tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Risk of Pancreatic Cancer Following Diabetes Mellitus: a Nationwide Cohort Study in Sweden
Authors: W.-H. Chow, G. Gridley, O. Nyren, M. S. Linet, A. Ekbom, J. F. Fraumeni, H.-O. Adami
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1995)

Journal Article Risk of Pancreatic Cancer Following Diabetes Mellitus: a Nationwide Cohort Study in Sweden Get access Wong-Ho Chow, Wong-Ho Chow Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Etiology, National Cancer InstituteBethesda, Md. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Gloria Gridley, Gloria Gridley Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Etiology, National Cancer InstituteBethesda, Md. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Olof Nyrén, Olof Nyrén Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Uppsala University HospitalSweden. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Martha S. Linet, Martha S. Linet Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Etiology, National Cancer InstituteBethesda, Md. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Anders Ekbom, Anders Ekbom Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Uppsala University HospitalSweden. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Joseph F. Fraumeni, Jr., Joseph F. Fraumeni, Jr. Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Etiology, National Cancer InstituteBethesda, Md. Correspondence to : Wong-Ho Chow, Ph.D., National Institutes of Health, EPN/415, 6130 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Hans-Olov Adami Hans-Olov Adami Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Uppsala University HospitalSweden. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 87, Issue 12, 21 June 1995, Pages 930–931, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/87.12.930 Published: 21 June 1995 Article history Received: 13 February 1995 Revision received: 06 April 1995 Accepted: 13 April 1995 Published: 21 June 1995
Glomerular dynamics and morphologic changes in the generalized Shwartzman reaction in postpartum rats.
Authors: J D Conger, S A Falk, S J Guggenheim
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

The roles of glomerular functional and morphologic changes were examined in the acute renal failure associated with generalized Shwartzman reaction in postpartum Munich Wistar rats. The susceptibility of postpartum rats to acute deterioration in renal function after a 2-h endotoxin infusion was found to be greater than in virgin litter mates: glomerular filtration rate fell by 93% in the former vs. 24% in the latter group (P less than 0.001). In postpartum rats there were marked changes in platelet count and fibrinogen level (P less than 0.025) compatible with consumption coagulopathy. Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate fell from 5.5 +/- 0.9 and 0.74 +/- 0.12 to 2.0 +/- 0.7 and 0.12 +/- 0.01 ml/min, respectively (both P less than 0.001). Blood pressure did not change. Results of glomerular dynamics studies showed decreases in single nephron filtration rate from 28 +/- 7 to 6 +/- 4 nl/min and in glomerular plasma flow rate from 77 +/- 26 to 23 +/- 12 nl/min (both P less than 0.001). Afferent net ultrafiltration pressure fell from 20 +/- 3 to 5 +/- 4 mm Hg due to a fall in glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure from 47 +/- 1 to 29 +/- 5 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). There were four- and twofold increases in afferent and efferent arteriolar resistances, respectively. Less than 20% of glomeruli had evidence of fibrin deposition after 2 h of endotoxin infusion, a time when glomerular filtration rate was reduced by greater than 90%. [1-Sar, 5-Ile, 8-Gly] angiotensin II infusion before endotoxin significantly protected glomerular filtration rate, 62 vs. 7% of control in rats with no preinfusion (P less than 0.01) despite consumption coagulopathy and glomerular fibrin deposition similar to rats without pretreatment. These data suggest that the early deterioration in renal function in the generalized Shwartzman reaction in the postpartum rat is due to major changes in glomerular dynamics induced by neurohumoral agents and that glomerular fibrin deposition plays a lesser pathogenetic role at this time in this disorder. The study does not address the pathogenesis of renal failure in pregnancy nor peripartum renal failure in another species.
The role of risk communication in shared decision making
Authors: W. Godolphin
Journal: BMJ (2003)

First let's get to choices 

I want to feel like a rational and autonomous person, even when I'm ill. Doctors ought to use their power (legal and knowledge) not only to relieve suffering but to enhance patients' autonomy.1 A prescription for this is shared decision making, a middle ground between “nanny knows best” paternalism and rampant consumerism–an ideal that aims to reconcile the fact of professional power with the ethic of informed choice.

Laws are leaning towards informed choice. For example, the supreme court of Canada in 1980 ruled that doctors have a legal obligation to disclose, unasked, whatever a reasonable person in that patient's particular position would want to know before making a decision. The ethical positions of medical guilds have more or less followed suit: “Duties of a doctor [are to] give patients information in a way they can understand; respect the rights …
Results of long-term vasodilator therapy in patients with refractory congestive heart failure.
Authors: W F Walsh, B H Greenberg
Journal: Circulation (1981)

The long-term effects of vasodilator therapy with oral hydralazine and long-acting nitrates were studied in 34 patients with refractory heart failure. Seven patients who had marginal hemodynamic improvement despite optimal hydralazine therapy were not maintained on vasodilators, and eight who had a favorable hemodynamic response subsequently discontinued hydralazine therapy because of side effects. Of these 15 patients, four (27%) died and 11 remained in New York Heart Association functional class II or IV at a mean follow-up of 10 +/- 2 months (SEM). The 19 patients who received chronic therapy for 8 +/- 2 months were divided into nine late responders (47%), who improved to functional class I or II, and 10 late nonresponders (53%), who remained in functional class III or IV. Only one of the nine late responders (11%) died, compared with seven of the 10 late nonresponders (70%) (p less than 0.01). The actuarially determined survival at 1 year was 100% for late responders and 13 +/- 12% for late nonresponders (p less than 0.01). No clinical variable could distinguish late responders from late nonresponders. Hemodynamic variables measured before vasodilator therapy showed that late responders had a lower mean right atrial pressure (8 +/- 1 vs 17 +/- 3 mm Hg, p less than 0.01) and lower mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure (20 +/- 2 vs 30 +/- 2 mm Hg, p less than 0.005), higher stroke, volume index (27 +/- 2 vs 20 +/- 1 ml/m2, p less than 0.005) and higher stroke work index (32 +/- 4 vs 19 +/- 2 g-m/m2, p less than 0.01) than late nonresponders. There were no significant differences in the acute response to vasodilators between the two groups. We conclude that (1) a substantial portion of patients with refractory congestive heart failure either do not have a beneficial response to vasodilator therapy or discontinue it because of side effects; (2) about half of the patients who are maintained on chronic vasodilator therapy (or about one-fourth of the patients in whom therapy is initiated) had sustained clinical benefit; and (3) the initial hemodynamics, but not the clinical variables, are predictive of late mortality and late clinical response. Patients with evidence of more severe left ventricular dysfunction have an unfavorable course.
Alterations of hepatic enzyme levels and of the acinar distribution of glutamine synthetase in response to experimental liver injury in the rat
Authors: Rolf Gebhardt, Hans-Jörg Burger, Hans Heini, Karl-Ludwig Schreiber, Dieter Mecke
Journal: Hepatology (1988)

Glutamine synthetase shows a striking heterogeneous distribution in normal rat liver as consistently revealed by immunohistochemistry using a specific antiserum against the rat liver enzyme or a cross-reacting antiserum. The effects of zonal liver injury induced by allylformate or CC1 4 on this distribution and on the activity of glutamine synthetase as well as of enzymes with different acinar distribution were investigated. Treatment with allylformate or CC1 4 at appropriate concentrations led to severe hepatocyte necrosis in the periportal and perivenous zone, respectively, as revealed by histological examination and by the levels of serum marker enzymes. Exposure to allylformate (50 to 100 μl per kg) for less than 1 day did not change the distribution and activity of glutamine synthetase but reduced the specific activities of the urea cycle enzymes. In contrast, treatment with CC1 4 (1,000 μl per kg) strongly reduced the activity and the acinar region covered by glutamine synthetase but not, for instance, the activities of the urea cycle enzymes. These results in conjunction with the data obtained for other enzymes indicate that a short exposure to these hepatotoxins affects different enzyme activities in close accord with their preferential acinar localization. During prolonged exposure this initial response was often modified due to adaptation. In the case of glutamine synthetase, however, no adaptive appearance of glutamine synthetase in other parts of the acinus could be detected even if the cell population originally expressing this phenotype was destroyed. This extremely inflexible distribution suggests that glutamine synthetase expression is a matter of cell differentiation rather than of modulation by nutritional and hormonal factors (or their acinar gradients) as found for many other hepatic enzymes.
Should pharmacists be able to prescribe?
Authors: R C Redman
Journal: BMJ (1984)

corresponding increase in the use of glucose as well as sucrose in processed foods has resulted in the consumption of sugars in the United Kingdom remaining static for the past 30 years.4In 1982 figures from the Ministry of Agri- culture, Fisheries, and Food showed that the total amount of sugars moving into production in the United Kingdom was 46-2 kg (101 lb) per person.7This figure excludes sugars in imported goods and also naturally occurring sugars.While some sugars produced are not consumed, there is no reason to suppose that this small wastage figure has fluctuated greatly.The public health problem represented by the high consumption of refined sugars in the United Kingdom is therefore not solving itself.Food manufacturers would inform the choice of consumers by stating on the label the percentage of all sugars contained in foods.
Ask about lithium, too
Authors: T. G. Smith
Journal: BMJ (2011)

When starting an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker, Ritter advises doctors to ask if the patient regularly takes a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, potassium sparing diuretic, or potassium supplement.1 Lithium should be added to this list.

Lithium is recommended by the National Institute for …
SARS case was influenza H5N1
Authors: Khabir Ahmad
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2006)

China's Ministry of Health is doing tests to confirm a report that a patient who reportedly died of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in China in Nov, 2003, in fact died of an H5N1 infection. "The Ministry of Health has not yet reported if it has reached a conclusion", says Roy Wadia (WHO China).
Australia calls for calm on hepatitis C
Authors: C Zinn
Journal: BMJ (1994)

The New South Wales Red Cross has tried to allay public fears following revelations that dozens of patients who have received blood transfusions have been infected with hepatitis C Virus. The Red Cross's blood bank is trying to establish how contaminated blood got into the supply after tests failed to detect 40 infected donors.

The news has prompted a national scare about the safety of the blood supply and renewed calls to make it easier for patients to bank their own blood before surgery. The director of the blood bank, Dr Brenton Wylie, said that …
Immunomodulatory effects of peptide T on human keratinocyte cells
Authors: M.A. Tufano, R. Greco, I. Paoletti, G. Donnarumma, N. Canozo, A. Baroni
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Peptide T (PT) is an octapeptide shown to resolve psoriatic lesions. PT is from the V2 region of HIV-1 gp120, an exterior envelope glycoprotein that is a target for host immune responses. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of PT are not well understood.We studied the immunomodulatory effects of PT on the human keratinocyte cells.Cultured human keratinocytes were treated with PT, proteins extracted and analysed by Western blotting and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.Our findings show reduced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and an increase in transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and heat shock protein (HSP)-70 in human keratinocyte cells treated with PT. The HSP-70 increase is modulated by TGF-beta. In fact, we demonstrated that anti-TGF-beta antibodies reduce HSP-70 overexpression. In addition, we show a modulation of alphav integrins after 4 hours of treatment with PT. These receptors favour keratinocyte migration and epidermal regeneration. It has been reported that overexpression of HSP results in dramatic changes to intermediate filaments. These proteins act on keratin intermediate filaments and determine their retraction. The consequence is cell-cell contact detachment and inhibition of cellular hyperproliferation.Our results support the beneficial effect of PT found in vivo, suggesting, moreover, the primary role of keratinocytes upon which PT acts directly by stimulating the anti-inflammatory function and favouring the regeneration of tissue.
Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) of human endobronchial biopsies: asthma<i>versus</i>controls
Authors: Ching Yong Yick, Aeilko H. Zwinderman, Peter W. Kunst, Katrien Grünberg, Thais Mauad, Annemiek Dijkhuis, Elisabeth H. Bel, Frank Baas, René Lutter, Peter J. Sterk
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

The cellular and molecular pathways in asthma are highly complex. Increased understanding can be obtained by unbiased transcriptomic analysis (RNA-Seq). We hypothesised that the transcriptomic profile of whole human endobronchial biopsies differs between asthma patients and controls. First, we investigated the feasibility of obtaining RNA from whole endobronchial biopsies suitable for RNA-Seq. Secondly, we examined the difference in transcriptomic profiles between asthma and controls. This cross-sectional study compared four steroid-free atopic asthma patients and five healthy nonatopic controls. Total RNA from four biopsies per subject was prepared for RNA-Seq. Comparison of the numbers of reads per gene in asthma and controls was based on the Poisson distribution. 46 genes were differentially expressed between asthma and controls, including pendrin, periostin and BCL2. 10 gene networks were found to be involved in cellular morphology, movement and development. RNA isolated from whole human endobronchial biopsies is suitable for RNA-Seq, showing different transcriptomic profiles between asthma and controls. Novel and confirmative genes were found to be linked to asthma. These results indicate that biological processes in the airways of asthma patients are regulated differently when compared to controls, which may be relevant for the pathogenesis and treatment of the disease.
Airway Constriction Pattern Is a Central Component of Asthma Severity
Authors: KENNETH R. LUTCHEN, ANDREW JENSEN, HAYTHAM ATILEH, DAVID W. KACZKA, ELLIOT ISRAEL, BELA SUKI, EDWARD P. INGENITO
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

Measurements of lung resistance and elastance (RL and EL) from 0.1 to 8 Hz reflect both the mean level and pattern of lung constriction. The goal of this study was to establish a relation between a deep inspiration (DI) and the heterogeneity of constriction in healthy versus asthmatic subjects. Constriction pattern was assessed from measurements of the RL and EL from 0.1 to 8 Hz in seven healthy subjects and in 12 asthmatics. These data were acquired before and after a DI and before and after a standard methacholine challenge versus a modified challenge in which a DI is prohibited. Generally, avoidance of a DI increased responsiveness. In healthy subjects and in those with mild-to-moderate baseline asthma a bronchial challenge, especially during self-inhibited DI, produced a heterogenous pattern of constriction inclusive of randomly distributed airway closures or near closures. Nevertheless, such subjects were able to reopen their airways via a DI. In contrast, in subjects with severe baseline asthma, there is a more extreme heterogeneous constriction pattern with random airway closures even at baseline. Further, there is no residual bronchodilatory effect of a DI either before or after bronchial challenge. We conjecture that inflammation and wall-remodeling facilitate a dangerous degree of heterogeneous constriction inclusive of airway closures or near closures, and contribute to the prevention of a DI from having a residual bronchodilatory effect.
Slow Sodium: An Oral Slowly Released Sodium Chloride Preparation
Authors: E. M. Clarkson, J. R. Curtis, R. J. Jewkes, B. E. Jones, V. A. Luck, H. E. de Wardener, N. Phillips
Journal: BMJ (1971)

The use of a slowly released oral preparation of sodium chloride is described. It was given to patients and athletes to treat or prevent acute and chronic sodium chloride deficiency. Gastrointestinal side effects were not encountered after the ingestion of up to 500 mEq in one day or 200 mEq in 10 minutes.
Isolation of Latent Herpes Simplex Virus from the Superior Cervical and Vagus Ganglions of Human Beings
Authors: Kenneth G. Warren, S. Moira Brown, Zofia Wroblewska, Donald Gilden, Hilary Koprowski, John Subak-Sharpe
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

HERPES simplex virus has been found to be present in a latent form in the trigeminal and spinal ganglions of animals1 , 2 and human beings.3 , 4 In our previous study,5 we recovered herpes simplex virus Type I from trigeminal ganglions of 12 out of 20 cadavers, 18 being patients who had died of trauma. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this virus could be isolated from other human ganglions. Since latent herpes simplex virus has been detected in the superior cervical ganglions of mice,6 this ganglion was selected for virus-isolation studies. In addition, the jugular portion of the vagus . . .
SALT WITH LOW-DOSE FUROSEMIDE DECREASES PLASMA ALDOSTERONE LEVEL IN ACUTE DECOMPENSATED HEART FAILURE
Authors: Yoshitaka Okuhara, Shinichi Hirotani, Toshihiro Iwasaku, Akiyo Eguchi, Daisuke Morisawa, Tomotaka Ando, Hisashi Sawada, Kouichi Nishimura, Yoshiro Naito, Tohru Masuyama
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Immutable Functional Attributes of Histologic Grade Revealed by Context-Independent Gene Expression in Primary Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Shanaz H. Dairkee, Aejaz Sayeed, Gloria Luciani, Stacey Champion, Zhenhang Meng, Lakshmi R. Jakkula, Heidi S. Feiler, Joe W. Gray, Dan H. Moore
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Inherent cancer phenotypes that are independent of fluctuating cross-talk with the surrounding tissue matrix are highly desirable candidates for targeting tumor cells. Our novel study design uses epithelial cell lines derived from low versus high histologic grade primary breast cancer to effectively diminish the breadth of transient variability generated within the tumor microenvironment of the host, revealing a "paracrine-independent expression of grade-associated" (PEGA) gene signature. PEGA members extended beyond "proliferation-driven" signatures commonly associated with aggressive, high-grade breast cancer. The calcium-binding protein S100P was prominent among PEGA genes overexpressed in high-grade tumors. A three-member fingerprint of S100P-correlated genes, consisting of GPRC5A, FXYD3, and PYCARD, conferred poor outcome in multiple breast cancer data sets, irrespective of estrogen receptor status but dependent on tumor size (P < 0.01). S100P silencing markedly diminished coregulated gene transcripts and reversed aggressive tumor behavior. Exposure to pathway-implicated agents, including the calmodulin inhibitor N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide, phenothiazine, and chlorpromazine, resulted in rapid apoptotic cell death in high-grade tumor cells resistant to the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. This is the first comprehensive study describing molecular phenotypes intimately associated with histologic grade whose expression remains relatively fixed despite an unavoidably changing environment to which tumor cells are invariably exposed.
Successful Radiographic Demonstration of the Human Circle of Willis
Authors: Robert A. Kuhn
Journal: JAMA (1961)

The circle of Willis has been demonstrated in the living human subject by serial angiography. The vessels were opacified by retrograde injection of contrast material through a cannula in the right brachial artery. The left common carotid artery was compressed, and the contrast material ascended through the right carotid and vertebral arteries. Roentgenograms were made in the submentovertical projection. The technique was used in more than 300 cases without mishaps. The results confirmed suspicions, based on anatomic studies, that communication between the anterior and posterior segments of the circle of Willis through the posterior communicating arteries is limited even under abnormal conditions in which adequate communication would reduce the damage from focal cerebral ischemia or cerebral infarct.
Effects of Hypertensin on Arterial Pressure, Heart Work and Cardiac Oxygen Utilization
Authors: IVAN E. FORTE, LOUIS POTGIETER, JERRY E. SCHMITTHENNER, A. JANE WILLIAM, A. JANE WILLIAM, HUNTER NEAL, SHAKASHIR TOUSSEF, ROBERT RICHARD, J. H. Hafkenschiel
Journal: Circulation Research (1960)

Pharmacodynamically induced changes in left ventricular work, using an intravenous infusion of Hypertensin, were studied in intact anesthetized dogs. Coronary and systemic hemodynamics and cardiac metabolism under a combined morphine- "Dial" -urethane-pentobarbital-sodium (MDUP) anesthesia were measured during the action of the drug. The significant hemodynamic changes induced were increased mean arterial pressure and increased left ventricular work. A greater cardiac lactate utilization during the Hypertensin infusion was the only change in cardiac metabolism. The oxygen tension in left ventricular venous blood was not reduced during the action of the drug.