tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Radiology of the Emergency Patient: An Atlas Approach
Authors: Joseph Whitley
Journal: JAMA (1983)

The editor has brought together 29 physicians whose stated aim is to present an in-depth pictorial approach to the radiological examination of the emergency patient. The scope of conditions presented varies from the blunt and penetrating forms of trauma usually seen in emergency rooms (ERs) or trauma centers, to iatrogenic trauma, most likely to be encountered in hospital inpatients. The philosophic approach to the primary imaging modality indicated for various traumatic conditions varies between chapters, but each author presents his convictions. Drs Hanson, Rice, and Mancuso make a unique presentation of the radiologic evaluation of trauma of the larynx and trachea. Drs D. Forrester et al illustrate osseous trauma of the extremities, thorax, and pelvis with surprising breadth and clarity for the 128 pages used. The chapter on the analysis of the plain film of the abdomen by the editor seems out of phase with much of the book, as
Place of Maternal Rubella in the Aetiology of Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: M. Campbell
Journal: BMJ (1961)

In 1941 Gregg, of Australia, made the clinical observation that maternal rubella in early pregnancy was followed by congenital cataract and malformation of the heart.This discovery was important not only in itself but by stimulating a wide interest in the aetiology of congenital heart disease-a problem that had seemed to be without a clue to its solution.Swan and Tostevin, of Adelaide, with their colleagues added the production of deaf-mutism, and by a widespread inquiry in South Australia confirmed Gregg's observations and provided fuller information about their cases of congenital heart disease (Swan et al., 1943).Evans (1944) added the production of anomalies of the incisors, defects of the dental enamel, and delayed eruption; at 4 years, how- ever, the children have acquired a full complement of teeth.These defects and less commonly others- for example, microcephaly and mental defect-may occur alone or together.Retrospectively, Lancaster (1951) pointed out that, at any time after Knibbs (1917) had recorded the erratic incidence of deaf-mutism among Australian children in his statistical reports, it would have been possible to incriminate some epidemic disease that affected prenatal life as one significant cause of deaf-mutism.Lancaster (1954) extended his inquiries to other countries that have included statistics about blindness and deaf-mutism since this was recommended at an international conference in 1872.The most pertinent findings were in Australia, New Zealand, and Iceland, and he thought that the relative isolation of many communities in these countries might account for the larger and therefore more noticeable epidemics at longer intervals.In Iceland, for example, he found that 10 deaf children were born in 1941, compared with an annual average of 1.2 in 1935-47, following 2,347 notified cases of rubella in 1940 and 1941 compared with 60 cases annually.And in Birmingham 9 deaf mutes were born in September and 12 in October, 1940, compared with a monthly average of under 2.5 for the previous ten years.At first cataract seemed to be the most frequent malformation and deaf-mutism the least so, for Murphy (1947) found 161 examples of cataract, 117 of heart malformations, and 88 of deaf-mutism among 295 cases.But, of these three conditions, cataract is the least likely to be overlooked at an early age and deafness may not be recognized until the child is 4 years of age.Now that there has been time to get more accurate information, this order of frequency has been reversed, *Contribution to the Symposium on the Aetiology of Congenital
Hands off technique has many benefits for breastfeeding mothers
Authors: D. Napier
Journal: BMJ (2001)

EDITOR—Kmietowicz's news article about promoting the initiation of breast feeding points to static breastfeeding rates over the past 20 years.1 Support may, however, be just as important as promotion. Targeting specific groups to encourage them to breast feed is only part of the task. At present, women who already want to breast feed stop sooner than they had planned to, often because of setbacks or misunderstandings that can be avoided, or quickly corrected, with the right information and support. More …
Human placental cytotrophoblasts produce the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin 10.
Authors: I Roth, D B Corry, R M Locksley, J S Abrams, M J Litton, S J Fisher
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

The mechanism by which the mammalian mother accepts the implanting fetus as an allograft remains unexplained, but is likely to be the result of a combination of factors. Mononuclear cytotrophoblasts, the specialized fetal cells of the placenta that invade the uterus, play an important role. These cells express HLA-G, an unusual major histocompatibility complex class I-B molecule, and secrete cytokines and pregnancy-specific proteins that can regulate immune function. We investigated whether cytotrophoblasts secrete interleukin 10 (IL-10), a cytokine that potently inhibits alloresponses in mixed lymphocyte reactions. Cytotrophoblasts from all stages of pregnancy produced IL-10 in vitro, but neither placental fibroblasts nor choriocarcinoma (malignant trophoblast) cell lines did so. Spontaneous IL-10 production averaged 650, 853, and 992 pg/10(6) cells in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy, respectively. IL-10 secretion dropped approximately 10-fold after the first 24 h of culture, and was paralleled by a decrease in messenger RNA. IL-10 messenger RNA was detected in biopsies of the placenta and the portion of the uterus that contains invasive cytotrophoblasts, suggesting that this cytokine is also produced in vivo. IL-10 secreted by cytotrophoblasts in vitro is bioactive, as determined by its ability to suppress interferon gamma production in an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. We conclude that human cytotrophoblast IL-10 may be an important factor that contributes to maternal tolerance of the allogeneic fetus.
Users' guides to the Medical Literature. VIII. How to use clinical practice guidelines. B. what are the recommendations and will they help you in caring for your patients? The Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group
Authors: M. C. Wilson
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>CLINICAL SCENARIO</h3> At the conclusion of our first article on practice guidelines<sup>1</sup>in this series, we left you examining the full text of a practice guideline<sup>2</sup>that could help you marshal a convincing response to a colleague who disagrees with your approach to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women. Later that day, chatting with another colleague, you mention the disagreement. He shrugs, and avows, "It's entirely a matter of personal preference, the evidence doesn't support either of you." You return to the guideline, looking for how particular recommendations may be justified and adapted to your patient's circumstances. <h3>WHAT ARE THE RECOMMENDATIONS?</h3> Are Practical, Clinically Important, Recommendations Made? To be useful, recommendations should give practical, unambiguous advice about a specific health problem. For guidelines about managing health conditions, you should determine if the intent is to prevent, screen for, diagnose, treat, or palliate the disorder. For guidelines about
ISOCARBOXAZID (MARPLAN) IN AMBULATORY PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS
Authors: HARRY F. DARLING
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1959)

Isocarboxazid appears to be a very workable hydrazine derivative for treating ambulatory depressions, and is of use as well in certain cases of schizophrenia. Relatively high doses are possible with relatively few side effects. The isocarboxazid for this study was supplied by Roche Laboratories (trademark, Marplan).
Bone mineral density in children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis
Authors: Sara Gertrudes Anna van Velsen, Mirjam J. Knol, Rachel L.A. van Eijk, Monique A. de Vroede, Tim C. de Wit, Marnix G.E.H. Lam, Inge M. Haeck, Marjolein S. de Bruin-Weller, Carla A.F.M. Bruijnzeel-Koomen, Suzanne G.M.A. Pasmans
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2010)
Classification of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy findings in pancreaticobiliary strictures
Authors: A. Meining, R. Shah, A. Slivka, D. Pleskow, R. Chuttani, P. Stevens, V. Becker, Y. Chen
Journal: Endoscopy (2012)

The accurate diagnosis of indeterminate pancreaticobiliary strictures presents a clinical dilemma. Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) offers real-time in vivo microscopic tissue examination that may increase sensitivity for the detection of malignancy. the objective of this study was to develop and validate a standard descriptive classification of pcle in the pancreaticobiliary system.A total of 102 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with pCLE to assess indeterminate pancreaticobiliary strictures were enrolled in a multicenter registry; 89 of these patients were evaluable. Information and data on the following were collected prospectively: clinical, ERCP, tissue sampling, pCLE, and follow-up. A uniform classification of pCLE findings ("Miami Classification") was developed, consisting of a set of image interpretation criteria. Thereafter, these criteria were tested through blinded consensus review of 112 randomized pCLE videos from 47 patients, and inter-observer variability was assessed in 42 patients .A consensus definition of the specific criteria of biliary and pancreatic pCLE findings for indeterminate strictures was developed. Single-image interpretation criteria did not have a high enough sensitivity for predicting malignancy. However, combining two or more criteria significantly increased the sensitivity and predictive values. The characteristics most suggestive of malignancy included the following: thick white bands (>20 µm), or thick dark bands (>40 µm), or dark clumps or epithelial structures. These provided sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 97%, 33%, 80%, and 80% compared with 48%, 100%, 100%, and 41% for standard tissue sampling methods. Inter-observer variability was moderate for most criteria.The Miami Classification enables a structured, uniform, and reproducible description of pancreaticobiliary pCLE. Combining individual characteristics improves the sensitivity for the detection of malignancy.
Discission of Secondary Cataract
Authors: W. E. Rutledge
Journal: BMJ (1941)

<h3>Aim:</h3> This paper examines how beliefs of smokers in the UK were affected by the removal of “light” and “mild” brand descriptors, which came into effect on 30 September 2003 for Member States of the European Union (EU). <h3>Participants:</h3> The data come from the first four waves (2002–2005) of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation (ITC) Four-Country Survey, an annual cohort telephone survey of adult smokers in Canada, USA, UK and Australia (15 450 individual cases). <h3>Design:</h3> The UK ban on misleading descriptors occurred around the second wave of data collection in the ITC survey, permitting us to compare beliefs about light cigarettes among adult smokers in the UK before and after the ban, with beliefs in the three other ITC countries unaffected by the ban. <h3>Results:</h3> There was a substantial decline in reported beliefs about the benefits of light cigarettes in the UK following the policy change and an associated public information campaign, but by 2005 (ie, wave 4), these beliefs rebounded slightly and the change in beliefs was no greater than in the USA, where there was no policy change. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> The findings reveal that high levels of misperceptions about light cigarettes existed among smokers in all four countries before and after the EU ban took effect. We cannot conclude that the policy of removing some aspects of misleading labels has been effective in changing beliefs about light cigarettes. Efforts to correct decades of consumer misperceptions about light cigarettes must extend beyond simply removing “light” and “mild” brand descriptors.
The Spider as a Possible Source of Tularemia
Authors: Mark D. Rowland
Journal: JAMA (1988)

To the Editor.—  Tularemia is endemic in Oklahoma, with the annual incidence averaging 21 cases. The pathogen Francisella tularensis has been recovered from more than 100 species of animals and insects. 1 Known vectors of transmission to humans include wild hares, muskrats, squirrels, skunks, deerflies, and ticks. 2-4 The following case report documents a previously unreported vector of transmission: the brown spider.  Report of a Case.—  A 37-year-old man saw and felt a spider bite his upper right arm. Within one day he developed fever and chills, with marked inflammation around the region of the bite. He was given cephalexin for suspected cellulitis. Because of persistent fever and malaise, with the development of right axillary adenopathy, he was admitted to the hospital the following evening and administered intravenous antibiotics. After several days of limited improvement marked by severe myalgias despite reduction of local erythema and adenopathy, high-dose corticosteroids were administered for
ON THE CLINICAL STUDY OF EPILEPSY.
Authors: WM. PEPPER
Journal: JAMA (1884)

Read in the Section on Practice of Medicine and Materia Medica of the American Medical Association, May, 1884. Mr. Chairman:—When the eminent President of this Association, seconded by yourself, asked me to prepare some remarks for opening a discussion before the Section on Medicine, I felt that the desire was not so much that I should give a formal paper, as it was that I should bring before the body some subject of general interest, and one in which all could take part. The subject of chronic convulsive affections, grouped under the name of epilepsy, is one of such large medical and social importance, that I felt that I could not do better than select it, large and vague as it is. In what I say, I shall simply bring before the Section the notes of a few cases from my case books, and make them the subject of brief
Abstract 649: A three-gene DNA methylation signature for prediction of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy of clinically localized prostate cancer.
Authors: Christa Haldrup, Kamilla Mundbjerg, Else Marie Vestergaard, Philippe Lamy, Peter Wild, Wolfgang A. Schulz, Christian Arsov, Michael Borre Borre, Søren Høyer, Torben F. Ørntoft, Karina D. Sørensen
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Purpose: Diagnostic and prognostic tools for prostate cancer (PC) are suboptimal causing overtreatment of indolent PC and risk of delayed treatment of aggressive PC. Here, we identify six novel candidate DNA methylation markers for PC with promising diagnostic and prognostic potential. Methods: Microarray-based screening and bisulfite sequencing of 20 non-malignant and 29 PC tissue specimens were used to identify new candidate DNA hypermethylation markers for PC. Diagnostic and prognostic potential was evaluated in 35 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) nonmalignant prostate tissue samples, 293 FFPE malignant radical prostatectomy (RP) samples (cohort 1), and 148 fresh-frozen malignant RP samples (cohort 2) collected in Denmark, Switzerland, Germany, and Finland. Sensitivity and specificity for PC was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analyses. Correlations between DNA methylation levels and biochemical recurrence were assessed by log rank tests as well as uni- and multivariate cox regression analyses. A methylation-based prognostic model was developed in cohort 1 and validated in cohort 2. Results: Hypermethylation of AOX1, C1orf114, GAS6, HAPLN3, KLF8, and MOB3B was highly cancer-specific (AUCs 0.89-0.98). Furthermore, a three-gene methylation signature (AOX1/C1orf114/HAPLN3) was developed in cohort 1 and validated in cohort 2. High AOX1/C1orf114/HAPLN3 methylation was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence in multivariate analysis (P&amp;lt;0.05) with hazard ratios of 1.79 (1.20-2.68) and 1.98 (1.02-3.83), respectively, independently of routine clinicopathological variables in both cohorts. Conclusion: We identified six novel candidate DNA methylation markers for PC and developed a three-gene methylation signature, which was an independent predictor of time to biochemical recurrence after RP in two PC patient cohorts. Citation Format: Christa Haldrup, Kamilla Mundbjerg, Else Marie Vestergaard, Philippe Lamy, Peter Wild, Wolfgang A. Schulz, Christian Arsov, Michael Borre Borre, Søren Høyer, Torben F. Ørntoft, Karina D. Sørensen. A three-gene DNA methylation signature for prediction of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy of clinically localized prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 649. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-649
Learning-Induced Plasticity in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Preference Malleability
Authors: Mona M. Garvert, Michael Moutoussis, Zeb Kurth-Nelson, Timothy E.J. Behrens, Raymond J. Dolan
Journal: Neuron (2015)

Learning induces plasticity in neuronal networks. As neuronal populations contribute to multiple representations, we reasoned plasticity in one representation might influence others. We used human fMRI repetition suppression to show that plasticity induced by learning another individual's values impacts upon a value representation for oneself in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a plasticity also evident behaviorally in a preference shift. We show this plasticity is driven by a striatal "prediction error," signaling the discrepancy between the other's choice and a subject's own preferences. Thus, our data highlight that mPFC encodes agent-independent representations of subjective value, such that prediction errors simultaneously update multiple agents' value representations. As the resulting change in representational similarity predicts interindividual differences in the malleability of subjective preferences, our findings shed mechanistic light on complex human processes such as the powerful influence of social interaction on beliefs and preferences.
New approaches for estimating risk from exposure to diethylstilbestrol.
Authors: G R Cunha, J G Forsberg, R Golden, A Haney, T Iguchi, R Newbold, S Swan, W Welshons
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

A subgroup from a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, workshop concerned with characterizing the effects of endocrine disruptors on human health at environmental exposure levels considered the question, If diethylstilbestrol (DES) were introduced into the market for human use today and likely to result in low-dose exposure of the human fetus, what would be required to assess risk? On the basis of an analysis of the quality of data on human DES exposure, the critical times and doses for inducing genital tract malformations and cancer must be determined. This would be facilitated through analysis of the ontogeny of estrogen receptor expression in the developing human genital tract. Models of low-dose estrogenic effects will have to be developed for human and rodent genital tract development. Mouse models offer many advantages over other potential animal models because of the wealth of the earlier literature, the availability of sensitive end points, the availability of mutant lines, and the possibility of generating genetically engineered model systems. Through multidisciplinary approaches, it should be possible to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of endocrine disruption elicited by estrogens during development and facilitate an assessment of risk to humans.
Changing Attitudes to Hypertension
Authors: EDWARD D. FREIS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Editorials1 January 1973Changing Attitudes to HypertensionEDWARD D. FREIS, M.D.EDWARD D. FREIS, M.D.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-78-1-141 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptDoctor Langfeld's report, in this issue, on the deficient care of hypertensive patients is one of several indicating that essential hypertension is still poorly managed in this country. Despite conclusive evidence to the contrary, many if not most physicians still consider essential hypertension to be a benign disease for which reassurance rather than treatment is needed.The persistence of this therapeutic nihilism is surprising in view of the fact that there are few chronic diseases for which medical treatment is more rational or better documented than for essential hypertension. All epidemiological data on the subject, such as the life insurance...References1. : Build and Blood Pressure Study, vol. I. Chicago, Society of Actuaries, 1959 Google Scholar2. KANNELGORDONCASTELLI WTW: Electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 72:813-822, 1970 LinkGoogle Scholar3. KANNEL W: Current status of the epidemiology of brain infarction associated with occlusive arterial disease. Stroke 2:295-318, 1971 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. HAMILTON M: Selection of patients for antihypertensive therapy. In Antihypertensive Therapy: Principles and Practice, an International Symposium, edited by GROSS F. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1966, p. 196 CrossrefGoogle Scholar5. : Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. I. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 115 through 129 mm Hg. JAMA 202:1028-1034, 1967 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. : Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. II. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114 mm Hg. JAMA 213:1143-1152, 1970 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. FREISRAGANPILLSBURY EDH: Alteration of the course of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Circ Res 31:1-7, 1972 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Veterans Administration Hospital Georgetown University Hospital Washington, D.C. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByPros and Cons of Intensive Systolic Blood Pressure LoweringPart 2. Clinical and Economic Outcomes in the Hypertension and COPD Arms of a Multicenter Outcomes StudyAntihypertensive AgentsThe Effect of Clinical Pharmacy Services on Patients with Essential Hypertension 1 January 1973Volume 78, Issue 1Page: 141-142KeywordsHypertensionPatients Issue Published: 1 January 1973 PDF DownloadLoading ...