tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Understanding Hospice — An Underutilized Option for Life's Final Chapter
Authors: Gail Gazelle
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

Interview with Timothy Quill on hospice care in the United States. (06:55)Download It was Mr. G.'s third exacerbation of congestive heart failure in the past 6 months. Eighty-three years old, he had New York Heart Association class IV heart failure, end-stage coronary artery disease, and insulin-dependent diabetes. Although he had never wanted to be put on a ventilator, this time his shortness of breath was so terrifying that he felt he had no choice. After having a good response to diuresis, he was successfully extubated and transferred out of the coronary care unit.Two days later, a hospitalist suggested to Mr. G. and his wife that given his advanced disease, he should . . .
Influence of body fatness in childhood on fatness in adult life.
Authors: L J Hawk, C G Brook
Journal: BMJ (1979)

Comparison of skinfold thicknesses measured in childhood and again 15 years later in 318 male and 303 female subjects disclosed only a moderate relation between the two measurements. Where adult fatness could be predicted from combinations of skinfold thicknesses in childhood the accuracy in 95% of cases lay at the mean between +/- 8% and +/- 18% according to age and sex.
Urinary Tetrabromobenzoic Acid (TBBA) as a Biomarker of Exposure to the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster <sup> <sup>®</sup> </sup> 550
Authors: Kate Hoffman, Mingliang Fang, Brian Horman, Heather B. Patisaul, Stavros Garantziotis, Linda S. Birnbaum, Heather M. Stapleton
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2014)

Background: Firemaster® 550 (FM550) is commonly added to residential furniture to reduce its flammability. Recent toxicological evidence suggests that FM550 may be endocrine disrupting and obesogenic.Objectives: Our objectives were to develop methods to assess exposure to FM550 in human populations and to identify potential routes of exposure.Methods: Using mass spectrometry methods, we developed a method to measure 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA), a urinary metabolite of the major brominated FM550 component 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB). The method was applied to a cohort of adult volunteers (n = 64). Participants completed questionnaires, provided urine and handwipe samples, and collected dust samples from their homes. We measured TBB and the other major brominated FM550 component, bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), in paired dust and handwipe samples.Results: TBBA was detected in 72.4% of urine samples. Although TBBA is a rapidly formed metabolite, analyses indicated moderate temporal reliability (interclass correlation coefficient = 0.56; 95% confidence interval: 0.46, 0.66). TBB and TBPH were detected frequently in dust samples [geometric mean (GM) = 315.1 and 364.7 ng/g, respectively] and in handwipes (GM = 31.4 and 23.4 ng, respectively). Levels of TBB and TBPH in dust were positively correlated with levels in handwipes. In addition, levels of TBB in handwipes were positively correlated with urinary TBBA. Results suggest frequent hand washing may reduce the mass of TBB on participants’ hands and reduce urinary TBBA levels.Conclusions: Cumulatively, our data indicate that exposures to FM550 are widespread and that the home environment may be an important source of exposure. Urinary TBBA provides a potentially useful biomarker of FM550 exposure for epidemiologic studies.Citation: Hoffman K, Fang M, Horman B, Patisaul HB, Garantziotis S, Birnbaum LS, Stapleton HM. 2014. Urinary tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA) as a biomarker of exposure to the flame retardant mixture Firemaster® 550. Environ Health Perspect 122:963–969; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1308028
1018 EXPOSURE-VIRAL RESPONSE ANALYSES OF THE NON-NUCLEOSIDE POLYMERASE INHIBITOR ABT-333, FOLLOWING MONOTHERAPY AND ABT-333 PLUS PEGYLATED INTERFERON AND RIBAVIRIN THERAPY
Authors: S. Mensing, R. Menon, C. Klein, P. Diderichsen, A. Kaefer, P. Noertersheuser, W. Awni
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Reply to Alchiede Simonato and Andrea Gregori's Letter to the Editor re: Altaf Mangera, Jacob M. Patterson, Christopher R. Chapple. A Systematic Review of Graft Augmentation Urethroplasty Techniques for the Treatment of Anterior Urethral Strictures. Eur Urol 2011;59:797–814
Authors: Altaf Mangera, Jacob Patterson, Chris Chapple
Journal: European Urology (2011)
Abnormal Aminopyrine Metabolism in Patients With Hepatic Neoplasm
Authors: Gershon W. Hepner, Stephen R. Uhlin, Allan Lipton, Harold A. Harvey, G. Victor Rohrer
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Aminopyrine metabolism was assessed by the aminopyrine breath test (ABT) in 153 patients with malignant disease, of whom 75 had hepatic neoplasm and 78 had none. Radioactive carbon dioxide (14CO2) exhalation was measured two hours after oral administration of a trace dose of carbon-14 labeled aminopyrine. The ABT was correct in 62 of 75 (83%) patients with hepatic neoplasm and in 73 of 78 (94%) patients without. It was correct in 16 of 22 (73%) patients who had hepatic neoplasm without abnormal serum biochemistry. Aminopyrine metabolic clearance rate (AMCR) was 32.4 ml/min in patients with hepatic neoplasm and 103.4 +/- 18.8 ml/min in the patients without. There was a highly significant correlation between ABT and AMCR (r =.76, P less than .01). We conclude that aminopyrine metabolism is depressed in most patients with hepatic neoplasm and that the ABT affords a useful method for detecting malignant tumors of the liver.
DURATION OF INFECTIVITY OF GONORRHEA IN THE MALE
Authors: JOHN F. HOGAN
Journal: JAMA (1925)

The period in which gonorrhea began to infect man is unknown, but the earliest records make mention of it. The disease was treated crudely until 1879, when Neisser<sup>1</sup>discovered the diplococcus, which he termed the gonococcus, and which has since been looked on as the etiologic factor of the disease. Six years later, in 1885, Bumm,<sup>2</sup>a German investigator, reported that he had succeeded in securing the gonococcus through culture on peptone agar with serum as a medium. In the work reported here, smears were tried and then the different mediums were used and finally hydrocele agar was chosen, which agar was first described by Wertheim,<sub>3</sub>in 1899. In growing the gonococcus on this medium, the method of reduced oxygen tension, as described by Schwartz,<sup>4</sup>in 1920, was followed. At times it is difficult to obtain hydrocele fluid to make hydrocele agar, and often one has
Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Klaus V. Toyka, Daniel B. Drachman, Diane E. Griffin, Alan Pestronk, Jerry A. Winkelstein, Kenneth H. Fischbeck, Ing Kao
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

To study the role of humoral factors in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis, we employed passive transfer of human serum fractions to mice. Immunoglobulins from 16 patients with myasthenia gravis were injected into mice daily for one to 14 days. Typical myasthenic features of reduction in amplitude of miniature end-plate potentials (mean change more than 50 per cent, P<0.005) or reduction in acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions (mean change more than 50 per cent, P<0.005) (or both) were produced by immunoglobulin from 15 of the 16 patients. Some mice showed weakness or decremental responses to repetitive nerve stimulation as well. The active fraction was identified as IgG by three different purification methods. Its effect was enhanced by the third component (C3) of the complement system, but the fifth component (C5) had no effect. These data suggest that the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis often involves an antibody-mediated autoimmune attack on the acetylcholine receptors of the neuromuscular junction. (N Engl J Med 296:125–131, 1977)
Adenylate cyclase activity during growth and maturation of keratinocytes: comparison of two methods of study
Authors: DAVID I. WILKINSON, ELAINE K. ORENBERG
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1983)

The adenylate cyclase activity of primary cultures of guinea-pig ear keratinocytes was studied at different times by challenge with various agonists after labelling of ATP by exposure of the cells to [3H]-adenine. The [3H]-cAMP (cyclic adenosine-3′,5-monophosphate) formed was assayed by scintillation counting. In other experiments, cells were exposed to the equivalent amount of unlabelled adenine, challenged and cAMP was then assayed by radioimmunoassay. These absolute amounts were compared to [3H]-cAMP levels expressed as percentage conversion of [3H]-ATP. Comparison of the two methods suggested that the use of the prelabelling method would result in underestimation of cAMP formed. It was found that the response of the enzyme to different agonists changed with the length of time of the cells in culture.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE HEART IN MOTHERS AND THE NEW-BORN
Authors: S. CALVIN SMITH
Journal: JAMA (1922)

The studies herein reported were undertaken for the purpose of determining what changes, if any, were induced in the mother heart by pregnancy. Clinical observations were supplemented by electrocardiographic studies, in order to secure written evidence of any possible heart abnormalities which might not be detected by ordinary clinical methods. The opportunity to study the hearts of babies immediately following birth and for varying periods during the first few weeks thereafter was taken advantage of at the same time, and the observations on the hearts of the newborn are incorporated in this article. The investigations were conducted at the Medico-Chirurgical Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Medicine during the summer and fall months of 1921. <h3>REASONS FOR EMPLOYING ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY</h3> For the information of those who may not yet appreciate the clinical significance of the recently introduced method of heart examination, it is well to set forth at
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Functionally Compartmentalizes the Concurrent G <sub>s</sub> Signaling During β <sub>2</sub> -Adrenergic Stimulation
Authors: Su-Hyun Jo, Veronique Leblais, Ping H. Wang, Michael T. Crow, Rui-Ping Xiao
Journal: Circulation Research (2002)

Compartmentation of intracellular signaling pathways serves as an important mechanism conferring the specificity of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. In the heart, stimulation of β 2 -adrenoceptor (β 2 -AR), a prototypical GPCR, activates a tightly localized protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, which regulates substrates at cell surface membranes, bypassing cytosolic target proteins (eg, phospholamban). Although a concurrent activation of β 2 -AR-coupled G i proteins has been implicated in the functional compartmentation of PKA signaling, the exact mechanism underlying the restriction of the β 2 -AR-PKA pathway remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) plays an essential role in confining the β 2 -AR-PKA signaling. Inhibition of PI3K with LY294002 or wortmannin enables β 2 -AR-PKA signaling to reach intracellular substrates, as manifested by a robust increase in phosphorylation of phospholamban, and markedly enhances the receptor-mediated positive contractile and relaxant responses in cardiac myocytes. These potentiating effects of PI3K inhibitors are not accompanied by an increase in β 2 -AR-induced cAMP formation. Blocking G i or Gβγ signaling with pertussis toxin or βARK-ct, a peptide inhibitor of Gβγ, completely prevents the potentiating effects induced by PI3K inhibition, indicating that the pathway responsible for the functional compartmentation of β 2 -AR-PKA signaling sequentially involves G i , Gβγ, and PI3K. Thus, PI3K constitutes a key downstream event of β 2 -AR-G i signaling, which confines and negates the concurrent β 2 -AR/G s -mediated PKA signaling.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE MIXED LYMPHOCYTE INTERACTION IN RATS
Authors: Darcy B. Wilson, Peter C. Nowell
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1971)

These studies were designed to determine what influence prior immunization with homologous H isoantigens might have on the subsequent proliferative activity of lymphocytes from these animals in the mixed lymphocyte interaction. The results demonstrate the following: (a) Subcutaneous immunization with splenic cells from donors differing at the major H locus accelerates the tempo of the proliferative response to F(1) cells bearing these same antigens in the MLI, whereas antigen given systemically reduces the proliferative response. (b) The altered proliferative behavior is specific for the immunizing antigens. (c) The period after immunization during which the MLI displays an altered tempo is a short one, lasting not longer than 3 wk. (d) Whether they are derived from previously immunized or from normal donors, the proportion of lymphocytes responsive in the MLI is the same, even though the response profiles are different. These results suggest that in comparison to immune responses to other types of antigens, immunologic reactivity to the major H isoantigens already involves a large number of antigen-reactive cells in normal animals and that the proportion of these cells is not increased as a result of immunization. Rather, lymphocytes from immunized animals respond more rapidly to the presence of these antigens.
The illnesses of Elizabeth Barrett Browning.
Authors: J. N. Milnes
Journal: BMJ (1989)

Early thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction will probably also soon come within their realm.If such a degree of incorrect treatment or lack of treatment is reflected in their other duties there would be strong arguments for restricting ex- tended training to providing defibrillation alone.Ms Walters and Dr Glucksman seem to support this view already.We are not sure.When the study was ending the NHS Training Authority sanctioned the development of full extended ambulance training by publishing guidelines about the selection of trainees and the contents of the syllabus and examinations.The authority recommended that a local advisory and assessment panel with members drawn from ambulance, medical, and nursing staff approve arrangements for annual recertification or retrain- ing of ambulance crews.'Perhaps the reported results would have been better ifthe ambulance staffconcerned had received more feedback and support from their original trainers.It is most important, however, to emphasise the recommendations of Ms Walters and Dr Glucksman-namely, that there is adequate monitoring and medical control of extended trained ambulance staff.Further studies should be performed to determine whether the existing syllabus is appropriate and may be properly implemented by the staff presently being trained.
Health systems and the right to health: an assessment of 194 countries
Authors: Gunilla Backman, Paul Hunt, Rajat Khosla, Camila Jaramillo-Strouss, Belachew Mekuria Fikre, Caroline Rumble, David Pevalin, David Acurio Páez, Mónica Armijos Pineda, Ariel Frisancho, Duniska Tarco, Mitra Motlagh, Dana Farcasanu, Cristian Vladescu
Journal: The Lancet (2008)
Ian Kirkland Hart
Authors: N. Fletcher
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Ian Kirkland Hart was an eminent consultant neurologist at the Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery in Liverpool. He had many professional achievements in a distinguished but tragically short professional career. Ian was born in Cathcart, Glasgow, was educated at Claremont High School, and attended the University of Glasgow to read medicine. Like many academically inclined and able students, he took an extra year to read for a BSc in physiology—awarded in 1981. During this time he published three papers on neurological reflexes and blood pressure control. Ian was awarded a Scottish Home and Health Department scholarship and also a Carnegie Foundation undergraduate scholarship in 1982 before he qualified with a commendation in 1983.

Ian’s clinical ability was noted early in his career when he was appointed to house officer and senior house officer posts in the University Department of Medicine in Glasgow, where he worked for two successive regius professors of medicine, Sir Abraham Goldberg and Professor John Reid, from 1983 to 1986. Ian’s next appointment was as registrar in neurology at the Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, from 1986 to 1987. During this time he published 10 clinical papers on various aspects of clinical neurology (Guillain-Barre syndrome, CNS infections, motor neurone disease, complications of lumbar puncture, and—significantly—an early paper on cancer and the nervous system). He then moved to London as a Medical Research Council research fellow at University College London, working on brain cell development with Professor M Raff. Here Ian learned the specialised research laboratory methods that …
Birch Pollen and Aspirin Psoriasis
Authors: Walter B. Shelley
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Generalized pustular psoriasis, reportedly due to an exquisite hypersensitivity to salicylates of tree, shrub, and medical origin, was observed in a six-year-old child. In an effort to account for the explosive appearance of the eruption each April he spent in the eastern Pennsylvania mountains, sweet birch (<i>Betula lenta</i>) pollen was incriminated as the exciting agent since the tree produces large quantities of methyl salicylate (sweet birch oil). The biochemistry of the pharmacopeia as well as of plant life reveal many sources of salicylate.
Abstract LB-215: Concomitant targeting of tumor cells and induction of T cell response synergizes to effectively inhibit trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer.
Authors: Qingfei Wang, Shau-Hsuan Li, Hai Wang, Yi Xiao, Ozgur Sahin, Samuel W. Brady, Ping Li, Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, Dihua Yu
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Introduction: Trastuzumab is an iconic example of rationally designed targeted therapy for HER2-positive breast cancers; however, trastuzumab resistance is a imposing clinical challenge that calls for novel approaches to better benefit patients. The purpose of this study was to find alternative combinatorial targeted therapies to overcome trastuzumab resistance. Methods: We used two distinct PTEN-loss mediated trastuzumab resistant mammary tumor mouse models. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and Akt inhibitor triciribine (TCN) were applied alone or in combination with 7.16.4 antibody, the mouse equivalent of the trastuzumab, for the treatment of tumor-bearing mice. Immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, in vivo cytotoxicity assay and quantitative real time PCR were employed to dissect the in vivo effects of the treatments and molecular changes. Results: Concomitant targeting of tumor cells with Akt inhibitor TCN plus trastuzumab, and activation of T cells with anti-CTLA-4 antibody in the tumor microenvironment results in a synergistic inhibitory effect on tumor growth and overcomes trastuzumab resistance in both mammary tumor mouse models. In vivo combinatorial treatment with the 7.16.4 HER2/Neu antibody and TCN effectively inhibited tumor growth in both models via inhibiting PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling accompanied by increased T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. We demonstrated that both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were essential to the optimal antitumor effect of the combination treatment in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Importantly, the antitumor activities of HER2/Neu antibody and TCN combination treatment were further improved when we blocked co-inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) to enhance the T cell response. Conclusion: Our data indicate that multi-targeted combinatorial therapies targeting tumor cells and concomitantly enhancing T-cell response in the tumor microenvironment cooperated to exert maximal therapeutic activity. We propose that concomitant targeting tumor cells and tumor microenvironment is a promising clinical strategy for treating trastuzumab-resistant breast cancers and other advanced malignancies. Citation Format: Qingfei Wang, Shau-Hsuan Li, Hai Wang, Yi Xiao, Ozgur Sahin, Samuel W. Brady, Ping Li, Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, Dihua Yu. Concomitant targeting of tumor cells and induction of T cell response synergizes to effectively inhibit trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-215. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-215
Effect of colchicine on lymphocyte and monocyte function and its relation to fibroblast proliferation in primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: David Kershenobich, Marcos Rojkind, Alfonso Quiroga, Jorge Alcocer-Varela
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

Lymphocyte and monocyte function was investigated in eight patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and in age-matched and sex-matched controls. In three of the eight cirrhotic patients, two were in the late stage of the disease (stage III) and concanavalin A-induced suppressor cell function was markedly decreased; it returned to normal levels after 1 mo of treatment consisting of 5 mg per week of orally administered colchicine. The relative percentage of T cell subsets (CD3, CD4 and CD8) and the mean percentage of the helper and the suppressor phenotype were similar in cirrhotic patients and in controls. Basal production of interleukin-1 activity by a monocyte-enriched fraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of cirrhotic patients was three-fold above control values: after stimulation with endotoxin, interleukin-1 values increased tenfold above basal levels in monocyte-enriched fraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of both normal and cirrhotic patients. Colchicine normalized the basal production of interleukin-1 and inhibited its stimulation by endotoxin by 50%. Culture supernatants of endotoxin-stimulated monocyte-enriched fraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells increased the proliferation of cultured human skin fibroblasts by 50%. In contrast, supernatants from stimulated monocyte-enriched fraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from colchicine-treated patients significantly inhibited fibroblast proliferation. These findings suggest that stimulated chronic inflammatory cells may play an important role in liver fibrosis. Some of the actions of colchicine could be related to its effects on lymphocyte and monocyte function.
Ethical Considerations in the Treatment of Infertility in Women with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: H Minkoff, N Santoro
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

An estimated 120,000 to 160,000 women in the United States are currently living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.1 The majority of these women are of reproductive age, and many of the risk factors that are linked to HIV infection (e.g., unsafe sexual activities) may also predispose them to infertility. Since the early years of the HIV epidemic, the treatment of infertility in HIV-infected couples has been controversial. Among the issues that reproductive endocrinologists who treat infertile women with HIV infection have had to confront are the possibility of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and the likelihood that the mother will . . .