tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Oral proliferative verrucous leucoplakia: are there particular features for such an ambiguous entity? A systematic review
Authors: M. Pentenero, M. Meleti, P. Vescovi, S. Gandolfo
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

Proliferative verrucous leucoplakia (PVL) is a distinct, particularly aggressive form of oral leucoplakia. Given the low prevalence of PVL, data are sparse and are mostly from case reports, case series and only a few case–control studies, meaning that the literature is able to provide only weak evidence. The present systematic literature review aims to collate the available evidence on the following issues: patient demographics, aetiology, lesion location(s), malignant potential, location and histopathological features of transformed lesions, disease‐specific survival rates and treatment response. Electronic databases were searched for studies in the English language reporting original data from at least 10 patients with PVL on the target issues of the present review. The retrieved data were merged and a descriptive analysis performed. The 20 studies selected indicated that PVL does not seem to be correlated with the major risk factors for oral carcinoma (tobacco, alcohol and/or areca nut/betel leaf chewing). The disorder affects mainly adult/elderly women and has a very high malignant transformation rate, particular site distribution and particular location and histopathological features of transformed lesions. The present results may be limited by some articles being unintentionally excluded as they were not found during the electronic search, a lack of worldwide accepted diagnostic criteria for PVL, and overlapping data from multiple studies performed in a limited number of centres. Despite these potential drawbacks, the present results demonstrate that PVL does have particular features.
Aetiology of coronary heart disease
Authors: M. Marmot
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Papers p 1273 

It is a common tendency in science to argue that in order for my pet hypothesis to be correct yours has to be wrong. Indeed, it is somewhat unsatisfying for both yours and mine to be right at the same time. Barker's work on the fetal and infant origins of coronary heart disease has stimulated such reactions.1 The two positions are that coronary heart disease is determined by factors associated with growth in utero or in the first year of life or that it is caused by social conditions and lifestyle acting later in life. Among the arguments for the former is the body of work that Barker and colleagues have produced over 15 years.2 Arguing for the importance of contemporaneous influences is that coronary heart disease rates can be reduced within five years by reducing cholesterol levels,3 giving up smoking,4 or reducing blood pressure levels.5 Rates of coronary heart disease are strongly related to social class6 and changed rapidly …
Stratified Pulmonary Blood Flow: Some Consequences in Emphysema and Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: J. Read
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Both ventilation and blood flow in the secondary lobule of the lung are stratified; each unit of lung tissue in the proximal portion of the lobule receives up to four times the blood flow of units in the peripheral portion. Questions of the limiting role of gas diffusion within the small airways become virtually irrelevant in the face of this stratification of function.The central portion of the lobule, with its high ventilation, blood flow, and gas exchange, is very vulnerable; small lesions at this site will produce disproportionately large disturbances of gas exchange and of pulmonary vascular resistance. This may well account for some of the phenomena of conditions such as centrilobular emphysema and pulmonary microembolism.
Administration of Neutral Protamine Hagedorn Insulin at Bedtime versus with Dinner in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus To Avoid Nocturnal Hypoglycemia and Improve Control
Authors: Carmine G. Fanelli, Simone Pampanelli, Francesca Porcellati, Paolo Rossetti, Paolo Brunetti, Geremia B. Bolli
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2002)

Background: Intensive insulin treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus increases the risk for nocturnal hypoglycemia. Objective: To demonstrate that splitting the evening insulin regimen reduces the risk for nocturnal hypoglycemia in intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Design: Randomized, open, two-treatment crossover trial in two 4-month periods. Setting: University research center in Italy. Patients: 22 C-peptide–negative persons with type 1 diabetes mellitus (mean age [±SD], 29 ± 3 years). Interventions: Each patient was randomly assigned to one of two insulin regimens for 4 months and then switched to the other regimen for another 4 months. The two treatment regimens were 1) mixed treatment—a mixture of human regular and neutral protamine Hagedorn [NPH] insulin administered before dinner and 2) split treatment—human regular insulin administered at dinner and NPH insulin administered at bedtime. Measurements: Frequency of nocturnal hypoglycemia. Secondary end points were levels of fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c and responses to experimental hypoglycemia. Results: During the split-regimen treatment period, patients had fewer episodes of nocturnal hypoglycemia (mean [±SE], 0.10 ± 0.02 episode/patient-day vs. 0.28 ± 0.04 episode/patient-day; P = 0.002), a lower fasting blood glucose level (mean [±SE], 7.6 ± 0.2 mmol/L vs. 8.3 ± 0.5 mmol/L [137 ± 4 mg/dL vs. 160 ± 8 mg/dL]; P = 0.030), less variable fasting blood glucose levels (SD range, 2.0 ± 0.4 vs. 3.5 ± 0.6; P = 0.001), and lower hemoglobin A1c value (mean [±SE], 7.0% ± 0.11% vs. 7.5% ± 0.15%; P = 0.004) than during the mixed regimen. Responses to experimental hypoglycemia were better preserved with the split regimen than with the mixed regimen. Conclusion: When the goal of insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus is near-normoglycemia, splitting the evening insulin treatment regimen into short-acting insulin at dinner and NPH insulin at bedtime reduces the risks for nocturnal hypoglycemia and hypoglycemia unawareness and decreases the hemoglobin A1c value compared with mixing short-acting insulin and NPH insulin at dinner.
Two frameshift mutations of the double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase gene in Chinese pedigrees with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria
Authors: Y. Liu, S-X. Xiao, Z-H. Peng, X-B. Lei, J-M. Wang, Y. Li, X-L. Li
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Journal Article Two frameshift mutations of the double‐stranded RNA‐specific adenosine deaminase gene in Chinese pedigrees with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria Get access Y. Liu, Y. Liu Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Gene and Environment of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S‐X. Xiao, S‐X. Xiao Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Gene and Environment of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China Sheng‐Xiang Xiao or Zhen‐Hui Peng E‐mail: xiao_sx@163.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Z‐H. Peng, Z‐H. Peng Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Gene and Environment of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar X‐B. Lei, X‐B. Lei Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Gene and Environment of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J‐M. Wang, J‐M. Wang Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Gene and Environment of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Y. Li, Y. Li Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Gene and Environment of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar X‐L. Li X‐L. Li Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Gene and Environment of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 155, Issue 2, 1 August 2006, Pages 473–476, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07223.x Published: 01 August 2006 Article history Accepted: 15 December 2005 Published: 01 August 2006
THE FURTHER SEPARATION OF TYPES AMONG THE PNEUMOCOCCI HITHERTO INCLUDED IN GROUP IV AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC ANTISERA FOR THESE TYPES
Authors: Georgia Cooper, Carolyn Rosenstein, Annabel Walter, Lenore Peizer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1932)

The unclassified strains known as Group IV have been separated into twenty-nine types which are designated by the Roman numerals IV and XXXII. Only a small percentage of the pneumococcus strains isolated in New York City for this study were left unclassified. The majority of the types gave very slight cross-reactions, the exceptions being Types II and V, III and VIII, VII and XVIII and XV and XXX. In the series of cases studied, Types IV, V, VII and VIII were found more prevalent in the lobar pneumonia of adults and Types V, VI a and XIV in children. The majority of the types were also found in normal individuals and in persons having respiratory infections other than pneumonia. Types VI a and XIX were most prevalent in the limited number of strains studied by us. Fourteen of the types were found in pneumococcus meningitis; Type XVIII was found most often. Antisera suitable for clinical trial have been prepared for fourteen types. From the majority of the horses inoculated for more than a year, antisera having 500 to 1000 units per cc. were obtained. Antisera of lower potency were concentrated and preparations obtained equal to or stronger than high grade unconcentrated serum. Potent bivalent antisera have been prepared for types which were found to give marked cross-agglutination reactions. The results with each type as to prevalence, severity of cases, presence in normal individuals, and in spinal meningitis, potency of antisera produced for therapeutic trial and virulence of strains for mice have been considered under the different type headings.
HMOs: America today, Britain tomorrow?
Authors: J. A Duncan
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Sadly, this article is inappropriate and has caused more dismay and distress to a group of people already often under considerable stress- namely, those relatives trying to "honour their father and mother" by providing the bulk of the care for them but at times seeking a little help with the problem.They should be commended, not made to worry whether their rest is likely to kill their aged relative.
Effect of Rosiglitazone Treatment on Soluble CD40L in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Nikolaus Marx, Armin Imhof, Johannes Froehlich, Laila Siam, Jochen Ittner, Gerhard Wierse, Arnold Schmidt, Winfried Maerz, Vinzenz Hombach, Wolfgang Koenig
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Interaction of CD40L with its receptor CD40 is critically involved in inflammatory cell activation in atherogenesis. In addition, serum levels of soluble CD40L are elevated in acute coronary syndromes and have been associated with increased cardiovascular risk in healthy subjects, thus making sCD40L an intriguing target to modulate the inflammatory response in the vasculature. PPARgamma-activating thiazolidinediones, novel insulin-sensitizing antidiabetic agents, have recently been shown to exhibit antiinflammatory effects in the vessel wall. To examine whether thiazolidinedione treatment might modulate serum levels of sCD40L in high-risk patients, we performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blinded trial to assess the effect of rosiglitazone on sCD40L levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD).Thirty-nine patients with diabetes and angiographically proven CAD were randomized to receive rosiglitazone (4 mg BID) or placebo for 12 weeks. Baseline parameters did not significantly differ between groups. Rosiglitazone treatment, but not placebo, significantly reduced sCD40L serum levels within the first 2 weeks by 8.1% (17.1 to -32.7) (median percentage [interquartile range]; P<0.05 compared with baseline), further decreasing it by 18.4% (-5.0 to -33.1) after 6 weeks (P<0.05 compared with baseline), and by 27.5% (8.2 to -70.5) after 12 weeks (P<0.05 compared with baseline and with 2 weeks of treatment).Treatment with the PPARgamma-activating thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone reduces sCD40L serum levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and CAD. These data support an antiinflammatory and potentially antiatherogenic effect of thiazolidinediones.
(16) A syndrome consisting of vanishing bile ducts, diabetes mellitus, acanthosis nigricans and pachydermal-like changes: a new entity?
Authors: D.W.S. HARRIS, L.S. OSTLERE, C. BUCKLEY, S. WRIGHT, A. MILLIGAN, D.A. BURNS, N. MCINTYRE, M.H.A. RUSTIN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)
Altered wound healing in mice lacking a functional osteopontin gene (spp1).
Authors: L Liaw, D E Birk, C B Ballas, J S Whitsitt, J M Davidson, B L Hogan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Osteopontin (OPN) is an arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD)- containing glycoprotein encoded by the gene secreted phosphoprotein 1 (spp1). spp1 is expressed during embryogenesis, wound healing, and tumorigenesis; however, its in vivo functions are not well understood. Therefore, OPN null mutant mice were generated by targeted mutagenesis in embryonic stem cells. In OPN mutant mice, embryogenesis occurred normally, and mice were fertile. Since OPN shares receptors with vitronectin (VN), we tested for compensation by creating mice lacking both OPN and VN. The double mutants were also viable, suggesting that other RGD-containing ligands replace the embryonic loss of both proteins. We tested the healing of OPN mutants after skin incisions, where spp1 was upregulated as early as 6 h after wounding. Although the tensile properties of the wounds were unchanged, ultrastructural analysis showed a significantly decreased level of debridement, greater disorganization of matrix, and an alteration of collagen fibrillogenesis leading to small diameter collagen fibrils in the OPN mutant mice. These data indicate a role for OPN in tissue remodeling in vivo, and suggest physiological functions during matrix reorganization after injury.
Ovarian Cancer, Version 3.2012
Authors: Robert J. Morgan, Ronald D. Alvarez, Deborah K. Armstrong, Robert A. Burger, Mariana Castells, Lee-may Chen, Larry Copeland, Marta Ann Crispens, David Gershenson, Heidi Gray, Ardeshir Hakam, Laura J. Havrilesky, Carolyn Johnston, Shashikant Lele, Lainie Martin, Ursula A. Matulonis, David M. O’Malley, Richard T. Penson, Steven W. Remmenga, Paul Sabbatini, Joseph T. Santoso, Russell J. Schilder, Julian Schink, Nelson Teng, Theresa L. Werner, Miranda Hughes, Mary A. Dwyer
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2012)

These NCCN Guidelines Insights focus on the major updates for the 2012 NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Ovarian Cancer by describing how and why the new recommendations were made. The 6 update topics were selected based on recent important updates in the guidelines and on debate among panel members about recent clinical trials, and include: 1) screening, 2) diagnostic tests for assessing pelvic masses, 3) primary treatment using neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 4) primary adjuvant treatment using bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy, 5) therapy for recurrent disease, and 6) management of drug/hypersensitivity reactions. These NCCN Guidelines Insights also discuss why some recommendations were not made (eg, panel members did not feel the new data warranted changing the guideline). See “Updates” in the NCCN Guidelines for Ovarian Cancer for a complete list of all the recent revisions.
Control of the acute phase response. Demonstration of C-reactive protein synthesis and secretion by hepatocytes during acute inflammation in the rabbit.
Authors: I Kushner, G Feldmann
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

To determine the cell of origin of C-reactive protein (CRP) and to cast light on the mechanisms leading to the acute phase response, we used an immunoenzymatic technique to visualize this protein in livers from rabbits at intervals after intramuscular injection of turpentine. CRP was detected only in hepatocytes. 8 h after turpentine injection, CRP was demonstrated in occasional periportal hepatocytes. With time, larger numbers of positive cells were detected successively in perilobular, midlobular, and centrilobular areas. On electron microscopy, CRP was detected in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), and Golgi apparatus (GA). When colchicine was administered to inhibit cellular secretion of CRP, intensity of reaction and number of CRP-containing hepatocytes were substantially greater than without colchicine, but the sequence of intralobular distribution was similar. At peak serum response 38 h after turpentine injection, CRP could be demonstrated in most hepatocytes. Electron microscopic studies showed accumulation of CRP on membranes and lumina of RER, SER, GA, and in cytoplasmic vacuoles. These findings indicate that CRP is produced by progressively increasing numbers of hepatocytes after inflammatory stimulus and suggest that a mediator, acting initially in portal zones, is responsible for recruitment of cells to CRP production.
CANCER OF THE RECTUM—ITS EXCISION AFTER THE METHOD OF KRASKÉ AND MODIFICATIONS THEREOF, WITH A REPORT OF CASES.
Authors: CHARLES A. POWERS
Journal: JAMA (1895)

The older methods of excising the rectum have been in large part superseded by the sacral procedure, and it is safe to assert that of all malignant growths affecting this part of the body, but a small proportion will be found amenable to cure when dealt with from the perineum. Although Kocher, of Berne, had for some years added to the posterior incision a removal of the coccyx, it remained for Kraske, of Freiburg, to lay down those fundamental rules which, though since modified from time to time, enable us to cope with something like an assurance of success with this distressing affection. It was before the German Surgical Congress of 1885 that Kraske first proposed to gain easy access to the upper portion of the rectum by resection of the lower part of the sacrum. This original procedure has since undergone important modifications. Its essential details are as follows:
Increased incidence of breast cancer among young women: reality or overestimation?.
Authors: R Freitas-Júnior, NM Freitas, M Curado, E Martins, GS Queiroz, RS Rahal
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #6088 Background: a story is going around that there has been a large increase in the incidence of breast cancer among young women, but there is very little scientific information regarding such an occurrence in developing countries. This study had the aim of investigating the incidence of breast cancer among young women (up to 39 years), and comparing this with other age groups. Patients and methods: this was a retrospective study using the database of the Population-based Cancer Registry of Goiania, State of Goias, Brazil, covering the years 1988-2003. Cases of breast cancer that occurred in Goiania were analyzed. The incidence was calculated according to age groups: up to 39 years, 40 to 59 years and 60 years and over. The values were adjusted for sex and age, in accordance with Segi's worldwide population (1960). Results: Over this period, 3,310 new cases were recorded. The standardized incidence was 2.89/100,000 in 1988 and increased to 6.37/100,000 in 2003 (R2 = 0.72) for the group aged up to 39 years (p&amp;lt;0.001). For the group from 40 to 59 years, the incidence was 14.39/100,000 in 1988 and 41.70/100,000 in 2003 (R2 = 0.87; p&amp;lt;0.001). For the group aged 60 years and over, it was 17.62/100,000 and 28.49/100,000, respectively (R2 = 0.75; p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusions: The incidence of breast cancer among young women in the city of Goiania has been increasing significantly, although this increase is less pronounced than in the other age groups. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6088.
Symbol of a nightmare society
Authors: R Porter
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Royal National Theatre Angels in America: “Millennium Approaches” In repertoire

In her book AIDS as Metaphor the New York critic Susan Sontag deplores the habit of endowing disease with all manner of symbolic qualities: Medicine and moralising must not be mixed. Tony Kushner's play might almost have been written in direct defiance of her dictum. For it is a wrenching dramatisation of a generation of America shaken to its core by the experience of AIDS: explicit suffering and waste, the anguish and anger that AIDS has generated, and its tragic tendencies to betrayal and blight.

“Millennium Approaches” focuses on a gay couple, Louis and Prior, whose relationship breaks up when Prior develops the first signs of Kaposi's …