tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Entrance of Air by the Open Mouths of the Uterine Veins, considered as a Cause of Danger and Death after Parturition
Authors: J. R. Cormack
Journal: BMJ (1850)

IN connexion with the subject specially indicated by the title of this .paper,it will be necessary to consider with attention, though briefly, the phenomena which follow the Introduction of Air into the Veins; and especially to call attention to the fact, that these phenomena vary exa- ceedingly in character and degree according to certain circumstances, most of which seem to be explained l)y cases and experiments.The errors of opinion which have arisen as to some published cases, from inattention to the fact, that air may be generated within the blood-vessels during life, and after death, want of space will prevent me from consi- dering upon this occasion.The following remarks are divided into secti'ons, so that the different topics may, as much as possible, be considered separately.The cases and experiments are introduced in the most convenient places, but of course they will often aptly illustrate particular points in all the sections.I.The various Effects caused by the Entrance of Air into the Veins, and the Appearances found on Dissection.Detail of Experiments and Cases.IT. Statement of facts, proving that the Entrance of Air by the open mouths of the Uterine Veins may cause Dangerous Symptoms, and even Death.History and Critical Examination of some of the alleged Cases.III. Prevention and Treatment of such accidents, after Parturition.1. THEI VARIOUS EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE ENTRANCE OF AI 1INTO THE VEINS, AND THE APPEARANCES FOUND ON DISSECTION.DETAIL OF EXPERIMENTS AND CASES.Till very recently, the opinions which have been entertained regard- ing the effects produced by the entrance of air into the organs of circu- lation, have been vague and contradictory.Even now, perhaps, they are not quite settled.There are several ways in which hazard arises, or death ensues, from the entrance of air into the veins.The phenomena and the issue are materially influenced by a vanety of circum- stances; but especially by the quantity of air introduced, the rapidity and force with which it enters, and the relation which the aperture, through which it gains admission, bears to the cibre of the vein in which is the aperture.Bichat, Sir Charles Bell, and others, have maintained that extremely small quantities of air introduced into the veins prove fatal: but this 1 This paper was read before the We8tminster Medical Society on the 23rd of
1060. An Efficient GLP-1 Expression System Using Two Step Transcription Amplification for Type 2 Diabetes Gene Therapy
Authors: Kyung Soo Ko, Minhyung Lee, Seungjoon Oh, Eunsu Lee, Cheol-Hee Ahn, Byoung Doo Rhee
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an insulinotropic protein. It was reported that the continuous infusion of GLP-1 normalized the blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes animal model. However, the short half-life of GLP-1 has limited its application to clinical settings and prompted us to develop a GLP-1 gene therapy system. Our previous results showed that the delivery of pb-GLP-1 using polyethylenimine (PEI) reduced the blood glucose level effectively. However, the glucose level was not completely normalized. In the present study, the more efficient GLP-1 expression system was developed using two step transcription amplification (TSTA). To evaluate the TSTA system, pb-Gal4-p65 and pUAS-Luc were constructed. The pUAS-Luc/pb-Gal4-p65 system showed the highest transfection efficiency at a 2:1 pUAS-Luc:pb-Gal4-p65 weight ratio. In addition, the transgene expression by the TSTA system was at least 4 times higher than pb-Luc. To apply the TSTA system to the GLP-1 expression plasmid, pUAS-GLP-1 was constructed. The pUAS-GLP-1/pb-Gal4-p65 system showed higher mRNA level than pb-GLP-1. In addition, the level of GLP-1 by the pUAS-GLP-1/pb-Gal4-p65 system was more than 4 times higher than pb-GLP-1. Therefore, the TSTA GLP-1 expression system may be useful to develop gene therapy system for type 2 diabetes.
Transmission of Infection by Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and Bronchoscopy
Authors: David H. Spach
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Objective: To review reports on the transmission of infections by flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy in order to determine common infecting microorganisms, circumstances of transmission, and methods of risk reduction. Data Sources: Relevant English-language articles were identified through prominent review articles and a MEDLINE search (1966 to July 1992); additional references were selected from the bibliographies of identified articles. Study Selection: All selected articles related to transmission of infection by gastrointestinal endoscopy or bronchoscopy; 265 articles were reviewed in detail. Data Synthesis: Two hundred and eighty-one infections were transmitted by gastrointestinal endoscopy, and 96 were transmitted by bronchoscopy. The clinical spectrum of these infections ranged from asymptomatic colonization to death. Salmonella species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were repeatedly identified as the causative agents of infections transmitted by gastrointestinal endoscopy, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, atypical mycobacteria, and P. aeruginosa were the most common causes of infections transmitted by bronchoscopy. One case of hepatitis B virus transmission via gastrointestinal endoscopy was documented. Major reasons for transmission were improper cleaning and disinfection procedures; the contamination of endoscopes by automatic washers; and an inability to decontaminate endoscopes, despite the use of standard disinfection techniques, because of their complex channel and valve systems. Conclusions: The most common agents of infection transmitted by endoscopy are Salmonella, Pseudomonas, and Mycobacterium species. To prevent endoscopic transmission of infections, recommended disinfection guidelines must be followed, the effectiveness of automatic washers must be carefully monitored, and improvements in endoscope design are needed to facilitate effective cleaning and disinfection.
Improved engraftment of human acute myeloid leukemia progenitor cells in beta 2-microglobulin-deficient NOD/SCID mice and in NOD/SCID mice transgenic for human growth factors
Authors: M Feuring-Buske, B Gerhard, J Cashman, R K Humphries, C J Eaves, D E Hogge
Journal: Leukemia (2003)
A VIRUS-INDUCED MAMMALIAN GROWTH WITH THE CHARACTERS OF A TUMOR (THE SHOPE RABBIT PAPILLOMA)
Authors: Peyton Rous, J. W. Beard
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1934)

Experimental study of the rabbit papilloma of Shope, a growth caused by a virus, has shown that it possesses the immediate characters whereby tumors are recognized. Often it looks and acts like a malignant neoplasm. It differs from the tumors as a group, however, in its incidence which is that of an infectious process, and from other mammalian tumors in that its cause has been demonstrated. The possible bearing of the findings upon the problem of tumor causation is discussed. The morphology and behavior of the generality of tumors can no longer be taken to exclude the possibility that these are produced by extraneous, living entities. The incidence of some of the tumors at least, and the failure to demonstrate their cause can both be explained on the assumption that they are due to such entities, widely distributed in or upon the animal population but effective only under special circumstances. Present knowledge makes this assumption reasonable as a basis for further work.
862-5 Late four-year follow-up from the first-in-man experience after implantation of sirolimus-eluting stents
Authors: J Eduardo Sousa, Alexandre Abizaid, Marco A Costa, Amanda Sousa, Fausto Feres, Luiz A Mattos, Ibraim Pinto, Ana C Seixas, Luiz F Tanajura, Robert Falotico, Jeffrey Popma, Patrick W Serruys
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
It's not their fault
Authors: R. J. Daniels
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The most useful advice I received during my medical training was not from any of my teachers but from a casualty nurse when I was a houseman. Having been working non-stop for 22 hours, I went to casualty to see an elderly man with abdominal pain. Passing the nurses’ station, I grumbled about getting dragged out of bed for someone with bellyache. One of the nurses pointed out that …
Climate Extremes and the Length of Gestation
Authors: Payam Dadvand, Xavier Basagaña, Claudio Sartini, Francesc Figueras, Martine Vrijheid, Audrey de Nazelle, Jordi Sunyer, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

Although future climate is predicted to have more extreme heat conditions, the available evidence on the impact of these conditions on pregnancy length is very scarce and inconclusive.
Epoetin Versus Darbepoetin Conundrum Compromise
Authors: Archie Bleyer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

TO THE EDITOR: The May 20, 2006, issue of the Journal of Clinical Oncology includes a report by Glaspy et al of the largest randomized study of erythropoietic agents in cancer-associated anemia and an editorial by Steensma et al that identifies this attribute of the report. The report claims that an every-other-week regimen of darbepoetin alfa is as safe and effective as a weekly regimen of epoeitin alfa when used for 4 months as treatment of chemotherapy-induced anemia. The editorial recognizes that despite lack of statistical significance, there are differences in the data and clinical considerations to consider applying one regimen over the other. Neither the report nor the editorial discuss a compromise of using both agents, as in weekly epoetin for 5 weeks and darbepoetin every other week thereafter. Would this not allow for both more rapid hemoglobin elevation and the advantages of every other week administration for most of the total treatment interval, including potentially fewer red cell transfusions? According to data in the report and implied comment in the editorial, any advantage to the weekly regimen occurred within 5 weeks of starting therapy.
Mutagenicity of the halogenated olefin, 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethylene, a presumed metabolite of the inhalation anesthetic halothane.
Authors: A J Garro, R A Phillips
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1977)

The presumed halothane metabolite, 2-bromo-1,1-difluoroethylene, produces both base substitution and frameshift mutations in Salmonella typhimurium. Direct mutagenesis of isolated DNA also was observed by using a Bacillus subtils transformation assay to score the production of mutagenic lesions in transforming DNA.
Prolonged survival of actively enhanced rat renal allografts despite accelerated cellular infiltration and rapid induction of both class I and class II MHC antigens.
Authors: H E Armstrong, E M Bolton, I McMillan, S C Spencer, J A Bradley
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1987)

Administration of 1 ml of donor whole blood 7 d before renal transplantation produces long-term (greater than 100 d) graft survival in the DA (RT1a) into PVG (RT1c) rat strain combination. Using this model, the pattern and phenotype of infiltrating leukocytes were examined in rejecting and enhanced renal allografts, at days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after transplantation, by immunohistologic techniques. Paradoxically, enhanced grafts showed a more rapid and substantial leukocyte infiltrate, the phenotype of which was similar to that in rejecting grafts except for a reduced number of MRC OX-8+ cells and MRC OX-39+ cells. Graft infiltrating cells and splenocytes from transfused animals showed similar, although modest, levels of both nonspecific cytotoxicity and alloantigen-specific cytotoxicity. Immunohistologic analysis of MHC antigen distribution within the allograft revealed, unexpectedly, that enhanced grafts underwent an accelerated and extensive induction of both donor class I and class II MHC antigens. These findings were confirmed by allospecific quantitative absorption analysis, which showed severalfold increases in class I and class II MHC antigens by day 3 in enhanced grafts but not until day 5 in rejecting grafts. An additional observation was the more rapid disappearance of donor interstitial cells from enhanced grafts. These findings emphasize the overwhelming suppressive effect induced by an organ allograft after preoperative blood transfusion despite the associated induction of large numbers of potential effector cells and increased target antigen density within the graft.
2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease
Authors: Thomas G. Brott, Jonathan L. Halperin, Suhny Abbara, J. Michael Bacharach, John D. Barr, Ruth L. Bush, Christopher U. Cates, Mark A. Creager, Susan B. Fowler, Gary Friday, Vicki S. Hertzberg, E. Bruce McIff, Wesley S. Moore, Peter D. Panagos, Thomas S. Riles, Robert H. Rosenwasser, Allen J. Taylor
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Cutaneous reactions database closure
Authors: ANNE KOBZA BLACK, M.W. GREAVES
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1990)

Journal Article Cutaneous reactions database closure Get access ANNE KOBZA BLACK, ANNE KOBZA BLACK Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas's Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE17EH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M.W. GREAVES M.W. GREAVES Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas's Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE17EH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 123, Issue 2, 1 August 1990, Page 277, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb01873.x Published: 01 August 1990
Tailoring T regs for self preservation
Authors: Mitch Leslie
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2008)

Touching up antibodies prevents autoimmunityLike the first draft of a term paper, the antibody genes of some B cells require revisions.On page 2985, Panigrahi et al. show that this genetic editing is faulty in patients with two kinds of autoimmune disease.The results could lead to new tests and refined treatments for these diseases.During development in the bone marrow, maturing B cells reshuffle their antibody genes to fashion defenses against a wide variety of pathogens.But these rearrangements can also yield antibodies that target self antigens and provoke autoimmune diseases.To forestall misdirected attacks, self-targeting B cells often undergo further recombination, known as receptor editing, which reshapes their antibody genes.But receptor editing seems to falter in B cells from patients with autoimmune diseases, Panigrahi et al. report.The researchers gauged the amount of rearrangement in a DNA segment called RS.Although RS doesn't code for part of the antibody, rearrangements there reflect the cell's attempts to fix potentially dangerous antibody genes by reshuffling nearby coding segments.About 30% of patients with lupus or type I diabetes exhibited abnormally low amounts of RS rearrangement, the researchers found.This reduced level of editing might allow self-reactive B cells to escape correction and lead to autoimmune attacks.Immune tolerance can break down at several points, and reduced receptor editing points to a flaw that develops before B cells exit the bone marrow.Current autoimmune treatments that temporarily deplete B cells are less likely to work in patients with such early-arising problems, the researchers suggest, because the number of self-attacking B cells might quickly rebound.Thus, measuring levels of RS rearrangement might help doctors tailor treatments for patients and allow earlier identification of people prone to autoimmunity.
Dislocations in the European Union
Authors: A. Savage
Journal: BMJ (1997)

On 20 September 1996 my newly inserted right hip dislocated. After the longest hour of my life my husband returned and called the London ambulance service. The ambulancemen came immediately, carrying a container of nitrous oxide and oxygen, and I puffed away, interested that the spasm was relieved almost before the analgesia took effect. With great care they got me into a chair, round several corners, and into the ambulance. A short ride and I was in the accident and emergency department of the local hospital.

I was wheeled into a cubicle and there I lay. Eventually, a nurse turned up and invited me to take my clothes off. “I can't,” I pleaded, “not without something for the pain.” Another delay, and then a doctor came and asked me what I had been given after the operation. I told her pethidine and was given the modest dose of 75 mg intramuscularly, where it took an unconscionable time to act. I had an x ray examination, the senior registrar arrived, followed by the anaesthetist.

By 10 30 pm everything was ready. The theatre was free, the recovery room was empty, but we all …
Factor V Leiden Mutation as a Risk Factor for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Paul M. Ridker
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Recurrent pregnancy loss may result from hypercoagulability.To determine whether women with factor V Leiden mutation, a common inherited defect of coagulation, are at increased risk for recurrent pregnancy loss.Case-control study.University hospital.113 consecutive women referred for evaluation of recurrent spontaneous abortion (case-patients) and 437 postmenopausal women with at least one successful pregnancy and no history of pregnancy loss (controls). An additional survey of 387 postmenopausal women with at least one pregnancy loss was also conducted.Prevalence of factor V Leiden mutation determined by a second-generation screening test for resistance to activated protein C with genetic confirmation of all borderline and low-value results.Prevalence of the factor V Leiden mutation was greater among case-patients (8.0%) than among controls (3.7%) (odds ratio, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.0 to 5.2]; P = 0.050). In the subgroup of case-patients with three or more pregnancy losses and no successful pregnancies, prevalence of the mutation was 9.0% (odds ratio, 2.6 [CI, 1.0 to 6.7]; P = 0.048). Among the additional women surveyed, the prevalence of the mutation in those with three or more pregnancy losses (7.5%) was almost identical to that in case-patients. Thus, in all evaluated women with several pregnancy losses, the prevalence of factor V Leiden was increased 2.2-fold (P = 0.026).These data are compatible with the hypothesis that factor V Leiden mutation may play a role in some cases of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss.
Doppler hemodynamic profiles of 82 clinically and echocardiographically normal tricuspid valve prostheses.
Authors: H M Connolly, F A Miller, C L Taylor, J M Naessens, J B Seward, A J Tajik
Journal: Circulation (1993)

Normal Doppler hemodynamics for tricuspid prostheses have not been well characterized in a large group of patients. Therefore, we analyzed comprehensive Doppler echocardiographic examinations of 82 patients with tricuspid prostheses that were normal by clinical and two-dimensional echocardiographic examinations to establish the normal hemodynamics of various types and sizes of tricuspid prostheses.The earliest complete postoperative echocardiographic study from each patient was chosen for analysis. Doppler examinations were analyzed on an off-line station from tapes or Doppler strip charts. Early velocity, atrial velocity, end-diastolic velocity, pressure half-time, and mean gradient were obtained by digitizing tricuspid velocity curves. The incidence of "physiological" tricuspid prosthetic regurgitation was noted. Ten Doppler cycles were measured for each patient, and maximal, minimal, and average measurements were recorded. The mean values +/- SD of early velocity, atrial velocity, end-diastolic velocity, mean gradient, and pressure half-time and incidence of mild prosthetic regurgitation were reported for each type of prosthesis, as were highest Doppler measurements for each valve type. Average pressure half-time was significantly lower for St Jude than for heterograft prostheses (P = .04). There were no significant differences between the valve types for mean gradient, early velocity, or incidence of prosthetic regurgitation. Increasing prosthesis size was associated with lower average pressure half-time for heterograft prostheses (P = .024). Average differences (respiratory- and cycle-length-dependent) between maximal and minimal values for 10 cardiac cycles were established for each prosthesis.This study establishes normal ranges for Doppler hemodynamics of various tricuspid prostheses and emphasizes the importance of measuring multiple cycles for each tricuspid prosthesis, regardless of cardiac rhythm.
Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in China
Authors: Wei-wei Zhu, Hui-xia Yang
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

After the publication of the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study (1), the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) (2) formulated consensus guidelines for the testing and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). These have been adopted by the American Diabetes Association (3). The Ministry of Health (MOH) of China also recommended that new testing and diagnostic criteria based on the IADPSG …
Definition of Alcoholism
Authors: Maurice Korman, Robert L. Stubblefield
Journal: JAMA (1961)

IN SPITE OF the recently acquired status of alcoholism as a medically recognized disease, its cause remains unknown and its course and prognosis are uncomfortably variable. It is generally assumed, however, that there is such a thing as an alcoholism syndrome, a cluster of traits, conditions, or behaviors which are widely, though perhaps imperfectly, shared by the bulk of alcoholics. Although there are many definitions of alcoholism, those with the widest currency, such as that of the World Health Organization,<sup>1</sup>overlap to a considerable extent; some of their salient features include (1) unusual alcohol-directed behavior (such as excessive, frequent consumption), (2) interference with smooth social and economic functioning, (3) impairment of satisfactory psychological functioning, and (4) deterioration of physical health. As a preliminary investigation in the clinical portion of our alcoholism research program, it seemed important to test the underlying implication that these traits form a cluster of
Three private companies and two trusts compete to run Warwickshire hospital
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Three private companies have been shortlisted in the bidding process to run an NHS hospital that is seeking a new partner to ease its longstanding financial problems.

Circle Health, Care UK, and Ramsay Health Care UK have all qualified to progress to the next stage of the open market tender to run the George Eliot hospital in Warwickshire.

If a private sector organisation is successful in the tendering process, the hospital …