tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE PATHOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION
Authors: ELI MOSCHCOWITZ
Journal: JAMA (1922)

When we speak of the pathology of a disease, we imply that an alteration in organic structure brings about changes in function which constitute the clinical aspects of the disease. In recent years, the inadequacy of pathology to explain alterations in function in certain morbid states has made many observers skeptical of this relationship. An association of a definite lesion with certain clinical phenomena does not necessarily imply that the lesion was the cause of the symptoms. The lesion may represent merely an end-product of the pathologic conditions that resulted primarily in functional changes which were the first discoverable symptoms of the malady. This is the problem that confronts us in discussing the pathology of hypertension. For years, the association of arteriosclerosis and nephritis in patients dying of hypertension led many to believe that these lesions were the cause of the increased blood pressure. Many theories were proposed and much
CD4+ T-Cell Response to Mitochondrial<i>Cytochrome b</i>in Human Melanoma
Authors: Kui Shin Voo, Gang Zeng, Jian-Bing Mu, Juhua Zhou, Xin-Zhuan Su, Rong-Fu Wang
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is highly susceptible to mutations due to the low level of DNA repair and the presence of a high level of reactive oxygen species in the organelle. Although mtDNA mutations have been implicated in degenerating diseases, aging, and cancer, very little is known about the role of T cells in immunosurveillance for mtDNA aberrations. Here, we describe T-cell recognition of a peptide translated from an alternative open reading frame of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene in melanoma cells established from a patient. To understand how the cyt b gene is transcribed and translated in tumor cells, we found that cyt b–specific CD4+ T cells only recognized protein fractions derived from cytoplasm and not from mitochondria. However, T-cell recognition of tumor cells could be inhibited by treatment of tumor cells with rhodamine 6G inhibitor, which depletes mitochondria. These findings suggest that cyt b mRNA is leaked out of the mitochondria and then translated in the cytoplasm for presentation to CD4+ T cells. The cyt b cDNAs from this patient contain highly heteroplasmic transition mutations compared with control cell lines, suggesting a compromise of mitochondrial integrity that may have contributed to melanoma induction or progression. These findings provide the first example of a mitochondrial immune target for CD4+ T cells and therefore have implications for the immunosurveillance of mitochondrial aberrations in cancer patients. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(11): 5919-26)
Effects of prindolol on isoproterenol-induced subendocardial ischaemia in dogs with multiple chronic coronary artery occlusion
Authors: W. FLAMENG, B. WUSTEN, W. SCHAPER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1975)

Multiple chronic coronary artery occlusions were produced in dogs by implantation of ameroid rings on the circumflex branches of the left and right coronary artery. Sixty-five per cent of the animals survived. Seventy-seven per cent of the remaining animals had no detectable myocardial infarction. Myocardial blood flow distribution was studied 4 weeks after operation using the tracer microsphere technique. During control conditions myocardial blood flow was homogeneously distributed within the left ventricle. In one group of dogs, regional dilatory capacity was tested by intravenous infusion of dipyridamole. Four compartments of myocardial blood flow were found. The collateral dependent subendocardium with 114 ml/min-100 g-1 was the lowest perfusion rate. In another group of dogs myocardial blood flow distribution was examined during isoproterenol infusion and after beta-blockade with prindolol during continuous isoproterenol infusion. During isoproterenol infusion, a nonhomogeneous blood flow pattern was found when the heart rate increased to 200/min together with a slight fall in diastolic perfusion pressure. Under these conditions, the flow to the collateral dependent subendocardium was severely diminished, while the flow to the areas perfused by normal coronary arteries increased, reflecting compensatory vasodilation. After beta-blockade with prindolol 0.1 mg/kg, the myocardial blood flow distribution was also nonhomogeneous but in the opposite direction: the collateral dependent subendocardium was now the best perfused compartment. The flow to the areas perfused by normal coronary arteries decreased due to the reduced oxygen requirements, while the collateral dependent subendocardium remained maximally dilated. This phenomenon was explained as a postischaemic reactive hyperaemic response to the isoproterenol-induced ischaemia in the collateral dependent subendocardium.
Malignant Papillary Dermatitis of the Nipple and the Breast-Tumours with which it is Found Associated
Authors: G. Thin
Journal: BMJ (1881)

editor of the JOURNAL.It appeared desirable to select a designation that should, to some extent, have reference to the pathological changes which characterise the dis- ease, and more especially to discontinue in this connection the use of the term " eczema of the nipple", as tending to produce confusion, by giving one name to two distinct morbid conditions.
Combination treatment with metformin and glibenclamide versus single-drug therapies in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, comparative study
Authors: Flavia Tosi, Michele Muggeo, Elisabetta Brun, Giovanna Spiazzi, Laura Perobelli, Elisabetta Zanolin, Mario Gori, Alessandro Coppini, Paolo Moghetti
Journal: Metabolism (2003)
IL-17A is a novel player in dialysis-induced peritoneal damage
Authors: Raquel Rodrigues-Díez, Luiz S. Aroeira, Macarena Orejudo, M-Auxiliadora Bajo, José Jiménez Heffernan, Raúl R Rodrigues-Díez, Sandra Rayego-Mateos, Alberto Ortiz, Guadalupe Gonzalez-Mateo, Manuel López-Cabrera, Rafael Selgas, Jesús Egido, Marta Ruiz-Ortega
Journal: Kidney International (2014)
Advertising watchdog bans "misleading" commercial on rotavirus vaccination
Authors: P. Chatterjee
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A complaint from a Delhi doctor to the advertising watchdog has led to the withdrawal of a television campaign on rotavirus vaccination from manufacturer GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). 

Nalini Abraham, a doctor in Delhi, complained to the Mumbai based Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) that GSK’s advertisement, shown on local television channels, wrongly claimed that vaccination is the only way to reduce the incidence of rotavirus infections. Abraham and many others say …
THE EXCRETION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID DURING ANESTHESIA
Authors: WESLEY BOURNE
Journal: JAMA (1924)

According to an explanation of the nature of the acidosis of anesthesia recently suggested by us, 1 the acidosis is due to the discharge of phosphoric acid from the muscles, which then neutralizes a portion of the blood alkali. Owing to the anuria or oliguria that often occurs in anesthesia, this phosphoric acid may not be excreted at once, but appears to be retained in the liver until after the anesthesia, when it is excreted or redistributed. In those instances in which anuria or oliguria does not develop, the augmented excretion of phosphorus may occur during the period of anesthesia.  The results contained in an earlier paper 2 demonstrating an increase of sodium and potassium excretion during and subsequent to anesthesia are in harmony with the theory proposed.  In all the experiments previously reported, animals were used. The present communication concerns the phosphorus and chlorid excretion in human beings, as
TCT-55 Major Adverse Cardiac Events Associated With Discontinuation Of Clopidogrel Treatment Within The First Year After Coronary Stent Implantation In Western Denmark
Authors: Michael Maeng, Troels Thim, Gro Chisholm, Martin Johansen, Morten Schmidt, Henrik T. Sørensen, Lisette Okkels Jensen, Per Thayssen, Hans-Henrik Tilsted, Hans Erik Bøtker, Jens Lassen, Leif Thuesen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Successful treatment of canine hemophilia by continuous expression of canine FVIIa
Authors: Paris Margaritis, Elise Roy, Majed N. Aljamali, Harre D. Downey, Urs Giger, Shangzhen Zhou, Elizabeth Merricks, Aaron Dillow, Mirella Ezban, Timothy C. Nichols, Katherine A. High
Journal: Blood (2008)
Justice and Health Care
Authors: James H. Humber
Journal: JAMA (1981)

This anthology examines the principle of justice and attempts to trace its implications for health care. The first of three sections contains four essays, which discuss the historical and conceptual backgrounds of the principle of justice. Section 2 is concerned with applying the principle of justice to the care of individuals and classes of persons. Section 3, the largest section in the book, focuses on questions of a broader nature, eg, how is a just society to allocate its resources, and, once certain goods have been earmarked for health care, how should those resources be distributed? One can only wonder as to the audience for which this book is intended. So far as the book is concerned, justice and health care is an all-important issue, but whether the book is perceived as having merit will depend, in large measure, on the character of the audience. If the editor intends it
Urinary Cadmium, Impaired Fasting Glucose, and Diabetes in the NHANES III
Authors: Gary G. Schwartz, Dora Il’yasova, Anastasia Ivanova
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

OBJECTIVE—Increasing rates of type 2 diabetes worldwide suggest that diabetes may be caused by environmental toxins. Cadmium is a widespread environmental pollutant that accumulates in the pancreas and exerts diabetogenic effects in animals. To test the hypothesis that exposure to cadmium is associated with impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes, we examined the associations between urinary cadmium and the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (prediabetes) and diabetes in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We analyzed data on 8,722 adults ≥40 years of age from the NHANES III (1988–1994), a cross-sectional health survey of a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized civilian U.S. population. We studied urinary levels of cadmium (adjusted for urine creatinine) in relation to the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes, using the criteria of the American Diabetes Association. RESULTS—After adjustment for age, ethnicity, sex, and BMI, the odds of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes increased dose-dependently with elevations in urinary cadmium from 0–0.99 to 1.00–1.99 and ≥2 μg/g creatinine (impaired fasting glucose, odds ratio [OR] 1.48, 95% CI 1.21–1.82 and OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.42–2.95; diabetes, OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.06–1.45 and OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.07–1.97). CONCLUSIONS—In this large cross-sectional study, urinary cadmium levels are significantly and dose-dependently associated with both impaired fasting glucose and diabetes. These findings, which require confirmation in prospective studies, suggest that cadmium may cause prediabetes and diabetes in humans.
Grampian Health Board's joint drug formulary.
Authors: G Garvey, B Jappy, D Stewart, A Williams, P R Duffus, J M Maitland, M J Valentine, S Wedderburn, J Webster, J C Petrie
Journal: BMJ (1990)

OBJECTIVE--To develop a model for creating a joint general practice-hospital formulary, using the example of ulcer healing drugs. DESIGN--A joint formulary development group produced draft guidelines based on an earlier hospital formulary, which were sent to interested local general practitioners for consultation. Revised guidelines were then drawn up and forwarded to the health board9s medicines committee for approval and distribution. SETTING--Grampian Health Board. SUBJECTS--Nine members of joint formulary development group plus local general practitioners who were invited to comment on a list of 11 ulcer healing drugs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Degree of coincidence of drugs selected by hospital doctors and general practitioners. RESULTS--The ulcer healing drugs selected by the panel of general practitioners and by hospital doctors were highly coincident. The cost of one day9s treatment with drugs varied considerably between hospital and general practice--for example, one drug cost 46p in hospital and 1 pounds in general practice and another cost 1.26 pounds in hospital and 1.01 pounds in general practice. Overall, six drugs cost more in hospital and five cost more in general practice. CONCLUSIONS--A joint formulary for use in hospitals and general practice in a health board can be devised fairly simply by consultation as virtually the same drugs are used in both types of practice. It should influence the health board9s expenditure on drugs and affect the choice of drugs when a patient is discharged from hospital or is referred to any hospital in the region.
Letter: Thiamine in vegetarian diets.
Authors: A Long
Journal: BMJ (1976)

hours after dosing, by 7-16",, 16 hours after dosing, and by 8-13",, 24 hours after dosing.Thus once-daily therapy with sotalol has a 24-hour effect in reducing blood pressure.(2) The dose of sotalol eventually required was related to the initial diastolic blood pressure.(3) In at least one patient there appeared to be a correlation between standing diastolic pressure, heart rate, and sotalol dosage.
Biotin-Responsive Carboxylase Deficiency Associated with Subnormal Plasma and Urinary Biotin
Authors: Jess Thoene, Herman Baker, Makoto Yoshino, Lawrence Sweetman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

AN increasing number of patients have been diagnosed as having biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 This genetic disorder involves defects in the metabolism of biotin and produces deficiencies of at least three biotin-containing carboxylases: propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC), and pyruvate carboxylase (PC). All patients have responded to oral administration of 10 mg or more of biotin per day, with normalization of the clinical and biochemical abnormalities.There appear to be two forms of the disorder: a neonatal form and a juvenile form. The neonatal form presents in the first weeks of life, with metabolic acidosis and ketosis and may . . .
Neurologic Manifestations of Chronic Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Authors: Gordon J. Gilbert, Gilbert H. Glaser
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

ALTHOUGH acute carbon monoxide intoxication is a florid, well known and easily recognized entity, chronic poisoning with carbon monoxide is an insidious disease, more difficult to recognize, but no less dramatic. The preponderance of work on this subject in recent years has come from France and Scandinavia, where it is considered to be a serious problem.1 2 3 Public-health officials in the United States are becoming increasingly aware that chronic carbon monoxide poisoning is frequently encountered,4 particularly in view of the steadily increasing use of gasoline engines. The following case is reported to illustrate presenting symptomatology and diagnostic difficulties that may be . . .
Consensus statement on ovarian cancer aims to settle dispute over symptoms
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<h3>Objectives</h3> Screening for cardiovascular risk factors and treating hyperlipidaemia with statins are recommended to reduce the increased cardiovascular risk in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, poor compliance with statins may limit their therapeutic benefit. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of statin discontinuation on risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among RA patients. <h3>Methods</h3> The authors conducted a population-based cohort study of RA patients with incident statin use followed from May 1996 to March 2006 using administrative health data. Primary exposure was statin discontinuation for ≥3 months at any time during therapy course. The authors used Cox9s proportional hazards models and modelled statin discontinuation as a time-dependent variable, while adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, use of other medications influencing cardiac risk, and proxy indicators of RA severity. <h3>Results</h3> During 15 669 person-years of follow-up in 4102 incident-statin users with RA, the authors identified 264 AMI events. Statin discontinuation was associated with 67% increased risk of AMI (adjusted HR 1.67; 95% CI 1.24 to 2.25). There was a 2% increase in risk of AMI with each 1-month increase in the duration of discontinuation (adjusted HR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.03). These associations were not modified by timing of first statin prescription, prior AMI status, sex and age (p values for interactions &gt;0.17). <h3>Conclusions</h3> These population-based data indicate that RA patients who discontinue statins have increased risk of AMI. Findings emphasise the need to raise awareness, among health professionals and people with RA, of the importance of compliance with statin therapy in RA.
A Prospective, Controlled Trial of Eight-Bit, 16-Bit, and 24-Bit Digital Color Images in Electronic Endoscopy
Authors: N. Vakil, K. Bourgeois
Journal: Endoscopy (1995)

Digital color information is obtained in "bits" or parcels of information for each color (red, green, blue) of a picture. As the number of bits increases, the amount of color information increases, and more colors can be displayed on a suitable monitor. With eight bits of information, 256 colors can be displayed; with 16 bits, several thousand colors can be displayed; and with 24 bits, more than 16 million colors can be displayed. We sought to determine the minimum requirement for diagnostic-quality endoscopy images in a prospective blinded trial.Twenty-four bit color images were digitally acquired from the processor using a video card and a personal computer. Ten lesions were chosen to represent the gamut of lesions seen in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Images were simultaneously obtained with decreasing color information (16 and eight bits), and these served as controls. Eleven observers were the test subjects. Six endoscopy nurses, who perform color calibrations, and five endoscopists viewed the images. Eight-bit, 16-bit and 24-bit color images were coded and displayed simultaneously on a high-resolution color monitor (Supermac Technology, Sunnyvale, CA) that can display 16.8 million colors.All images were considered to be of diagnostic quality by the observers, and the area of abnormality was identified and the diagnosis made in all cases. Of 110 viewings of the 24-bit image, on 45 occasions (41%) the viewers could detect no difference between it and the eight-bit and 16-bit images. In 23 (21%), the 24-bit color image was correctly recognized, and on 21 occasions (19%) the 24-bit image was incorrectly identified as eight-bit or 16-bit. Similar data were obtained with viewings of the eight-bit and 16-bit images.Our results demonstrate that, with current endoscopic technology, 256 colors may be as good as 16 million. Eight-bit color is an acceptable image standard for routine endoscopy.
Metabolic Syndrome Epidemic
Authors: Dean J. Kereiakes, James T. Willerson
Journal: Circulation (2003)

health care crisis of epidemic proportion faces western industrialized societies.From Reaven's 1 early description of "syndrome X," both the prevalence and general awareness of what is now known as the metabolic syndrome have risen rapidly.The importance and complexity of the metabolic syndrome as one of the major health care issues currently facing society are eloquently discussed in the present issue of Circulation by Drs Haffner and Taegtmeyer 2 and Reilly and Rader. 3The consensus opinion expressed by these thought leaders is startling in both magnitude and implication.
Gelsolin Regulates Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction Through DNase I–Mediated Apoptosis
Authors: Guo Hua Li, Yu Shi, Yu Chen, Mei Sun, Sawsan Sader, Yuichiro Maekawa, Sara Arab, Fayez Dawood, Manyin Chen, Geoffrey De Couto, Youan Liu, Masahiro Fukuoka, Stanley Yang, Ming Da Shi, Lorrie A. Kirshenbaum, Christopher A. McCulloch, Peter Liu
Journal: Circulation Research (2009)

Gelsolin, a calcium-regulated actin severing and capping protein, is highly expressed in murine and human hearts after myocardial infarction and is associated with progression of heart failure in humans. The biological role of gelsolin in cardiac remodeling and heart failure progression after injury is not defined. To elucidate the contribution of gelsolin in these processes, we randomly allocated gelsolin knockout mice (GSN −/− ) and wild-type littermates (GSN +/+ ) to left anterior descending coronary artery ligation or sham surgery. We found that GSN −/− mice have a surprisingly lower mortality, markedly reduced hypertrophy, smaller late infarct size, less interstitial fibrosis, and improved cardiac function when compared with GSN +/+ mice. Gene expression and protein analysis identified significantly lower levels of deoxyribonuclease (DNase) I and reduced nuclear translocation and biological activity of DNase I in GSN −/− mice. Absence of gelsolin markedly reduced DNase I–induced apoptosis. The association of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α with gelsolin and actin filaments cleaved by gelsolin may contribute to the higher activation of DNase. The expression pattern of HIF-1α was similar to that of gelsolin, and HIF-1α was detected in the gelsolin complex by coprecipitation and HIF-1α bound to the promoter of DNase I in both gel-shift and promoter activity assays. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 and expression of Bcl-2 were significantly increased in GSN −/− mice, suggesting that gelsolin downregulates prosurvival factors. Our investigation concludes that gelsolin is an important contributor to heart failure progression through novel mechanisms of HIF-1α and DNase I activation and downregulation of antiapoptotic survival factors. Gelsolin inhibition may form a novel target for heart failure therapy.
Infarctions of the Ilia in Young Patients with Sickle Hemoglobinopathies
Authors: GERALD A. MANDELL, RITA S. MEEK
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

Infarctions of the long bones in sickle cell anemia and some of its variant hemoglobinopathies are well known. Photopenia representing areas of acute infarctions of the ilia in two young children are presented as unusual presentations of bone ischemia.
H2 antagonists: long-term ulcer therapy?
Authors: William A. Check
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Accumulated worldwide experience with histamine receptor antagonists (H<sub>2</sub>antagonists), presented at this year's World Congress of Gastroenterology in Stockholm, shows convincingly that these drugs are effective for more than short-term treatment of duodenal ulcer. Both cimetidine and the new, more specific H<sub>2</sub>antagonist ranitidine heal 80% to 90% of both duodenal and gastric ulcers. More important, continuous administration of these agents keeps most ulcers—of both types—healed for at least 12 to 18 months, the longest study periods reported yet. As many as 10% of the population of industrialized countries may suffer either duodenal or gastric ulcer at some time during their lives. So it is not surprising that the first pharmacologically specific H<sub>2</sub>antagonist approved for peptic ulcer, cimetidine, became one of the top two or three best-selling prescription agents in the United States within a few years of its introduction in 1977. It was equally inevitable