tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Impact of Trivalent Arsenicals on Selenoprotein Synthesis
Authors: Denis Ganyc, Sarah Talbot, Fanta Konate, Sarah Jackson, Brian Schanen, William Cullen, William T. Self
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

Exposure to arsenic has been associated with development of skin, lung, bladder, liver, and kidney cancer. Recent evidence suggests that an increase in oxidative stress in cells treated with arsenicals represents the molecular mechanism behind arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. Selenium, in the form of selenocysteine, is necessary for the activity of several enzymes with a role in defense against reactive oxygen species. A mutual sparing effect between arsenic and selenium has been shown in animal studies when both metalloids are present in high concentrations.To determine whether changes in selenoprotein synthesis may be an underlying mechanism behind arsenic-induced carcinogenesis, we analyzed the new synthesis of selenoproteins within cells after exposure to inorganic or methylated arsenicals using a human keratinocyte cell model.Addition of arsenite to culture medium blocked new synthesis of selenoproteins when selenium was present in the form of selenite, and appeared to stimulate the use of serum-derived selenium. Monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) treatment of cells, in contrast, did not block all new synthesis of selenoproteins but did result in an increase in cytosolic thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1) at both the mRNA and protein levels. MMA(III) also reduced the new synthesis of cellular glutatione peroxidase (cGpx) and other smaller selenoproteins. Dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) stimulated selenoprotein synthesis by an as yet unknown mechanism.These results suggest that arsenite and MMA(III) are key metabolites that trigger higher levels of TrxR1, and both lead to a reduction in the expression of cGpx. Together these effects certainly could lead to carcinogenesis given the knowledge that many cancers have higher levels of TrxR, and reduced Gpx levels will reduce the cell's ability to defend against reactive oxygen species. Based on these results, the impact of the trivalent arsenicals arsenite and MMA(III) on selenoprotein synthesis may indeed represent a potential molecular mechanism for the higher rates of cancer observed in populations exposed to high levels of arsenic.
THE FINDINGS OF THE AUSTRALIAN FITNESS INDUSTRY RISK MANAGEMENT (AFIRM) PROJECT
Authors: P Keyzer, C Finch, K Norton, J Dietrich, B Sekendiz
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Background The AFIRM Project is designed to consider, firstly, how does Australian regulation currently control risk management in the fitness industry and thereby prevent adverse health outcomes and injury, and the legal liability associated with those risks? Secondly, what sustainable changes could be made to Australian regulation for more effective risk management in the health and fitness industry in order to prevent the risk of adverse health outcomes and injury, and the legal liability associated with those risks?. Objective Our objective is to develop new best practice benchmarks to improve safety in the fitness industry and reduce the risk of adverse health and injury outcomes. Design After conducting focus groups in four States of Australia using nominal group technique, we developed a survey that was administered to 1178 people. We also conducted observational audits of fitness facilities. Settings See “Design”. Participants Of the 1 178 survey respondents, 62% were female, the mean age was 40, 46% were self-employed or sole traders and 32% were part-time employees of a fitness facility. Results Focus group respondents reported (lack of) education, (lack of) supervision, (poor) technique, (defective) equipment, (unsuitable) environment and overcrowding as principal issues in the focus group sessions, while also raising the issues of scope of practice, defective pre-exercise screening, medical risks associated with de-conditioned clients, poor or inappropriate nutritional advice, inadequacy of qualifications and unrealistic expectations of clients as key risks, from their perspective. The survey was designed around these themes and was conducted online in May and June 2013 and promoted through a communications strategy of social media, direct e-marketing and (minor) traditional media. It used 45×6-point Likert scale items (e.g. “How frequently do you observe customers using weights that are too heavy?”) that were then factor analysed. The results will be provided.
The Shoot Stem Cell Niche in Angiosperms: Expression Patterns of WUS Orthologues in Rice and Maize Imply Major Modifications in the Course of Mono- and Dicot Evolution
Authors: J. Nardmann, W. Werr
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

In Arabidopsis, stem cell homeostasis in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) is controlled by a feedback loop between WUS and CLV functions. We have identified WUS orthologues in maize and rice by a detailed phylogenetic analysis of the WOX gene family and subsequent cloning. A single WUS orthologue is present in the rice genome (OsWUS), whereas the allotetraploid maize genome contains 2 WUS paralogues (ZmWUS1 and ZmWUS2). None of the isolated grass WUS orthologues displays an organizing center–type expression pattern in the vegetative SAM as in Arabidopsis. In contrast, the grass-specific expression patterns relate to the specification of new phytomers consistent with the transcriptional expression patterns of TD1 and FON1 (CLV1 orthologues of maize and rice, respectively). Moreover, the grass WUS and CLV1 orthologues are coexpressed in all reproductive meristems, where fasciation and supernumerary floral organs occur in td1 or fon1 loss-of-function mutants. The expression patterns of WUS orthologues in both grass species compared with those of dicots imply that major changes in WUS function, which are correlated with changes in CLV1 signaling, have occurred during angiosperm evolution and raise doubts about the uniqueness of the WUS/CLV antagonism in the maintenance of the shoot stem cell niche in grasses.
Introduction to Principles of Electroencephalography
Authors: Lawrence C. Parish
Journal: JAMA (1962)

Many physicians refer to the electroencephalogram by a glib abbreviation, yet few can justify their familiarity with this diagnostic aid. Electroencephalography is a complex discipline, but it is not so complicated that the non-neurologically oriented practitioner cannot have a basic understanding. The presentation includes the discussion of the origin and significance of the brain waves; technique, methods, and instrumentation; localization by the phase reversal technique, in particular bipolar and monopolar recording; cortical and subcortical activity; the alpha rhythm; the beta rhythm; theta and delta rhythms; physiological variants in the frequency spectrum; influence of nonspecific factors on the interpretation of the electroencephalogram; the effect of sleep; and epilepsy. Special attention is paid to the fact that the EEG is not a panacea of diagnostic doubt. In fact, the author, who is well qualified in neurological spheres, quite frankly admits "that the experience of the past 25 years shows that in many
Associations Among Cancer Survivorship Discussions, Patient and Physician Expectations, and Receipt of Follow-Up Care
Authors: Winson Y. Cheung, Bridget A. Neville, Craig C. Earle
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

Purpose To explore the associations among cancer survivorship discussions, patient-physician expectations, and receipt of follow-up care in cancer survivors. Patients and Methods We surveyed cancer survivors about various aspects of their care, including expectations of their providers' roles, whether discussions with a physician had occurred, and self-reported patterns of follow-up. Primary care providers (PCPs) and oncologists were also surveyed for their own perceived roles. We developed a scoring system to evaluate the level of agreement in expectations between patients and physicians and between PCPs and oncologists (where 0 = most discordant and 4 = most concordant). Regression and stratified analyses were conducted to examine the relationships among expectations, discussions, and follow-up. Results In total, 535 patients (54%) and 378 physicians (62%) responded. Survivorship care expectations were most discrepant between PCPs and oncologists (mean score, 1.78), moderate between patients and oncologists (mean score, 1.97), and most similar between patients and PCPs (mean score, 2.82). Having a conversation specifically about cancer follow-up was associated with better concordance between patients and oncologists, but not for patients and their PCPs or between physicians. Better concordance in patient-oncologist expectations also correlated with greater odds of receiving certain aspects of follow-up care, such as influenza vaccinations and physical examinations, but only if a discussion about cancer follow-up had occurred. Conclusion A discussion about cancer follow-up may affect survivorship care through its primary influence on patient-oncologist expectations. Further work is required to clarify the aspects of survivorship discussions that are important for optimal cancer survivorship care planning.
From Simon's scissors for rationality to ABC's adaptive toolbox
Authors: X. T. Wang
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

The smartness of simple heuristics depends upon their fit to the structure of task environments. Being fast and frugal becomes psychologically demanding when a decision goal is bounded by the risk distribution in a task environment. The lack of clear goals and prioritized cues in a decision problem may lead to the use of simple but irrational heuristics. Future research should focus more on how people use and integrate simple heuristics in the face of goal conflict under risk.
919-12 Transient Wall Motion Abnormalities Following Rotational Coronary Atherectomy are Reflective of Myocardial Stunning More than Microinfarction
Authors: Gordon S. Huggins, Michael J.A. Williams, Jane Yang, Charles J. Dow, Roger J. Hajjar, Michael A. Picard, Igor F. Palacios
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Functional analysis of HBV genomes from patients with fulminant hepatitis
Authors: Martina Sterneck, Tatjana Kalinina, Stephan Günther, Lutz Fischer, Teresa Santantonio, Heiner Greten, Hans Will
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Two previous case reports suggest that hepatitis B virus (HBV) core promoter variants with a high replication competence contribute to the pathogenesis of fulminant hepatitis B (FHB). We recently found in HBV genomes from patients with FHB an accumulation of mutations within the core promoter region. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the phenotype of these HBV variants. Replication competence and expression of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) of viral genomes from seven patients with FHB and one patient with fulminant recurrent hepatitis after liver transplantation were analyzed by transfection experiments in human hepatoma cells. Compared with wild-type virus, the HBV variants from the seven patients with FHB produced similar or slightly lower levels of intracellular replicative intermediates and extracellular viral particles. In contrast, the HBV genomes from the patient with fulminant recurrent hepatitis synthesized and secreted significantly more HBV DNA. All genomes tested expressed similar or even higher levels of HBeAg compared with wild-type virus, except for those from four patients with a precore stop codon mutation in the respective dominant viral populations. The level of HBsAg produced by all variant genomes was similar or reduced compared with wild-type virus. These data indicate that in some cases HBV variants with enhanced replication competence and/or a defect in HBeAg expression may contribute to the development of FHB. However, neither phenotype is an essential prerequisite; thus, an additional role of other viral or host factors in the pathogenesis of FHB is suggested.
Distribution of cardiac myosin isozymes in human conduction system. Immunohistochemical study using monoclonal antibodies.
Authors: M Kuro-o, H Tsuchimochi, S Ueda, F Takaku, Y Yazaki
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

To determine the presence and distribution of cardiac myosin isozymes in the human conduction system, we performed an immunohistochemical study using monoclonal antibodies CMA19 and HMC14, which are specific for myosin heavy chains of human atrial type (alpha-type) and ventricular type (beta-type), respectively. Serial frozen sections of human hearts were obtained from autopsy samples and examined by indirect immunofluorescence. Alpha-type was found in all myofibers of sinus node and atrio-ventricular node, and in 55.2 +/- 10.2% (mean +/- SD, n = 5) of the myofibers of ventricular conduction tissue, which consists of the bundle of His, bundle branches, and the Purkinje network. In contrast, beta-type was found in all myofibers of the atrio-ventricular node and ventricular conduction tissue, whereas almost all myofibers of the sinus node were unlabeled by HMC14. Although the number of ventricular myofibers labeled by CMA19 was small, the labeled myofibers were more numerous in the subepicardial region than in the subendocardial region. These findings show that the gene coding for alpha-type is expressed predominantly in specialized myocardium compared with the adjacent ordinary working myocardium.
Use of Oxprenolol in Cardiac Arrhythmias Associated with Acute Myocardial Ischaemia
Authors: G. Sandler, A. C. Pistevos
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Oxprenolol, a new beta-receptor blocking drug with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, was used to treat 63 episodes of cardiac arrhythmia occurring in 43 patients with acute myocardial infarction or myocardial ischaemia. The drug was most effective in abolishing ventricular ectopic beats and supraventricular tachycardia. The best method of administration was by continuous intravenous infusion and the most satisfactory bolus does was 6 mg. The main side effect was hypotension, which occurred in 59% of episodes of arrhythmia that had responded previously to intravenous administration. Oxprenolol was often effective in lignocaine-resistant arrhythmia. The two main advantages of oxprenolol over propranolol are the reduced likelihood of adversely affecting myocardial function and the diminished tendency to produce bronchospasm.
Safety of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes
Authors: Mark Q. Benedict
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Bulletin editor's reply
Authors: J. Collier
Journal: BMJ (1995)

EDITOR,—The Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin aims to promote the rational use of treatments by publishing independent articles researched with scientific rigour and interpreted through consensus. We rely on data from well controlled trials published in full in peer reviewed journals. We also put great store on monographs in the British National Formulary and (for newly licensed drugs) information in the datasheet. Finally, we look to data on clinical outcomes when determining advice. We are wary of information gained from studies in vitro or in healthy volunteers or that use surrogate …
Cytotoxic Cells and Granulysin in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Pulmonary Veno-occlusive Disease
Authors: Frédéric Perros, Sylvia Cohen-Kaminsky, Natalia Gambaryan, Barbara Girerd, Nicolas Raymond, Isabelle Klingelschmitt, Alice Huertas, Olaf Mercier, Elie Fadel, Gerald Simonneau, Marc Humbert, Peter Dorfmüller, David Montani
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

Rationale: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) both display occlusive remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature responsible for increased pulmonary vascular resistances. Cytotoxic T (CTL), natural killer (NK), and natural killer T (NKT) cells play a critical role in vascular remodeling in different physiological and pathological conditions. Granulysin (GNLY) represents a powerful effector protein for all these subpopulations.Objectives: To analyze the cytolytic compartment of inflammatory cells in patients with PAH and PVOD.Methods: The overall functional status of the cytolytic compartment was studied through epigenetic analysis of the GNLY gene in explanted lungs and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Flow cytometry technology allowed analysis of specific circulating cytolytic cells and GNLY contents. A GNLY-specific ELISA allowed measurement of GNLY serum concentrations.Measurements and Main Results: A decrease in GNLY demethylation in the gDNA extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and explanted lungs was found specifically in PVOD but not in PAH. This was associated with a decrease in populations and subpopulations of CTL and NKT and an increase of NK populations. Despite the reduced granulysin-containing cells in patients with PVOD, GNLY serum levels were higher, suggesting these cells were wasting their content. Furthermore, the increase of GNLY concentration in the serum of PVOD was significantly higher than in patients with PAH.Conclusions: PVOD is characterized by alterations of circulating cytotoxic cell subpopulations and by epigenetic dysregulation within the GNLY gene. Our findings may be helpful in the quest to develop needed diagnostic tools, including flow cytometry analyses, to screen for suspected PVOD in patients with pulmonary hypertension.
The Public Health — Continuing Discord — Crash Call
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

IN his first annual report1 as chief medical officer at the Department of Health, Dr. Henry Yellowlees, who succeeded Sir George Godber, reviewed the trends in the state of the public health during 1973.The most striking demographic feature of recent years has been the continuous fall in the annual number of births, which began in 1964, the birthrate of 13.7 per 1000 in 1973 being the lowest ever recorded in peacetime. This current fall in fertility has affected women of all ages and all parities, and it is thought that there may be a number of contributory factors. Improved . . .
Final results of the RAPP-01 phase III trial comparing doxorubicin and docetaxel with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in the adjuvant treatment of high-risk node negative and limited node positive (≤3) breast cancer patients.
Authors: EG Brain, M Debled, J Eymard, T Bachelot, J Extra, D Serin, M Combe, E Fourme
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #4101 Background&amp;#x2028; Taxanes have been approved in the adjuvant setting for the treatment of node positive (pN+) breast cancer (BC) patients (pts), given either sequentially or in combination with anthracyclines. Controversies remain regarding their role in high-risk node negative (pN0) disease.&amp;#x2028; Methods&amp;#x2028; In 1999, we initiated a randomised phase III trial comparing 4 cycles of adjuvant doxorubicin + docetaxel (AT, 50/75/mg/m²) with 4 cycles of standard doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide (AC, 60/600/mg/m²) in a mixed population of high-risk pN0 and limited pN+ (≤3) early BC pts. Chemotherapy was delivered postoperatively q3w without prophylactic G-CSF, followed by radiation therapy according to standard guidelines and endocrine treatment for 5 years in pts with ER±PgR-positive tumours. This trial was closed prematurely for toxicity in 2003 and we have reported the safety data (JAMA 293:2367, 2005). We now report on time to recurrence (TTR, primary endpoint defined as locoregional relapse, controlateral BC or distant metastasis, which ever occurs first) as well as the effect of treatment by stratification factors [pN and Ki67 (&amp;lt;25% vs ≥25%)].&amp;#x2028; Results&amp;#x2028; Of 700 pts planned, 627 were enrolled between 6/1999 and 1/2003. Baseline characteristics of all pts were well-matched, with 43% of pN0 and 44% of Ki67 ≥25%. At a median follow-up of 64 months, there was no statistically significant difference in TTR between AT and AC. In the AT group, there were 28 TTR events (5-year TTR 91%, 95%CI: [88-94%]) and 16 deaths all causes (2 toxic deaths); the AC group had 31 TTR events (5-year TTR 90.9%, 95%CI: [88-94%]) and 18 deaths all causes.&amp;#x2028; &amp;#x2028; Conclusions&amp;#x2028; With 5-year median follow-up, there is no difference in TTR between pts treated with AT or standard AC in adjuvant setting. Specific nodal or Ki67 status do not confer any additional benefit from either regimen. Both regimen provide an excellent 5-year TTR rate (&amp;gt;90%). Multivariate analysis including all prognostic covariates will be performed and presented at the meeting. Given the high risk of life-threatening complications already reported, AT is not manageable without preventive strategies (e.g. G-CSF) and cannot be considered as a standard combination for intermediate risk early BC. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 4101.
Effect of digitalis in patients with paroxysmal atrioventricular nodal tachycardia.
Authors: H J Wellens, D R Düren, D L Liem, K I Lie
Journal: Circulation (1975)

Atrioventricular (A-V) conduction, ventriculo-atrial conduction and mechanism of tachycardia were studied by programmed electrical stimulation before and after the administration of ouabain in 15 patients suffering from paroxysmal supraventricular re-entrant tachycardia. In 13 patients the tachycardia circuit was confined to the A-V node. In two patients the stimulation study showed that an accessory pathway was used in a ventriculo-atrial direction during tachycardia. Ouabain lengthened the effective and functional refractory period of the A-V node and A-V nodal transmission time in all patients in whom this could be studied. Only six patients showed lengthening in ventriculo-atrial conduction time or refractory period of the ventriculo-atrial conduction system. In seven patients no tachycardia could be initiated after ouabain. The width of the zone of atrial premature beats able to initiate tachycardia (the tachycardia zone) narrowed in five patients, showed no change in two patients, and increased in one patient. In these eight patients the tachycardia zone shifted to longer premature beat intervals. Ouabain resulted in slowing of cardiac rate during tachycardia. Both patients who used an accessory pathway during tachycardia showed no change in width of their tachycardia zone following ouabain administration. Seven patients were restudied two weeks after chronic oral administration of digoxin. The results were similar to those obtained following ouabain administration. This indicates that in patients suffering from paroxysmal A-V nodal tachycardia the effect of chronic oral digoxin administration can be predicted from the study of the effect of ouabain during programmed stimulation of the heart.