tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Elsevier says offering $25 gift cards for positive reviews was mistake
Authors: H. Mooney
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The publishing company Elsevier has confirmed that it was a mistake to offer $25 (£15; €18) Amazon gift cards to academics contributing to the academic textbook Clinical Psychology to encourage them to post favourable “five star reviews.”

An email was sent by the company’s marketing division to contributors, offering to pay them for positive online reviews of the book last month. …
P2-01-24: Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Emerges from the Luminal Progenitor Compartment.
Authors: H Nogi, M Kamio, K Kato, K Kawaase, Y Toriumi, H Takeyama, K Uchida
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background: Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are defined as tumors that lack expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2). Majority of TNBC (approximately 80%) are basal-like breast cancers. The question of whether there is a specific, identifiable cell in the normal breast form which basal-like breast cancers arise is controversial. We evaluated the frequency and receptor status of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and ductal components associated with T1 invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) to clarify the developmental pathway of TNBC. Methods: From our institutional archives between April 2000 and April 2011, we retrieved 758 cases of DCIS and T1 invasive ductal carcinoma without prior operative treatment. Immunohistochemistry for ER, PgR and HER2 was performed on ductal components and invasive components. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher Extract Test. Results: The frequencies of triple-negative (TN) subtype at each size were not seen significant differences. Ductal components were seen in 51 (84%) TN-IDC cases. Within 51 cases, the ductal components were TN in 49 cases. The remaining 3 cases were positive for ER and PgR, but negative HER2. Conclusion: The resemblance between ductal components and invasive components and the coincident frequency of TNBC at each size sustain the hypothesis that TNBC arise from the luminal progenitor compartment. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-01-24.
Basis of the Massachusetts Reference Dose and Drinking Water Standard for Perchlorate
Authors: Tsedash Zewdie, C. Mark Smith, Michael Hutcheson, Carol Rowan West
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

Perchlorate inhibits the uptake of iodide in the thyroid. Iodide is required to synthesize hormones critical to fetal and neonatal development. Many water supplies and foods are contaminated with perchlorate. Exposure standards are needed but controversial. Here we summarize the basis of the Massachusetts (MA) perchlorate reference dose (RfD) and drinking water standard (DWS), which are considerably lower and more health protective than related values derived by several other agencies. We also review information regarding perchlorate risk assessment and policy.MA Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) scientists, with input from a science advisory committee, assessed a wide range of perchlorate risk and exposure information. Health outcomes associated with iodine insufficiency were considered, as were data on perchlorate in drinking water disinfectants.We used a weight-of-the-evidence approach to evaluate perchlorate risks, paying particular attention to sensitive life stages. A health protective RfD (0.07 microg/kg/day) was derived using an uncertainty factor approach with perchlorate-induced iodide uptake inhibition as the point of departure. The MA DWS (2 microg/L) was based on risk management decisions weighing information on perchlorate health risks and its presence in certain disinfectant solutions used to treat drinking water for pathogens.Current data indicate that perchlorate exposures attributable to drinking water in individuals at sensitive life stages should be minimized and support the MA DEP perchlorate RfD and DWS. Widespread exposure to perchlorate and other thyroid toxicants in drinking water and foods suggests that more comprehensive policies to reduce overall exposures and enhance iodine nutrition are needed.
Efficiency of gas transfer in venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: analysis of 317 cases with four different ECMO systems
Authors: Karla Lehle, Alois Philipp, Karl-Anton Hiller, Florian Zeman, Dirk Buchwald, Christof Schmid, Christian Dornia, Dirk Lunz, Thomas Müller, Matthias Lubnow
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2014)
Pharmacokinetic models for lipophilic compounds.
Authors: H B Matthews, D B Tuey, M W Anderson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1977)

In many instances pharmacokinetic modeling offers the best method of interpreting the significance to man of results obtained with laboratory animals but first we must have accurate models for our laboratory animals. A physiological pharmacokinetic model has been used to simulate the disposition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the rat and to extrapolate results obtained with the rat to predict the disposition of PCBs in the mouse. The modeling methods have also been extended to predict the disposition of a polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in the rat following IV, oral, and multiple oral doses. It is anticipated that with additional experience and work a physiological pharmacokinetic model can be used to predict the disposition of these and other xenobiotics in man.
Clinical significance of lymphoid hyperplasia of the lower gastrointestinal tract
Authors: E. Krauss, P. Konturek, J. Maiss, J. Kressel, U. Schulz, E. Hahn, M. Neurath, M. Raithel
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

Lymphoid hyperplasia of the intestine has been associated with multiple diseases and symptoms. This study was undertaken to analyze the number and topographical distribution of the lymphoid follicles. A total of 302 adult consecutive patients were enrolled when they underwent elective colonoscopy. Standardized pictures from terminal ileum and colon were taken using video colonoscopes. In each picture, the number, size, and mucosal elevation of lymphoid follicles were analyzed in relation to histological and immunological findings and medical history. Lymphoid hyperplasia was found to be most extensive in the terminal ileum and cecum. Patients with untreated gastrointestinally mediated allergy (GMA) showed the highest number of lymphoid follicles per visible field in the terminal ileum (P < 0.001) and cecum (P = 0.003) vs. the control group. Patients with infectious colitis also showed a high number of lymphoid follicles per endoscopic visible field in the transverse colon (P = 0.020). The presence of lymphoid hyperplasia is a frequent finding during colonoscopy. It may indicate an enhanced immunological mucosal response to antigenic stimulation such as GMA or infection.
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Paul J. Hesketh
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

New insights into the pathophysiology of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, a better understanding of patients at risk, and the availability of new antiemetic agents have all contributed to substantial improvements in emetic control. This review focuses on our current understanding of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and the status of pharmacologic interventions in its prevention and treatment.
G Protein–Coupled Receptor Kinase GRK5 Phosphorylates Moesin and Regulates Metastasis in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Prabir Kumar Chakraborty, Yushan Zhang, Alexandra S. Coomes, Wan-Ju Kim, Rachel Stupay, Lauren D. Lynch, Tamieka Atkinson, Jae I. Kim, Zhongzhen Nie, Yehia Daaka
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRK) regulate diverse cellular functions ranging from metabolism to growth and locomotion. Here, we report an important contributory role for GRK5 in human prostate cancer. Inhibition of GRK5 kinase activity attenuated the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells and, concordantly, increased cell attachment and focal adhesion formation. Mass spectrometric analysis of the phosphoproteome revealed the cytoskeletal-membrane attachment protein moesin as a putative GRK5 substrate. GRK5 regulated the subcellular distribution of moesin and colocalized with moesin at the cell periphery. We identified amino acid T66 of moesin as a principal GRK5 phosphorylation site and showed that enforcing the expression of a T66-mutated moesin reduced cell spreading. In a xenograft model of human prostate cancer, GRK5 silencing reduced tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Taken together, our results established GRK5 as a key contributor to the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer.
Overexpression of Human Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and in Balloon-Injured Carotid Artery
Authors: Lihua Chen, Günter Daum, Reza Forough, Monika Clowes, Ulrich Walter, Alexander W. Clowes
Journal: Circulation Research (1998)

Abstract —Endothelial cells in normal blood vessels might prevent the unscheduled proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) by the expression of cell migration and growth inhibitors. NO, a potent vasodilator, generated by endothelium-specific constitutive NO synthase (ecNOS) might be such an inhibitor. To test this hypothesis, we overexpressed human ecNOS in syngeneic rat arterial SMCs using retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Compared with SMCs transduced with vector alone (LXSN SMCs), DNA synthesis and cell proliferation were inhibited in the ecNOS-expressing SMCs (LCNSN SMCs). Basal and stimulated (by the calcium ionophore A23187) secretion of NO and intracellular cGMP were increased in LCNSN SMCs. N ω -Nitro- l -arginine (L-NA), an inhibitor of NO synthesis, enhanced the proliferation of LCNSN SMCs but had no effect on LXSN SMCs. LCNSN SMCs seeded onto the luminal surface of balloon-injured rat carotid arteries inhibited neointimal formation by 37% and induced marked dilatation (3-fold increase in vessel diameter) at 2 weeks compared with LXSN SMC–seeded arteries. Orally administered L-NA blocked these changes. Phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, which is regulated in part by NO, was elevated in LCNSN SMCs and in LCNSN SMC–seeded arteries. This study demonstrates that NO generation by ecNOS inhibits SMC proliferation in vitro and modulates vascular tone locally in vivo.
Bacterial pseudomycosis: a rare cause of haemoptysis
Authors: AS Multz, R Cohen, V Azeuta
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

Pulmonary bacterial pseudomycosis, also referred to as botryomycosis, is a very rare, indolent illness that has been described mostly in patients with immunological problems. The histological appearance is similar to that of actinomycosis; however, various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have been implicated in the pathogenesis. We illustrate a rapidly progressive case of pulmonary bacterial pseudomycosis in a normal host whose presenting complaint was haemoptysis.
Responses of Medical Schools to Institutional Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Susan H. Ehringhaus, Joel S. Weissman, Jacqueline L. Sears, Susan Dorr Goold, Sandra Feibelmann, Eric G. Campbell
Journal: JAMA (2008)

<h3>Context</h3>Institutional financial conflicts of interest may affect research results. No national data exist on the extent to which US medical schools have formally responded to challenges associated with institutional conflicts of interest (ICOI).<h3>Objective</h3>To assess the current state of ICOI policies and practices in US medical schools using the recommendations issued by 2 national higher education and research organizations as the standard.<h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3>National survey of deans of all 125 accredited allopathic medical schools in the United States, administered between February 2006 and December 2006.<h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3>The extent to which medical schools have adopted ICOI policies applicable to their institution and to their institutional officials; the scope of these policies in terms of those covered entities, offices, and financial relationships; the existence of recommended organizational structures as means to address ICOI; and the institutions' linkages between ICOI and their institutional review boards (IRBs).<h3>Results</h3>Responses were received from a total of 86 (69%) of 125 US medical schools. Although only 30 (38%) respondents (not all overall respondents answered all questions) have adopted an ICOI policy applicable to financial interests held by the institutions, a much higher number have adopted ICOI policies applicable to the financial interests of the officials: 55 (71%) for senior officials, 55 (69%) for midlevel officials, 62 (81%) for IRB members, and 51 (66%) for governing board members. Most institutions treat as potential ICOI the financial interests held by an institutional research official for a research sponsor (43 [78%]) or for a product that is the subject of research (43 [78%]). The majority of institutions have adopted organizational structures that separate research responsibility from investment management and from technology transfer responsibility. Gaps exist in institutions informing their IRBs of potential ICOI in research projects under review.<h3>Conclusions</h3>This study provides the first national data on the existence and nature of policies and practices of US medical schools for addressing potential ICOI. The gaps identified suggest the need for continuing attention by the academic medical community to address the challenges presented by ICOI more consistently and comprehensively.
Evidence of Airborne Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Ignatius T S Yu, Yuguo Li, Tze Wai Wong, Wilson Tam, Andy T Chan, Joseph H W Lee, Dennis Y C Leung, Tommy Ho
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

BackgroundThere is uncertainty about the mode of transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus. We analyzed the temporal and spatial distributions of cases in a large community outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong and examined the correlation of these data with the three-dimensional spread of a virus-laden aerosol plume that was modeled using studies of airflow dynamics.MethodsWe determined the distribution of the initial 187 cases of SARS in the Amoy Gardens housing complex in 2003 according to the date of onset and location of residence. We then studied the association between the location (building, floor, and direction the apartment unit faced) and the probability of infection using logistic regression. The spread of the airborne, virus-laden aerosols generated by the index patient was modeled with the use of airflow-dynamics studies, including studies performed with the use of computational fluid-dynamics and multizone modeling.ResultsThe curves of the epidemic suggested a common source of the outbreak. All but 5 patients lived in seven buildings (A to G), and the index patient and more than half the other patients with SARS (99 patients) lived in building E. Residents of the floors at the middle and upper levels in building E were at a significantly higher risk than residents on lower floors; this finding is consistent with a rising plume of contaminated warm air in the air shaft generated from a middle-level apartment unit. The risks for the different units matched the virus concentrations predicted with the use of multizone modeling. The distribution of risk in buildings B, C, and D corresponded well with the three-dimensional spread of virus-laden aerosols predicted with the use of computational fluid-dynamics modeling.ConclusionsAirborne spread of the virus appears to explain this large community outbreak of SARS, and future efforts at prevention and control must take into consideration the potential for airborne spread of this virus.
Multiple Cystic Duct Stones Causing Choledochal Obstruction
Authors: S. Santolaria, J. A. Ducons, I. Dominguez, M. Montoro
Journal: Endoscopy (2003)

Figure 1 A 74-year-old man with obstructive jaundice was referred to our hospital for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Initial cholangiography showed multiple stones in what appeared to be the common bile duct.
Circulating alanine transaminase (ALT) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), but not fetuin-A, are associated with metabolic risk factors, at baseline and at two-year follow-up: The prospective Cyprus Metabolism Study
Authors: Xiaowen Liu, Ole-Petter R. Hamnvik, John P. Chamberland, Michael Petrou, Huizhi Gong, Costas A. Christophi, David C. Christiani, Stefanos N. Kales, Christos S. Mantzoros
Journal: Metabolism (2014)
Salinosporamide A (NPI-0052) potentiates apoptosis, suppresses osteoclastogenesis, and inhibits invasion through down-modulation of NF-κB–regulated gene products
Authors: Kwang Seok Ahn, Gautam Sethi, Ta-Hsiang Chao, Saskia T. C. Neuteboom, Madan M. Chaturvedi, Michael A. Palladino, Anas Younes, Bharat B. Aggarwal
Journal: Blood (2007)
Unwelcome Guest: PBDEs in Indoor Dust
Authors: Kellyn S. Betts
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Although house dust is known to be a predominant source of exposure to PBDEs, it's not yet clear which part of the dust these chemicals bind to.The dust pictured above contains pet hair (rust brown), pollen (yellow), plant fibers (green), dead skin cells (light to medium brown), dirt and minerals (orange), textile fibers (blue), and spider silk (pink).
126 PREDICTIVE ROLE OF IL28B C/C GENOTYPE ON SVR AND RVR IN PATIENTS WITH GENOTYPE 2/3 CHRONIC INFECTION
Authors: A. Mangia, A. Tompson, R. Santoro, V. Piazzolla, L. Mottola, K. Shianna, D. Petruzzellis, D. Goldstein, J. McHutchison
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Accuracy of weighed dietary records.
Authors: A A Jackson, S A Wootton
Journal: BMJ (1990)

Prophylaxis against hepatitis A for travel SIR, -We would like to make some comments on the article by Ms Phyllis Moore and colleagues on prophylaxis against hepatitis A for travellers.'Although they comment on patients making a single visit, the authors give no advice concerning those who travel regularly to endemic areas.Our practice is to offer a test for hepatitis A IgG to all patients in this group and inform the patient and the general practitioner of the result.Previous studies show that the prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis A increases with age,2" and we are surprised that Ms Moore and colleagues did not analyse the age of the patients and take it into consideration.We would also like to add age over 40 as a risk factor for previous exposure to hepatitis A and that patients who are aged >40 should also be considered for testing to assess immunity.Giving human normal immunoglobulin to immune patients not only causes pain but also is unnecessary.Our largest problem is that of patients who attend insufficiently early before their date of departure for a result to come back before they leave.
Specialist palliative care in dementia
Authors: Mari Lloyd-Williams, Sheila Payne, Mick Dennis
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Developing primary palliative care Continuity of care is paramount but needs to be tailored individuallyEditor-Riley suggests that completion of a form detailing palliative care management should be mandatory for general practitioners. 1 I have spent a great deal of time promoting palliative medicine in primary care, with variable success.Much depends on the individual practitioner's experience and interest, which probably accounts for the variable success of handover forms to communicate with out of hours services.Making this a compulsory part of general practice might bring all practice to the same level.But the initial answer to the question, "Would I be surprised if my patient died in the next 12 months?"would then make the difference.Cynical practitioners would probably answer no for nearly all of their patients, for the longer you practise the less often you are surprised.But, in truth, for many patients in general practice the answer to this question would be no: many elderly patients who live in nursing or residential homes, nearly all patients with chronic disease, including heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, neurological disease, and so on.The workload in handing these patients over to the out of hours service would be huge, more so for the out of hours service than the individual practice.Continuity of care for patients who most need it is paramount, including all those with chronic disease.However, more sophisticated systems are needed to meet patient needs: perhaps different systems for different diseases, possibly different systems for each stage of a disease.Whatever the system, it must meet the needs of the individual patient.This entails dialogue between primary care (including out of hours), secondary care, and tertiary care to thrash out the detail.
ABC of Work Related Disorders: WORKING WITH AN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH DEPARTMENT
Authors: A. Adisesh, G. Parker
Journal: BMJ (1996)

One in 14 consultations with a family doctor by patients of working age is for a condition that is due to work or that affects ability to work. General practitioners are often in the best position to make an early diagnosis of occupational illness, to prevent further problems by taking appropriate action, and to facilitate a return to work after illness or injury. Hospital specialists also need to consider the possibility of work related causes for an illness and the effects of the illness and treatment on future fitness for work. Therefore, doctors in both primary and secondary health care should be aware of the role and responsibilities of occupational health services and work with them for patients' benefit.

#### Aims of an occupational health service

The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental, and social wellbeing of workers in all occupations

World Health Organisation 1950

Occupational health services are not distributed uniformly among the 24 million people employed in the United Kingdom; their provision is influenced by the size of the company and the nature of the industry. In the public sector (NHS, civil service, etc) 72% of employees have access to a doctor at the workplace compared with only 20% of workers in the private sector. There is no statutory responsibility in Britain—in contrast to other European countries—for employers to provide an occupational health service or even access to an occupational physician.

Many large employers in the private sector (and increasing numbers of NHS trusts) have occupational health services headed by a specialist occupational physician and supported by occupational health nurses and ancillary staff. Smaller firms may have services headed by an occupational health nurse. Medical communication may therefore be with a specialist occupational physician, a local general practitioner or other doctor providing advice on a part time basis, or a nurse. …
Suppression of transforming growth factor-β results in upregulation of transcription of regeneration factors after chronic liver injury
Authors: Toru Nakamura, Takato Ueno, Masaharu Sakamoto, Ryuichiro Sakata, Takuji Torimura, Osamu Hashimoto, Hikaru Ueno, Michio Sata
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
Six Years' Follow-up after Hepatitis A Vaccination
Authors: Alan Werzberger, Barbara Kuter, David Nalin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

The Obesity ProblemTo the Editor: I commend you and Dr. Angell (Jan. 1 issue) 1 for recognizing that "the best public health approach is to concentrate on measures to prevent obesity" and stressing the importance of avoiding weight gain.However, even a modest degree of excess weight is associated with an increased risk of hypertension 2,3 and diabetes. 4 The combination of the severity of the consequences of excess weight and the fact that approximately 24.7 percent of all U.S. women are overweight (defined as a body-mass index -calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters -of 25 to 29.9) and an additional 24.9 percent are obese (defined as a bodymass index у 30) 5 makes excess weight a major public health problem.It is one of the most common preventable causes of morbidity and mortality, and clinicians would be remiss if they did not discuss weight loss and weight maintenance with their overweight patients.