tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Critical Role of T–Cell Receptor γ/δ Cells in Antibacterial Protection in Mice Early in Life
Authors: Masashi Emoto, Mamiko Miyamoto, Yoshiko Emoto, Jens Zerrahn, Stefan H.E. Kaufmann
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

Although it is generally assumed that T-cell receptor (TCR) gamma/delta cells participate in protection against intracellular microbial pathogens, their impact remains controversial. In our study, young (14-day-old) mice lacking TCRgamma/delta cells were far more susceptible to Listeria monocytogenes than wild-type (WT) mice of the same age. The number of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) producers responsible for antilisterial resistance was significantly higher among natural killer (NK)1(+) TCRgamma/delta cells than among NK1(-) TCRgamma/delta cells. Endogenous IFN-gamma neutralization increased susceptibility of young WT mice to L. monocytogenes infection. Liver was a major residence of peripheral NK1(+) TCRgamma/delta cells, whereas NK1(-) TCR gamma/delta cells were broadly distributed in various lymphoid organs. Numbers of both NK1(+) and NK1(-) TCRgamma/delta cells increased in the liver of WT mice prior to TCRalpha/beta cells and represented a substantial population in early life (14 days after birth). Virtually all NK1(+) TCRgamma/delta cells expressed activation markers, whereas substantial numbers of NK1(-) TCRgamma/delta cells showed a naive phenotype. We conclude that TCRgamma/delta cells play a critical role in protection against L. monocytogenes in the early life of mice, probably because their TCRalpha/beta cell compartment is not fully competent. For this antibacterial function, we assign NK1(+) TCRgamma/delta cells a more important role than their NK1(-) cognates.
The focus of attention across space and across time
Authors: Brian McElree, Barbara Anne Dosher
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

Measures of retrieval speed for recently presented events show a sharp dichotomy between representations in focal attention and representations that are recently processed but no longer attended. When information is presented over time, retrieval measures show that focal attention and rapid privileged access is limited to the most recently processed unit or chunk, not the last 3–5 chunks that Cowan estimates from various recall procedures.
Cetacean science does not have to be pseudo-science
Authors: Patrick J. O. Miller
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

Rendall and Whitehead overstate the weak evidence for social learning in cetaceans as a group, including the current evidence for vocal learning in killer whales. Ethnographic techniques exist to test genetic explanations of killer whale calling behavior, and additional captive experiments are feasible. Without such tests, descriptions of learning could be considered pseudo-scientific, ad hoc auxiliary assumptions of an untested theory.
Community acquired MRSA in Europe
Authors: Tristan Ferry, Jerome Etienne
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Is less common than in the US but spread must be actively controlled

Infections caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were originally identified only in hospital settings. But new strains of MRSA have emerged and are now an important cause of community acquired infection worldwide,1 and they often affect patients with no risk factors for acquiring a strain of hospital origin. A study just published estimates that 94 360 invasive MRSA infections occurred in the United States in 2005, primarily but not entirely related to health care.2 In the study's surveillance sample, 58.4% of cases were defined as having community onset (cases with a healthcare risk factor but with a culture obtained ≤48 hours after hospital admission) and 13.7% were community associated (meaning that they started outside hospital and were not associated with health care).

Many isolates of community acquired MRSA produce Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL), a toxin that is not detected in MRSA infections associated with health care. The toxin destroys leucocytes and causes extensive tissue necrosis. The prevalence of PVL positive community …
Shouldn't people be responsible for their own actions?
Authors: J. I Levitt
Journal: BMJ (2000)

EDITOR—I was disappointed in the BMJ issue on smoking (5 August 2000).1 Authors have taken the American position of blaming everyone but the smokers themselves for the problems created by their smoking habit. I had thought that the British were sensible enough to reject our distorted sense of justice that awards billions of dollars in personal injury fees and enriches plaintiff lawyers by millions for contending that some poor innocent victim has been damaged by a defective …
Alterations of peroxisomes in steatosis of the human liver: A quantitative study
Authors: Dirk De Craemer, Marina Pauwels, Christiane Van den Branden
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

We investigated the hepatocellular peroxisomes in 27 patients with steatosis of the liver by means of catalase cytochemistry, light and electron microscopic study, and morphometry. Seven normal human livers were used as controls. In our patients, fatty liver was mainly associated with alcohol abuse or obesity. Indications for a slight decrease in catalase activity and for a proliferation were found by visual evaluation of the peroxisomes. Morphometric analysis showed a significant decrease in mean peroxisomal diameter (to 87%) and a simultaneous significant elevation in numerical density of the peroxisomes (to 188%); this resulted in a normal volume density and a significant increase (to 133%) in surface density. However, individual differences were found. No differences in peroxisomal characteristics were found between fatty livers of different causes. A significant inverse linear correlation between mean peroxisomal diameter and numerical density was found in patients with fatty livers. Because a similar correlation was also found when control data were added to the fatty liver data, we hypothesize that the peroxisomal compartment in human fatty livers is adapted in such a way to permit the same metabolic efficiency as in control livers. (Hepatology 1995; 22:744-752.)
INSANITY; SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT.
Authors: FREDERICK HORNER
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Dr. Carpenter's "Principles of Human Physiology," tersely defines insanity to be "in its highest degree a complete disturbance of the intellectual faculties; the thoughts are not inactive, but rather far more active than in health; they are uncontrolled and wander from one subject to another with extraordinary rapidity; they twist and turn a single subject in every way; the faculties seem to have escaped from all restraint, thought after thought succeeding with such velocity that all power of perception is destroyed and the mind ceases to perceive impressions made upon the senses. The patient raves, unconscious of what occurs around him; he fancies that he hears voices, while ocular spectra excite further rhapsodies and a condition of delirium. The intellectual powers are disordered, depending upon structural disorder of the cerebrum. Disordered emotional excitement constitutes impulsive moral insanity or monomania, destructive in tendency and presenting examples, sometimes of homicide or suicide,
Chemistry of Synthetic Angiotensin
Authors: R. SCHWYZER
Journal: Circulation (1962)

A short review is given of the development of synthetic angiotensin. Also discussed are enzymic experiments, showing that production of the synthetic substance leads to valyl-5-angiotensin-II, in which all amino acids are completely in the l -configuration. Small amounts of diastereoisomers in intermediates, like l -valyl- d -tyrosyl- l -valyl- l -histidyl- l -prolyl- l -phenylalanine which was isolated and identified, are completely eliminated during the synthetic process. Valyl-5-angiotensin II-aspartyl-β-amides are very slowly hydrolyzed in aqueous solution to valyl-5-angriotensin II and a small amount of the heptapeptide, H·Arg-Val-Tyr-Val-His-Pro-Phe·OH, with negligible decrease in pressure activity of the solution.
Five cases of child murder to be reopened
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Only five women convicted of murdering their children are to have their cases reopened after a review of more than 100 convictions of parents and carers in which paediatrician Professor Roy Meadow gave evidence, said the attorney general, Lord Goldsmith.

The government announced the review after Angela Cannings, convicted of the murder of two of her children, was freed on appeal in January this year. Her appeal followed the collapse of the prosecution case against Trupti Patel, accused of murdering her three babies. In that case, the dictum known as “Meadow's law” was heavily criticised. The theory holds that one infant death in a family is a tragedy, two are grounds for …
Population Testing for Cancer Predisposing BRCA1/BRCA2 Mutations in the Ashkenazi-Jewish Community: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ranjit Manchanda, Kelly Loggenberg, Saskia Sanderson, Matthew Burnell, Jane Wardle, Sue Gessler, Lucy Side, Nyala Balogun, Rakshit Desai, Ajith Kumar, Huw Dorkins, Yvonne Wallis, Cyril Chapman, Rohan Taylor, Chris Jacobs, Ian Tomlinson, Alistair McGuire, Uziel Beller, Usha Menon, Ian Jacobs
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2014)

Technological advances raise the possibility of systematic population-based genetic testing for cancer-predisposing mutations, but it is uncertain whether benefits outweigh disadvantages. We directly compared the psychological/quality-of-life consequences of such an approach to family history (FH)-based testing.In a randomized controlled trial of BRCA1/2 gene-mutation testing in the Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) population, we compared testing all participants in the population screening (PS) arm with testing those fulfilling standard FH-based clinical criteria (FH arm). Following a targeted community campaign, AJ participants older than 18 years were recruited by self-referral after pretest genetic counseling. The effects of BRCA1/2 genetic testing on acceptability, psychological impact, and quality-of-life measures were assessed by random effects regression analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided.One thousand, one hundred sixty-eight AJ individuals were counseled, 1042 consented, 1034 were randomly assigned (691 women, 343 men), and 1017 were eligible for analysis. Mean age was 54.3 (SD = 14.66) years. Thirteen BRCA1/2 carriers were identified in the PS arm, nine in the FH arm. Five more carriers were detected among FH-negative FH-arm participants following study completion. There were no statistically significant differences between the FH and PS arms at seven days or three months on measures of anxiety, depression, health anxiety, distress, uncertainty, and quality-of-life. Contrast tests indicated that overall anxiety (P = .0001) and uncertainty (P = .005) associated with genetic testing decreased; positive experience scores increased (P = .0001); quality-of-life and health anxiety did not change with time. Overall, 56% of carriers did not fulfill clinical criteria for genetic testing, and the BRCA1/2 prevalence was 2.45%.Compared with FH-based testing, population-based genetic testing in Ashkenazi Jews doesn't adversely affect short-term psychological/quality-of-life outcomes and may detect 56% additional BRCA carriers.
Duodenal iron proteins in idiopathic hemochromatosis.
Authors: P Whittaker, B S Skikne, A M Covell, C Flowers, A Cooke, S R Lynch, J D Cook
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

This study was undertaken to assess the relationship between iron absorption and the concentration of duodenal iron proteins in normal subjects and patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis (IH). Biopsies were obtained endoscopically from the duodenum in 17 normal subjects, 3 of whom were mildly iron deficient, and 7 patients with untreated IH. The absorption of both heme and nonheme iron was increased in IH despite a 20-fold elevation in serum ferritin. Immunoassays using MAb were used to measure transferrin, H-rich ferritin, and L-rich ferritin in mucosal samples. Mucosal transferrin concentrations in normal subjects did not correlate with either iron status or iron absorption, indicating that mucosal transferrin plays no physiological role in iron absorption. Mucosal transferrin was significantly lower in IH, presumably because of a decrease in mucosal transferrin receptors. Mucosal H and L ferritin concentrations were directly related to body iron stores and inversely related to iron absorption in normal subjects. In IH, mucosal H and L ferritin failed to increase in parallel with the serum ferritin, but were appropriate for the level of iron absorption. The relationship of mucosal H/L ferritin in IH did not differ from that observed in normal subjects. Our findings indicate that the major abnormality in duodenal iron proteins in IH is a parallel decrease in the concentration of H- and L-rich ferritin. It is not evident whether this is the result or the cause of the absorptive abnormality.
Feasibility of In Vivo Intravascular Ultrasound Tissue Characterization in the Detection of Early Vascular Transplant Rejection
Authors: Allen Jeremias, Mathew L. Kolz, Tuija S. Ikonen, Jan F. Gummert, Akio Oshima, Motoya Hayase, Yasuhiro Honda, Nobuyuki Komiyama, Gerald J. Berry, Randall E. Morris, Paul G. Yock, Peter J. Fitzgerald
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Unprocessed ultrasound radiofrequency (RF) signal analysis has been shown to distinguish different tissue structures more reliably than gray-scale interpretation of conventional ultrasound images. Methods and Results —The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of in vivo intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) RF signal analysis in an animal model of allograft rejection. Six cynomolgus monkeys underwent transplantation of 3-cm aortic allograft segments distal to the renal arteries from immunologically mismatched donors. IVUS imaging with a 30-MHz system was performed 84 to 105 days after the operation. RF signals were acquired from cross sections of the recipient and the allograft aortas in real time with a digitizer at 500 MHz with 8-bit resolution. Sixty-five cross sections and 68 regions of interest (31 in host aorta and 37 in allograft) were analyzed in the adventitial layer with a total number of 8568 vectors processed. For each region of interest, a weighted-average attenuation was calculated on the basis of the attenuation and length for each individual vector. Histological examination was performed at every cross section imaged by IVUS. When the gray-scale images of conventional IVUS scored by an independent observer were compared, no distinction between adventitia of the native aorta and allograft was possible. Analysis of the average RF backscatter power also showed no significant difference (70.32±3.55 versus 70.72±3.38 dB). However, the average attenuation of allografts was significantly lower than that of the host aortas (2.64±1.38 versus 4.02±1.16 dB/mm, P &lt;0.001). Histology demonstrated a marked adventitial inflammatory response in all allografts, with no inflammation observed in the host aortas. Conclusions —In vivo IVUS tissue characterization can be performed during routine imaging. In this model of transplant vasculopathy, RF attenuation measurements were more sensitive than visual or quantitative gray-scale analysis.
Comparative Outcomes of Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis Plus Anticoagulation vs Anticoagulation Alone to Treat Lower-Extremity Proximal Deep Vein Thrombosis
Authors: Riyaz Bashir, Chad J. Zack, Huaqing Zhao, Anthony J. Comerota, Alfred A. Bove
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

The role of catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) in the treatment of acute proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is controversial, and the nationwide safety outcomes are unknown.OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to compare in-hospital outcomes of CDT plus anticoagulation with those of anticoagulation alone.The secondary objective was to evaluate the temporal trends in the utilization and outcomes of CDT in the treatment of proximal DVT. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSObservational study of patients with a principal discharge diagnosis of proximal or caval DVT from 2005 to 2010 in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database.We compared patients treated with CDT plus anticoagulation with the patients treated with anticoagulation alone.We used propensity scores to construct 2 matched groups of 3594 patients in each group for comparative outcomes analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe primary study outcome was in-hospital mortality.The secondary outcomes included bleeding complications, length of stay, and hospital charges.RESULTS Among a total of 90 618 patients hospitalized for DVT (national estimate of 449 200 hospitalizations), 3649 (4.1%) underwent CDT.The CDT utilization rates increased from 2.3% in 2005 to 5.9% in 2010.Based on the propensity-matched comparison, the in-hospital mortality was not significantly different between the CDT and the anticoagulation groups (1.2% vs 0.9%) (OR, 1.40 [95% CI, 0.88-2.25])(P = .15).The rates of blood transfusion (11.1% vs 6.5%) (OR, 1.85 [95% CI, 1.57-2.20])(P < .001),pulmonary embolism (17.9% vs 11.4%) (OR, 1.69 [95% CI, 1.49-1.94])(P < .001),intracranial hemorrhage (0.9% vs 0.3%) (OR, 2.72 [95% CI, 1.40-5.30])(P = .03),and vena cava filter placement (34.8% vs 15.6%) (OR, 2.89 [95% CI, 2.58-3.23])(P < .001)were significantly higher in the CDT group.The CDT group had longer mean (SD) length of stay (7.2 [5.8] vs 5.0 [4.7] days) (OR, 2.27 [95% CI, 1.49-1.94])(P < .001)and higher hospital charges ($85 094 [$69 121] vs $28 164 [$42 067]) (P < .001)compared with the anticoagulation group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEIn this study, we did not find any difference in the mortality between the CDT and the anticoagulation groups, but evidence of higher adverse events was noted in the CDT group.In the context of this observational data and continued improvements in technology, a randomized trial with outcomes such as mortality and postthrombotic syndrome is needed to definitively address this comparative effectiveness.
Re: Aurélien Descazeaud, Marc Zerbib, Thierry Flam et al. Can pT0 Stage of Prostate Cancer be Predicted before Radical Prostatectomy? Eur Urol 2006;50:1248–53
Authors: Rodolfo Montironi, Marina Scarpelli, Antonio Lopez-Beltran, Liang Cheng
Journal: European Urology (2007)
Monophosphorylation of CD79a and CD79b ITAM Motifs Initiates a SHIP-1 Phosphatase-Mediated Inhibitory Signaling Cascade Required for B Cell Anergy
Authors: Shannon K. O'Neill, Andrew Getahun, Stephen B. Gauld, Kevin T. Merrell, Idan Tamir, Mia J. Smith, Joseph M. Dal Porto, Quan-Zhen Li, John C. Cambier
Journal: Immunity (2011)
Determination of the Normal Range of Furosemide Half-Clearance Times When Using Tc-99m MAG3
Authors: MONICA A. ROSSLEIGH, MEGAN Y. THOMAS, ANNE L. MOASE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

In radionuclide diuresis renography, furosemide half-clearance times have been established using Tc-99m DTPA but have not been verified when Tc-99m MAG3 is used. One hundred and six consecutive diuretic renograms using Tc-99m MAG3 for the evaluation of unilateral renal abnormalities were assessed. The furosemide half-clearance times of the normal kidneys were all less than 9.8 minutes, with a mean of 3.4 minutes. In 18 patients, the half-clearance times of the normal kidney were artificially prolonged because urine had drained before the administration of the diuretic. The normal furosemide half-clearance time values obtained using Tc-99m MAG3 were found to be similar to those established for Tc-99m DTPA. Prolonged half-clearance times of Tc-99m MAG3 must be confirmed by visual evidence of obstruction.
“Nonspecific” Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Albert Miller, Arthur M. Langer, Alvin S. Teirstein, Irving J. Selikoff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

ELECTRON microscopy has only recently been applied to "idiopathic" interstitial pulmonary reactions. In 1971, we described a patient with interstitial granulomas and fibrosis indistinguishable from sarcoidosis.1 A history of occupational exposure impelled electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction studies, which revealed talc crystals in his lungs. For the patient described below, we examined lung tissue that had shown severe interstitial fibrosis, with no evidence of mineral particles, on light microscopy. Although the patient had had no exposure to known pathogenic dusts, electron microscopy demonstrated ubiquitous fibrils of chrysotile asbestos, averaging 27.5 nm (275Å) in width and less than 100 nm (. . .
Thymic Carcinoma: A Cohort Study of Patients from the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database
Authors: Enrico Ruffini, Frank Detterbeck, Dirk Van Raemdonck, Gaetano Rocco, Pascal Thomas, Walter Weder, Alessandro Brunelli, Francesco Guerrera, Shaf Keshavjee, Nasser Altorki, Jan Schützner, Alex Arame, Lorenzo Spaggiari, Eric Lim, Alper Toker, Federico Venuta
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2014)
Dysfunctional Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are negative prognosticators and markers of dysregulated mevalonate pathway activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells
Authors: Marta Coscia, Candida Vitale, Silvia Peola, Myriam Foglietta, Micol Rigoni, Valentina Griggio, Barbara Castella, Daniela Angelini, Sabina Chiaretti, Chiara Riganti, Anna Guarini, Daniela Drandi, Marco Ladetto, Amalia Bosia, Robin Foà, Luca Battistini, Mario Boccadoro, Jean-Jacques Fournié, Massimo Massaia
Journal: Blood (2012)
Unusual Effects of a QT-Prolonging Drug, Arsenic Trioxide, on Cardiac Potassium Currents
Authors: Benoit Drolet, Chantale Simard, Dan M. Roden
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Cases of QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, and sudden death have been reported with arsenic trioxide (As2O3), a highly effective agent for acute promyelocytic leukemia. In this study, we evaluated the effects of As2O3 on repolarizing cardiac ion currents.In HERG- or KCNQ1+KCNE1-transfected CHO cells (n=32; total), As2O3 caused concentration-dependent block of both IKr and IKs, with an IC50 for tail current block of 0.14+/-0.01 micromol/L for IKr and 1.13+/-0.06 micromol/L for IKs. In contrast to other QT-prolonging drugs, As2O3 also activated a time-independent current that additional experiments identified as IK-ATP.As2O3 blocks both IKr and IKs at clinically relevant concentrations. On the other hand, it also activates IK-ATP, which maintains normal repolarization. We infer that variability in the extent of QT interval prolongation and onset of ventricular arrhythmias during arsenic therapy represents competing effects to block and activate multiple repolarizing potassium currents.
Palpation of the skin--an important issue
Authors: N. H. Cox
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2006)

A common concept is that dermatologists look at a rash, lesion, or even a photograph, and make an instant diagnosis. This can be true, but a clinical history, other sensory modalities, examination of other sites and supporting tests (biopsy, patch tests, etc.) may all be required to make a diagnosis and management plan. An experienced dermatologist typically touches lesions and rashes to accumulate extra information, a striking difference from new students, who rarely do so unless specifically instructed. This article concentrates on palpation, and specifically on quality of scaling, as an additional component of the examination of skin.