tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Estrogen Receptor α Mediates Breast Cancer Cell Resistance to Paclitaxel through Inhibition of Apoptotic Cell Death
Authors: Meihua Sui, Yi Huang, Ben Ho Park, Nancy E. Davidson, Weimin Fan
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Estrogen receptors (ER) are expressed in ∼65% of human breast cancer. Cumulative data from clinical trials and retrospective analyses suggest that some chemotherapeutic agents may be less effective in patients with ER-positive (ER+) tumors than those with ER-negative (ER−) tumors. Paclitaxel is an active agent used in breast cancer chemotherapy. To investigate the possible influence of ER on the therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel and its underlying mechanism, we established several isogenic ER+ cell lines by stable transfection of ERα expression vectors into ER− breast cancer BCap37 cells. We showed that 17-β estradiol significantly reduces the overall cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in BCap37-expressing ERα but has no influence on the ER− parental cells. Further analyses indicate that expression of ERα in BCap37 cells mainly interferes with paclitaxel-induced apoptotic cell death, without affecting paclitaxel-induced microtubule bundling and mitotic arrest. Moreover, we found that the addition of ICI 182,780 (Fulvestrant), a selective ER down-regulator, could completely reverse the resistance of ER+ BCap37 cells to paclitaxel. These findings showed that ERα-mediated breast tumor cell resistance to paclitaxel was through selective inhibition of paclitaxel-induced tumor cell apoptosis. Additionally, the combination of ICI 182,780 also sensitizes MCF-7 and T47D cell lines to the treatment of paclitaxel, which further confirmed the correlation between ERα and drug resistance in ER+ tumor cells. The results obtained from this study provide useful information for understanding ER-mediated resistance to paclitaxel and possibly other antineoplastic agents. [Cancer Res 2007;67(11):5337–44]
Two-Way Television: Helping the Medical Center Reach Out
Authors: CECIL L. WITTSON, REBA BENSCHOTER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1972)

Since 1959, the University of Nebraska Medical Center has been using two-way closed-circuit television for medical treatment and education, largely in psychiatry. Television has been used to link the medical center with hospitals in remote rural areas, as well as to assist in educational programs within the university complex. Electronic communication has been valuable in extending education and services.
REINFECTION (SECOND ATTACK) IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Simon Flexner
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1937)

Monkeys which have recovered from an attack of experimental poliomyelitis are subject to reinfection by the nasal route. Second attacks of the disease result from inoculation with the specimen of virus used to produce the first attack and with specimens of different origin. Reinfection takes place in monkeys which have recovered from mild and from severe attacks and in convalescent animals which have been subjected to hyperimmunization. The 2 year quiet period proposed by Still to separate relapses from second attacks, judging from the monkey, is probably excessive. Until greater attention is given the reinfections of varying intensities in man, conclusions on this point must be wholly tentative.
Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Authors: BETTY S. ROOF
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Letters and Corrections1 May 1987Treatment of Postmenopausal OsteoporosisBETTY S. ROOF, M.D.BETTY S. ROOF, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-106-5-780_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In their recent article, Ettinger and colleagues (1) state that 9.0% of untreated women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and 10.5% of women given calcium supplements had mean decrease in spinal trabecular mineral content (determined by quantitative computed tomography) during the 2-year study. In women given conjugated estrogens, 0.3 mg/d, with calcium supplements, there was an increase in mineral content of 2.3% during this period. The authors contrast these findings with those from their earlier study (2) in which treatment with conjugated estrogens, 0.15 to 0.45 mg/d, did not prevent bone loss in women who had had oophorectomy, whereas...References1. ETTINGER B, GENANT H, and CANN C. Postmenopausal bone loss is prevented by treatment with low-dosage estrogen with calcium. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:40-5. LinkGoogle Scholar2. GENANT H, CANN C, ETTINGER B, and GORDAN G. Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa, a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:699-705. LinkGoogle Scholar3. LINDSAY R, HART D, MACLEAN A, CLARK A, KRASZEWSKI , and GARWOOD J. Bone response to termination of oestrogen replacement. Lancet. 1978;1:1325-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: BETTY S. ROOF, M.D. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byEstrogen Therapy During Menopause and the Treatment of OsteoporosisCorrection: Mean Loss of Spinal Trabecular Mineral Content 1 May 1987Volume 106, Issue 5Page: 780-780KeywordsBone resorptionCalciumComputed axial tomographyEstrogensOophorectomyOsteoporosis ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1987 PDF downloadLoading ...
Raised protein levels and altered cellular expression of factor VII activating protease (FSAP) in the lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Authors: M. Wygrecka, P. Markart, L. Fink, A. Guenther, K. T Preissner
Journal: Thorax (2007)

<b>Background:</b> The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterised by inflammation of the lung parenchyma and changes in alveolar haemostasis with extravascular fibrin deposition. Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is a recently described serine protease in plasma and tissues known to be involved in haemostasis, cell proliferation and migration. <b>Methods:</b> The level of FSAP protein expression was examined by western blotting/ELISA/immunohistochemistry and its activity was investigated by coagulation/fibrinolysis assays in plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissue of mechanically ventilated patients with early ARDS and compared with patients with cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and healthy controls. Cell culture experiments were performed to assess the influence of different inflammatory stimuli on FSAP expression by various cell populations of the lung. <b>Results:</b> FSAP protein level and activity were markedly increased in the plasma and BAL fluid of patients with ARDS with a significant contribution to the increased alveolar procoagulant activity. Immunoreactivity for FSAP was observed in alveolar macrophages, bronchial epithelial and endothelial cells of lungs of patients with ARDS, while in controls the immunoreactivity for FSAP was restricted to alveolar macrophages. Only a low basal level of FSAP expression was detected in these cell populations. However, FSAP-specific mRNA expression was induced by lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-8 in human lung microvascular endothelial cells and in bronchial epithelial cells. FSAP was also found to be taken up by alveolar macrophages and degraded within the lysosomal compartment. <b>Conclusions:</b> Increased levels of FSAP and an altered cellular expression pattern are found in the lungs of patients with ARDS. This may represent a novel pathological mechanism which contributes to pulmonary extravascular fibrin deposition and may also modulate inflammation in the acutely injured lung via haemostasis-independent cellular activities of FSAP.
Adaptation of the growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I axis to chronic and severe calorie or protein malnutrition.
Authors: M H Oster, P J Fielder, N Levin, M J Cronin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

The hierarchy of diet components (e.g., protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals) influencing growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and their binding proteins (BP) is not well defined. Young adult rats were fed diets for 1 mo that included low protein or 60% and 40% of carbohydrate calories. We hypothesized that levels of both hormones, their dominant BPs and liver IGF-I mRNA would fall, and that part of the mechanism for decreasing serum IGF-I would be enhanced IGFBP-3 protease activity. By day 30, caloric deprivation to 40% lowered serum GH, GHBP, IGF-I and IGFBP-3, and liver IGF-I mRNA. This was the only condition resulting in body weight loss (-15%) vs 39% gain in controls. Restriction to 60% calories had no impact on BP levels, slightly lowered IGF-I (-12%) in the face of a 95% inhibition of GH levels, while allowing a modest 9% body weight gain. Protein deprivation lowered serum GH, IGF-I and IGFBP-3, and liver IGF-I mRNA, while GHBP levels were normal. The reduced total IGF-I under these dietary conditions could not be explained by an increase in IGFBP-3 protease activity, or a decrease in the association of IGF-I with IGFBP-3 and the acid labile subunit.
Heart disease in life-long cyclists.
Authors: H K Robertson
Journal: BMJ (1977)

determine the erythrocyte transketolase (ETK) activity or thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) effect on admission, or thiamine excretion.Tanphaichitr et a13 state that thiamine excretion alone is not a good index of the state of thiamine nutrition in an individual subject.The absence of cardiac and central nervous system manifestations may be explained partially by the fact that the patient restricted drinking and did not increase the amount of physical exercise that she took.The potential threat of dry and wet beriberi should be kept in mind if a patient begins a strict slimming diet.Multivitamin preparations are indicated in treating the condition, but a reasonably composed diet is of primary importance.
Diagnostic Performance of Low-Dose Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer over Five Years
Authors: Giulia Veronesi, Patrick Maisonneuve, Lorenzo Spaggiari, Cristiano Rampinelli, Alessandro Pardolesi, Raffaella Bertolotti, Niccolò Filippi, Massimo Bellomi
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2014)
High-Level Penicillin Resistance among Isolates of Enterococci
Authors: Larry M. Bush
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Study Objective: To determine the extent and clinical significance of high-level penicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium at our institution. Design: Surveillance of clinical enterococcal isolates, invitro susceptibility and timed survival studies, and determination of antibiotic efficacy in an experimental model of enterococcal endocarditis. Measurements and Main Results: For a 6-month period, 14% of enterococcal isolates (30 of 212) were identified as E. faecium. One third of the isolates were highly resistant to penicillin G (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC], < 200 µg/mL) but did not produce β-lactamase. The findings from in-vitro survival studies showed that this high-level resistance resulted in the loss of bactericidal activity normally observed when an aminoglycoside antibiotic agent is combined with penicillin. An experimental rat model of endocarditis provided in-vivo data that confirmed our in-vitro observations. After the rats received therapy for 72 hours, penicillin G either alone or in combination with gentamicin did not significantly decrease the numbers of enterococci in vegetations on heart valves compared with untreated controls (P = 0.62 and P = 0.58, respectively). Conclusions: Enterococcus faecium accounts for a notable proportion of clinical enterococcal isolates. Many strains from patients at our institution, as well as from patients at other institutions throughout the country, are highly resistant to penicillin. Because high-level penicillin resistance has important therapeutic implications, periodic surveillance and MIC testing of significant enterococcal isolates, especially E. faecium, are suggested.
Ebola: A Documentary Novel of Its First Explosion
Authors: Anand P. Panwalker
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Ebola In the 1960s we witnessed the startling exodus of refugees fleeing the Belgian Congo after its independence from Belgium in the much heralded "wind of change," which freed Africa from the shackles of colonial rule. This mass departure of trained professionals and other expatriates doomed the country's hopes of building a new and prosperous society. Instead there was chaos, civil war, the secession of Katanga province, and the emergence of a firebrand communist leader, Patrice Lumumba. General Mobutu usurped power and further impoverished the fledgling nation now called Zaire. Yambuku, a mission run by Flemish nuns, was almost a Utopian haven of peace and prosperity in the core of Zaire. It was lush and green. It had a hospital, a school, and an agricultural society. In 1976, an incredibly brutal outbreak of a hemorrhagic fever changed things dramatically. It was called Ebola (named for a river near Yambuku). It
Acute Myocardial Infarction in Pregnancy
Authors: E. Fletcher, E. W. Knox, P. Morton
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Obstructive coronary artery disease is the rarest form of primary organic heart disease encountered during pregnancy.Myocardial infarction occurring during pregnancy was confirmed for the first time at necropsy by Katz (1921).The first case of recurrent myocardial infarction during pregnancy and labour, with electrocardiographic evidence, was published in 1935 by Reis and Frankenthal.Since then a few further case reports have been published by various authors.Bedford (1964) was able to collect only four cases in the British literature, to which he added one of his own.In a recent review Watson et al. ( 1960) collected 23 authentic cases of myocardial infarc- tion during pregnancy or labour.To this number may be added the case of Magner (1961), that of Bedford referred to above, and the five cases described in this paper, a total of 30 in the world literature.This paper presents the clinical and electrocardiographic data of five women who sustained major episodes of acute myocardial infarction while pregnant.During the period 1
Lymphatic Drainage Imaging of Breast Cancer in Mice by Micro-Magnetic Resonance Lymphangiography Using a Nano-Size Paramagnetic Contrast Agent
Authors: H. Kobayashi, S. Kawamoto, Y. Sakai, P. L. Choyke, R. A. Star, M. W. Brechbiel, N. Sato, Y. Tagaya, J. C. Morris, T. A. Waldmann
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2004)

The presence of lymph node metastases is an important factor in breast cancer patient prognosis. Therefore, the precise identification of sentinel lymph nodes in these patients is critical. Improving current magnetic resonance (MR) imaging methods using a newly synthesized nano-size paramagnetic molecule, G6, as a contrast agent, provides an attractive means toward attaining this goal.A four-dimensional method of micro-MR lymphangiography using G6 (9 nm/240 kd) was developed to visualize the lymphatic ducts and lymph nodes draining mouse mammary tumors over time. The ability of micro-MR lymphangiography with the G6 contrast agent to visualize lymphatic drainage of normal mouse mammary tissue was compared with that of the conventional MR contrast agent, Gd-[DTPA]-dimeglumine (<1 kd). Lymphatic drainage in spontaneous and xenografted breast tumor models was visualized using the G6 contrast agent.Draining lymphatic ducts and lymph nodes were clearly visualized in the mammary tissue of normal mice and in spontaneous and xenografted breast tumor models after a direct mammary gland or peritumoral injection of G6. Gd-[DTPA]-dime-glumine, by contrast, failed to depict lymphatic flow from the mammary tissue in normal mice using the same method. Micro-MR lymphangiography using the G6 contrast agent revealed the absence of filling in the metastatic foci of affected lymph nodes.The superior temporal and spatial resolution of micro-MR lymphangiography using the contrast agent G6 may facilitate the study of tumor lymphatic drainage and lymphatic metastasis in both experimental animals and clinical medicine. In addition, this may be a powerful new method for sentinel lymph node localization in human breast cancer.
Safer sexual practices lead to 25% drop in HIV among young people
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The prevalence of HIV among young people aged 15 to 24 has fallen by more than 25% in 15 of the 25 countries most affected by AIDS, largely because of changes in sexual behaviour, says a report by UNAIDS.

Michel Sidibe, executive director of UNAIDS, told reporters that, “The goods news is that young people are taking the lead” in starting an HIV prevention revolution.

He said investments in HIV prevention are showing results. Countries that have met the 25% reduction since 2000 include Botswana, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, says a report from UNAIDS.

In some countries prevalence fell even further. In Kenya, for example, there was a 60% decline in HIV …
Quantitative Assessment of Telomerase Activity and Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Messenger RNA Levels in Pancreatic Juice Samples for the Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Kenoki Ohuchida, Kazuhiro Mizumoto, Yasuhiro Ogura, Nami Ishikawa, Eishi Nagai, Koji Yamaguchi, Masao Tanaka
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Measurement of telomerase activity is a promising diagnostic tool for pancreatic cancer. Detection of mRNA for human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), a catalytic subunit of telomerase, is also a diagnostic candidate. In the present study, we developed a telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay with real-time PCR and a protocol for quantification of hTERT mRNA with real-time PCR. To evaluate the feasibility of these methods for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, we measured telomerase activity and hTERT expression in pancreatic cancer cell lines, pancreatic tissues, and pancreatic juice samples from patients with different pancreatic diseases. There were significant correlations between telomerase activity and hTERT expression in cell lines, tissues, and juice samples. The levels of telomerase activity and hTERT expression were significantly higher in tumoral tissues than in nontumoral tissues. In pancreatic juice specimens, some carcinoma samples showed remarkably high expression of hTERT. However, there were no significant differences in hTERT expression between patients with carcinoma and those with benign diseases, although significant differences in telomerase activity were observed. Our present results suggest that the combined assessment of hTERT and telomerase activities in pancreatic juice provides a potent diagnostic method for pancreatic cancer.
Randomized Phase III Trial of Standard Timed Doxorubicin Plus Cisplatin Versus Circadian Timed Doxorubicin Plus Cisplatin in Stage III and IV or Recurrent Endometrial Carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study
Authors: Holly H. Gallion, Virginia L. Brunetto, Michael Cibull, Samuel S. Lentz, Gary Reid, John T. Soper, Robert A. Burger, Willie Andersen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

Purpose: To determine if circadian timed (CT) chemotherapy results in improved response, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and lower toxicity, when compared with standard timed (ST) chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: Eligibility criteria were stage III, IV, or recurrent endometrial cancer with poor potential for cure by radiation therapy or surgery; measurable disease; and no prior chemotherapy. Therapy was randomized to schedules of ST doxorubicin 60 mg/m 2 plus cisplatin 60 mg/m 2 , or CT doxorubicin 60 mg/m 2 at 6:00 am plus cisplatin 60 mg/m 2 at 6:00 pm. Cycles were repeated every 3 weeks to a maximum of eight cycles. Results: The ST arm included 169 patients, and the CT arm included 173 patients. The objective response rate (complete responses plus partial responses) was 46% in the ST group compared with 49% in the CT group (P = .26, one tail). Median PFS and OS were 6.5 and 11.2 months, respectively, in the ST group; and 5.9 and 13.2 months, respectively, in the CT group (PFS: P = .31; OS: P = .21, one tail). Median total doses were 209 mg/m 2 doxorubicin and 349 mg/m 2 cisplatin in the ST group, versus 246 mg/m 2 doxorubicin and 354 mg/m 2 cisplatin in the CT group. Grade 3 or 4 leukopenia occurred in 73% of patients in the ST arm and in 63% of patients in the CT arm. There were eight treatment-related deaths. Conclusion: In this trial, no significant benefit in terms of response rate, PFS or OS, or toxicity profile was observed with CT doxorubicin plus cisplatin in patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma.
THE LIMIT OF PROPRIETORSHIP IN MATERIA MEDICA.HOW FAR NECESSARY? HOW FAR PERMISSIBLE? HOW CONTROLLABLE? HOW CONCERNED WITH FRAUD.
Authors: SOLOMON SOLIS-COHEN
Journal: JAMA (1907)

With the question of fraudulent nostrums as presented by Mr. Kebler this communication has nothing to do. They are outside of the domain of science. We are interested in the doings of "patent-medicine" criminals just as, but no more than, we are in the doings of criminals of other kinds. We desire to prevent and punish their evil devices; but these are innumerable and it is but waste of time and energy to try to itemize them. We are interested vitally, however, in what goes on in the medical and pharmaceutical household, and to that I would call attention. A portion of the subject has been presented to this Section by Professor Diehl in his paper on the National Formulary and its relation to proprietary medicines; but there is something more to be said, especially in relation to the limits that are to be drawn about legitimate proprietorship in medicines.
Carcinoma of the Breast: Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Ramona M. Chapman
Journal: JAMA (1984)

This book is intended to "provide a complete overview of breast carcinoma for the senior medical student, intern and resident." The authors, all from New England, more than half from Harvard, present a book that is out of balance. The first 100 pages deal carefully and well with breast cancer's epidemiology, anatomy, history and physical examination, pathology, and biochemical features. Radiological diagnosis and treatment occupy 125 pages, this abundance representing the interest of the first editor. The second editor deals with surgical aspects in one tenth of that space. In his brief chapter, however, there is an area of confusion. The discussion of results of surgical treatment compares "standard radical mastectomy" (Halsted) with "total mastectomy." The latter is not defined. The chapter on medical management of advanced breast cancer is a disappointment. It occupies eight pages. Reading the brief comparisons of chemotherapeutic regimens was for me an experience that resembled
Syncope in Patients With Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Marc D. Thames, Joseph S. Alpert, James E. Dalen
Journal: JAMA (1977)

A review of 132 consecutive cases of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) documented by pulmonary angiography indicated that syncope was the initial or predominant clinical feature in 17 (13%). When massive PE causes syncope in a nonhospitalized patient, the diagnosis of PE is frequently overlooked. Hypotension after PE may resolve spontaneously after a short interval. In this circumstance, the syncopal episode might easily be attributed to another cause. The appropriate diagnosis can be established only if other clues, suggestive of PE, are sought. Both arterial blood gas determinations and pulmonary scintigraphy are helpful in making this diagnosis. (<i>JAMA</i>238:2509-2511, 1977)