tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Lung Function and Incidence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease after Improved Cooking Fuels and Kitchen Ventilation: A 9-Year Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Yumin Zhou, Yimin Zou, Xiaochen Li, Shuyun Chen, Zhuxiang Zhao, Fang He, Weifeng Zou, Qiuping Luo, Wenxi Li, Yiling Pan, Xiaoliang Deng, Xiaoping Wang, Rong Qiu, Shiliang Liu, Jingping Zheng, Nanshan Zhong, Pixin Ran
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2014)

Background Biomass smoke is associated with the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but few studies have elaborated approaches to reduce the risk of COPD from biomass burning. The purpose of this study was to determine whether improved cooking fuels and ventilation have effects on pulmonary function and the incidence of COPD. Methods and Findings A 9-y prospective cohort study was conducted among 996 eligible participants aged at least 40 y from November 1, 2002, through November 30, 2011, in 12 villages in southern China. Interventions were implemented starting in 2002 to improve kitchen ventilation (by providing support and instruction for improving biomass stoves or installing exhaust fans) and to promote the use of clean fuels (i.e., biogas) instead of biomass for cooking (by providing support and instruction for installing household biogas digesters); questionnaire interviews and spirometry tests were performed in 2005, 2008, and 2011. That the interventions improved air quality was confirmed via measurements of indoor air pollutants (i.e., SO2, CO, CO2, NO2, and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm or less) in a randomly selected subset of the participants' homes. Annual declines in lung function and COPD incidence were compared between those who took up one, both, or neither of the interventions. Use of clean fuels and improved ventilation were associated with a reduced decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1): decline in FEV1 was reduced by 12 ml/y (95% CI, 4 to 20 ml/y) and 13 ml/y (95% CI, 4 to 23 ml/y) in those who used clean fuels and improved ventilation, respectively, compared to those who took up neither intervention, after adjustment for confounders. The combined improvements of use of clean fuels and improved ventilation had the greatest favorable effects on the decline in FEV1, with a slowing of 16 ml/y (95% CI, 9 to 23 ml/y). The longer the duration of improved fuel use and ventilation, the greater the benefits in slowing the decline of FEV1 (p<0.05). The reduction in the risk of COPD was unequivocal after the fuel and ventilation improvements, with an odds ratio of 0.28 (95% CI, 0.11 to 0.73) for both improvements. Conclusions Replacing biomass with biogas for cooking and improving kitchen ventilation are associated with a reduced decline in FEV1 and risk of COPD. Trial Registration Chinese Clinical Trial Register ChiCTR-OCH-12002398 Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Human Reproduction and Sexual Behavior
Authors: Kendall Emerson
Journal: JAMA (1964)

This volume provides a remarkably complete compendium of the most modern knowledge of the anatomy, both normal and pathological, and the psycho-physiology of the human reproductive system. It is designed to be of both educational and practical value for the internist as well as the endocrinologist. The opening chapters deal with the exciting new discoveries concerning the central nervous system control of the reproductive function, and the importance of this role is woven into the fabric of the book. There follows a detailed account of the embryologic development and physiological function of the male and female reproductive systems, ineluding essential biochemistry, ovulation, conception, and pregnancy. In these chapters a vast amount of new information is organized into a more accurate picture of these phenomena than has hitherto been presented. Brought up to date on the normal function of the reproductive system, the reader is led naturally into an excellent discussion
Protein kinase C inhibitor enzastaurin induces in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity in Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Authors: Anne-Sophie Moreau, Xiaoying Jia, Hai T. Ngo, Xavier Leleu, Garrett O'Sullivan, Yazan Alsayed, Alexey Leontovich, Klaus Podar, Jeffrey Kutok, John Daley, Suzan Lazo-Kallanian, Evdoxia Hatjiharissi, Marc S. Raab, Lian Xu, Steven P. Treon, Teru Hideshima, Kenneth C. Anderson, Irene M. Ghobrial
Journal: Blood (2007)
Visceral perception: inflammatory and non-inflammatory mediators
Authors: L Bueno, J Fioramonti
Journal: Gut (2002)

Visceral hypersensitivity is currently the most widely accepted mechanism responsible for abdominal pain. Inflammatory mediators are known to sensitise primary afferents and to recruit silent nociceptors. Recent evidence suggests that non-inflammatory mediators also have the potential to trigger visceral pain. This sequence of events may constitute part of an alerting system which prompts the central nervous system to correct gastrointestinal responses to ingestion.
Liquid Crystalline Phase Formation by Cholesterol in Aqueous Fatty Acid Salt Solutions
Authors: Joseph B. Bogardus
Journal: Hepatology (1984)

The interaction of cholesterol with fatty acid salt solutions was investigated as a potential method for gallstone dissolution. In the presence of sodium oleate or laurate, crystalline cholesterol was rapidly converted into a lamellar liquid crystalline phase. Analysis of the mesophase showed that it contained approximately equimolar amounts of the lipid components, although water was the major constituent. The rate of conversion of cholesterol to mesophase was determined from compressed disc immersed in a stirred solution, as if it were a simple dissolution process. The apparent rate of solubilization was independent of oleate concentration in the 2.5 to 10% range and was approximately 200 times faster than micellar dissolution of cholesterol in 5% sodium cholate. A mechanism is proposed in which the rate-limiting step in mesophase formation dispersion of liquid crystalline fragments into the bulk medium.
Dilemmas in Medical Care
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

IN a recently published book Professor R. M. Titmuss1 has collected a series of 21 essays concerning the continuing debate about the role of welfare in modern society. Some of these essays have been published elsewhere; others have been the subject of papers at conferences, and six have not previously appeared. Professor Titmuss has grouped them under four headings: social administration; the health and welfare complex; issues of redistribution in social policy; and dilemmas in medical care. In this last group there are four essays. The first concerns the role of the family doctor today in the context of Britain's . . .
Outcome of congenital acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on the Interfant-99 protocol
Authors: Marieke H. van der Linden, Maria Grazia Valsecchi, Paola De Lorenzo, Anja Möricke, Gritta Janka, Thierry M. Leblanc, Maria Felice, Andrea Biondi, Myriam Campbell, Ian Hann, Jeffrey E. Rubnitz, Jan Stary, Tomasz Szczepanski, Ajay Vora, Alina Ferster, Liisa Hovi, Lewis B. Silverman, Rob Pieters
Journal: Blood (2009)
Support and treatment of serious comorbidity also improve survival in breast cancer
Authors: H W Nab, J W W Coebergh
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Editor—In their analysis of the prognosis of breast cancer diagnosed between 1982 and 1989 Diane Stockton and colleagues found a significant improvement in overall survival, which disappeared when adjustments were made for stage.1 Because of the minor stage-specific improvement they concluded that the better overall survival over time was mainly owing to earlier detection, with better treatment having only a small impact. They state that similar results, showing no improvement in prognosis with increased use of treatment modalities, were found …
Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Obstructive Jaundice
Authors: James L. Lapis, Roy C. Orlando, Carol A. Mittelstaedt, Edward V. Staab
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Forty-seven patients with cholestatic jaundice were evaluated for extrahepatic biliary obstruction by ultrasonic cholangiography and the results verified by contrast cholangiography, celiotomy, or autopsy. Sonograms were evaluated both with ("official" reading) and without ("blind" reading) clinical information. By showing dilated bile ducts, sonography correctly diagnosed extrahepatic obstruction in 26 of 30 patients on "official" reading and 23 of 30 on "blind" reading. In all 17 patients without extrahepatic obstruction, sonography revealed the absence of dilated bile ducts. Among patients with extrahepatic obstruction, those with larger bile ducts had higher bilirubin concentrations, longer duration of jaundice, and were more reliably detected by sonography. In these patients, 94% with total bilirubin concentration greater than 10 mg/dl were detected by sonography, while 47% with total bilirubin concentration less than 10 mg/dl were detected. Although we recognize the limited sensitivity of sonography in early extrahepatic obstruction, we find it to be a valuable screening test in cholestatic jaundice.
The early decrease of hepatitis C virus core antigen in the serum of chronic hepatitis C patients predicts drug efficacy and primary response to antiviral therapy
Authors: Barbara Coco, Giovanna A. Moscato, Filippo Oliveri, Piero Colombatto, Pietro Ciccorossi, AnnaMaria Maina, Charles Tackney, Ferruccio Bonino, Maurizia R. Brunetto
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2002)
Justin David Gardner
Authors: Hadrian Ball, Christopher Reynolds
Journal: BMJ (2006)

​ConsultantConsultant psychiatrist Norfolk and Waveney Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust (b London 1962; q Royal Free Hospital, London, 1986; MRCPsych), d 26 October 2005.



Figure 1



Justin trained in Bristol and London. He was appointed consultant psychiatrist at University College Hospital, moving to Norfolk in 1997. Justin worked in assertive outreach and continuing support for those with severe and enduring mental illness, and latterly had developed a special interest in eating disorders. He was closely involved with the new medical school in Norwich and was regional organiser for specialist registrar training in psychiatry. Justin's passions included motorcycling and sailing. He leaves a wife, Catherine, and two children.
Efficacy of Theophylline in "Irreversible" Airflow Obstruction
Authors: Margaret L. Eaton, Barbara A. Green, Timothy R. Church, Thomas McGOWAN, Dennis E. Niewoehner
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

We studied ventilatory, hemodynamic, and subjective responses to different plasma theophylline concentrations in 10 patients with "irreversible" airflow obstruction. Subjects received theophylline at doses that produced low (9.0 to 12.5 micrograms/mL) and high (17 to 22 micrograms/mL) peak plasma concentrations; subjects also received placebo. A significant (P less than 0.05) dose-related difference in pulmonary function was observed between each treatment. The mean maximal increase in forced expiratory volume at 1 second over placebo was 21.3% for high-dose theophylline and 6.0% for low dose. Both treatments were well tolerated with respect to hemodynamic changes and other adverse effects. Despite improved findings in pulmonary function tests patients were unable to distinguish either treatment from placebo in terms of improvement in breathlessness.
Quintus Horatius Flaccus: Not Publius Ovidius Naso
Authors: Max Popper
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the editorial, "Half Life of Eponyms" (<b>213</b>:456, 1970), the second sentence reads: "It may find poetic expression in Ovid's `Exegi monumentum'." This famous poem is by Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus). Exegi monumentum aere perennius Regalique situ pyramidum altius, Quod non imber edax, non Aquilo impotens Possit diruere, aut innumerabilis Annorum series et fuga temporum. Non omnis moriar. I have raised a monument more lasting than bronze, Loftier than the royal peak of pyramids; No biting storm can bring it down, No impotent north wind, nor the unnumbered series Of the years, nor the swift course of time. I shall not wholly die.
Pulmonary infiltration and bone marrow depression complicating treatment with amiodarone
Authors: C J T Bateman
Journal: BMJ (1982)

the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS), or possibly the Cancer Research Campaign (CRC) might defend its attitudes through your colu:ms.The ICRF sympathises with those who have "had a bright idea and failed to obtain even meagre financial support" for it.The reason for my
No spark can break a heart
Authors: Amy Maxmen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2008)

A little SPARC may help a broken heart rebound, according to Schellings et al. on page [113][1].

![Figure][2] 

Collagen formation was disorganized in SPARC-less mice, leaving them vulnerable to cardiac rupture.



Like other extracellular matrix proteins, SPARC helps to heal wounds by
The Role of Data Audits in Detecting Scientific Misconduct
Authors: Martin F. Shapiro
Journal: JAMA (1989)

To evaluate the extent of the problem of scientific misconduct in investigational drug trials, we reviewed data from 1955 routine audits conducted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from June 1977 to April 1988. Serious deficiencies were detected in 12% of audits prior to October 1985, but in only 7% since that date. At the same time, there was no evidence of a decline over time in the rate of detection of many categories of deficiencies, and some investigators were able to continue to participate in drug trials after flagrant violations of recognized norms of research. The data auditing program should be continued, but additional measures are needed to regulate misconduct. These must be tailored to the variety of causes of misconduct, ranging from negligence to fraud. Possible additional approaches could include certifying the competence of potential investigators; peer-reviewed, competitive application for the opportunity to conduct FDA-authorized clinical trials; limiting an investigator's level of participation in clinical trials; penalizing manufacturers who fail to detect their investigators' misconduct; and permitting the FDA to suspend investigators prior to a hearing. Measures taken should maximize public utility at the least economic cost to society and should be evaluated thoroughly. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1989;261:2505-2511)
IL-17 protects T cells from apoptosis and contributes to development of ALPS-like phenotypes
Authors: Elena Boggio, Nausicaa Clemente, Anna Mondino, Giuseppe Cappellano, Elisabetta Orilieri, Casimiro L. Gigliotti, Erika Toth, Ugo Ramenghi, Umberto Dianzani, Annalisa Chiocchetti
Journal: Blood (2013)
Methacycline and Demeclocycline in Relation to Sunlight
Authors: Phillip Frost
Journal: JAMA (1971)

In a study of subjects who took two tetracycline congeners or a placebo for one week and were then exposed to sunlight, abnormal reactions to sun occurred in 12 of 13 subjects who took demeclocycline, 1 of 14 who took methacycline hydrochloride, and 1 of 16 who took the placebo.
Relation of pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II and insulin resistance in hypertension.
Authors: C L Gaboury, D C Simonson, E W Seely, N K Hollenberg, G H Williams
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

To test the hypothesis that the hypertension associated with insulin resistance is secondary to an altered responsiveness of the vasculature to pressor agents, we evaluated the relationship between insulin resistance and pressor responses to angiotensin II (AII) in 21 hypertensive (HT) and 8 normotensive (NT) subjects on both a high (200 meq) and a low (10 meq) sodium diet. When sodium balance was achieved, each supine fasting subject underwent an AII infusion at a rate of 3 ng/kg per min for 60 min, with blood pressure monitored every 2 min. On the next day under similar conditions, a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp was performed, with plasma glucose clamped at 90 mg/dl for 120 min. There was no significant relationship between the glucose disposal rate (M) or the insulin sensitivity index (M divided by the mean insulin level [M/I]) and blood pressure response to AII in the NTs, but a highly significant (P < 0.019) negative correlation (r = -0.55) in the HTs. Furthermore, in eight lean HTs whose body mass index was identical to that observed in the NTs, the relationship was even more striking (P < 0.008; r = -0.85). The results on high and low salt diets were similar; however, the M and M/I were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the NTs but not HTs with sodium restriction. In conclusion, HTs but not NTs display a striking correlation between pressor response to AII and insulin resistance. This relationship is independent of the level of sodium intake. Furthermore, sodium intake modifies insulin sensitivity in NTs but not HTs. These results strongly suggest that a primary change in pressor response to vasoactive agents in insulin-resistant subjects can contribute to their elevated blood pressure.
How to get a grant funded
Authors: D. Goldblatt
Journal: BMJ (1998)

In the increasingly competitive field of biomedical research, more and more researchers are chasing an ever shrinking pot of research funding. Good ideas are not enough, funding applications increasingly require dogged determination, good organisation, and a clear strategy if they are to succeed. Doctors in full time academic posts, most of whom work outside of core funded units, will find much of their time is taken up with writing grant applications, and must therefore acquire the appropriate skills. Clinicians with a research interest may complete grant applications only occasionally, and may therefore find this daunting. Although grant applications are a fundamental part of the clinical academic way of life, writing them is seldom emphasised during academic training. However, there are generic ingredients to a good grant application, and you can maximise the chance of success by following some rules.

#### Summary points

Writing grant applications is a skill that researchers must acquire

Decide which grant making body to approach at the outset; make sure that proposed research is relevant to the funding body

Write focused, succinct, clear applications that follow the guidelines set down

Learn from rejections

At the outset, it is important to decide which grant giving body to approach. The Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust together currently plough more than £400m annually into supporting research and, unlike most of the smaller research charities, will fund research of a general nature. However, while the Wellcome Trust is still funding projects, the Medical Research Council is more interested in grants to centres and collaborative funding. The Association of Medical Research Charities Handbook (www.amrc.org.uk) contains details of 96 charities that fund medical research. Some of the largest are the cancer charities (Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Cancer Research Campaign, and the Leukaemia Research Fund), the British Heart Foundation, and the Arthritis and Rheumatism …
Adaptive diversity and misbelief
Authors: Edward T. Cokely, Adam Feltz
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

Abstract Although it makes some progress, McKay &amp; Dennett's (M&amp;D's) proposal is limited because (1) the argument for adaptive misbelief is not new, (2) arguments overextend the evidence provided, and (3) the alleged sufficient conditions are not as prohibitive as suggested. We offer alternative perspectives and evidence, including individual differences research, indicating that adaptive misbeliefs are likely much more widespread than implied.
Plasma Activity Levels in Radio-iodine Tests of Thyroid Function
Authors: H. A. Hughes, R. M. Miller
Journal: BMJ (1956)

displaced towards the affected side.The presence of a large pulmonary artery, which may even be aneurysmal, on the contralateral side and the absence of the shadow of a normal pulmonary artery at the hilum on the affected side are important signs.The latter feature may be difficult to appreciate on routine films, for the displaced heart may obscure the hilum.Penetrated films and tomograms of the hila are therefore of value.Bronchograms usually show a normal bronchial tree, as in the patient reported here, but in a few of the reported cases the affected lung has been small, in one case unilobar and in others agenetic.Con- firmation of the absence of one of the pulmonary arteries can be obtained by angiocardiography. SummaryA case of congenital absence of the left pulmonary artery occurring asymptomatically in a man of 30, associated with a right-sided aorta, is recorded.The literature is reviewed.
Financial Relationships in Economic Analyses of Targeted Therapies in Oncology
Authors: Antonis Valachis, Nikolaos P. Polyzos, Andreas Nearchou, Pehr Lind, Davide Mauri
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

A potential financial relationship between investigators and pharmaceutical manufacturers has been associated with an increased likelihood of reporting favorable conclusions about a sponsor's proprietary agent in pharmacoeconomic studies. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is an association between financial relationships and outcome in economic analyses of new targeted therapies in oncology.We searched PubMed (last update June 2011) for economic analyses of targeted therapies (including monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors) in oncology. The trials were qualitatively rated regarding the cost assessment as favorable, neutral, or unfavorable on the basis of prespecified criteria.Overall, 81 eligible studies were identified. Economic analyses that were funded by pharmaceutical companies were more likely to report favorable qualitative cost estimates (28 [82%] of 34 v 21 [45%] of 47; P = .003). The presence of an author affiliated with manufacturer was not associated with study outcome. Furthermore, if only studies including a conflict of interest statement were included (66 of 81), studies that reported any financial relationship with manufacturers (author affiliation and/or funding and/or other financial relationship) were more likely to report favorable results of targeted therapies compared with studies without financial relationship (32 [71%] of 45 v nine [43%] of 21; P = .025).Our study reveals a potential threat for industry-related bias in economic analyses of targeted therapies in oncology in favor of analyses with financial relationships between authors and manufacturers. A more balanced funding of economic analyses from other sources may allow greater confidence in the interpretation of their results.