasing plasma concentration, and enabling the kidneys to eliminate more barbiturates.
You Don’t Have to Retrieve to Relieve: How and When to Trim a Self-Expanding Metal Biliary Stent
Authors: C. P. Shaver, P. Brady, H. Pinkas
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

Distal migration of biliary self-expanding metallic stents (SEMSs) has resulted in a number of notable complications, including stent-induced damage to the duodenal mucosa from contralateral duodenal wall impaction or trauma. This has led to ulceration, gastrointestinal bleeding, and duodenal perforation [1] [2] [3]. A SEMS is a relatively permanent device and its removal is technically challenging. We report here a case of impaction of a stent in the contralateral duodenal wall which was successfully managed by endoscopic laser trimming.
Vascular acetylcholine response during chronic NO synthase inhibition: in vivo versus in vitro
Authors: A. Zanchi, J. F. Aubert, H. R. Brunner, B. Waeber
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1995)

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the response to NO-mediated vasodilators in vivo and in vitro during chronic NO synthase inhibition. Methods:NG-Nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester (l-NAME, 0.4 g/l) or vehicle was administered in the drinking water for 6 weeks to male Wistar rats weighing 220–240 g. The effect of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside was examined in vivo, on systemic blood pressure and heart rate and in vitro, on the precontracted isolated mesenteric artery. The in vivo response to both vasodilators was examined in awake rats monitored by an indwelling catheter in the femoral artery. Isolated segments of the third-generation mesenteric artery were examined in vitro with a Mulvany dual myograph after precontraction with noradrenaline. Results: In isolated mesenteric arteries obtained from rats chronically treated with l-NAME, the initial relaxant response to acetylcholine was significantly decreased whereas that to sodium nitroprusside was enhanced. A late acetylcholine-induced contractile response was present and abolished by indomethacin. In vivo, the hypotensive action of sodium nitroprusside was also enhanced in the l-NAME-treated rats. Acetylcholine reduced blood pressure in the l-NAME-treated hypertensive animals more than in normotensive controls, but less than in control rats infused intravenously with noradrenaline at a dose increasing their blood pressure to hypertensive levels. Conclusions: The NO-mediated vasodilation induced by acetylcholine is attenuated during chronic NO synthase inhibition, both in vivo and in vitro. The blunted hypotensive response to acetylcholine can be demonstrated only if blood pressure of control rats is acutely increased to hypertensive levels.
Mucosal delivery of a double-stapled RSV peptide prevents nasopulmonary infection
Authors: Gregory H. Bird, Sandhya Boyapalle, Terianne Wong, Kwadwo Opoku-Nsiah, Raminder Bedi, W. Christian Crannell, Alisa F. Perry, Huy Nguyen, Viviana Sampayo, Ankita Devareddy, Subhra Mohapatra, Shyam S. Mohapatra, Loren D. Walensky
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection accounts for approximately 64 million cases of respiratory disease and 200,000 deaths worldwide each year, yet no broadly effective prophylactic or treatment regimen is available. RSV deploys paired, self-associating, heptad repeat domains of its fusion protein, RSV-F, to form a fusogenic 6-helix bundle that enables the virus to penetrate the host cell membrane. Here, we developed hydrocarbon double-stapled RSV fusion peptides that exhibit stabilized α-helical structure and striking proteolytic resistance. Pretreatment with double-stapled RSV peptides that specifically bound to the RSV fusion bundle inhibited infection by both laboratory and clinical RSV isolates in cells and murine infection models. Intranasal delivery of a lead double-stapled RSV peptide effectively prevented viral infection of the nares. A chitosan-based nanoparticle preparation markedly enhanced pulmonary delivery, further preventing progression of RSV infection to the lung. Thus, our results provide a strategy for inhibiting RSV infection by mucosal and endotracheal delivery of double-stapled RSV fusion peptides.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE NOSOLOGY OF THE IMPULSE DISORDERS
Authors: JOHN FROSCH, S. BERNARD WORTIS
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1954)

We have presented certain clinical pictures typified by a disorder of impulse. This disorder may express itself in a rather specific symptomatic disturbance appearing as an impulse neurosis, a perversion, or a catathymic crisis. On the other hand, the disturbance may be more diffuse and nonspecific, pervading the total personality and behavior of the individual, expressing itself in a character disorder. In the impulsive character disorder we sometimes find evidence of a relationship to organic factors. However, there is another large group belonging to the impulsive character disorders which does not show such evidence of organicity and yet is characterized by the same infantile, explosive, impulsive behavior seen in the former. In surveying the genetic and dynamic factor, it is apparent that no one factor in and of itself determines the development of an impulse disorder. Constitutional factors, early developmental experiences, present-day forces and stresses impinging upon the individual contribute to the efficacy of the control apparatus or to the strength of drive. Constitutionally, varying drive and control potentials, physiologically as well as psychologically, interweave with early developmental experiences. Among the latter are psychological ones such as oral traumata possibly leading to an intolerance of frustration with demands for immediate gratification. Interference with speech-action relationships may result in the latter persisting as the medium of communication, thus leading to a tendency toward acting out. Physiologically, illness and physical traumata may increase the strength of the drives or weaken the control apparatus. The constitutional and early developmental experiences may lend a quality of impulsivity to the character, which in the face of current forces and stresses may result in impulsive behavior. Specific early experiences may supply the clinical clothing which envelopes the impulse skeleton leading to either direct or distorted expression of a given early impulse. The result is a wide array of clinical syndromes, which have as their common denominator an impulse disorder.