tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Membrane Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Induced Cooperative Signaling of TNFR60 and TNFR80 Favors Induction of Cell Death Rather Than Virus Production in HIV-infected T Cells
Authors: Janis K. Lazdins, Matthias Grell, Maja R. Walker, Kathie Woods-Cook, Peter Scheurich, Klaus Pfizenmaier
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin (LT) are highly pleiotropic cytokines that play a central role in regulating HIV-1 replication. These cytokines express their activities through two membrane receptors, TNFR60 (p55-60) and TNFR80 (p75-80). In the present study we have demonstrated by means of antagonistic and agonistic receptor-specific antibodies that in latently infected lymphocytic (ACH-2) cells the TNFR60 plays a dominant role in signaling HIV production, although selective activation of TNFR80 by receptor-specific antibodies can also induce HIV production. Unexpectedly, when both TNFRs were activated simultaneously by agonistic antibodies or coculture with cells expressing a noncleavable membrane form of TNF, HIV production was downregulated and induction of cell death was enhanced in ACH-2 cells. More relevant, in vitro HIV-infected peripheral blood lymphocytes cocultured with cells expressing membrane TNF underwent rapid induction of apoptosis with a subsequent reduced HIV production of these lymphocytes cultures. This was not observed with HIV-infected lymphocytes treated with soluble TNF. These data provide evidence for the differential trigger potential of membrane versus soluble TNF and show that TNFR80 is an important modulator of TNF responsiveness of HIV-infected T cells via cooperative signaling with TNFR60.
p53 expression in ulcerative colitis: a longitudinal study.
Authors: M Ilyas, I C Talbot
Journal: Gut (1995)

p53 Mutation is a late event in the development of sporadic colorectal carcinoma (CRC). The timing of p53 mutations in the development of ulcerative colitis associated colorectal carcinoma (UCACRC) is, however, less certain and some reports suggest that it may be a relatively early event. This study sought to establish the timing of p53 mutations in neoplasia arising in ulcerative colitis. Blocks of 10 resected colorectal specimens from patients who had had a biopsy positive for dysplasia at least one year prior to resection were retrieved from the archives of St Mark's Hospital. Immunochemistry using the monoclonal antibody DO-7, specific for both mutant and wild type p53, was performed on sections from both the resection specimens and dysplastic biopsy specimens. Seven of the 10 resection specimens were positive for p53. Two of these seven specimens showed p53 overexpression in specimens taken two years before the development of carcinoma or high grade dysplasia. Five of the seven specimens were negative for p53 overexpression between one and four years prior to resection. These results suggest that p53 overexpression is usually a late event in the development of UCACRCs.
The Bainbridge Reflex in Canine Cardiac Autotransplants
Authors: BRUCE A. REITZ, EUGENE DONG, EDWARD B. STINSON
Journal: Circulation (1971)

The effects of volume infusion were examined in cardiac autotransplants to determine the role of cardiac innervation in the Bainbridge reflex. In autotransplantation the atria are transected ventral to the vena cavae and pulmonary veins. The remaining atria ("host") are innervated. The autotransplanted atria and ventricles ("donor") are extrinsically denervated. Host and donor heart rate, arterial pressure, aortic flow, and, in several experiments, venous pressure were monitored. Sixteen volume infusions (saline or 6% dextran) of 300 to 800 cc were given to five unanesthetized animals. In three additional experiments infusions were given after atropine, 2 mg, and propranolol, 1 mg/kg. In all of these animals, volume infusion was accompanied by a small change in donor rate and a consistent increase in the host rate. The venous pressure, when measured, increased 7 cm H 2 O, the aortic pressure mean change was +3 mm Hg, and the cardiac output increased 0.2 L/min. Atropine and propranolol both attenuated the host rate response to infusion. A venous pressure rise distributed equally to innervated and denervated portions of the same heart resulted in an increase only in the innervated portion. It is concluded that local stretch does not appear to be responsible for the tachycardia in the intact animal.
Liver Biopsy Interpretation
Authors: A KNISELY
Journal: Gut (2001)

Liver Biopsy Interpretation . PJ Scheuer, JH Lefkowitch (Pp 381; illustrated). London: Harcourt, 2000. ISBN 0 7020 2502 X.

Should general pathologists attempt to interpret liver biopsy specimens at all? I enjoy the great luxury of being able to spend my workday exploring aspects of pancreatic and hepatobiliary pathology almost exclusively, and the more I study the liver the surer I am that doing justice to a liver biopsy specimen is a tough job.

But that job has been made much easier now. The new version (sixth edition) of Scheuer and Lefkowitch's Liver Biopsy …
The Management of a Medical Practice.
Authors: Battle S. Searcy
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Too often it is assumed that a physician automatically knows how to resolve the problems arising in office management. Most medical school curricula and subsequent training programs ignore the business and economic aspects of medical practice. Questions about practice management necessarily demand answers, but these answers may often be the wrong ones. Problems in practice management arise when patients become dissatisfied. The introductory chapters of this book analyze the reasons for such a situation and suggest ways of creating good doctor-patient relationships. Then follow sections on basic technique in patient management, including refinements and adaptations required in specialized practice. The final portions of the book are full of practical suggestions about locating in practice, actual office management, and personal financial planning. A physician-writer and medical management consultant have combined their knowledge to produce an excellent collection of practical ideas. In explaining the reasons for their suggestions, the authors have utilized
Age-adapted induction treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the elderly and assessment of maintenance with interferon combined with chemotherapy. A multicentric prospective study in forty patients
Authors: A Delannoy, C Sebban, P Cony-Makhoul, B Cazin, C Cordonnier, R Bouabdallah, JY Cahn, F Dreyfus, A Sadoun, JP Vernant, C Gay, A Broustet, JL Michaux, D Fière
Journal: Leukemia (1997)
HEART IN BILATERAL OBSTRUCTIVE EMPHYSEMA DUE TO TRACHEAL FOREIGN BODIES
Authors: SHERWOOD MOORE
Journal: JAMA (1933)

Obstructive emphysema due to foreign bodies in the bronchi was described by Iglauer<sup>1</sup>in 1912. Since then, numerous articles on the localization of nonopaque foreign bodies through the presence of obstructive emphysema have appeared in the literature. Notable are those of Manges<sup>2</sup>and Jackson.<sup>3</sup>The recent work of Lindskog and Van Allen<sup>4</sup>on the experimental production of obstructive emphysema has greatly increased the knowledge of the physiology of the subject. They have shown that obstructive emphysema occurs whenever a main bronchus is obstructed by a one-way valve mechanism which permits the ingress of air during inspiration and retards its egress from the lobe during expiration. They found also that obstruction of a complete lobe is necessary for the production of obstructive emphysema. Because of collateral respiration, lobular expiratory obstruction is not followed by obstructive emphysema unless there is interference with the collateral respiration of the part
Researchers and the Media
Authors: Stephen S. Entman
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —I was surprised that Drs Wilkes and Kravitz<sup>1</sup>failed to address the most dangerous negative effect of public dissemination of research. The media process moves published research out of the arena of scientific communication and into the realm of "news." While the published journal article has undergone peer review for scientific value, the intent of scientific communication is to broaden the base of knowledge for others in the same field, giving them an opportunity to replicate and expand on the published findings. Dissemination in the lay press bypasses this second layer of peer scrutiny and moves the newest and flashiest findings into the public domain. When the subject matter is clinical, media exposure provides an imprimatur, suggesting that the stated conclusions should become integrated into clinical practice. This is a strong temptation both for the physician and for the lay person, who now expresses concern about
Differential activation of dendritic cells by toll‐like receptors causes diverse differentiation of naïve<scp>CD</scp>4<sup>+</sup><scp>T</scp>cells from allergic patients
Authors: S. Deifl, C. Kitzmüller, P. Steinberger, M. Himly, B. Jahn‐Schmid, G. F. Fischer, G. J. Zlabinger, B. Bohle
Journal: Allergy (2014)

To avert the differentiation of allergen-specific Th2 cells in atopic individuals is a major goal in the prevention and therapy of IgE-mediated allergy. We aimed to compare different toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists regarding their effects on antigen-presenting cells and the differentiation of naïve T cells from allergic patients.Monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mdDC) from allergic patients were stimulated with Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2 ligand), FSL-1 (TLR2/6 ligand), monophosphoryl lipid (MPL)-A, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, both TLR4 ligands), and flagellin (TLR5 ligand). Allergen uptake and upregulation of CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, CD58, CCR7 and PD-L1 were analyzed by flow cytometry. Functional maturation of mdDC was tested in mixed leukocyte reactions, and the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and members of the IL-12 family was assessed. TLR-ligand-activated mdDC were used to stimulate naïve CD4(+) T cells, and cytokine responses were assessed in supernatants and intracellularly.All TLR ligands except flagellin enhanced allergen uptake. All TLR ligands induced functional maturation of mdDC with differential expression of surface molecules and cytokines and promoted the differentiation of IFN-γ-producing T cells. LPS-matured mdDC exclusively induced Th1-like responses, whereas mdDC stimulated with the other TLR ligands induced both Th1- and Th0-like cells. Pam3CSK4 and flagellin additionally induced Th2-like cells. Th1-like responses were associated with higher expression levels of co-stimulatory molecules, PD-L1, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12p70. None of the TLR-ligand-stimulated mdDC induced IL-10- or IL-17-producing T cells.Different TLR ligands differently influence T-cell responses due to varying activation of the three signals relevant for T-cell activation, that is, antigen presentation, co-stimulation and cytokine milieu.
Relative effectiveness of clinic and home blood pressure monitoring compared with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in diagnosis of hypertension: systematic review
Authors: J. Hodgkinson, J. Mant, U. Martin, B. Guo, F. D. R. Hobbs, J. J. Deeks, C. Heneghan, N. Roberts, R. J. McManus
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<b>Objective</b> To determine the relative accuracy of clinic measurements and home blood pressure monitoring compared with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring as a reference standard for the diagnosis of hypertension. <b>Design</b> Systematic review with meta-analysis with hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic models. Methodological quality was appraised, including evidence of validation of blood pressure measurement equipment. <b>Data sources</b> Medline (from 1966), Embase (from 1980), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, DARE, Medion, ARIF, and TRIP up to May 2010. <b>Eligibility criteria for selecting studies</b> Eligible studies examined diagnosis of hypertension in adults of all ages using home and/or clinic blood pressure measurement compared with those made using ambulatory monitoring that clearly defined thresholds to diagnose hypertension. <b>Results</b> The 20 eligible studies used various thresholds for the diagnosis of hypertension, and only seven studies (clinic) and three studies (home) could be directly compared with ambulatory monitoring. Compared with ambulatory monitoring thresholds of 135/85 mm Hg, clinic measurements over 140/90 mm Hg had mean sensitivity and specificity of 74.6% (95% confidence interval 60.7% to 84.8%) and 74.6% (47.9% to 90.4%), respectively, whereas home measurements over 135/85 mm Hg had mean sensitivity and specificity of 85.7% (78.0% to 91.0%) and 62.4% (48.0% to 75.0%). <b>Conclusions</b> Neither clinic nor home measurement had sufficient sensitivity or specificity to be recommended as a single diagnostic test. If ambulatory monitoring is taken as the reference standard, then treatment decisions based on clinic or home blood pressure alone might result in substantial overdiagnosis. Ambulatory monitoring before the start of lifelong drug treatment might lead to more appropriate targeting of treatment, particularly around the diagnostic threshold.
Transformation of American Health Care
Authors: W Winkenwerder, J R Ball
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1988)

Industrialization, the development of corporately managed systems, and the growing role of government in American health care have important implications for many groups and individuals, but for none more than physicians and patients. These two constituencies, once the central actors in medical care, have yielded the stage to two other participants: large-scale payers, such as governments, major employers, and insurers, and large, corporately organized providers, of both the for-profit and not-for-profit types. The ascendancy of large institutions in health care and their influence over physicians and patients present entirely new problems for the medical profession.1 , 2 The physician–patient relationship — once . . .
Abdominal Pain Occurring during the Rapid Administration of Fructose Solutions
Authors: Lawrence Saxon, Solomon Papper
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1957)

IN the course of studies1 during which glucose and fructose were infused intravenously in normal men, it was observed that the fructose infusion was frequently associated with abdominal distress, although this never occurred with the glucose infusion. The pain was almost always in the epigastrium and began approximately ten minutes after the start of the fructose infusion and lasted until about ten minutes after its termination, or a total time of about twenty minutes. The severity and quality of the distress varied from a dull, constant, mild discomfort to a severe "pressing" pain or "tightness." Although vomiting did not occur, . . .
The cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican-1 regulates growth factor action in pancreatic carcinoma cells and is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer.
Authors: J Kleeff, T Ishiwata, A Kumbasar, H Friess, M W Büchler, A D Lander, M Korc
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play diverse roles in cell recognition, growth, and adhesion. In vitro studies suggest that cell-surface HSPGs act as coreceptors for heparin-binding mitogenic growth factors. Here we show that the glycosylphosphatidylinositol- (GPI-) anchored HSPG glypican-1 is strongly expressed in human pancreatic cancer, both by the cancer cells and the adjacent fibroblasts, whereas expression of glypican-1 is low in the normal pancreas and in chronic pancreatitis. Treatment of two pancreatic cancer cell lines, which express glypican-1, with the enzyme phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase-C (PI-PLC) abrogated their mitogenic responses to two heparin-binding growth factors that are commonly overexpressed in pancreatic cancer: fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF). PI-PLC did not alter the response to the non-heparin-binding growth factors EGF and IGF-1. Stable expression of a form of glypican-1 engineered to possess a transmembrane domain instead of a GPI anchor conferred resistance to the inhibitory effects of PI-PLC on growth factor responsiveness. Furthermore, transfection of a glypican-1 antisense construct attenuated glypican-1 protein levels and the mitogenic response to FGF2 and HB-EGF. We propose that glypican-1 plays an essential role in the responses of pancreatic cancer cells to certain mitogenic stimuli, that it is relatively unique in relation to other HSPGs, and that its expression by pancreatic cancer cells may be of importance in the pathobiology of this disorder.
Letter: In defence of the under-40s.
Authors: J S Bradshaw
Journal: BMJ (1976)

While rarely heard of nowadays except in Dr Apley's metaphorical sense, a tooth-comb was in the past an essential weapon in the battle against head-lice.Perhaps its apparently superfluous prefix was suggested by the pain caused by its being dragged across the scalp and through tangled hair in the search for the elusive nit.-Ep,BM7.
Vision, development, and bilingualism are fundamental in the quest for a universal model of visual word recognition and reading
Authors: Nicola J. Pitchford, Walter J. B. van Heuven, Andrew N. Kelly, Taoli Zhang, Timothy Ledgeway
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2012)

Abstract We agree with many of the principles proposed by Frost but highlight crucial caveats and report research findings that challenge several assertions made in the target article. We discuss the roles that visual processing, development, and bilingualism play in visual word recognition and reading. These are overlooked in all current models, but are fundamental to any universal model of reading.
Cutaneous B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma in children: A rare diagnosis
Authors: Olivia Boccara, Etty Laloum-Grynberg, Géraldine Jeudy, Marie-Hélène Aubriot-Lorton, Pierre Vabres, Yves de Prost, Hélène Pacquement, Nicole Brousse, Sylvie Fraitag, Christine Bodemer
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2011)
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
Authors: D. Heath, O. Scott, J. Lynch
Journal: Thorax (1971)

Two distinct pathological entities may be associated with the clinical picture of `primary pulmonary hypertension9. In the classical form the brunt of the pathology falls upon the pulmonary arteries with the characteristic development of dilatation lesions and necrotizing arteritis. In the second rarer type the pulmonary veins appear to be primarily involved. This paper describes the clinical and pathological features of such a case of `pulmonary veno-occlusive disease9 occurring in a young girl.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Russell L. Cecil, Francis G. Blake
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1920)

1. The subcutaneous inoculation of monkeys with Pneumococcus Type I vaccine in doses comparable with those employed in man does not protect them against subsequent attacks of Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia, either spontaneous or experimental. Furthermore, the occurrence of Pneumococcus Type IV pneumonia among monkeys that have been vaccinated with Pneumococcus Type I lipovaccine indicates that the vaccinated animals develop no cross-protection against other types of pneumonia. 2. Vaccination does, however, modify the course of the disease. Invasion of the blood stream by the pneumococcus in vaccinated animals is usually slight, and the proportion of recoveries is considerably higher for vaccinated than for unvaccinated monkeys. 3. Pneumococcus saline vaccine produces a greater amount of protective substance in the serum of the vaccinated animal than does pneumococcus lipovaccine and is probably, therefore, a better antigen. Both, however, fail to protect the animal against pneumococcus pneumonia. 4. Subcutaneous vaccination with pneumococcus vaccine gives definite protection against experimental pneumococcus septicemia. In other words, vaccination may induce a humoral immunity without protecting against intratracheal infection. 5. In view of the fact that monkeys are highly susceptible to pneumococcus infection, a strict analogy cannot be drawn between pneumococcus immunity in monkeys and pneumococcus immunity in man, since in the latter a considerable amount of resistance already exists, probably by reason of repeated exposure to pneumococcus infection.
Global Protection and the Health Impact of Migration Interception
Authors: Zachary Steel, Belinda J. Liddell, Catherine R. Bateman-Steel, Anthony B. Zwi
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

In the fourth article in a six-part PLoS Medicine series on Migration & Health, Zachary Steel and colleagues discuss the interception phase of migration and the specific health risks and policy needs associated with this phase.
Incidence of IDDM In Mauritian Children and Adolescents From 1986 to 1990
Authors: Jaakko Tuomilehto, Jaydev Dabee, Marjatta Karvonen, Gary K Dowse, Hassam Gareeboo, Esa Virtala, Marja Tiihonen, K George M M Alberti, Paul Z Zimmet
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

OBJECTIVE To document the incidence of IDDM in Mauritian children and adolescents 0–19 yr of age from 1986 to 1990. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used a population-based register that used pediatricians, physicians, nutritionists, and general practitioners as a primary source of restrospective case ascertainment. The denominator data were obtained from the Statistics Office of the Ministry of Health (Port Louis, Mauritius). RESULTS In 1990, 37 newly diagnosed IDDM cases (22 females and 15 males) were identified between 1986 and 1990 among the population ≤19 yr of age. The average incidence density per year was 1.9/100,000 people and was slightly higher among girls (2.2/100,000) than among boys (1.5/100,000). The average agestandardized incidence density was 2.1/100,000 people (95% confidence interval 1.5–3.0) among children ≤14 yr of age, 2.5/100,000 people (95% confidence interval 1.5–3.9) among girls, and 1.8/100,000 people (95% confidence interval 1.0–3.0) among boys. The incidence was similarly low in Mauritians of Asian Indian, Chinese, and Creole (predominantly African) origin. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of IDDM in Mauritian children and adolescents is among the lowest yet reported. This sharply contrasts with the very high risk of NIDDM found among the adult population in this rapidly modernizing country.
Rate of serious complaints against UK doctors is higher for those qualifying outside Europe
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Doctors who qualified outside the United Kingdom or Europe are still falling foul of the General Medical Council, the UK medical regulator, in greater numbers than their home-grown counterparts, new statistics from the GMC show.

Despite research looking into the disparity in 2000 and 2005, the GMC is still trying to identify the reasons; the disparity remains despite reforms to the council’s fitness to practise procedures in 2004.

The GMC’s 2008 fitness to practise statistics show that when initial complaints were triaged, 44% of those involving international medical graduates (those from outside the UK or Europe) went …
EDUCATION AS A FACTOR IN THE PREVENTION OF CRIMINAL ABORTION AND ILLEGITIMACY.
Authors: J. H. CARSTENS
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Illegitimacy can be prevented only by education and the development of self-control in the young. Naturally, it is a slow process so to educate and train the masses that illegitimacy shall cease. The home training, it seems to me, is where the trouble lies at present. The father does not explain to his sons, nor the mother to her daughters, the secrets of reproduction, and the result is, they learn it from some ignorant person and sexual thoughts are given a vicious direction. They hear from others still more and are coaxed and urged to practice the sexual act, and thus easily fall by the wayside. If the mother would explain the physiologic process to her daughter, there would be very little illegitimacy. If, however, pregnancy has taken place, the crime of abortion must be strongly impressed on the individual, but somehow or another the religious teaching has been very