tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of preterm birth
Authors: Janet Tucker, William McGuire
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Preterm birth is a major challenge in perinatal health care. Most perinatal deaths occur in preterm infants, and preterm birth is an important risk factor for neurological impairment and disability. Preterm birth not only affects infants and their families—providing care for preterm infants, who may spend several months in hospital, has increasing cost implications for health services.

Preterm birth is the delivery of a baby before 37 completed weeks' gestation. Most mortality and morbidity affects “very preterm” infants (those born before 32 weeks' gestation), and especially “extremely preterm” infants (those born before 28 weeks of gestation).



Definitions of preterm live births by completed weeks of gestation 



Over the past 20-30 years advances in perinatal care have improved outcomes for infants born after short gestations. The number of weeks of completed gestation that defines whether a birth is preterm rather than a fetal loss has become smaller. In 1992 the boundary that required registration as a preterm live birth in the United Kingdom was lowered from 28 completed weeks' gestation to 24 weeks' gestation. This boundary varies internationally, however, from about 20 to 24 weeks. Some classification of fetal loss, still birth, and early neonatal death for these very short gestations may be unreliable.

Even in developed countries, there is often uncertainty and incomplete recording of estimates of gestation. In most of the United Kingdom data on birth weight data but not on gestational age are collected routinely.

Although some concordance exists between the categories of birth weight and gestational age, they are not interchangeable. The categories for birth weight are:

Only around two thirds of …
Epilepsy: Its Phenomena in Man
Authors: Gunter R. Haase
Journal: JAMA (1974)

The contemporary symposium has become the spawning ground of many books in the biological and social sciences. Symposiogenesis usually entails a short breeding period, and it presents scientific hemlines in the passing fashion. Symposiogenetic offspring usually are snuffed out in a short period of time—frequently only after begetting another symposium— ad infinitum. Symposiasts on the other hand, are a more durable kindred.... <i>Epilepsy: Its Phenomena in Man</i>is a half-breed in this category of books. In 1972, the Brain Research Institute of the University of California held a reunion of its alumni, and six of the papers presented at that time are included in this volume. Ten other papers were invited from well-known workers in the field of epilepsy in this country and abroad. Dr. Mary Brazier, the editor of this book, contributes a historical introduction to "the role of electricity in the exploration and elucidation of the epileptic seizure,"
Perianesthetic Hypersensitivity Reactions In Latin America
Authors: Edgardo J. Jares, Ricardo Cardona-Villa, Carlos E. Baena-Cagnani, Luis Felipe C. Ensina, Juan C. Ivancevich, Alfredo Arias Cruz, Maximiliano Gómez, Mabel Noemi Cuello, Paola Toche Pinaud, Blanca Maria Morfin-Maciel, Alicia De Falco, Adolfo Salvatierra, Juan F. Schuhl, Ivan Oswaldo Tinoco Moran, Susana Barayazarra, Andrea Zanacchi, Ada Castillo Méndez, Mario Sánchez-Borges
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
The Institute of Medicine Report on Medical Errors — Could It Do Harm?
Authors: Troyen A. Brennan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

The recent Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on the quality of care, entitled "To Err Is Human," has awakened much of the health care system to the challenge of reducing the number of adverse events in hospitals.1 The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality is supporting research on methods of preventing injuries, and private industry is insisting on accountability. Many hospitals and their medical staffs are developing task forces to address the prevention of errors. Insurers and hospital associations are launching similar initiatives.2 Physicians and hospital leaders should welcome all these efforts; for too long we have been complacent about . . .
Tissue Plasminogen Activator Antigen and D-Dimer as Markers for Atherothrombotic Risk Among Healthy Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Aruna D. Pradhan, Andrea Z. LaCroix, Robert D. Langer, Maurizio Trevisan, Cora E. Lewis, Judith A. Hsia, Albert Oberman, Jane M. Kotchen, Paul M Ridker
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Plasma markers of fibrinolytic function are associated with incident coronary events among several, but not all, prospective epidemiologic investigations of healthy individuals. Few studies have evaluated this relationship in women. In addition, although menopausal hormone therapy (HT) may alter markers of fibrinolytic function, the relevance of this effect for coronary risk assessment has not been studied.In a prospective, nested case-control study among 75 343 postmenopausal women without prior cardiovascular disease or cancer, we evaluated the relationships of elevated tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen and D-dimer with subsequent first coronary heart disease events over a median period of 2.9 years. Baseline levels of both biomarkers were higher among 304 cases compared with 304 controls matched on age, smoking status, ethnicity, and length of follow-up; median values were 9.0 versus 7.4 ng/mL (P<0.001) for tPA antigen and 27.6 versus 23.4 ng/mL (P=0.001) for D-dimer. In matched-pairs analyses, the odds ratio in the highest versus lowest quartile of tPA antigen was 3.5 (95% CI, 2.1 to 5.8; P trend <0.001) and for D-dimer was 2.0 (95% CI, 1.2 to 3.2; P trend=0.005). After adjustment for lipid and nonlipid risk factors, including C-reactive protein, tPA antigen remained a significant predictor. Multivariable-adjusted associations for D-dimer, although attenuated, largely remained statistically significant. When stratified by HT, the relationship between tPA antigen and incident coronary heart disease was similar among nonusers, estrogen-only users, and current users of any HT.Elevated tPA antigen and, to a lesser extent, D-dimer are independently associated with incident coronary events among postmenopausal women. In analyses stratified by HT, tPA antigen remained a consistent marker of increased coronary risk.
Dementia: A Clinical Approach
Authors: Jeffrey L. Cummings, D. Frank Benson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

1. Dementia: Significance, Definition, and Epidemiology 2. Mental Status Assessment 3. Diagnosis of Dementia 4. Alzheimer's Disease 5. Vascular Dementia 6. Frontotemporal Dementia and the Asymmetric Cortical Atrophies 7. Parkinsonian Disorders with Dementia 8. Non-Parkinsonian Motor Disorders with Dementia 9. Dementia from Conventional Infectious Agents 10. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Other Prion Disorders 11. Toxic-Matabolic Causes of Dementia 12. Psychiatric Dementias Associated with Psychiatric Disorders 13. Miscellaneous Dementia Syndromes 14. Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias 15. Non-Pharmacologic Management of Dementia 16. Conclusions and Directions Index
Facilitators to implement standards of care for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: the EUMUSC.NET project
Authors: Rikke H Moe, Ingemar F Petersson, Loreto Carmona, Rolf Greiff, Francis Guillemin, Gabriela Udrea, Estibaliz Loza, Michaela A Stoffer, Maarten de Wit, Dieter Wiek, Theodora Vliet Vlieland, Anthony D Woolf, Till Uhlig
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are important musculoskeletal diseases that the EUMUSC.NET project developed Standards of Care (SOC) for. <h3>Objective</h3> The purpose was to explore factors to enable successful implementation of the SOC for RA and OA. <h3>Methods</h3> A combined set of methods was used; a literature search, a European survey among patients, clinicians and policymakers; and focus groups. <h3>Results</h3> Potential facilitators were identified during a literature search. The online survey captured 282 responses from clinicians, patients and policymakers from 35 European countries, and focus groups from 5 countries contributed with knowledge about possible additional facilitators and strategies. Both the survey and the focus groups endorsed all 11 facilitators. The most important facilitators for implementing the SOC were motivation, agreement, knowledge and personal attitude. The focus groups underlined the lack of access to recommended care in some countries, that multidisciplinary teams should be strengthened and that some healthcare reimbursement systems need change to implement recommended clinical practice. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Eleven facilitators key for the implementation of the SOC for RA and OA were endorsed by patients and clinicians from 35 European countries. This knowledge may contribute to improved care for patients with RA and OA in Europe.
Generation of cytotoxic NK cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia after continuous infusion with recombinant interleukin‐2
Authors: Eva Lotzová, C. A. Savary, J. R. Schachner, J. O. Huh, K. McCredie
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1991)

We have studied the cytotoxic profile and distribution of lymphocyte subsets of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in second remission, after continuous infusion with recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2). The patients received repetitive cycles of 1-1.25 x 10(6) U/m2/day of IL-2, given as 4 days continuous intravenous infusion followed by a 3-day treatment-free interval for the first 4 weeks. Patients receiving greater than 4 cycles were treated with the same dose of IL-2 continuously for 4 days, followed by a 10-day treatment-free interval. These studies showed that IL-2 treatment resulted in the generation of peripheral blood cytotoxic activity against both NK-susceptible, K-562, and NK-resistant Daudi cell lines. In most patients, enhancement of lytic activity increased with the number of IL-2 infusions. The cytotoxicity in some patients increased as much as 700-fold and 830-fold against K-562 and Daudi cells, respectively. It is of importance that oncolytic activity was also induced in bone marrow compartment (up to 182-fold against K-562). Some decline in cytotoxicity was observed within 14 days after initiation of IL-2 infusion in peripheral blood, but high levels of lytic activity persisted at this time in bone marrow. It is of interest to note that the cytotoxicity of in vivo IL-2 primed lymphocytes was further potentiated by IL-2 in vitro. Importantly, the cytotoxic cells induced in vitro displayed lytic activity against fresh leukemic blasts. Phenotypic analysis demonstrated that CD3-, CD56+ NK cells were significantly increased by in vivo IL-2 treatment (34 to 47-fold in absolute numbers), while CD3-, CD56+ T-cell subset remained low. Characterization of cytotoxic cells using the complement-dependent assay and monoclonal antibodies indicated that both the in vivo-induced and ex vivo-potentiated lytic function was mediated by CD3-, CD56+, CD16- -NK cells.
A Child's Broken Jaw
Authors: Bruce N. Epker
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I have read with considerable concern the article entitled "A Child's Broken Jaw May Heal by Itself," which appeared in the MEDICAL NEWS section (236:911, 1976). The initial paragraph states that one should "simply leave it [the broken jaw] alone." Please be assured that this is a terribly misleading and totally inappropriate statement regarding children with broken jaws. Most often, when a fractured jaw occurs in a child and it is left alone, the child will indeed end up with a noticeable malocclusion, impaired masticatory function, and growth abnormalities. The basic principle in treating youngsters with jaw fractures is the same as in adults: ie, to obtain in the simplest, least invasive manner possible good occlusion and jaw function. If these are done, all else follows. Indeed, considerable clinical experience and follow-up studies done by numerous persons have led to these conclusions.<sup>1-4</sup> The primary difference in
Novel purification reagents for the study of the human microbiome
Authors: George R Feehery, Eileen Dimalanta, Sriharsa Pradhan
Journal: Genome biology (2011)

Deep exome resequencing is a powerful approach for delineating patterns of protein-coding variation among genes, pathways, individuals and populations.We analyzed exome data from 2,440 individuals of European and African ancestry as part of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Exome Project, the aim of which is to discover novel genes and mechanisms that contribute to heart, lung and blood disorders.Each exome was sequenced to a mean coverage of 116×, allowing detailed inferences about the population genomic patterns of both common variation and rare coding variation.We identifi ed more than 500,000 single nucleotide variations, the majority of which were novel and rare (76% of variants had a minor allele frequency of less than 0.1%), refl ecting the recent dramatic increase in the size of the human population.The unprecedented magnitude of this dataset allowed us to rigorously characterize the large variation in nucleotide diversity among genes (ranging from 0 to 1.32%), as well as the role of positive and purifying selection in shaping patterns of proteincoding variation and the diff erential signatures of population structure from rare and common variation.This dataset provides a framework for personal genomics and is an important resource that will allow inferences of broad importance to human evolution and health.
An Unusual Case of Gallbladder Disease
Authors: Arindam Purkayastha
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> We had a case involving a 59-year-old woman admitted for elective cholecystectomy. The patient was known to have chronic gallbladder disease proved by findings from a previous oral cholecystogram that showed no definite visualization of the gallbladder. Ultrasound examination of the gallbladder showed the gallbladder to be small and shrunken, and strong echoes coming from it indicated the presence of stones, giving an impression of chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. Incidentally noted was that the patient was a mild diabetic and hypertensive, but her condition was well controlled with medication. Routine laboratory investigations included a complete blood cell count, urinalysis, chest roentgenogram, ECG, and 12-factor automated chemical analysis, results of which were all within normal limits. Results of an upper gastrointestinal series were also reported as showing the esophagus to have tertiary waves and a small hiatal hernia. Protrusion of the antral mucosa into the base of the
Skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain expression in rats with monocrotaline-induced cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Relation to blood flow and degree of muscle atrophy
Authors: Giorgio Vescovo, Claudio Ceconi, Palmira Bernocchi, Roberto Ferrari, Ugo Carraro, Giovanni Battista Ambrosio, Luciano Dalla Libera
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1998)

Background: In congestive heart failure (CHF) the skeletal muscle of the lower limbs develops a myopathy characterised by atrophy and shift from the slow to the fast type fibres. The mechanisms responsible for these changes are not clear yet. Objectives: We investigated the influence of blood flow and degree of muscle atrophy on the myosin heavy chains (MHC) composition of the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) of rats with right ventricle hypertrophy and failure. Methods: CHF was induced in 16 rats by injecting 30 mg/kg monocrotaline. Eight animals had the same dose of monocrotaline but resulting in compensated right ventricle hypertrophy. Two age- and diet-matched groups of control animals (nine and five respectively) were also studied. The relative percentage of MHC1 (slow isoform), MHC2a (fast oxidative) and MHC2b (fast glycolytic) was determined by densitometric scan after electrophoretic separation. The relative weights of soleus and EDL (muscle weight/body weight) were taken as an index of muscle atrophy. Skeletal muscle blood flow was measured by injecting fluorescent microspheres. Results: CHF and Control (Con) rats showed similar degree of atrophy both in soleus (0.40±0.06 vs. 0.44±0.06 p=NS), and EDL (0.47±0.04 vs. 0.45±0.02, p=0.09). In CHF rats these two muscles showed a statistically significant MHCs redistribution toward the fast type isozymes. In fact in EDL of CHF rats MHC2a was 30.5±6.1% vs. 35.8±8.6% of the Con (p<0.05). MHC2b was however higher (68.5±6.6% vs. 61.0±9.6%, p=0.017). In the soleus of CHF rats MHC1 was decreased (87.6±3.4% vs. 91.9±5.2%, p=0.02), while MHC2a was increased (12.04±3.5% vs. 7.9±5.2%; p=0.028). Similar changes were not found in the muscles of the compensated hypertrophy animals. No correlation was found between MHC pattern and the relative muscle weight in the CHF animals. Soleus blood flow in CHF rats was significantly lower than that of Con (0.11±0.03 ml/min/g vs. 0.22±0.03 p<0.05), while no differences were found in EDL (0.06±0.02 ml/min/g vs. 0.08±0.02, p=NS). Conclusions: In rats with CHF a skeletal muscle myopathy characterised by a shift of the MHCs toward the fast type isoforms occurs. The magnitude of the shift correlates neither with the degree of atrophy, nor with the skeletal muscle blood flow, suggesting that these two factors do not play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the myopathy.
CATABOLIC ORIGIN OF A BENCE JONES PROTEIN FRAGMENT
Authors: D. Cioli, C. Baglioni
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1968)

Gel filtration analysis of the urinary proteins of some patients with myeloma has shown the presence of "fragments" of Bence Jones proteins which correspond to the variable half of these proteins. Experiments have been carried out to establish the origin of a "fragment" observed in a patient who excreted a large amount of this protein. Labeled homologous Bence Jones protein has been injected into this and other control patients. Excretion of labeled "fragment" has been observed in all. Analysis by peptide mapping and radio-autography of this labeled "fragment" isolated from the urine showed that the invariable half of the Bence Jones protein was not excreted; it seemed thus likely that the invariable half was metabolized to small peptides and free amino acids. A labeled Bence Jones protein which was excreted without any accompanying "fragment" was injected into the patient who excreted large amounts of "fragment." No excretion of labeled "fragment" was observed. It was thus concluded that the property of being degraded to "fragment" is characteristic of some "fragile" Bence Jones proteins and is not determined by the patient. Incubation with serum or urine of the "fragile" Bence Jones protein failed to produce any "fragment." "Fragments" of Bence Jones proteins are thus most likely formed during excretion of these proteins through the kidney and are products of the catabolism of Bence Jones proteins.
Rheumatic Heart Disease in Developing Countries
Authors: Jonathan R. Carapetis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

Only 30 or 40 years ago, rheumatic fever was a common topic in the Journal. A PubMed search for articles on rheumatic fever published between 1967 and 1976 returned 55 New England Journal of Medicine articles — fewer than for endocarditis (77) but more than for stroke and syphilis (24 entries each). A similar PubMed search for the decade 1997 through 2006 yielded just eight entries for rheumatic fever. This trend holds for all Medline-indexed journals: an average of 516 articles on rheumatic fever per year from 1967 through 1976, but only 172 per year from 1997 through 2006. . . .
ADDRESS OF THE EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT. SECTION ON GENERAL SURGERY.
Authors: JOHN B. HAMILTON
Journal: JAMA (1893)

<i>Colleagues</i>:—For the first time in the history of the American continent, the medical men of the Americas meet in convention, for the purposes of scientific advancement and the cultivation of closer professional relationship. The country of Washington, the land of BOLIVAR, and the sunny islands of the southern seas, have sent their representatives to this capital of their oldest republic, to exchange courtesies, and set forth a fair statement of their degree of enlightenment in the various branches of medical knowledge. Our statesmen have long desired this close union between the American republics, and the medical profession, now as ever, stand ready as citizens to carry out their share of this patriotic duty. After our own civil war, the medical profession, through the American Medical Association, met in annual reunion at Atlanta; and it should always be a matter of professional pride that our own led the van in this
OUTBREAK OF COXSACKIE A1 GASTROENTERITIS: A COMPLICATION OF BONE-MARROW TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: TimothyR. Townsend, RobertH. Yolken, CatherineA. Bishop, GeorgeW. Santos, ElizabethA. Bolyard, WilliamE. Beschorner, WilliamH. Burns, Rein Saral
Journal: The Lancet (1982)
Salutary action of nicorandil, a new antianginal drug, on myocardial metabolism during ischemia and on postischemic function in a canine preparation of brief, repetitive coronary artery occlusions: comparison with isosorbide dinitrate.
Authors: G M Pieper, G J Gross
Journal: Circulation (1987)

The effects of two antianginal drugs, nicorandil and isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN), on metabolism and function of the ischemic myocardium were studied in a preparation of multiple coronary occlusions in barbital-anesthetized dogs. The preparation consisted of three 5 min occlusions of the left anterior descending coronary artery interspersed by 30 min of reperfusion. An equihypotensive dose of nicorandil (7.5 micrograms/kg/min) or ISDN (12.5 micrograms/kg/min) was infused 15 min before and during the second occlusion period. Hemodynamics, myocardial segment shortening (%SS), tissue blood flow, and myocardial oxygen consumption were determined throughout. Uptake of free fatty acids (FFA), glucose, and lactate were determined during control and ischemic periods. At the end of the final 30 min reperfusion period, biopsy samples of transmural tissue were taken for analysis of phosphocreatine, adenine nucleotides, and total tissue water content. No major hemodynamic changes were produced by either drug except for a 5 to 10 mm Hg decrease in mean aortic pressure. Compared with untreated and ISDN-treated hearts, hearts of dogs treated with nicorandil exhibited reversal of a significant increase in FFA uptake during recurrent ischemia. This was accompanied by an attenuation of the increase in oxygen extraction and CO2 production in the ischemic zone by nicorandil, but not by ISDN. Nicorandil, but not ISDN, improved %SS during reperfusion. Endocardial ATP and total adenine nucleotides were preserved in both nicorandil- and ISDN-treated hearts. Tissue edema was also attenuated by both compounds. Thus, nicorandil improved both function and metabolism during recurrent myocardial ischemia independent of a hemodynamic effect, whereas ISDN only attenuated the loss of adenine nucleotides and increase in tissue water.
Nutrition and the brain.
Authors: B Kirman
Journal: BMJ (1978)

spontaneous remission of the nephrotic syndrome after a course of 6 months in a Sepharad Jewish boy affected with renal amyloidosis associated with familial Mediterranean fever.The patient then remained free of any renal symptom, including proteinuria, for the next 5 years until he experienced a dramatic relapse with a fullblown nephrotic syndrome and severe renal failure.'A renal biopsy performed after 3. years of remission showed the persistence of amylotic deposits with a distribution and intensity similar to those seen when the first biopsy was performed, when the nephrotic syndrome was present.The importance of such spontaneous remissions must be stressed in view of several recent articles ascribing to various drugs the disappearance of the nephrotic syndrome in renal amyloidosis.5