tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A SIMPLE METHOD OF MEASURING CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRESSURE
Authors: Theodore C. Greene
Journal: JAMA (1928)

A recent description<sup>1</sup>of a very ingenious adaptation of the mercurial blood pressure manometer to the study of cerebrospinal fluid pressure suggests this note. The method here described is well known, but in view of the use of mercurial manometers deserves to be even better known. I first saw the method used by Dr. Harvey Cushing, and have since found it valuable on the mission field, where simple tools must be used when possible. After the lumbar (or ventricular) puncture has been performed, a sterile piece of glass tubing, 2 feet long and with a small caliber, is connected with the needle by means of a sterile piece of small rubber tubing, 1 or 2 inches long. The height to which the spinal fluid rises above the needle may be read by a ruler placed beside the glass tubing. If one wishes to remove some of the spinal
Pet birds as an independent risk factor for lung cancer: case-control study.
Authors: L. Kohlmeier, G. Arminger, S. Bartolomeycik, B. Bellach, J. Rehm, M. Thamm
Journal: BMJ (1992)

To test the hypothesis that exposure to pet birds increases risk of developing lung cancer.Case-control study. Computerised interviews were used to assess previous exposure to pets and other risk factors for lung cancer.Three major hospitals treating respiratory disease in former West Berlin.All people newly diagnosed as having primary malignant neoplasm of the trachea, bronchi, or lung who were 65 or younger and control subjects matched for age and sex from the general population of former West Berlin. 279 cases and 635 controls qualified for the study; 239 cases and 429 controls participated.Odds ratio of developing lung cancer according to whether or not pet birds were kept and the duration of keeping pet birds.In addition to the risk of lung cancer imposed by smoking, passive smoking, and occupational exposure to carcinogens, an increased relative risk of 2.14 (95% confidence interval 1.35 to 3.40) was found among people exposed to pet birds. The adjusted odds ratio for exposures longer than 10 years was 3.19 (1.48 to 8.21).Avian exposure seems to carry a risk of lung cancer. Until the pathogenesis is understood, long term exposure to pet birds in living areas should be avoided, especially among people at high risk of developing lung cancer.
Legionnaires' Disease: An Epidemiologic Overview
Authors: Victor L. Yu
Journal: JAMA (1981)

The development of any infectious disease, from an epidemiologic perspective, requires three conditions: a reservoir for the etiologic agent, a mode of transmission, and the presence of a susceptible host. The article by Band and colleagues in this issue ofThe Journal(p 2404) describing an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease (LD) addresses all three of these conditions. Water in an air conditioning cooling tower contaminated with<i>Legionella pneumophila</i>constituted the reservoir for this outbreak of LD. The mode of transmission was airborne, as convincingly demonstrated by environmental studies and epidemiologic analysis. Smoke-tracer studies showed that aerosolized exhaust from the cooling tower could be transmitted down a hotel chimney, out of a fireplace, and into a hotel meeting room. The attack rate of LD was highest for those hotel patrons occupying the meeting room with the fireplace. The susceptible host in this outbreak, as in other outbreaks of LD, was the
Reply to the Letter to the Editor from Wang
Authors: Felicia S. Falvella, Antonella Galvan, Elisa Frullanti, Tommaso A. Dragani
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

In Response: To date, all studies of the 15q25 locus have reported statistical associations of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) mapping in the CHRNA5 locus region with either lung cancer risk, smoking habit, or CHRNA5 mRNA levels, although the functional SNP(s) and the pathologic mechanism(s) have not been clarified.In our work, we reported the novel observation of an association between CHRNA5 mRNA levels in normal lung and the D398N variant (rs16969968), a coding change in the nicotinic receptor that we confirmed to be associated with lung cancer risk (1) and that was linked to ∼2.5-fold lower CHRNA5 mRNA levels in individuals homozygous for the risk allele (N398; n = 69; P = 8.04e-06; Fig. 4 in ref. 1). Because the 15q25 region contains several polymorphisms showing high linkage disequilibrium with each other, we did not make conclusions about the existence of any biological association between D398N and CHRNA5 mRNA levels, as Wang et al. (2) have interpreted.Wang et al. (2, 3) recently showed that several variants either 5′ upstream of or within the CHRNA5 gene are more strongly associated with the variability in CHRNA5 mRNA expression than is the rs16969968 SNP (D398N) in the human frontal cortex, with the insertion/deletion variant rs38411324, located in the 5′ region near the gene, showing the strongest association with CHRNA5 mRNA expression. The authors selected the tagged SNP rs588765, mapping in the intron 1 of the gene, for genotyping in all of the case-control series because of a higher genotyping success rate.Using the same 69 samples, we previously analyzed and the PCR primers described by Bierut et al. (4), we carried out an association analysis of rs3841324 with CHRNA5 mRNA levels in normal lung; indeed, we found a stronger association of the rs3841324 than the rs16969968 (D398N; P = 1.25e-08; Fig. 1), consistent with the findings of Wang et al. (3) in brain tissue. However, given the small (only 25 kb) distance between rs3841324 and rs16969968, as well as the expected highly significant linkage disequilibrium of these polymorphisms (D′ = 1.0; r^2 = 0.45; n = 69; analysis by JLIN; ref. 5), the higher association of the rs3841324 than of the D398N with CHRNA5 mRNA levels would be better interpreted as an indication of a closer distance of the first polymorphism with the functional polymorphism affecting CHRNA5 mRNA levels, and not as a proof of biological association. Moreover, the diplotype analysis proposed by Wang et al. (2) cannot be considered sufficient to provide biological mechanism, because it also consists in an association analysis and its interpretation is complicated by the small number of samples and the variability of the mRNA expression.In conclusion, we think that further studies are needed to identify the functional variant(s) modulating CHRNA5 mRNA levels.No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
Antigen processing influences HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte immunodominance
Authors: S Tenzer, E Wee, A Burgevin, G Stewart-Jones, L Friis, K Lamberth, Chang C-H., M Harndahl, M Weimershaus, J Gerstoft, N Akkad, P Klenerman, L Fugger, E Y Jones, A J McMichael, S Buus, H Schild, P van Endert, Iversen Akn.
Journal: Nature Immunology (2009)
Biglycan Deficiency Causes Spontaneous Aortic Dissection and Rupture in Mice
Authors: Anne-Marie Heegaard, Alessandro Corsi, Carl Christian Danielsen, Karina L. Nielsen, Henrik L. Jorgensen, Mara Riminucci, Marian F. Young, Paolo Bianco
Journal: Circulation (2007)

For the majority of cases, the cause of spontaneous aortic dissection and rupture is unknown. An inherited risk is associated with Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, and loci mapped to diverse autosomal chromosomes. Analysis of pedigrees however has indicated that it may be also inherited as an X-linked trait. The biglycan gene, found on chromosome X in humans and mice, encodes a small leucine-rich proteoglycan involved in the integrity of the extracellular matrix. A vascular phenotype has never been described in mice deficient in the gene for small leucine-rich proteoglycans. In the breeding of BALB/cA mice homozygous for a null mutation of the biglycan gene, we observed that 50% of biglycan-deficient male mice died suddenly within the first 3 months of life.Necropsies revealed a major hemorrhage in the thoracic or abdominal cavity, and histology showed aortic rupture that involved an intimal and medial tear as well as dissection between the media and adventitia. By transmission electron microscopy and biomechanical testing, the aortas of biglycan-deficient mice showed structural abnormalities of collagen fibrils and reduced tensile strength. Similar collagen fibril changes were observed in male as well as in female biglycan-deficient mice, which implies a role of additional determinants such as gender-related response to stress in the development of this vascular catastrophe only in male mice.The spontaneous death of biglycan-deficient male mice from aortic rupture implicates biglycan as essential for the structural and functional integrity of the aortic wall and suggests a potential role of biglycan gene defects in the pathogenesis of aortic dissection and rupture in humans.
The Primary Cilium in Cell Signaling and Cancer
Authors: Edward J. Michaud, Bradley K. Yoder
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract The primary cilium is a microtubule-based antenna-like structure that emanates from the surface of virtually all cells in the mammalian body. It is anchored to the cell by the basal body, which develops from the mother centriole of the centrosome in a manner that is coordinately regulated with the cell cycle. The primary cilium is a sensory organelle that receives both mechanical and chemical signals from other cells and the environment, and transmits these signals to the nucleus to elicit a cellular response. Recent studies revealed that multiple components of the Sonic hedgehog and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α signal transduction pathways localize to the primary cilium, and that loss of the cilium blocks ligand-induced signaling by both pathways. In light of the major role that these pathways play in numerous types of cancer, we anticipate that the emerging discoveries being made about the function of the primary cilium in signaling pathways that are critical for embryonic development and tissue homeostasis in adults will also provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(15): 6463-7)
High Prevalence of Antibodies to Intestinal Epithelial Antigens in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Their Relatives
Authors: Claudio Fiocchi
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Study Objective: To assess whether healthy members of families of patients with inflammatory bowel disease share an immune reactivity to gut epithelial cell antigens. Design: Assessment of immune reactivity against epitheli-al-cell-associated components (ECAC). Methods: Detection of specific anti-ECAC serum antibodies by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (percent specific lysis) and by immunoblotting (Western blots). Patients: Index cases (131) and first-degree relatives in 17 families with 2 or more affected members, and 13 with only 1 member affected. Main Results: Compared with a gastrointestinal disease control group (0.5% ± 0.8%), specific lysis against ECAC-C (colon-derived) among patients with inflammatory bowel disease was significantly greater in both multiply affected (8.4% ± 8.2%; P <0.01) and singly affected (5.2% ± 5.4%; P < 0.05) families. In contrast, specific lysis by patients with other inflammatory processes of the small and large bowel (1.1% ± 1.4%) or autoimmune disease (0.7% ± 1.0%) did not differ from that of the gastrointestinal disease control group. Among relatives of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (index cases), specific lysis was also significantly higher than in the control group (4.8% ± 5.5% for multiply affected, P < 0.01, and 4.3% ± 5.5% for singly affected, P < 0.05). Relatives of patients with chronic inflammatory liver disease had a level of lysis (0.6% ± 0.9%) similar to that of controls. The prevalence of antibodies to ECAC-C was 69.7% among patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and 55.7% among relatives; both prevalences were significantly higher than that of the control group (8.0%, P < 0.001). Using small-bowel-derived ECAC, the prevalence of antibodies among patients with inflammatory bowel disease and relatives tives was also significantly higher than that of controls. Reactivity of sera was directed to a 160- and a 137-kilodalton macromolecule. Conclusions: Immune sensitization to intestinal epithelial antigens is common in families with chronic inflammatory bowel disease; its high frequency among asymptomatic relatives suggests it may represent a primary phenomenon, perhaps predisposing individuals to gut tissue injury.
DIESEL EXHAUST INHALATION INDUCED VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION: THE ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE
Authors: Jeremy P. Langrish, Jon Unosson, Jenny Bosson-Damewood, Ala Muala, Stefan Barath, Stefan Soderberg, Scott Blackwell, Jamshid Pourazar, Ian L. Megson, Thomas Sandström, Nicholas L. Mills, Anders Blomberg, David E. Newby
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Endotoxaemia and serum tumour necrosis factor as prognostic markers in severe acute pancreatitis.
Authors: A R Exley, T Leese, M P Holliday, R A Swann, J Cohen
Journal: Gut (1992)

Endotoxaemia and circulating tumour necrosis factor are important prognostic factors in severe sepsis and are implicated in the pathogenesis of septic shock. Because clinical and pathological features in acute pancreatitis are similar to septic shock this study sought to determine whether endotoxin and tumour necrosis factor were prognostic factors in 38 patients with prognostically severe acute pancreatitis. Endotoxaemia, present in 19/37 (51%) patients on day 1, was more common in nonsurvivors than survivors (10/11, 91% v 9/26, 35%, p = 0.003). Day 1 serum endotoxin concentrations were higher in patients with a severe outcome (median (interquartile range) 314 (173-563) pg/ml v 0 (0-185) pg/ml, p&lt;0.01) and in non-survivors (266 (173-586) pg/ml v 0 (0-165) pg/ml, p&lt;0.01). Serum tumour necrosis factor was detectable in 47 of 109 samples (43%) from 38 patients (median 35 pg/ml, range 5-943 pg/ml). Day 1 serum tumour necrosis factor correlated with a worse prognostic score and a severe outcome in all patients (n = 38, r = 0.36, p = 0.027; r = 0.33, p&lt;0.05) and with mortality in patients with gall stones (n = 23, r = 0.50, p = 0.02). Our data suggest that endotoxin and tumour necrosis factor could be prognostic factors in severe acute pancreatitis.
Effect of hyperaemia on thallium-201 redistribution in normal canine myocardium
Authors: J. A LEPPO, R. D OKADA, H W. STRAUSS, G. M POHOST
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1985)

The specific effect of hyperaemia on thallium redistribution is not known. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of initial (group A) and delayed (group B) hyperaemia on thallium kinetics in normal canine myocardium. In group A dogs (n = 14) adenosine was infused into the left circumflex artery (LCx) prior to thallium injection and was continued for either 5, 30 or 120 min after thallium administration. In group B dogs (n = 10) LCx adenosine was begun 10 min post thallium injection and continued for 2 h. Radioactive microspheres were injected simultaneously with thallium and just prior to death in all but the 5 min experiments. The region of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) served as a normal control for each heart. The mean LCx/LAD flow ratio in all group A hearts was 3.81 ± 1.24 (SD) and the final thallium LCx/LAD ratios averaged 2.29 ± 0.26,1.52 ± 0.27 and 0.93 ± 0.16 at 5, 30 and 120 min respectively, which represents a significant redistribution of thallium (p<0.05). In group B hearts, the mean LCx/LAD flow ratio was 1.06 ± 0.07 during thallium injection and after LCx adenosine infusion the flow ratio rose to 2.91 ± 0.75 (p<0.001). This resulted in a final thallium LCx/LAD ratio of 0.96 ± 0.07 which was significantly less than the initial microsphere determined flow ratio (p<0.01). These data suggest that during regional hyperaemia, the rate of net thallium clearance is accelerated by persistent and to a lesser degree by delayed hyperaemia. Overall, the process of thallium redistribution can be affected by hyperaemia and, therefore, is not completely independent of coronary blood flow.
Hypertensive Crisis with Eskornade
Authors: P. R. Salmon
Journal: BMJ (1965)

be taken into the operating-theatre."Only sterile blankets should be used for this pur- pose, and we should not be prevented from using polypropylene because of an imaginary danger from static electricity.If a danger does exist polypropylene blankets appear to carry very little static and they could easily have woven into them (if the makers are told this is essential) an anti-static thread.We firmly believe that cross-infection must be fought on every front even if the effect in some cases is hard to demonstrate.We have no doubt that it will be worth while converting all our hospital linen to these autoclavable materials.Polypropylene has many uses in hospitals, and these fibres may prove to be the most advantageous of all.-Weare, etc.,
CABG Surgical Mortality in Different Centers
Authors: Clement J. McDonald
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —After examining community-wide data, O'Connor et al<sup>1</sup>and Williams et al<sup>2</sup>reported that coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery has a perioperative mortality of 4% and 8%, respectively. These mortality estimates approximate those from other reports of community-wide studies<sup>3</sup>but are twofold higher than the mortality reported in studies of CABG surgery done in referral centers.<sup>4,5</sup>At least two other surgical procedures for which communitybased mortality data are available show a similar pattern. One study of carotid endarterectomy showed a perioperative mortality of 3.4%,<sup>6</sup>far exceeding the 0.6% mortality rate reported in a recent multicenter clinical trial of the efficacy of carotid endarterectomy.<sup>7</sup>Similarly, in a community-wide study of prostatectomy, Wennberg et al<sup>8</sup>observed a short-term mortality rate of 3.7%, in contrast to the accepted short-term mortality rate of 1.0%.<sup>9</sup> A number of biases or distortions could account for
The U.S. National Toxicology Program evaluation of transgenic mice as predictive models for identifying carcinogens.
Authors: W C Eastin
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences researchers have invested considerable effort in exploring the utility of transgenic mice to detect carcinogens and study mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Work has assessed several mouse models genetically altered to enhance their expression of chemically induced tumors. Results with the p53def (hemizygous for the tumor-suppressor gene) and the Tg.AC (carrier of an activated H-ras oncogene) mice have been used as a basis for a proposed new strategy for identifying chemical carcinogens and assessing risk. The U.S. National Toxicology Program is conducting a series of studies with these two transgenic strains to further examine their strengths and weaknesses for identification of documented rodent and human carcinogens and to explore their ability to provide information concerning the effective dosimetry for target organ mutation.
Liberty and the Control of Tuberculosis
Authors: Edward W. Campion
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

When there is a proven, effective treatment for a dangerous disease, most physicians will try hard to persuade their patients to accept that treatment even if it is unpleasant and inconvenient. With competent adults, however, it is the patient who decides in the end. The right to refuse treatment is a basic human right. The power of the state should not be used to make people comply with the treatments that physicians prescribe. One of the few cases in which things may be different is that of tuberculosis. In this issue of the Journal, Gasner et al. describe how legal . . .
Effects of sheep digoxin-specific antibodies and their Fab fragments on digoxin pharmacokinetics in dogs.
Authors: V P Butler, D H Schmidt, T W Smith, E Haber, B D Raynor, P Demartini
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1977)

Intact sheep antidigoxin antibodies and their Fab fragments have both been found to exert profound effects on digoxin pharmacokinetics in [3H] digoxin-treated dogs. Both classes of molecule remove digoxin from the extravascular space and sequester it in the circulation in protein-bound form, a form in which the digoxin is presumably inactive. These two classes of molecule differ, however, in that the intact antibody molecules interfere with digoxin excretion, thereby promoting the retention of the glycoside; this retained digoxin is eventually released in free, active form when the administered antibody is metabolically degraded. In contrast, urinary excretion of digoxin continues in Fab-treated dogs, with significant quantities of digoxin being excreted promptly in the urine in complex with Fab fragments. These differences in urinary excretion, together with the probable decreased immunogenicity of sheep antidigoxin Fab fragments, suggest that such fragments possess potential advantages over intact antibody molecules for use in the therapy of life-threatening digoxin intoxication in man.
38 IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUG CYCLOSPORINE A INHIBITS HUMAN REGULATORY T CELLS ACTIVITY INDEPENDENTLY OF CALCINEURIN PATHWAY
Authors: C. Miroux, O. Morales, A. Carpentier, S. Dharancy, F. Conti, E. Boleslowski, P. Podevin, C. Auriault, V. Pancre, N. Delhem
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Refugees in Thailand and Short-term Medical Aid
Authors: Gabriel Smilkstein
Journal: JAMA (1981)

IN THAILAND, approximately 400,000 refugees reside in camps within the country and along its borders with Cambodia (Kampuchea) and Laos. The number of refugees is too great for the government of Thailand to manage alone. Each refugee camp requires a support system that includes an administrative and work force responsible for such items as food, water, sanitation, housing, and health care. When the Cambodian refugees fled to Thailand in large numbers last fall, the health care problems were staggering.<sup>1,2</sup>A medical organization was needed to (1) prevent epidemics of cholera and typhoid; (2) treat a large number of patients with marasmus, kwashiorkor, malaria, tuberculosis, and war injuries; and (3) promote health by providing an adequate diet for the refugees, especially children and pregnant and lactating women. <h3>An Instant Refugee Camp</h3> Under the administrative guidance of the Thai Ministry of Interior and the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, a
Oral Ulcers and Targetoid Lesions on the Palms
Authors: Barry Ladizinski, Kachiu C. Lee
Journal: JAMA (2014)

A22-year-oldwomanpresentswithoralulcersanda rashonherpalms of 4 days’ duration. She does not take any prescribed or over-thecounter medications. Review of systems is noncontributory, and she denies fevers, chills, shortnessof breath, cough, andgenital lesions. Vital signs are normal, and physical examination reveals shallow erosions with hemorrhagic crusts on the lips and widespreadtargetoidmaculeswithduskycentersonthepalms(Figure).The remainder of the examination is unremarkable. Quiz at jama.com A B C