tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Divergent adaptation of hepatitis C virus genotypes 1 and 3 to human leukocyte antigen-restricted immune pressure
Authors: Andri Rauch, Ian James, Katja Pfafferott, David Nolan, Paul Klenerman, Wendy Cheng, Lindsay Mollison, Geoff McCaughan, Nick Shackel, Gary P. Jeffrey, Ross Baker, Elizabeth Freitas, Isla Humphreys, Hansjakob Furrer, Huldrych F. Günthard, Bernard Hirschel, Simon Mallal, Mina John, Michaela Lucas, Eleanor Barnes, Silvana Gaudieri
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Many hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections worldwide are with the genotype 1 and 3 strains of the virus. Cellular immune responses are known to be important in the containment of HCV genotype 1 infection, and many genotype 1 T cell targets (epitopes) that are presented by host human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) have been identified. In contrast, there is almost no information known about the equivalent responses to genotype 3. Immune escape mechanisms used by HCV include the evolution of viral polymorphisms (adaptations) that abrogate this host-viral interaction. Evidence of HCV adaptation to HLA-restricted immune pressure on HCV can be observed at the population level as viral polymorphisms associated with specific HLA types. To evaluate the escape patterns of HCV genotypes 1 and 3, we assessed the associations between viral polymorphisms and specific HLA types from 187 individuals with genotype 1a and 136 individuals with genotype 3a infection. We identified 51 HLA-associated viral polymorphisms (32 for genotype 1a and 19 for genotype 3a). Of these putative viral adaptation sites, six fell within previously published epitopes. Only two HLA-associated viral polymorphisms were common to both genotypes. In the remaining sites with HLA-associated polymorphisms, there was either complete conservation or no significant HLA association with viral polymorphism in the alternative genotype. This study also highlights the diverse mechanisms by which viral evasion of immune responses may be achieved and the role of genotype variation in these processes.There is little overlap in HLA-associated polymorphisms in the nonstructural proteins of HCV for the two genotypes, implying differences in the cellular immune pressures acting on these viruses and different escape profiles. These findings have implications for future therapeutic strategies to combat HCV infection, including vaccine design.
Book Review Hair Growth and Disorders Edited by Ulrike Blume-Peytavi, Antonella Tosti, David A. Whiting, and Ralph M. Trüeb. 564 pp., illustrated. Berlin, Springer, 2008. $219. 978-3-540-46908-7
Authors: Ashley R. Curtis, Amy J. McMichael
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)
Prospective Analysis of the Early Modulation of Plasma Amphiregulin During Treatment with Cetuximab and Irinotecan in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: Carlotta Antoniotti, Chiara Cremolini, Fotios Loupakis, Anna Fioravanti, Paola Orlandi, Lisa Salvatore, Bastianina Canu, Marta Schirripa, Gianluca Masi, Teresa Di Desidero, Federica Marmorino, Francesca Bergamo, Federica Zoratto, Guido Bocci, Alfredo Falcone
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2013)
Income distribution and life expectancy: a critical appraisal
Authors: K. Judge
Journal: BMJ (1995)

In a series of papers published during the past decade Richard Wilkinson has advanced the view that income inequality is the key determinant of variations in average life expectancy at birth among developed countries. Yet a careful examination of the two sources of data on income distribution most often used by Wilkinson suggests that if they are analysed more appropriately they do not lend support to his claims. More recent data on income distribution is now available for several countries in the Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation in the mid-1980s and for Great Britain from 1961 to 1991. The use of these data also casts doubt on the hypothesis that inequalities in the distribution of income are closely associated with variations in average life expectancy at birth among the richest nations of the world.
APPARENT ESOPHORIA AND ITS RELATION TO CONVERGENCE INSUFFICIENCY
Authors: H. B. LEMERE
Journal: JAMA (1913)

A class of cases has been observed in which there is an esophoria for distance combined with a marked insufficiency of convergence for near. In such cases, it has seemed to my colleague, Dr. J. M. Banister, and myself, that the paradox is entirely artificial, and we have considered the insufficiency for near as the essential state, and the seeming esophoria for distance as fictitious. To such instances of esophoria we have applied the term "apparent esophoria." I at first used the term "pseudoesophoria" for this condition, but Dr. Savage called my attention to the fact that he had already used this term in referring to a different condition than that which I have described. To avoid confusion I have changed the term "pseudoesophoria," which I at first used in the classification of these cases, to that of "apparent esophoria." Quoting Dr. Savage:<sup>1</sup>"When the far test shows orthophoria
IM-08 * INFLAMMATION DRIVER, NF-kB, IS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR OUTCOME GROUP A EPENDYMOMA AND REGULATES A KEY IMMUNE SUPPRESSIVE SIGNALING PATHWAY INVOLVED IN THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT
Authors: A. Griesinger, A. Donson, J. M. Levy, V. Amani, D. Birks, R. Vibhakar, M. Handler, N. Foreman
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2015)

Inflammation has been identified as a hallmark of high-risk Group A ependymoma (EPN). An initial study from our lab showed Group A was distinguished from Group B by an inflammatory immune phenotype. Given that inflammation has been identified as a causative factor in a number of other tumor types we concluded that Group A may also be influenced by inflammation. Investigation of this hypothesis revealed that tumor cells were releasing an inflammation-associated protein called interleukin-6 (IL-6). This converted surrounding myeloid cells in the tumor to release inflammatory effector IL-8 via activation of a key tumor cell and immune cell functional regulator called STAT3. We sought to investigate the mechanism driving IL-6 production in Group A EPN. We analyzed our molecular dataset and identified genes that are dysregulated in Group A EPN compared to other EPN subtypes and additionally are also dysregulated compared to all other childhood brain tumor types. A large number of these genes are associated with NF-kB activity, also a regulator of inflammation, which is known to drive IL-6 production. We also found that one gene was significantly underexpressed in Group A EPN than all other tumor types, LDOC1, a known suppressor of NF-kB transcription. This provided rationale to explore NF-kB signaling and its role in driving inflammation in Group A EPN. Using our newly developed Group A EPN line, 811, we found loss of NF-kB, through genetic knockdown of RELA, a key NF-kB protein, decreased proliferation and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, loss of NF-kB resulted in decreased STAT3 signaling suggesting its role in driving the inflammatory signaling. We conclude that NF-kB to important in Group A EPN survival and is implicated in the immune suppressive phenotype observed in Group A. Effective design of Group A-targeted immunotherapy for children with EPN may require blockade of this potentially immunosuppressive pathway.
Cocaine Abuse in Pregnancy-Reply
Authors: Ira J. Chasnoff
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> It is important to evaluate pregnancy outcome in the light of compliance with prenatal care. All of the women in both groups of cocaine users entered the Perinatal Center for Chemical Dependence in the first trimester of pregnancy. The group of women who used cocaine in only the first trimester had an average of 10 prenatal visits, compared with an average of 9 prenatal visits for the women who used cocaine throughout pregnancy. There was no statistical difference between these two groups. We have attempted to evaluate factors that might predict compliance with prenatal care, including factors that might indicate which pregnant women will become drug free during the pregnancy. As part of our protocol, we administer the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory to all women during the prenatal period. We have not found any personality factors, as delineated on this test, that are predictive of compliance; nor are
ASSESMENT OF ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF AORTA TO DETERMINE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN NON-OBESE POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME PATIENTS
Authors: Mehmet Kaya, Ozgur Gunebakmaz, Cemil Zencir, Ayse Yilmazsoy, Mukaddes Karadag, Ramazan Topsakal, Ali Ergin, Fahrettin Kelestemur
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
FAILURE TO REASSESS EJECTION FRACTION AMONG ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENTS WHO ARE POTENTIAL CANDIDATES FOR IMPLANTABLE CARDIAC DEFIBRILLATORS: INSIGHTS FROM THE TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH INVESTIGATING UNDERLYING DISPARITIES IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENTS' HEALTH STATUS (TRIUMPH) REGISTRY
Authors: Amy Leigh Miller, Kensey Gosch, Stacie Daugherty, Saif Rathore, Pamela Peterson, Eric D. Peterson, P. Michael Ho, Paul S. Chan, David E. Lanfear, John A. Spertus, Tracy Y. Wang
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Lack of Ranitidine Effects on Cyclophosphamide Bon Marrow Toxicity or Metabolism: A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: D. S. Alberts, N. Mason-Liddil, P. M. Plezia, D. J. Roe, R. T. Dorr, R. F. Struck, J. G. Phillips
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1991)

We previously reported that cimetidine but not ranitidine significantly enhances cyclophosphamide-induced bone marrow toxic effects and the appearance of cyclophosphamide alkylating species in a murine leukemia mouse model, and we advised caution in the use of cimetidine with microsomally metabolized anticancer drugs. Both drugs have been used for the treatment of gastric complications of chemotherapy. Using a randomized, double-blind, crossover study design, we have now evaluated the potential interaction of ranitidine with cyclophosphamide in seven cancer patients, who received two courses of cyclophosphamide, one with ranitidine and one with placebo. Four patients received ranitidine in the first course, and three received placebo. Ranitidine or placebo was started 3 days before a single dose of cyclophosphamide and given for 17 consecutive days. Ranitidine or placebo was given orally (300 mg/d), and cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m 2 ) was given intravenously with [ 3 H]cyclophospha-mide (1000 μCi). Cyclophosphamide treatment was repeated at 4 weeks plus or minus 4 days. Blood samples were collected at intervals from 5 minutes to 24 hours after cyclophosphamide treatment and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and radioassay for the drug and its metabolites. On days 0, 7, 14, and 21 after cyclophosphamide administration, complete blood cell counts, white blood cell differential counts, platelet counts, and SMA-17 were determined. The differences in mean nadir white blood cell counts, granulocyte counts, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrit values during ranitidine versus placebo treatment were not statistically significant In a statistical but not a clinical sense, mean nadir platelet counts were significantly lower with ranitidine. There was a statistically significant increase in area under the curve for drug concentration in plasma x time (AUC) with ranitidine as well as a statistically significant decrease in the total-body clearance rate of the cyclophosphamide molecule. However, the effect on AUC for the major oncolytic metabolites 4-hydroxycyclophospha-mide and phosphoramide mustard was not statistically significant. The lack of toxicologic or metabolic interaction between ranitidine and cyclophosphamide suggests that ranitidine can be used safely with cyclophosphamide. [J Natl Cancer Inst 83:1739–1743, 1991]
Differential control of somatostatin messenger RNA in rat gastric corpus and antrum. Role of acid, food, and capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons.
Authors: A K Sandvik, R Dimaline, E R Forster, D Evans, G J Dockray
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

Somatostatin messenger RNA in the antrum and corpus of rat stomach was quantified by Northern and slot blotting using a probe generated by the polymerase chain reaction. Fasting for 48 h enhanced the abundance of somatostatin mRNA in the pyloric antral region, but not in the acid-secreting region of the stomach. In fasted rats, somatostatin mRNA in antrum, but not corpus, was decreased by inhibition of acid secretion with omeprazole. In contrast, in rats treated with capsaicin to lesion small diameter afferents there was a significant decrease in somatostatin mRNA abundance in the corpus but not antrum. The effects of capsaicin cannot be attributed to nonspecific changes in gastric endocrine cell gene expression, since the abundance of histidine decarboxylase mRNA (which is a functionally regulated marker for a different gastric endocrine cell type) did not change with capsaicin. Gastric capsaicin-sensitive afferents are rich in calcitonin gene-related peptide, and in rats with antibodies to this peptide there was reduced corpus somatostatin mRNA. Moreover, infusion of calcitonin gene-related peptide in control rats produced a significant increase in somatostatin mRNA in the gastric corpus. The results indicate that somatostatin mRNA abundance is controlled by the gastric luminal contents and the extrinsic afferent innervation, but the relative importance of these factors differs in antrum and corpus: luminal contents are relatively more important in antrum and primary afferents using calcitonin gene-related peptide in the corpus.
UTILITY OF "CLAMPING" PROCEDURE IN COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF SPECT IMAGES OF Tc-99m LABELED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES STUDIES
Authors: Lamk Lamki, Bruce J. Barron, Farnaz Dandia, Vicki Ephron, Bing Fang
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1998)

Lamki, Lamk; Barron, Bruce J.; Dandia, Farnaz; Ephron, Vicki; Fang, Bing Author Information
An Obscure Case of Fracture of the Skull
Authors: R. J. Godlee
Journal: BMJ (1887)

tions :-Used in probing for splinter (producing feeling of deadness); in probing abscess in the foot, etc. Internally.:-Relieved the feeling of thirst on a scorching day, and made the tongue moist.On Tongue:-One side may lose the sense of taste for' quinine, the other being unaffected (repeatedly tried); also common sensibility destroyed.Compared with cucaine, it does not dilate the pupil; it does not stimulate prior to paralysing sensation ; it produces no constitutional symptomiis when applied to extensive surfaces.lVotes.-Mr.Stanley, M. R. C.V. S., found that sheep might eat it for some time without its causing death, and that, when given in poison- ous doses, it causes hoven.This supports my views, seeing that the sensory nerves of the gut are paralysed, secretion as well, and so absorption is in abeyance.One cat I experimented on was paralysed in thc extremities ; but the dose was very large, and a spirituous solution was used.The stomach, etc., in a cat.that had tasted neither food nor water for nine days was natural and free from in- flammation, etc; the blood was natural ; the bowels were empty.I have written quite fully enough to show (1) that the drug is a pure anTsthetic;(2) that it is safe; and (3) that it may be used both internally and externally with advantage.For turther particulars, I would refer to my more extended articles in the Australasian Medical Ga-ctte and the Chemist and Druggist of Australasia.I have given only experiences.
Scintigraphic Appearance of the Piriformis Muscle Syndrome
Authors: ROBERT D. KARL, MICHAEL A. YEDINAK, MICHAEL F. HARTSHORNE, MICHAEL A. CAWTHON, JOHN M. BAUMAN, WILLIAM H. HOWARD, STEPHEN R. BUNKER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1985)

This is the first report in the nuclear medicine literature of the scintigraphic appearance of the piriformis muscle syndrome. This syndrome previously has been thought to be a purely clinical diagnosis and imaging modalities have been ignored. However, its confusing clinical presentation can lead to unnecessary surgical exploration. This case is presented to illustrate the characteristic scintigraphic pattern and suggest the role of nuclear medicine scanning in establishing the diagnosis.
MODERN TREATMENT OF FRACTURES.
Authors: EDWARD A. TRACY
Journal: JAMA (1899)

In this paper the subject of fracture treatment shall be limited to a consideration of the principles that apply to the treatment of fractures in general, and of the materials best adapted to their treatment in consonance with these principles. The term "fracture" as used, implies a broken bone. A bone can be broken, the fragments regain an accurate reapposition and unite without a callus. So that a callus is not necessarily in evidence after a fracture. Manley of New York, a surgeon of vast experience with fractures, has repeatedly observed and noted this fact, termed "primary union." The<i>sine qua non</i>for primary union in a fracture is accurate reapposition of the fragments and fixation. Primary union in fracture is exceptional. It probably occurs only when there is no, or but a very temporary, displacement. Displacement in fractures is the rule. When it persists, there are the genetic factors
Rheumatic Fever in Adolescents and Adults
Authors: T. B. Begg, J. W. Kerr, B. R. Knowles
Journal: BMJ (1962)

A series of patients with rheumatic fever have been treated, half with 12-week courses of cortisone and half with aspirin.No difference was noted between the two treatment groups in the development or disappearance of signi- ficant murmurs during the stay in hospital, nor was there any difference between them at five-year follow-up.The series has been compared with another com- prising similar cases that were treated with six-week courses of A.C.T.H., cortisone, or aspirin in the U.K.-U.S. Co-operative Clinical Trial.No difference was apparent between them either in hospital or at five-year follow-up.Thus prolonged (12 weeks) courses of cortisone or aspirin as used in the present series had no advantage over the shorter one used in the Co-operative Clinical Trial and cortisone had none over salicylate.Excluding patients with recurrences during the five- year follow-up period, those who had been treated here with bed rest and given no specific antirheumatic treat- ment or prophylaxis did as well during this five-year period as those in the Co-operative Trial and the recent series who were on prophylaxis.However, with recur- rences the bed-rest non-protected group fared less well; recurrences were more common and many were worse after them.Prophylaxis is still, therefore, the most effective way we have of reducing the severity of residual heart disease, and there is as yet no evidence that steroid is of value in this regard.
Catholic Teaching as to Operations for Ectopic Pregnancy.
Authors: W. P. Whelan
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Omaha, June 17, 1905. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Before answering the queries propounded by J. F. Baldwin, M.D., I would like to inform him that there seems to be a case of mistaken identity in the introduction of his paper. He credits me with the authorship of Coppen's "Medical Jurisprudence," written by my esteemed predecessor in that chair at Creighton Medical College. The book referred to above contains in its last edition later decisions of the court decisions given on the fifth of March, 1902. In the light of these decisions, whatever haze there may have been heretofore with regard to ectopic operations has been dispelled. This very decision is in fact an answer to the first query; before the period of viability he is not allowed; when the fetus is viable he may operate in a case of necessity, with the proviso that he looks after the life of the
[738] OXIDATIVE STRESS (H2O2) INCREASES HEPATIC IRON ACCUMULATION VIA STIMULATION OF TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR 1 SYNTHESIS INDEPENDENT OF THE IRE/IRP NETWORK
Authors: B. Andriopoulos, D. Rest, S. Hegedusch, A. Welker, J. Wang, K. Pantopoulos, S. Mueller
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Acquisition and Processing of Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration Specimens in the Era of Targeted Lung Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: William Bulman, Anjali Saqi, Charles A. Powell
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<Histology Dependence of N...Adenocarcinoma: EGFR Muta...Emergence of Endobronchia...Cytology of NSCLCOptimization of EBUS-TBNA...ConclusionsReferencesCITING ARTICLES
Tight Filum Terminale
Authors: J. Grafton Love
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Spina bifida occulta is relatively common and is not usually associated with neurological deficit. However, neuroanatomic defects do occur in conjunction with this anomaly. Recently it has been recognized that shortening of the filum terminale of the spinal cord may be associated with spinal bifida occulta. During subsequent growth, traction on the spinal cord causes stretching and deformity of the cord. A family is described in which all 3 siblings manifested the syndrome of tight filum terminale in association with spina bifida occulta of the first sacral segment. Similar vertebral defects were present in both parents. This is believed to be the first reported instance of this condition in which heredity has been considered to be a definite factor.
Thrombin-Induced Mitogenesis in Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells Is Potentiated by Thromboxane A <sub>2</sub> and Involves Upregulation of Thromboxane Receptor mRNA
Authors: T.-Ph. Zucker, D. Bönisch, S. Muck, A.-A. Weber, E. Bretschneider, E. Glusa, K. Schrör
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Previous studies have shown that thrombin is a potent though slow-acting mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). Because thrombin generation in vivo is accompanied by platelet activation, it has been suggested that platelet-derived factors might enhance thrombin-induced SMC proliferation. No information is available so far on the possible role of thromboxane A 2 . Methods and Results —Thrombin (1 U/mL) caused a threefold to fourfold increase of DNA synthesis in cultured bovine coronary artery SMC as assessed from [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation. U 46619, a stable thromboxane A 2 mimetic, had only a minor stimulating effect on its own but potentiated the thrombin effect sixfold to sevenfold above control ( P &lt;.05). These findings were paralleled by a 52±5% ( P &lt;.05) increase in cell number at 48 hours after addition of both mitogens as compared with 24±5% with thrombin alone and no change with U 46619 alone. Thromboxane A 2 receptor mRNA was found to be upregulated sixfold 20 minutes after thrombin stimulation. Pretreatment of SMC with thrombin for 4 hours markedly increased U 46619–induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activity, indicating thrombin-induced upregulation of functional thromboxane receptors in SMC. Conclusions —Thrombin-induced proliferation of SMC is markedly enhanced by thromboxane A 2 . This might result in an enhancement of SMC proliferation by platelet-derived thromboxane A 2 in vivo.