tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Photodynamic therapy for advanced bile duct cancer: Evidence for improved palliation and extended survival
Authors: Frieder Berr, Marcus Wiedmann, Andrea Tannapfel, Ulrich Halm, Kay R. Kohlhaw, Frank Schmidt, Christian Wittekind, Johann Hauss, Joachim Mössner
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

Median survival time of nonresectable hilar bile duct cancer is only 4 to 6 months owing to tumor spread in the biliary tree, refractory cholestasis, and sepsis or liver failure. We explored whether local photodynamic therapy of nonresectable bile duct cancer could improve survival. A sample size of 23 patients is required to detect an increase in 6-month survival rate from less than 50% to greater than 70% in a single-arm phase-II trial with a statistical power of 80% (Fleming’s single step procedure; α = 0.05). Twenty-three consecutive patients (8 women, 15 men; 67 ± 14 years) with nonresectable bile duct cancer (Bismuth type III n = 2, type IV n = 21) were treated with photodynamic therapy and biliary endoprosthesis. Photofrin (QLT Pharmaceuticals, Vancouver, Canada) (2 mg/kg body weight intravenously) was photoactivated after 1 to 4 days with laser light (630 nm; 242 J/cm 2 ) via endoscopic retrograde access. The 6-month survival rate was 91% after diagnosis and 74% after start of photodynamic therapy (30-day mortality rate was 4%) at a median follow-up time of 10.3 months after diagnosis. Causes of death were tumor progression (n = 9) and bacterial infections (n = 4). The median rate of local tumor response was 74%, 54%, 29%, and 67% after the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth photodynamic therapy. Time to progression ranged from 3 to 8 months. All patients, except 1 with diffuse liver metastases, improved in cholestasis, performance, and quality of life. Photodynamic therapy can prevent tumor occlusion of hilar bile ducts. The apparent benefit in survival time should be confirmed in a controlled trial versus palliation by endoprosthesis only.
Elevated Plasma Glucagon Levels in Cirrhosis of the Liver
Authors: José Marco, Javier Diego, Maria L. Villanueva, Maruxa Díaz-Fierros, Isabel Valverde, José M. Segovia
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

Plasma glucagon levels (in the basal state, after stimulation with arginine and after suppression by oral glucose) were determined in 36 patients with cirrhosis. The mean basal glucagon levels were 455 ± 63 (S.E.M.) pg per milliliter in eight patients with portacaval shunts, 217 ± 23 pg per milliliter in 28 patients without shunts, and 146 ± 10 pg per milliliter in 15 controls. After arginine stimulation, glucagon rose to 828 ± 122 pg per milliliter in 25 cirrhotic patients and to 409 ± 36 pg per milliliter in the controls. High fasting glucagon levels (490 to 560 pg per milliliter) and an exaggerated elevation after arginine were also found in a noncirrhotic subject with a mesocaval shunt. Since glucagon is degraded in the liver, the abnormal liver-cell function and hepatic blood flow of cirrhosis probably explain the hyperglucagonism found in this condition. The high plasma glucagon levels, however, do not necessarily explain the abnormalities of carbohydrate tolerance found in patients with cirrhosis. (N Engl J Med 289:1107–1111, 1973)
THE PREVENTION OF INSANITY.
Authors: DANIEL R. BROWER
Journal: JAMA (1901)

The necessity for more radical measures for the prevention of insanity must be manifest to any one who will judicially consider the question of its rapid increase; for while there has been some attempt to minimize this important question, yet it is capable of easy demonstration that insanity has increased out of all due proportion to the increase in population in the last thirty or forty years. The statistics of Great Britain show that the proportion of insane to the whole population in 1860 was 1 to 523, and in 1890, 1 to 320; and in Illinois the proportion of insane to the population is about 1 to 400. Preventive measures must come from the States. The learned and self-sacrificing profession to which we belong can show the way, but the state must compel people to walk therein. The state has assumed the care and maintenance of the insane; indeed,
Common variants near ABCA1 and in PMM2 are associated with primary open-angle glaucoma
Authors: Yuhong Chen, Ying Lin, Eranga N Vithana, Liyun Jia, Xianbo Zuo, Tien Yin Wong, Li Jia Chen, Xianjun Zhu, Pancy O S Tam, Bo Gong, Shaohong Qian, Zheng Li, Xiaoqi Liu, Baskaran Mani, Qian Luo, Celeste Guzman, Christopher K S Leung, Xiaobo Li, Wenjun Cao, Quanyao Yang, Clement C Y Tham, Yilian Cheng, Xuejun Zhang, Ningli Wang, Tin Aung, Chiea Chuen Khor, Chi Pui Pang, Xinghuai Sun, Zhenglin Yang
Journal: Nature Genetics (2014)
Use of First Names
Authors: Joseph W. Manley
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I'm writing in response to Mrs Lucille G. Natkins. She addresses a subject that has been discussed in the literature several times in recent months. I've heard it discussed in hospitals recently, both informally and formally. I must concur with Mrs Natkins wholeheartedly in that both medical care and self-respect are necessary. It is difficult indeed to have one without the other. One must keep in mind, however, that what constitutes self-respect for one person may signify loss of warmth and contact for another. Certainly, first-name relationships are less formal than last-name relationships. This informality may be unacceptable to some patients, just as it may be inappropriate in some employee-employer or other relationships. The situation she describes with formal-name-first-name inconsistencies certainly appears inappropriate, but it does occur. In my own practice, when seeing a new patient I ask her how she prefers to be addressed and note
Acanthosis Nigricans Associated With Testicular Carcinoma
Authors: Edward M. Braun
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Acanthosis nigricans, although benign it itself, has been associated with a variety of underlying neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and lymphomas. To our knowledge, this is the first report of its association with a testicular carcinoma.
Acyclovir and post-herpetic neuralgia and ocular involvement
Authors: J I McGill, J E White
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Herpes zoster infection is a common clinical problem in elderly people. Three of the consequences of such infection are acute rash, post-herpetic neuralgia, and, for those with trigeminal infection, ocular complications.

Post-herpetic neuralgia is a severe, prolonged, debilitating complication with no known effective treatment. Acyclovir treats acute rash,*RF 1-4* but its role in preventing post-herpetic neuralgia and ocular complications remains controversial. These complications can be severe and sight threatening and can require prolonged treatment. Topical acyclovir has been shown to be beneficial when given prophylactically and in established cases.5 We examined whether high oral doses of acyclovir (800 mg five times a day for seven days) have a beneficial effect on post-herpetic neuralgia and reduce ocular involvement in the long term.

Of the …
982. Lentiviral Vector Mediated Genetic Modification of Dendritic Cells as a Vaccine Against Hepatitis C
Authors: Richard C. Koya, Yi Zheng, Emmanuelle Faure, Guann-yi Yu, Takahiro Kimura, Nori Kasahara, Renata Stripecke
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Due to the immediate need for an effective vaccine for Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, we propose to develop lentiviral vectors for genetic immunization against HCV. Our approach consists in the design of lentivectors expressing clusters of HCV proteins combined with co-expression of immunostimulatory molecules to potentiate high levels of immune responses against several HCV epitopes.
Lymphoma vs Carcinoma
Authors: Frederic A. Gibbs
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I am concerned that the case of bronchogenic carcinoma described by Gerald J. Vosika, MD (241:594, 1979), may have been a malignant lymphoma—probably a diffuse histiocytic lymphoma in view of the potential confusion with a large cell bronchogenic carcinoma. In my opinion, it is bizarre for a metastatic primary lung carcinoma to have three anatomically unrelated areas of adenopathy and no demonstrable bone or liver involvement. An endobronchial lesion with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma, on the other hand, would not be particularly surprising; certainly, a chemotherapeutic cure would be substantially more likely.
Radiological-pathological analysis of WHO, RECIST, EASL, mRECIST and DWI: Imaging analysis from a prospective randomized trial of Y90 ± sorafenib
Authors: Michael Vouche, Laura Kulik, Rohi Atassi, Khairuddin Memon, Ryan Hickey, Daniel Ganger, Frank H. Miller, Vahid Yaghmai, Michael Abecassis, Talia Baker, Mary Mulcahy, Ritu Nayar, Robert J. Lewandowski, Riad Salem
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

The aim of this study was to compare radiological and pathological changes and test the adjunct efficacy of Sorafenib to Y90 as a bridge to transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 15 patients with 16 HCC lesions were randomized to Y90 without (Group A, n = 9) or with Sorafenib (Group B, n = 7). Size (WHO, RECIST), enhancement (EASL, mRECIST) and diffusion-weighted imaging criteria (apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC) measurements were obtained at baseline, then at 1 and every 3 months after treatment until transplantation. Percentage necrosis in explanted tumors was correlated with imaging findings. 100%, 50%-99% and &lt;50% pathological necrosis was observed in 6 (67%), 1 (11%), and 2 (22%) tumors in Group A and 3 (42%), 2 (28%), and 2 (28%) in Group B, respectively ( P = 0.81). While ADC ( P = 0.46) did not change after treatment, WHO ( P = 0.06) and RECIST ( P = 0.08) response at 1 month failed to reach significance, but significant responses by EASL ( P &lt; 0.01/0.03) and mRECIST ( P &lt; 0.01/0.03) at 1 and 3 months were observed. Response was equivalent by EASL or mRECIST. No difference in response rates was observed between groups A and B at 1 and 3 months by WHO, RECIST, EASL, mRECIST or ADC measurements. Despite failing to reach significance, smaller baseline size was associated with complete pathological necrosis (CPN) (RECIST: P = 0.07; WHO: P = 0.05). However, a cut-off size of 35 mm was predictive of CPN ( P = 0.005). CPN could not be predicted by WHO ( P = 0.25 and 0.62), RECIST (P = 0.35 and 0.54), EASL ( P = 0.49 and 0.46), mRECIST ( P = 0.49 and 0.60) or ADC ( P = 0.86 and 0.93). Conclusion: The adjunct of Sorafenib did not augment radiological or pathological response to Y90 therapy for HCC. Equivalent significant reduction in enhancement at 1 and 3 months by EASL/mRECIST was noted. Neither EASL nor mRECIST could reliably predict CPN. (Hepatology 2013;58:1655–1666)
461 Transcriptional regulation of the human, mouse and rat NTCP/NTCP genes: role of liver enriched transcription factors
Authors: D JUNG, B HAGENBUCH, P MEIER, G KULLAKUBLICK
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

The vectorial transport of bile salts from blood into bile is essential for the generation of bile flow, solubilization of cholesterol in bile, and emulsification of lipids in the intestine. Major transport proteins involved in the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts include the hepatocellular bile salt export pump (BSEP, ABCB11), the apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter (ASBT, SLC10A2) in cholangiocytes and enterocytes, the sodium-dependent hepatocyte bile salt uptake system NTCP (SLC10A1), the organic anion transporting polypeptides OATP-C (SLC21A6), OATP8 (SLC21A8) and OATP-A (SLC21A3), and the multidrug resistance protein MRP3 (ABCC3). Synthesis and transport of bile salts are intricately linked processes that undergo extensive feedback and feed-forward regulation by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. A key regulator of hepatocellular bile salt homeostasis is the bile acid receptor/farnesoid X receptor FXR, which activates transcription of the BSEP and OATP8 genes and of the small heterodimer partner 1 (SHP). SHP is a transcriptional repressor that mediates bile acid-induced repression of the bile salt uptake systems rat Ntcp and human OATP-C. A nuclear receptor that activates rodent Oatp2 (Slc21a5) and human MRP2 (ABCC2) is the pregnane X receptor/steroid X receptor PXR/SXR. Intracellular trafficking and membrane insertion of bile salt transporters is regulated by lipid, protein, and extracellular signal-related kinases in response to physiologic stimuli such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate or taurocholate. Finally, dysfunction of individual bile salt transporters such as BSEP, on account of genetic mutations, steric inhibition, suppression of gene expression, or disturbed signaling, is an important cause of cholestatic liver disease.
Is migraine a risk factor for the development of concussion?
Authors: K E Gordon, J M Dooley, E P Wood
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2006)

Is migraine a risk factor for the development of concussion?Concussion, which is defined as ''a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces'', 1 2 is a poorly characterised clinical syndrome.Prospectively validated features include loss of consciousness, amnesia, headache, blurred vision, dizziness, nausea, and attention deficit, 3 although none of these phenomena is mandatory.There has been a recent increase in both awareness of and interest in sports related concussion. 1 2 4 5 Trauma has also been associated with migraine.Matthews 6 identified footballer's migraine in which soccer players suffered migraine headaches after heading the ball.Typically the head injury was minor and was not associated with loss of consciousness, although confusion and impaired consciousness was more likely to be reported in children. 7 8 The congruence of symptoms in migraine and concussion may lead to confusion in diagnosing the adolescent who has suffered a head injury, reportedly leading to a possible over-diagnosis of concussion and underrecognition of trauma induced migraine. 9he overlap between migraine and concussion may also reflect an increased propensity in migraineurs for concussion.This study was designed as an exploratory analysis to investigate an observed clinical association between migraine and concussion. MethodsThe Canadian Community Health Survey is a cross sectional survey that collects information on health status, healthcare utilisation, and health determinants for the Canadian population.A stratified cluster sample design is used to obtain information on Canadians aged 12 years or older living in private dwellings in the 10 provinces and the three territories, exclusive of persons living on First Nations Reserves or Crown Lands, residents of institutions, full time members of the Canadian Armed Forces, and residents of certain remote regions.Information is collected every two years. 10 11 Our analysis was based on the public use microdata set of the Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 1. 1 (2000-2001) 12 and Cycle 2.1 (2003). 13ach respondent was asked, ''In the past 12 months, did you have any injuries that were serious enough to limit your normal activities?''Subjects responding affirmatively to this question were subsequently asked about the nature of the most serious injury.For the public use microdata set, concussions and internal injuries were coded together.Only those reporting concussions/internal injuries that occurred during ''sports/physical education/leisure or hobby'' or within a ''sports or athletics area'' were considered as the dependent variable for this study.Reported concussions/internal injuries occurring outside these parameters were excluded
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the skin associated with chronic limb lymphoedema
Authors: F.M. TATNALL, B.S. MANN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

Journal Article Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of the skin associated with chronic limb lymphoedema Get access F.M. TATNALL, F.M. TATNALL Department of Dermatology, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3, U.K. Dr F.M.Tatnall, Department of Dermatology, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B.S. MANN B.S. MANN Department of Histopathology, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 113, Issue 6, 1 December 1985, Pages 751–756, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1985.tb02412.x Published: 01 December 1985 Article history Accepted: 01 May 1985 Published: 01 December 1985
Multispecies Analysis of Expression Pattern Diversification in the Recently Expanded Insect Ly6 Gene Family
Authors: Kohtaro Tanaka, Yoan Diekmann, Alexis Hazbun, Assia Hijazi, Barbara Vreede, Fernando Roch, Élio Sucena
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2015)

Gene families often consist of members with diverse expression domains reflecting their functions in a wide variety of tissues. However, how the expression of individual members, and thus their tissue-specific functions, diversified during the course of gene family expansion is not well understood. In this study, we approached this question through the analysis of the duplication history and transcriptional evolution of a rapidly expanding subfamily of insect Ly6 genes. We analyzed different insect genomes and identified seven Ly6 genes that have originated from a single ancestor through sequential duplication within the higher Diptera. We then determined how the original embryonic expression pattern of the founding gene diversified by characterizing its tissue-specific expression in the beetle Tribolium castaneum, the butterfly Bicyclus anynana, and the mosquito Anopheles stephensi and those of its duplicates in three higher dipteran species, representing various stages of the duplication history (Megaselia abdita, Ceratitis capitata, and Drosophila melanogaster). Our results revealed that frequent neofunctionalization episodes contributed to the increased expression breadth of this subfamily and that these events occurred after duplication and speciation events at comparable frequencies. In addition, at each duplication node, we consistently found asymmetric expression divergence. One paralog inherited most of the tissue-specificities of the founder gene, whereas the other paralog evolved drastically reduced expression domains. Our approach attests to the power of combining a well-established duplication history with a comprehensive coverage of representative species in acquiring unequivocal information about the dynamics of gene expression evolution in gene families.
Diagnosis and management of headaches in young people and adults: summary of NICE guidance
Authors: S. Carville, S. Padhi, T. Reason, M. Underwood
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Headaches are a common problem that many clinicians in primary and secondary care find difficult to treat.1 2 Once the serious causes of headache have been excluded (such as infection, tumour, bleeding, and arteritis), the major health and social burden of headaches can be attributed to primary headache disorders (cluster headache, migraine, and tension-type headache) and headache caused by the overuse of medications. Straightforward advice is needed for anyone working in the NHS on the diagnosis and treatment of these common disorders and the prevention of medication overuse headache. This article summarises the most recent recommendations from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on the diagnosis and management of headaches in young people and adults.3 NICE recommendations are based on systematic reviews of the best available evidence and explicit consideration of cost effectiveness. When minimal evidence is available, recommendations are based on the Guideline Development Group's experience and opinion of what constitutes good practice. Evidence levels for the recommendations are given in italic in square brackets. ### Assessment: indications for considering additional investigation [ All based on the experience and opinion of the Guideline Development Group (GDG )]
Specific cytotoxic T cells are found in the nonrejected kidneys of blood-transfused rats.
Authors: M J Dallman, K J Wood, P J Morris
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1987)

Preoperative, donor-specific blood transfusion leads to indefinite survival of rat renal allografts in the strain combinations used. 51Cr-release assays have shown that the level of specific cytotoxic effector activity in the grafts of transfused (nonrejected kidney) animals is very high and may equal or exceed that seen in the grafts of untreated (rejected kidney) recipients. Such cytotoxicity demonstrates specificity for the alloantigens of the kidney, is T cell-mediated, and may persist within the transplant.
Localization of Abnormal Parathyroid Gland(s) Using Thallium-201 /lodine-123 Subtraction Scintigraphy in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: DANIEL PICARD, PIERRE D???AMOUR, LUCIE CARRIER, RAYMONDE CHARTRAND, ROGER POISSON
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1987)

Tl-201/I-123 subtraction scintigraphy was performed in 17 patients with clinical symptoms and biochemical measurements suggestive of primary hyperparathyroidism. Nineteen abnormal sites were identified. These results were correlated with PTH measurements and surgical findings. Three sites were considered unrelated to the parathyroid glands, two corresponding to palpable thyroid nodules and one to muscle uptake of unknown origin. One scintigram did not reveal either of two abnormal glands while two others were considered falsely positive in view of surgical failure. Fourteen sites corresponded to abnormal parathyroid gland at surgery; five glands, weighing more than 2000 mg, could be correctly located on the Tl-201 scintigraphy prior to the subtraction procedure; six glands, weighing between 500 and 2000 mg, were easily localized after the subtraction procedure; three glands, weighing between 180 and 200 mg, were correctly localized after further manipulation of the subtraction procedure. In a patient with parathyroid hyperplasia, one gland, weighing 150 mg, was not located and another was not found upon surgery. Overall sensitivity was 87.5%. A positive correlation between PTH levels, tumor weight, and ease of detection on scintigraphy was found. This correlation was particularly useful in excluding large abnormal uptake related to thyroid disorder or artifact. The results suggest that Tl-201/I-123 parathyroid scintigraphy could become an alternative to Tl-201/Tc-99m parathyroid scintigraphy, with possibly improved detection of low weight abnormal parathyroid glands.
Joseph Schembri Wismayer
Authors: F. S. Wismayer
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Joseph Schembri Wismayer (“Joe”) trained and qualified in medicine in Malta, one of six brothers to do so, with seven of their children also joining the profession. He came to the UK in 1961 to start training in surgery. He met his wife, Anne, a trainee nurse, at Hackney General Hospital and after starting a family settled down in Luton where he worked as a GP for 33 years. He maintained an …
Remarks on the PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: L. S. T. Burrell
Journal: BMJ (1933)

BJTTSWAL 731 definite disability such as tuberculosis, the greater the Remarks risk of living unwisely.I agree, therefore, that all children should be taught how to lead a healthy life and ON THE be given the chance of leading it, but I do not agree that PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT IN PULMONARY this is a problem of tuberculosis or that large sums of TUBERCULOSIS money, allocated for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis, should be spent in keeping delicate children BY or adults for long periods in public institutions.