tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Nocardiosis as a Complication of Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
Authors: PAUL B. BEESON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1964)

Editorials1 February 1964Nocardiosis as a Complication of Pulmonary Alveolar ProteinosisPAUL B. BEESON, M.D.PAUL B. BEESON, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-60-2-314 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptBy coincidence, two articles dealing with nocardiosis as a complication of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis appear in this issue of the ANNALS OFINTERNALMEDICINE. Carlsen, Hill, and Rowlands described two cases which occurred in Colorado; Andriole, Ballas, and Wilson observed a third in Connecticut. If we combine their findings and surveys of the medical literature, the result is 9 nocardial infections among 77 cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, an incidence of a little more than 10 per cent. The possibility of an even higher rate of association is suggested by Andriole, Ballas, and Wilson who believe that nocardiosis may have... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByIsolated Nocardiosis, an Unrecognized Primary Immunodeficiency?Nonneoplastic Parenchymal Lung DiseaseTherapeutic Efficacy of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Patients with Idiopathic Acquired Alveolar ProteinosisSekundäre maligne Tumoren der Bronchien und LungenSuccessful treatment of Pneumocystis carinii and Nocardia asteroides in a renal transplant patientNocardioseNocardiosis Associated with a Giant Pleurolith Secondary to a Long-standing OleothoraxCHARLES E. TAYLOR, M.D., ROBERT SCHWARTZ, M.D., IRVING M. MADOFF, M.D.Beitrag zur Alveolarproteinose der LungenInfectious Pulmonary Disease in Patients Receiving Immunosuppressive Therapy for Organ Transplantation 1 February 1964Volume 60, Issue 2_Part_1Page: 314-314KeywordsNocardiosisProteinsPulmonary diseases Issue Published: 1 February 1964 PDF DownloadLoading ...
CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 Polymorphisms Modulate Vitamin D Metabolism in Colon Cancer Cells
Authors: Elizabeth T. Jacobs, Chad Van Pelt, Ryan E. Forster, Wasiq Zaidi, Elizabeth A. Hibler, Michael A. Galligan, Mark R. Haussler, Peter W. Jurutka
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Vitamin D is a well-studied agent for cancer chemoprevention and treatment. Its chief circulating metabolite, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, is converted into the active hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP27B1 in kidney and other tissues. 1,25D is then deactivated by CYP24A1 and ultimately catabolized. Colorectal carcinoma cells express CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 that locally regulate 1,25D with potential implications for its impact on carcinogenesis. While 1,25D inhibits cancer growth, the effects of polymorphic variations in genes encoding proteins involved in 1,25D homeostasis are poorly understood. Using an RXR-VDR mammalian two-hybrid (M2H) biologic assay system, we measured vitamin D metabolite uptake and activation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) pathway in colon cancer cells that expressed one of five CYP27B1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) or four CYP24A1 SNPs. Compared with the wild-type control, four of five CYP27B1 SNPs reduced enzymatic activity, whereas one (V166L) increased activity. For CYP24A1, all tested SNPs reduced enzyme activity. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses supported the results of M2H experiments. The observed SNP-directed variation in CYP functionality indicated that vitamin D homeostasis is complex and may be influenced by genetic factors. A comprehensive understanding of 1,25D metabolism may allow for a more personalized approach toward treating vitamin D-related disorders and evaluating risk for carcinogenesis.
Book Review Acid–Base Disorders and Their Treatment Edited by F. John Gennari, Horacio J. Adrogué, John H. Galla, and Nicolaos E. Madias. 856 pp., illustrated. Boca Raton, Fla., Taylor &amp; Francis, 2005. $199.95. 0-8247-5915-X
Authors: Lee W. Henderson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)
Activity of type 1 5α–reductase is greater in the follicular infrainfundibulum compared with the epidermis
Authors: D.M. THIBOUTOT, H. KNAGGS, K. GILLILAND, S. HAGARI
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1997)

The enzyme 5 alpha-reductase converts testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Although this enzyme has been localized to various regions of the pilosebaceous unit, its activity has not been studied in the follicular portion of either vellus or sebaceous follicles. The goal of our study was to determine the relative activities of 5 alpha-reductase within various regions of these follicles with particular emphasis on the infrainfundibulum. A finding of increased 5 alpha-reductase activity in upper follicles compared to epidermis might support the hypothesis that increased follicular production of DHT is involved in the hyperkeratinization observed in this region of the follicle in acne vulgaris. 5 alpha-reductase activity was determined at pH 5 (optimal for the type 2 isozyme) and pH 7 (optimal for the type 1 isozyme) in isolated infrainfundibular segments from sebaceous and vellus follicles, homogenized epidermis from various anatomical areas and in microdissected segments of the pilosebaceous unit from breast skin of normal subjects. Enzyme activity was also determined at pH 7 in cultured infrainfundibular keratinocytes and in interfollicular epidermal keratinocytes. Homogenates of infrainfundibular segments demonstrated significantly greater activity at pH 7 compared to pH 5 (P < 0.001), confirming activity of the type 1 5 alpha-reductase in this region. Activity of 5 alpha-reductase was much lower in homogenized epidermis and did not demonstrate a clear pH preference. Keratinocytes cultured from the infrainfundibulum demonstrated significantly greater 5 alpha-reductase activity compared to keratinocytes from interfollicular epidermis (P = 0.04). In the dissected segments of pilosebaceous units from breast skin, 5 alpha-reductase activity was greatest in the sebaceous gland followed by the sebaceous duct, infrainfundibulum, whole skin and epidermis. These data indicate that 5 alpha-reductase activity varies within regions of the pilosebaceous unit and compared with interfollicular epidermal cells, infrainfundibular keratinocytes have an increased capacity for producing androgens which may play a role in the follicular hyperkeratinization seen in acne.
The Cost of Respiratory Effort in Postoperative Cardiac Patients
Authors: NALDA THUNG, P. HERZOG, IGNACIO I. CHRISTLIEB, W. M. THOMPSON, J. FRANCIS DAMMANN
Journal: Circulation (1963)

The Engstrom volume-controlled respirator is used routinely in patients after open-heart surgery as a short-term prophylaxis to avoid hypoxia, respiratory acidosis, and excessive fatigue. The respirator should be discontinued when pulmonary function is improved sufficiently to the point where the work of breathing is no longer excessive. With a spirometer designed for the Engstrom respirator, we have determined oxygen consumption and cardiac output in the spontaneously breathing patient and while assisted by the respirator. The difference between the two measurements reflects the oxygen cost of breathing and thus the work that can be spared the heart, by proper mechanical ventilation, during the period of acute postoperative stress. We have demonstrated that the work of breathing, even in good risk patients, is appreciably increased postoperatively, that it is maximal immediately and then falls. These data lend objective support for the prophylactic use of respiratory assistance in patients after cardiac surgery. A similar application to other debilitated surgical and medical patients should be investigated.
Sir Thomas Browne
Authors: J. DeVance Hamilton
Journal: JAMA (1983)

To the Editor.—  Dr Dirckx' enjoyable essay on Sir Thomas Browne (1982; 248:1845) listed several surviving English words apparently first used by Browne. A noteworthy and medically relevant omission from Dirckx' list is the word suicide , of which the earliest known instance is in the first authorized edition of Browne's 1  Religio Medici in 1643 (the word does not occur in the extant manuscript versions or the pirated 1642 edition). Curiously, the Oxford English Dictionary missed this occurrence (its earliest citation is dated 1651), and the priority of Browne's usage seems to have been first noticed by the English literary critic Alfred Alvarez 2 in 1971. Browne's coinage of the word accords with his fondness for Latinate neologisms and his recurrent concern with death; interestingly, in the passage in question, he warns against the glorification of suicide.
Physical mapping and functional annotation of 60,000 human genes
Authors: Degen Zhuo, Wei Zhao, Hee-Yung Yang, Jian-Ping Wang, Russell Sears, Do-Hun Kwon, David Gordon, Solomon Gibbs, Dai Dean, Troy Baer, Don Stredney, Al Stutz, Ralf Krahe, Fred Wright, Bo Yuan
Journal: Nature Genetics (2001)
Molecular characterization of erythropoietic protoporphyria in South Africa
Authors: M. Parker, A.V. Corrigall, R.J. Hift, P.N. Meissner
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) results from a partial deficiency of ferrochelatase (FECH). Clinical expression normally requires coinheritance of a common hypomorphic FECH allele (IVS3-48C) in trans to a deleterious (primary) FECH mutation.To characterize South African subjects with EPP, by identification and assessment of FECH sequence variations, including the IVS3-48C polymorphism.Polymerase chain reaction amplification, single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis and restriction endonuclease analysis were employed to identify and determine the frequencies of FECH sequence variations, including the IVS3-48C polymorphism, in a study cohort of symptomatic and asymptomatic South African EPP family members, and a matched control cohort.We identified 29 patients from 18 families. With the exception of one family, who may represent a phenocopy of EPP, the presentation of EPP was typical. All were of European immigrant stock, and we have not identified EPP in other ethnic groups. Ten sequence variations were identified, including four apparent disease-causing mutations, the IVS3-48T/C polymorphism and five further polymorphisms. The molecular basis of EPP was established for 15 of the 17 families. A 5-bp deletion in exon 7 (757_761delAGAAG) was present in 12 of these families and haplotype studies in these families suggested a single mutational event and thus a local founder effect for this deletion. The other mutations were family specific and included two previously described splice-site mutations (IVS3+2T>G and IVS7+1G>A) and a novel 7-bp deletion in exon 4 (356_362delTTCAAGA).The IVS3-48C allele appears to modulate the phenotypic expression of EPP in the South African EPP cohort as observed in other populations.
FREE ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY CIRCULATING TOGETHER IN LARGE AMOUNTS (HEMAGGLUTININ AND AGGLUTINOGEN IN THE BLOOD OF TRANSFUSED RABBITS)
Authors: Peyton Rous, Oswald H. Robertson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1918)

In rabbits transfused almost daily with the whole citrated blood of other rabbits, an extraordinary condition often develops, which manifests itself in an almost immediate clumping together of all the red cells in specimens of the shed blood. This clumping is due to one or more true agglutinins, of which the strength may be such as to cause clumping in a 1: 2,800 plasma dilution. The agglutinating principle circulates with the corpuscles against which it is effective; but under ordinary circumstances intravascular clumping fails to occur because the union of antigen and antibody can take place only at a temperature several degrees below that of the body. If the temperature is sufficiently lowered, as when a tourniquet is applied to the rabbit's ear, intravascular clumping ensues. In defibrinated blood, gradually cooled, clumping is first noted as the temperature of 35 degrees C. is approached; and at room temperature (22 degrees ) the corpuscles will often come together in a short time into a single, solid mass. At 0 degrees C. the agglutination is still more marked. The reaction seems to be completely reversible, for when the blood is warmed again, the clumps break up and disappear at between 35 degrees and 36 degrees C. Cooling and warming with the resultant clumping and dissociation can be carried out many times on the same blood specimen without apparent change in the corpuscles or in the rapidity of the reaction. The response to temperature changes is extremely prompt. Once it has been elicited, the agglutinating principle may persist for a long time after the transfusions are stopped, in one instance it was still strong 133 days after the last transfusion. During this period the plethora was succeeded by a severe anemia, which in turn was recovered from. In many rabbits no agglutinin develops, and a continuance of the transfusions will not elicit it. Indeed, when present it tends to disappear if the transfusions are persisted in. In several of the animals in which the agglutinin was strongest, the plethora was suddenly succeeded by severe anemia, despite continued transfusions. The character of the temperature control of the agglutination, which somewhat resembles that of the hemolysin in paroxysmal hemoglobinuria, has led us to consider whether the blood destruction might not be due to accidental chilling of the animal. Efforts to induce a fall in the hemoglobin by placing the rabbit's ear in ice water have as yet been unsuccessful. Thus far no adequate search for an hemolysin has been made. The object of the present paper has been to describe a condition in which large amounts of free antigen and antibody circulate together in the organism, and to demonstrate the factor which prevents their union, the results of which could easily be fatal. The causes of the condition will be dealt with in a subsequent communication.
A Review of the Evidence for Overlap among Unexplained Clinical Conditions
Authors: Leslie A. Aaron
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Unexplained clinical conditions share features, including symptoms (fatigue, pain), disability out of proportion to physical examination findings, inconsistent demonstration of laboratory abnormalities, and an association with "stress" and psychosocial factors. This literature review examines the nature and extent of the overlap among these unexplained clinical conditions and the limitations of previous research.English-language articles were identified by a search of the MEDLINE database from 1966 to January 2001 by using individual syndromes and their hallmark symptoms as search terms.Studies that assessed patients with at least one unexplained clinical condition and that included information on symptoms, overlap with other unexplained clinical conditions, or physiologic markers. Conditions examined were the chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, the irritable bowel syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivity, temporomandibular disorder, tension headache, interstitial cystitis, and the postconcussion syndrome.Information on authorship, patient and control groups, eligibility criteria, case definitions, study methods, and major findings.Many similarities were apparent in case definition and symptoms, and the proportion of patients with one unexplained clinical condition meeting criteria for a second unexplained condition was striking. Tender points on physical examination and decreased pain threshold and tolerance were the most frequent and consistent objective findings. A major shortcoming of all proposed explanatory models is their inability to account for the occurrence of unexplained clinical conditions in many affected patients.Overlap between unexplained clinical conditions is substantial. Most studies are limited by methodologic problems, such as case definition and the selection and recruitment of case-patients and controls.
Overexpression of a Dominant-Negative Mutant Ubc9 Is Associated with Increased Sensitivity to Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Yin-Yuan Mo, Yanni Yu, P. L. Rachel Ee, William T. Beck
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Ubc9 is an E2-conjugating enzyme required for sumoylation and has been implicated in regulating several critical cellular pathways. We have shown previously that Ubc9 is important for sumoylation and nucleolar delocalization of topoisomerase (topo) I in response to topo I inhibitors such as topotecan. However, the role for Ubc9 in tumor drug responsiveness is not clear. In this study, we found that although MCF7 cells expressing a Ubc9 dominant-negative mutant (Ubc9-DN) display decreased activity of topo I, these cells are more sensitive to the topo I inhibitor topotecan and other anticancer agents such as VM-26 and cisplatin. In addition, we found that alteration of Ubc9 expression correlates with drug responsiveness in tumor cell lines. To understand possible mechanisms of Ubc9-associated drug responsiveness, we examined several proteins that have been shown to interact with Ubc9 and that may be involved in drug responsiveness. One such protein is Daxx, which is a Fas-associated protein that plays a role in Fas-mediated apoptosis by participating in a caspase-independent pathway through activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. We found that cells expressing Ubc9-DN accumulate more cytoplasmic Daxx than the control cells. Because cytoplasmic Daxx is believed to participate in cellular apoptosis, we suggest that the interaction of Ubc9 with Daxx and subsequent alteration in the subcellular localization of Daxx may contribute to the increased sensitivity to anticancer drugs in the cells expressing Ubc9-DN. Finally, we found that overexpression of Daxx sensitizes cells to anticancer drugs possibly in part through alterations of the ratio of cytoplasmic and nuclear Daxx. Together, our results suggest a role for Ubc9 in tumor drug responsiveness.
The capillary and sarcolemmal barriers in the heart. An exploration of labeled water permeability.
Authors: C P Rose, C A Goresky, G G Bach
Journal: Circulation Research (1977)

Although the exchange of labeled water between blood and tissue in the heart has usually been assumed to be flow-limited, the outflow patterns of labeled water, relative to intravascular references, in a multiple indicator dilution experiment, have appeared to be anomalous in terms of the models used to explain the transport of less permeable substances. Data showing a change in the shape of the labeled water outflow curve after vasodilation and after the infusion of toxic doses of 2,4-dinitrophenol led us to propose a new model for labeled water permeation which includes barriers at both the capillary wall and the sarcolemmal membrane. This model explains adequately the form of the outflow curve, provides parameters related to the permeability at the two barriers, and gives an estimate of the ratio of the intracellular to interstitial space. Dinitrophenol infused intra-arterially in a dose sufficient to cause S-T elevation in the electrocardiogram is found to reduce the sarcolemmal water permeability by an order of magnitude, but to have no effect on capillary water permeability. We conclude that water transport in the heart is barrier-limited at both the capillary and sarcolemmal membranes and that sarcolemmal water permeability is probably mediated at least in part by a structure sensitive to the effects of dinitrophenol, presumably a protein channel. Since the outflow patterns of inert gases resemble that of labeled water, it is possible that oxygen distribution is also barrier-limited.
Hyperactive children. A continuous long-term placebo-controlled follow-up
Authors: E. K. Sleator
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Long-term, continuous follow-up of hyperactive children under treatment was instituted with the use of a monthly, quantified teachers student rating scale and the insertion of a placebo month per year. All subjects receiving medication had previously been shown to be benefited by stimulants. After two years of follow-up with 42 subjects, 26% were able to function well without drugs; 40% were still benefited by medication. Physicians treating such children should periodically try drug-free periods during the school year. (<i>JAMA</i>229:316-317, 1974)
TWO CASES OF RETINAL DETACHMENT TREATED WITH SUBCONJUNCTIVAL INJECTIONS OF SALT SOLUTION.
Authors: ROBERT L. RANDOLPH
Journal: JAMA (1902)

I am aware that in speaking of the treatment of retinal detachment I am telling, so to speak, a story, the ending of which we can all pretty well surmise. But even negative results are helpful in getting at the truth of these matters, and I am not so sure but that they help us quite as far along the road as positive results. It is not necessary for me to review the history of this subject or to recall the fact that the treatment of retinal detachment might well be named failure. I shall go straight to the substance of this communication, then, without referring to the various methods of treating this affection. I have been struck with the results obtained by Dor, Winselmann and others when using subconjunctival injections of a salt solution. I put this treatment to a test in the following cases: <h3>Case 1.</h3> —The first
Drug points: Cyclosporin neurotoxicity after chemotherapy
Authors: D. A Tweddle, K. P Windebank, Q. C. Hewson, S M. Yule
Journal: BMJ (1999)

As retrospective data collection is unsatisfactory, there is a need for childhood vaccination with hepatitis B to be registered on databases to generate appointments and audit uptake.This should be in place now that universal antenatal screening for hepatitis B surface antigen has been recommended. 3ntributors: DEW designed the audit, collected and analysed the data, and participated in writing the paper with EHB.EHB provided DEW with the list of subjects to be investigated, discussed core ideas, and participated in writing the paper; she maintains the database of mothers who are hepatitis B positive and advises on appropriate immunisations.
Violence in Geriatric Patients
Authors: Kenneth Tardiff
Journal: JAMA (1982)

As physicians concerned with the preservation of life, the problem of violence is well within our sphere in terms of its study, treatment, and, hopefully, prevention. In studying the characteristics of violent psychiatric patients and criminals in general, young persons have received the most attention as perpetrators of violence, while old persons have been seen as vulnerable victims of violence. The article by Petrie and colleagues in this issue ofThe Journal(p 443) focuses our attention on the old, namely, patients admitted to a geriatric unit of a state hospital. Approximately 8% of these patients committed serious violent acts with a weapon, usually a gun, and another 63% were physically assaultive without a weapon or verbally abusive toward other persons. For those geriatric patients using a weapon, it usually was their first violent episode and first experience with psychiatric treatment. This certainly differs from the picture of the young
Bed Utilization Studies for Community Planning
Authors: Robert L. Berg
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Bed utilization studies were used for planning the number of acute care hospital beds needed in Rochester, NY. Local physician observers estimated that 14.3% of patients hospitalized on a given day could receive appropriate care in less costly facilities, while out-of-town physicians would have placed 18.8% of the patients elsewhere. With such a review of randomly selected patients, a direct estimate of the kinds of facilities needed could be made. The decision in Rochester was to build fewer additional acute care beds and more extended care beds.