tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Modeling the current and future disease burden of hepatitis C among injection drug users in Scotland
Authors: Sharon J. Hutchinson, Sheila M. Bird, David J. Goldberg
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Abstract Quantitative estimates of the current and future burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease are required to plan a public health response to the HCV epidemic with regard to both prevention and treatment. A forward projection model was used to estimate the numbers of both current and former injecting drug users (IDUs) who acquired HCV and progressed to moderate and severe disease in Glasgow and Scotland during 1960-2030. The model was designed to synthesize information on the incidence and cessation of injecting drug use, the incidence of HCV infection among IDUs, the rate of HCV disease progression, and the annual number of IDUs developing HCV-related decompensated cirrhosis. During 2003, a total of 17,400 and 42,900 HCV-infected IDUs were estimated in Glasgow and Scotland, respectively; this compares with approximately 5,000 and 13,900 diagnosed, respectively, and 13,200 and 32,200 with chronic HCV, respectively. The number of IDUs developing HCV-related decompensated cirrhosis in Scotland is estimated to double between 2000 and 2020. As many as 16% and 27% of former IDUs in 2005 aged 30-39 and 40-49 years, respectively, were estimated to have moderate disease, which highlights the potential benefit of targeting HCV testing at former IDUs who belong to these age groups. In conclusion , the identification and treatment of a larger proportion of former IDUs with HCV disease and education about the importance of minimal alcohol consumption are needed to help achieve a greater impact on the future morbidity and mortality of this disease. (Hepatology 2005;42:711–723.)
Multiple Organ System Failure and Infection in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: RANDALL C. BELL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ system failure have a high mortality rate despite extensive supportive therapy. We evaluated the role of multiple organ system failure and infection in 37 consecutive survivors of the syndrome, and 47 consecutive nonsurvivors on whom autopsies were done. Failure of the central nervous, coagulation, endocrine, gastrointestinal, and renal systems was common in all patients but was more frequent in those who died. Major infections occurred in 46 nonsurvivors and 22 survivors. All patients with bacteremia who had a clinically identified site of infection survived, whereas all patients with bacteremia without a clinically identified site of infection died. Autopsy results of the latter group showed infections requiring surgical drainage for complete therapy. Patients clinically septic but without bacteremia and without a clear site of infection were shown at autopsy to have pneumonia. Multiple organ system failure was more common in infected (93%) than noninfected (47%) patients. Vigorous evaluation and treatment of infection in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome may improve survival.
PSITTACOSIS
Authors: T. M. Rivers, G. P. Berry
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

The virus of psittacosis inoculated intratracheally or intranasally in monkeys produces a pneumonia similar to that caused by the same active agent in man. Intracerebral inoculation of the virus induces a meningo-encephalitis characterized principally by a mononuclear reaction in the meninges. Indirect evidence has been adduced to show that the portal of entry of the virus in man is the upper respiratory tract.
P720 HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE (HRQL) AND PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES (PROS) ASSESSMENT IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C (CH-C) TREATED WITH SOFOSBUVIR (SOF) AND RIBAVIRIN (RBV): THE VALENCE STUDY
Authors: Z.M. Younossi, M. Stepanova, S. Zeuzem, H.W. Reesink, O. Weiland, F. Nader, S.L. Hunt
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Classroom based cognitive behavioural therapy in reducing symptoms of depression in high risk adolescents: pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: P. Stallard, K. Sayal, R. Phillips, J. A. Taylor, M. Spears, R. Anderson, R. Araya, G. Lewis, A. Millings, A. A. Montgomery
Journal: BMJ (2012)

<b>Objective</b> To compare the effectiveness of classroom based cognitive behavioural therapy with attention control and usual school provision for adolescents at high risk of depression. <b>Design</b> Three arm parallel cluster randomised controlled trial. <b>Setting</b> Eight UK secondary schools. <b>Participants</b> Adolescents (n=5030) aged 12-16 years in school year groups 8-11. Year groups were randomly assigned on a 1:1:1 ratio to cognitive behavioural therapy, attention control, or usual school provision. Allocation was balanced by school, year, number of students and classes, frequency of lessons, and timetabling. Participants were not blinded to treatment allocation. <b>Interventions</b> Cognitive behavioural therapy, attention control, and usual school provision provided in classes to all eligible participants. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Outcomes were collected by self completed questionnaire administered by researchers. The primary outcome was symptoms of depression assessed at 12 months by the short mood and feelings questionnaire among those identified at baseline as being at high risk of depression. Secondary outcomes included negative thinking, self worth, and anxiety. Analyses were undertaken on an intention to treat basis and accounted for the clustered nature of the design. <b>Results</b> 1064 (21.2%) adolescents were identified at high risk of depression: 392 in the classroom based cognitive behavioural therapy arm, 374 in the attention control arm, and 298 in the usual school provision arm. At 12 months adjusted mean scores on the short mood and feelings questionnaire did not differ for cognitive behavioural therapy versus attention control (−0.63, 95% confidence interval −1.85 to 0.58, P=0.41) or for cognitive behavioural therapy versus usual school provision (0.97, −0.20 to 2.15, P=0.12). <b>Conclusion</b> In adolescents with depressive symptoms, outcomes were similar for attention control, usual school provision, and cognitive behavioural therapy. Classroom based cognitive behavioural therapy programmes may result in increased self awareness and reporting of depressive symptoms but should not be undertaken without further evaluation and research. <b>Trial registration</b> Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN19083628.
Synovia! Sarcoma Seen on Bone Scan
Authors: SCOTT RICE, CHARLES A. STEWART
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1990)

A 37-year-old woman presented with a four-year history of pain and a six-month history of an enlarging mass at the dorsal aspect of the right great toe. It was tender and mildly erythematous and measured 5 by 6 cm. A biopsy specimen revealed synovial cell sarcoma. A bone scan with 20 mCi of Tc-99m MDP was performed and revealed a hypervascular mass over the great toe. The delayed image showed no definite abnormal bone activity.
Hernia of Caecum into Lesser Sac of Peritoneum Complicated by Volvulus
Authors: H. A. Haxton
Journal: BMJ (1944)

The patient, an obese female, arrived at hospital with a history of abdominal pain and vomiting of four days' duration.There were no previous attacks, 'but she had a strangulated umbilical hernia several years ago, at which time she had similar symptoms.
Arterial Thrombin Activity After Angioplasty in an Atherosclerotic Rabbit Model
Authors: William L. Barry, Lawrence W. Gimple, John E. Humphries, Eric R. Powers, Kyle W. McCoy, John M. Sanders, Gary K. Owens, Ian J. Sarembock
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background A 2-hour infusion of the direct thrombin inhibitor hirudin at the time of balloon angioplasty limits restenosis in the focally atherosclerotic rabbit. Although short-term administration of hirudin may have a prolonged biological effect, the effect of hirudin on vessel thrombin activity has not been previously studied in an animal model of angioplasty. We hypothesized that a short intravenous infusion of hirudin would result in prolonged inhibition of arterial wall–associated thrombin activity (ATA) after angioplasty. Methods and Results Sixty-one rabbits received recombinant hirudin (r-hirudin) (1 mg/kg bolus plus 1 mg · kg − 1 · h − 1 ×2 hours) or bolus heparin (controls, 150 U/kg) intravenously at the time of femoral balloon angioplasty. ATA was measured through exposure of arterial segments ex vivo to fibrinogen and conducting an assay for fibrinopeptide A (FPA). ATA was low in nonballooned, atherosclerotic vessels (FPA=0.5±0.3 ng · mL − 1 · mg − 1 ) but increased significantly at 24 hours after angioplasty in the heparin group (3.7±0.9 ng · mL − 1 · mg − 1 , P &lt;.01 versus baseline, n=9) but not in the hirudin group (FPA=1.4±0.3; P =NS versus baseline, P &lt;.02 versus heparin controls, n=8). The time course of ATA after angioplasty was assessed in 44 rabbits. Thrombin activity peaked at 48 hours and declined to baseline at 72 hours and 7 days. FPA values between the heparin and r-hirudin groups were similar at these later time points. Conclusions A 2-hour intravenous infusion of r-hirudin suppressed ATA measured 24 hours after angioplasty in the focally atherosclerotic rabbit. This prolonged biological effect may account, in part, for the reduction in restenosis seen in this model.
A Common Inhibitory Receptor for Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecules on Human Lymphoid and Myelomonocytic Cells
Authors: Marco Colonna, Francisco Navarro, Teresa Bellón, Manuel Llano, Pilar García, Jacqueline Samaridis, Lena Angman, Marina Cella, Miguel López-Botet
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

Natural killer (NK) cell–mediated lysis is negatively regulated by killer cell inhibitory receptors specific for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. In this study, we characterize a novel inhibitory MHC class I receptor of the immunoglobulin-superfamily, expressed not only by subsets of NK and T cells, but also by B cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. This receptor, called Ig-like transcript (ILT)2, binds MHC class I molecules and delivers a negative signal that inhibits killing by NK and T cells, as well as Ca2+ mobilization in B cells and myelomonocytic cells triggered through the B cell antigen receptor and human histocompatibility leukocyte antigens (HLA)–DR, respectively. In addition, myelomonocytic cells express receptors homologous to ILT2, which are characterized by extensive polymorphism and might recognize distinct HLA class I molecules. These results suggest that diverse leukocyte lineages have adopted recognition of self–MHC class I molecules as a common strategy to control cellular activation during an immune response.
Procedures in practice. Laryngoscopy.
Authors: P H Beales, M J Al-Khaled
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Laryngoscopy is the method of examining the larynx from above by direct vision.It should always be preceded by an inspection of the exterior of the larynx in the neck, and of the movements on deglutition, when the larynx normally moves upwards.The larynx moves downwards on inspiration in laryngeal stenosis and is immobile in tracheal stenosis.Palpation of the larynx in the neck will disclose any broadening and tenderness that may indicate perichondritis of the thyroid cartilage.
HERG, a Primary Human Ventricular Target of the Nonsedating Antihistamine Terfenadine
Authors: Mary-Louise Roy, Robert Dumaine, Arthur M. Brown
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background Administration of the antihistamine terfenadine (Seldane) to patients may result in acquired long QT syndrome and ventricular arrhythmias. One human cardiac target is Kv1.5, which expresses the ultrarapid outward K + current (I Kur ) in atrium but may play only a minor role in ventricle. Another possible target is HERG, the human ether-a-go-go–related gene that expresses a delayed rectifier current (I Kr ) in human ventricle and produces hereditary long QT syndrome when defective. Methods and Results We therefore heterologously expressed Kv1.5 and HERG in Xenopus oocytes to compare the sensitivity of each to terfenadine. We found that HERG was 10 times more sensitive than Kv1.5 to terfenadine block. The apparent K d values for HERG and Kv1.5 currents were 350 nmol/L and 2.7 μmol/L, respectively. These K d values compare well with values reported for terfenadine block of I Kr and I Kur currents in human atrial myocytes. The K d value for HERG block is relevant to the toxicity of the antihistamine, since the clinical terfenadine concentrations in human plasma may reach the 100 nmol/L range. Conclusions Terfenadine carboxylate, the major metabolite of terfenadine, does not block either HERG or Kv1.5, which agrees with the hypothesis that the buildup of parent terfenadine is the likely explanation for its cardiotoxicity. We propose that the blocking of HERG by terfenadine explains the acquired long QT syndrome. HERG is likely to be the primary target for the known cardiotoxic effects of other, related antihistamines.
ABC of eyes. General medical disorders and the eye.
Authors: A. R. Elkington, P. T. Khaw
Journal: BMJ (1988)

There are few serious medical conditions that do not affect the eye.It is important to know the ocular manifestations ofsystemic diseases because, firstly, screening is required to detect early ocular changes that may require treatment to prevent blindness.A good example is a diabetic with new vessels on the optic disc which signal an exceptionally high risk ofvisual loss unless treatment is given in time.Secondly, knowledge ofthe ocular complications ofother diseases may help in the diagnosis ofan ocular problem.A red, locally injected, and tender eye in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis suggests scleritis, which may progress to perforation of the eye.Iritis should be strongly considered in a young man with ankylosing spondylitis who presents with a red eye.Thirdly, the ocular symptoms may suggest the systemic disease-for example, prominent eyes and lid lag in hyperthyroidism-or confirm it-for example, the Kayser-Fleisher ring of copper in Wilson's disease.Lastly, the ocular signs may have prognostic value.Ifcotton wool spots occur in the eyes ofan otherwise asymptomatic patient with AIDS the prognosis is particularly poor. Diabetes meilitusBackground retinopathy: hard
Changes in substrate metabolism and effects of excess fatty acids in reperfused myocardium.
Authors: A J Liedtke, L DeMaison, A M Eggleston, L M Cohen, S H Nellis
Journal: Circulation Research (1988)

The purpose of these studies was to characterize the rates of fatty acid oxidation in reperfused myocardium and test the influence of excess fatty acids (FA) on mechanical function in the extracorporeally perfused, working swine heart model. Seventeen animals were prepared. Eight were untreated (LOW FA group; serum FA averaged 0.55 +/- 0.07 mumol/ml) and nine received a constant infusion of 10% Intralipid with heparin to raise serum FA to about 1.4 +/- 0.21 mumol/ml (HIGH FA group). Coronary flow in both groups was held at aerobic levels for an equilibrium period of 40 minutes, acutely reduced regionally in the anterior descending circulation by 60% for 45 minutes, and acutely restored to aerobic levels for 60-minute reflow. Appreciable mechanical depression (-47 delta% from aerobic values; p less than 0.01) during reperfusion was noted in both groups. This was associated with modest reductions in myocardial oxygen consumption (p less than 0.05) and losses of total tissue carnitine stores (p at least less than 0.02). Reperfused myocardium showed a strong preference for and aerobic use of FA during reflow such that 14CO2 production from labeled palmitate exceeded preischemic levels (+89 delta% in LOW FA hearts; +111 delta% in HIGH FA hearts). This suggested relative preservation of restoration of certain elements in mitochondrial function during reflow. The findings argue for uncoupling between substrate metabolism and energy production, accelerated but useless energy drainage, or some impairment between energy transfer and function of contractile proteins as possible explanations for the persistent depression of mechanical function (stunning) during reperfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PRESENT ROLE OF ZINC PEROXIDE IN TREATMENT OF SURGICAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Frank Lamont Meleney
Journal: JAMA (1952)

The antibiotics have so completely taken hold of our minds in the treatment of surgical infections that we are often forgetful of other methods of treatment that are available. I have frequently been asked whether, since the arrival of the sulfonamides and the antibiotics, there are any conditions for which medicinal zinc peroxide is superior to these other chemotherapeutic agents. Experience has demonstrated that there are certain infections that are more amenable to treatment with this agent than to treatment with the antibiotics and that, if medicinal zinc peroxide is properly used, it will bring about the control of the infection and healing of the wound more quickly than will any other form of treatment.  There are two regions of the body where this drug is of particular value: on the outer surface of the skin and along the alimentary tract. It can be used for the interior of the
Use of the Ella Danis stent in severe esophageal bleeding caused by acute necrotizing esophagitis
Authors: Zora Messner, Michael Gschwantler, Heinrich Resch, Gerd Bodlaj
Journal: Endoscopy (2014)

A 45-year-old man presented with hematemesis, melena, and abdominal pain. Because he had clinical and laboratory signs of hypovolemic shock, the patient underwent an emergency gastroduodenoscopy. The findings of the endoscopy were: massive bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, macroscopic necrosis, ulceration, and severe bloody oozing in the lower third of the esophagus. Because of the high risk of perforation, clipping and injection of epinephrine were contraindicated. We therefore proceeded to insert a coated Ella Danis stent (Ella-CS, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) as rescue management ([Fig. 1 a]), and with this we achieved immediate hemostasis. The patient stabilized within 24 hours of admission and a repeat endoscopy showed hemostasis had been maintained ([Fig. 1 b]). The stent was removed on day 4 after implantation, and the patient was discharged without experiencing any further complications.
Childhood drownings in private swimming pools
Authors: P. Catzel
Journal: BMJ (1982)

features is a profound impairment of language development affecting comprehension as well as expression.The general practitioner who follows the advice in the leading article as to which children to refer for paediatric advice will therefore not miss referring the autistic child.The general practitioner may himself recognise the other features of autism such as social aloofness, unusual motility patterns, and bizarre mannerisms.If he is unfamiliar with them, however, his paediatric colleagues should make this diagnosis.It should be emphasised again that among the causes of delayed speech development deafness, mental retardation, environmental factors, and speci- fic language disorders are all 20 to 30 times commoner than autism.
Treatment of Chronic Otorrhoea with Chloramphenicol
Authors: R. S. Lewis, J. D. Gray
Journal: BMJ (1951)

The common causes of persistent ear discharge are chronic otitis media, chronic otitis externa, and infection in the cavities made by tympano-mastoidectomies and fenestration operations.It is difficult to assess the proportion of the population suffering from running ears, but Formby (1942) reported that just over 2% of recruits examined during the 1939-45 war were rejected because of chronic ear diseases.Otorrhoea formed the bulk of the cases.Johnston (1948) found that of 1,902 factory employees 3.3 % had suppurating middle ears, and Asher- son (1950) states that 1 % of the school population of London in 1932 were treated for chronic otorrhoea.These figures apply to special sections of the population, but most otologists would agree that otorrhoea is equally common in many other groups as well.Chronic suppurative otitis media ranges from a rela- tively benign condition to a cause of death.In most cases it is painless and the otorrhoea may be intermittent, appearing only when an upper respiratory tract infection occurs.The effect on hearing is variable : the loss is often slight, and even when both ears are affected there may be no serious economic or social handicap.The deafness from bilateral ear discharge, however, may interfere considerably with the education of a child.It may be accepted that the longer the discharge persists the worse the hearing gets, and in some cases the deafness may become profound.This is especially so when nerve-deafness is added.Fortunately, bilateral cases of this kind are not common.Although a number of cases therefore suffer little more than the annoyance of running ears, the group as a whole are handicapped, and various occupations, such as nursing, the Post Office, the Services, the police, and food manu- facturing, may be closed to them.They may have sub- normal health, headaches, giddiness, and deafness; and the continual presence of pus, which is often offensive, is distressing.The pus may be a source of danger to others by acting as a reservoir for the spread of organ- isms such as Ps.pyocyanea.Another handicap is the amount of time that may have to be spent in treatment; in some cases it is a matter of years, and is only too often given up because of its tediousness and uncertainty.Long hours spent each week on treatment, if there is failure to cure the otorrhoea or if it recurs after the first cold, can hardly be justified in the simple cases of unilateral otorrhoea, in which the worst that can happen is a moderate degree of unilateral deafness and the annoyance of a persistent discharge.Present methods of treatment may be very effective, but the best results can be obtained only by regular treatment, preferably undertaken by trained staff.Recurrent attacks are frequent, each one demanding a repetition of the regime.There is a great need for a simple and effective remedy which would save the time ofthe patient and the hospital.
Notch signaling expands a pre-malignant pool of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia clones without affecting leukemia-propagating cell frequency
Authors: J S Blackburn, S Liu, D M Raiser, S A Martinez, H Feng, N D Meeker, J Gentry, D Neuberg, A T Look, S Ramaswamy, A Bernards, N S Trede, D M Langenau
Journal: Leukemia (2012)
Ejaculatory abnormalities in mice with targeted disruption of the gene for heme oxygenase-2
Authors: Arthur L. Burnett, Devin G. Johns, Lance J. Kriegsfeld, Sabra L. Klein, David C. Calvin, Gregory E. Demas, Lawrence P. Schramm, Susumu Tonegawa, Randy J. Nelson, Solomon H. Snyder, Kenneth D. Poss
Journal: Nature Medicine (1998)
Analyzing Casein-Specific IL-4 and IL-13 Secreting T-Cells: A Reliable Tool For Diagnosis Of Cow's Milk Allergy
Authors: Benedicte Michaud, Joseph Aroulandom, Nour Baïz, Flore Amat, Rahelé Gouvis-Echraghi, Sophie Candon, Remy Couderc, Jean-Francois Bach, Lucienne Chatenoud, Jocelyne Just
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)