tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevention of hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance in mitochondrial acyl-CoA:glycerol-sn-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 knockout mice
Authors: Susanne Neschen, Katsutaro Morino, Linda E. Hammond, Dongyan Zhang, Zhen-Xiang Liu, Anthony J. Romanelli, Gary W. Cline, Rebecca L. Pongratz, Xian-Man Zhang, Cheol S. Choi, Rosalind A. Coleman, Gerald I. Shulman
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2005)
Points: A tale of turbulent times
Authors: C. Lack
Journal: BMJ (1985)

fish rich in o-3 unsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (mackerel, herring, salmon, sardines, etc).It would be interesting to know whether Eskimos have a high or low incidence of renal disease, since it is already known that both ischaemic heart disease and many forms of cancer are uncommon in Eskimos eating a high fatty fish diet.7
Monitoring theophylline treatment.
Authors: J A Sacristan, P Chantal, J Soto
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Hypokalaemia may increase the predisposition to lethal cardiac arrhythmias' and convulsions, especially in hypoxic patients with airways obstruction; serum potassium concentrations should therefore be monitored in every patient with established or suspected theophylline toxicity, and hypokalaemia should be corrected.
Tests of applicability of several substitution models for DNA sequence data.
Authors: A. Rzhetsky, M. Nei
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1995)

Using linear invariants for various models of nucleotide substitution, we developed test statistics for examining the applicability of a specific model to a given dataset in phylogenetic inference. The models examined are those developed by Jukes and Cantor (1969), Kimura (1980), Tajima and Nei (1984), Hasegawa et al. (1985), Tamura (1992), Tamura and Nei (1993), and a new model called the eight-parameter model. The first six models are special cases of the last model. The test statistics developed are independent of evolutionary time and phylogeny, although the variances of the statistics contain phylogenetic information. Therefore, these statistics can be used before a phylogenetic tree is estimated. Our objective is to find the simplest model that is applicable to a given dataset, keeping in mind that a simple model usually gives an estimate of evolutionary distance (number of nucleotide substitutions per site) with a smaller variance than a complicated model when the simple model is correct. We have also developed a statistical test of the homogeneity of nucleotide frequencies of a sample of several sequences that takes into account possible phylogenetic correlations. This test is used to examine the stationarity in time of the base frequencies in the sample. For Hasegawa et al.'s and the eight-parameter models, analytical formulas for estimating evolutionary distances are presented. Application of the above tests to several sets of real data has shown that the assumption of stationarity of base composition is usually acceptable when the sequences studied are closely related but otherwise it is rejected. Similarly, the simple models of nucleotide substitution are almost always rejected when actual genes are distantly related and/or the total number of nucleotides examined is large.
Prognostic Factors for Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Olivier Sanchez, Ludovic Trinquart, Vincent Caille, Francis Couturaud, Gérard Pacouret, Nicolas Meneveau, Franck Verschuren, Pierre-Marie Roy, Florence Parent, Marc Righini, Arnaud Perrier, Christine Lorut, Bernard Tardy, Marie-Odile Benoit, Gilles Chatellier, Guy Meyer
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2009)

The short-term prognosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) depends on hemodynamic status and underlying disease. The prognostic value of right ventricular dysfunction and injury is less well established.To evaluate prognostic factors of PE in a multicenter prospective cohort study.Echocardiography, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal-proBNP and cardiac troponin I measurements were done on admission of 570 consecutive patients with an acute PE. A predictive model was based on independent predictors of 30-day adverse events defined as death, secondary cardiogenic shock, or recurrent venous thromboembolism.At 30 days, 42 patients (7.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.5-9.8%) had adverse events. On multivariate analysis, altered mental state (odds ratio [OR] 6.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-23.3), shock on admission (OR 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1-7.5), cancer (OR 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2-6.9), BNP (OR 1.3 for an increase of 250 ng/L; 95% CI, 1.1-1.6) and right to left ventricle diameter ratio (OR 1.2 for an increase of 0.1; 95% CI, 1.1-1.4) were associated with 30-days of adverse events. The predictive performance of the model was good (area under receiver operating characteristics curve 0.84 [95% CI, 0.78-0.90]), making it possible to develop a bedside prognostic score.BNP and echocardiography may be useful determinants of the short-term outcome for patients with PE, together with clinical findings. Patients with PE can be stratified according to the initial risk of adverse outcome, using a simple score based on clinical, echocardiographic, and biochemical variables.
Generic inhalers for asthma
Authors: M. Pearson, R. Lewis, J. Watson, J. Ayres, G. Ibbotson, D. R. D. Flynn, J. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1994)

EDITOR,—A major drive towards generic prescribing is occurring in the NHS on the premise that generic products deliver equally effective results while yielding an appreciable saving on costs. We have reservations about the use of generic inhalers for asthma on both counts. In November last year the NHS Supplies Authority arranged a contract for generic inhalers for asthma and at the same time wrote to the chief executives of all NHS trusts, urging them to ignore approaches from their clinicians on the grounds that they may have been influenced by the manufacturers of branded products. The letter included the statement, “there is no doubt after stringent tests by our [quality control] that the generic product is equally effective with the Allen and Hanburys products.” This statement must be called into question since adequate data on …
A randomised controlled comparison of injection, thermal, and mechanical endoscopic methods of haemostasis on mesenteric vessels
Authors: C C Hepworth, S S Kadirkamanathan, F Gong, C P Swain
Journal: Gut (1998)

A randomised controlled comparison of haemostatic efficacy of mechanical, injection, and thermal methods of haemostasis was undertaken using canine mesenteric vessels to test the hypothesis that mechanical methods of haemostasis are more effective in controlling haemorrhage than injection or thermal methods. The diameter of arteries in human bleeding ulcers measures up to 3.45 mm; mesenteric vessels up to 5 mm were therefore studied.Mesenteric vessels were randomised to treatment with injection sclerotherapy (adrenaline and ethanolamine), bipolar diathermy, or mechanical methods (band, clips, sewing machine, endoloops). The vessels were severed and haemostasis recorded.Injection sclerotherapy and clips failed to stop bleeding from vessels of 1 mm (n = 20) and 2 mm (n = 20). Bipolar diathermy was effective on 8/10 vessels of 2 mm but failed on 3 mm vessels (n = 5). Unstretched elastic bands succeeded on 13/15 vessels of 2 mm but on only 3/10 vessels of 3 mm. The sewing machine achieved haemostasis on 8/10 vessels of 4 mm but failed on 5 mm vessels (n = 5); endoloops were effective on all 5 mm vessels (n = 5).Only mechanical methods were effective on vessels greater than 2 mm in diameter. Some mechanical methods (banding and clips) were less effective than expected and need modification. Thermal and (effective) mechanical methods were significantly (p < 0.01) more effective than injection sclerotherapy. The most effective mechanical methods were significantly more effective (p < 0.01) than thermal or injection on vessels greater than 2 mm.
Live, Attenuated Mumps-Virus Vaccine
Authors: Robert E. Weibel, Joseph Stokes, Eugene B. Buynak, James E. Whitman, Maurice R. Hilleman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1967)

MUMPS is a common childhood disease that may be severely and even permanently crippling when it involves the brain, testis, ovary, auditory nerves or pancreas. Adult males may be permanently sterilized by mumps. The personal discomfort and time loss from productive effort resulting from ordinary mumps and the serious or even fatal aspect of the extraordinary case appear to justify development and application of a safe and effective live-virus vaccine.A first report in the present series describes the development by Buynak and Hilleman1 of a live, attenuated mumps-virus vaccine referred to as the Jeryl Lynn strain, level B. Early . . .
Coronary denervation attenuates coronary constriction induced by muscarinic receptor stimulation in pigs
Authors: J Cinca
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1996)

We tested the hypothesis that coronary denervation attenuates the reactivity of the coronary vessel to cholinergic stimulation.Heart rate, left ventricular (LV) pressure, LV dP/dt, coronary blood flow at the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, and epicardial ECG mapping were measured before and after topical application of 1% methacholine to the LAD in 10 pigs anesthetized with alpha-chloralose (100 mg/kg, i.v.); these were compared with 10 other pigs submitted 2 weeks previously to a denervation of the LAD with phenol. Coronary denervation was confirmed in all cases by adrenergic histofluorescence and by acetyl-cholinesterase staining. Isolated LAD rings from 10 additional pigs (5 controls and 5 treated with phenol) were stimulated with endothelin-1 to verify whether phenol affected coronary reactivity to noncholinergic stimulation.Methacholine induced a fall in coronary blood flow (10.3 +/- 5.3 ml/min vs 4.8 +/- 6.2 ml/min, ANOVA: P < 0.001), a drop in systolic LV pressure (113 +/- 19 mmHg vs 93 +/- 19 mmHg, P < 0.001) and LV dP/dt (1608 +/- 363 mmHg/s vs 1203 +/- 302 mmHg/s, P = 0.02) and elevation of the ST segment (1.4 +/- 0.9 vs 11.1 +/- 4.7 mV, P < 0.001) in controls. These changes were not preceded by heart rate variations and were inhibited by atropine. As compared to controls, phenol-treated pigs showed a smaller decline in coronary blood flow (13.1 +/- 4.5 ml/min to 10.4 +/- 5.4 ml/min, P < 0.001), a lower drop in LV pressure (107 +/- 20 mmHg to 100 +/- 19.7 mmHg, P < 0.001) and lesser ST segment elevation (2.2 +/- 1.7 mV to 5.6 +/- 4.2 mV, P < 0.001). Isolated LAD rings contracted after exposure to endothelin-1 in both controls and phenol-treated pigs (3.5 +/- 0.7 g vs 2.4 +/- 1.0 g, P = 0.06).Coronary denervation attenuates coronary constriction induced selectively by direct muscarinic receptor stimulation in the in situ pig heart.
Emergent balloon mitral valvotomy in patients presenting with cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock or refractory pulmonary edema
Authors: Yash Y Lokhandwala, Darshan Banker, Amit M Vora, Prafulla G Kerkar, Jaya R Deshpande, Hema L Kulkarni, Bharat V Dalvi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Medical treatment of early breast cancer. II: endocrine therapy
Authors: Ian Smith, Susan Chua
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Choice of adjuvant treatment depends on risk of relapse, potential benefits of different treatments, oestrogen receptor status, age of the patient, and acceptability of treatment to the patient. The risk of relapse relates to known prognostic factors, and these can be used to define risk groups. Age and menopausal status are important factors that influence the choice of adjuvant treatment.

Until recently tamoxifen was the most commonly used hormonal agent in the adjuvant setting in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. A major development in adjuvant treatment for early breast cancer in postmenopausal women has been the emergence of the so called third generation aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane), with increasing evidence of their superiority to tamoxifen.



Disease free survival in women with oestrogen receptor positive in the study of adjuvant anastrozole, tamoxifen, or the combination (ATAC). Curves are truncated at 42 months. Adapted from Lancet 2002; 359: 2131-9



These drugs act by blocking the synthesis of oestrogen (which is mediated through the aromatase enzyme), in contrast to tamoxifen (which is an oestrogen receptor antagonist). Their efficacy has been established in postmenopausal women only. Anastrozole achieved a small but important disease free survival benefit (3.3% improvement at six years with a hazard ratio of 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.73 to 0.94) in the hormone receptor positive group compared with tamoxifen or the combination in the large ATAC (Arimidex, tamoxifen, alone or in combination) trial. Patients treated with anastrozole also had a small but significant reduction (0.86, 0.74 to 0.99) in distant disease free survival, but the latest analysis at 68 months showed no overall survival difference. Data from the Breast International Group 1-98 (BIG 1-98) study compared letrozole with tamoxifen in 8028 women with a median follow-up period of 25.8 months, and showed that patients who received immediate treatment with letrozole …
The role of the intestinal microbiota in the development of atopic disorders
Authors: J. Penders, E. E. Stobberingh, P. A. van den Brandt, C. Thijs
Journal: Allergy (2007)

The prevalence of atopic diseases, including eczema, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma, has increased worldwide, predominantly in westernized countries. Recent epidemiological studies and experimental research suggest that microbial stimulation of the immune system influences the development of tolerance to innocuous allergens. The gastrointestinal microbiota composition may be of particular interest, as it provides an early and major source of immune stimulation and seems to be a prerequisite for the development of oral tolerance. In this review the observational studies of the association between the gut microbiota and atopic diseases are discussed. Although most studies indicated an association between the gut microbiota composition and atopic sensitization or symptoms, no specific harmful or protective microbes can be identified yet. Some important methodological issues that have to be considered are the microbiological methods used (traditional culture vs molecular techniques), the timing of examining the gut microbiota, the definition of atopic outcomes, confounding and reverse causation. In conclusion, the microbiota hypothesis in atopic diseases is promising and deserves further attention. To gain more insight into the role of the gut microbiota in the etiology of atopy, large‐scale prospective birth cohort studies using molecular methods to study the gut microbiota are needed.
HEART FAILURE MEDICATION IN THE EXTENDED RANDOMIZED INH STUDY: CLINICAL OUTCOMES ACCORDING TO PRESCRIPTION FREQUENCY AND DOSING OF GUIDELINE-RECOMMENDED DRUGS
Authors: Guelmisal Gueder, Stefan Stoerk, Goetz Gelbrich, Susanne Brenner, Caroline Morbach, Dominik Berliner, Ertl Georg, Christiane E. Angermann
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Risk of developing multiple primary cutaneous melanomas in patients with the classic atypical-mole syndrome: a case-control study
Authors: A.A. MARGHOOB, J. SLADE, A.W. KOPF, T.G. SALOPEK, D.S. RIGEL, R.S. BART
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

The classic atypical-mole syndrome (CAMS) and/or a history of malignant melanoma (MM) increases the risk for multiple melanomas. Case notes of 118 CAMS and 173 control patients, each with a history of MM, were reviewed for the occurrence of second primary MMs. The mean (+/-SD) age at diagnosis of the first MM was 38.8 +/- 12.8 and 48.9 +/- 14.7 years (P < 0.001) for CAMS cases and controls, respectively. Thirty-two of 118 CAMS and 18 of 173 controls developed second primary MMs, for a cumulative 10-year life-table risk of 35.5% and 17.0%, respectively (P < 0.0001). The mean number of months from the time of diagnosis of the first to the second MM was 33.9 +/- 41.8 and 58.6 +/- 57.3 months for the CAMS and controls, respectively (P = 0.08). In both cohorts the second MMs were significantly thinner, compared with the first MMs. The relative risk (RR) for developing second MMs for CAMS patients was 3.2. The RR for the CAMS cohort compared with a matched population from the United States Statistics, Epidemiology. End Results data base was 337, and for the controls, the RR was 84. All patients with MMs are at significant risk for developing multiple MMs: the risk is greater for patients with CAMS. Periodic total cutaneous examinations are indicated for life in an attempt to identify new MMs when they are thin.
Tc-99m Serum Albumin Lymphoscintigraphy of Upper Limbs
Authors: K NAWAZ, A FARAG, N M SHAHTTO, E HIGAZI, S SADEK, H M ABDEL-DAYEM
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

The use of Tc-99m human serum albumin (HSA) administered intradermally to study changes in the flow of lymphatic fluid in the lower limbs has been previously reported. A patient is presented who had edema and swelling of the right hand of one month's duration and had a Tc-99m HSA lymphatic flow study that clearly demonstrated the cause of the edema to be due to increased production of lymph. The potential use of this procedure to study pathophysiological changes of lymph flow in patients with edema of the upper limbs seems to be as promising as previously reported cases in lymphedema of the lower limbs.
Inhibition of constitutively activated Stat3 correlates with altered Bcl-2/Bax expression and induction of apoptosis in mycosis fungoides tumor cells
Authors: M Nielsen, CG Kæstel, KW Eriksen, A Woetmann, T Stokkedal, K Kaltoft, C Geisler, C Röpke, N Ødum
Journal: Leukemia (1999)
Treatment of Acute Mountain Sickness
Authors: Richard D. Mountain
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In a recent QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (1983;249:1770), a question was raised concerning the prophylaxis of and therapy for highaltitude headache. I believe that Dr Dalessio's reply requires clarification and amplification. Headache occurring at high altitude is the most common manifestation of a broader constellation of symptoms, termed<i>acute mountain sickness</i>(AMS), that may include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, lassitude, and insomnia. Acute mountain sickness is the most common form of high-altitude illness, occurring to a variable extent in many sojourners higher than 2,400 m (8,000 ft), often after vigorous exercise or sleep at high altitude. Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, has been shown to provide effective<i>prophylaxis</i>against the symptoms of AMS<sup>1,2</sup>but is not of proved therapeutic benefit in established AMS. A reasonable prophylactic regimen might be 250 mg every eight hours for 32 hours before and 40 hours after ascent.<sup>1</sup>The mechanism of benefit
Evidence that the Brain Participates in the Humoral Natriuretic Mechanism of Blood Volume Expansion in the Dog
Authors: George J. Kaloyanides, Murgurdich B. Balabanian, Ralph L. Bowman, Philip Pool
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

We examined the role of the central nervous system in the activation of the humoral natriuretic mechanism elicited by blood volume expansion. Studies were performed in anesthetized dogs pretreated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (15 mg/day) and sodium chloride for 12 days. An isolated dog kidney perfused with blood from the femoral artery of the volume expanded dog served as the bioassay system for the humoral natriuretic factor. In group I volume expansion of intact dogs (n = 14) with equilibrated blood promoted an increase in fractional sodium excretion (FENa) from a control level of 2.6±0.5 to 13.6±1.6%, P <0.001. In the isolated kidney FENa increased from 3.6±0.8 to 6.8±1.1%, P <0.01. The natriuresis from the isolated kidney occurred in the absence of significant changes in renal arterial pressure, glomerular filtration rate, plasma protein concentration, or packed cell volume, whereas renal blood flow decreased slightly. In group II (n = 20) the dogs were decapitated by means of a specially designed neck vise. In 10 dogs blood pressure was supported by a constant infusion of dopamine (3.8±0.7 μg/min per kg body weight). Despite the fact that in response to the same volume stimulus, decapitated dogs manifested an increase in blood volume and cardiac output similar in magnitude to that of intact dogs whereas the rise in mean arterial pressure of decapitated dogs exceeded that of intact dogs, the natriuretic response of decapitated dogs was significantly less than that of intact dogs. FENa in decapitated dogs increased 4.7±1.1 compared to 11.1±1.4% in intact dogs (p <0.01). Furthermore, volume expansion of decapitated dogs failed to elicit a natriuretic response from the isolated kidney. FENa in the isolated kidney measured 2.6±0.4 before and 2.6±0.4% after blood volume expansion. These data indicate that decapitation inhibits activation of the humoral natriuretic mechanism elicited by blood volume expansion and are consistent with the interpretation that the brain is the source of the natriuretic factor or that the brain participates in the activation of the humoral natriuretic mechanism at some other site in the body.
Sporotrichosis
Authors: Spencer C. Flo, Paul E. Smith
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1946)

SPOROTRICHOSIS is seldom seen in the United States and is easily confused with a number of other diseases. Strictly speaking, it presents a dermatologic problem, but the surgeon may encounter the disease in its early stages when it resembles a local infection. As it progresses and lymphatic invasion occurs, it becomes evident that one is dealing with a granuloma. For this reason, one should recall the possibility of sporotrichosis when considering a skin lesion that may be due to syphilis, tuberculosis, pyoderma, coccidiomycosis, actinomycosis or tularemia.Sporotrichosis was first described as a pathogenic entity by Schenck in 1898. Since then, . . .
Advances in Ophthalmology Vol 14
Authors: Albert M. Potts
Journal: JAMA (1964)

This annual review consists of three papers. The first is an account of "hemorrhagic glaucoma" by Sibylle Krüger of Basel. In an attempt to retain this irrational term the author restricts its meaning to that glaucoma which follows central retinal vein thrombosis and secondary rubeosis iridis. The account is a detailed one, but since pathogenesis is unknown and treatment is notably ineffective the overall result is not impressive. The second paper is an account of the experimental and spontaneous retinal degenerations of animals—a useful summary in itself. Curiously, the effect of glutamate poisoning on the retina is overlooked. The third review, and the last 194 pages of the book, deals with the literature on the retina from 1952 to 1959. The exhaustive nature of this review is impressive. The cutoff date four years before publication leaves many problems inadequately discussed in the light of present knowledge.
Clostridium perfringens Septicemia Following Perforation of a Duodenal Ulcer
Authors: Harold D. Rose
Journal: JAMA (1966)

<i>CLOSTRIDIUM perfringens</i>(Welch's bacillus), a normal inhabitant of the intestinal tract, and an occasional inhabitant of the biliary tract, may under certain conditions give rise to spontaneous gas gangrene in man. However, reports in the literature concerning cases of clostridial septicemia following spontaneous gas gangrene are exceedingly rare. The first case reported was described by Dayton in 1925<sup>1</sup>; a case in which a perforated gastric ulcer served as the portal of entry for the organism into the blood stream. Since then nine more cases originating from the alimentary tract have been reported in the medical literature, four occurring as complications of cholecystitis,<sup>2-5</sup>two as complications of necrotizing enterocolitis,<sup>3,6</sup>two as complications of carcinoma of the colon,<sup>7,8</sup>and one as a complication of intestinal obstruction.<sup>4</sup>Since early clinical and microbiological recognition of spontaneous gas gangrene is all important for attaining successful present-day therapy, we are reporting