tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Handling of Bioactive Materials by the Lung
Authors: Alfred P. Fishman, Giuseppe G. Pietra
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

THE primitive lung was little more than an air sac containing minute vessels in its walls for gas exchange. It served as an accessory organ of breathing that allowed fishes seeking refuge from oxygen-poor waters to survive on land as air breathers.1 , 2 In the course of time, as the original fishes out of water were succeeded by generations of vertebrates that were at home on land, the lung grew more complicated. Not only did anatomic arrangements for gas exchange grow more intricate, but additional specializations — some of which were only indirectly related to gas exchange — became evident. Among . . .
Don't place all your trust in machines
Authors: C A Willis-Owen
Journal: BMJ (2003)

While attending a post-take x ray meeting as an orthopaedic senior house officer, I presented my sixth femoral neck fracture of the night. “Mrs X is a an elderly lady from a residential home, with left ventricular failure and advanced dementia. She was found on the floor in her room in the early hours of this morning, unable to weight bear. Plain radiographs show she has sustained an undisplaced subcapital fractured neck of femur on the right,” I …
ANTIGEN-INDUCED RELEASE OF SLOW REACTING SUBSTANCE OF ANAPHYLAXIS (SRS-ARAT) IN RATS PREPARED WITH HOMOLOGOUS ANTIBODY
Authors: Robert P. Orange, Martin D. Valentine, K. Frank Austen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1968)

The polymorphonuclear leukocyte appears to be an essential cellular prerequisite for the antigen-induced release of SRS-A(rat) in the peritoneal cavity of rats prepared with homologous, hyperimmune antisera. Depletion of PMN leukocytes is associated with a marked suppression of SRS-A(rat) release, whereas depletion of circulating lymphocytes or peritoneal mast cells does not influence the antigen-induced release of SRS-A(rat). A local increase in the number of PMN leukocytes produced by the induction of a peritoneal exudate was associated with an enhanced release of SRS-A(rat). A distinct difference in the cellular requirements for the antigen-induced release of histamine and SRS-A(rat) in the rat was observed. Homocytotropic antibody-mediated histamine release could be achieved in leukopenic rats but not in mast cell-depleted animals. Conversely, SRS-A(rat) release was suppressed in leukopenic rats but was unaffected by mast cell depletion. Diethylcarbamazine inhibited the antigen-induced release of SRS-A(rat) following preparation with homologous, hyperimmune antisera but did not interfere with homocytotropic antibody-mediated histamine release. In preventing SRS-A(rat) release, diethylcarbamazine did not interfere with antigen-antibody interaction since desensitization of tissues was possible in the presence of this inhibitor. This observation is consistent with the view that diethylcarbamazine inhibits the reaction sequence leading to the formation and release of SRS-A(rat) at some step subsequent to antigen-antibody interaction. These studies support the view that the immunologic pathways leading to the release of SRS-A(rat) and histamine in the rat are distinctly different in terms of the immunoglobulins involved, the cellular prerequisites, and the effective pharmacologic inhibitors.
ABC of sexually transmitted diseases. Complications of common genital infections and infections in other sites.
Authors: M W Adler
Journal: BMJ (1983)

If patients are treated early complications rarely occur.When they arise they are usually associated with chlamydia positive and chlamydia negative non-gonococcal infections and gonorrhoea and may be local or systemic.Local complications: pelvic inflammatory disease Clinic returns Hospitaldischarges --- ond deathss Non-specific genital infecti Pelvic inflammatory disease is the most important complication associated with these three types of infection.About 10% of patients on develop this complication after a gonococcal or non-gonococcal infection.In England and Wales the number ofcases admitted to hospital has doubled in the past 20 years.In the United States the direct costs of such hospital admissions alone are $400m a year.In some African countries up to 45% of > gynaecological admissions are due to this condition.In all ofthese countries many more cases are managed on an outpatient basis, for which no routine statistics are available.10-Long term morbidity after recovery from acute pelvic inflammatory disease is considerable: chronic abdominal pain, menstrual disturbances, -'Pelvic inflatorydisease dyspareunia, infertility, tubal pregnancy, medical consultation and 01 medication, time offwork, and psychological sequelae.The most disastrous 19 0 65 70 75 80 consequence of salpingitis is sterility.The proportion of patients with 1960 D5 70 75 80salpingitis who develop tubal occlusion rises from 10-13% with a first attack Year
Mast Cell Chymase: A Useful Serum Marker in Anaphylaxis
Authors: X. Zhou, H.S. Whitworth, M E-Khedr, T.A. Brown, R. Goswami, E. Eren, J.A. Lucas, M.D.S. Erlewyn-Lajeunesse, C.W. Summers, R.S.H. Pumphrey, G. Wild, J. Pedersen, A.F. Walls
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Worcester General Infirmary
Authors: A. Inglis
Journal: BMJ (1859)

complaining of pain over the region of the liver, which organ appeared enlarged.His countenance was somewhat livid, but not jaundiced.The heart's action was weak, the sounds normal.He had cedema of the lower ex- tremities, but no ascites.His urine was scanty and loaded with lithates.June 20th.He passed a very bad night, and was so ill this morning as to be unable to answer when spoken to.He lay constantly upon his right side.The extremities were very cold, and be had great lividity of the countenance.He was ordered to have friction and hot bottles applied to the extremities, and to have brandy in small quantities frequently during the day.He sank gradually, and died between ten and eleven o'clock at night.POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION, thirty-six hours after death.The heart and lungs were normal.The liver was much eplarged, and on removing it from the body, there were found fur separate tumours containing fluid, situated under the right lobe.On opening one of them, a quantity of lemon- yellow fluid escaped, which was followed by a number of hydatids of various sizes.There were several hundred hydatids in each cyst.On examining the yellow fluid of the cyst, it was found to be very albuminous, had a specific gravity of 1012, and showed a green colour on the addition of nitric acid, probably due to bile.The microscope showed compound granular cells, and son e crystals of cholesterine.The fluid
753 IMPACT OF LOW DOSE RITONAVIR BOOSTING ON THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF RG7227 (ITMN-191), A HIGHLY POTENT AND SELECTIVE INHIBITOR OF THE HCV NS3/4A PROTEASE
Authors: J.Ö. Haznedar, J. Fretland, G. Leong, S. Blotner, T. Hill, P. Smith, J.Q. Tran
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Penicillin Levels in Blood and CSF Achieved by Treatment of Syphilis
Authors: Eric M. C. Dunlop
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Treponemicidal levels of penicillin in the CSF were not obtained following intramuscular (IM) injections of 600,000 IU of penicillin G procaine along with 2% aluminum monostearate (PAM). Treponemicidal levels of penicillin in the CSF were achieved in 31 patients by probenecid, 500 mg/6 hr by mouth, with penicillin G, 500,000 IU by IM injection, and by probenecid every six hours by mouth and IM injections of penicillin G procaine once a day in two of three patients following injections of 600,000 IU, in four of five following 1.2 million IU, and in three (now all nine) following 2.4 million IU.
Prophylactic Lidocaine in Acute MI
Authors: Philip I. Hershberg
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> MacMahon et al<sup>1</sup>recently reported the effect of prophylactic lidocaine in the therapy of acute myocardial infarction, noting that, even today, we do not have enough evidence to support such use of prophylactic lidocaine. In their extensive reference list, the authors' earliest relevant reference is from 1967, in which Gianelly et al<sup>2</sup>suggest the possible use of lidocaine to prevent ventricular arrhythmias in the coronary care unit setting. In the same year, our detailed report in another journal<sup>3</sup>dealt with the prophylactic use of procainamide and certain other intramuscular drugs in patients before admission to the hospital with coronary diagnoses. The primary point of our lengthy report and subsequent commentary<sup>4</sup>was to indicate that it was not possible to recommend any single-drug therapy in the prophylactic treatment of acutely ill coronary patients. Rather, we pointed out that one probably must use a combination
Sacroiliitis detected by bone scintiscanning: a clinical, radiological, and scintigraphic follow-up study.
Authors: I M Chalmers, B C Lentle, J S Percy, A S Russell
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1979)

Twenty-four patients had abnormal sacroiliac joints detected by quantitative sacroiliac scintigraphy but no radiological evidence of sacroiliitis on original investigation. We studied them again after intervals of 12 to 36 months. Four patients developed radiological change. Two young, HLA B27-positive men had undoubted ankylosing spondylitis, and a young woman had possible ankylosing spondylitis. A middle-aged man had changes that could be attributed to post-traumatic osteoarthrosis. Of the remaining 20 cases 15 had symptoms and signs suggestive of inflammatory disease of the axial skeleton (and peripheral arthropathy in 5 cases). The sexes were affected equally (8 females, 7 males), and only 2 of the 15 were B27-positive. The response to anti-inflammatory medication was generally good to excellent, and scintiscans tended to improve. Of the remaining 5 patients, 3 had mechanical or traumatic problems, and in 2 there was no explanation for the abnormal sacroiliac scintiscan. We conclude that quantitative sacroiliac scintigraphy may detect ankylosing spondylitis prior to the develpment of radiological change and that it can identify an organic basis for backache in patients with a spondylitis-like syndrome. The clinical circumstances must be taken into account, as scintigraphic abnormalities are not diagnostic of any specific disease entity.
EVIPNet: translating the spirit of Mexico
Authors: Maimunah Hamid, Thiel Bustamante-Manaog, Truong Viet Dung, Kongsap Akkhavong, Hongpeng Fu, Yuanxin Ma, Xinqui Zhong, Reijo Salmela, Ulysses Panisset, Tikki Pang
Journal: The Lancet (2005)
Quality of UK milk to be studied
Authors: A. Brooks
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Britain's Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food has announced a £200000 ($320000) study into the microbiological quality of raw and pasteurised cows' milk. Concerns about links between Crohn's disease and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis have prompted the inclusion of the organism in the study, although the ministry says that no evidence exists of a public health risk. In a previous ministry survey of milk in Northern Ireland, six out of the …
Circulating stem cell–like epithelial cell adhesion molecule–positive tumor cells indicate poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection
Authors: Yun-Fan Sun, Yang Xu, Xin-Rong Yang, Wei Guo, Xin Zhang, Shuang-Jian Qiu, Ruo-Yu Shi, Bo Hu, Jian Zhou, Jia Fan
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive (EpCAM+) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells may constitute a tumor-initiating subpopulation in tumorigenic cell lines and HCC specimens. In the present study, EpCAM+ circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were identified prospectively in HCC patients undergoing curative resection, and the prognostic significance and their stem cell-like characteristics were investigated further. Blood samples from 123 HCC patients were tested prior to resection and 1 month thereafter. CTCs were present in 66.67% of patients, and the cell count measured in 7.5 mL of blood (CTC(7.5) ) ranged between 1 and 34. Fifty-one patients had CTC(7.5) of ≥2 preoperatively, and these patients developed tumor recurrence earlier than those with CTC(7.5) of <2 CTCs (P < 0.001). A preoperative CTC(7.5) of ≥2 was an independent prognostic factor for tumor recurrence (P < 0.001). Its prognostic significance also applied to patients with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels of ≤400 ng/mL or subgroups with low recurrence risk (all P < 0.05). A significant decrease of CTC-positive rates (66.67% to 28.15%, P < 0.05) and CTC(7.5) values (2.60 ± 0.43 to 1.00 ± 0.36, P < 0.05) was observed 1 month after resection. Patients with consistent CTC(7.5) <2 had lower recurrence rates than those with values consistently ≥2 (15.5% versus 87.50%, P < 0.001). EpCAM+ CTCs displayed cancer stem cell biomarkers (CD133 and ABCG2), epithelial-mesenchymal transition, Wnt pathway activation, high tumorigenic potential, and low apoptotic propensity.Stem cell-like phenotypes are observed in EpCAM+ CTCs, and a preoperative CTC(7.5) of ≥2 is a novel predictor for tumor recurrence in HCC patients after surgery, especially in patient subgroups with AFP levels of ≤400 ng/mL or low tumor recurrence risk. EpCAM+ CTCs may serve as a real-time parameter for monitoring treatment response and a therapeutic target in HCC recurrence.
Understanding the Volume-Outcome Effect in Cardiovascular Surgery
Authors: Andrew A. Gonzalez, Justin B. Dimick, John D. Birkmeyer, Amir A. Ghaferi
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2013)

To effectively guide interventions aimed at reducing mortality in low-volume hospitals, the underlying mechanisms of the volume-outcome relationship must be further explored. Reducing mortality after major postoperative complications may represent one point along the continuum of patient care that could significantly affect overall hospital mortality.To determine whether increased mortality at low-volume hospitals performing cardiovascular surgery is a function of higher postoperative complication rates or of less successful rescue from complications.We used patient-level data from 119434 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries aged 65 to 99 years undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, aortic valve repair, or abdominal aortic aneurysm repair between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2006. For each operation, we first divided hospitals into quintiles of procedural volume. We then assessed hospital risk-adjusted rates of mortality, major complications, and failure to rescue (ie, case fatality among patients with complications) within each volume quintile.Hospital procedural volume.Hospital rates of risk-adjusted mortality, major complications, and failure to rescue.For each operation, hospital volume was more strongly related to failure-to-rescue rates than to complication rates. For example, patients undergoing aortic valve replacement at very low-volume hospitals (lowest quintile) were 12% more likely to have a major complication than those at very high-volume hospitals (highest quintile) but were 57% more likely to die if a complication occurred.High-volume and low-volume hospitals performing cardiovascular surgery have similar complication rates but disparate failure-to-rescue rates. While preventing complications is important, hospitals should also consider interventions aimed at quickly recognizing and managing complications once they occur.
Use of reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction to evaluatein vivo cytokine gene expression in rats fed ethanol for long periods
Authors: Amin A. Nanji, Shuping Zhao, Hossein S.M. Sadrzadeh, David J. Waxman
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

We evaluated the expression of interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta mRNAs in the intragastric-feeding rat model of alcoholic liver disease. Rats were fed different diets for periods of 2 or 4 wk. Animals fed saturated fat and ethanol and the corn oil-dextrose control group had no liver injury, whereas animals fed corn oil and ethanol showed pathologic changes. RNA was extracted from the livers at the time of killing, reverse-transcribed and amplified; polymerase chain reaction products were subjected to electrophoresis on agarose gel. Interleukin-1 alpha mRNA was present in all groups at 2 and 4 wk; interleukin-1 beta and transforming growth factor-beta mRNAs were present in all groups at 4 wk. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA was absent in all groups at 2 wk but was present in the corn oil-ethanol group only at 4 wk. Because pathological liver injury was evident in the corn oil-ethanol group by 4 wk, the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA at this time suggests a pathogenetic role for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in alcohol-induced liver injury.
Laser lithotripsy of difficult bile duct stones under direct visual control.
Authors: H Neuhaus, W Hoffmann, C Zillinger, M Classen
Journal: Gut (1993)

Biliary laser lithotripsy was performed under direct visual control in 35 consecutive patients not amenable to routine endoscopy. The patients had 1-50 (median 1) bile duct stones with the greatest diameter of the largest stone being 9-42 mm (median 20 mm). Conventional endoscopic treatment had failed because of an inaccessible papilla (16 patients), biliary strictures (seven patients), and impaction or large size of calculi (12 patients). Twelve patients, depending on their anatomical condition, underwent peroral cholangioscopy by means of a mother-babyscope system. Percutaneous cholangioscopy was initially carried out in 23 patients, 7-20 days (median 10 days) after creation of a transhepatic fistula. Pulsed dye laser (32 patients) or alexandrite laser (three patients) lithotripsy was applied under an appropriate direct visual control in all cases. Complete stone disintegration succeeded in 33 of 35 patients. All resultant fragments passed the papilla within a mean number of 1.3 treatment sessions. Peroral cholangioscopic lithotripsy failed in two cases. One patient successfully underwent percutaneous laser treatment and the other patient was referred to surgery. Fever, temporary haemobilia, or a subcapsular liver haematoma were seen in a total of eight patients during establishment of the cutaneobiliary fistula. A 95 year old patient who had been admitted with septic cholangitis died because of cardiorespiratory failure 5 days after bile duct clearance. It is concluded that laser lithotripsy performed under a direct visual control is an effective and safe procedure for the non-surgical treatment of difficult bile duct stones. Ductal clearance can usually be achieved in a single treatment session when the papilla and the stones are accessible by the peroral route. Percutaneous cholangioscopic lithotripsy is more time consuming but highly effective even in patients with a difficult anatomy, bile duct strictures, or intrahepatic calculi. This approach should be limited, however, to cases not amenable to retrograde procedures because the creation of the cutaneobiliary fistula is not without risks.
Isolation and growth characteristics of adult human tendon fibroblasts.
Authors: M D Chard, J K Wright, B L Hazleman
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1987)

An explant method for the isolation of fibroblasts from adult human tendon is described. Cells were successfully isolated from 22 out of 27 common biceps tendons obtained from cadaveric donors (age range 11-83 years). The fibroblasts could be maintained in culture using standard methods and morphologically resembled those of synovial rather than dermal origin. Growth characteristics of 12 cell lines were assessed by deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) synthesis using [3H]thymidine incorporation in response to stimulation by fetal calf serum. Cells obtained separately from superficial and deep parts of the tendons produced almost identical responses. No significant reduction in growth response with increasing age was found when related to the age of the donor. Therefore this study did not show any age related defect in the short term tendon fibroblast replicative responses to serum.
Mutations in the pleckstrin homology domain of dynamin 2 cause dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Authors: Stephan Züchner, Maher Noureddine, Marina Kennerson, Kristien Verhoeven, Kristl Claeys, Peter De Jonghe, John Merory, Sofia A Oliveira, Marcy C Speer, Judith E Stenger, Gina Walizada, Danqing Zhu, Margaret A Pericak-Vance, Garth Nicholson, Vincent Timmerman, Jeffery M Vance
Journal: Nature Genetics (2005)
Bleomycin-induced lung injury in the rat: effects of the platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist BN 52021 and platelet depletion.
Authors: T W Evans, R J McAnulty, D F Rogers, K F Chung, P J Barnes, G J Laurent
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

Bleomycin is a highly effective antitumor agent, but pulmonary toxicity, characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction and associated pulmonary edema, limits clinical use of the drug. Platelets and platelet-activating factor (PAF), a membrane-derived phospholipid, have been implicated in the mechanisms that can mediate pulmonary microvascular injury. We sought to investigate the role of PAF in bleomycin-induced lung injury in the rat, using the PAF receptor antagonist BN 52021; and the role of platelets though the use of an anti-platelet antibody. Lung injury was induced by intratracheal bleomycin (1.5 mg) and assessed by measurements of lung wet weight and total pulmonary extravascular albumin space (TPEAS). Bleomycin caused a significant increase in both indices after 48 hr, compared with control animals (p less than 0.05). A single dose of BN 52021 (20 mg/kg orally) significantly reduced the bleomycin-induced increase in lung weight, but not the rise in TPEAS (p greater than 0.05). Increasing the dose of BN 52021 (20 mg/kg/12 hr, orally) had no additional effect. Reducing circulating platelet numbers by approximately 75% had no effect on either the increase in lung weight or TPEAS, observed 48 hr after bleomycin (p greater than 0.05). PAF may partially contribute to the acute inflammatory reaction seen after intratracheal bleomycin in rats.
THE RELATION BETWEEN TRAUMA AND TUBERCULOSIS: FROM THE PHYSICIAN'S POINT OF VIEW
Authors: N. Tattersall
Journal: BMJ (1928)

NZDIOAL JOUUNAZ." aggravated by " service which are so familiar iii the j)hraseologv of the Miniistry of Penisions.Thie two following are examiples, recently unider my niotice, of injury to presuimably healthy l persons.
Fibrinolysis and the biliary tree.
Authors: D M Scott-Coombes, S A Whawell, E G Havranek, J N Thompson
Journal: Gut (1997)

To investigate the fibrinolytic activity of normal and calculous human bile.Fibrinolytic properties of the biliary tract were studied in patients with gall bladder stones (n = 7) compared with acalculous gall bladders (n = 8).Bile plasminogen activating activity was detected in a wide range in both groups (calculous bile median 0.35 IU/ml; range: 0.06-6.59, versus normal bile 0.70 IU/ml; 0.19-3.56). There was no difference in the bile concentration of tissue plasminogen activator between the two groups (calculous bile median 21.5 ng/ml versus normal bile 9.5 ng/ml), which was present in much greater concentrations than urokinase (calculous bile median 0.10 ng/ml versus normal bile 0.36 ng/ml). Both plasminogen activators were detected in low concentrations in gall bladder mucosa. Plasminogen activator inhibitors-1 and 2 were detected in bile in significantly greater concentrations in patients with gall bladder stones (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: calculous bile median 15 ng/ml versus normal bile < 2 ng/ml, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2: 157 ng/ml versus < 6 ng/ml, p < 0.05).Human bile possesses fibrinolytic activity and the principal plasminogen activator in bile seems to be tissue plasminogen activator. Plasminogen activator inhibitors were present in greater concentrations in stone bile and may be a factor in the pathogenesis of gall stone formation.