tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES
Authors: Philip Thorek
Journal: JAMA (1952)

Tremendous strides have been made during the past decade in diagnosing and treating the various diseases that the esophagus is heir to. That such conditions are not rare, but are rather frequent, is evident by the voluminous literature that has accumulated recently on this subject. These diseases are of interest to the general practitioner and specialist alike, and it is with this thought in mind that the following discussion is presented. <h3>ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS</h3> Some points in the anatomy of the esophagus bear emphasis. It is well to remember that the esophagus per se is 10 in. (25.4 cm.) long, extending from the 6th cervical vertebra (cricoid cartilage level) to the 10th dorsal vertebra (esophageal hiatus level). The esophagologist, however, does not measure from the sixth cervical vertebra, but rather from the alveolar margin, which adds an additional 6 in. (15.24 cm.) to the actual length of the esophagus; thus he
Wilfred Thomason Grenfell
Authors: Harrison E. Kennard
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1954)

WILFRED T. Grenfell was a British medical missionary who became famous for his extraordinary work in Newfoundland and Labrador, not only in medicine but also in various other types of service to the isolated communities of this barren region.Born in England in 1865 of a family distinguished for its educators as well as for its fighting men, he was educated at the University of London, at Oxford, and at the London Hospital under Sir Frederic Treves. Well known both in London and at Oxford as a hardy athlete, he spent many of his early holidays cruising the rough waters . . .
Medical Practice in Modern England: The Impact of Specialization and State Medicine
Authors: Jeanne L. Brand
Journal: JAMA (1967)

In her study of<i>Medical Practice in Modern England</i>, Mrs. Stevens, who writes from Yale University's Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, reviews current administrative patterns of medical care in England and Wales, with special reference to the impact of specialism and state medicine. The author indicates that the book is the first volume of a three-part study of medical care in England and the United States. Her approach is that of the student of social administration. The first quarter of the work is devoted to an historical review of British medical practice from 1700 until the start of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948. The author then examines a series of problems heightened by the operation of the NHS, among them adequate hospital staffing, the role of the general practitioners, determination of physicians' incomes, the place of private medical practice, the geographic distribution of doctors, and the machinery
The Cornea: Scientific Foundations and Clinical Practice
Authors: Thomas John
Journal: JAMA (1994)

This new edition is a further improvement on an already outstanding cornea textbook. It is comprised of contributions from 44 well-known clinicians and investigators, including 13 new contributors, many of whom were trained by Claes H. Dohlman, former chairman of the Department of Ophthalmology at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School. The updating has resulted in a major revision of many chapters, including those on biochemistry; morphology; the pathological response of corneal disease; bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal keratitis; immunology; dermatologic diseases affecting the cornea; corneal and conjunctival tumors; refractive surgery; and contact lens use. The greatest strengths of this comprehensive text are that it addresses the important aspects of the basic sciences and presents an expanded clinical section on corneal and external disease. The editors have provided an extensive bibliography and numerous illustrations (350 black-and-white, 74 color plates) and tables. An additional 82 figures have been
Hypomagnesemia and Renal Magnesium Wasting in Patients Receiving Cisplatin
Authors: RICHARD L. SCHILSKY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

We studied renal function and serum electrolytes in 51 patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy by retrospectively reviewing the charts of 44 patients and prospectively following seven patients. Hypomagnesemia developed in 23 of 44 evaluable patients who were receiving cisplatin. We documented inappropriate renal magnesium wasting in four patients. Two patients required hospitalization for symptomatic hypomagnesemia. We conclude that cisplatin can induce a renal tubular defect in magnesium conservation and serious clinical syndromes of magnesium deficiency.
Long-Term Outcome of Otherwise Healthy Individuals with Incidentally Discovered Borderline Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Roberto Stasi, Sergio Amadori, John Osborn, Adrian C Newland, Drew Provan
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

The long-term outcome of individuals with mild degrees of thrombocytopenia is unknown.In a prospective study conducted between August 1992 and December 2002, 260 apparently healthy individuals with incidentally discovered platelet counts between 100 x 10(9)/l and 150 x 10(9)/l were monitored for 6 mo to determine whether their condition persisted. The monitoring period was completed in 217 cases, of whom 191 (88%) maintained stable platelet counts. These 191 individuals were included in a long-term follow-up study to gain knowledge of their natural history. With a median time of observation of 64 mo, the thrombocytopenia resolved spontaneously or persisted with no other disorders becoming apparent in 64% of cases. The most frequent event during the study period was the subsequent development of an autoimmune disease. The 10-y probability of developing idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), as defined by platelet counts persistently below 100 x 10(9)/l, was 6.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.0%-12.0%). The 10-y probability of developing autoimmune disorders other than ITP was 12.0% (95% CI: 6.9%-20.8%). Most of the cases (85%) of autoimmune disease occurred in women.Healthy individuals with a sustained platelet count between 100 x 10(9)/l and 150 x 10(9)/l have a 10-y probability of developing autoimmune disorders of 12%. Further investigation is required to establish whether this risk is higher than in the general population and whether an intensive follow-up results in an improvement of prognosis.
Prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation by using first-trimester insulin sensitivity indices in Asian Indian subjects
Authors: Emmy Grewal, Sandeep Kansara, Garima Kachhawa, A.C. Ammini, Alka Kriplani, Nutan Aggarwal, Nandita Gupta, Rajesh Khadgawat
Journal: Metabolism (2011)
Targeting Ornithine Decarboxylase Impairs Development of <i>MYCN</i>-Amplified Neuroblastoma
Authors: Robert J. Rounbehler, Weimin Li, Mark A. Hall, Chunying Yang, Mohammad Fallahi, John L. Cleveland
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Neuroblastoma is a pediatric malignancy that arises from the neural crest, and patients with high-risk neuroblastoma, which typically harbor amplifications of MYCN, have an extremely poor prognosis. The tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter-driven TH-MYCN transgenic mouse model faithfully recapitulates many hallmarks of human MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. A key downstream target of Myc oncoproteins in tumorigenesis is ornithine decarboxylase (Odc), the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis. Indeed, sustained treatment with the Odc suicide inhibitor α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) or Odc heterozygosity markedly impairs lymphoma development in Eμ-Myc transgenic mice, and these effects are linked to the induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p27Kip1, which is normally repressed by Myc. Here, we report that DFMO treatment, but not Odc heterozygosity, impairs MYCN-induced neuroblastoma and that, in this malignancy, transient DFMO treatment is sufficient to confer protection. The selective anticancer effects of DFMO on mouse and human MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma also rely on its ability to disable the proliferative response of Myc, yet in this tumor context, DFMO targets the expression of the p21Cip1 Cdk inhibitor, which is also suppressed by Myc oncoproteins. These findings suggest that agents, such as DFMO, that target the polyamine pathway may show efficacy in high-risk, MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. [Cancer Res 2009;15(4):547–53]
Suprasternal notch echocardiography. Assessment of its clinical utility in pediatric cardiology.
Authors: H D Allen, S J Goldberg, D J Sahn, T W Ovitt, B B Goldberg
Journal: Circulation (1977)

Echocardiographic suprasternal relationships of the transverse aortic arch (TAA), right pulmonary artery (RPA) and left atrium (Y' LAD) were validated and angiographic-echocardiographic measurement correlations were made for each structure. Normal values were determined with respect to body surface area. In normals, regardless of age or body size, mean dimensional TAA/RPA ratio was 1.2:1 and Y' LAD equaled the anterior-posterior, or Z axis, left atrial dimension (Z LAD)- TAA/RPA ratio was increased in aortic stenosis and tetralogy of Fallot and was decreased in ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. Ratio did not correlate with lesions severity as assessed by cardiac catheterization except in pulmonary stenosis. Discrepant Y' LAD values (usually increased Y' LAD and decreased Z LAD) occurred in children with various forms of heart disease. Some had sternal compression but others had normal chests. Children with pectus excavatum showed similar compression. These findings underscore the need for incorporation of a suprasternal examination into the standard echocardiographic examination of children.
Age, the Thymus, and T Lymphocytes
Authors: Kenneth Weinberg, Robertson Parkman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

In the 1960s, the central role of the thymus in the production of T lymphocytes was demonstrated by Miller's classic experiments, in which neonatal thymectomy produced cellular immunodeficiency.1 In the succeeding 30 years, research into both congenital defects of cellular immunity (such as those in the DiGeorge syndrome and severe combined immunodeficiency) and acquired defects (as in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and normal aging) has increased our knowledge of the normal differentiation and function of T lymphocytes.2 In this issue of the Journal, Mackall et al. show that in patients with cancer the administration of chemotherapy significantly reduces . . .
Overactivation of the TGF-β pathway confers a mesenchymal-like phenotype and CXCR4-dependent migratory properties to liver tumor cells
Authors: Esther Bertran, Eva Crosas-Molist, Patricia Sancho, Laia Caja, Judit Lopez-Luque, Estanislao Navarro, Gustavo Egea, Raquel Lastra, Teresa Serrano, Emilio Ramos, Isabel Fabregat
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is an important regulatory suppressor factor in hepatocytes. However, liver tumor cells develop mechanisms to overcome its suppressor effects and respond to this cytokine by inducing other processes, such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which contributes to tumor progression and dissemination. Recent studies have placed chemokines and their receptors at the center not only of physiological cell migration but also of pathological processes, such as metastasis in cancer. In particular, CXCR4 and its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α) / chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) have been revealed as regulatory molecules involved in the spreading and progression of a variety of tumors. Here we show that autocrine stimulation of TGF-β in human liver tumor cells correlates with a mesenchymal-like phenotype, resistance to TGF-β-induced suppressor effects, and high expression of CXCR4, which is required for TGF-β-induced cell migration. Silencing of the TGF-β receptor1 (TGFBR1), or its specific inhibition, recovered the epithelial phenotype and attenuated CXCR4 expression, inhibiting cell migratory capacity. In an experimental mouse model of hepatocarcinogenesis (diethylnitrosamine-induced), tumors showed increased activation of the TGF-β pathway and enhanced CXCR4 levels. In human hepatocellular carcinoma tumors, high levels of CXCR4 always correlated with activation of the TGF-β pathway, a less differentiated phenotype, and a cirrhotic background. CXCR4 concentrated at the tumor border and perivascular areas, suggesting its potential involvement in tumor cell dissemination.A crosstalk exists among the TGF-β and CXCR4 pathways in liver tumors, reflecting a novel molecular mechanism that explains the protumorigenic effects of TGF-β and opens new perspectives for tumor therapy.
Early Specialty Palliative Care — Translating Data in Oncology into Practice
Authors: Ravi B. Parikh, Rebecca A. Kirch, Thomas J. Smith, Jennifer S. Temel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

For most patients with serious illness, palliative care is provided only near the end of life. The authors review studies showing that earlier palliative care can improve quality of life and reduce health care costs and argue that such care should be standard in serious illness.
Null CYP1B1 Genotypes in Primary Congenital and Nondominant Juvenile Glaucoma
Authors: María-Pilar López-Garrido, Cristina Medina-Trillo, Laura Morales-Fernandez, Julián Garcia-Feijoo, José-María Martínez-de-la-Casa, Maite García-Antón, Julio Escribano
Journal: Ophthalmology (2012)
Loss of Enigma Homolog Protein Results in Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Hongqiang Cheng, Kensuke Kimura, Angela K. Peter, Li Cui, Kunfu Ouyang, Tao Shen, Yujie Liu, Yusu Gu, Nancy D. Dalton, Sylvia M. Evans, Kirk U. Knowlton, Kirk L. Peterson, Ju Chen
Journal: Circulation Research (2010)

The Z-line, alternatively termed the Z-band or Z-disc, is a highly ordered structure at the border between 2 sarcomeres. Enigma subfamily proteins (Enigma, Enigma homolog protein, and Cypher) of the PDZ-LIM domain protein family are Z-line proteins. Among the Enigma subfamily, Cypher has been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in the structure and function of striated muscle, whereas the role of Enigma homolog protein (ENH) in muscle remains largely unknown.We studied the role of Enigma homolog protein in the heart using global and cardiac-specific ENH knockout mouse models.We identified new exons and splice isoforms for ENH in the mouse heart. Impaired cardiac contraction and dilated cardiomyopathy were observed in ENH null mice. Mice with cardiac specific ENH deletion developed a similar dilated cardiomyopathy. Like Cypher, ENH interacted with Calsarcin-1, another Z-line protein. Moreover, biochemical studies showed that ENH, Cypher short isoform and Calsarcin-1 are within the same protein complex at the Z-line. Cypher short isoform and Calsarcin-1 proteins are specifically downregulated in ENH null hearts.We have identified an ENH-CypherS-Calsarcin protein complex at the Z-line. Ablation of ENH leads to destabilization of this protein complex and dilated cardiomyopathy.
Abstract 3048: High frequencies of centrosome amplification in MMTV-Her2/Neu pre-malignant mammary lesions and in Her2+ breast cancer cells suggest that centrosome amplification is involved in Her2-dependent breast cancer biogenesis
Authors: Mary Kathryn Harrison, Harold I. Saavedra
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Centrosome amplification (CA) is a major force in cancer initiation and progression, as it generates aneuploidy and chromosome instability. Observations in breast tumors show that adenocarcinomas have a higher frequency of centrosome defects when compared to normal breast tissue. Similar phenotypes are also found in pre-malignant lesions and in pre-invasive in situ ductal carcinoma, suggesting that these aberrations occur early in breast carcinogenesis. Identification of the pathways and regulatory molecules involved in the generation of CA is essential to understanding the role of CA in breast tumorigenesis. Our published results showed that CA is specific to the Her2 effector Ras at mammary pre-malignancy and in tumorigenesis. Due to the strong association between Her2 over-expression and CA in human breast cancers, our goal is to identify cell and centrosome cycle regulators that are de-regulated by aberrant Her2 signaling in human and mouse mammary epithelial cells. Our results show breast cancer cells over-expressing Her2 and pre-malignant mouse mammary hyperplasias expressing Her2/Neu harbor CA. In Her2+ cells that display a plethora of genetic alterations, this process is dependent on Her2, as revealed by shRNA and shRNA downregulation of Her2. Human breast cancer cells expressing Her2 show up-regulation of cyclin D1 and other important centrosome regulatory molecules. In fact, abrogation of Cdk4 or Cdk6, catalytic partners of cyclin D1 reduced the frequencies of CA in Her2+ cells. In contrast, downregulation of Cdk2 did not affect CA. We want to elucidate the mechanism responsible for CA in Her2+ breast cancers. Cells overexpressing Her2 also display increased frequencies of binucleation, suggesting a defect in cytokinesis. We propose that in Her2+ cells, Cdk4 signals CA through either by hyperphosphorylation of NPM at Thr199, a site that negatively regulates centrosome duplication, and/or through the Rb/E2F pathway. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3048. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3048
Vitamin D3 up-regulated protein 1 deficiency accelerates liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice
Authors: Hyo-Jung Kwon, Young-Suk Won, Yeo-Dae Yoon, Won-Kee Yoon, Ki-Hoan Nam, In-Pyo Choi, Dae-Yong Kim, Hyoung-Chin Kim
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
DEMONSTRATION OF TUMOR-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS IN HUMAN COLONIC CARCINOMATA BY IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE AND ABSORPTION TECHNIQUES
Authors: Phil Gold, Samuel O. Freedman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1965)

Two methods were used to demonstrate the presence of tumor-specific antigens in adenocarcinomata of the human colon: (a) rabbits were immunized with extracts of pooled colonic carcinomata, and the antitumor antisera thus produced were absorbed with a pooled extract of normal human colon and with human blood components; (b) newborn rabbits were made immunologically tolerant to normal colonic tissue at birth, and were then immunized with pooled tumor material in adult life. Normal and tumor tissues were obtained from the same human donors in order to avoid misinterpretation of results due to individual-specific antigenic differences. The antisera prepared by both methods were tested against normal and tumor antigens by the techniques of agar gel diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, hemagglutination, PCA, and immunofluorescence. Distinct antibody activity directed against at least two qualitatively tumor-specific antigens, or antigenic determinants, was detected in the antisera prepared by both methods and at least two additional tumor antigens were detected exclusively in antisera prepared by the tolerance technique. Whether these additional antigens were qualitatively different from normal tissue antigens, or merely present in tumor tissue in higher concentrations than in normal tissue has not as yet been determined. Furthermore, it was shown that the tumor-specific antibodies were not directed against bacterial contaminants or against the unusually high concentrations of fibrin found in many neoplastic tissues. It was concluded from these results that the pooled tumor extracts contained tumor-specific antigens not present in normal colonic tissue. Identical tumor-specific antigens were also demonstrated in a number of individual colonic carcinomata obtained from different human donors.
Midwifery ratios might explain some differences in perinatal and maternal outcomes
Authors: A. Falconer, J. Walker, D. Richmond, M. Kilby
Journal: BMJ (2012)

On the basis of the study by the Birthplace in England Collaborative Group,1 the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists advocates advising first time mothers of the benefits of delivering in obstetric units or alongside midwifery units. Low risk multiparous women can deliver in any of the four locations.

However, research is needed to explain the high …
Birth Weight and Perinatal Mortality
Authors: Allen Wilcox
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To compare perinatal mortality in the United States and Norway, using a new analytic approach based on relative birth weight.Comparison of linked birth and perinatal death records for US and Norwegian births from 1986 through 1987, the most recently available 2-year period.Norway and the United States.A total of 7,445,914 US births and 105,084 Norwegian births.None.Perinatal weight-specific mortality after adjustment for each country's own mean birth weight.The higher rate of perinatal death in the United States compared with Norway is due to an excess of preterm deliveries in the United States. Low-weight, preterm births comprise 2.9% of US births compared with 2.1% of Norwegian births. If the United States could eliminate this slight excess of preterm delivery, perinatal mortality in the United States would decrease to the level in Norway. Unexpectedly, the survival of newborns at any given birth weight is virtually the same in the United States and Norway when newborns' birth weights are considered relative to their own nation's mean weight.Low rates of perinatal mortality in the Scandinavian countries have usually been attributed to the heavier weights of their newborns. Higher mortality among US infants is in fact due entirely to a small excess of preterm deliveries. The lighter weights of US newborns at term appear not to affect perinatal survival. Furthermore, the apparent survival advantage of low-weight US newborns (used by policymakers as evidence of superior US intensive neonatal care) may be at least partly an artifact. When weight-specific mortality rates are adjusted to relative birth weight, low-weight newborns have the same survival in Norway as in the United States. The prevention of excess mortality among US infants depends on the prevention of preterm births, not on changes in mean birth weight.
Impact of Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Oncologic Outcomes in Primary Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer
Authors: Michael Rink, Helena Furberg, Emily C. Zabor, Evanguelos Xylinas, Marko Babjuk, Armin Pycha, Yair Lotan, Pierre I. Karakiewicz, Giacomo Novara, Brian D. Robinson, Francesco Montorsi, Felix K. Chun, Douglas S. Scherr, Shahrokh F. Shariat
Journal: European Urology (2012)
Cardioaortic Fistula
Authors: J. W. BROWN, D. HEATH, W. WHITAKER
Journal: Circulation (1955)

A case of cardioaortic fistula, due to rupture of an aneurysm of a sinus of Valsalva into the right ventricle, is described. This case was diagnosed in life and treated surgically one year later when the patient was admitted to hospital with bacterial endocarditis. The clinical features are discussed and the role of special methods of investigation in the diagnosis of the condition is defined. The importance of cardiac catheterization is stressed. The operative technique is described briefly. Following the patient's death from the uncontrolled infection an autopsy examination was carried out and the findings in the heart and small pulmonary vessels are given.
Absence of Relationship between History of Tuberculosis Infection, Skin Tuberculin Responses and Development of Adult Bronchial Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis and Atopy
Authors: J. Li, S.Y. Li, Z.M. Zhou, D.F. Luo, J.Y. An, B.Q. Sun, N.S. Zhong
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)