tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
TECHNIC OF THE OPERATION FOR REMOVAL OF THE MIDDLE TURBINATE.
Authors: GEORGE L. RICHARDS
Journal: JAMA (1907)

The so-called middle turbinate bone is a lateral diverticulum or wing coming off from the body of the ethmoid, to which it is attached by a narrow isthmus running along the entire length of the ethmoid antero-posteriorly, and hanging freely in the nasal cavity, with an inferior, external and internal free surface. Posteriorly, it extends as far back as the inferior turbinate; anteriorly, it is from three-quarters to an inch shorter. It serves to hide from view the bulla ethmoidalis, the uncinate process, the hiatus semilunaris and the frontonasal duct. It is removed not only on account of its own size but also to gain access to these structures, hence it is necessary in its removal to take away so much of it as will be sure to be ample for the purposes named. It may be of extremely large size, is frequently in contact with the septum, is abundantly
Effects of ryanodine on contractile performance of intact length-clamped papillary muscle.
Authors: F Urthaler, A A Walker, R C Reeves, L L Hefner
Journal: Circulation Research (1989)

Extent, time course, and underlying mechanisms of the negative inotropic effect of ryanodine were examined in 22 length-clamped ferret right ventricular papillary muscles paced 12/min at 25 degrees C. After 60 minutes of exposure to 5 microM ryanodine a new steady state was attained with developed forces averaging 10-15% of maximum twitch force. Ryanodine does not pharmacologically excise the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in this preparation. Ryanodine does not appreciably inhibit the ability of the SR to take up Ca2+ as evidenced by the potentiated beats obtained after a short pause that are nearly as large after ryanodine as before. On comparing equipotent beats before and after ryanodine, we found that ryanodine actually increases the rate at which Ca2+ is released during the twitch if the SR Ca2+ stores are equal or similar. The evidence for this conclusion is a larger maximum rate of tension rise and briefer time to peak tension after ryanodine. Since ryanodine increases the time that SR Ca2+ release channels are open and decreases their conductivity, it must follow that the former effect predominates over the latter in our experiments. Ryanodine increases the leakiness of the SR during diastole probably by inhibiting closure of SR Ca2+ release channels. The evidence for this conclusion is as follows: the early peak of the restitution curves after ryanodine, the brevity of the time required for a rested state contraction after ryanodine, and the small amplitude of the steady-state contraction at a rate of 12/min. The SR leaks even in the absence of ryanodine, but if external Ca2+ is so high that Ca2+ loss from the cell is slowed or a Ca2+ leak into the cell through the sarcolemma cancels the SR leak, then the effects of the SR leak are minimized. The evidence for this conclusion is the time required for rested-state contraction to occur or the slope of the descending limb of restitution curve; however, in presence of ryanodine even high external Ca2+ cannot prevent rapid depletion of SR Ca2+ stores. Even though we have presented evidence for a mechanism whereby ryanodine increases the number of open SR Ca2+ release channels in both systole and diastole, we do not mean to imply that most of them stay open in diastole; the SR would leak too fast to accumulate any Ca2+ for the potentiated beat. Thus, probably most channels close after being open a certain length of time, even in the presence of ryanodine.
LISTER: A HOUSE-SURGEON'S MEMORIES
Authors: S. Thomson
Journal: BMJ (1927)

During the sieoe. of Paris (1870-71) Nd'aton, in despair at the sight of the death, of almost every patient after operation, declared that he who should conquer purutent infection would dCserve a statute viade o0 gold."-LIFE OF PAS,TELI.. ON April 5th, 1827-one hundred years ago to-morrow+ Joseph Lister -was born, the man who conquiered surgrical purulent infection for all humanity and for all-tine.There is an-indifferent and somewhat neglected bust of h1im in Portland Place, hut the statue of gold hias fiot yet been erected, althoughl wound infection was conquered in Lister's own lifetime.Lister achieved more for mankind than all thle surgeons from the begYiiining of history.Before his coining the results of surgical wounds weree hardly better than in the Dark Ages, and yet he lived to see lis wvork and teaching result in the savinog of more lives than all the military heroes of all the ages had (lestroyed.Fifty years agro, this year, lie left EUdinburgl for London.Hle was then 50 years of age.On the same (lay that lie en-tered King's College Hospital as one of its surteons I entered it as a stildent-half a century ago.Listcr was of pure English stock; his l)eople came from Yorkshire.His father was a prosperous wine merchant
Growth Factors and the Extracellular Matrix
Authors: DENIS GOSPODAROWICZ, JEAN-PIERRE TAUBER
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1980)

ONE of the objectives pursued actively for the past 80 years by cell biologists has been to reconstruct from single cells maintained in vitro the corresponding functional tissue. This not only requires that cells obtained from a given tissue and maintained singly in vitro proliferate actively but also that upon reaching confluence they reconstruct the tissue to which they belong in vivo in such a way that both the morphological characteristics of the tissue and its functions are preserved. In recent years, the discovery of mitogenic factors that maintained cells in an active stage of proliferation, thereby preventing their precocious senescence in vitro, has made it possible, in the case of a few tissues, to achieve these objectives. The discovery of growth factors is in a sense not a recent occurrence. The first growth factor to be identified was erythropoietin. This factor, first identified by Carnot and Deflandre in 1906, controls the proliferation of erythroblasts, the progenitors of red blood cells (1). It was not until the 1950's, however, that new growth factors specific to other tissues were to be discovered. Among them was the nerve growth factor (NGF), discovered by Levi-Montalcini and colleagues (2), and the epidermal growth factor (EGF), discovered by Cohen (3). NGF, which was shown to be essential for the survival of sympathetic neurons in tissue culture, was soon used to enable neurons maintained in vitro to survive and to differentiate (4). EGF was discovered primarily through its mitogenic effect on the basal cell layer of the epidermis. This was indirectly reflected in vivo by precocious eyelid opening and tooth eruption in neonatal rats injected with EGF. With organ culture of skin or cornea, EGF induces a spectacular hyperplasia of the epithelial cell layers. It was not until 20 years later, however, that the impact of EGF on cell culture technology was to be felt. This factor is now used in many laboratories as a probe to explore the basic mechanisms through which cells such as fibroblasts divide (5, 6). It is also used in keratinocyte cultures, where it delays the terminal differentiation of the cells, thereby rendering long-term culturing of that cell type possible (7).
EU tables new rules to deter smokers
Authors: R. Watson
Journal: BMJ (2012)

All cigarette packets sold in the European Union will have to carry larger and clearer health warnings, under draft legislation presented by the European Commission on 19 December.1 The commission also proposes a ban on the use of strong flavourings such as vanilla, strawberry, and menthol to mask the taste of tobacco.

The wide ranging proposals look to strengthen existing pan-European rules on tobacco dating back to 2001 and aim, by lessening the glamour associated with smoking, to prevent young people from taking up the habit.

Presenting the planned new restrictions, Tonio Borg, the EU health commissioner, said, “The figures speak for themselves. Tobacco kills half of its users and is highly addictive. With 70% of smokers starting before the age of 18, the ambition of today’s …
A Comparison of the Efficacy and Toxic Effects of Sustained- vs Immediate-Release Niacin in Hypercholesterolemic Patients
Authors: James M. McKenney
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To compare escalating doses of immediate-release (IR) and sustained-release (SR) niacin for effectiveness in reducing levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides and increasing levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and for the occurrence of adverse reactions, especially hepatotoxicity. <h3>Design.</h3> —Randomized, double-blind, parallel comparison of IR and SR niacin administered sequentially at 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 3000 mg/d, each for 6 weeks. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Cholesterol research center. <h3>Patients.</h3> —Forty-six adults, 23 in each group, with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels greater than 4.14 mmol/L (160 mg/dL) after 1 month of a step 1 National Cholesterol Education Program diet. <h3>Outcome Measures.</h3> —Fourteen-hour fasting lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol levels, results of clinical laboratory tests, a symptom questionnaire, and withdrawal rates. <h3>Results.</h3> —The SR niacin lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly more than IR niacin did at the dosage of 1500 mg/d and above, while IR niacin increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly more than SR niacin did at all dosage levels. The reduction in triglyceride levels was similar with IR and SR niacin. Nine (39%) of the 23 patients assigned to the IR dosage form withdrew before completing the 3000-mg daily dose; the most common reasons for withdrawal were vasodilatory symptoms, fatigue, and acanthosis nigricans. Eighteen (78%) of the 23 patients assigned to the SR dosage form withdrew before completing the 3000-mg daily dose; the most common reasons for withdrawal were gastrointestinal tract symptoms, fatigue, and increases in levels of liver aminotransferases, often with symptoms of hepatic dysfunction. None of the patients taking IR niacin developed hepatoxic effects, while 12 (52%) of the 23 patients taking SR niacin did. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —The SR form of niacin is hepatotoxic and should be restricted from use. The IR niacin is preferred for the management of hypercholesterolemia but can also cause significant adverse effects and should be given only to patients who can be carefully monitored by experienced health professionals. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1994;271:672-677)
Family Factors Affecting Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Patricia L. Dobkin, Roger-Michel Poirier, Yvette Bonny
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1995)

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is the last resort for children with leukemia for whom conventional treatments have failed. The case presented herein is one of an adolescent girl whose parents were unable to cope with the extreme challenge of BMT. Couple- and family-related data collected prior to the BMT showed this family was at risk. Indeed, throughout the ordeal the patient seriously regressed and her parents' reactions appeared to exacerbate her condition. At discharge, when left alone, the patient manifested somatic symptoms which required her parents to attend to her needs. How family factors may influence BMT outcome is discussed.
Homepeptide Repeats: Implications for Protein Structure, Function and Evolution
Authors: Muthukumarasamy Uthayakumar, Bowdadu Benazir, Sanjeev Patra, Marthandan Kirti Vaishnavi, Manickam Gurusaran, Kanagarajan Sureka, Jeyaraman Jeyakanthan, Kanagaraj Sekar
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2012)

Analysis of protein sequences from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Mtb H37Rv) was performed to identify homopeptide repeat-containing proteins (HRCPs). Functional annotation of the HRCPs showed that they are preferentially involved in cellular metabolism. Furthermore, these homopeptide repeats might play some specific roles in protein-protein interaction. Repeat length differences among Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes were calculated in order to identify the conservation of the repeats in these divergent kingdoms. From the results, it was evident that these repeats have a higher degree of conservation in Bacteria and Archaea than in Eukaryotes. In addition, there seems to be a direct correlation between the repeat length difference and the degree of divergence between the species. Our study supports the hypothesis that the presence of homopeptide repeats influences the rate of evolution of the protein sequences in which they are embedded. Thus, homopeptide repeat may have structural, functional and evolutionary implications on proteins.
Trochanteric bursitis--a frequent cause of 'hip' pain in rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: D Raman, I Haslock
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1982)

One hundred consecutive patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were examined for the presence of trochanteric bursitis. This condition was found in 15. Ten patients responded to a single local injection of corticosteroid and the remaining 5 to a second injection. Trochanteric bursitis is an underdiagnosed, easily remediable cause of pain in RA. Specific examination for in presence should be a routine in all patients with RA, especially those with hip pain.
STUDIES ON ENDOTHELIAL REACTIONS
Authors: Nathan Chandler Foot
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1920)

1. The epithelioid cell is of definitely endothelial origin. 2. The only reliable means of identifying and tracing this cell is, at the present time, a colloidal suspension of carbon, injected intravenously. Benzidine dyes will not accomplish this if used alone. 3. There is little evidence that the local tissue elements take an active part in the process of tubercle formation, until after the lesion is formed; the reaction is, in a sense, exudative, since the lesion is produced from cells which migrate to the site of inflammation. 4. The lymphocyte appears late and is not to be considered as a potential epithelioid cell; its presence in the tubercles is as yet unexplained.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Jana Katuchova, Denisa Harvanova, Timea Spakova, Rastislav Kalanin, Daniel Farkas, Peter Durny, Jan Rosocha, Jozef Radonak, Daniel Petrovic, Dario Siniscalco, Meirigeng Qi, Miroslav Novak, Peter Kruzliak
Journal: Endocrine Pathology (2015)
Proteolysis, Fibrinolysis, and Coagulation
Authors: BENJAMIN ALEXANDER, LIBERTO PECHET, ALLAN KLIMAN
Journal: Circulation (1962)

The fibrinolytic mechanism, one of the blood protease systems, constitutes a fourth phase of clotting, which contributes to maintenance of coagulation in delicate balance. "Shwartzman"-induced in vivo coagulation, combined with fibrinolysin, produces profound clotting defects with severe hemostatic failure, in contrast to the relative innocuousness of either alone. The same defects are obtainable in vitro. The thrombin-fibrinogen interaction is blocked, simulating the in vivo "afiibrinogenemia." These observations are pertinent to thrombolytic therapy invoked for conditions where intravascular clotting may be occurring. Fibrinogen clottability is also blocked by trypsin. Apparently, fibrinolysin, thrombin, and trypsin are competitive for fibrinogen. Trypsin, as, well as other proteases, markedly activates factors II, VII, and X, resembling the action of thromboplastin. In contrast, fibrinolysin and thrombin are inert on these clotting factors, whereas on factor V they first activate and then destroy it. This explains why factor V depression is observed in thrombolytic therapy. The activating effect of trypsin on factors II, VII, and X precludes its use in thrombolytic therapy, and also draws attention to the tryptase-antitryptase equilibrium in normal and certain thrombotic states. The experimental observations help elucidate some clinical and clinicolaboratory findings in acquired "afibrinogenemia" and therapeutically induced "fibrinolytic" states. The retarded thrombin clotting time of the plasma, and reduction in prothrombic activity attributable to fibrinolytic depression of factor V, may be valuable guides to thrombolytic therapy.
Phosphorylation of CBP Mediates Transcriptional Activation by Neural Activity and CaM Kinase IV
Authors: Soren Impey, Amy L. Fong, Yanhong Wang, Jean-Rene Cardinaux, Daniel M. Fass, Karl Obrietan, Gary A. Wayman, Daniel R. Storm, Thomas R. Soderling, Richard H. Goodman
Journal: Neuron (2002)
Prenatal Exposure to Butylbenzyl Phthalate and Early Eczema in an Urban Cohort
Authors: Allan C. Just, Robin M. Whyatt, Matthew S. Perzanowski, Antonia M. Calafat, Frederica P. Perera, Inge F. Goldstein, Qixuan Chen, Andrew G. Rundle, Rachel L. Miller
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

Recent cross-sectional studies suggest a link between butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP) in house dust and childhood eczema.We aimed to evaluate whether concentrations of monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), the main BBzP metabolite in urine, during pregnancy are associated prospectively with eczema in young children, and whether this association varies by the child's sensitization to indoor allergens or serological evidence of any allergies.MBzP was measured in spot urine samples during the third trimester of pregnancy from 407 African-American and Dominican women residing in New York City in 1999-2006. Repeated questionnaires asked mothers whether their doctor ever said their child had eczema. Child blood samples at 24, 36, and 60 months of age were analyzed for total, anti-cockroach, dust mite, and mouse IgE. Relative risks (RR) were estimated with multivariable modified Poisson regression. Analyses included a multinomial logistic regression model for early- and late-onset eczema versus no eczema through 60 months of age.MBzP was detected in > 99% of samples (geometric mean = 13.6; interquartile range: 5.7-31.1 ng/mL). By 24 months, 30% of children developed eczema, with the proportion higher among African Americans (48%) than among Dominicans (21%) (p < 0.001). An interquartile range increase in log MBzP concentration was associated positively with early-onset eczema (RR = 1.52 for eczema by 24 months; 95% confidence interval: 1.21, 1.91, p = 0.0003, n = 113 reporting eczema/376 total sample), adjusting for urine specific gravity, sex, and race/ethnicity. MBzP was not associated with allergic sensitization, nor did seroatopy modify consistently the MBzP and eczema association.Prenatal exposure to BBzP may influence the risk of developing eczema in early childhood.
Bone SPECT in Osteoid Osteoma of the Vertebral Lamina
Authors: P J RYAN, I FOGELMAN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

A 10-year-old boy with a history of two and a half years of low back pain was referred for a bone scan. Symptoms were more troublesome at night than during the day and had worsened in the previous few months. The boy was otherwise well, and had not lost weight. Radiographs were normal, and bone scan with SPECT showed a focal area of increased tracer uptake in the lumbar spine on the right side of L4, which on SPECT imaging was shown to be in the posterior elements posterolaterally. CT scan performed shortly following the bone scan showed an osteoid osteoma in the right L4 lamina. This case demonstrates that increased uptake in the posterior elements posterolaterally can be due to osteoid osteoma, which should be included in the differential diagnosis for abnormal activity in this area.
Abstract 1368: L-5F, an ApoA-I mimetic peptide, inhibits tumor angiogenesis by suppressing VEGF/bFGF signaling pathways
Authors: Feng Gao, Feng Su, Svetlana Roberts, Victor Grijalva, Srinivasa T. Reddy, Robin Farias-Eisner
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Objective We recently demonstrated that overexpression of ApoA-I inhibits tumor growth and improves survival in mice. In the present study we examined whether apoA-I mimetic peptide, L-5F reduces tumor development in mice by inhibiting angiogenesis. Methods Flank tumors were generated in immunocompetent C57BL6/J mice as described previously (Zhang L, et al. 2002) by injecting ID8 cells, a mouse ovarian cancer cell line. L-5F was injected s.c. once a day for 5 weeks (10 mg/kg). 3D vessel images of tumor tissues were created using a micro-CT scanner from Numira Biosciences. The effects of L-5F in vitro were studied in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) following VEGF and bFGF treatment. MTS assay, BrdU cell proliferation assay, wound-healing assay, and trans-well assay were used to determine cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of HUVEC, respectively. Activation of Erk and Akt pathways were analyzed using western blots. Results Daily s.c. injection of L-5F significantly reduced tumor size and quantity and size of vessels of flank tumors in C57BL6/J mice, compared to mice that did not receive L-5F peptide. L-5F (10 µg/ml) significantly inhibited both VEGF- and bFGF-induced cell viability (∼46% for VEGF and ∼56% for bFGF), proliferation (∼50% for VEGF and ∼70% for bFGF), migration (∼80% for VEGF and ∼77% for bFGF), and invasion (∼65% for VEGF and ∼44% for bFGF) in HUVECs. L-5F mediated effects were dose-dependent between 1 and 10 µg/ml including the inhibition VEGF and bFGF-induced phosphorylation of Erk and Akt. L-5F did not affect the viability and proliferation of HUVECs in the basal state (i.e. absence of VEGF and bFGF treatments). Conclusion Our data suggest that apoA-I mimetic peptide, L-5F inhibits tumor development in mice, in part, by inhibiting angiogenesis. ApoA-I mimetic peptides may serve as novel anti-angiogenesis and anticancer therapies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1368.
<i>In Utero</i> Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure Alters Gene Expression in Lungs of Adult BALB/c Mice
Authors: Rodney L. Rouse, Marc J. Boudreaux, Arthur L. Penn
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

In utero environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure exacerbates initial lung responses of adult mice to ovalbumin (OVA), a common allergen in rodent models of allergic asthma.We tested the hypothesis that in utero ETS exposure alters expression of genes (including asthma-related and inflammatory genes) in the lungs of adult mice and that this differential expression is reflected in differential respiratory and immune responses to nontobacco allergens.Using Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 2.0 arrays, we examined gene expression changes in lungs of BALB/c mice exposed to ETS in utero, OVA, or saline aerosol at weeks 7-8, and OVA sensitization and challenge at weeks 11-15. Data sets were filtered by transcript p-value (< or = 0.05), false discovery rate (< or = 0.05), and fold change (> or = 1.5). Differential expression of selected genes was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Genes differentially expressed as a result of in utero ETS exposure are involved in regulation of biological processes (immune response, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell metabolism) through altered cytoskeleton, adhesion, transcription, and enzyme molecules. A number of genes prominent in lung inflammation were differentially expressed on PCR but did not pass selection criteria for microarray, including arginase (Arg1), chitinases (Chia, Chi3l3, Chi3l4), eotaxins (Ccl11, Ccl24), small proline-rich protein 2a (Sprr2a), and cytokines (Il4, Il6, Il10, Il13, Tnfa) .The differential lung gene expression reported here is consistent with previously reported functional changes in lungs of mice exposed in utero to ETS and as adults to the nontobacco allergen OVA.