tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
O2-induced change in ventilation and ventilatory drive in COPD.
Authors: C R Dick, Z Liu, C S Sassoon, R B Berry, C K Mahutte
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

We examined the role of respiratory control during O2-induced hypercarbia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), by comparing the observed change in ventilation (delta VEobs) with the delta VE predicted (delta VEpred) from the patients' ventilatory drive and the O2-induced delta PaCO2 and delta SaO2. Eleven stable hypoxemic COPD patients (mean +/- SD: FEV1 = 1.00 +/- 0.25 L, FVC = 2.33 +/- 0.38 L; room air PaCO2 = 52.7 +/- 7.9 mm Hg, SaO2 87.7 +/- 5.1%) were studied. Using standard rebreathing methods, we measured the ventilatory responses to hypercapnia (delta VE/PCO2 = 0.76 +/- 0.55 L/min/mm Hg) and to hypoxia (delta VE/delta SaO2 = -0.74 +/- 0.31 L/min/%). After breathing 100% O2 for 15 min, the mean delta VEobs was -0.08 +/- 0.62 (SEM) L/min (p = NS), the delta SaO2 was 7.6 +/- 3.6% (p < 0.001), and the delta PaCO2 was 6.6 +/- 3.3 mm Hg (p < 0.001). The delta VEpred was expressed as the sum of a decrease in ventilation due to suppression of hypoxic drive [calculated as the product (delta VE/SaO2) x delta SaO2] and an increase in ventilation due to the O2-induced hypercarbia [calculated as the production (delta VE/delta PCO2) x delta PaCO2]. The mean delta VEpred [-0.96 +/- 0.68 (SEM)] did not differ significantly from mean delta VEobs. We conclude that the O2-induced delta VEobs is equal to that expected from the ventilatory drives and the changes in PaCO2 and SaO2; and that O2-induced hypercarbia does not indicate a failure of respiratory control mechanisms in the maintenance of PaCO2 homeostasis.
The Ebb and Flow of Infection
Authors: Daniel Thomson
Journal: JAMA (1976)

AT THE beginning of the 18th century the land now occupied by the shopping center of London was quite rural. In it were three or four isolated mansions on the grounds of which game could be shot, while nearby, carts lumbered between hedgerows. Included there was, as Macaulay tells in his<i>History of England</i>, "a field not to be passed without shudder by any Londoner of that age. There, as in a place far from the haunts of men, had been dug some years before, when the great plague was raging, a pit into which the dead carts had nightly shot corpses by the score." Sixty years after the Great Plague (1665) this "Pest Field" was still unbuilt on, being reserved for use as a burial place in the event of a further visitation. But the plague, which had ranged throughout England with periodic exacerbation for more than three centuries
Meta-Analysis: Efficacy of Therapeutic Regimens in Ongoing Variceal Bleeding
Authors: M. Gross, U. Schiemann, A. Mühlhöfer, W. G. Zoller
Journal: Endoscopy (2001)

Background and Study Aims: Variceal bleeding is a major cause of mortality in liver cirrhosis. Therapeutic options include medical (vasoconstrictive/vasoactive drugs) and endoscopic (sclerotherapy/ligation) treatments. Most studies evaluating acute esophageal bleeding have included patients with both ongoing and recent bleeding. Therefore therapeutic efficacy in ongoing bleeding may not have been adequately determined in these studies. A meta-analysis was performed for two reasons: first to compare directly the various treatments in the case of ongoing bleeding, as this would not be accomplished by a single trial, and secondly, to determine the success rates of each treatment option based on a larger number of patients.
Targeting of aminopeptidase n to bile canaliculi correlates with secretory activities of the developing canalicular domain
Authors: Wei-Nan Lian, Jin-Wu Tsai, Pang-Mien Yu, Tzu-Wei Wu, Shun-Chun Yang, Yat-Pang Chau, Chi-Hung Lin
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

We have used human hepatoma cell lines as an in vitro model to study the development of hepatic bile canaliculi (BC). Well-differentiated hepatoma cells cultured for 72 hours could develop characteristic spheroid structures at sites of cell-cell contact that contained tight junctions and various membrane protein markers, resembling BC found in vivo . Intact cytoskeleton was essential for this differentiation process. In the coculture experiments in which cells of different origins were populated together, BC only formed between hepatic cells and preferentially among well-differentiated cells. Poorly differentiated hepatoma cells never formed BC among themselves, but could be induced to undergo canalicular differentiation by interacting with well-differentiated cells. During BC morphogenesis, integral canalicular membrane proteins were gradually delivered and accumulated at the developing BC. Among them, targeting of aminopeptidase N (APN) seemed to correlate with activation of certain secretory functions. Specifically, only APN-positive BC supported excretion of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and 70-kd dextran, but had no relationship with secretion of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Targeting of another BC protein, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), on the other hand, bore no association with any secretory activity examined. In addition, inhibition of enzymatic activity of APN could perturb canalicular differentiation without affecting cell proliferation. Our results suggest that targeting of APN proteins may reflect or even play an important role in the development and functional maturation of the canalicular structures.
Short term in vivo biocompatibility testing of biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide)—growth factor coating for orthopaedic implants
Authors: Britt Wildemann, Andre Sander, Philipp Schwabe, Martin Lucke, Ulrich Stöckle, Michael Raschke, Norbert P. Haas, Gerhard Schmidmaier
Journal: Biomaterials (2004)
180. pDNAVACC Vector Family: High Throughput Intracellular Targeting DNA Vaccine Plasmids Created by Gene Self Assembly
Authors: James A. Williams, Jeremy Luke, Lance Johnson, Clague P. Hodgson
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

DNA vaccines have the potential to provide a safe route for protective immunity to neoplasms and infectious agents. However, current DNA vaccine plasmids are not optimal with additional nonessential DNA, nor do they facilitate high throughput projects, or flexible targeting of antigens to various intracellular destinations. A family of DNA vaccine vectors was constructed by simultaneously joining six fragments, using Gene Self-Assembly (GENSAtm) technology. GENSAtm uses class IIS restriction enzymes to generate unique, non-palindromic overhanging termini that can ligate to only one other terminus in a complex mixture, thus assuring that each fragment ligates in the correct orientation to its correct partner, and none other. All plasmid elements have been optimized and minimized to comply with FDA guidelines regarding content and elimination of extraneous materials. The resulting vector is much smaller than existing vectors such as gWiz (5kb, versus 3|[ndash]|3.5 kb for the pDNAVACC vectors) and drives higher levels of target gene expression. Incorporation of an optimized kanR gene-pUC origin orientation, as well as a rationally designed RNAII mutation, results in 2 fold improved plasmid productivity. These vectors are designed to facilitate high throughput cloning applications, and allow simultaneous cloning into multiple vectors that feature various intracellular targeting destinations for the protein product. The ability to control expression and trafficking in a modular format is intended to provide a rapid, rational approach to cancer therapy and emerging infectious diseases.
Nephrology in the United States from Osler to the Artificial Kidney
Authors: STEVEN J. PEITZMAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1986)

Modem knowledge of renal physiology, kidney disease, and the body fluids in American medicine was established largely by Donald D. Van Slyke, Thomas Addis, John P. Peters, Homer W. Smith, and Alfred Newton Richards. Only two of these men were physicians, and through this group future nephrology was shaped by a dominant interest in metabolic problems and pathophysiology. Acute renal failure emerged as a new syndrome during World War II and fostered interest in hemodialysis and renal biopsy. Dialysis, when applied to chronic renal failure, eventually spawned an army of renal clinicians; and biopsy provided a specialist's nosology of what had once enjoyed the unity of "Bright's disease." A society and subspecialty board came late to nephrology and have been directed largely by renal academicians of the metabolic tradition. Nephrology is in the 1980s a bipartite subspecialty, its senior leaders still cherishing the metabolic-physiologic tradition, and a growing army of dialysis practitioners mostly looking after patients with chronic and acute renal failure.
Circulating tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 concentrations in chronic alcoholic patients
Authors: Alexander Khoruts, Laura Stahnke, Craig J. McClain, George Logan, John I. Allen
Journal: Hepatology (1991)

Although altered cytokine homeostasis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease, the relationship between cytokines and metabolic consequences of alcoholic liver disease is unknown. We, therefore, sought to correlate circulating concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 to clinical and biochemical parameters of liver disease in chronic alcoholic patients. We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure plasma tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 and a bioassay to measure serum interleukin-6 in three groups of alcoholic men as follows: (a) actively drinking alcoholic men without evidence of chronic liver disease, (b) nondrinking alcoholic men with stable cirrhosis and (c) patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis. Mean cytokine concentrations were elevated in cirrhotic patients and alcoholic hepatitis patients compared with controls and alcoholic patients without liver disease. Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1α concentrations remained elevated for up to 6 mo after diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis, whereas interleukin-6 normalized in parallel with clinical recovery. Concentrations of all three cytokines were correlated with biochemical parameters of liver injury and hepatic protein synthesis plus serum immunoglobulin concentrations. We could not demonstrate a relationship between cytokine concentrations and peripheral endotoxemia. Percentages of peripheral blood monocytes that reacted with monoclonal antibodies to CD25 (interleukin-2 receptor) and human lymphocyte antigen-DR were similar for alcoholic patients and controls. These data suggest that tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1α are related to some of the metabolic consequences of both acute and chronic alcohol-induced liver disease, whereas interleukin-6 is related to abnormalities seen in acute liver injury. (Hepatology 1991;13:267—276).
Abstract 1209: Par-4 as therapy for colon cancer
Authors: Rosalyn B. Irby, Christina L. Kline, Arun K. Sharma
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Par-4 (Prostate apoptosis response-4) is a tumor suppressor that induces apoptosis in tumor cells in response to apoptotic stimuli. It has been reported to be reduced in a number of human cancers. We examined the expression levels of Par-4 in human colon cancers and explored the possibility of using Par-4 as a treatment for colon cancer. We found that expression of Par-4 is reduced in human colon cancers 2.65-fold compared to paired normal colon. To assess the role of Par-4 in colon cancer growth, the human colon cancer cell line, HT29, with low native Par-4 expression, was transfected to overexpress Par-4. It has been shown that apoptosis was higher in the transfected cells than in the mock transfected cells. It was also shown that tumors growing in nude mice were smaller when the cells were transfected to overexpress Par-4. Importantly for therapeutic considerations, it has been reported that Par-4 expressing cells can have a bystander effect on tumor cells that are not transfected, also inducing apoptosis in the untransfected cells. We hypothesized that HT29 colon cancer cells producing Par-4 in vivo would secrete Par-4 into the animal system and result in lower tumor volume of tumors created with wild type cells growing distally. Methods: To show proof of concept, nude mice were injected subcutaneously with wild type HT29 cells. Half of the mice were also injected with HT29 cells overexpressing Par-4 in the opposite flank. Mice were treated with 5-fluorouracil to test the sensitivity of tumors to the chemotherapy. Results: At the end of the first week, the wild type tumors in the mice with Par-4 tumors also were 1.8-fold smaller (p=0) than those tumors in mice who received only wild type tumor cell injections. Over the course of three weeks, the wild type tumors growing in mice without Par-4 tumors increased in volume 12-fold more than those wild type tumors growing in mice with Par-4 tumors. In addition, in the event that Par-4 tumors resolved completely (5% of the cases) the wild type tumors in those mice showed increased growth rates. This data suggests that overexpression of Par-4 in tumor cells in vivo not only sensitized those cells to chemotherapy, but had a bystander effect on tumor cells growing distally to the Par-4 overexpressing cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1209.
Prognostic Significance of Combinations of RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase and EphA2 Biomarkers for NSCLC
Authors: Chengcheng Guo, Ruping Shao, Arlene M. Correa, Carmen Behrens, Faye M. Johnson, Maria G. Raso, Ludmila Prudkin, Luisa M. Solis, Maria I. Nunez, Bingliang Fang, Jack A. Roth, Ignacio I. Wistuba, Stephen G. Swisher, Tongyu Lin, Apar Pataer
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2013)
Aminophylline Therapy for Acute Bronchospastic Disease in the Emergency Room
Authors: Keith Wrenn, Corey M. Slovis, Frances Murphy, Raymond S. Greenberg
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

Objective: To assess the role of aminophylline in the treatment of acute exacerbations of bronchospastic disease when used in addition to inhaled beta-agonists and intravenous corticosteroids. Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study. Patients: One hundred thirty-three adult patients with either asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who presented to the emergency department with asthma or wheezing. Interventions: All patients received therapy with both aerosolized metaproterenol and intravenous methylprednisolone. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either a loading dose of aminophylline followed by a routine infusion (n = 65) or an equal volume of placebo as a loading dose and infusion (n = 68). Measurements and Main Results: At discharge from the emergency department, the median serum theophylline concentration for the aminophylline group was 54 µmol/L (9.7 mg/L). The two groups showed no differences (P > 0.2) in measurements of forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), or peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) at baseline or at 60 or 120 minutes after aminophylline administration. Neither patient satisfaction nor physician assessment of response to therapy differed between the two groups. There was no difference (P > 0.2) in the frequency of side effects, except for a trend toward a higher frequency of nausea (P = 0.13) in the aminophylline group. There was, however, a threefold decrease in the hospital admission rate for patients treated with aminophylline (6%) compared with placebo recipients (21%) (P = 0.016). Conclusion: Aminophylline, in doses producing levels just below the commonly accepted therapeutic range, appears to decrease hospital admissions in patients with acute exacerbation of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This finding, if confirmed in larger studies, may represent a substantial cost savings.
901-61 Localization of the Return Pathway in Ischemic Ventricular Tachycardia by Diastolic Potential Mapping
Authors: Junichi Saito, Eugene Downar, J. Colin Doig, Louise Harris, Linda Mickleborough, Stephane Masse, Elias Sevaptsidis, Mei-Hao Shi, Shane Kimber, Thomas C.K. Chen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Serotonin, dopamine, and cooperation
Authors: Daniel John Zizzo
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

whether or not trait affiliation correlates with human behaviour needs investigating. one should be careful generalizing neuropsychological mechanisms for affiliation, and generalizing an analysis based on one or two neuropsychological mechanisms and mostly studies on rodents, to complex human social interactions. serotonin is an example of a neurotransmitter playing an important role in cooperation and interacting with the dopaminergic system.
Evidence for a mouse mesangial cell-derived factor that stimulates lymphocyte proliferation.
Authors: E P MacCarthy, A Hsu, Y M Ooi, B S Ooi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

The functions of the glomerular mesangium are served by at least two populations of cells--a cell bearing microfilaments that regulates blood flow, and a phagocytic cell bearing Ia determinants and Fc receptors. We provide evidence that mouse mesangial cells (bearing microfilaments) produce a factor(s) that stimulates spleen cell proliferation. The factor(s) appears to act via monocytes/macrophages, since its stimulatory activity is abrogated by prior depletion of the responding mononuclear cell population of monocytes/macrophages. Confirmation of its action on macrophages was documented by experiments that showed that medium from macrophages incubated with mesangial cell supernatant contained greater amounts of a factor that stimulated [3H]thymidine uptake by macrophage-depleted spleen cell populations. By the cothymocyte proliferation assay, it could be shown that mesangial cell supernatant induced splenic macrophage production of interleukin-1-like activity. Preliminary characterization reveals the factor to have a molecular weight greater than 100,000. Thus, a novel function is delineated for this mesangial cell type that appears capable of modulating the local immune response by providing an amplification signal.
Abstract 5362: Multidrug-resistance (MDR-1) gene expression in immature glioma cells
Authors: Keiji Shimizu, Eri Ishida, Yoichiro Higashi, Yasunori Fujimoto, Toshio Yawata
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Cancer stem cell hypothesis suggests that small populations of stem-like cells exist in the tumor mass and harbor drug resistance and low radio-sensitivity, and thus resulting in tumor recurrence after various treatments. In this study, we investigated the relationship between cell differentiation and drug resistant gene expression in glioblastoma. Glioma stem-like cells freshly isolated from surgical specimens were enriched in tumor sphere (TS) culture and were more resistant to anti-cancer drugs compared with their differentiated cells in cell viability assay. These cells were also tested for phosphorylation of histone H2AX at Ser139, a biomarker of DNA lesions including DNA double-strand and single-strand breaks. Differentiated cells were much more susceptible to anti-cancer drug-induced DNA damage, compared with TS cells. The expression of drug resistance genes, MDR-1, MRP-1 and MRP-2 in TS cells was more than those in their differentiated cells by RT-PCR analysis. However, there was no correlation between drug resistance genes and stem cell marker CD133 expression. It is possibly caused by another cell population expressing drug resistance genes, therefore, we sought to define the existence of progenitor cells in glioma by detection of glial progenitor marker, A2B5 using flow cytometric analysis. CD133 and A2B5 positive cells were more abundant in TS cells and were decreased during induction of differentiation. The expression of MDR-1 was frequently observed in CD133+/A2B5−, CD133+/A2B5+ and CD133−/A2B5+ cells. Reduction of MDR-1 expression concomitantly occurred with the differentiation of these immature glioma cells. Thus, it is revealed that CD133 negative cells expressing MDR-1 are A2B5-positive glioma cells. These results suggest that drug resistance genes are expressed not only in tumor stem cells but also in progenitor cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5362. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5362
Excessive innate immune response and mutant D222G/N in severe A (H1N1) pandemic influenza
Authors: Jan-Erik Berdal, Tom E. Mollnes, Torgun Wæhre, Ole K. Olstad, Bente Halvorsen, Thor Ueland, Jon H. Laake, May T. Furuseth, Anne Maagaard, Harald Kjekshus, Pål Aukrust, Christine M. Jonassen
Journal: Journal of Infection (2011)
A Comprehensive Domiciliary Meals Service
Authors: None Amulree, A. Palfery
Journal: BMJ (1958)

An account is given of the rapid development of a cancer records bureau.In view of the number of cancer records bureaux being opened throughout the country, it is hoped that this communication may be of assistance to those who are in the process of organizing such centres.An analysis is given of the figures under each site, showing the methods of treatment and the five-year survival rate for the years 1945 to 1951.A more detailed analysis is given of the cases registered in the year 1951, the latest year in which we can record a five-year follow-up.The best five-year survival rates for 1951 are 82% for early carcinoma of the uterus, 71% for stage 1 cervix, and 72% for stage I carcinoma of the female breast.A new feature in the report is an incidence table for the year 1955.This shows the incidence of cancer at each site throughout the body and the number of cases per 100,000 of population, and the figures are shown for males and females separately.The table has roused considerable interest.
Group selection and “the pious gene”
Authors: John Barresi
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract If selection at the group level is to be considered more than a mere possibility, it is important to find phenomena that are best explained at this level of selection. I argue that human religious phenomena provide evidence for the selection of a “pious gene” at the group level, which results in a human tendency to believe in a transcendental reality that encourages behavioral conformity to collective as opposed to individual interest.
REDUCTION OF BONE MASS AND INCREASED FRACTURE RISK OF SEVERELY BURNED CHILDREN
Authors: W E Young, G Pembleton, G L Klein, D N Herndon, T C Rutan, L D Broomoling, M L Nuaynowitz
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

Young, W E; Pembleton, G; Klein, G L; Herndon, D N; Rutan, T C; Broomoling, L D; Nuaynowitz, M L Author Information
Points: Hides and health hazards
Authors: F. J Wright
Journal: BMJ (1981)

question about the distinction between a Down's syndrome baby aged 1 week and a fetus of 20 weeks' gestation (28 November, p 1464) has, I think, an answer in a recent article by the legal correspondent of the Lancet.'Killing a baby of 1 week is illegal because in English law it is held to be a "living being" in a way that a fetus of 20 weeks is not (despite the fact that a fetus, or zygote, is even more distinctly alive than most living human tissue and has unique potential).The baby is capable of an independent existence, and so, of course, potentially is a fetus of 28 weeks or more (or perhaps 24 weeks, as discussed recently).Its independence exists even though (as Diana Brahams points out') it may be attached to its mother by the umbilical cord, and obviously is almost totally dependant on it for food....