tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Agencies scale up search for alternatives to DDT to control malaria
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) have launched a new initiative to boost the use of environmentally friendly, sustainable alternatives to the toxic chemical DDT, used to control malaria.

WHO estimates that every year malaria kills about a million people worldwide, more than 90% of whom are in sub-Saharan Africa, and causes around 300 million cases of acute illness every year, three quarters in children.

The initiative, backed by nearly $40m (£27m; €30m) in funding from the Global Environmental Facility, a partnership of international institutions, non-governmental organisations, and the private sector, foresees the introduction of 10 projects in about 40 nations in Africa, the eastern Mediterranean, Asia, and the Pacific. These projects aim to build on the successful results …
Jewish Medical Ethics: A Comparative and Historical Study of the Jewish Religious Attitude to Medicine and Its Practice
Authors: L. D. HANKOFF
Journal: JAMA (1976)

This is the second edition of a landmark work that introduced to the English reader in a definitive manner the subject of medical ethics as viewed in terms of<i>halacha</i>or Jewish religious law. The original work, first published in 1959, has been updated with additional chapters focusing on ethical questions arising out of newer medical advances as well as recent<i>responsa</i>(rabbinical replies to specific halachic questions) pertaining to medical ethics. The wellspring of all Jewish law and learning is the Pentateuch or<i>Torah</i>, by tradition the product of the pre-Holy Land experience of the Jewish people in the second millenium before Christ. It is obvious, however, that history and cultural change will provide enormous accretions in relation to religious law. It is not surprising, therefore, that<i>halacha</i>is subject to repeated challenges, interpretations, and controversies as the Jewish people evolve and share in the movement of historical time.
Unilateral Mydriasis and Headache
Authors: Louis S. Jagerman
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The question on unilateral dilatation of the pupil and headache (221:1171, 1972) seems insufficiently answered. The most serious important cause that comes to mind is an intracranial aneurysm! I agree that other conditions (migraine, glaucoma) are more likely, but specific mention of aneurysm, a potentially fatal disease, cannot be omitted in the face of such a classical sign and symptom. Of course, this possibility could have been ruled out, but without knowing the extent of neuroophthalmic examination of this patient, I feel that this is too dangerous an assumption to allow.
Neoantigen Response in Patients Successfully Treated for Lymphoma
Authors: GERALD W. KING
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

To ascertain the cellular immune function of patients successfully treated for lymphoma, we measured skin-test reactivity to a battery of recall antigens, phytohemmagglutinin (PHA), and the neoantigens keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Seventy-four patients with Hodgkin's disease and 31 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were studied from 3 to 186 months after cessation of therapy for lymphoma. Although reactivity to recall antigens and PHA was normal, the number of patients responding to the neoantigens was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than normal (KLH, 35%; and DNCB, 34%). This impairment in reactivity to neoantigens could not be correlated with specific diagnosis, stage of disease, or type of treatment. Reactivity to DNCB was significantly (P < 0.01) improved in those patients studied more than 3 years after treatment, but the number who reacted was still markedly abnormal (17 of 33). Thus, successfully treated patients with lymphoma seem to have difficulty in responding to new foreign antigens.
The limitations of central nervous systemdirected gene transfer
Authors: Beverly L. Davidson
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract Complementation and correction of a genetic defect with CNS manifestations lags behind gene therapy for inherited disorders affecting other organ systems because of shortcomings in delivery vehicles and access to the CNS. The effects of improvements in viral and nonviral vectors, coupled with the development of delivery strategies designed to transfer genetic material thoughout the CNS are being investigated by a number of laboratories in efforts to overcome these problems.
Progressive Rubella Panencephalitis
Authors: Jeannette J. Townsend, J. Richard Baringer, Jerry S. Wolinsky, Nathan Malamud, Jerome P. Mednick, Hillel S. Panitch, Robert A. T. Scott, Lyndon S. Oshiro, Natalie E. Cremer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

In children with congenital rubella infection the deficits remain stable; neurologic deterioration after the first few years of life is not believed to occur. We have encountered three patients with a definite or presumptive diagnosis of congenital rubella, in whom a progressive neurologic illness developed that began in the second decade and was characterized by spasticity, ataxia, intellectual deterioration, and seizures. High antibody titers to rubella virus in serum and spinal fluid were present in two, and all had increased cerebrospinal-fluid protein and gamma globulin. Extensive attempts to recover a virus from brain and body fluids were unsuccessful. The brains of two patients showed a widespread, progressive, subacute panencephalitis mainly affecting white matter. These data suggest that rubella virus may be a cause of progressive panencephalitis.
The Oncology Nurse Practitioner: A Unique Provider for the Follow-Up for Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Margaret Q. Rosenzweig
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

We appreciate the interest of Drs Ozyar and Genc in Gynecologic Oncology Group study 122. 1 As noted in their letter, 22% of patients in the whole-abdominal irradiation (WAI) arm exhibited their first known recurrence in the liver or an extra-abdominal site compared with 18% of patients in the doxorubicin plus cisplatin (AP) arm.If one looks only at extra-abdominal recurrences and does not consider liver metastases, then the extra-abdominal first failure rates are 19% and 10% for the WAI and AP arms, respectively.There were seven and 13 patients who presented with liver metastases as the site of first recurrence in the WAI and AP groups, respectively.As Drs Ozyar and Genc know, liver metastasis presumably represents systemic (hematologic) spread of disease.However, the liver is included in the WAI fields.Therefore, we felt it was appropriate to present the distant failure rates both including and excluding liver metastases.It is important to keep in mind that the analysis of failure patterns represents an analysis of the site of first clinically recognized failure.It is not a comprehensive analysis of all sites of failure.Therefore, these failure rates are minimums.The total failure rate for some sites is likely to be higher over the course of the disease.It is also the case that some sites of failure are more clinically obvious than others.Therefore, some uncertainties do exist, and these are discussed in the article.
Atrial Fibrillation Therapy Now and in the Future
Authors: Christopher E. Woods, Jeffrey Olgin
Journal: Circulation Research (2014)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a complex disease with multiple inter-relating causes culminating in rapid, seemingly disorganized atrial activation. Therapy targeting AF is rapidly changing and improving. The purpose of this review is to summarize current state-of-the-art diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for treatment of AF. The review focuses on reviewing treatment as it relates to the pathophysiological basis of disease and reviews preclinical and clinical evidence for potential new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, including imaging, biomarkers, pharmacological therapy, and ablative strategies for AF. Current ablation and drug therapy approaches to treating AF are largely based on treating the arrhythmia once the substrate occurs and is more effective in paroxysmal AF rather than persistent or permanent AF. However, there is much research aimed at prevention strategies, targeting AF substrate, so-called upstream therapy. Improved diagnostics, using imaging, genetics, and biomarkers, are needed to better identify subtypes of AF based on underlying substrate/mechanism to allow more directed therapeutic approaches. In addition, novel antiarrhythmics with more atrial specific effects may reduce limiting proarrhythmic side effects. Advances in ablation therapy are aimed at improving technology to reduce procedure time and in mechanism-targeted approaches.
The adaptive response in radiobiology: evolving insights and implications.
Authors: S Wolff
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

The first of the regularly reproducible experiments to show that very low doses of ionizing radiation, like very low doses of chemical agents, could induce mechanisms whereby cells become better fit to cope with subsequent exposures to high doses were carried out on the induction of chromosome aberrations in cultures of human lymphocytes. If cells that had been exposed to a very low dose (1 cGy) of X rays were subsequently exposed to a relatively high dose (1 Gy), approximately half as many chromosome breaks were induced. Subsequent experiments showed that this adaptive response to low doses requires a certain minimal dose before it becomes active; occurs only within a relatively small window of dose; is dose-rate dependent; and depends on the genetic constitution of the people or animals exposed, with some being unresponsive. It was further shown that the response to the low-dose preexposure was not instantaneous but took approximately 4 to 6 hr to become fully active, and could be prevented if during this period protein synthesis was inhibited, i.e., a necessary protein (enzyme) was being induced. In fact, subsequent experiments with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed new proteins in cells irradiated with 1 to 2 cGy. The adaptation induced by low doses of radiation was therefore attributed to the induction of a novel efficient chromosome break repair mechanism that if active at the time of challenge with high doses would lead to less residual damage. This hypothesis was strengthened by a series of experiments in which it was found that inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, an enzyme implicated in DNA strand break rejoining, could prevent the adaptive response. Although the phenomenon is well established in cellular systems, it is still problematical as to whether or not it will have any utility in establishing risks of ionizing radiation to humans. Newer experiments have now been carried out on the mechanisms underlying the effect and whether or not the effect can manifest itself as a decrease in the number of induced cancers and radiation-induced mortality. Experiments with restriction enzymes now indicate that double-strand breaks in DNA can be triggering events in adaptation. In addition, preliminary experiments on the survival of whole-body irradiated mice have shown that multiple exposures to low adapting doses can have profound effects on survival, and other experiments have shown that adaptation can affect the induction of thymic lymphoma in irradiated mice. It therefore appears that the initial experiments behind the adaptive response have led to a vigorous worldwide effort to understand the basic mechanisms behind it. This effort is stimulated both by a desire to understand the basic cell biology behind the response and a desire to see if indeed this phenomenon affects the estimation of risks of low-level radiation exposure.
Assessment of Pulmonary Endothelial Function During Invasive Testing in Children and Adolescents With Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Christian Apitz, Rainer Zimmermann, Joachim Kreuder, Christian Jux, Heiner Latus, Joern Pons-Kühnemann, Ines Kock, Peter Bride, Karsten Grosse Kreymborg, Ina Michel-Behnke, Dietmar Schranz
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
IgA rheumatoid factor in the sera and saliva of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren's syndrome.
Authors: J V Dunne, D A Carson, H L Spiegelberg, M A Alspaugh, J H Vaughan
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1979)

With a sensitive radioimmunoassay we have found elevated IgA rheumatoid factor (IgA-RF) levels in the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren9s syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus. The IgA--RF showed a pattern of reaction with human IgG subclasses and animal gammaglobulins similar to that of IgM-RF from the same patients. Rheumatoid factors of both classes were shown to be present in saliva of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren9s syndrome.
Long-term survival of medically treated patients in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) Registry.
Authors: M Emond, M B Mock, K B Davis, L D Fisher, D R Holmes, B R Chaitman, G C Kaiser, E Alderman, T Killip
Journal: Circulation (1994)

This study describes the impact of clinical, angiographic, and demographic characteristics on the long-term survival of Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) patients while they were under medical treatment. Revascularization rates for the population are also provided.All CASS patients who had not received heart surgery before enrollment (23,467 patients) were included in this survival analysis while they were under medical treatment or surveillance. Follow-up time ranged from 0 to 17 years (median, 12 years). Long-term vital status is known for 95.8% of these patients. Log-rank tests, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and Cox proportional-hazards regression are used to describe and assess the impact of patient characteristics on survival. Characteristics that had a significant impact on survival, in order of observed explanatory power, are age, number of diseased vessels, congestive heart failure score, smoking history, ejection fraction, sex, presence of left main coronary artery disease, presence of diabetes, left ventricular wall motion score, presence of other illnesses, history of myocardial infarction, and presence of left main equivalent disease. Overall, 12-year survival for patients with zero-, one-, two- and three-vessel disease is 88%, 74%, 59%, and 40%, respectively. Twelve-year survival for patients with at least one diseased vessel and ejection fractions in the ranges of 50% to 100%, 35% to 49%, and 0% to 34% is 73%, 54%, and 21%, respectively. High myocardial jeopardy, high anginal class, and two or three proximal diseased vessels characterize the profile of patients most likely to have received surgical treatment during follow-up.These results contribute to the understanding of the natural history of coronary artery disease and are also of historical interest. The poor survival of patients with three-vessel disease and low ejection fractions continues to emphasize the importance of considering revascularization for these patients.
Thrips bite dermatitis
Authors: M. Waisman
Journal: JAMA (1968)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The review article by Alexander concerning lumbar puncture techniques (<b>201</b>:316, 1967) reminds me of untoward effects I have observed, associated with lumbar punctures in infants and children. Seven years ago one of my most respected colleagues was called to the hospital to examine an infant about 1 year of age who had been admitted the previous day with presumptive diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia and a probable ventricular septal defect. Physical examination had revealed an irritable febrile infant with no new physical findings other than a questionably stiff neck. Early meningitis was possible. The infant was mummied and, struggling, was arched transversely across the upper part of the abdomen of the nurse. The procedure did not take an inordinate amount of time and the spinal fluid was clear. When the procedure was completed, the infant, unwrapped, was limp. There was no respiration or heart beat. Attempts
HIV-Infected Surgeons and Dentists
Authors: Ban Mishu
Journal: JAMA (1993)

The recent reports of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a Florida dentist with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to five patients in his practice has heightened concern about the possibility of transmission of HIV from infected health care workers.<sup>1-4</sup>However, a thorough epidemiologic investigation revealed no deviations from standard infection control practices in the dentist's office that could explain these transmissions.<sup>4</sup>Thus, the specific mechanism by which HIV was transmitted from the dentist to his patients remains unresolved. See also pp 1795, 1802, and 1807. Although this event frequently has been characterized as an aberration because no other cases of HIV transmission from health care workers to patients have been reported, in fact, it rather closely resembles several previously reported features of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission in surgical or dental settings.<sup>5-8</sup>Typical dentist- or surgeon-to-patient transmission of HBV is likely to produce clusters
Pulmonary Artery Catheters-Reply
Authors: Thomas J. Iberti
Journal: JAMA (1991)

In Reply. —  We would like to thank Spodick and Robin for their thought-provoking letters and to comment on Robin's in particular. The nature of his remarks suggests that it would be worthwhile to begin by specifying exactly what we are discussing. The PAC is solely a diagnostic tool. As a result, when we talk about its efficacy and effectiveness, in literal terms we refer to the extent to which it provides the information it is intended to provide under ideal circumstances (efficacy) and under usual circumstances (effectiveness). The questions of greatest current interest, however, relate to the catheter's value as an adjunct to therapy: (1) if PAC information is available, is it useful, ie, is therapy altered, and (2) if PAC information is both available and used, are patient outcomes improved under ideal and under usual clinical conditions? When Robin questions the PAC's efficacy and effectiveness, he is referring
RELIEF OF PAIN IN LABOUR
Authors: J. S. M. Connell
Journal: BMJ (1929)

In this study, a tolerogenic artificial APC (TaAPC) was developed to directly and selectively modulate myelin-autoreactive CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)<sub>35–55</sub> peptide–induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6J mice. Cell-sized polylactic-coglycolic acid microparticles were generated to cocouple target Ags (MOG<sub>40–54</sub>/H-2D<sup>b</sup>-Ig dimer, MOG<sub>35–55</sub>/I-A<sup>b</sup> multimer), regulatory molecules (anti-Fas and PD-L1-Fc), and “self-marker” CD47-Fc and encapsulate inhibitory cytokine (TGF-β1). Four infusions of the TaAPCs markedly and durably inhibited the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis progression and reduced the local inflammation in CNS tissue. They circulated throughout vasculature into peripheral lymphoid tissues and various organs, but not into brain, with retention of 36 h and exerted direct effects on T cells in vivo and in vitro. Two infusions of the TaAPCs depleted 65–79% of MOG<sub>35–55</sub>-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> and 46–62% of MOG<sub>40–54</sub>-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in peripheral blood, spleen, and CNS tissues in an Ag-specific manner and regulatory molecule–dependent fashion; induced robust T cell apoptosis; inhibited the activation and proliferation of MOG peptide–reactive T cells; reduced MOG peptide–reactive Th1, Th17, and Tc17 cells; and expanded regulatory T cells. They also inhibited IFN-γ/IL-17A secretion and elevated IL-10/TGF-β1 production in splenocytes but not in CNS tissue. More importantly, the TaAPCs treatment did not obviously suppress the overall immune function of host. To our knowledge, this study provides the first experimental evidence for the capability of TaAPCs to directly modulate autoreactive T cells by surface presentation of multiple ligands and paracrine release of cytokine, thus suggesting a novel Ag-specific immunotherapy for the T cell–mediated autoimmune diseases.
ERS/WHO Tuberculosis Consilium assistance with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis management in a child: case study of compassionate delamanid use
Authors: S. Esposito, L. D'Ambrosio, M. Tadolini, H. S. Schaaf, J. Caminero Luna, B. Marais, R. Centis, M. Dara, A. Matteelli, F. Blasi, G. B. Migliori
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

To the Editor: 

The European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe implemented a consultation body, the ERS/WHO Tuberculosis (TB) Consilium, in late April 2013 [1–4]. This is a novel, high-priority initiative, as part of the 2012–2013 Presidential plan, to face the growing problem of drug-resistant TB in Europe and globally to support clinicians in managing difficult-to-treat TB cases.

Clinicians are increasingly challenged by difficult-to-treat cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB ( i.e. TB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR)-TB ( i.e. TB caused by MDR-TB strains that are also resistant to at least one fluoroquinolone and one injectable second-line anti-TB drug) [5–8]. MDR/XDR-TB is seriously hampering TB control and elimination in Europe [9–11], as patients require long and expensive regimens with significant adverse effects, while cure rates remain low [7, 8, 12–14].

Clinicians can upload a case description and queries via the ERS/WHO TB Consilium website (www.tbconsilium.org), the process of which takes up to 20 minutes. The case is then assigned to global experts who provide feedback to the clinician’s questions in a limited timeframe, free of charge. At the time of writing, the TB Consilium has provided expert opinion on 51 cases (and two outbreaks from 11 countries), with an average response time of 36 h. The most frequently posed questions are related to the design and duration of the most appropriate regimens for difficult-to-treat patients [4].

In the absence of a sufficient number of medicines to which a strain is sensitive in vivo , life-saving treatment may rely on the use of new medicines (bedaquiline or delamanid) either under conditional or through compassionate use [15– …
Older vs Newer Antiepileptic Drugs: Is Old Still Gold?
Authors: Nitin K. Sethi
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2013)

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