tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Genetics and Schizophrenia
Authors: Paul H. Wender
Journal: JAMA (1973)

The past few years have witnessed a resurgent interest in the role of genetic factors in mental illnesses and in schizophrenia in particular: until the past few years both interest and research into the possible genetic contributions to mental illness had fallen into the doldrums. Exploration of the role of genetic factors in mental illness began to be formally conducted at the beginning of this century. In the case of schizophrenia, such research had documented an increased prevalence of schizophrenia among the close relatives of schizophrenic individuals which reached its maximum in the case of monozygotic twins. Until the '50s and '60s, such findings had been interpreted to substantiate the role of genetic factors in the cause of schizophrenia. During these last two decades, a shift in orientation took place. American psychiatrists had directed their attention to the increased prevalence of psychopathology found among the parents and families of schizophrenic
NIEHS Extramural Global Environmental Health Portfolio: Opportunities for Collaboration
Authors: Christina H. Drew, Martha I. Barnes, Jerry Phelps, Bennett Van Houten
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

BackgroundGlobal environmental health has emerged as a critical topic for environmental health researchers and practitioners. Estimates of the environmental contribution of total worldwide disease burden range from 25 to 33%.ObjectiveWe reviewed grants funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) during 2005–2007 to evaluate the costs and scientific composition of the global environmental health portfolio, with the ultimate aim of strengthening global environmental health research partnerships.Methods/ResultsWe examined NIEHS grant research databases to identify the global environmental health portfolio. In the past 3 fiscal years (2005–2007), the NIEHS funded 57 scientific research projects in 37 countries, at an estimated cost of $30 million. Metals such as arsenic, methylmercury, and lead are the most frequently studied toxic agents, but a wide range of stressors, routes of exposure, and agents are addressed in the portfolio.ConclusionsThe portfolio analysis indicates that there is a firm foundation of research activities upon which additional global environmental health partnerships could be encouraged. Current data structures could be strengthened to support more automated analysis of grantee information.
Coronary embolization with metallic mercury: A pathophysiological assessment of the lesion as a model of cardiogenic shock
Authors: P. A. N. CHANDRARATNA, T. W. OLEKSYN, E. A. SCHENK, J. COHEN
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1973)

Mercury embolization of the circumflex coronary artery in the dog was reexamined as a model of cardiogenic shock. The cardiodynamic changes that accompany embolization were studied, and the resulting histopathology has been described. Forty dogs were studied. Injection of mercury into the coronary circulation was followed by marked haemodynamic deterioration in most animals. However, only five dogs developed cardiogenic shock, even though this state was loosely defined as a mean arterial pressure of 70 mm Hg or less and a cardiac output less than 50% of control, and even when the circumflex and anterior descending arteries were both embolized. Microscopic examination of the infarcted tissue revealed a combination of ischaemic and inflammatory reaction. We conclude that embolization of the coronary arteries with mercury consistently results in haemodynamic deterioration, but rarely cardiogenic shock. In addition, a major feature of the histopathology is reaction to the local toxic effects of mercury; myocardial ischaemia alone cannot account for all the findings.
A Duty to Deceive: Placebos in Clinical Practice
Authors: Bennett Foddy
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2009)

Among medical researchers and clinicians the dominant view is that it is unethical to deceive patients by prescribing a placebo. This opinion is formalized in a recent policy issued by the American Medical Association (AMA [Chicago, IL]). Although placebos can be shown to be always safe, often effective, and sometimes necessary, doctors are now effectively prohibited from using them in clinical practice. I argue that the deceptive administration of placebos is not subject to the same moral objections that face other forms of deception in clinical practice and medical research. Although deception is normally objectionable on the grounds that it limits autonomy and breaches trust, these grounds do not apply to placebos when they are prescribed within appropriate ethical limits. Patients have reason to prefer that doctors can prescribe placebos in ethically responsible ways. Hence, the AMA has an obligation to endorse and to promote the responsible use of deceptive placebos in clinical practice.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CHOLEDOCHUS
Authors: LE GRAND GUERRY
Journal: JAMA (1918)

Surgeons are occasionally forced to the necessity of reconstructing the common duct. Surgical literature is full of case reports, and many methods have been advocated by equally as many writers, involving the transplanting of fascia, the transplanting of blood vessels, the transplanting of the peritoneal layer of the duodenum, and so on to the end of the chapter. Some of the operations are good and others are distinctly bad. Experimentally many plans have been tried on dogs with varying degrees of success. Unfortunately, what will work in the dog laboratory will not always work in the human abdomen, and the simple method I present, although done independently under the force of circumstances seven years ago at our hospital, is not an original plan, for in reviewing the literature I find case reports of almost the identical procedure. I do not wish the foregoing statement to be construed as a criticism
Reclassification of the Thrombocytopenias by the Cr<sup>51</sup>-Labeling Method for Measuring Platelet Life Span
Authors: Phin Cohen, Frank H. Gardner, G. Octo Barnett
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

THE classification of the thrombocytopenias has been based on bone-marrow cytology,1 2 3 4 various technics to demonstrate circulating antiplatelet substances,5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 response to therapeutic measures such as corticosteroids or splenectomy13 14 15 16 17 18 19 and measurement of the platelet life span, with or without the use of radioactive labeling procedures.20 21 22 23 24 25 This study is concerned with an attempt to classify the thrombocytopenias on the basis of life-span studies using the Cr51-labeling technic of Aas and Gardner.24 The report is a culmination of five years' experience involving the administration of some 300 Cr51-labeled transfusions in normal and thrombocytopenic subjects. The technic has been perfected sufficiently now to . . .
Diet and Physical Activity Interventions in Severely Obese Adults
Authors: Erik Hemmingsson, Joanna Uddén, Stephan Rössner
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Nuclear Reactor Safety
Authors: Leonard A. Sagan
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> A letter from Mr. Mustard commenting on nuclear reactor safety appeared inThe Journal(223:1158, 1973). His letter is full of errors of fact as well as interpretation. Mr. Mustard's letter begins with a reference to "the fallacy of coal-fired plants creating radioactivity," and "the fact is that coal-fired plants emit no fission products." That is his first error. Fission products result from the fission of uranium fuel in the reactor core. They are, of course, radioactive. Coal contains naturally occurring radioactive materials, particularly radium, uranium, and thorium, and these are indeed found in the emissions from a coal burning plant. A recent report of the National Academy of Engineering concludes: "Comparing these quantities of natural activity released from fossil-fueled power plants with that from nuclear power plants on the basis of hygienic equivalent quantities of typical radioisotopes associated with nuclear reactor operation, it is apparent that
Variability in Reexcision Following Breast Conservation Surgery
Authors: Laurence E. McCahill, Richard M. Single, Erin J. Aiello Bowles, Heather S. Feigelson, Ted A. James, Tom Barney, Jessica M. Engel, Adedayo A. Onitilo
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Health care reform calls for increasing physician accountability and transparency of outcomes. Partial mastectomy is the most commonly performed procedure for invasive breast cancer and often requires reexcision. Variability in reexcision might be reflective of the quality of care.To assess hospital and surgeon-specific variation in reexcision rates following partial mastectomy.An observational study of breast surgery performed between 2003 and 2008 intended to evaluate variability in breast cancer surgical care outcomes and evaluate potential quality measures of breast cancer surgery. Women with invasive breast cancer undergoing partial mastectomy from 4 institutions were studied (1 university hospital [University of Vermont] and 3 large health plans [Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Group Health, and Marshfield Clinic]). Data were obtained from electronic medical records and chart abstraction of surgical, pathology, radiology, and outpatient records, including detailed surgical margin status. Logistic regression including surgeon-level random effects was used to identify predictors of reexcision.Incidence of reexcision.A total of 2206 women with 2220 invasive breast cancers underwent partial mastectomy and 509 patients (22.9%; 95% CI, 21.2%-24.7%) underwent reexcision (454 patients [89.2%; 95% CI, 86.5%-91.9%] had 1 reexcision, 48 [9.4%; 95% CI, 6.9%-12.0%] had 2 reexcisions, and 7 [1.4%; 95% CI, 0.4%-2.4%] had 3 reexcisions). Among all patients undergoing initial partial mastectomy, total mastectomy was performed in 190 patients (8.5%; 95% CI, 7.2%-9.5%). Reexcision rates for margin status following initial surgery were 85.9% (95% CI, 82.0%-89.8%) for initial positive margins, 47.9% (95% CI, 42.0%-53.9%) for less than 1.0 mm margins, 20.2% (95% CI, 15.3%-25.0%) for 1.0 to 1.9 mm margins, and 6.3% (95% CI, 3.2%-9.3%) for 2.0 to 2.9 mm margins. For patients with negative margins, reexcision rates varied widely among surgeons (range, 0%-70%; P = .003) and institutions (range, 1.7%-20.9%; P < .001). Reexcision rates were not associated with surgeon procedure volume after adjusting for case mix (P = .92).Substantial surgeon and institutional variation were observed in reexcision following partial mastectomy in women with invasive breast cancer.
THE CORRECTION OF DEFLECTIONS OF THE NASAL SEPTUM WITH A MINIMUM OF TRAUMATISM.
Authors: OTTO T. FREER
Journal: JAMA (1902)

cells, and give rise to the substance that we call mucin.Concerning the mechanism by which this is brought about, I hope to be able to speak in a future communica- tion.Inasmuch as these cells have a tendency to disappear in acute inflammatory conditions their absence under these circumstances is of more or less significance, but in chronic processes they not infrequently considerably increase in number, and their presence under these cir- cumstances may be suggestive of the character of the condition.This peculiarity seems to be of especial im- portance in differentiating so-called inflammatory con- ditions from sarcoma.There are many methods of demonstrating these cells, but perhaps the most satisfactory is to stain for a short time in carbol-toluidin-blue, and afterwards to differen- tiate in Unna's glycerin-ether mixture.These cells after being stained in this way may be always readily differen- tiated by the fact that the granules contained within them take on a peculiar cherry-red tint, to which refer- ence has already been made in this paper.As has been kefore remarked, they stain intensely in Mayer's muche- matein.
Alcohol and ischaemic heart disease in middle aged British men.
Authors: A G Shaper, A N Phillips, S J Pocock, M Walker
Journal: BMJ (1987)

The relation between alcohol intake and ischaemic heart disease was examined in a large scale prospective study of middle aged men drawn from general practices in 24 British towns. After an average follow up of 6.2 years 335 of the 7729 men had experienced a myocardial infarction (fatal or non-fatal) or sudden cardiac death. No significant relation was found between reported alcohol intake and the incidence of such events. Though the group of light daily drinkers had the lowest incidence of ischaemic heart disease events, it also contained the lowest proportion of current smokers, had the lowest mean blood pressure, had the lowest mean body mass index, and contained the lowest proportion of manual workers. These characteristics are more likely to account for the apparent protective effect of alcohol against ischaemic heart disease than a direct effect of alcohol. Compared with the effects of established risk factors alcohol seems to be quite unimportant in the development of ischaemic heart disease.
Associations Between Use of the Hospitalist Model and Quality of Care and Outcomes of Older Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure
Authors: Robb D. Kociol, Bradley G. Hammill, Gregg C. Fonarow, Paul A. Heidenreich, Alan S. Go, Eric D. Peterson, Lesley H. Curtis, Adrian F. Hernandez
Journal: JACC Heart Failure (2013)
THE ROLE OF CARDIAC IMAGING MODALITIES IN PRE OPERATIVE SELECTION OF PATIENTS FOR TRANS-CATHETER AORTIC VALVE IMPLANTATION (TAVI)
Authors: Saeed AL Ahmari, Husien Al Amri, Ahmed El Watidi, Majed AL Shuhri, Maoud AL Khudadi, Mohammed AL Otabi, Moheeb Abdullaha, Saad AL Kasab
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
SOCS-1/SSI-1-Deficient NKT Cells Participate in Severe Hepatitis through Dysregulated Cross-Talk Inhibition of IFN-γ and IL-4 Signaling In Vivo
Authors: Tetsuji Naka, Hiroko Tsutsui, Minoru Fujimoto, Yoshinori Kawazoe, Hidetsugu Kohzaki, Yoshiaki Morita, None Nakagawa, Masashi Narazaki, Keishi Adachi, Tomohiro Yoshimoto, Kenji Nakanishi, Tadamitsu Kishimoto
Journal: Immunity (2001)
Regulation of murine macrophage Ia antigen expression by a lymphokine with immune interferon activity.
Authors: P S Steeg, R N Moore, H M Johnson, J J Oppenheim
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1982)

A culture supernatant of concanavalin A-activated spleen cells (Con A supernatant) induced murine macrophages to express Ia antigens in vitro. Biochemical characterization of the Con A supernatant indicated that the macrophage Ia antigen regulatory activity shares molecular weight, pI, and hydrophobic and affinity characteristics with immune interferon (IFN-gamma). Antiserum to mouse IFN-gamma neutralized both the macrophage Ia antigen regulatory and IFN-gamma bioactivities of the Con A supernatant. Furthermore, both partially purified murine IFN-gamma (10(7) U/mg protein sp act) and IFN-containing culture supernatants of the murine BFS T cell line-induced macrophage Ia antigen expression in vitro. Culture supernatants containing colony-stimulating factor, interleukin 1, interleukin 2, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, and a macrophage-activating activity that were distinct from IFN-gamma did not induce macrophage Ia antigen expression. Taken together, the data indicate that the in vitro expression of Ia antigens on macrophages is regulated by an activity that has the characteristics of interferon.
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Authors: John H. Epstein, Allan G. Redeker
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

The effect of phlebotomy on porphyrin metabolism was studied in 20 patients with characteristic clinical and chemical evidence of porphyria cutanea tarda. The removal of 2500 to 8500 ml of blood over a period of three to eight and a half months markedly reduced uroporphyrin excretion associated with remission of the clinical disorder in all the patients. Follow-up observations revealed persistence of the clinical response associated with a progressive reduction in porphyrin excretion levels in 18 of the patients. Fourteen were observed for between one and three and one quarter years without relapse. Recurrences occurred in two patients. One was re-treated and again responded both clinically and chemically. These results indicate that bloodletting has a marked effect on porphyrin metabolism in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda.
Effect of interventions on performance and KAP of rural female athletes
Authors: M Sylvia Subapriya, P Shaijamol
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

India has a strong human resource of 113 crores, largely vested in its villages. Effectively harnessing this great potential can help Indians dominate the international sports arena. This study was undertaken as a small step in recognising and enhancing athletic talent among rural women, the most neglected group of sports persons. Thirty female rural athletes (15–18 years of age) were selected of whom 12 each were school/college level and district level players, respectively, and 6 were state level players. Nutritional status was assessed through anthropometry, dietary survey (3-day food weighment method) and blood haemoglobin analysis. Physical fitness was assessed in terms of cardiovascular endurance and flexibility tests. Two pregame foods viz. groundnut chikki and lemon juice were developed and their effects were assessed on physical performance and group competition (volley ball). Nutrition education was imparted through conventional (booklet, poster, chart) and computer assisted nutrition education materials developed and their impact was assessed on the on the KAP of athletes. Forty per cent of the athletes were from BPL families and though 87% were non-vegetarians, food and nutrient intakes were grossly inadequate, 57% were in different stages of CED. All of them were in negative energy balance. Majority had mild or moderate anaemia. The two pregame foods improved individual physical performance significantly (p&lt;0.01), while they had no significant effect on group competition. Nutrition education had an overwhelming effect on KAP.
Fertilization, embryo transfer procedures raise many questions
Authors: John F. Henahan
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Since 1978, when Patrick Steptoe, MB, of Bourne Hall, Cambridge University, England, assisted at the birth of Louise Brown, in vitro fertilization procedures have been widely accepted throughout the world. Babies conceived by in vitro fertilization techniques now enter the world on a daily basis. It is estimated that, by the end of 1984, more than 1,000 births will be attributed to in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer techniques developed by Steptoe and his long-time Cambridge associate, Robert Edwards, MB. From the list of participants at the recent Third World Congress of In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer in Helsinki, it appears that physicians and scientists in about 25 countries now have in vitro fertilization programs under way. These countries include the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, France, East and West Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, Canada, New Zealand, Israel, Colombia, Chile, Japan, Singapore, and People's Republic of
Patients are at risk because doctors don't know how much IV fluid they need, NICE says
Authors: I. Torjesen
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Doctors need better education on the safe administration of intravenous fluids and electrolytes, because failure to administer them properly causes complications in a fifth of patients who receive them, says new UK national guidance.

Every year tens of thousands of patients are believed to develop complications, some of which are fatal, because they receive the wrong type of IV fluid, too little fluid, or too much fluid, usually because the fluid is given for longer than is necessary. So today the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence has published a guideline, Intravenous Fluid Therapy in Adults in Hospital ,1 that describes how to assess whether a patient needs IV therapy, what fluids should be given, and for how long.

Mike Stroud, chairman of the guideline development group, told a press briefing on Monday 9 December that the guideline may be the most important one that NICE has ever produced, because, after oxygen, IV fluids are given more frequently than any other acute therapy.

Stroud, a consultant in …
Primary biliary cirrhosis: epidemiology helping the clinician
Authors: J. V Metcalf, D. Howel, O. F W James, R. Bhopal
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Recent epidemiological and clinical research is changing our thinking on primary biliary cirrhosis, a chronic cholestatic liver disease probably of autoimmune origin. Until the early 1970s primary biliary cirrhosis was perceived as a disease that was rare, presented with persistent jaundice, and usually progressed to death from liver failure.1 Epidemiological and clinical research based on both registers of cases in defined populations and, more commonly, clinical case series has transformed that picture. The disease is much commoner than was believed,2 3 4 as many as half of all patients may have no symptoms of liver disease at diagnosis,5 and both the onset of complications and death can be delayed by treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid6 and, when necessary, liver transplantation. Good clinical and health care strategies will depend on further integration of epidemiological and clinical research to provide better information on the frequency and natural course of the disease and to generate hypotheses about causation.

For both epidemiological and clinical purposes a widely accepted and validated case definition is necessary. In primary biliary cirrhosis the triad of results from liver function tests …
The Complementary Role of Plain Radiographs and Radionuclide Shuntography in Evaluating CSF-VP Shunts
Authors: K BLAIR, R AuCOIN, R KLOIBER, C P MOLNAR
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

Cerebrospinal fluid-ventriculoperitoneal shunts are often used in the treatment of hydrocephalus in children. Many complications can arise that may lead to shunt malfunction, including detachment of the distal limb of the shunt. A case is presented where such a complication occurred with distal migration of the detached tubing into the abdomen, which resulted in a patent subcutaneous tract through which cerebrospinal fluid could drain. The need for radiographic correlation at the time of radionuclide shuntography is stressed.