tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Marked flow-dependence of exhaled nitric oxide using a new technique to exclude nasal nitric oxide.
Authors: P E Silkoff, P A McClean, A S Slutsky, H G Furlott, E Hoffstein, S Wakita, K R Chapman, J P Szalai, N Zamel
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) may aid in monitoring pulmonary disease. The single-breath NO profile (subjects with nose clip) was described as a NO peak followed by a plateau (NO(PLAT)). Published exhaled NO values vary greatly, possibly due to contamination with nasal NO and differing respiratory maneuvers. We developed a technique to measure pulmonary NO, without nasal NO, by having the subject maintain a positive expiratory pressure (ensuring vellum closure), and we examined the variation in NO(PLAT) over a range of expiratory flows (4.2 to 1,550 ml/s). NO(PLAT) values rose almost 35-fold (3.2 +/- 1.4 ppb to 110.5 +/- 54.8 ppb) with decreasing flow, described by NO(PLAT) = 208.6795 x (flow rate)(-0.5995). However, NO excretion showed an almost 11-fold rise as flow increased. In summary, we present a simple technique for measuring exhaled NO without contamination by nasal NO. There is a marked flow dependence of exhaled NO concentration and excretion. Exhaled pulmonary NO is best measured at very low flow rates to amplify the signal and must be related to the expiratory flow employed.
ADAPTABILITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND SIMILAR CLIMATES TO THE NEEDS OF CONSUMPTIVES.
Authors: NORMAN BRIDGE
Journal: JAMA (1902)

When we speak of Southern California as a climate, or a place to live, we usually mean that part of the country lying between the ocean and a range of mountains forming an irregular semicircle and extending from a point near to and north of Santa Barbara to a point some miles back of San Diego. We do not mean the Colorado desert lying east of this mountain range, nor the Mojave desert north of it, although they are both geographically in Southern California. The climate, then, of Southern California is, to some degree, adaptable for consumptives because it has: 1. relative dryness; 2, small rainfall; 3, large degree of sunshine; 4, low and high altitudes; 5, mildness of climate throughout the year, permitting outdoor life; 6, low barometer range, and finally, 7, a good record in tuberculous cases. These conditions are generally regarded as important for consumptives. They all
A study of proteases and protease-inhibitor complexes in biological fluids
Authors: A Granelli-Piperno, E Reich
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

We have (a) screened a variety of cell lines and body fluids for plasminogen activators and (b) studied the activity of proteases bound to α2- macroglobulin after exposing the complexes to partial degradation and/or denaturing procedures to unmask proteolytic activity. The respective results show (a) that the plasminogen activators in urine and cell culture media are generally of lower molecular weight than those in plasma; and (b) that proteases bound to α2-macroglobulin recover the ability to attack macromolecular substrates after exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate while retaining the electrophoretic mobility of the protease inhibitor complex. This indicates that the protease and inhibitor are probably linked by covalent bonds. In contrast, other complexes formed between proteases and inhibitors of lower molecular weight (such as soybean or Kunitz inhibitors) are fully dissociated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The experiments described were based on a new procedure for detecting proteolytic enzyme activity in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The method relies on solutions of nonionic detergents for extracting SDS, after which the electrophoretic gel is applied to an indicator gel consisting of a fibrin- agar mixture. The method is sensitive, permitting the detection of proteinases in less than 1 μl of fresh plasma, and it is effective for resolving small differences in molecular weight. The procedure can be quantitated and, with minor modifications appropriate to each particular system, it has been applied to a broad spectrum of serine enzymes and proenzymes, including some that function in the pathways of fibrinolysis, coagulation and kinin-generation. Other potential applications appear likely.
Cataract Extraction as an Office Operation.
Authors: Charles W. Kollock
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Charleston, S. C., August, 1894. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I have read with surprise three communications on this subject in the August number of the<i>Ophthalmic Record</i>, by Drs. T.E. Murrell, W. Cheatam and Robert Fields LeMond. Dr. Murrell's advocacy of this proceeding has been well known for several years, and I did not for a moment think that any one else would try to usurp his position as prime mover or would even wish to share such an honor(?) with him. Dr. Murrell is a progressive and intelligent ophthalmologist and as every man is apt to have a hobby or to be peculiar in certain views, I think but little attention was paid to this vagary of advocating the removal of cataract in his office or at a dispensary, and sending a patient to his home immediately afterward; but all thought that sooner or later he would sober down and
Flannel Underclothing for Soldiers.
Authors: John Wright
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Clinton, Ill., Aug. 6, 1898. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —There has been a good deal said of late about our soldiers in Cuba wearing abdominal bandages, "cholera pads" to protect them from diseases of hot climates. I do not think much of the pad. I think it would be better protection and more sensible to furnish each man with two pairs of flannel drawers, which would protect the soldier's legs as well as his abdomen. The extra pair could be kept dry and clean ready for a change and would make but little additional weight or bulk to carry. I agree with Surgeon-General Sternberg that the field is no place for female nurses. They are all right in the local hospitals, but the battle-field and on the march is not their place. It was so during the Civil War and it can not be otherwise in the war with Spain.
Lethal Perinatal Thrombosis in Mice Resulting From the Interaction of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Deficiency and Factor V Leiden
Authors: Daniel T. Eitzman, Randal J. Westrick, Xiaoming Bi, Sara L. Manning, John E. Wilkinson, George J. Broze, David Ginsburg
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Factor V Leiden (FVL) is a common genetic risk factor for thrombosis in humans. The incomplete penetrance of FVL suggests important contributions from other genetic or environmental modifying factors. Variation in the expression of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) has also been proposed as a risk factor for venous thrombosis and has been shown to enhance the prothrombotic effect of FVL in vitro.To examine the potential in vivo interaction between Tfpi and FvL, we analyzed crosses between mice carrying FvL and a deficiency of TFPI. The Fv(Q/Q),Tfpi(+/-) genotype was nearly completely fatal in the early perinatal period. Increased fibrin deposition was observed in multiple organs from the Fv(Q/Q),Tfpi(+/-) fetuses, suggesting disseminated thrombosis.These observations demonstrate the prothrombotic effect of modest variations in the level of TFPI expression and suggest that TFPI could be an important genetic modifier for the thrombosis associated with FVL in humans.
Population based study of prevalence of islet cell autoantibodies in monozygotic and dizygotic Danish twin pairs with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: J. S Petersen, K. O Kyvik, P. J Bingley, E. A M Gale, A. Green, T. Dyrberg, H. Beck-Nielsen
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To study the comparative importance of environment and genes in the development of islet cell autoimmunity associated with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. <b>Design:</b> Population based study of diabetic twins. <b>Setting:</b> Danish population. <b>Subjects:</b> 18 monozygotic and 36 dizygotic twin pairs with one or both partners having insulin dependent diabetes. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Presence of islet cell antibodies, insulin autoantibodies, and autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) in serum samples from twin pairs 10 years (range 0-30 years) and 9.5 years (2-30 years) after onset of disease. <b>Results:</b> In those with diabetes the prevalence of islet cell antibodies, insulin autoantibodies, and autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in the 26 monozygotic twins was 38%, 85%, and 92%, respectively, and in the dizygotic twins was 57%, 70%, and 57%, respectively. In those without diabetes the proportions were 20%, 50%, and 40% in the 10 monozygotic twins and 26%, 49%, and 40% in the 35 dizygotic twins. <b>Conclusion:</b> There is no difference between the prevalence of islet cell autoantibodies in dizygotic and monozygotic twins without diabetes, suggesting that islet cell autoimmunity is environmentally rather than genetically determined. Furthermore, the prevalence of islet cell antibodies was higher in the non-diabetic twins than in other first degree relatives of patients with insulin dependent diabetes. This implies that the prenatal or early postnatal period during which twins are exposed to the same environment, in contrast with that experienced by first degree relatives, is of aetiological importance. <h3>Key messages</h3> Autoantibodies against several islet cell antigens greatly increase the risk of developing insulin dependent diabetes Development of islet cell autoimmunity is determined by enviromental rather than genetic factors Fetal life is aetiologically important for induction of islet cell autoimmunity Progression to clinical insulin dependent diabetes depends on genetically controlled responses to enviromental exposures after fetal life
Changes in metabolic and cytokine kinetics during strenuous exercise in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: M. Rauchhaus, H.B. Schmidt, W. Doehner, D.P. Francis, C. Davies, M. Kemp, S.D. Anker, U. Müller‐Werdan, A.J.S. Coats
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2000)
Drug eluting and bare metal stents in people with and without diabetes: collaborative network meta-analysis
Authors: C. Stettler, S. Allemann, S. Wandel, A. Kastrati, M. C. Morice, A. Schomig, M. E Pfisterer, G. W Stone, M. B Leon, J. S. d. Lezo, J.-J. Goy, S.-J. Park, M. Sabate, M. J Suttorp, H. Kelbaek, C. Spaulding, M. Menichelli, P. Vermeersch, M. T Dirksen, P. Cervinka, M. D. Carlo, A. Erglis, T. Chechi, P. Ortolani, M. J Schalij, P. Diem, B. Meier, S. Windecker, P. Juni
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<b>Objective</b> To compare the effectiveness and safety of three types of stents (sirolimus eluting, paclitaxel eluting, and bare metal) in people with and without diabetes mellitus. <b>Design</b> Collaborative network meta-analysis. <b>Data sources</b> Electronic databases (Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), relevant websites, reference lists, conference abstracts, reviews, book chapters, and proceedings of advisory panels for the US Food and Drug Administration. Manufacturers and trialists provided additional data. <b>Review methods</b> Network meta-analysis with a mixed treatment comparison method to combine direct within trial comparisons between stents with indirect evidence from other trials while maintaining randomisation. Overall mortality was the primary safety end point, target lesion revascularisation the effectiveness end point. <b>Results</b> 35 trials in 3852 people with diabetes and 10 947 people without diabetes contributed to the analyses. Inconsistency of the network was substantial for overall mortality in people with diabetes and seemed to be related to the duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (P value for interaction 0.02). Restricting the analysis to trials with a duration of dual antiplatelet therapy of six months or more, inconsistency was reduced considerably and hazard ratios for overall mortality were near one for all comparisons in people with diabetes: sirolimus eluting stents compared with bare metal stents 0.88 (95% credibility interval 0.55 to 1.30), paclitaxel eluting stents compared with bare metal stents 0.91 (0.60 to 1.38), and sirolimus eluting stents compared with paclitaxel eluting stents 0.95 (0.63 to 1.43). In people without diabetes, hazard ratios were unaffected by the restriction. Both drug eluting stents were associated with a decrease in revascularisation rates compared with bare metal stents in people both with and without diabetes. <b>Conclusion</b> In trials that specified a duration of dual antiplatelet therapy of six months or more after stent implantation, drug eluting stents seemed safe and effective in people both with and without diabetes.
Association of Preterm Birth With Long-term Survival, Reproduction, and Next-Generation Preterm Birth
Authors: Geeta K. Swamy
Journal: JAMA (2008)

Preterm birth is a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Less is known about long-term health among persons born preterm.To determine the long-term effects of preterm birth on survival, reproduction, and next-generation preterm birth.Population-based, observational, longitudinal study using registry data from 1,167,506 singleton births in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway in 1967-1988. The cohort was followed up through 2002 for survival. The cohort was truncated to births from 1967-1976 for assessment of educational achievement and reproductive outcomes through 2004.In relation to sex and gestational age at birth, absolute mortality, risk of fetal, infant, child, and adolescent mortality, and incidence and risk of reproduction and next-generation preterm birth. Singleton term (37-42 weeks) fetal deaths and live births, stratified by sex, served as the reference group for all analyses.The percentage who were born preterm was higher among boys (5.6%) than among girls (4.7%). Preterm participants had an increased risk of mortality throughout childhood. For boys born at 22 to 27 weeks, mortality rates were 1.33% and 1.01% for early and late childhood death, with relative risks (RRs) of 5.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-14.2) and 7.0 (95% CI, 2.3-22.0), respectively. The mortality rate for girls born at 22 to 27 weeks was 1.71% for early childhood death, with an RR of 9.7 (95% CI, 4.0-23.7); there were no late childhood deaths. For 28 to 32 weeks, the early and late childhood mortality rates among boys were 0.73% and 0.37%, with RRs of 2.5 (95% CI, 1.6-3.7) and 2.3 (95% CI, 1.3-4.1), respectively. Girls born at 28 to 32 weeks did not have a significantly increased risk of childhood mortality. Reproduction was diminished for index participants born preterm. For men and women born at 22 to 27 weeks, absolute reproduction was 29.3[corrected]% and 51.9[corrected]%, with RRs of 0.59 [corrected] (95% CI, 0.45[corrected]-0.79[corrected]) and 0.78 [corrected] (95% CI, 0.65[corrected]-0.93[corrected]), respectively. For 28 to 32 weeks, absolute reproduction was 43.1[corrected]% and 63.6[corrected]% for men and women, with RRs of 0.81[corrected] (95% CI, 0.77[corrected]-0.86[corrected]) and 0.89 [corrected] (95% CI, 0.86 [corrected]-0.93 [corrected]), respectively. Preterm women but not men were at increased risk of having preterm offspring.In persons born in Norway in 1967-1988, preterm birth was associated with diminished long-term survival and reproduction.
Supraventricular Tachycardia in the Fetus
Authors: Salvatore M. Sancetta, Thomas H. Redding, William S. Haubrich
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1952)

USING phonocardiography, Hyman1 found that cardiac arrhythmias are not uncommon in the fetus. These he divided into the following three types:Sinus arrhythmia and changes in intensity of the heart sounds, the latter conditioned by resonant factors within the maternal abdomen, owing to rhythmic changes in uterine contractions, and most common in the latter part of pregnancy.Interruptions of a regular rhythm, shown electrocardiographically after birth to represent noneffective premature beats of the right ventricle. In 6 cases all had disappeared by the eighth day, and in no case was an abnormality of the heart found, although the association of . . .
The relative time course of early changes in mitochondrial function and intracellular pH during hypoxia in the isolated toad ventricle strip.
Authors: J C LaManna, J J Saive, T R Snow
Journal: Circulation Research (1980)

Changes in the intracellular H+ ion concentration (pHi) and in the oxidation-reduction state of the respiratory chain were measured spectrophotometrically in the isolated ventricle strip from the toad (Bufo marinus). The relative time course of the delta pHi as indicated by changes in light absorption of the pH dye neutral red, cytochrome c, and peak isometric twitch tension were compared during transient hypoxic episodes. The first detectable change in pH occurred 4.5 minutes after the peak twitch tension began to decrease with the onset of hypoxia. The initial decrease in tension and reduction of cytochrome c occurred at a similar time prior to the change in pHi. On reoxygenation, cytochrome c rapidly became oxidized, and the pHi and tension recovered more slowly. During acidification by increasing superfusate PCO2, pHi and tension decreased together, and cytochrome c did not change significantly. Thus, although changes in pHi do affect mechanical performance, these results show that mechanical dysfunction pursuant to hypoxia is not directly attributable to intracellular acidification.
Leucovorin Enhances Chtotoxicity of Trimetrexate/Fluorouracil, But Not Methotrexate/Fluorouracil, in CCRF-CEM Cells
Authors: A. Romanini, W. W. Li, J. R. Colofiore, J. R. Bertino
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1992)

Journal Article Leucovorin Enhances Chtotoxicity of Trimetrexate/Fluorouracil, But Not Methotrexate/Fluorouracil, in CCRF-CEM Cells Get access Antonella Romanini, Antonella Romanini Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, N.Y. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Wei Wei Li, Wei Wei Li Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, N.Y. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Joseph R. Colofiore, Joseph R. Colofiore Catholic Medical CenterWood-haven, N.Y. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Joseph R. Bertino Joseph R. Bertino * Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, N.Y. *Correspondence to : Joseph R. Bertino, M.D., Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., Box 78, New York, NY 10021. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 84, Issue 13, 1 July 1992, Pages 1033–1038, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/84.13.1033 Published: 01 July 1992 Article history Received: 14 June 1991 Revision received: 02 April 1992 Accepted: 16 April 1992 Published: 01 July 1992
New Inotropic Drugs for Heart Failure
Authors: Irvin F. Goldenberg
Journal: JAMA (1987)

DEPRESSION of myocardial contractility along with abnormalities in the peripheral circulation and the neuroendocrine system lead to the syndrome of congestive heart failure. Patients with heart failure have limited exercise tolerance because of breathlessness and/or fatigue. These symptoms are likely to be related to an exercise-induced rise in pulmonary capillary pressure and inadequate blood flow to exercising skeletal muscle. Optimal treatment of heart failure is based on manipulation of the three principal determinants of cardiac performance: preload, impedance, and contractility. Vasodilator therapy may reduce preload and/or impedance and improve cardiac function. This report will not deal with vasodilator treatment, which has been the subject of a recent review, 1 but will focus on newer inotropic agents aimed at increasing myocardial contractility.  RATIONALE  The rationale for inotropic therapy is based on the observation that contractility of failing myocardium can be augmented. 2 Studies in animal models with myocardial dysfunction and in
Perspectives on Physician-Payment Reform
Authors: W L Roper
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1988)

Medicare payment to physicians is an important matter of public policy. Many persons, myself included, have been calling for reform for years. Reform may or may not be near, but the attention devoted to the payment of physicians will undoubtedly reach a new peak with the release of Professor Hsiao's long-awaited study. Hsiao and his colleagues have done pioneering work, described in this issue of the Journal,1 , 2 in the development of a resource-based relative-value scale (RBRVS). The Hsiao study focuses on what many consider to be the issue in physician payment — how much to pay for cognitive services . . .
Cholesterol and Noncardiac Mortality-Reply
Authors: George Davey Smith
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We disagree with Dr Goldstein's interpretation of our report regarding plasma cholesterol and mortality in the Whitehall Study.<sup>1</sup>As we discussed, the increased noncardiovascular disease mortality among the men with low plasma cholesterol levels is likely to be due to two factors: (1) the illness existing at the time of screening is associated with low plasma cholesterol, and (2) the sociodemographic correlates of low plasma cholesterol are themselves associated with elevated mortality risk. A recent analysis of coronary heart disease primary prevention trials<sup>2</sup>suggests that drug, but not dietary, lowering of plasma cholesterol is associated with increased noncardiovascular disease mortality. Thus, the cholesterol lowering itself is unlikely to be the culprit. Considerably more attention should be paid to the possibility that cholesterol-lowering drugs increase noncardiovascular disease mortality, however.
NICE recommends more flexible antenatal services to reduce poor outcomes
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Antenatal services need to be more flexible in their care to meet the needs of women with complex social problems during pregnancy and to reduce the higher risk of death in these women and their babies, says new guidance.

Gillian Leng, deputy chief executive of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and executive lead for the new guideline, said, “Expectant mothers need support throughout their pregnancy, but some groups of women do not access, or maintain contact with, traditional antenatal services because of issues such as domestic violence, teenage pregnancy, or not having English as a first language.”

She warned: “These factors are consistently associated with a lack of antenatal care …