tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Medical Caricatures of Thomas Rowlandson
Authors: William C. Butterfield
Journal: JAMA (1973)

Thomas Rowlandson, the eighteenth century artist, has always had a reputation for capturing the spirit of his time. In his scenes of city and country life, gamblers play at cards, maidens elope, soldiers drink, actors perform, and crowds gather in the parks. He was one of the finest draftsmen in the English school, yet the people in his pictures are depicted in caricature form, much as were the people in Daumier's work. Like the French artist, Rowlandson also found physicians to be easy prey for his pen. At least a hundred caricatures with medical themes can be attributed to Rowlandson. Despite his extreme popularity during his lifetime, little is known of his personal life. He was born in London on July 14, 1757. After his father, who was in the business of merchandising textiles, went bankrupt in 1759, young Thomas was raised by an aunt and uncle. Since the boy
Estimation of protein and DNA synthesis in allograft organ cultures as a measure of cell viability
Authors: A. M HENNEY, D J. PARKER, M. J DAVIES
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1980)

Viability of human heart valves obtained routinely at necropsy was compared with that of antibiotic sterilised bank allografts and pathological valves, obtained at surgery, by assessing DNA and protein synthesis and tissue culture. None of the post-mortem samples nor any of the bank allografts showed viability comparable with that of surgical material. These findings imply absence of significant viability in heart valves prepared for grafting.
Spontaneous hemoperitoneum in two patients with myeloproliferative disorders
Authors: Anna Maria Storniolo, Denis B. Fitzgerald, Jacob M. Rowe, John P. Olson
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1987)

Spontaneous hemoperitoneum developed in two patients with hitherto undiagnosed myeloproliferative disorders. No other known etiology could be attributed to the two patients described. The report of these two patients suggests that the diagnosis of a myeloproliferative disorder should be considered in the evaluation of patients with spontaneous hemoperitoneum.
F-18 FDG PET/CT in Primary Tonsillar Lymphoma
Authors: Min-Jia Zhang, Jian-Jun Jiang, Mao-Song Jiang, Wei He
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2010)

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas quite often present in the head and neck but primary tonsillar lymphomas of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas are far less than 1% of head and neck malignancies. Reports of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (F-18 FDG PET/CT) related to primary tonsillar lymphoma are seldom. A 59-year-old man suffered from painful swelling of the bilateral tonsil. Biopsy diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. F-18 FDG PET/CT was performed for disease staging. Whole-body F-18 FDG PET/CT revealed the intense FDG uptake of bilateral tonsil with an additional small lymph node in the right side of the neck. This case also highlights the usefulness of staging and assessing therapy response in rare types of lymphoma.
Mental Retardation and Schizophrenia
Authors: Irwin J. Klein
Journal: JAMA (1963)

To the Editor:  —Dr. Nathan S. Kline seems to indicate, in response to a question regarding the diagnosis of mental retardation and schizophrenia in 4-yr-old twins, that schizophrenia results in mental retardation in such cases ( JAMA  183: 230 [Jan 19] 1963). I would like to point out that both diagnoses may coexist but are not necessarily mutually causative, either way. A schizophrenic child may show impaired mental functioning on psychological testing, but this does not make him a mental defective. I have even coined the word dysmentia to designate that form of pseudo-retardation which, as shown by mental testing, may be and is caused by emotional deprivation, especially at an early age.  If we are to advance in the field of child psychiatry, a sharper delineation of diagnostic terms must be a sine qua non for such progress.  This comment was referred to the consultant who answered the question, and
Congenital coronary artery anomalies. Experience at Stanford University Hospital (1963-1971)
Authors: B. Koops
Journal: JAMA (1973)

Two cases are reported that illustrate the classic features of coronary artery anomalies. The Stanford experience during 1963 to 1971 is reviewed in detail, emphasizing diagnosis and management. Coronary arteriovenous fistulas are usually easily recognized by auscultation and are confirmed by aortography; surgical interruption is generally advised on a prophylactic basis. Clinically, anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery occurs in children in one of three ways: (1) an infantile type with symptoms of cardiorespiratory distress and often early death; (2) an intermediate type occurs with mild symptoms, growth retardation, and with electrocardiographic and x-ray film findings of myocardial ischemia; (3) an adult type in which patients become symptomatic late or never, but have electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial infarction. Surgical treatment is beneficial in selected cases.
Naturally occuring escape mutants of hepatitis B virus with various mutations in the S gene in carriers seropositive for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen Yamamoto K, Horikita M, Tsuda F, Itoh K, Akahane Y, Yotsumoto S, Okamoto H, et al. J Virol 1994; 68: 2671?2676
Authors: L MIMMS
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

A wide variety of commercial assays is available for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Clearly, the sensitivity of an assay to detect a variant is dependent on the anti-HBs usage. Thus, it is not surprising that there are examples of variants that cannot be detected by all assays. Data from Europe, Asia and Africa about HBsAg variants which are not recognized by either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies specific for wild-type group ‘a’ determinant, but positive by DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in chronic patients and from vaccinated children are increasing. This would impose a challenge for public health issues of hepatitis B virus. In this review we tried to summarize the discrepancies between results of HBsAg assays and to explain some rationales for these inconsistencies.
P224 Screening of coronary care inpatients with spirometry to detect early obstructive airways defects
Authors: W. Alwan, N. Stolagiewicz, N. Raison, R. Saha, P. Murray
Journal: Thorax (2010)

<h3>Introduction and objectives</h3> COPD is the most common chronic lung disease in the developed world yet many patients do not present until they have advanced disease. Screening to identify those with early obstructive airways defects with spirometry may enable earlier treatment and enrolment in smoking cessation programs. Widespread spirometric screening for COPD in the general population is unlikely to be cost-effective. Cardiology inpatients often share similar risk factors to those with COPD; smoking in particular. We hypothesised that screening patients admitted to our coronary care unit would be an effective way of identifying patients at increased risk of developing COPD by using spirometry to detect early obstructive airways defects. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients admitted to a coronary care unit at a district general hospital were selected for spirometric assessment. Medically unstable individuals, deemed as those with a modified early warning (MEWS) score of 2 or more were excluded. Forced volume capacity (FVC) and Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV<sub>1</sub>) were calculated using a Vitalograph alpha spirometer. The GOLD (Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) criteria were used to categorise patients according to COPD severity. Those who were found to have airway obstruction were offered repeat testing following discharge. <h3>Results</h3> 20 patients were in the initial study population. Four patients were excluded—three because of poor technique and one who had pre-existing COPD. No other patients had any formal diagnosis of respiratory disease. Of the 16 patients, 10 (62.5%) had objective airways obstruction; 6 (37.5%) patients had GOLD stage I, 3 (18.8%) patients GOLD stage II and 1 (6.3%) patient had GOLD stage 3 disease. Of these 10 patients, seven were smokers or ex-smokers. Amongst patients with known ischaemic heart disease, 69.2% had a degree of airways obstruction, whilst 77.8% of patients with a history of smoking had an obstructive picture on spirometry. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Coronary care unit inpatients represent an effective target population to screen for potential obstructive airways disease. Identifying patients with ischaemic heart disease and/or a smoking history will allow patients to be risk-stratified further and increase the sensitivity of spirometry. Our study compares favourably with other methods of identifying high risk groups for screening.
Beta adrenergic influence on oesophageal peristalsis in man.
Authors: E Lyrenas, H Abrahamsson
Journal: Gut (1986)

The effects of the beta-1 adrenergic agonist prenalterol and the beta-2 adrenergic agonist terbutaline on oesophageal peristalsis were studied in nine healthy volunteers with pressures recorded in the proximal, middle, and distal oesophagus. Two doses of the agonists were given after pretreatment with placebo, propranolol, or metoprolol in a double blind randomised fashion. Terbutaline 0.25 +/- 0.25 mg iv decreased peristaltic pressure in middle oesophagus from 8.1 +/- 1.1 to 5.1 +/- 0.8 kPa (p less than 0.01) and in the distal oesophagus from 9.5 +/- 1.0 to 4.7 +/- 0.6 kPa (p less than 0.001). Peristaltic velocity was decreased in the distal oesophagus after terbutaline from 3.3 +/- 0.2 cm/sec to 2.9 +/- 0.2 cm/sec (p less than 0.05). Prenalterol 1 mg iv was followed by a decrease of peristaltic pressure in the middle oesophagus from 10.2 +/- 1.3 to 7.7 +/- 1.1 kPa (p less than 0.01) and a decrease of peristaltic velocity in upper oesophagus from 3.6 +/- 0.2 to 3.3 +/- 0.1 cm/sec (p less than 0.05) while no significant changes were seen in the distal oesophagus. Pretreatment with the beta-1 blocker metoprolol 15 mg iv blocked the effects of prenalterol 1 mg iv but not the effects of terbutaline. Propranolol 10 mg iv blocked the effects of terbutaline on peristaltic pressure. After metoprolol infusion mean distal peristaltic amplitude was 11.9 +/- 0.8 kPa compared with 8.5 +/- 1.2 kPa after placebo (p less than 0.01). It is concluded that both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptor stimulation significantly decrease oesophageal peristaltic pressure in man. The body of the oesophagus seems to be under beta adrenergic inhibitory influence under physiological conditions.
The cutaneous features of tuberous sclerosis: a population study
Authors: D.W. WEBB, A. CARKE, A. FYER, J.P. OSBORNE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

We report the cross-sectional age-related prevalence of cutaneous features of the tuberous sclerosis complex in a defined population. Of 131 affected individuals, 126 (96%) exhibited skin signs. Although there is considerable variation in the age of expression of all the skin lesions, there is a trend towards the earlier expression of hypomelanic macules and forehead fibrous plaques compared with facial angiofibromas and ungual fibromas. Shagreen patches are usually present by puberty. Ungual fibromas appeared for the first time as late as the fifth decade and were the only clinical feature in three individuals. Gum fibromas were present in 36%. Ten individuals (8%) presented because of the skin manifestations and 21% received treatment for symptomatic skin lesions. Two individuals had large hamartomas at unusual sites (occiput and forearm).
Diagnostic Accuracy of Rubidium-82 Myocardial Perfusion Imaging With Hybrid Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in the Detection of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Uchechukwu K. Sampson, Sharmila Dorbala, Atul Limaye, Raymond Kwong, Marcelo F. Di Carli
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2007)
P4-09-05: CA15-3 Adds Prognostic Information in “Luminal” Type Breast Cancer – A Single Center Experience Evaluating 700 Patients with a Median Follow-Up of 5 Years.
Authors: EJ Kantelhardt, M Vetter, S Steer, T Ruider, H-J Holzhausen, H-G Strauβ, R Groβe, C Thomssen
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background: Prognostic markers are essential for the decision about individual therapy for patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Biological meaningful cancer types are revealed by gene expression analysis. Steroid hormone receptor (HR) and HER2 status of the tumor by immunohistochemistry (IHC) are more easily available and predominantly resemble these cancer types. The “luminal” type as HR pos. and HER2 neg., the “luminalHER2” type as HR pos. and HER2 pos., the “HER2” type as HR neg. and HER2 pos. and the “triple neg.” type as HER neg. and HER2 ***neg.. We evaluated preoperative serum CA 15–3 and CEA within IHC-cancer types and outcome using our own cohort from 1999–2010. Material and Methods: Since 1999 all patients with breast cancer were entered in our tumor registry. Patients were treated by surgery and adjuvant therapy according to national guidelines (www.ago-online.de). Data was entered into SPSS by a specially trained study nurse. Follow-up was obtained yearly using our own out-patient clinic, information from general practitioners and the general cancer registry. Informed consent was taken from the patients at time of diagnosis. CA 15–3 and CEA were defined elevated if above 25 U/ml or 4,6 μg/l respectively. Results: Preoperative serum CA15-3 available for 1149 patients. Patients with elevated results showed a reduced 5year disease-free survival (DFS) of 74.4% as compared to 84.7% (p&amp;lt;0.001). CA15-3 remained an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (nodal status, grading, HR). Within HR positive disease, normal CA15-3 values predict a significantly better 5years DFS of 89.9% compared to 79.7% (p&amp;lt;0.001). No significant difference was seen in HR negative patients (5year DFS 57.5% vs 68.4%; p=n.s.). Patients with HER2 status available (n=700) were classified into biological tumor types by IHC. Significant differences in DFS were seen for “luminal” (n=435) tumors only (5year DFS 81.0% vs 91.8% (p&amp;lt;0.001). Only trends of differences in DFS were seen in the other less frequent tumor types “luminalHER2” (n=90) or “triple neg.” (n=112) types. Within the “HER2” (n=63) group no discrimination by serum levels of CA15-3 was seen. CEA did not add information on prognosis. Discussion: Decision on adjuvant therapy is increasingly based on tumor biology. Particularly, in “luminal” tumors additional prognostic information is needed to decide on adjuvant chemotherapy. CA15-3 may be an easily available, independent marker to identify patients with a higher risk of recurrence within this group. Prospective validation and comparison to molecular typing is needed. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-09-05.
Cocaine and Tobacco Use and the Risk of Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Roberta B. Ness, Jeane Ann Grisso, Nancy Hirschinger, Nina Markovic, Leslie M. Shaw, Nancy L. Day, Jennie Kline
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

Cigarette smoking and cocaine use may be risk factors for spontaneous abortion, but data supporting such a link are limited.
Mutant Neurogenin-3 in Congenital Malabsorptive Diarrhea
Authors: Jiafang Wang, Galen Cortina, S. Vincent Wu, Robert Tran, Jang-Hyeon Cho, Ming-Jer Tsai, Travis J. Bailey, Milan Jamrich, Marvin E. Ament, William R. Treem, Ivor D. Hill, Jorge H. Vargas, George Gershman, Douglas G. Farmer, Laurie Reyen, Martín G. Martín
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Neurogenin-3 (NEUROG3) is expressed in endocrine progenitor cells and is required for endocrine-cell development in the pancreas and intestine. The NEUROG3 gene (NEUROG3) is therefore a candidate for the cause of a newly discovered autosomal recessive disorder characterized by generalized malabsorption and a paucity of enteroendocrine cells.We screened genomic DNA from three unrelated patients with sparse enteroendocrine cells for mutations of NEUROG3. We then tested the ability of the observed mutations to alter NEUROG3 function, using in vitro and in vivo assays.The patients had few intestinal enteroendocrine cells positive for chromogranin A, but they had normal numbers of Paneth's, goblet, and absorptive cells. We identified two homozygous mutations in NEUROG3, both of which rendered the NEUROG3 protein unable to activate NEUROD1, a downstream target of NEUROG3, and compromised the ability of NEUROG3 to bind to an E-box element in the NEUROD1 promoter. The injection of wild-type but not mutant NEUROG3 messenger RNA into xenopus embryos induced NEUROD1 expression.A newly discovered disorder characterized by malabsorptive diarrhea and a lack of intestinal enteroendocrine cells is caused by loss-of-function mutations in NEUROG3.
Fluid and Electrolyte Observations in Tropical Surgical Practice
Authors: L. F. Tinckler
Journal: BMJ (1966)

In countries of temperate climate, such as the United Kingdom, the fluid and electrolyte requirements for a patient recovering from surgery are well known. During the past decade much work has been done on the metabolic response to trauma, and a great deal of information has been documented (Moore and Ball, 1952). Those studies, however, have been carried out mainly in North America and Europe, and as such are strictly applicable only to patients under like conditions. The different circumstances of surgical patients in the tropics, both racial and climatic, make it probable that there are differences in their requirements to an extent that appears, as yet, to be insufficiently known.
Meningococcal disease in The Netherlands, 1959–1981: The occurrence of serogroups and serotypes 2a and 2b of Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Simon de Marie, Jan T. Poolman, Jan H.J. Hoeijmakers, Pieter Bol, Lodewijk Spanjaard, H.C. Zanen
Journal: Journal of Infection (1986)
Angiostatin Inhibits Coronary Angiogenesis During Impaired Production of Nitric Oxide
Authors: Toshiro Matsunaga, Dorothee W. Weihrauch, Melinda C. Moniz, John Tessmer, David C. Warltier, William M. Chilian
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background — The in vivo mechanism by which inhibition of NO synthase impairs ischemia-induced coronary vascular growth is unknown. We hypothesized that production of the growth inhibitor angiostatin increases during decreased NO production, blunting angiogenesis and collateral growth. Methods and Results — Measurements were made in myocardial tissue or interstitial fluid (MIF) from dogs undergoing repetitive coronary occlusions under control conditions or during antagonism of NO synthase ( N G -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester [L-NAME]) for 7, 14, or 21 days. A sham group was instrumented identically but received no occlusions. In controls, capillary density in the ischemic zone increased initially but returned to baseline at the later times. In the L-NAME group, capillary density was lower at 7 days compared with that of controls. MIF from control dogs induced in vitro endothelial tube formation and cell proliferation, significantly greater than that from the L-NAME group. MIF from shams did not stimulate tube formation. In controls or shams, tube formation or cell proliferation did not change after administration of antiangiostatin, but this antibody restored the responses to control levels in the L-NAME group. Angiostatin expression in MIF was increased in the L-NAME group compared with controls and shams. The activities of tissue matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP-2 and MMP-9, which generate angiostatin, were increased in the L-NAME group. Conclusions — Inhibition of NO synthase increased expression of angiostatin and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Our findings indicate that angiostatin inhibits coronary angiogenesis during compromised NO production and may underscore the impairment of coronary angiogenesis during endothelial dysfunction.
Phase 1/2 randomized, placebo-control trial of palifermin to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
Authors: B. R. Blazar, D. J. Weisdorf, T. DeFor, A. Goldman, T. Braun, S. Silver, J. L. M. Ferrara
Journal: Blood (2006)
Birth weight and sex of children and the correlation to the body burden of PCDDs/PCDFs and PCBs of the mother.
Authors: T Vartiainen, J J Jaakkola, S Saarikoski, J Tuomisto
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed in 167 random human milk samples from urban and rural areas in Finland. Dietary habits and background information on each mother and child were gathered by questionnaire. Body mass indexes (BMI) before pregnancy and delivery in the rural area were 5-10% higher than in the urban area, but fat content of mother's milk was about 10% higher in the urban area. The mean weights of children (+/- standard deviation) were similar in the rural and urban areas among primiparae, 3,500 +/- 597 g and 3,505 +/- 454 g, respectively, although dioxin international toxic equivalents (I-TEQs) were significantly higher in the urban area. The mother's level of education did not affect the weight of the child, but concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs (I-TEQ, 2,3,4,7,8-Cl5 dibenzofuran,1,2, 3,7,8-Cl5 dibenzodioxin) and PCBs [sum of PCBs (sumPCB), PCB-TEQ, and most PCB congeners] increased with advanced education. This is considered to be due to differences in the mother's consumption of fish. The birth weight, especially of boys, slightly decreased with increasing concentrations of I-TEQ, 2,3,4,7,8-Cl5 dibenzofuran, 1,2,3, 7,8-Cl5 dibenzodioxin, and 2,3,7,8-Cl4 dibenzodioxin; however, when the analysis was restricted to primiparae, there was no statistically significant correlation between birth weight and the concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs. No correlation was found between the weight of the child and PCBs, PCB-TEQs, or individual PCB congeners in the whole material or among primiparae, or among boys or girls. The concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs and PCBs inhuman milk were modeled for primiparae by weighing fish consumption, age of mother, milk fat content, and BMI before pregnancy. The linear regression resulted in values of R = 0.67 and 0.30 for the modeled dioxin I-TEQs in the urban and rural areas, respectively, and the corresponding values for sumPCBs of R = 0.60 and 0.11. The increase of PCDD/PCDF body burden was calculated to be on average 0.58 pg I-TEQ/g milk fat/year in the urban area and 0.39 pg I-TEQ/g milk fat/year in the rural area.
Cerebral blood flow in diabetes mellitus: evidence of abnormal cerebrovascular reactivity.
Authors: P Dandona, I M James, P A Newbury, M L Woollard, A G Beckett
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was studied at normocapnia and after a challenge with 5% CO2 in 59 diabetic patients and 28 controls. There was a significant age-related decline in CBF in both groups, which suggests that diabetes does not affect the rate of decrease of CBF with age. After CO2 challenge CBF increased in most of the controls; in the patients CBF increased in 23, decreased in 26, and remained stable in 10. Thus the reactivity of cerebral blood vessels in diabetics is altered. Diabetics have diminished cerebrovascular reserve and are thus at increased risk of cerebrovascular disease because they are unable to compensate when necessary with an increased CBF.