tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Samuel Danso Gyimah
Authors: H. Annan
Journal: BMJ (2015)

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> <h3>Introduction</h3> Mass media plays a crucial role in creating awareness and knowledge sharing in this Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, the risk of exposure and extent of COVID-19 infection among media professional are less elucidated yet. Therefore, this study was intended to investigate the workplace-related risk of COVID-19 exposure and the association between exposure to COVID-19 and participant’s characteristics, including various forms of respiratory protection for mass-media professionals. <h3>Methods</h3> This closed web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 199 mass-media professionals in Bangladesh by snowball sampling approach. A multivariate logistic regression model was used for the analytical exploration. Adjusted and Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for the specified exposures. Chi-square test was used to observe the association. Ethical issues were maintained according to the guidance of the declaration of the Helsinki. <h3>Results</h3> Of all, 39.2% of mass-media professionals were tested positive for COVID-19, whereas 6% of symptomatic or suspected participants did not do the test. Mass media professionals who worked in electronic media reported more COVID-19 infection (adjusted odds ratio, AOR= 6.25; 95% Confidence interval: Lower limit 1.43, upper limit 27.43; P =0.02). However, no significant relationship was found between the type of job role and COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, infected colleagues (OR/P=1.92/0.04) were identified as significant contact of acquiring infection. However, the study result showed that reused/new medical mask, homemade/cloth-made mask (vs. use of respirator mask) was not significantly (p=0.82) associated with mass media professional’s infection. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Professionals working in electronic media were at higher risk of being infected by COVID-19 and mostly acquired from infected colleagues. Using a respirator mask was not associated with a lower risk of test positive infection in mass media professionals. This study will aid the policy maker and public health authorities during the COVID-19 pandemic to make proper implementation strategies.
Ultrasound in Diagnosis of Acute Cholecystitis
Authors: Harte C. Crow
Journal: JAMA (1976)

To the Editor.—  In Dr Hermann's article on acute cholecystitis (234:1261, 1975) there is an important oversight, namely, the failure to note the role of ultrasound in the workup of patients suspected of having acute cholecystitis. When a pathologic gallbladder condition has not been documented previously, the ultrasonic evaluation of the gallbladder should be the first test performed, since the presence or absence of stones can be determined with greater than 90% accuracy. 1-3 If stones are identified by ultrasound, the diagnosis is made. Conversely, if the gallbladder is seen but stones are not identified ultrasonically, the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis must be questioned. Hydrops of the gallbladder can also be readily identified.  In centers where ultrasound is available, assessment of the gallbladder can be nearly instantaneous. No patient preparation is necessary, and neither oral nor intravenous contrast agents are used. The study is quick, painless, noninvasive, and accurate. What
Unanchored K48-Linked Polyubiquitin Synthesized by the E3-Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM6 Stimulates the Interferon-IKKε Kinase-Mediated Antiviral Response
Authors: Ricardo Rajsbaum, Gijs A. Versteeg, Sonja Schmid, Ana M. Maestre, Alan Belicha-Villanueva, Carles Martínez-Romero, Jenish R. Patel, Juliet Morrison, Giuseppe Pisanelli, Lisa Miorin, Maudry Laurent-Rolle, Hong M. Moulton, David A. Stein, Ana Fernandez-Sesma, Benjamin R. tenOever, Adolfo García-Sastre
Journal: Immunity (2014)
Abstract 2321: Expression of functional forms of αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins, laminin-5 and vitronectin in common human tumors: Consequences for cilengitide targeting
Authors: Bence Sipos, Tobias Henopp, Holger Kalthoff, Günter Klöppel, Simon L. Goodman
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Interactions between integrins and the extracellular matrix are believed to play an important role in tumor cell survival, division and metastasis, and in tumor angiogenesis. We studied the expression of integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5, and their key ligands in the extracellular matrix in freshly frozen sections of human colorectal, breast, lung and ovarian tumors. We applied immunohistochemistry using anti-integrin monoclonal antibodies specific for functional heterodimeric forms. Prominent expression of αvβ3 was strongly associated with tumor-related vessels (20/21 colorectal, 31/33 lung, 19/19 breast and 7/10 ovarian) but also in other stromal (fibroblastic) cells in &amp;gt;80% of the cases. αvβ5 was almost uniformly detectable in tumor stroma including vessels, showing a considerable expression in tumor cells also (mostly in lung and breast cancers). The expression of activated vitronectin in the stroma was less abundant (3/21 colorectal, 22/33 lung, 13/19 breast and 3/10 ovarian). Laminin-5 was mainly located close to tumor cells in basal lamina-like pattern and showed a considerable expression in colorectal, lung and ovarian but not in breast cancers. We conclude that targeting of αvβ3 by cilengitide may exert potent anti-stroma effects as well. The largely varying spatial distributions and expression of integrins and their ligands should be considered in targeting strategies. Frequency (%) of moderate or strong expression (i.e. in at least 10% of tumor cells) of antigens of interest in human tumors. ColorectalLungBreastOvarya) αvβ3Tumour cells0151620 Stromal cells90685870 Vessels959110070b) αvβ5Tumour cells29587440 Stromal cells9010010070c) VitronectinTumour cells24502140 Stromal cells15656833d) Laminin-5Tumour cells553030 Stromal cells100a / 0b97a / 73b21a / 40b80a / 25baClose to tumor cells; bdistant from tumor cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2321.
New Ways of Making Babies: The Case of Egg Donation
Authors: Bonnie Steinbock
Journal: JAMA (1997)

This anthology was commissioned by the National Advisory Board of Ethics in Reproduction (NABER), a panel in the private sector with members from the fields of ethics, theology, law, medicine, genetics, and public policy. It investigates the ethical, legal, and policy difficulties that surround egg donation, and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) generally. A recurring theme is how the liberty of individuals to make reproductive choices should be balanced against potential harms, whether to society as a whole or to offspring. Part A is devoted to procedures and policies of four oocyte donation centers, presented by their administrators. It includes such issues as the reason for and extent of oocyte donation, the methods for selecting donors and recipients, the counseling they receive, the cost of the procedure, its potential risks, and success rates. Also discussed are the merits of anonymous vs nonanonymous gamete donation. Part B has 10 chapters on ethical
Cerebral glucose metabolism after portacaval shunting in the rat. Patterns of metabolism and implications for the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy.
Authors: A H Lockwood, M D Ginsberg, H M Rhoades, M T Gutierrez
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

The regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose was measured in normal and portacaval shunted rats and the effects of unilateral carotid infusions of "threshold" amounts of ammonia were assessed. 8 wk after shunting the glucose metabolic rate was increased in all 20 brain regions sampled. Effects on subcortical and phylogenetically older regions of the brain were most pronounced with a 74% increase observed in the reticular formation at the collicular level. Increases in the cerebral cortex ranged from 12 to 18%. Unilateral infusions of ammonia did not affect behavior but altered the electroencephalogram and selectively increased the glucose metabolic rate in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and substantia nigra in half of the animals, a pattern similar to that seen after a portacaval shunt, suggesting hyperammonemia as the cause of postshunt increases in glucose metabolism. Visual inspection of autoradiograms, computed correlation coefficients relating interregional metabolism, and principal component analysis suggest that normal cerebral metabolic and functional interrelationships are altered by shunting. Ammonia stimulation of the hypothalamic satiety centers may suppress appetite and lead to cachexia. Reductions in the ammonia detoxification capacity of skeletal muscle may increase the probability of developing future episodes of hyperammonemia, perpetuating the process. Direct effects of ammonia on specific brain centers such as the dorsomedial hypothalamus and reticular activating system may combine with global disruptions of cerebral metabolic-functional relationships to produce the protean manifestations of portal-systemic encephalopathy.
Does gluten sensitivity in the absence of coeliac disease exist?
Authors: I. Aziz, M. Hadjivassiliou, D. S. Sanders
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Coeliac disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small bowel which affects 1% of the population.1 The condition can be defined as a state of heightened immunological responsiveness to ingested gluten (from wheat, barley, or rye) in genetically susceptible individuals.2 The gold standard diagnosis of coeliac disease is by the demonstration of villous atrophy on duodenal biopsies, with coeliac serology (endomysial and tissue transglutaminase antibodies) playing a supportive role.2 3 The cornerstone of treatment for coeliac disease is lifelong adherence to a strict gluten-free diet, which leads to improvements in clinical outcome, psychological wellbeing, and quality of life for most patients.2

However, the number of patients consuming a gluten-free diet seems greatly out of proportion to the projected number of patients with coeliac disease. Marketers have estimated that 15-25% of North American consumers want gluten-free foods,4 5 although recently published data from the United States and New Zealand suggest this may be an overestimation.6 7 Nevertheless, this is now “big business,” with Reuters projecting an increased revenue in the US gluten-free food market from $1.31bn for the year 2011 to $1.68bn by 2015.8 In tandem, a growing problem encountered in clinical practice is the diagnosis and management of patients complaining of gluten related symptoms in the absence of diagnostic markers for coeliac disease, such as negative coeliac serology and normal duodenal biopsies. These patients pose a clinical dilemma to gastroenterologists, general practitioners, and dietitians and in the past have been described as belonging to a “no man’s land” because of the diagnostic uncertainty.9

A search of PubMed (“coeliac disease”) yielded over 18 000 citations, with only 170 PubMed citations to papers on gluten sensitivity in the absence of coeliac disease. We limited our search to systematic reviews, case series, case-control studies, and …
Psychosocial Issues in Palliative Care
Authors: I. Agell
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The title of Lloyd-Williams' book makes for an interesting reflection. Palliative care was born with the hospice movement as a response to a medical service that seemed unable or unwilling to care adequately for dying people and their families, so the concept of psychosocial issues should be embedded in it. However, increasing subspecialisation and advances in medical technology mean that those original values are at risk of disappearing. It is therefore encouraging …
Calcitonin gene-related peptide: a potent dilator of human epicardial coronary arteries.
Authors: J McEwan, S Larkin, G Davies, S Chierchia, M Brown, J Stevenson, I MacIntyre, A Maseri
Journal: Circulation (1986)

To investigate the action of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on human epicardial coronary arteries, six patients received intracoronary CGRP at doses of 50,100, and 200 ng/min. The effect of CGRP was measured angiographically with a computerized analysis system. A dose-dependent increase in coronary arterial diameter was observed. At the highest dose there were 34%, 7%, 38%, and 40% mean increases in the diameters of the circumflex, proximal, mid, and distal left anterior descending arteries, respectively. No further increase in diameter was found after a subsequent dose of 1 mg intracoronary isosorbide dinitrate. Prior infusion of CGRP did not prevent coronary arterial spasm induced by ergonovine in two patients with variant angina, but a subsequent bolus of CGRP partially relieved the spasm. We propose that CGRP has a role in the regulation of coronary vascular smooth muscle tone.
Randomised clinical trial of chest drainage systems.
Authors: A N Graham, A P Cosgrove, J R Gibbons, J A McGuigan
Journal: Thorax (1992)

Problems in the management of thoracic trauma have stimulated the search for an alternative to underwater seals for drainage of the pleural cavity. A chest drainage bag incorporating a one way flutter valve has been compared with underwater seal drains in a randomised clinical trial.During June-December 1989 119 patients undergoing elective thoracotomy were randomised to receive postoperative chest drainage by drainage bags (56 patients, 87 drains) or by underwater seal drains (63 patients, 98 drains). Daily drainage volumes, the requirement for pleural suction, mobility, and complications were recorded prospectively.There was no significant difference between the two groups in the mean volume drained, the requirements for pleural suction, or the occurrence of complications. Patients with drainage bags were fully mobile 23 hours (95% confidence interval 0-47 hours) earlier than the others.When used after elective thoracotomy drainage bags are safe and effective and permit earlier mobility than underwater seal drains.
Vitamins in illness.
Authors: Z Leitner
Journal: BMJ (1973)

study of five chronic schizophrenics we found that DL-a-methyltyrosine 2 g daily reinforced the antipsychotic action of pheno- thiazines, so that the dosage needed to con- trol the schizophrenic symptoms was much reduced.4We have now seen a case in which the extrapyramidal action of haloperidol was greatly potentiated by a-methyltyrosine.A 38-year-old woman, who had suffered for many years from severe phobia and anxiety, had been treated with chlorpromazine (up to 800 mg daily), haloperidol (up to 3 mg daily), and antidepressants of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor or tricyclic type without any extrapyramidal side effects.To try to control her symptoms she was given a-methyltyrosine (125 mg daily gradually increasing to 1 g daily) combined with haloperidol 1.5 mg daily.There was no therapeutic response or side effects.The dose of haloperidol was then gradually increased to 2.5 mg daily.About 24 hours after this dose level was reached a severe extrapyramidal syn- drome developed, with general muscular rigidity, cogwheel phenomenon, coarse tremors, oral dyskinesia, and restlessness.Intravenous biperi- den chloride quickly controlled the symptoms.
First Public Service Award Goes to Kentucky
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1988)

THE FIRST American Medical Association (AMA) President's Citation for Service to the Public will be awarded next week to the Kentucky Medical Association during the AMA House of Delegates Interim Meeting in Dallas. President James E. Davis, MD, announced the AMA Board of Trustees' establishment of the award in June. As the name implies, the new award honors medical associations that excel in service. It will be presented annually at the Interim Meeting to a state or county medical society or national specialty society for fostering physician involvement in community activities. Ten societies were nominated this year (<i>JAMA</i>1988;260:2645). The award consists of a plaque and a $5000 stipend. The Kentucky Medical Association, with headquarters in Louisville, sponsors the voluntary "Kentucky Physicians Care" program. As explained to the AMA's Committee on Awards by Donald C. Barton, MD, the group's president, "Physicians participating in the program agree to see eligible non-emergency
Long-Acting Verapamil and Heart Failure
Authors: Suhodh K. Mohindra
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> We report two previously stable hypertensive patients who started therapy with long-acting verapamil products and subsequently sustained left ventricular failure. Apparently, these patients developed acute heart failure within a few days of taking long-acting verapamil. <h3>Report of Cases.— Case 1.—</h3> An 81-year-old woman was admitted with progressively increasing dyspnea, pulmonary congestion, and leg swelling starting four to five days after use of long-acting verapamil (240 mg). On admission the patient was in sinus rhythm, with a blood pressure of 166/100 mm Hg. She had been taking methyldopa, 250 mg twice daily, for many years and recently was switched to long-acting verapamil therapy for "better blood pressure control." After treatment with intravenous lasix and oral captopril, these symptoms and findings resolved. She has maintained improvement subsequently with oral captopril treatment. There was no history of congestive heart failure. <h3>Case 2. —</h3> A 71-year-old woman with a long-standing
Peptococcus magnus: A Significant Human Pathogen
Authors: ANNE-MARIE BOURGAULT
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

Peptococcus magnus was recovered from 10% of anaerobic cultures collected from suspected clinical infections over a 3.5-year period. It was the commonest species of anaerobic gram-positive cocci isolated (30%). To evaluate the clinical significance of this organism, we retrospectively reviewed the charts of 222 patients from whom P. magnus was isolated. Twenty-five patients had no evidence of infection, 151 had mixed infections, and 32 had infections from which only P. magnus was isolated (pure cultures). Mixed infections involved the following sites: bone and joint (32 cases), soft tissue (57 cases), foot ulcers (29 cases), abdominal cavity (16 cases), and miscellaneous (17 cases). The average number of organisms was four (2.5 facultatives and 1.5 anaerobes). Eighteen patients with pure cultures of P. magnus had bone or joint infections, and foreign bodies were present in 15 of these. Other pure cultures of P. magnus infections included 12 soft tissue, one vascular graft, and one infected sternotomy with persistent bacteremia. Pure culture infections were usually chronic, and serious sequelae often resulted. Peptococcus magnus is frequently isolated from significant infections and seems particularly pathogenic in infections of bones and joints or in association with the presence of foreign bodies, or both.
Self-Expanding Oesophageal Stents: Strategies for Re-Intervention
Authors: K. McManus, I. Khan, J. McGuigan
Journal: Endoscopy (2001)

Self-expanding metal stents have become accepted palliation for inoperable malignant oesophageal obstruction, the cost of the devices being offset against the ease of insertion and the reduced complication rate. However, re-intervention is often required for obstruction, malposition, migration and tumour progression. The marginal cost of re-stenting is generally higher than other modalities. This study aims to determine the rate of re-intervention and the effectiveness of the various intervention modalities.A population of 165 patients, treated in a tertiary referral oesophageal centre, (132 with oesophageal cancer, 31 with mediastinal metastases from other tumours, two with benign conditions) whose initial stent placement was performed between January 1994 and December 1998 was followed-up through July 1999 or till death.A total of 75 re-interventions were required in 44 patients and were successful in 51 (68%). Rigid oesophagoscopy and removal of food bolus was successful in three out of three, dilation in one of 11, rigid oesophagoscopy and physical debridement in 12 of 17 and laser debridement in 12 of 20. Re-stenting was the primary re-intervention in 10 cases and was ultimately necessary in 14 patients (with 11 self-expanding metal stents, three Celestin) who had previously undergone other forms of re-intervention. It was not successful in one case. The median survival following first re-intervention was 9.8 weeks (compared with 14.3 weeks for initial stenting) and was longer in those receiving radiotherapy (23.6 weeks) or chemotherapy (14.4 weeks).While repeated stenting is usually successful, debridement and laser vaporization are viable alternatives for proximal tumour overgrowth or ingrowth in the upper or middle third of the oesophagus. Distal tumour growth or ingrowth at the oesophagogastric junction are best treated with a second stent. Repeated treatment is justified, as survival following first re-intervention is comparable to that after initial stenting, particularly in those patients who are able to undergo chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
Detection of multiple polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts by a high-performance liquid chromatography-32P-postlabeling method.
Authors: N J Gorelick, N L Reeder
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

A 32P-postlabeling procedure for identifying and quantifying hydrophobic DNA adducts was developed (by modifying the method of Randerath and co-workers) in which labeled adducts are separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and quantified by liquid scintillation counting. This method was first developed for fluoranthene-DNA adducts, and methods for optimal detection and quantification of DNA adducts with diol epoxide metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BPDE), chrysene (CHDE), and benz[a]anthracene (BADE) have now been established. Analytical conditions slightly different from those adopted for fluoranthene-DNA adducts are required for accurate quantification of BPDE-, CHDE-, and BADE-DNA adducts. In particular, HPLC analysis requires generation of nucleotide 5'-[32P]monophosphate adducts by treatment with nuclease P1, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon adducts demonstrate variable sensitivity to nuclease P1, mediated dephosphorylation. Thus, multiple adducts can be detected in one sample as long as the recovery of adducts under the applied conditions has been determined and chromatographic separation of labeled adducts is achieved. A battery of postlabeling assays can thus make it possible to detect optimally multiple adducts in one DNA sample. Results from these studies indicate that the HPLC- 32P-postlabeling assay is complementary to immunoassays in which related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diol epoxide adducts cross-react for the quantification of adducts.
What Makes Placebo-Controlled Trials Unethical?
Authors: Franklin G. Miller, Howard Brody
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2002)

The leading ethical position on placebo-controlled clinical trials is that whenever proven effective treatment exists for a given condition, it is unethical to test a new treatment for that condition against placebo. Invoking the principle of clinical equipoise, opponents of placebo-controlled trials in the face of proven effective treatment argue that they (1) violate the therapeutic obligation of physicians to offer optimal medical care and (2) lack both scientific and clinical merit. We contend that both of these arguments are mistaken. Clinical equipoise provides erroneous ethical guidance in the case of placebo-controlled trials, because it ignores the ethically relevant distinction between clinical trials and treatment in the context of clinical medicine and the methodological limitations of active-controlled trials. Placebo controls are ethically justifiable when they are supported by sound methodological considerations and their use does not expose research participants to excessive risks of harm.