tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Relation of nicotine yield of cigarettes to blood nicotine concentrations in smokers.
Authors: M A Russell, M Jarvis, R Iyer, C Feyerabend
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Blood nicotine and carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) concentrations were studied in 330 smokers (206 women and 124 men). Blood nicotine concentrations in individual smokers varied from 25 to 444 nmol/l (4 to 72 ng/ml). The average concentration, 203 nmol/l (33 ng/ml), was the same in the men and the women, although cigarette consumption was higher in the men. Despite large differences in nicotine yield, there was no relation between blood nicotine concentration and the type of cigarette smoked: smokers of plain, untipped cigarettes (1.9 mg nicotine), cigarettes with unventilated filters (1.3 mg nicotine), and cigarettes with ventilated filters (0.8 mg nicotine) had similar blood nicotine concentrations. Cigarette consumption was also similar in these three groups. The correlation between blood nicotine concentration and nicotine yield of cigarette, though significant, was low (0.21, p &lt; 0.001), showing that the nicotine yield of the cigarettes accounted for only 4.4% of the variation in blood nicotine concentrations. Similarly, the low correlation of 0.30 between COHb concentration and cigarette consumption suggests that cigarette consumption accounted for only 9% of the variation in the amount of smoke taken into the smokers9 lungs. These results suggest that the assumed health advantage of switching to lower-tar and lower-nicotine cigarettes may be largely offset by the tendency of smokers to compensate by increasing inhalation. The findings of epidemiological studies showing lower risks with filter-tipped cigarettes may be attributable to other factors such as biases in the samples and changes in the quality and carcinogenicity of tobacco tar, rather than to reduced tar intake.
Mannose-induced dysmorphogenesis of metanephric kidney. Role of proteoglycans and adenosine triphosphate.
Authors: Z Z Liu, F A Carone, T M Dalecki, B Lelongt, E I Wallner, Y S Kanwar
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Because various fetal anomalies are seen in diabetic offspring, we examined the effects of sugars on proteoglycans (PGs): extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules modulating morphogenesis. 13-d-old mouse metanephric kidney explants were exposed to mannose for 7 d and labeled with [35S]sulfate, [35S]-methionine, or [3H]thymidine. Mannose exposure caused reduction in kidney size and disorganization of ureteric bud branches with inhibition of glomerulogenesis. Tissue autoradiographic and immunofluorescence studies indicated decreased expression of sulfated PGs in ECMs. Helix pomatia lectin binding to D-GalNAc residues of glomerular epithelial cells was also reduced. Biochemical studies revealed decreased synthesis of sulfated PGs. PGs were of lower molecular weight with reduced charge density and increased chondroitin/heparan sulfate ratio. Immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labeled proteins confirmed the reduction of PG core peptides. Intracellular ATP levels were reduced. The addition of 0.1 mM ATP to culture media restored kidney size, the population of glomeruli, and the synthesis and characteristics of PGs to almost normal, with no detectable effect on the replication of cells as determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation. The effect of ATP could be partially blocked by the P2y-purinoreceptor, i.e., reactive blue-2. Data suggest that mannose causes energy depletion by cellular ATP consumption and thus selectively alters the synthesis of heavily glycosylated proteins with rapid turnover, such as PGs, resulting in renal dysmorphogenesis.
Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Links the B Cell Receptor to Nuclear Factor κb Activation
Authors: Urmila D. Bajpai, Keming Zhang, Mark Teutsch, Ranjan Sen, Henry H. Wortis
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2000)

The recognition of antigen by membrane immunoglobulin M (mIgM) results in a complex series of signaling events in the cytoplasm leading to gene activation. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a member of the Tec family of tyrosine kinases, is essential for the full repertoire of IgM signals to be transduced. We examined the ability of BTK to regulate the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB/Rel family of transcription factors, as the activation of these factors is required for a B cell response to mIgM. We found greatly diminished IgM- but not CD40-mediated NF-kappaB/Rel nuclear translocation and DNA binding in B cells from X-linked immunodeficient (xid) mice that harbor an R28C mutation in btk, a mutation that produces a functionally inactive kinase. The defect was due, in part, to a failure to fully degrade the inhibitory protein of NF-kappaB, IkappaBalpha. Using a BTK-deficient variant of DT40 chicken B cells, we found that expression of wild-type or gain-of-function mutant BTK, but not the R28C mutant, reconstituted NF-kappaB activity. Thus, BTK is essential for activation of NF-kappaB via the B cell receptor.
Osteoconductive modifications of Ti-implants in a goat defect model: characterization of bone growth with SR μCT and histology
Authors: Ricardo Bernhardt, Juliette van den Dolder, Sussane Bierbaum, Rene Beutner, Dieter Scharnweber, John Jansen, Felix Beckmann, Hartmut Worch
Journal: Biomaterials (2004)
General Concepts Relative to Origin, Maintenance, Proliferation, and Maturation of Hematopoietic Cells.
Authors: Matthew Block
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1965)

s1 May 1965General Concepts Relative to Origin, Maintenance, Proliferation, and Maturation of Hematopoietic Cells.Matthew Block, M.D., Ph.D.Matthew Block, M.D., Ph.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-62-5-1085_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptBlood formation may be analyzed in terms of kinetics (the rate of production of cells) and maturation (elaboration of specific morphologic and functional features characteristic of a cell; for example, hemoglobin for transporting oxygen in a red cell).The kinetic aspects are further analyzable in terms of (1) replication of stem cells (either fixed, stellate cells as reticular cell or free stem cells), (2) transformation of stem cell(s) into one of the cell lineages (influx, heteroplastic formation), (3) mitotic proliferation within a specific cell lineage, (4) maturation time prior to release into the circulation, and (5) wastage or ineffective hematopoiesis... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Denver, Colorado PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1965Volume 62, Issue 5Page: 1085-1085KeywordsBlood cellsCell proliferationCellsHematopoiesisHemoglobinOxygenStem cells Issue Published: 1 May 1965 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Psychosomatic Factors Involved in the Process of Cancerogenesis
Authors: Ronald Grossarth-Maticek, Dusan T. Kanazir, Hermann Vetter, Peter Schmidt
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1983)

In a Yugoslav village, psychosocial, anamnestic medical, and pathophysiological data were recorded for 1,353 persons in a longitudinal study. The role of psychosocial stress in carcinogenesis, as far as we have investigated it, may be described as follows: (1) Psychosocial stress in terms of high hopelessness, high antiemotionality, etc. has a strong relevance for cancer incidence which does not act via one of our physiological variables associated with cancer. This follows from the results of our multivariate analysis. (2) Psychosocial stress is substantially associated with a low lymphocyte percentage, which in turn is a relatively strong risk factor for cancer. (3) Psychosocial stress is relatively weakly associated with the cholesterol minimum; but apart from the fact that the cholesterol characteristics of cancer subjects are more marked descriptively under stress conditions, psychosocial stress significantly enhances the efficacy of the most important physiological risk variables for cancer.
High-Resolution Imaging of Myocardial Bridging
Authors: Dirk Bose, Sebastian Philipp
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

A 57-year-old man presented with a sudden onset of chest pain, which suggested the possibility of myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography revealed a myocardial bridge in the left anterior descending coronary artery. The myocardial bridge decreased the diameter of the artery substantially during systole (Panel A, with arrow pointing to myocardial bridge). Optical coherence tomography showed no evidence of atherosclerosis but did show vessel patency during diastole (Panel B) and collapse during systole (Panel C). A myocardial bridge is a band of myocardial tissue overlying a segment of epicardial coronary artery. Myocardial bridging is a congenital abnormality that typically occurs in . . .
THE CHEMICAL ALTERATION OF A BACTERIAL SURFACE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE AGGLUTINATION OF B. PROTEUS OX-19
Authors: Seymour S. Cohen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1945)

The chemical substitution of a bacterial surface has been effected by the addition of benzene sulfonyl chloride to B. proteus OX-19. The substitution of imidazole and amino groups on the bacteria has been followed by the microelectrophoretic method. Concomitant changes in the agglutinability of substituted organisms have been observed, without appreciable change in the antibody-combining capacities of the organisms. The significance of these observations has been discussed.
An Unusual Case of Cyanosis in Right Ventricular Dysplasia in a Child
Authors: Santokh S. Dhillon, Walter J. Duncan, Kevin C. Harris, George G.S. Sandor
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)

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A 6-year-old girl was seen for cardiac murmur, exercise intolerance, and oxygen desaturation with moderate exercise. Transthoracic ( A and B, red arrows ; [Online Video 1][6]) and
IgE Antibodies to Helminths and the Cross-Reactive Oligosaccharide Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alphaGal) among Children in a Village in Africa
Authors: J HOSEN, M PERZANOWSKI, M CARTER, J ODHIAMBO, L NGANGA, P NGARI, S SATINOVER, T PLATTSMILLS
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2008)

Recent reports have identified IgE antibodies to alphaGal as a cause of anaphylactic reactions to the mAb cetuximab. These IgE antibodies cross-react with proteins from cat, dog, beef and pork. Previous reports showed that children in Africa had IgE ab to cat allergens despite negative skin tests and no exposure to cats. We report here the connection between IgE ab to alphaGal, cat proteins and helminth parasites. Sera from children (age 9-11) in rural (Kabati) and urban (Thika) Kenya and Atlanta, GA were assayed for IgE ab to alphaGal, cat, mite, Ascaris and Echinococcus, using ImmunoCAP or the modified assay with biotinylated antigens bound to Streptavidin CAP. Of 130 sera tested from Kabati 100 were positive for alphaGal IgE (GM: 3.96 IU/mL). In Thika 36 out of 123 were positive, in Atlanta 0 out of 52 were. In Kabati 95 of 130 sera were positive for Ascaris and 75 were positive for Echinococcus. The correlation with IgE to alphaGal was much stronger for Echinococcus (r = 0.84; p < 0.001) than for Ascaris (r = 0.19; p = 0.05). There was a close correlation between IgE ab to cat and IgE to alphaGal (r = 0.86; p < 0.001). IgE ab to alphaGal is widespread among children in an African village, less common in a small town and virtually non-existent among African American children in Atlanta. While the cause of sensitization is unclear, the correlation with Echinococcus suggests a tapeworm could be responsible. The correlation with IgE ab to alphaGal explains the previously enigmatic IgE ab to cat found in African sera.
Increased Ionized Calcium and Left Ventricular Contractility during Hemodialysis
Authors: William L. Henrich, Judson M. Hunt, J. V. Nixon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

Routine hemodialysis is associated with an increase in left ventricular contractility that is independent of a change in preload, but the mechanisms responsible are unknown. We investigated the importance of three distinct effects that regularly occur in hemodialysis and could potentially improve left ventricular contractility: the removal of uremic toxins, the increase in the plasma ionized calcium concentration, and the increase in the plasma bicarbonate concentration. Three different dialysates were used for each of eight stable patients on long-term hemodialysis, and left ventricular contractility was assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography before and after each dialysis. In the first procedure neither the ionized calcium nor the bicarbonate concentration was allowed to increase, and left ventricular contractility did not improve. In the second procedure, ionized calcium increased (from 4.4 to 5.4 mg per deciliter, P less than 0.001), bicarbonate concentration was held constant, and contractility increased (from 0.74 to 0.93 circumferences per second, P less than 0.005). In the third procedure, ionized calcium was kept constant, the bicarbonate concentration increased (from 19 to 24 mmol per liter, P less than 0.001), but contractility did not increase. These results suggest that the increase in ionized calcium that occurs in regular dialysis is a key factor in the improvement in left ventricular contractility observed during the procedure.
Proctosigmoidoscopy and Guaiac Screening
Authors: David H. Greegor
Journal: JAMA (1975)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I quite agree with Dr. Powers (231:750,1975) that (1) proctosigmoidoscopy is fast, simple, and short, and that (2) routine employment as part of a physical examination with appropriate polypectomy cuts the incidence of rectal carcinoma by 60% to 75%. In the last ten years in my practice of internal medicine, I have detected 22 large-bowel cancers, only two of which were within range of the sigmoidoscope. All were positive on sequential stool guaiac screening. No matter whose statistics one uses, there is a great deal of bowel cancer undetectable by the scope, and any physician who enthusiastically scopes his physical examinees without sequential guaiac screening is lulling not only his patients but unfortunately himself into a false sense of security. The misplaced confidence in a negative sigmoidoscopic examination may cause insidious (but important) symptoms that arise during the following year to be ignored. Routine sigmoidoscopy? Absolutely. But
Plasmodium vivax: restricted tropism and rapid remodeling of CD71-positive reticulocytes
Authors: Benoit Malleret, Ang Li, Rou Zhang, Kevin S. W. Tan, Rossarin Suwanarusk, Carla Claser, Jee Sun Cho, Esther Geok Liang Koh, Cindy S. Chu, Sasithon Pukrittayakamee, Mah Lee Ng, Florent Ginhoux, Lai Guan Ng, Chwee Teck Lim, François Nosten, Georges Snounou, Laurent Rénia, Bruce Russell
Journal: Blood (2014)
Sarcoidosis Susceptibility and Resistance HLA-DQB1 Alleles in African Americans
Authors: Michael C. Iannuzzi, Mary J. Maliarik, Laila M. Poisson, Benjamin A. Rybicki
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Sarcoidosis, in the United States, more commonly and severely affects African Americans. HLA associations with sarcoidosis have been reported, but most studies used case-control designs, which may produce biased results because of population stratification. We examined transmission of HLA-DQB1 alleles in 225 African American families with at least one offspring with sarcoidosis. Of five low-resolution HLA-DQB1 alleles, *02 and *06 showed significant deviation in transmission patterns to affected offspring. High-resolution typing of these allelic subsets revealed that HLA-DQB1*0201 was transmitted to affected offspring half as often as expected (p = 0.001), whereas DQB1*0602 was transmitted to affected offspring about 20% more often than expected (p = 0.029). Examining interactions between *0201 and *0602 alleles and environmental exposures showed that *0602 varied little with respect to exposure, but sarcoidosis risk associated with *0201 often depended on exposure status. Alternatively, the *0602 allele in affected probands was associated with radiographic disease progression, but the *0201 allele showed no significant correlation with phenotype. Major differences in the amino acid sequences encoded by *0201 and *0602 alleles exist, which may explain the differential effects these alleles have on sarcoidosis susceptibility and progression in African Americans.
Angiotensin AT <sub>1</sub> Receptor Inhibition
Authors: Ellen O. Weinberg, Min Ae Lee, Marilyn Weigner, Klaus Lindpaintner, Sanford P. Bishop, Claude R. Benedict, Kalon K. L. Ho, Pamela S. Douglas, Edward Chafizadeh, Beverly H. Lorell
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background We tested the hypothesis that long-term administration of the specific angiotensin II subtype 1 (AT 1 )–receptor blocker BMS-186295 will regress hypertrophy and modify left ventricular angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) expression in rats with ascending aortic stenosis. Methods and Results Six weeks after surgery, rats with ascending aortic stenosis were randomized to receive either the AT 1 -receptor blocker BMS-186295 50 mg·kg −1 ·d −1 (n=49), amlodipine 2.5 mg·kg −1 ·d −1 (n=48) as a positive control for systemic vasodilation, or no drug (n=48) and compared with sham-operated rats (n=39). Drug treatment was continued for 15 weeks. Left ventricular ACE mRNA levels were measured by ribonuclease protection assay. The left ventricular/body weight ratio was increased 43% in hearts from rats with untreated left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) versus control hearts ( P &lt;.05). However, there was no difference in either the left ventricular/body weight ratio (2.78±0.08 versus 2.81±0.20 mg/g; P =NS) or myocyte cross-sectional area in the AT 1 -blocker–treated versus untreated LVH hearts. Amlodipine also showed no effect on regression of hypertrophy. In vivo left ventricular systolic pressure was significantly higher in untreated LVH versus sham-operated rats (193±8 versus 118±4 mm Hg; P &lt;.05), and there was a similar severe elevation of left ventricular systolic pressure in the AT 1 -blocker– and amlodipine-treated LVH groups (189±9 and 188±16 mm Hg; P =NS versus untreated LVH). In vivo left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was higher in the untreated LVH than in the sham-operated rats (14.8±2.3 versus 7.0±0.5 mm Hg; P &lt;.05). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was lower in the AT 1 -blocker–treated (11.0±1.7 mm Hg) and amlodipine-treated rats (11.5±1.8 mm Hg) and was similar to left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in the sham-operated rats ( P =NS). Left ventricular ACE mRNA levels were elevated in untreated LVH rats but were normalized in both the AT 1 -blocker–treated rats and amlodipine-treated rats. Conclusions Long-term AT 1 -receptor blockade did not regress LVH in rats with persistent systolic pressure overload due to ascending aortic stenosis. However, both AT 1 -receptor blockade and amlodipine improved in vivo left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in association with the normalization of left ventricular ACE mRNA levels.
Timolol: a non-sedative anxiolytic premedicant for day cases.
Authors: J. W. Mackenzie, J. Bird
Journal: BMJ (1989)

Delays before discharge notes and typed summaries were received bv the two practices Weybridge practice (combined discharge notc and prescription Dover practice for drugs to be taken home) (separate discharge note) No of patients admitted to hospital 57 62 No of deaths in hospital 7 2 No of patients discharged 50 60 No (%) of discharge notes received 36 (72) 44 (73) Delay in receiving discharge notes (days after discharge): Mean 3-0 4 5 Range 1-8 1-13 Median 2-1 3 1 No (%) of typed summaries received 36 (72) 36 (60) Delay in receiving typed summaries (days after dischargc): Mean 31-0 295 Range 4-92 8-75 Median 17 18 5 No (%) of patients seen by general practitioner before any information was received 7 (14) 14 (23)before any information was received, though the difference was not significant (p=0 2).
Short course prednisolone for adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder or stiff painful shoulder): a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial
Authors: R Buchbinder
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

<b>Objective:</b> To determine whether a short course of prednisolone is superior to placebo for improving pain, function, and range of motion in adhesive capsulitis. <b>Design:</b> Double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. <b>Setting:</b> Community based rheumatology practice in Australia. <b>Participants:</b> 50 participants (24 active, 26 placebo); 46 completed the 12 week protocol. Entry criteria were age ⩾18 years, pain and stiffness in predominantly one shoulder for ⩾3 weeks, and restriction of passive motion by &gt;30° in two or more planes. <b>Interventions:</b> 30 mg oral prednisolone/day for three weeks or placebo. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Overall, night, and activity related pain, SPADI, Croft shoulder disability questionnaire, DASH, HAQ, SF-36, participant rated improvement, and range of active motion measured at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 weeks. <b>Results:</b> At 3 weeks, there was greater improvement in overall pain in the prednisolone group than in the placebo group (mean (SD) change from baseline, 4.1 (2.3) <i>v</i> 1.4 (2.3); adjusted difference in mean change between the two groups, 2.4 (95% CI, 1.1 to 3.8)). There was also greater improvement in disability, range of active motion, and participant rated improvement (marked or moderate overall improvement in 22/23 <i>v</i> 11/23; RR = 2 (1.3 to 3.1), p = 0.001). At 6 weeks the analysis favoured the prednisolone group for most outcomes but none of the differences was significant. At 12 weeks, the analysis tended to favour the placebo group. <b>Conclusions:</b> A three week course of 30 mg prednisolone daily is of significant short term benefit in adhesive capsulitis but benefits are not maintained beyond six weeks.
Hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor are required for malaria infection
Authors: Margarida Carrolo, Silvia Giordano, Laura Cabrita-Santos, Simona Corso, Ana M Vigário, Susana Silva, Patricia Leirião, Daniel Carapau, Rosario Armas-Portela, Paolo M Comoglio, Ana Rodriguez, Maria M Mota
Journal: Nature Medicine (2003)
EXPERIMENTAL CHEMICAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Martha Wollstein, S. J. Meltzer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1918)

It is obvious from the experiments reported that concentrations of chloramine-T solutions, even more dilute than those which are well borne by the nasopharyngeal mucosa, are injurious to the pulmonary tissue when introduced directly into. the bronchi in large volume. The pulmonary lesions produced are of the nature of an extensive bronchopneumonia which progresses during the first 2 days after injection of the chemical and then regresses, to disappear, as a rule, by the 7th day. Similar pulmonary lesions were produced by intrabronchial insufflation of Dakin's solution of hypochlorite of sodium. These studies taken in conjunction with the earlier ones of Kline and Meltzer in which aleuronat, starch, egg yolk, and lecithin were insufflated into the lungs, show that pulmonary inflammation may be induced by various chemical substances-with the following differences. Aleuronat and starch set up consolidations containing much fibrin, as is the case with virulent pneumococci; egg yolk and lecithin gave lesions with little fibrin, as is the case with avirulent pneumococci. Both series of substances produced lobar pneumonia, while the pulmonary lesions induced by chloramine-T and sodium hypochlorite were of the nature of bronchopneumonia. The consolidations of the lung produced by chemical substances differ from infectious pulmonary inflammations only in their sterility. These experimental results strongly suggest the view that the anatomical findings in pneumonia represent a part of a mechanism of defense and repair which the animal body creates in its struggle against infection and intoxication.