tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Limits to Forecasting Precision for Outbreaks of Directly Transmitted Diseases
Authors: John M Drake
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2005)

Background Early warning systems for outbreaks of infectious diseases are an important application of the ecological theory of epidemics. A key variable predicted by early warning systems is the final outbreak size. However, for directly transmitted diseases, the stochastic contact process by which outbreaks develop entails fundamental limits to the precision with which the final size can be predicted. Methods and Findings I studied how the expected final outbreak size and the coefficient of variation in the final size of outbreaks scale with control effectiveness and the rate of infectious contacts in the simple stochastic epidemic. As examples, I parameterized this model with data on observed ranges for the basic reproductive ratio (R0) of nine directly transmitted diseases. I also present results from a new model, the simple stochastic epidemic with delayed-onset intervention, in which an initially supercritical outbreak (R0 > 1) is brought under control after a delay. Conclusion The coefficient of variation of final outbreak size in the subcritical case (R0 < 1) will be greater than one for any outbreak in which the removal rate is less than approximately 2.41 times the rate of infectious contacts, implying that for many transmissible diseases precise forecasts of the final outbreak size will be unattainable. In the delayed-onset model, the coefficient of variation (CV) was generally large (CV > 1) and increased with the delay between the start of the epidemic and intervention, and with the average outbreak size. These results suggest that early warning systems for infectious diseases should not focus exclusively on predicting outbreak size but should consider other characteristics of outbreaks such as the timing of disease emergence.
Long-term beta-blockade: prolonged protective action on the ischaemic myocardium
Authors: A. S MANNING, J. M KEOGH, M. J SHATTOCK, D J. COLTART, D. J HEARSE
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1981)

In this study we have assessed the possibility that long-term beta-blockade may offer additional protection against myocardial ischaemia that is separate from that afforded by acute beta-blockade. In addition, the effect of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) on this additional protection was also investigated. Equipotent doses (4 mg·kg−1 body wt·day−1) of oxprenolol (possessing ISA) or propranolol (without ISA) were administered orally to rats for 3 weeks. Hearts were excised an perfused as isolated “working” heart preparations at variable times after the last dose. Hearts excised on the final day of drug administration showed significantly higher basal functional performance compared with untreated hearts. After 30 min reduced flow ischaemia (in the presence of exogenous catecholamine drive) hearts were aerobically reperfused and functional recovery measured. In both chronically beta-blocked groups, at times when plasma drug levels were undetectable, the number of hearts that recovered function and the cellular levels of creatine phosphate and glycogen were significantly increased. In addition, hearts from the oxprenolol-treated group perfused on the final day of drug administration, exhibited a greater recovery of heart rate compared with both propranolol treated and untreated groups. These results indicate that secondary consequences of long-term beta-blockade are beneficial to the ischaemic myocardium in the presence of high catecholamine drive. In addition, the possession of ISA by oxprenolol offered some advantages in terms of post-ischaemic functional recovery.
Coagulation factor concentrate in the treatment of the haemorrhagic diathesis of fulminant hepatic failure
Authors: B. G. Gazzard, M. L. Lewis, G. Ash, C. R. Rizza, E. Bidwell, R. Williams
Journal: Gut (1974)

To assess the value of clotting factor concentrate infusions in fulminant hepatic failure, a controlled trial was performed in which nine patients were randomly allocated to treatment with either concentrate alone or concentrate plus heparin. The five patients receiving concentrate alone all died, with major bleeding as the direct cause of death in three, whereas in the four receiving heparin as well there was only one instance of bleeding and one patient survived. Clinical evidence of intravascular coagulation appeared in two patients treated with concentrate alone and the laboratory evidence of this progressed during the period of infusions in all patients in both treatment groups, although to a lesser extent in those receiving heparin. Additional evidence for intravascular coagulation came from the changes observed in factor VIII levels which, although initially high in all patients, fell subsequently, particularly in those given concentrate alone. There was some improvement in the prothrombin ratio in both groups of patients but not complete correction, and serial assays of clotting factors showed that although factor II rose to high levels during treatment, factors IX and X showed little response. Thus, the use of concentrate of factor IX in this trial, as well as potentiating intravascular coagulation, was inadequate as replacement for the clotting factor deficiencies.
Elevated substance P content in induced sputum from patients with asthma and patients with chronic bronchitis.
Authors: M Tomaki, M Ichinose, M Miura, Y Hirayama, H Yamauchi, N Nakajima, K Shirato
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

In experimental studies, tachykinins, especially substance P (SP), cause many of the pathophysiological features of neurogenic inflammation. It is unclear whether these peptides are involved in human airway inflammation in diseases such as asthma and chronic bronchitis. To elucidate the relation between neurogenic inflammation and airway inflammatory diseases, we examined the SP concentration in sputum after hypertonic saline inhalation challenge in patients with asthma, patients with chronic bronchitis, and normal volunteers. SP concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. The sputum SP concentration was significantly higher in patients with asthma (mean +/- SEM, 17.7 +/- 2.4 fmol/ml; p < 0.01) and patients with chronic bronchitis (25.6 +/- 5.5 fmol/ml; p < 0.01) than in normal volunteers (1.1 +/- 0.4 fmol/ml). In patients with asthma, the SP concentration was significantly related to the eosinophil cell count in induced sputum. In all subjects, the SP concentration in induced sputum correlated with FEV1/FVC. These data suggest that neurogenic inflammation may be involved in the airway inflammatory process and subsequent airway narrowing not only in asthma but also in chronic bronchitis.
Chlorpropamide and Angina Pectoris
Authors: CARL F. STRAUSS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Letters1 March 1973Chlorpropamide and Angina PectorisCARL F. STRAUSS, M.D.CARL F. STRAUSS, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-78-3-454_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Chlorpropamide is useful in diabetes insipidus for reduction of free water clearance (1), but there have also been reports of water intoxication and low-sodium syndromes with its use as a hypoglycemic agent (2, 3). Because angina frequently accompanies diabetes mellitus, aggravation of heart disease while the patient is receiving chlorpropamide takes on added significance. We have had the opportunity to observe this situation.The patient was a 76-year-old white man with angina of two types: classical angina of exertion, retrosternal in location, crushing in character, and aggravated by eating and exposure to cold air; and angina occurring...References1. MILLERMOSES MA: Mechanism of chlorpropamide action in diabetes insipidus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 30:488-496, 1970 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. GARCIAMILLERMOSES MMA: Chlorpropamide-induced water retention in patients with diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 75:549-554, 1971 LinkGoogle Scholar3. WEBSTERBAIN BJ: Antidiuretic effect and complications of chlorpropamide therapy in diabetes insipidus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 30:215-227, 1970 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. HARRISONREEVES TT: Principles and Problems of Ischemic Heart Disease. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., 1968, p. 263 Google Scholar5. SCHLANT R: Altered cardiovascular physiology in coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, in The Heart, edited by HURST JW, LOGUE RB. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 2nd Ed. 1970, p. 926 Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Missouri at Kansas City Kansas City, Missouri PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByToxische NierenschädenInappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone an overview of the syndromeDrug-induced states of impaired water excretionPathophysiologic and pharmacologic alterations in the release and action of ADHDrug-Induced Dilutional Hyponatremia 1 March 1973Volume 78, Issue 3Page: 454-455KeywordsAnginaCardiovascular therapyDiabetes mellitusEatingHypoglycemicsIntoxication Issue Published: 1 March 1973 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Inhibition of Angiogenesis by Antioxidant Micelles
Authors: Masaki Moriyama, Stéphanie Metzger, André J. van der Vlies, Hiroshi Uyama, Martin Ehrbar, Urara Hasegawa
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2014)

Antioxidant micelles capable of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) are prepared from poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(dopamine) block copolymers. The micelles inhibit tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by scavenging endogenous ROS. Furthermore, the micelles inhibit angiogenesis in the chicken ex ovo chorioallantoic membrane assay. The results show that antioxidant micelles containing catechol moieties may be useful in anti-angiogenic therapy to treat various diseases such as cancer.
Menstrual Irregularities Associated with Use of Methaminodiazepoxide
Authors: M. James Whitelaw
Journal: JAMA (1961)

DURING THE PAST 4 years several reports 1-6 have appeared on the effect of phenothiazine ataraxic drugs on the reproductive functions of animals and the human female. Recently a new non-phenothiazine ataraxic drug, methaminodiazepoxide hydrochloride (Librium), has found widespread use in the treatment of mild anxiety states and nervous disorders. There has been no published evidence, experimental or clinical, to suggest that it has any effect on the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis. 7 Because of the profoundly disturbing effects on the female reproductive cycle associated with the administration of minimal amounts of this drug, this report is given.  Material  Seventeen normally menstruating women, all infertility patients who had been under observation for a minimum of 5 months and whose basal body temperature patterns were normal, were given methaminodiazepoxide hydrochloride because of evidence of tubal spasm or nervous tension. The drug was given 3 times a day for 4 days, usually starting
LIPOID METABOLISM IN THE DEVELOPING CHICK AND ITS RELATION TO CALCIFICATION
Authors: Frederick M. Hanes
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1912)

The liver of the embryo chick during the first two weeks of development contains an abundance of isotropic fatty globules which represent a mixture of lipoids in which phosphorized fats predominate. During the third week of incubation the fatty globules in the liver change their physical and chemical characters. They become anisotropic and exhibit the reactions and properties of esters of cholesterol. The phosphorized fats gradually disappear from the liver during the third week. The phosphoric acid utilized by the embryo chick in calcification is derived from phosphorized fats. It is suggested that the phosphorized fats are split in the liver, the glycerophosphoric acid portion being liberated for calcification, while the free fatty acids are esterfied by cholesterol. A review of chemical analyses of aortic atherosclerosis and calcification made by others, and a comparison of the conditions in atherosclerosis with those of the developing chick liver, suggest that pathological calcification results from a splitting in situ of phosphorized fats with subsequent formation of calcium salts, as suggested by Baldauf.
Radiographic Abnormalities in the Feet of Patients With Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Peter R Cavanagh, Matthew J Young, Judith E Adams, Karen L Vickers, Andrew J M Boulton
Journal: Diabetes Care (1994)

OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of radiographie bone and joint abnormalities in the feet of diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a blinded randomized study, 94 diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy (54 with a history of foot ulcers) and 43 non-neuropathic patients were drawn at random from the data base of a large university diabetes clinic in the United Kingdom. Fifty nondiabetic age-matched control subjects also were studied. Lateral and dorsi-plantar weight-bearing plain radiographs of the foot and ankle were taken by a single radiographer. Abnormalities in the bones and joints were determined according to a structured reading of the radiographs by a single radiologist. RESULTS Diabetes per se resulted in no excess of bony abnormality. Diabetic patients with neuropathy had significantly more radiographic abnormalities of the bones and joints than non-neuropathic and age-matched nondiabetic control subjects. However, except for periosteal reaction, this was predominantly caused by an excess of abnormalities in diabetic patients with a history of foot ulceration. Traumatic fractures (most previously unrecognized) were found in 12 (22%) of the 54 neuropathic patients with previous foot ulceration, and 9 (16%) patients who had experienced foot ulcers exhibited characteristic Charcot changes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that bony abnormalities, particularly Charcot changes and traumatic fractures, are more frequent than previously recognized in neuropathic diabetic patients, especially in those with a history of foot ulceration. Early recognition of bony abnormality and appropriate treatment may prevent progression of foot deformity and thereby reduce the morbidity caused by ulceration or reulceration.
Effects of particulate air pollution on blood pressure and heart rate in subjects with cardiovascular disease: a multicenter approach.
Authors: Angela Ibald-Mulli, Kirsi L Timonen, Annette Peters, Joachim Heinrich, Gabriele Wölke, Timo Lanki, Gintautas Buzorius, Wolfgang G Kreyling, Jeroen de Hartog, Gerard Hoek, Harry M ten Brink, Juha Pekkanen
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

Given the hypothesis that air pollution is associated with elevated blood pressure and heart rate, the effect of daily concentrations of air pollution on blood pressure and heart rate was assessed in 131 adults with coronary heart disease in Helsinki, Finland; Erfurt, Germany; and Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Blood pressure was measured by a digital monitor, and heart rate was calculated as beats per minute from an electrocardiogram recording with the patient in supine position. Particle concentrations were measured at central measuring sites. Linear regression was used to model the association between 24-hr mean concentrations of particles and blood pressure and heart rate. Estimates were adjusted for trend, day of week, temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, and medication use. Pooled effect estimates showed a small significant decrease in diastolic and systolic blood pressure in association with particulate air pollution; a slight decrease in heart rate was found. Of the three centers, Erfurt revealed the most consistent particle effects. The results do not support findings from previous studies that had shown an increase in blood pressure and heart rate in healthy individuals in association with particles. However, particle effects might differ in cardiac patients because of medication intake and disease status, both affecting the autonomic control of the heart.
VASCULAR CRISES ASSOCIATED WITH MONOAMINE-OXIDASE INHIBITORS
Authors: H. C. BETHUNE, R. H. BURRELL, R. H. CULPAN, G. J. OGG
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1964)

The authors gave 1,223 courses of antidepressant medication, and in 692 courses MAO inhibitors were used. Prior to Sept. 7, 1963, 8.4% of patients receiving MAO inhibitors experienced acute hypertensive crises featured by intense occipital headache and palpitation. After Sept. 7, 1963, patients receiving MAO inhibitors were advised not to eat cheese and the incidence of acute reactions fell to 3.3%. Of the 8 reactions in the latter series, 5 followed the ingestion of cheese, despite our warning, 2 followed the taking of cream in fairly large quantity and one occurred immediately after drinking 17 oz. of draught beer on an empty stomach after sunbathing. The highest incidence of these reactions occurred with tranylcypromine, but nevertheless this drug is being used more frequently than any other MAO inhibitor and is regarded as indispensible in the treatment of depressive illness. Acute vascular crises, when they occur, are immediately relieved with intravenous phentolamine, but where the associated cervical muscular spasm has caused impaction of apophyseal joints neck manipulation has been required. Methoxybenzamine hydrochloride also appears effective in treating these reactions. It is suggested that when an MAO inhibitor is dispensed to a patient, a label be attached to the container advising him against taking cheese, cream or alcohol, and warning his physician against giving powerful narcotic drugs, or agents related to amphetamine.
Risk assessment, the environment, and public health.
Authors: J V Rodricks
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Risks to human health arise from the environment in diverse ways and from many sources. Although there are many social forces to be considered when efforts are made to protect human health, it would seem that public health resources should be devoted to reducing risks arising from the environment in at least rough proportion to the toll they take on human health. Risk assessment, properly, conceived and practiced, is the appropriate tool for assigning risks their rightful order and should be a principal component of public health programs everywhere. The successful application of risk assessments to such goals depends on the developments of a broader view of its nature and content than has been customarily adopted.
Abstract 1058: LKB1 negatively regulates IGF-1 induced ERK phosphorylation
Authors: Diansheng Zhong, Xiuju Liu, Haian Fu, Shi-Yong Sun, Fadlo R. Khuri, Wei Zhou
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract The LKB1/AMPK metabolic checkpoint can be activated by various energetic stresses, and a common reagent to induced LKB1/AMPK signaling is 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), a glycolytic inhibitor. We recently discovered a novel function of 2-DG because it is capable of disrupting the interaction between IGF-1 and IGFBP3 to release free IGF-1 and activate IGF1R signaling. Therefore, 2-DG activates LKB1/AMPK and IGF1R signaling pathways through two distinct mechanisms. Interestingly, while 2-DG induced IGF1R signaling activates PI3K/Akt function in most cell lines; the induction of MEK/ERK signaling was only observed in some cancer cells. Here, we demonstrated that 2-DG induced ERK phosphorylation in LKB1 mutant cells but suppressed ERK phosphorylation in cells with wild-type LKB1. The phenomenon is LKB1-dependent because restoration of LKB1 expression in LKB1-null cells attenuated IGF-1 induced ERK phosphorylation, and the depletion of LKB1 by RNAi in LKB1-wild type cells promoted ERK phosphorylation. Mechanistically, LKB1 mediates ERK suppression through its down-stream target, AMPK, as the inhibition of AMPK function either by RNAi or small molecular inhibitors promotes IGF-1 induced ERK phosphorylation. In summary, this study has demonstrated a novel function of LKB1/AMPK in the negative regulation of IGF-1 induced ERK signaling. (This study was supported by the Georgia Cancer Coalition Distinguished Cancer Scholar award, NIH/NCI PO1 CA116676-030002. SY Sun, FR Khuri and W Zhou are Georgia Cancer Coalition Distinguished Cancer Scholars. W Zhou is an American Cancer Society Research Scholar.) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1058. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1058
A Possible Metabolic Basis for the Control of Body Weight
Authors: Eric A. Newsholme
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

IT has been suggested that both weight and metabolism are regulated, in part, by a common mechanism: substrate or "futile" cycling. The sensitivity of many regulatory mechanisms in metabolic pathways can be improved by the existence of a substrate cycle in which the activity of a key enzyme in a metabolic pathway is opposed by a reverse reaction catalyzed by a different enzyme. However, since cycling involves an obligatory loss of chemical energy as heat, this loss may also be quantitatively important in "burning off" excess energy. It is thought that rates of cycling are increased before exercise, after exercise, . . .
Microarray evaluation of specific <scp>IgE</scp> to allergen components in elite athletes
Authors: M. Bonini, L. Marcomini, C. Gramiccioni, C. Tranquilli, G. Melioli, G. W. Canonica, S. Bonini
Journal: Allergy (2012)

Allergic sensitization and diseases have been reported to have a very high and increasing prevalence in elite athletes. Over 80% of allergic athletes are poly-sensitized.This study aims at evaluating the potential diagnostic added value of a microarray technology (ImmunoCAP ISAC, Phadia AB [at present Thermo Fisher Scientific] Uppsala, Sweden which detects IgE antibodies to specific or cross-reacting allergen components.Seventy-two poly-sensitized athletes according to skin prick test (SPT) with different allergic phenotypes (asthma n = 19; rhino-conjunctivitis n = 20; food allergy and/or oral allergy syndrome n = 13; no clinical symptoms n = 20) and two different control populations (20 poly-sensitized sedentary subjects with respiratory allergy and 20 healthy athletes with negative SPT) were studied for detecting specific IgE (sIgE) both to allergen extracts (ImmunoCAPsIgE) and to allergen components (ImmunoCAP ISAC).ImmunoCAP ISAC detected the presence of sIgE in 90% of poly-sensitized athletes--in 96% with symptoms and in 75% without symptoms--and in 100% of allergic controls. The pattern of positivity towards the 103 components tested differed from subject to subject, even in those with the same sensitization to allergen extract SPT or sIgE. Based on the ISAC results, poly-sensitized athletes were classified into the following prototypical patterns, differently represented in the clinical phenotypes studied (P = 0.03): (1) One single predominant specific allergen positivity; (2) sIgE to two or more non-cross-reacting allergens; (3) sIgE to cross-reacting allergens; and (4) sIgE to components potentially responsible for severe allergic reactions.The ImmunoCAP ISAC represents a useful additional tool for diagnosis and management of poly-sensitized athletes.
1001–24 Local Delivery of Urokinase to Porcine Coronary Arteries Using the Localmed Infusion Sleeve
Authors: Michael A. Azrin, Joseph F. Mitchel, Laurine M. Bow, Tod V. Alberghini, Gordon Grant, Aaron V. Kaplan, David D. Waters, Raymond G. McKay
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)