tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
How does the level of BCG vaccine protection against tuberculosis fall over time?
Authors: L. C. Rodrigues, P. Mangtani, I. Abubakar
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<h3>Objectives</h3> Cancer is the leading cause of death among Asian Americans. Chinese Americans comprise the largest Asian American ethnic group. Low health literacy (LHL) is associated with lower cancer screening rates, but this association has not been studied in Chinese Americans. We examined the relationship between LHL and meeting US Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines for cervical, colorectal and breast cancer screening among Chinese Americans. <h3>Design</h3> Observational study of Chinese respondents in the 2007 California Health Interview Survey, a population-based survey. Interview languages included English, Cantonese and Mandarin. <h3>Setting</h3> California, USA <h3>Participants</h3> Chinese respondents in age/gender groupings appropriate for USPSTF cancer screening guidelines (<i>cervical</i>: women ages 21–65, n=632; <i>colorectal</i>: men or women ages 50–75, n=488; and <i>breast</i>: women ages 50–74, n=326). <h3>Outcomes</h3> Relationships were tested using multivariable logistic regression models controlling for healthcare access and demographic factors, including limited English proficiency (LEP). The combined effects of having both LHL and LEP were specifically examined. LHL was measured by 2-items on perceived ease-of-use of written medical materials. All study variables were self-reported. <h3>Results</h3> Cancer screening percentages among Chinese Americans were 77.8% for cervical, 50.9% for colorectal (47.9% for women and 54.2% for men), and 85.5% for breast. LHL was associated with lower odds of meeting breast cancer screening guidelines (OR 0.41; 95% CI 0.20 to 0.82). Respondents with both LHL and LEP were significantly less likely to have up-to-date colorectal (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.97) and breast cancer screening (OR 0.21; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.54) than those with neither health communication barrier. In all multivariable models, having seen a physician in the past year was a significant predictor of an up-to-date screening. <h3>Conclusions</h3> In Chinese Americans, LHL and LEP were negatively associated with up-to-date breast and colorectal cancer screening, independent of a recent physician visit. Efforts to promote cancer screening among Chinese Americans should consider and address LHL, LEP and physician access barriers.
Effects of an elemental diet, inert bulk and different types of dietary fibre on the response of the intestinal epithelium to refeeding in the rat and relationship to plasma gastrin, enteroglucagon, and PYY concentrations.
Authors: R A Goodlad, W Lenton, M A Ghatei, T E Adrian, S R Bloom, N A Wright
Journal: Gut (1987)

Refeeding starved rats with an elemental diet resulted in a marked increase in crypt cell production rate (CCPR) in the proximal small intestine but not in the distal regions of the gut. Little effect on CCPR was noted when inert bulk (kaolin) was added to the elemental diet. Addition of a poorly fermentable dietary fibre (purified wood cellulose) had little effect on intestinal epithelial cell proliferation except in the distal colon where it significantly increased CCPR. A more readily fermentable fibre (purified wheat bran) caused a large proliferative response in the proximal, mid, and distal colon and in the distal small intestine. A gel forming fibre only significantly stimulated proliferation in the distal colon; the rats in this group, however, did not eat all the food given. There was no significant correlation between CCPR and plasma gastrin concentrations, but plasma enteroglucagon concentrations were significantly correlated with CCPR in almost all the sites studied. Plasma PYY concentrations also showed some correlation with CCPR, especially in the colon. Thus while inert bulk cannot stimulate colonic epithelial cell proliferation fermentable fibre is capable of stimulating proliferation in the colon, and especially in the distal colon: it can also stimulate proliferation in the distal small intestine and it is likely that plasma enteroglucagon may have a role to play in this process.
Compromised Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Induces Adaptive Immune Compensation that Protects from Colitis
Authors: Manirath Khounlotham, Wooki Kim, Eric Peatman, Porfirio Nava, Oscar Medina-Contreras, Caroline Addis, Stefan Koch, Benedicte Fournier, Asma Nusrat, Timothy L. Denning, Charles A. Parkos
Journal: Immunity (2012)
Deciding whether to be a doctor
Authors: B. Harvey
Journal: BMJ (1992)

between subjects with Alzheimer's disease, subjects with multi-infarct dementia, and controls (identified clinically with the criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association3 and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ThirdEdition, Revised (DSM-III-R).4We found that magnetic resonance imaging had a blind agreement with clinical diagnosis in 14 (61%) of 23 cases, and single photon emission tomography in 24 (77%) of 31 cases.5Furthermore, all 22 subjects with dementia tolerated single photon emission tomography whereas six were unable to tolerate magnetic resonance imaging.For single photon emission tomography we used a gammacamera with three detectors with a total acquisition time of only 15 minutes.It thus seems that single photon emission tomo- graphy with hexamethylpropyleneamineaxime labelledwithtechnetium-99misnotonlyaclinically useful tool separating these disorders but the procedure best tolerated by elderly and demented subjects.
A new method for collecting airborne allergens
Authors: S. Parvaneh, E. Ahlf, L. H. M. Elfman, M. Van Hage‐Hamsten, L. Elfman, R. Nybom
Journal: Allergy (2000)

xxBackground: Measurement of airborne allergens has hitherto been done with the use of fixed‐location pumps or personal air samplers. Our objective was to find out whether ionizers could be good tools for collecting airborne allergens. As a model we have used cat allergen (Fel d 1). We have compared Fel d 1 levels collected by the ionizer at different time periods, as well as comparing Fel d 1 levels obtained with the ionizer with those of low‐ and high‐volume pumps. Methods: Dust samples from floors and air samples collected with ionizers and pumps, obtained in 31 homes with cat, 23 homes without cats, and 28 day‐care centres, were analysed for cat allergen content (Fel d 1) by ELISA. Results: Fel d 1 was present in the reservoir in all homes with cats, ranging from 660 to 375000 ng/g (GM 75000) and in the air collected by the ionizer from 2.0 to 204 ng/24 h (GM 19.3). The allergen in homes without cat varied from &lt;55 to 1800 ng/g (GM 166). Corresponding levels in air were found in two of these homes (2.3 and 7.3 ng/24 h). There was a correlation between the number of cats and the amount of airborne cat allergen ( r : 0.47; P &lt;0.05). The levels in day‐care centres were &lt;55 to 3070 ng/g in dust (GM 360) and &lt;1.1 to 7.9 ng/24 h in the air (GM 1.6). We obtained a moderately strong correlation between air and dust samples in homes with cats ( r s : 0.64; P &lt;0.001) and in day‐care centres ( r s : 0.49; P &lt;0.05). We found that a collection period of 24 h is preferable for the ionizer. The intrahome reliability coefficient was nearly two times higher for the ionizer ( r : 0.69) than the pump ( r : 0.39). Conclusions: The ionizer seems to be a good tool for monitoring the environment. It is easy to use and silent and does not disturb the airflow in the room.
Subgluteal Infection Following Regional Anesthesia
Authors: Richard S. Siegel
Journal: JAMA (1974)

To the Editor.—  A 27-year-old woman developed a necrotizing left subgluteal infection with septicemia after an unsuccessful attempt at caudal anesthesia. Recent reports cite the difficulty in diagnosis and the high morbidity and mortality in similar infections. 1,2   Report of a Case.—  The patient entered the hospital in normal labor. Several attempts at caudal anesthesia were unsuccessful, requiring an epidural anesthetic. Four hours after delivery of a healthy infant, she experienced severe left buttock pain with radiation into the thigh. The pain worsened and she was readmitted 14 days later. The pain was over the left sacroiliac joint and was severe on deep palpation. The neurological examination showed only a positive straight-leg-raising test on the left. Gynecologic and urologic infections were not present. The sedimentation rate was 44 mm/hr, and a mild leukocytosis was present. The urinalysis gave normal results. A pelvic x-ray examination disclosed no bony lesion or subcutaneous
Damage-associated molecular pattern and innate cytokine release in the airways of competitive swimmers
Authors: S. F. Seys, V. Hox, L. Van Gerven, E. Dilissen, G. Marijsse, E. Peeters, E. Dekimpe, A. Kasran, S. Aertgeerts, T. Troosters, V. Vanbelle, K. Peers, J. L. Ceuppens, P. W. Hellings, L. J. Dupont, D. M. Bullens
Journal: Allergy (2014)

Background Daily intensive exercise by elite athletes can result in exercise-induced asthma especially in elite swimmers and this may be linked to epithelial damage. Objective To study airway epithelial damage and release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) after intensive exercise in elite athletes and controls. Methods We recruited competitive swimmers (n = 26), competitive indoor athletes (n = 13) and controls (n = 15) without any history of asthma. Lung function was measured before, immediately after and 24 h after a 90-min intensive exercise protocol. Sputum induction was performed at baseline and 24 h after exercise. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) was assessed by the eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation test. Results Baseline sputum uric acid, high mobility group box-1, CXCL8 mRNA, sputum neutrophils and serum Clara cell protein-16 (CC-16) were significantly higher in competitive swimmers compared with controls. Intensive swimming for 90 min resulted in an increase of sputum IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF mRNA in competitive swimmers, and of sputum IL-6 mRNA and sputum neutrophils in controls. Although all participants were asymptomatic, seven competitive swimmers, one indoor athlete and one control met the criteria for EIB. Conclusion Our findings show that the intensive training combined with exposure to by-products of chlorination induces airway epithelial damage in competitive swimmers. This is associated with increased damage-associated molecular patterns, innate cytokine release and neutrophilic airway inflammation.
Letter by Potter and Le Lorier Regarding Article, “Cardiovascular Outcomes and Mortality in Patients Using Clopidogrel With Proton Pump Inhibitors After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention or Acute Coronary Syndrome”
Authors: Brian J. Potter, Jaques Le Lorier
Journal: Circulation (2010)

To the Editor:Rassen and colleagues recently reported an analysis of a potentially clinically significant clopidogrel-proton pump inhibitor interaction among patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome or otherwise having undergone a percutaneous coronary intervention based on healthcare claims data. 1 We commend the authors of this article and the accompanying editorial 2 for their insightful treatment of this issue.Nevertheless, the following points merit further discussion.First, we were struck by the high proportion of patients who had not filled their clopidogrel prescription within 1 week of hospital discharge, approaching 70% of the overall population studied.After 3 months, only 40% of patients with a clear indication for thienopyridine therapy had filled a prescription for clopidogrel, and only 45% had done so after 6 months.It stands to reason that the clinical impact of 55% to 70% of patients not taking clopidogrel would far outweigh the modest anticipated effect of any interaction with proton pump inhibitors. 2 The reasons for such a high rate of noncompliance (or nonprescription) require elucidation because this deficit likely represents an important opportunity for targeted interventions aimed at increasing compliance with a therapy of proven benefit in both percutaneous coronary intervention and acute coronary syndrome.Second, the British Columbia subpopulation represents more than half of the total population studied.Furthermore, because the Medicare populations are limited to low-income individuals and are subject to an overrepresentation of women, it may well be that the British Columbia population better reflects the spectrum of patients receiving clopidogrel for percutaneous coronary intervention or acute coronary syndrome in current clinical practice.A significant relative risk increase (relative riskϭ1.64,95% confidence interval, 1.15 to 2.35) for revascularization after traditional adjustment for confounding (multivariate and propensity score) occurred when the Medicare patients were excluded. 1It is only after a new method of high-dimensional propensity score adjustment 3 is applied that this increased risk of revascularization disappears.As such, the authors should discuss the limitations and pitfalls of this new technique with regard to the potential for the introduction of bias and what measures were taken to ensure the validity of the final null result for revascularization in the British Columbia population.
RESUSCITATION BY INTRACARDIAC INJECTION OF EPINEPHRIN CHLORID
Authors: PAUL B. CHAMPLIN
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Intracardiac injection of heart stimulants in acute cardiac failure had been tried many times without promising results until Dennis Crile<sup>1</sup>of Chicago reported the use of massive doses of epinephrin chlorid. He introduced this both by direct puncture into the ventricle and by the intravenous route, showing beneficial results in all five cases reported, with recovery in two of them. Bodon<sup>2</sup>has since reported ninety cases from the literature with permanent results in twentyfour, including one case of his own. In this series, a variety of stimulants were used, with no special emphasis on any single one. In Bodon's case, a patient with syphilitic coronary arteritis with acute cardiac failure, he used 1 c.c. of a 1: 1,000 epinephrin chlorid solution as a last resort after cessation of heart and respiration. A few seconds after this had been given by direct puncture into the ventricle, the heart began
Multiple sclerosis in South Africa
Authors: G. Dean
Journal: BMJ (1967)

the ready-made coils, and have been very helpful in providing the appropriate information on the British standard for testing this material-that is, B.S. 2463, 1962.Animal tests for toxicity are carried out on the extracts of tubing heated to 850 C.-well above the temperature used in warming blood.So far we have no evidence of harmful effects on the blood, or on patients receiving warmed blood, though the results of further testing will be published in due course.-Weare, etc.,
Adenosine level in exhaled breath increases during exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
Authors: Z. Csoma, É. Huszár, É. Vizi, G. Vass, Z. Szabó, I. Herjavecz, M. Kollai, I. Horváth
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2005)

In asthmatic patients, airway obstruction provoked by exercise challenge is accompanied by an increase in plasma adenosine level. In this study, the current authors investigated if exercise-induced bronchoconstriction was associated with local changes of adenosine concentration in the airways. Oral exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection (5-min duration) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) measurements were performed at rest (baseline) and 4-8 times after treadmill exercise challenge in healthy and asthmatic subjects. Adenosine concentration in EBC was determined by HPLC. Observations indicated that physical exercise results in bronchoconstriction together with a significant increase of adenosine level in EBC in asthmatic patients (mean+/-sd maximal fall in FEV1 27+/-13%; associated increase in adenosine 110+/-76% as compared to baseline), but not in healthy control subjects. Exercise-induced changes in adenosine concentration correlated significantly with the fall in FEV1 values in asthmatic patients. In conclusion, the observed increase in adenosine concentration of oral exhaled breath condensate most probably reflects changes in the airways during exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Due to its known bronchoconstrictor property in asthma, adenosine may contribute to the development of bronchospasm.
Female streetworking prostitution and HIV infection in Glasgow.
Authors: N. McKeganey, M. Barnard, A. Leyland, I. Coote, E. Follet
Journal: BMJ (1992)

To identify the extent of HIV infection and injecting drug use among female streetworking prostitutes in Glasgow; to estimate the size of the female streetworking prostitute population in the city; and to estimate the number of HIV positive women working as prostitutes on the streets in Glasgow.Observation and interviewing of female prostitutes over seven months in red light district; analysis of saliva samples for presence of antibodies to HIV; capture-recapture approach to estimating the size of the female streetworking prostitute population.Glasgow.206 female streetworking prostitutes.Number of women with antibodies to HIV, self reported use of injecting drugs, history of contact with 206 women.Saliva samples were requested from 197 women; 159 (81%) provided samples. Four (2.5%, 95% confidence interval 0.7%-6.3%) of the samples were positive for HIV, all of which had been provided by women who injected drugs. Of the 206 streetworking women contacted 147 (71%) were injecting drug users. About 1150 women are estimated to work on the streets in Glasgow over a 12 month period.HIV is not as widespread among female prostitutes as many reports in the tabloid press suggest. A greater proportion of female streetworking prostitutes in Glasgow are injecting drugs than has been reported for other British cities.
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) suppresses Eμ-myc lymphoma
Authors: Stanley C. W. Lee, Belinda Phipson, Craig D. Hyland, Huei San Leong, Rhys S. Allan, Aaron Lun, Douglas J. Hilton, Stephen L. Nutt, Marnie E. Blewitt, Gordon K. Smyth, Warren S. Alexander, Ian J. Majewski
Journal: Blood (2013)
Incidental Detection of Clinically Occult Pituitary Adenoma on Whole-Body FDG PET Imaging
Authors: Chi Wan Koo, Peeyush Bhargava, Vandana Rajagopalan, Munir Ghesani, Hajar Sims-Childs, Nolan J. Kagetsu
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2005)

A patient with metastatic leiomyosarcoma demonstrated a focus of intense hypermetabolism in the sellar region in a posttreatment F-18 FDG PET. Further workup with magnetic resonance imaging revealed a pituitary adenoma. Endocrinologic evaluation was consistent with acromegaly. The patient underwent transsphenoidal hypophysectomy with pathology consistent with a growth hormone-secreting pituitary macroadenoma. This case demonstrates early detection of a pituitary adenoma by whole-body FDG PET and emphasizes the importance of pursuing incidental findings detected in the sella on PET imaging.
The Efficacy of Influenza Vaccine in Elderly Persons
Authors: Peter A. Gross
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Objective: To quantify the protective efficacy of influenza vaccine in elderly persons. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search was done using the index terms influenza vaccine, vaccine efficacy, elderly, mortality, hospitalized, and pneumonia. Appropriate references in the initially selected articles were also reviewed. Study Selection: Only cohort observational studies with mortality assessment were included in the meta-analysis. In addition, 3 recent case–control studies, 2 cost-effectiveness studies, and 1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial were reviewed. Data Extraction: Vaccine and epidemic virus strains, age and sex of patients, severity of illness, patient status, and study design were recorded. Upper respiratory illness, hospitalization, pneumonia, and mortality were used as outcome measures. Data Synthesis: In a meta-analysis of 20 cohort studies, the pooled estimates of vaccine efficacy (1 −odds ratio) were 56% (95% CI, 39% to 68%) for preventing respiratory illness, 53% (CI, 35% to 66%) for preventing pneumonia, 50% (CI, 28% to 65%) for preventing hospitalization, and 68% (CI, 56% to 76%) for preventing death. Vaccine efficacy in the case–control studies ranged from 32% to 45% for preventing hospitalization for pneumonia, from 31% to 65% for preventing hospital deaths from pneumonia and influenza, from 43% to 50% for preventing hospital deaths from all respiratory conditions, and from 27% to 30% for preventing deaths from all causes. The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial showed a 50% or greater reduction in influenza-related illness. Recent cost-effectiveness studies confirm the efficacy of influenza vaccine in reducing influenza-related morbidity and mortality and show that vaccine provides important cost savings per year per vaccinated person. Conclusion: Despite the paucity of randomized trials, many studies confirm that influenza vaccine reduces the risks for pneumonia, hospitalization, and death in elderly persons during an influenza epidemic if the vaccine strain is identical or similar to the epidemic strain. Influenza immunization is an indispensable part of the care of persons 65 years of age and older. Annual vaccine administration requires the attention of all physicians and public health organizations.
Obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility treatment: Asking obese women to lose weight before treatment increases stigmatisation
Authors: Sheila E Laredo
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Solution is flawedEditor-Conroy et al offer a challenging solution to advance decisions on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), but the basis for that solution is fundamentally flawed. 1 They start from the premise that all institutions should provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation unless an overt decision has been made to the contrary. 2 3This is a common position in most UK NHS trusts, but there is no ethical, legal, or clinical demand on professionals that they must provide CPR.Current UK guidelines describe a presumption in favour of CPR in the absence of an advance decision but are equally clear that it would be unreasonable to resuscitate anyone in whom the burdens of treatment clearly outweigh the potential benefits.The presumption in favour of CPR has been interpreted by many health authorities as a default for CPR, but such a position is not supported by the guidelines and runs counter to personalised decision making by removing personal choice.It is also exceptional, since no other medical treatment comes with a default position.Unfortunately, Conroy et al's solution is to suggest an equally unacceptable position, a default against CPR.Conroy et al are right that the current guidelines need to be reviewed, but not for the reasons they state.Current UK guidelines are the source of much confusion among clinicians. 4They contain many contradictions and confusing statements and provide no framework for making clinical decisions.It is possible to make sense of advance decisions on CPR, and had the authors done so they would have arrived at a framework that individualises decisions, involves patients or relatives and partners when appropriate, and does so without placing an unnecessary burden on patients and carers. 4Instead the authors try to work through this confusion, and by offering a default against CPR they fail to reach a caring solution.
Resistin-Like Molecule (RELM)-β Expression is Associated with Activation of Lung Extra-Cellular Matrix Proteins (ECM) in a Mouse Model of Asthma
Authors: S.K. Sharma, S. Salman, S. Kierstein, T. Lin, A. Moon, J.D. Peterson, M. Fehrenbach, C.J. Corrigan, S. Ying, G.D. Wu, J.G. Zangrilli, A. Haczku
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
Response to Letters Regarding Article, “Bacterial Signatures in Thrombus Aspirates of Patients With Myocardial Infarction”
Authors: Tanja Pessi, Vesa Karhunen, Pasi P. Karjalainen, Antti Ylitalo, Juhani K. Airaksinen, Matti Niemi, Mikko Pietila, Kari Lounatmaa, Teppo Haapaniemi, Terho Lehtimäki, Reijo Laaksonen, Pekka J. Karhunen, Jussi Mikkelsson
Journal: Circulation (2013)