tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Judge dismisses test case on third generation pill
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Third generation contraceptive pills, whose sales plummeted after the 1995 “pill scare,” carry no higher risks of venous thromboembolism than second generation pills, a high court judge ruled this week.

Mr Justice Mackay made his ruling in a group action by 99 women against three manufacturers of third generation oral contraceptives—Schering Health Care, Organon Laboratories, and John Wyeth and Brother. The women, who had strokes, pulmonary embolisms, and deep vein thromboses, argued that the newer pills were defective products as defined by the Consumer Protection Act.

The judge described the 42 days of expert evidence …
Delamanid for Multidrug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Maria Tarcela Gler, Vija Skripconoka, Epifanio Sanchez-Garavito, Heping Xiao, Jose L. Cabrera-Rivero, Dante E. Vargas-Vasquez, Mengqiu Gao, Mohamed Awad, Seung-Kyu Park, Tae Sun Shim, Gee Young Suh, Manfred Danilovits, Hideo Ogata, Anu Kurve, Joon Chang, Katsuhiro Suzuki, Thelma Tupasi, Won-Jung Koh, Barbara Seaworth, Lawrence J. Geiter, Charles D. Wells
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

Delamanid (OPC-67683), a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative, is a new antituberculosis medication that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis and has shown potent in vitro and in vivo activity against drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Adrenal Scintigraphy in Low Renin Essential Hypertension
Authors: AYMAN RIFAI, WILLIAM H. BEIERWALTES, JOHN E. FREITAS, ROGER GREKIN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1978)

Adrenal scintigraphy was performed on 23 patients with low renin essential hypertension (LREH). After baseline scintigraphy was shown not to be helpful, 13 of these 23 patients underwent dexamethasone suppression adrenal scintigraphy. Four adrenal imaging patterns were observed: unilateral imaging with adenoma; bilateral early or late imaging with hyperplasia; no uptake with normal adrenals. These imaging patterns were shown to be predictive of the individual patient's response to spironolactone administration. This demonstration of functional adrenal cortical abnormalities in LREH supplies direct evidence for the hypothesis that LREH has an adrenal mineralocorticoid etiology.
Comparison of 10-mg and 5-mg Warfarin Initiation Nomograms Together with Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin for Outpatient Treatment of Acute Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Michael J. Kovacs, Marc Rodger, David R. Anderson, Beverly Morrow, Gertrude Kells, Judy Kovacs, Eleanor Boyle, Philip S. Wells
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2003)

The optimal means of achieving therapeutic oral anticoagulation in the outpatient setting has not been determined.To compare a 10-mg dosing nomogram with a 5-mg nomogram that has been suggested to be sufficient for warfarin initiation.Randomized, controlled clinical trial.Outpatient venous thromboembolism services of four tertiary care hospitals.201 of 210 consecutive patients with objectively confirmed diagnoses of acute venous thromboembolism.All patients were treated with subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin for a minimum of 5 days until a therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) was achieved. Patients were randomly assigned to initially receive a 10-mg or 5-mg dose of warfarin.The primary end point was time in days to therapeutic INR. Secondary end points were the proportion of patients who had achieved a therapeutic INR by day 5, the total number of INR assessments, the number of INR measurements greater than 5.0, incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism and major bleeding, and survival.210 consecutive patients met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 9 were excluded and 201 were randomly assigned to study groups (104 to the 10-mg group and 97 to the 5-mg group). Demographic characteristics of both groups were similar. Patients in the 10-mg group achieved therapeutic INR 1.4 days earlier than patients in the 5-mg group (P < 0.001). Eighty-three percent of patients in the 10-mg group achieved a therapeutic INR by day 5 versus 46% in the 5-mg group (P < 0.001). Fewer INR assessments were performed in the 10-mg group than in the 5-mg group (8.1 vs. 9.1; P = 0.04). There were no significant differences between the two groups in recurrent events, major bleeding, survival, and number of INR measurements greater than 5.0.The 10-mg warfarin initiation nomogram is superior to the 5-mg nomogram because it allows more rapid achievement of a therapeutic INR.
Soy Phytochemicals Prevent Orthotopic Growth and Metastasis of Bladder Cancer in Mice by Alterations of Cancer Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis and Tumor Angiogenesis
Authors: Ajita V. Singh, Adrian A. Franke, George L. Blackburn, Jin-Rong Zhou
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract A role of dietary bioactive components in bladder cancer prevention is biologically plausible because most substances or metabolites are excreted through the urinary tract and are consequently in direct contact with the mucosa of the bladder. We first determined antigrowth activity of genistein against poorly differentiated 253J B-V human bladder cancer cells in vitro. Genistein inhibited the cell growth in a time- and dose-dependent manner via G2-M arrest, down-regulation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and induction of apoptosis. We also evaluated both genistin, which is a natural form of genistein, and the isoflavone-rich soy phytochemical concentrate (SPC) on the growth and metastasis of 253J B-V tumors in an orthotopic tumor model. Mice treated with genistin and SPC had reduced final tumor weights by 56% (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and 52% (P &amp;lt; 0.05), respectively, associated with induction of tumor cell apoptosis and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis in vivo. In addition, SPC treatment, but not genistin treatment, significantly inhibited lung metastases by 95% (P &amp;lt; 0.01) associated with significant down-regulation of NF-κB expression in tumor tissues and reduction of circulating insulin-like growth factor-I levels, suggesting that SPC may contain other bioactive ingredients that have antimetastatic activity. The results from our studies suggest that further clinical investigation should be warranted to apply soy phytochemicals, such as SPC, as a potent prevention regimen for bladder cancer progression. This orthotopic human bladder tumor model also provides a clinically relevant experimental tool for assessing potential preventive activity of other dietary components against bladder tumor growth and metastasis. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(3): 1851-8)
Interaction of antithrombin III with bovine aortic segments. Role of heparin in binding and enhanced anticoagulant activity.
Authors: D Stern, P Nawroth, J Marcum, D Handley, W Kisiel, R Rosenberg, K Stern
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

Bovine antithrombin III (AT III) interaction with the luminal surface of bovine aortic segments with a continuous layer of endothelium was examined. Incubation of 125I-AT III with vessel segments, previously washed free of endogenous AT III, demonstrated specific, time-dependent binding to the protease inhibitor to the endothelium. Half-maximal binding was observed at an added AT III concentration of 14 nM. Binding of 125I-AT III to the vessel wall was reversible (50% dissociated in 4 min), and addition of either heparin or Factor Xa accelerated displacement of 125I-AT III from the vessel segment. Dissociation of 125I-AT III from the vessel segment in the presence of factor Xa coincided with the formation of a Factor Xa-125I-AT III complex. Inactivation of Factor IXa and Factor Xa by AT III was facilitated in the presence of vessel segments. Pretreatment of vessel segments with highly purified Flavobacterium heparinase precluded the vessel-dependent augmentation of AT III anticoagulant activity as well as specific binding of 125I-AT III to the vessel endothelium. In contrast, pretreatment of the vessel segments with chrondroitinases (ABC or AC) had no detectable effect on 125I-AT III binding or on AT III anticoagulant activity. AT III binding to vessel segments was competitively inhibited by increasing concentration of platelet factor 4. Binding of the protease inhibitor to vessel segments was inhibited by chemical modification of AT III lysyl or tryptophan residues. These AT III derivatives retained progressive inhibitory activity. These data suggest that heparin-like molecules are present on the aortic vessel wall and mediate binding of AT III to the vessel surface, as well as enhancing the anticoagulant activity of AT III at these sites.
Progress in the Surgical Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias
Authors: Gerald M. Lawrie, Christopher R. C. Wyndham, Jack Krafchek, Jerry C. Luck, Robert Roberts, Michael E. DeBakey
Journal: JAMA (1985)

Between 1981 and 1985, ninety patients were treated surgically for cardiac arrhythmias and have been followed for a mean interval of 21 months (range, one to 49 months). Follow-up is 100% complete. Fifty accessory pathways were divided in 35 patients (25 male and ten female; mean age, 35.2 years; range, 10 to 72 years), with no deaths. Five females, aged 10 to 35 years, were treated for focal atrial tachycardia, three for an atrial focus alone, and two with other arrhythmia procedures; four were cured and one was improved. Two patients (one man and one woman, both aged 33 years) had ablation of the atrioventricular node. Forty-one patients (32 male and nine female; average age, 56.9 years; range, 15 to 74 years) had ablation of ventricular tachycardia. Kent bundle division and focal atrial tachycardia ablation were also performed in two of these patients. More than 80% of patients had coronary disease. Mean preoperative ejection fraction was 33.9% with a range of 14% to 65%. Aneurysmectomy, endocardial resection, cryoablation, and coronary artery bypass were the procedures used. The perioperative mortality rate was 9.8% but there were no deaths in the last 23 patients. Ventricular tachycardia was abolished in all but three survivors in whom medical treatment is now effective. The automatic implantable defibrillator was implanted in 11 patients, with no surgical deaths. These results confirm the feasibility of relieving a variety of serious arrhythmias by surgical intervention. (<i>JAMA</i>1985;254:1464-1468)
Obesity supine death syndrome revisited
Authors: Malcolm Lemyze, Mary-Jane Guerry, Jihad Mallat, Didier Thevenin
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

To the Editors:

Given the current worldwide epidemic of obesity, it is likely that an increasing number of obese patients will be admitted to hospital in the future [1]. Caring for morbidly obese patients is a critical task that is time-consuming, and requires a trained and motivated staff. One particular hurdle to overcome in the management of these patients is positioning. Unfortunately, this is rarely considered a high priority issue in the emergency setting, despite the potential for dramatic cardiopulmonary complications resulting from the supine positioning of massively obese patients. In extreme cases, it may even result in death. This catastrophic phenomenon has been called the “obesity supine death syndrome”. However, only two other cases of this condition have been previously reported [2], and therefore it remains relatively unfamiliar to most physicians. We recently managed a 44-yr-old male with a body mass index of 80 kg·m−2 who immediately developed severe hypoxaemia, seizures and cardiovascular collapse when placed in the supine position. This case gives us an insight into understanding the underlying mechanisms leading to position-induced cardiorespiratory decompensation in morbidly obese patients.

The patient …
Traumatic Aneurysm of the Superficial Temporal Artery
Authors: Gerald T. Golden
Journal: JAMA (1975)

TRAUMATIC aneurysms are usually sacular lesions that form when the arterial wall is weakened by full-thickness arterial injury from blunt or penetrating trauma. With subsequent liquefaction of the hematoma, the false aneurysm becomes pulsatile and expands gradually, causing pressure effects on local tissue. Two false aneurysms of the superficial temporal artery in squash players have recently been treated at the University of Virginia Medical Center. Proper diagnosis is necessary to avoid troublesome intraoperative hemorrhage. <h3>Report of Cases</h3><h3>Case 1.—</h3> A 20-year-old college student was seen in the outpatient surgical department for a cyst over the right frontal region at the hairline. Three weeks previously, he had sustained a sharp blow to the same region by a squash ball during a vigorous game. The mass was nonpulsatile and measured 1 cm in diameter. On incision under local anesthesia, a blue-red cystic mass was discovered. During removal of the mass, brisk bleeding
Molecular epidemiology in environmental health: the potential of tumor suppressor gene p53 as a biomarker.
Authors: J C Semenza, L H Weasel
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

One of the challenges in environmental health is to attribute a certain health effect to a specific environmental exposure and to establish a cause-effect relationship. Molecular epidemiology offers a new approach to addressing these challenges. Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene p53 can shed light on past environmental exposure, and carcinogenic agents and doses can be distinguished on the basis of mutational spectra and frequency. Mutations in p53 have successfully been used to establish links between dietary aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer, exposure to ultraviolet light and skin cancer, smoking and cancers of the lung and bladder, and vinyl chloride exposure and liver cancer. In lung cancer, carcinogens from tobacco smoke have been shown to form adducts with DNA. The location of these adducts correlates with those positions in the p53 gene that are mutated in lung cancer, confirming a direct etiologic link between exposure and disease. Recent investigations have also explored the use of p53 as a susceptibility marker for cancer. Furthermore, studies in genetic toxicology have taken advantage of animals transgenic for p53 to screen for carcinogens in vivo. In this review, we summarize recent developments in p53 biomarker research and illustrate applications to environmental health.
Abstract 1317: The 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid sunscreen agent photosensitizes oxidized guanines following UVA or UVB exposure
Authors: Nathalie Bastien, Jean-François Millau, Mahmoud Rouabhia, Jerry R. Davies, Régen Drouin
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA) is a sunscreen agent widely used in the cosmetic industry because it absorbs strongly at UVB wavelengths providing a good protection against the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) generation. Previous studies have shown that PBSA oxidize guanine bases in vitro (isolated DNA). Due to its potential phototoxic effect, it is of great interest to determine whether PBSA can play the role of a photosensitizer in cellulo. For this purpose, we investigated in vitro and in cellulo (in fibroblasts) the effect of 0 to 4 mM PBSA on DNA damage formation after UVA or UVB irradiation. In order to monitor oxidized bases and CPD formation, DNA was digested with either endonuclease III and FaPy-DNA glycosylase or T4 endonuclease V and photolyase, then analyzed by means of glyoxal gel electrophoresis and ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (LMPCR). We found that in cellulo and in vitro, PBSA provided a good protection against CPD formation, but induced oxidative damage and DNA-strand breaks. Moreover, with the LMPCR technology we were able to determine that oxidative damage were preferentially formed at guanine sites. Our results indicate that PBSA has the potential to act as a double-edged sword toward DNA, on one hand it blocks the formation of CPDs after UVB and on the other hand increase the formation of oxidized guanines upon UVA and UVB irradiation. This raises major concern regarding its suitability for sunscreen applications. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1317.
THE FALL OF ANATOMIC KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Charles A. Parker
Journal: JAMA (1928)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Dose the present graduating medical student have a proper knowledge of human anatomy? The results of a recent examination at the Cook County Hospital would suggest that he has not. The following question was asked in orthopedics: "Radius was fractured two years ago. Patient comes now with malunion, pronation; there is synostosis with ulna. He desires supination. The fracture was above the insertion of the pronator teres. Give origin and insertion of five muscles which would influence both distal and proximal fragments, and explain their respective pulls." While the examiners of the papers do not give the questions, they considered the furnishing of the anatomic data requested as the proper answer to the question. This interpretation was shared in by practically all the applicants, as evidenced by the character of their answers. It thus resolved itself into a question of pure anatomy with a preference for certain
Bronchiectasis Simulating Pulmonary Metastases on Iodine-131 Scintigraphy in Well-Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Ian Jong, Kim Taubman, Stephen Schlicht
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2005)

Differentiated thyroid cancer is an uncommon disease that carries a good prognosis when treated adequately. Radioiodine treatment is often used as an adjunct to surgery because this has been associated with increased survival, particularly in the presence of iodine-avid soft tissue metastases. Multiple different false-positive scans can occur in the absence of residual thyroid tissue or metastases. Recognition of these potential false-positive iodine-131 (I-131) scans is critical to avoid the unnecessary exposure to further radiation from repeated therapeutic doses of radioactive iodine. We report a case of physiological uptake of radioactive iodine in the bronchiectatic bronchial tree bilaterally, potentially masquerading as pulmonary metastases.
Bone marrow involvement in cutaneous mastocytosis
Authors: L.A. Fearfield, N. Francis, K. Henry, C. Costello, C.B. Bunker
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2001)

Cutaneous mastocytosis is considered a relatively benign and indolent form of mast cell disease, which either ultimately regresses, remains stable or is only slowly progressive. Previously, it has been purported that no more than 60% of adult patients with cutaneous mastocytosis will have occult bone marrow involvement.To investigate the frequency of bone marrow involvement in patients with mastocytosis but without systemic symptoms.Bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy were performed in 13 consecutive patients with cutaneous mastocytosis attending our department.All but one of these patients had evidence of bone marrow involvement. Bone marrow cytogenetic abnormalities have been found in patients with cutaneous mastocytosis: all our patients who were analysed showed a normal karyotype.Bone marrow involvement is common in adults with cutaneous mastocytosis.
Federal officials hearing plenty (of opposition) during comment period on new laboratory rules
Authors: M. F. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1990)

FINAL RULES issued by the federal government, aimed at further regulating cytology laboratories and cytology professionals, appear to be close to the last straw for leaders of their specialty organizations. At this year's joint spring meeting in San Francisco, Calif, the American Society of Clinical Pathologists' (ASCP) president, George D. Lundberg, MD, and the College of American Pathologists' (CAP) president, Loyd R. Wagner, MD, spoke out against the recently promulgated proficiency requirements for those engaged in detecting abnormalities in Papanicolaou smears. "A strong backlash is beginning to develop," Lundberg says, "among leaders in the professional laboratory community against the dictatorial tactics of the Department of Health and Human Services and the Health Care Financing Administration [HCFA], particularly in relation to its recent issuing of these final rules. While HCFA spokespersons admit that there is no scientific basis for claiming that the type or frequency of proficiency testing that they have
FATAL APLASTIC ANEMIA FOLLOWING USE OF TRIDIONE AND A HYDANTOIN
Authors: FRANCIS F. HARRISON
Journal: JAMA (1946)

With the introduction of new drugs there is always the possibility that an occasional patient will manifest an unpredictable toxic reaction. We are reporting a case of fatal aplastic anemia following the use of Tridione (3,5,5-Trimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione, Abbott) and methylphenylethyl hydantoin.<sup>1</sup>As far as we could determine<sup>2</sup>this is the first instance of any hematologic disturbance from the use of these drugs. There is a strong suggestion that one or the other or both of these drugs was etiologic in the development of the blood disturbance in this patient. For the information of others using these drugs it therefore seems important to publish this. The case report seems especially necessary because Tridione has recently been made available for general prescription use. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3><h3>History.—</h3> R. S., a white girl aged 16 years, was born at the Bassett Hospital and throughout her life cared for by various members of
Leukemic transformation by the APL fusion protein PRKAR1A-RARα critically depends on recruitment of RXRα
Authors: Jihui J. Qiu, Xiaoxi Lu, Bernd B. Zeisig, Zhigui Ma, Xun Cai, Saijuan Chen, Hinrich Gronemeyer, David J. Tweardy, Chi Wai Eric So, Shuo Dong
Journal: Blood (2009)
Defects in the E2 lipoyl transacetylase and the X-lipoyl containing component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in patients with lactic acidemia.
Authors: B H Robinson, N MacKay, R Petrova-Benedict, I Ozalp, T Coskun, P W Stacpoole
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

Three patients with chronic lacticacidemia and deficiency of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex demonstrated in cultured skin fibroblasts showed abnormalities on Western blotting with anti-pyruvate dehydrogenase complex antiserum which were not located in the E1 (alpha and beta) component of the complex. One of these patients had an enzymatically demonstrable deficiency in the E2 dihydrolipoyl transacetylase segment of the complex and very low observable E2 protein component on Western blotting of fibroblast proteins. The other two patients had abnormalities observable in the X component but no observable reduction in either E1, E2, or E3 enzymatic activities. One patient appeared to have a missing X component while the other had two distinct bands where X should be on Western blotting of fibroblast proteins. All three patients appeared to have severe clinical sequelae resulting from these defects. This is the first time that defects in either the E2 or the X component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex have been observed in the human population.
Underreporting of AIDS in South Carolina
Authors: Miriam Allis Galbraith
Journal: JAMA (1990)

To the Editor.—  In their article on underreporting of cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in South Carolina, Conway and coworkers 1 quote high reporting levels (83% to 100%) from other studies done in moderate-incidence (Washington State) and high-incidence (New York City) areas under active surveillance programs. In their accompanying editorial, Buehler et al 2 point out that when health departments take an active approach to surveillance, AIDS reporting increases from the lower levels measured in South Carolina under passive reporting. Active surveillance activities include ongoing, regular contact with key hospitals, physicians, and other health care providers to solicit AIDS case reports actively. Michigan is, like South Carolina, a moderate-incidence state for AIDS, but, unlike in South Carolina, the Michigan Department of Public Health carried out its validation studies after the January 1986 initiation of our active surveillance program. We did our initial validation study at two of Michigan's largest