tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Structure and Phylogeny of the Venom Group I Phospholipase A2 Gene
Authors: Kandiah Jeyaseelan, Arunmozhiarasi Armugam, Ma Donghui, Nget-Hong Tan
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2000)

Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) catalyzing the hydrolysis of phospholipids form a family of proteins with diverse physiological and pharmacological properties. While there have been several reports on the cloning of PLA2 cDNAs, very few studies have been carried out on the PLA2 genes and, most importantly, no information has been available on the gene structure and function of group I venom PLA2. This study, on the PLA2 gene from a spitting cobra, besides being the very first report on any venom group I PLA2 gene, constitutes the missing link in the biology and evolution of phospholipases. The 4-kb gene consists of four exons and three introns and resembles the human pancreatic PLA2 gene. However, the size of intron 3 in particular is much smaller than that in the pancreatic gene. Interestingly, the information for the toxic and most of the pharmacological properties of the venom PLA2 can be attributed to the end of exon 3 and the whole of exon 4 of the gene. This functional delineation fits in well with the theory of adaptive evolution exhibited by the venom PLA2s. We also show that the mammalian pancreatic and elapid PLA2s have similar paths of evolution (probably following gene duplication) from a common ancestral gene. Venom group II phospholipases, although evolved from the same ancestor, diverged early in evolution from the group I PLA2 genes. Intriguingly, CAT reporter gene assays and DNase 1 footprinting studies on the promoter and its deletion constructs using CHO and HepG2 cell lines identified the possible involvement of cis elements such as Sp1, AP2, γ-IRE, and (TG)12 repeats in the expression of the gene in a tissue-specific manner.
Physiologic FDG Uptake in the Ovary Together With an Abdominal Wall Leiomyoma Mimicking Metastasizing Ovarian Cancer on PET/CT Imaging
Authors: Esther I. Schwarz, Constanze Ramach, Katja A. Mende, Klaus Strobel
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET-CT is increasingly used in the management of patients with ovarian cancer. However, there is a considerable overlap in the imaging features of malignant and benign ovarian lesions because physiological FDG-uptake in the ovaries can occur, depending on the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women. We present a case of FDG uptake in the ovary co-occurring with an intensely FDG active tumor of the abdominal wall in a 44-year-old woman. PET-CT findings, together with medical history, raised the suspicion for a metastasizing ovarian cancer. However, histologic examination demonstrated benign findings, namely abdominal wall leiomyoma and an ovarian follicular cyst.
Congenital Annular Bands (Pseudoainhum)
Authors: Allan K. Izumi
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Congenital annular bands are developmental anomalies in which hyperplastic collagen nearly replaces the subcutaneous tissue. In more than half of reported cases, they are accompanied by other mesenchymal anomalies, particularly syndactyly and clubfoot. The common embryologic derivation of these anomalies suggests a basic mesenchymal developmental defect. (<i>JAMA</i>229:1208-1209, 1974)
Patterns of Transmission in Measles Outbreaks in the United States, 1985–1986
Authors: Lauri E. Markowitz, Stephen R. Preblud, Walter A. Orenstein, Elizabeth Z. Rovira, Nancy C. Adams, Carl E. Hawkins, Alan R. Hinman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

Since the licensing of measles vaccine in 1963, the incidence of reported measles in the United States has declined to less than 2 percent of previous levels. To characterize the current epidemiology of measles in the United States, we analyzed measles outbreaks that occurred during 1985 and 1986. There were 152 outbreaks (defined as five or more cases related epidemiologically), which accounted for 88 percent of the cases reported during those two years. There were two major types of outbreaks: those in which most of the cases occurred among preschool-age children (those under 5 years of age) (26 percent) and those in which most of the cases occurred among school-age persons (those 5 to 19 years of age) (67 percent). The outbreaks among preschool-age children ranged in size from 5 to 945 cases (median, 13); a median of only 14 percent of the cases occurred in vaccinated persons, and a median of 45 percent of the cases were classified as preventable according to the current strategy. Outbreaks among school-age persons ranged in size from 5 to 363 cases (median, 25); a median of 60 percent of the cases occurred in vaccinated persons, and a median of only 27 percent of the cases were preventable. The outbreaks among preschool-age children indicate deficiencies in the implementation of the national measles-elimination strategy. However, the extent of measles transmission among highly vaccinated school-age populations suggests that additional strategies, such as selective or mass revaccination, may be necessary to prevent such outbreaks. (N Engl J Med 1989; 320:75–81.)
Prolonged Granulocytopenia: The Major Risk Factor for Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Patients with Acute Leukemia
Authors: STANTON L. GERSON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

A case-control study of patients with acute leukemia was done to identify significant risk factors for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis by reviewing the medical histories of 15 cases of pathologically proven invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and 45 controls. A history of lung or sinus disease, smoking, and multiple recurrences of leukemia did not increase the risk of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Cases and controls received similar chemotherapeutic regimens, and exposure to aminoglycosides, carbenicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or corticosteroids was not significantly associated with development of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Among the factors tested, only granulocytopenia was associated with development of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Early in the course of granulocytopenia, patients developed signs of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis at a rate of approximately 1% per day. As the duration of granulocytopenia increased, the rate increased, approximating 4.3% per day between the 24th and 36th days. Of the 13 patients remaining granulocytopenic at 28 days, 7 had developed signs of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. For patients with acute leukemia, granulocytopenia persisting longer than three weeks is the major risk factor for developing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Statistics notes Variables and parameters
Authors: D. G Altman, J M. Bland
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Like all specialist areas, statistics has developed its own language. As we have noted before,1 much confusion may arise when a word in common use is also given a technical meaning. Statistics abounds in such terms, including normal, random, variance, significant, etc. Two commonly confused terms are variable and parameter; here we explain and contrast them.

Information recorded about a sample of individuals (often patients) comprises measurements such as blood pressure, age, or weight and attributes such as blood group, stage of disease, and diabetes. Values of these will vary among the subjects; in this context blood pressure, weight, blood group and so on are variables. Variables are quantities which vary from individual to individual.

By contrast, parameters do not relate to …
Mutations in the basic core promoter region of hepatitis B virus. Relationship with precore variants and HBV genotypes in a Spanish population of HBV carriers
Authors: Rosendo Jardi, Francisco Rodriguez, Maria Buti, Xose Costa, Auristela Valdes, Helena Allende, Melanie Schaper, Roman Galimany, Rafael Esteban, Jaime Guardia
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)
THE HEREDITARY TENDENCY TO HERPES FACIALIS AND URTICARIA
Authors: James B. McNair
Journal: JAMA (1925)

White considers the predisposition to urticaria hereditary. But in the study of herpes, no one besides observing a marked predisposition in certain persons seems to have mentioned a possible hereditary tendency. The accompanying illustration shows the occurrence of herpes facialis and urticaria among four generations of one family. Squares represent males, circles represent females; those shaded with parallel lines represent individuals having herpes, and those shaded with cross-lines represent individuals who have both herpes and urticaria. If the tendencies to herpes and urticaria in this family are inherited, they have indications of being mendelian recessive characters. The great-grandparents may have been heterozygous in this regard; for although they did not have either herpes or urticaria, they may have been able to transmit the tendency to their offspring, as four of their thirteen children had herpes. The diagram also shows, in accordance with the mendelian theory, that if one parent is
Atlas of Clinical Dermatology
Authors: William P. Coleman
Journal: JAMA (1988)

This really is a beautiful book! I usually have very little use for dermatology atlases except for browsing through. This atlas is more like a textbook, however. Dr du Vivier has skillfully combined a collection of more than 1500 color photographs with concise discussion of each disorder. He also has designed a companion slide atlas of dermatology based on the material in the book. All atlases ultimately rely on the quality of their photographs to be successful. The photographs in the<i>Atlas of Clinical Dermatology</i>are exquisite. There are even excellent photomicrographs and electron-microphotographs. These are accompanied by brief but clear explanatory text with the expected British slant. Differential diagnosis is especially well covered. There is a good basic introductory section on skin structure and function. The rest of the text follows with the usual classification of skin diseases. A comprehensive index caps off this fine volume. Skin pathology is
Oldest case of sarcoidosis in the world
Authors: J G Scadding
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Apigenin is a natural dietary flavonoid. It has recently been shown to have anticancer effects on prostate and ovarian cancer cells. However, the molecular basis of the effect of apigenin on cancer cells remains to be elucidated. In this study, we found that apigenin inhibited A549 lung cancer cell proliferation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) transcriptional activation in a dose-dependent manner. In an attempt to understand the mechanism of apigenin-inhibited VEGF expression, we found that apigenin inhibited VEGF transcriptional activation through the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) binding site and specifically decreased HIF-1α but not HIF-1β subunit expression in the cells. In our efforts to understand the signaling pathway that mediates VEGF transcriptional activation, we found that apigenin inhibited AKT and p70S6K1 activation. When testing the effect of apigenin in vivo, we found that apigenin significantly inhibited tumor growth in nude mice. Apigenin inhibited HIF-1α and VEGF expression in the tumor tissues, suggesting an inhibitory effect of apigenin on angiogenesis. To confirm this, we showed that apigenin inhibited angiogenesis in nude mice using the Matrigel assay. HIF-1α and VEGF are well known inducers of angiogenesis. Our data suggested that apigenin may inhibit human lung cancer angiogenesis by inhibiting HIF-1α and VEGF expression, thus providing a novel explanation for the anticancer action of apigenin.
Collagen Production by Rat Hepatocytes and Sinusoidal Cells in Primary Monolayer Culture
Authors: Scheffer C. G. Tseng, Philip C. Lee, Peter F. Ells, D. Montgomery Bissell, Edward A. Smuckler, Robert Stern
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

The cellular sources of collagen in normal rat liver have been examined. Hepatocytes and nonparenchymal (sinusoidal) cells were isolated and established in primary monolayer culture. These cells were incubated with radiolabeled proline in the presence of L-ascorbate and β-amino-propionitrile. Nondialyzable material was prepared from the cell layer and the medium from each type of culture. The level of collagen accumulation was determined by measuring labeled hydroxyproline and sensitivity to purified bacterial collagenase. In hepatocytes, collagen represented 0.2% of both secreted and cell-associated labeled protein. In sinusoidal cells, collagen was 3.2% of secreted and 1.1% of cell-associated proteins. The total secreted labeled collagen, expressed per microgram of DNA, was similar in hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells. However cell-associated collagen in hepatocyte culture was approximately 10-fold that present in sinusoidal cells. These findings indicate that, while collagen formation is a relatively important function of sinusoidal cells, in normal liver the contribution of hepatocytes to total hepatic collagen accumulation may be substantial.
Direct Chemosensitivity Monitoring <i>Ex Vivo</i> on Undissociated Melanoma Tumor Tissue by Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Heinz-Georg Jahnke, Sarah Poenick, Jan Maschke, Michael Kendler, Jan C. Simon, Andrea A. Robitzki
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Stage III/IV melanoma remains incurable in most cases due to chemotherapeutic resistance. Thus, predicting and monitoring chemotherapeutic responses in this setting offer great interest. To overcome limitations of existing assays in evaluating the chemosensitivity of dissociated tumor cells, we developed a label-free monitoring system to directly analyze the chemosensitivity of undissociated tumor tissue. Using a preparation of tumor micro-fragments (TMF) established from melanoma biopsies, we characterized the tissue organization and biomarker expression by immunocytochemistry. Robust generation of TMF was established successfully and demonstrated on a broad range of primary melanoma tumors and tumor metastases. Organization and biomarker expression within the TMF were highly comparable with tumor tissue, in contrast to dissociated, cultivated tumor cells. Using isolated TMF, sensitivity to six clinically relevant chemotherapeutic drugs (dacarbazine, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, cisplatin, gemcitabine, and treosulfan) was determined by impedance spectroscopy in combination with a unique microcavity array technology we developed. In parallel, comparative analyses were performed on monolayer tumor cell cultures. Lastly, we determined the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents on TMF by impedance spectroscopy to obtain individual chemosensitivity patterns. Our results demonstrated nonpredictable differences in the reaction of tumor cells to chemotherapy in TMF by comparison with dissociated, cultivated tumor cells. Our direct impedimetric analysis of melanoma biopsies offers a direct ex vivo system to more reliably predict patient-specific chemosensitivity patterns and to monitor antitumor efficacy.
Legal views on hallucinosis
Authors: H. N. Morse
Journal: JAMA (1968)

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Authors' reply to Fisher and 47 colleagues
Authors: S. Bewley
Journal: BMJ (2011)

We rise to the challenge to critically evaluate the five articles mustered in defence of homoeopathy by Fisher and 47 colleagues.1

The meta-analysis by Wiesenauer and Luedtke included eight randomised controlled trials (RCTs).2 A re-analysis of the four published placebo controlled RCTs revealed serious flaws, including non-validated outcome measures, all the studies originating from Wiesenauer’s own group, and a lack of independent replication.3 Furthermore, relatively low dilutions were used, which contain active molecules …
Transcriptional Cofactor TBLR1 Controls Lipid Mobilization in White Adipose Tissue
Authors: Maria Rohm, Anke Sommerfeld, Daniela Strzoda, Allan Jones, Tjeerd P. Sijmonsma, Gottfried Rudofsky, Christian Wolfrum, Carsten Sticht, Norbert Gretz, Maximilian Zeyda, Lukas Leitner, Peter P. Nawroth, Thomas M. Stulnig, Mauricio Berriel Diaz, Alexandros Vegiopoulos, Stephan Herzig
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2013)
Urinary Tract Streptococcus Group B Infection in a 6-Week-Old Infant
Authors: Thérèse St-Laurent-Gagnon
Journal: JAMA (1978)

DURING recent years, an increased incidence of group B streptococcal infection has been reported in newborn infants. Two distinct types have been described.<sup>1,2</sup>The early-onset disease occurs within 24 hours after birth, is characterized by respiratory distress and septicemia, and is often fatal. The late-onset disease usually occurs between 1 and 12 weeks of age, presents as meningitis, and has a better prognosis. Asymptomatic bacteremia, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, cellulitis, ethmoiditis, conjunctivitis, and pneumonia with empyema have also been reported.<sup>3</sup>Urine cultures have occasionally been reported as positive as an associated finding.<sup>4</sup>We report a case of lateonset urinary tract infection due to group B streptococcus, unassociated with septicemia or meningitis, and with unusually severe metabolic disorders and urinary tract structural anomalies. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 6-week-old boy was admitted to Ste-Justine Hospital because of anorexia and vomiting of two days' duration. His birth weight was 3,465
Caffeine Dependence Syndrome-Reply
Authors: Eric C. Strain
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We appreciate the comments by Drs Olekalns and Bardsley regarding the rational addiction hypothesis as applied to caffeine consumption. Their findings that, like cigarette consumption, caffeine use in the form of coffee consumption appears to follow a pattern consistent with the rational addiction hypothesis, and that this pattern of use holds both over time and in different countries, are intriguing observations. Drs Adamson and Roberts from the National Soft Drink Association express reservations about our study. They point out the study did not represent "a cross section of the US population." We agree that the subjects in this study represent a selected population. Given the lack of data on the existence of a clinical syndrome of caffeine dependence, our initial effort was simply to determine if such a syndrome existed by carefully characterizing a series of 16 cases. Eighty-eight percent had no current psychiatric diagnosis and 31% had
Death in emergency departments: a multicenter cross-sectional survey with analysis of withholding and withdrawing life support
Authors: Philippe Le Conte, David Riochet, Eric Batard, Christelle Volteau, Bruno Giraudeau, Idriss Arnaudet, Laetitia Labastire, Jacques Levraut, Frédéric Thys, Dominique Lauque, Claude Piva, Jeannot Schmidt, David Trewick, Gilles Potel
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2010)
The Junctional Adhesion Molecule 3 (JAM-3) on Human Platelets is a Counterreceptor for the Leukocyte Integrin Mac-1
Authors: Sentot Santoso, Ulrich J.H. Sachs, Hartmut Kroll, Monica Linder, Andreas Ruf, Klaus T. Preissner, Triantafyllos Chavakis
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2002)

The recently described junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) in man and mice are involved in homotypic and heterotypic intercellular interactions. Here, a third member of this family, human JAM-3, was identified and described as a novel counterreceptor on platelets for the leukocyte β2-integrin Mac-1 (αMβ2, CD11b/CD18). With the help of two monoclonal antibodies, Gi11 and Gi13, against a 43-kD surface glycoprotein on human platelets, a full-length cDNA encoding JAM-3 was identified. JAM-3 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein containing two Ig-like domains. Although JAM-3 did not undergo homophilic interactions, myelo-monocytic cells adhered to immobilized JAM-3 or to JAM-3–transfected cells. This heterophilic interaction was specifically attributed to a direct interaction of JAM-3 with the β2-integrin Mac-1 and to a lower extent with p150.95 (αXβ2, CD11c/CD18) but not with LFA-1 (αLβ2, CD11a/CD18) or with β1-integrins. These results were corroborated by analysis of K562 erythroleukemic cells transfected with different heterodimeric β2-integrins and by using purified proteins. Moreover, purified JAM-3 or antibodies against JAM-3 blocked the platelet-neutrophil interaction, indicating that platelet JAM-3 serves as a counterreceptor for Mac-1 mediating leukocyte–platelet interactions. JAM-3 thereby provides a novel molecular target for antagonizing interactions between vascular cells that promote inflammatory vascular pathologies such as in atherothrombosis.
Lead Concentrations in Relation to Multiple Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease: The Normative Aging Study
Authors: Junenette L. Peters, Laura D. Kubzansky, Ai Ikeda, Shona C. Fang, David Sparrow, Marc G. Weisskopf, Robert O. Wright, Pantel Vokonas, Howard Hu, Joel Schwartz
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

Lead exposure has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in animal and human studies. However, the mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated. We therefore examined the relationship between lead and multiple biomarkers of CVD.Participants were older men from the Normative Aging Study without preexisting coronary heart disease, diabetes, or active infection at baseline (n = 426). Serum biomarkers included lipid profile [total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides] and inflammatory markers [C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (TNF-R2)]. We measured lead in blood and in bone by K-shell X-ray fluorescence. In this sample, 194 men (44.3%) had two or more repeated measures, resulting in 636 observations for analysis. We conducted analyses using mixed effects models with random subject intercepts.Lead levels were associated with several CVD biomarkers, including levels of TNF-R2 and lipid markers. Specifically, in multivariable models, a 50% increase in blood lead level was associated with 26% increased odds of high TNF-R2 levels (> 5.52 ng/mL; odds ratio = 1.26; 95% confidence interval: 1.09, 1.45). There were positive associations of blood lead level with total cholesterol and HDL levels, and these associations were more evident when modeled as continuous outcomes than when categorized using clinically relevant cut points. In addition, longitudinal analyses indicated a significant increase in TNF-R2 levels over time to be associated with high blood lead level at the preceding visit.Blood lead level may be related with CVD in healthy older men through its association with TNF-R2 levels. In addition, the magnitude of the association of blood lead level with TNF-R2 level increased with age in the study population.