tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Early Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
Authors: W. Mayer-Gross
Journal: BMJ (1938)

A daily estimation of the blood urea did not show any elevation during the experimental period.The reticulocyte count remained between 10 and 16 per 1,000 throughout the ten days following the first infusion.On the last day the haemoglobin was 44 per cent., the red cells numbered 1,450,000, and the white cells 2,800.There was no subjective amelioration, such as can often be observed under liver therapy before any change occurs in the blood picture.InterpretationAccording to Minot and Murphy (1927), if ten days elapse without the appearance of a reticulocyte reaction it can be concluded that the substance given is inactive.There was no question of a state of aplastic anaemia, since the subsequent injection of liver extract provoked a clear reticulocytosis, rising from 31 per 1,000 on-the fourth day to 180 per 1,000 on the seventh, with steady improvement of the anaemia until at the end of two months the patient left the clinic with 87 per cent.haemoglobin, 4,000,000 red cells, and a practically normal blood picture.The doses of urine given in this case were not less than those employed by Decastello.In fact, the latter obtained reticulocyte reactions with daily infusions of 50 to 150 c.cm. (total dosage, 2,000 c.cm.) and clinical and haematological improvement with, larger doses-300 to 500 c.cm. per day to totals ranging from 3,000 and 4,000 c.cm. up to 26,000 c.cm.Obviously no definite conclusion can be drawn from this single case, and it is unfortunate that a similar trial could not be carried out on the other cases, either because their condition did not admit of delay in instituting treatment of known value or because they manifested the alimentary troubles characteristic of their malady.Until more amply informed, we incline to the opinion of Wakerlin, who, after first demonstrating, as he believed, the presence of anti-pernicious principle in the urine, concluded in the light of further experiments that it was in fact absent.Summary 1. Human urine, in health and in untreated pernicious anaemia, contains a substance capable of producing a reticulocyte reaction in the white rat.2. Normal urine, in the case of pernicious anaemia described, showed no therapeutic activity.
Involvement of RhoH GTPase in the development of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: A Sanchez-Aguilera, I Rattmann, D Z Drew, L U W Müller, V Summey, D M Lucas, J C Byrd, C M Croce, Y Gu, J A Cancelas, P Johnston, T Moritz, D A Williams
Journal: Leukemia (2009)
Frequency and Predictive Value of a Mammographic Recommendation for Short-Interval Follow-Up
Authors: S. Yasmeen, P. S. Romano, M. Pettinger, R. T. Chlebowski, J. A. Robbins, D. S. Lane, S. L. Hendrix
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2003)

Background: A recommendation for short-interval follow-up of "probably benign finding" is associated with up to 11% of screening mammograms, but its predictive value for breast cancer is unclear. We examined the predictive values (i.e., the percentage of women with a diagnosis of breast cancer 2 years after a short-interval follow-up recommendation) and likelihood ratios (derived from the pretest and post-test odds of breast cancer in the Women's Health Initiative sample) for breast cancer that are associated with a recommendation for short-interval follow-up among postmenopausal women. Methods: We performed a longitudinal analysis of a prospective cohort of 68 126 postmenopausal women (aged 50–79 years) who were participating in clinical trials as part of the Women's Health Initiative at 40 centers across the United States. Eligible participants had screening mammograms at baseline and at least 2 years of follow-up that included a repeat mammography. Outcomes measured were breast cancer events at 1 and 2 years after baseline and the results of subsequent mammograms. All P values were two-sided. Results: A total of 2927 (5%) of the 58 408 eligible women had baseline mammograms that included recommendations for short-interval follow-up. The incidence of breast cancer for women with a short-interval follow-up recommendation was 1.0% at 2 years after the baseline mammogram compared with breast cancer incidences of 0.6% and 0.5% for women whose baseline mammograms were described as "benign" and "negative," respectively. Across the 40 participating centers, the prevalence of short-interval follow-up recommendations among baseline mammograms varied from 1.2% to 9.8% (P<.001), even when the analysis was adjusted for key variables in regression models. Centers reporting higher frequencies of such recommendations did not have lower positive predictive values for breast cancer than centers reporting lower frequencies. The likelihood ratio for breast cancer after a recommendation for short-interval follow-up on a subsequent mammogram was 2.20 (95% confidence interval = 1.65 to 2.86). Conclusion: Having a mammographic recommendation for short-interval follow-up was associated with a low positive predictive value for breast cancer among postmenopausal women during a 2-year follow-up. This result suggests that the current criteria for this recommendation—repeat mammography within 6 months—should be reconsidered.
Problems in Pulmonary Medicine for the Primary Physician
Authors: Harry B. Greenberg
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Inspired oxygen concentrations below 55% generally do not injure a patient's lungs. According to Fedullo, the injury increases exponentially as the patient's inspired oxygen concentration rises above 60%. It is the oxygen in the patient's inspired air and not the oxygen dissolved in his blood that damages his lungs. In a similar manner, the other 16 contributors to Poe and Israel's book give their readers a lot of useful and sometimes hard-to-come-by information about managing their patients' pulmonary diseases.  When they first visit their physicians, about 95% of the men and women with lung cancer have symptoms. A change in the pattern of an elderly or middle-aged smoker's cough, Quazi warns, should alert the smoker's physician to the probability of a tumor. Finding pleural fluid in a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma, he notes, does not necessarily imply metastatic seeding and inoperability. Thoracentesis and pleural biopsy will help distinguish between malignant
Sponsored training for overseas doctors.
Authors: R. Araya, A. Pelosi
Journal: BMJ (1989)

able to give full informed consent when prescribed transurethral resection for prostatic hvpertrophv.Are they being denied the information that such an approach carries certain disadvantages, or would full disclosures of this kind be reserved only for patients randomised into clinical trials?If so, this suggests that a double standard exists already and that ethical committees, instead of merely scrutinising the protocols of randomised controlled trials, should also be scrutinising the amount of information that patients are being given outside clinical trials.To deny a patient the knowledge of an appreciable and perhaps avoidable risk of mortality by the uncritical adoption of transurethral resection also raises important ethical issues.
Genomic gain at 6p21: a new cryptic molecular rearrangement in secondary myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: R La Starza, A Aventin, C Matteucci, B Crescenzi, S Romoli, N Testoni, V Pierini, S Ciolli, C Sambani, A Locasciulli, E Di Bona, M Lafage-Pochitaloff, M F Martelli, P Marynen, C Mecucci
Journal: Leukemia (2006)
Chloride:Phosphate Ratio in Hypercalcemia
Authors: SUAT AKGÜN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1974)

Comments1 July 1974Chloride:Phosphate Ratio in HypercalcemiaSUAT AKGÜN, M.D., NORMAN H. ERTEL, M.D., F.A.C.P.SUAT AKGÜN, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, NORMAN H. ERTEL, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-81-1-129 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Palmer, Nelson, and Bacchus (Ann Intern Med80:200-204, 1974) have added a "new" test, the chloride: phosphate (C1:P) ratio, to the multitude of indirect tests used in the analysis of hypercalcemia. An extensive review of the literature (1) on these tests, most of which depend on the effects of parathormone on renal phosphate handling, led to the conclusion that none of the tests were more helpful than repeated serum calcium and phosphate tests. When one analyzes the data presented by Palmer and colleagues, there seems to be little to warrant the introduction of an additional indirect variable...References References1. STROTT C and NUGENT C: Laboratory tests in the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism in hypercalemic patients. Ann Intern Med 68:188-202, 1968 LinkGoogle Scholar2. BECK W: Normal values (letter). N Engl J Med 290:635, 1974 Google Scholar3. CASTLEMAN B and MCNEELY B: Normal laboratory values. Ibid., pp. 39-49 Google Scholar1. REED A, HENRY R, and MASON W: Influence of statistical method used on the resulting estimate of normal range. Clin Chem 17:275-284, 1971 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. STROTT C and NUGENT C: Laboratory tests in the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism in hypercalcemic patients. Ann Intern Med 68:188-202, 1968 LinkGoogle Scholar3. WILLS M and MCGOWAN G: Plasma-chloride levels in hyperparathyroidism and other hypercalcaemic states. Br Med J 1:1153-1156, 1964 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. PALMER F, NELSON J, and BACCHUS H: The chloride-phosphate ratio in hypercalcemia. Ann Intern Med 80:200-204, 1974 LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: SUAT AKGÜN, M.D.; NORMAN H. ERTEL, M.D., F.A.C.P.Affiliations: Veteran's Administration Hospital East Orange, New Jersey 07019 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 July 1974Volume 81, Issue 1Page: 129-130KeywordsCalciumChloridesHypercalcemiaParathyroid hormonePhosphates ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 July 1974 PDF downloadLoading ...
Exposures to Environmental Toxicants and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in U.S. Children
Authors: Joe M. Braun, Robert S. Kahn, Tanya Froehlich, Peggy Auinger, Bruce P. Lanphear
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

The purpose of this study was to examine the association of exposures to tobacco smoke and environmental lead with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Prenatal and postnatal tobacco exposure was based on parent report; lead exposure was measured using blood lead concentration. ADHD was defined as having current stimulant medication use and parent report of ADHD diagnosed by a doctor or health professional.Of 4,704 children 4-15 years of age, 4.2% were reported to have ADHD and stimulant medication use, equivalent to 1.8 million children in the United States. In multivariable analysis, prenatal tobacco exposure [odds ratio (OR) = 2.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-5.2] and higher blood lead concentration (first vs. fifth quintile, OR = 4.1; 95% CI, 1.2-14.0) were significantly associated with ADHD. Postnatal tobacco smoke exposure was not associated with ADHD (OR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3-1.3; p = 0.22). If causally linked, these data suggest that prenatal tobacco exposure accounts for 270,000 excess cases of ADHD, and lead exposure accounts for 290,000 excess cases of ADHD in U.S. children.We conclude that exposure to prenatal tobacco and environmental lead are risk factors for ADHD in U.S. children.
Signal Transduction Networks in Cancer: Quantitative Parameters Influence Network Topology
Authors: David J. Klinke
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Networks of fixed topology are used to summarize the collective understanding of the flow of signaling information within a cell (i.e., canonical signaling networks). Moreover, these canonical signaling networks are used to interpret how observed oncogenic changes in protein activity or expression alter information flow in cancer cells. However, creating a novel branch within a signaling network (i.e., a noncanonical edge) provides a mechanism for a cell to acquire the hallmark characteristics of cancer. The objective of this study was to assess the existence of a noncanonical edge within a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling network based upon variation in protein expression alone, using a mathematical model of the early signaling events associated with epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (ErbB1) signaling network as an illustrative example. The abundance of canonical protein-RTK complexes (e.g., growth factor receptor bound protein 2-ErbB1 and Src homology 2 domain containing transforming protein 1-ErbB1) were used to establish a threshold that was correlated with ligand-dependent changes in cell proliferation. Given the available data, the uncertainty associated with this threshold was estimated using an empirical Bayesian approach. Using the variability in protein expression observed among a collection of breast cancer cell lines, this model was used to assess whether a noncanonical edge (e.g., Irs1-ErbB1) exceeds the threshold and to identify cell lines where this noncanonical edge is likely to be observed. Taken together, the simulations suggest that the topology of signal transduction networks within cells is influenced by quantitative parameters, such as protein expression and binding affinity. Moreover, forming this noncanonical pathway was not due solely to overexpression of the cell surface receptor but was influenced by overexpression of all members of the multiprotein complex. Multivariate alterations in expression of signaling proteins in cancer cells may activate noncanonical pathways and may rewire the signaling network within a cell.
High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone in rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: P J Forster, K A Grindulis, V Neumann, S Hubball, B McConkey
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1982)

Fourteen patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were given 27 courses of methylprednisolone intravenously, each of 3 infusions of 1 g on alternate days. After 7 days there was marked improvement in clinical state and most laboratory tests; levels of ESR and 4 serum acute-phase proteins, C3, C, IgG, and IgA, fell significantly. Serum IgM and rheumatoid factor titre were unchanged. 125I C1q binding fell in all instances where it was initially raised. Clinical remission lasted a mean of 10 weeks. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) fell to less than 30 mg/l after all courses except one within 7 days and rose above this figure after a mean of 7 weeks. The ESR fell below 30 mm/h within seven days in 17 courses and remained below this value for a mean of 7 weeks. Three patients had clinical remissions, with serum CRP less than 30 mg/l and ESR less than 30 mm/h, lasting more than 42 weeks.
The Role of Regional Body Temperature in the Pathogenesis of Disease
Authors: Howard L. Bleich, Mary Jean Moore, David Rodbard
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

WHY do the lesions of secondary syphilis affect the skin, classically over the palms and soles? Why do the lesions of leprosy predominantly affect the hands, feet, ear, nose, and extensor surfaces? Why does mucocutaneous leishmaniasis affect the ear, nasal septum, and distal extremities, whereas kala-azar afflicts the internal viscera? Why does the rash of Rocky Mountain spotted fever characteristically begin over the wrists and ankles, spread to the palms and soles, and then move centripetally, whereas the rash of typhus begins over the axilla and trunk? Why do the lesions of smallpox appear selectively over the hands and feet, . . .
Comparison of the importance of increasing pathogen burden, elevated C-reactive protein, and the presence of antibodies to heat shock protein 60 on myocardial infarction or death
Authors: Jianhui Zhu, Stephen E. Epstein, Joseph B. Muhlestein, Javier F. Nieto, Amy Wasserman, Benjamin D. Horne, David Rott, Jeffrey L. Anderson
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
E pluribus unum? A new take on addiction by Redish et al.
Authors: Thomas Stalnaker, Geoffrey Schoenbaum
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract Neuroscientists and psychologists have proposed a variety of well-supported theories to explain addiction. Many of these theories suggest that addiction results from a single process or dysfunction across all of its forms. The authors of the current review, in contrast, have used a well-defined theoretical account of decision-making to outline the variety of dysfunctions that could account for addictive behavior.
Agency is creating a pan-European drug database
Authors: Madeleine Brettingham
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The European Medicines Agency, the body that regulates the drug industry in Europe, is creating a comprehensive drug database that would make information about any drug on the market instantly accessible to European doctors and their patients.

Details of the database, which will be known as Eudrapharm, were outlined at a meeting in London last week of the Organisation for Professionals in Regulatory Affairs, a worldwide body for regulators in the healthcare sector.

The new system could revolutionise the way doctors prescribe and would allow GPs to report back to drug companies and their regulators on any unwanted side effects, said Noel Wathion, head of …
Protein synthesis assessed by ribosome analysis in human papillary muscle in relation to oxidative capacity: a comparison with skeletal muscle
Authors: J. WERNERMAN, C. SYLVEN, A. VON DER DECKEN, E. JANSSON, K. BOOK, E. VINNARS
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1988)

Protein synthesis as assessed by the concentration and size distribution of ribosomes was determined together with citrate synthase activity in papillary muscles obtained at open heart surgery from patients with mitral valve disease. The results were compared with corresponding data from the quadriceps femoris muscle of patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Citrate synthase activity was six times higher in papillary muscle than in skeletal muscle. The total ribosome concentration per mg DNA was similar in the two types of muscle. Compared with skeletal muscle, in papillary muscle polyribosomes constituted a higher proportion of the ribosomes (p<0.001), and there was a tendency towards larger polyribosome aggregates. It is proposed that the high concentration of polyribosomes in papillary muscle is related to the high oxidative capacity of that tissue.
Abstract 5034: The antitumor immune response generated by radiation therapy may be limited by tumor cell adaptive resistance and can be circumvented by PD-L1 blockade
Authors: Simon J. Dovedi, Graznya Lipowska-Bhalla, Eleanor Cheadle, Edmund Poon, Michelle Morrow, Ross Stewart, Robert Wilkinson, Jamie Honeychurch, Timothy Illidge
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Radiation therapy (RT) is administered to around 50% of all cancer patients making it one of the most important cancer treatments. In addition to the direct cytoreductive effect of RT there is increasing evidence that radiation-induces immunogenic tumor cell death. Despite the immunogenicity of RT-induced tumor cell death, RT delivered to tumours in the clinic rarely generates therapeutic systemic anti-cancer immune responses or ‘abscopal effects’. Here we show that tumor infiltrating CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have increased expression of PD-1 following RT in vivo. Moreover, our data demonstrate that treatment of established syngeneic tumors with RT leads to upregulation of tumor cell expression of PD-L1 in vivo but not when cells are irradiated in vitro. Using depleting antibodies we determined that the depletion of CD8+ T cells but not CD4+ T cells or NK cells could abrogate this RT-induced increase in tumor cell expression of PD-L1 in vivo. Furthermore, silencing of IFNγR1 using ShRNA confirmed that this process was dependent on CD8+ T cell production of IFNγ suggesting an adaptive upregulation of PD-L1 following RT occurs in response to CTL activation. This novel finding suggests that the immunogenicity of RT may be limited via the PD-L1/PD-1 signalling axis and may contribute to treatment failure. We next sought to determine whether blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 signalling axis could enhance the therapeutic response to RT. Our study demonstrates that administration of either an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 mAb in combination with RT leads to substantially improved survival when compared to either monotherapy alone with approximately 60% of treated mice undergoing a complete response. In addition, our data reveal that combination therapy generates long-term immunological memory in mice that have undergone complete response protecting against tumor rechallenge. This is the first report to our knowledge that demonstrates adaptive resistance through the upregulation of tumour cell PD-L1 expression in response to an RT-induced CTL response. This study demonstrates the potential for enhancing the efficacy of conventional RT through blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and warrants clinical evaluation. Citation Format: Simon J. Dovedi, Graznya Lipowska-Bhalla, Eleanor Cheadle, Edmund Poon, Michelle Morrow, Ross Stewart, Robert Wilkinson, Jamie Honeychurch, Timothy Illidge. The antitumor immune response generated by radiation therapy may be limited by tumor cell adaptive resistance and can be circumvented by PD-L1 blockade. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5034. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5034
Case 8-1977
Authors: Richard C. Cabot, Robert E. Scully, James J. Galdabini, Betty U. McNeely, George S. Richardson, Stanley J. Robboy
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

Presentation of CaseA 53-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of a pelvic mass.She was well until 10 days previously, when she became constipated and felt lower abdominal "pressure," accompanied by dribbling incontinence of urine. One week before admission she had difficulty urinating, and the urine had an abnormal odor. She was seen in the clinic, where examination disclosed a pelvic mass.The patient had never menstruated. She had always been tall and of exceptional physical strength. Her libido was never strong. Breast development began at 13 years of age and progressed normally, although pubic and axillary . . .
Expiratory muscle training and sensation of respiratory effort during exercise in normal subjects.
Authors: S Suzuki, M Sato, T Okubo
Journal: Thorax (1995)

BACKGROUND--The sensation of respiratory effort may increase as expiratory muscles become fatigued during expiratory loading. A study was performed to determine whether expiratory muscle training (EMT) affects the sensation of respiratory effort during exercise in healthy subjects. METHODS--Six subjects performed EMT for 15 minutes twice daily for four weeks using a pressure threshold device; another six subjects served as a control group. The expiratory threshold was set at 30% of the individual9s maximum expiratory mouth pressure (PEmax). The sensation of respiratory effort was evaluated during a progressive exercise test using the Borg scale. RESULTS--After EMT PEmax increased by 25% in the training group. The Borg score increased as exercise grade increased before and after EMT, but scores for each grade were lower after EMT. Minute ventilation during exercise decreased after EMT, as did the breathing frequency during exercise, while the expiratory time increased. Although there was no difference in the relationship between Borg score and minute ventilation before or after EMT, the curve shifted to a lower Borg score after EMT. There were no changes in PEmax, Borg score, minute ventilation, or breathing pattern after the four week study period in the control group. CONCLUSION--These findings suggest that EMT increases expiratory muscle strength and reduces the sensation of respiratory effort during exercise, presumably by reducing minute ventilation.