tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Treatment for Preventing Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents
Authors: M. Elsa Villarino, Nigel A. Scott, Stephen E. Weis, Marc Weiner, Marcus B. Conde, Brenda Jones, Sharon Nachman, Ricardo Oliveira, Ruth N. Moro, Nong Shang, Stefan V. Goldberg, Timothy R. Sterling
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2015)

<h3>Importance</h3> Three months of a once-weekly combination of rifapentine and isoniazid for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection is safe and effective for persons 12 years or older. Published data for children are limited. <h3>Objectives</h3> To compare treatment safety and assess noninferiority treatment effectiveness of combination therapy with rifapentine and isoniazid vs 9 months of isoniazid treatment for latent tuberculosis infection in children. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> A pediatric cohort nested within a randomized, open-label clinical trial conducted from June 11, 2001, through December 17, 2010, with follow-up through September 5, 2013, in 29 study sites in the United States, Canada, Brazil, Hong Kong (China), and Spain. Participants were children (aged 2-17 years) who were eligible for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. <h3>Interventions</h3> Twelve once-weekly doses of the combination drugs, given with supervision by a health care professional, for 3 months vs 270 daily doses of isoniazid, without supervision by a health care professional, for 9 months. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> We compared rates of treatment discontinuation because of adverse events (AEs), toxicity grades 1 to 4, and deaths from any cause. The equivalence margin for the comparison of AE-related discontinuation rates was 5%. Tuberculosis disease diagnosed within 33 months of enrollment was the main end point for testing effectiveness. The noninferiority margin was 0.75%. <h3>Results</h3> Of 1058 children enrolled, 905 were eligible for evaluation of effectiveness. Of 471 in the combination-therapy group, 415 (88.1%) completed treatment vs 351 of 434 (80.9%) in the isoniazid-only group (<i>P</i> = .003). The 95% CI for the difference in rates of discontinuation attributed to an AE was −2.6 to 0.1, which was within the equivalence range. In the safety population, 3 of 539 participants (0.6%) who took the combination drugs had a grade 3 AE vs 1 of 493 (0.2%) who received isoniazid only. Neither arm had any hepatotoxicity, grade 4 AEs, or treatment-attributed death. None of the 471 in the combination-therapy group developed tuberculosis vs 3 of 434 (cumulative rate, 0.74%) in the isoniazid-only group, for a difference of −0.74% and an upper bound of the 95% CI of the difference of +0.32%, which met the noninferiority criterion. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Treatment with the combination of rifapentine and isoniazid was as effective as isoniazid-only treatment for the prevention of tuberculosis in children aged 2 to 17 years. The combination-therapy group had a higher treatment completion rate than did the isoniazid-only group and was safe. <h3>Trial Registration</h3> clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00023452
Is hyperglycaemia an independent predictor of poor outcome after acute stroke? Results of a long term follow up study
Authors: C. J Weir, G. D Murray, A. G Dyker, K. R Lees
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To determine whether raised plasma glucose concentration independently influences outcome after acute stroke or is a stress response reflecting increased stroke severity. <b>Design:</b> Long term follow up study of patients admitted to an acute stroke unit. <b>Setting:</b> Western Infirmary, Glasgow. <b>Subjects:</b> 811 patients with acute stroke confirmed by computed tomography. Analysis was restricted to the 750 non-diabetic patients. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Survival time and placement three months after stroke. <b>Results:</b> 645 patients (86%) had ischaemic stroke and 105 patients (14%) haemorrhagic stroke. Cox9s proportional hazards modelling with stratification according to Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project categories identified increased age (relative hazard 1.36 per decade; 95% confidence interval 1.21 to 1.53), haemorrhagic stroke (relative hazard 1.67; 1.22 to 2.28), time to resolution of symptoms &gt;72 hours (relative hazard 2.15; 1.15 to 4.05), and hyperglycaemia (relative hazard 1.87; 1.43 to 2.45) as predictors of mortality. The effect of glucose concentration on survival was greatest in the first month. <b>Conclusions:</b> Plasma glucose concentration above 8 mmol/l after acute stroke predicts a poor prognosis after correcting for age, stroke severity, and stroke subtype. Raised plasma glucose concentration is therefore unlikely to be solely a stress response and should arguably be treated actively. A randomised trial is warranted. <h3>Key messages</h3> A plasma glucose concentration above 8 mmol/l after acute stroke predicts poorer chances of survival and independence This effect of raised glucose concentration persists after adjusting for factors known to affect the outcome of stroke–namely, age, stroke type, and stroke severity A clinical trial of active control of plasma glucose concentration is warranted
Emergency Autopsy for the Selection of Donor Kidneys
Authors: Norman Ende
Journal: JAMA (1965)

A review of 50 consecutive autopsies, at a hospital caring for an older age group, revealed that approximately 34% of the kidneys would have been potentially useful as donor kidneys. To evaluate most of these cases as donors would have necessitated an emergency autopsy including microscopic examination. Even among patients who died after the age of 60, the kidneys, in many instances, could probably have functioned adequately if transplanted, in spite of some evidence of senile nephrosclerosis. Of five patients—recipients of six donor kidneys —three are still alive after 14, 12, and 6 months, respectively. Ages of the donors at death were 27, 64, and 47 years, respectively.
Abstract P1-03-07: Differential Effect of Specific p53 Mutations on Breast Cancer Growth and Response to Hsp90 Inhibition In Vivo
Authors: VL Appleyard, KE Murray, PJ Coates, B Vojtesek, P Muller, R Hrstka, AM. Thompson
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background p53 mutation influences breast cancer cell growth and patient prognosis. However, different p53 mutations impart specific functions to the mutant protein, including dominant negative or gain of function effects. Mutant p53 molecules R273H and R175H are commonly found in primary breast cancers and are present in the MDA-MB-468 and SKBR3 cell lines, respectively. To compare the direct effects of these two mutations in vivo in an identical cellular background, H1299 (p53-null) cells were constructed to express R273H or R175H p53 mutants. Methods Thirty female SCID mice were injected subcutaneously with 106 H1299 (p53-null), H1299/R273H or H1299/R175H cells in DMEM + Matrigel (50:50) suspension. Some mice were treated with an Hsp90 inhibitor, which is required for correct folding of many oncogenic proteins. Results Xenografts bearing R175H showed a mean lag phase (time between cell injection and tumors at exponential growth) of 21 days and a doubling time of 5 days, whereas tumors bearing H1299 (p53-null) or R273H mutation had a lag phase of 31 days with a doubling time of 7 days. Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated a highly heterogeneous pattern of p53 protein expression in the more aggressive R175H expressing cells compared with R273H expressing cells. Hsp90 inhibitor treatment reduced the growth of H1299 and R273H cells, but not R175H cells. Conclusions The specific p53 mutations directly influence the rate of tumor growth and the p53 protein staining pattern on immunohistochemistry. The differential effects of specific p53 mutations should be considered when interpreting clinical data involving p53 mutation such as in the EORTC 10994 trial, with implications for prognostic determination of individual breast cancer patients. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-03-07.
Dividing the Fee.
Authors: J. C. O'Day
Journal: JAMA (1901)

Montpelier, Ind., Jan. 25, 1901. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The<i>Chicago Times-Herald</i>, in its issue of yesterday, contained an article on "The Doctors at Odds on Divided Fees." This appeals so strongly to a common sense of justice that I wish to take sides with those physicians who are opposed to the fee dividing scheme, and endorse as emphatically as I can their reasons for not wanting to reduce the profession to a commercial basis. Some time ago I received a circular letter, and you may well imagine my disgust and chagrin when I read it. It evidently had emanated from one who fully understood the financial side of the "fee dividing" problem. This would-be surgeon—I say would-be, as no reputable one would send out such a communication—with a great wealth of rhetorical diction, intimated the injustice of not dividing the fee with the man who had brains enough to diagnose
The Defeat Depression Campaign: psychiatry in the public arena
Authors: E S Paykel, A Tylee, A Wright, R G Priest, S Rix, D Hart
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1997)

The adequate recognition and treatment of depression are inhibited by negative public attitudes and gaps in professional expertise. This paper describes the activities and efforts of the Defeat Depression Campaign, a joint activity of the Royal College of Psychiatrists and the Royal College of General Practitioners, in the United Kingdom.A 5-year campaign was undertaken from 1992 to 1996, aimed at enhancing public awareness and attitudes and providing professional education.An informational media campaign directed toward the general public was successfully undertaken. Leaflets, books, and audiotapes were also prepared and distributed to the public. Multiprofessional conferences on specific aspects of depression were organized. An extensive program of general practice education included consensus conferences and statements, recognition and management guidelines, training videotapes, and other publications. Public attitudes were found to be relatively favorable, except attitudes toward antidepressants, which were viewed as addictive. A general consequence of the campaign was the development of much additional public material and professional education not directly originating from the campaign. Aspects of the campaign are being evaluated, including public attitude change, impact of educational materials on general practitioners, and prescription of antidepressants.A campaign of this kind serves a useful function in enhancing public education and awareness and improving professional recognition and management of depression.
Pertussis vaccine issues unsettled
Authors: John Elliott
Journal: JAMA (1978)

A serious outbreak of pertussis in the British Isles, where more than 50,000 cases of the disease have occurred since Nov 1,1977, has hastened a debate over the usefulness of pertussis vaccine. While routine pertussis immunization in infants and young children generally has been practiced around the world for the past 25 years, concerns over vaccine effectiveness and side effects have now become prominent. An international symposium held recently at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md, at which more than 200 experts on bacteriologic vaccines spent three days discussing all possible aspects of<i>Bordetella pertussis</i>and its vaccine, did little to settle the controversy. "As with many other infectious diseases, there was a great decline in the rate of pertussis mortality before any vaccine was available," said Dr Gordon T. Stewart, head of the Department of Community Medicine at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, at a news conference
Biomarkers for Mortality and Cardiovascular Events—Reply
Authors: Caroline Kistorp, Ilan Raymond, Frants Pedersen, Finn Gustafsson, Jens Faber, Per Hildebrandt
Journal: JAMA (2005)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Hypoglycaemia induced by second generation antipsychotic agents in schizophrenic non-diabetic patients
Authors: Y. Suzuki, J. Watanabe, N. Fukui, V. Ozdemir, T. Someya
Journal: BMJ (2009)

We report three cases of hypoglycaemia in non-diabetic non-obese Japanese inpatients who had schizophrenia and were being treated with a second generation antipsychotic. The clinical findings of hypoglycaemia emerged typically 2-3 hours after meals in all patients during escalation of the dose of second generation antipsychotic. No other antipsychotic or concomitant drug with a metabolic effect was coadministered.

Case 1 —A 27 year old woman who took 400 mg of quetiapine a day complained of dizziness, tremor, and palpitations on day 112 of her inpatient stay. These symptoms worsened with a 600 mg daily dose of quetiapine (day 132). At this point, her blood glucose three hours after lunch was 3.2 mmol/l. Her symptoms …
Differential Sensitivity of Venular and Arteriolar α-Adrenergic Receptor Constriction to Inhibition by Hypoxia
Authors: Cindi Jo Leech, James E. Faber
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

Abstract Reflex adrenergic constriction of the venous circulation is considerably less sensitive than the arterial circulation to local metabolic inhibition, but the basis for this difference remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether α-adrenergic receptor (AR) constriction of venular smooth muscle is in fact protected against inhibition by hypoxia, per se, and to examine possible mechanisms for this protection. An intermediate level of α 1 -AR (norepinephrine+rauwolscine) or α 2 -AR (UK 14,304+prazosin) tone was induced in rat cremaster skeletal muscle arterioles and venules (control lumen diameter, 134 and 194 μm, respectively), and tissue bath P o 2 was lowered from the control value (30 mm Hg). Arteriolar α 2 -AR tone was inhibited by 29% at 5 mm Hg P o 2 ( P &lt;.05), whereas arteriolar α 1 -, venular α 1 -, and venular α 2 -AR constrictions were unaffected. Like these findings obtained for in situ vessels with normal blood flow, α 1 -AR tone induced in vascularly “isolated” venules and basal diameter were again unaffected by hypoxia, whereas α 2 -AR tone was actually enhanced by 19% ( P &lt;.05). This constriction was prevented by indomethacin but not by endothelin or nitric oxide blockade; importantly, however, venular α 2 - and α 1 -AR tone still remained insensitive to inhibition by hypoxia. ATP-sensitive K + (K ATP ) channels, which are known to participate in hypoxic inhibition of arteriolar smooth muscle, were examined for a role in this differential arteriolar versus venular sensitivity to hypoxia. Use of the K ATP antagonists glibenclamide and U-37883A and the K ATP channel opener cromakalim suggested that venular, unlike arteriolar, smooth muscle had no detectable basal or inducible K ATP activity. Also, unlike arteriolar α 2 -AR constriction, venular α 2 -AR tone did not depend on K ATP activity. Finally, venular α 2 -AR tone was unaffected by nifedipine (0.06 to 3 μmol/L), whereas venular α 1 -AR tone was inhibited by 50% ( P &lt;.05), findings opposite those found for arteriolar α 1 and α 2 tone. These data demonstrate that venular α 1 - and α 2 -AR constrictions are insensitive to inhibition by hypoxia and suggest that this may be due to a paucity of K ATP channels on venular smooth muscle. In addition, venular α 1 - but not α 2 -ARs appear to couple to dihydropyridine-sensitive voltage-operated Ca 2+ channels.
What Have We Learned about the Treatment of Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy with Steroids?
Authors: Arnold S. Relman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

Idiopathic membranous nephropathy, one of the many renal diseases to emerge as a clearly defined clinicopathological entity after the use of renal biopsy became widespread, is characterized by distinctive changes in the glomerular capillary wall, which thicken the basement membrane yet increase its permeability to protein.1 , 2 In most patients, these changes lead to the development of the nephrotic syndrome at some time during the course of the disease. Typically, the course is chronic and slowly progressive, but it is variable, and ultimately a spontaneous complete remission occurs in about a quarter of untreated cases and renal failure in an approximately . . .
PET AND MRS OF CEREBRAL GLYCOLYSIS IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL LACTIC ACIDOSIS
Authors: D. B. Duncan, K. Herholz, H. Kugel, B. Roth, W. Ruitenbeek, W. Heindel, K. Wienhard, W. -D. Heiss
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

Duncan, D. B.1; Herholz, K.1; Kugel, H.2; Roth, B.3; Ruitenbeek, W.4; Heindel, W.2; Wienhard, K.1; Heiss, W. -D.1Author Information
Acute Disseminated Myelitis
Authors: J. Dreschfeld
Journal: BMJ (1894)

1 171 RILN JhI AL1 AC,TEl I)ISSEMINA''ED) MYEITIS.[JumN1 2, 18w.niegalocyte-s were' p)r'54'Istt -there was 11o excess of leucocytes or of blood plates ; and grood, rouletaux were fornmed on tlhez Microscope slide.
Effect of chest wall vibration on dyspnea in patients with chronic respiratory disease.
Authors: M Sibuya, M Yamada, A Kanamaru, K Tanaka, H Suzuki, E Noguchi, M D Altose, I Homma
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

The effect of chest wall vibration on dyspnea at rest was investigated in 15 patients with severe chronic respiratory diseases. The magnitude of their baseline dyspnea was 17.9 +/- SE 3.3 mm on a 150-mm visual analog scale. One hundred hertz out-of-phase vibration (OPV; inspiratory intercostal muscles vibrated during expiration and expiratory intercostal muscles vibrated during inspiration) increased dyspnea an average of 21.9 +/- SE 7.8 mm (p < 0.05). One hundred hertz in-phase vibration (IPV; inspiratory intercostal muscles vibrated during inspiration and expiratory intercostal muscles vibrated during expiration) decreased dyspnea an average of 6.9 +/- SE 2.8 mm (p < 0.05). Changes in the respiratory pattern and arterial blood gas determinations elicited by 5-min IPV were investigated in eight of the 15 patients. Tidal volume was significantly increased in all eight of these patients. Respiratory frequency was decreased in seven patients and increased in one. Functional residual capacity, measured before and during the application of IPV for a period of about 10 breaths, was increased in one patient and decreased in the remaining seven. PaCO2 decreased by 1.3 +/- 1.0 mm Hg (p < 0.05), from 49.6 +/- 8.4 mm Hg; PaO2 increased by 3.4 +/- 2.3 mm Hg (p < 0.05), from 67.7 +/- 12.7 mm Hg. The results indicate that in-phase chest wall vibration decreased pathologic dyspnea in patients with chronic respiratory disease and suggest that the effects on respiratory sensation are mediated by afferent information from chest wall respiratory muscles to supraspinal centers.
Profile of eicosanoid generation in aspirin-intolerant asthma and anaphylaxis assessed by new biomarkers
Authors: Noritaka Higashi, Haruhisa Mita, Emiko Ono, Yuma Fukutomi, Hiromichi Yamaguchi, Keiichi Kajiwara, Hidenori Tanimoto, Kiyoshi Sekiya, Kazuo Akiyama, Masami Taniguchi
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
Medical Care of the US Olympic Team
Authors: Daniel F. Hanley
Journal: JAMA (1976)

EACH quadrennium, the officers and Board of Directors of the United States Olympic Committee appoint a Games Preparation Committee, Concerned with organizing the total team effort for the Olympic Games. This Committee is the supervisory group for all US Olympic Committee activities at the Games and is made up of chairmen of the following sub-committees: Team Services, Apparel, Supplies and Equipment, Food and Housing, Medical Advisory, Ticket Services, and Transportation. The Medical Advisory Committee selects the medical personnel who will travel with and provide medical care for the athletes and officials of the US Olympic team at the Games. This Medical Advisory Committee also surveys the medical environment at the site of the Games, arranges for the medical supplies and equipment, and has supervisory function at the Games. Selections for the Medical and Training Services unit are made from a pool of applicants, some of whom, because of their knowledge
An ergonomic comparison of rowing machine designs: possible implications for safety
Authors: I A Bernstein, O Webber, R Woledge
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2002)

Ergometer training is a common cause of injuries in rowers. A randomised crossover study comparing two power head designs was carried out to examine ergonomic risk factors.Six elite male rowers undertook 20 minute fatiguing rowing pieces with both fixed and floating power heads. A CODA MPX infrared telemetric motion analysis detector and the ergometer's interface were used to measure displacement, force, work performed, and power output.There was no significant difference in the total work performed, power per stroke, or metabolic load between the two ergometer designs. Fatigue was shown by a mean (SEM) fall of 9.7 (0.79) W/stroke (95% confidence interval (CI) 8.0 to 11.5) between minutes 8-10 and minutes 16-18 (p<0.001). The stroke length was 53 (13) mm (95% CI 18 to 89) longer with the fixed power head (p<0.02). With fatigue, the stroke with the fixed power head lengthened at the "catch" (beginning of the stroke) by 19.5 mm (p<0.01) and shortened at the finish of the stroke by 7.2 mm (p<0.05). No significant changes in stroke length were seen with the floating power head. The mean force per stroke was 12.1% (95% CI 3.0 to 21.2) (27.3 (8.0) N) higher with the power head fixed versus floating (p<0.02).It is postulated that longer stroke lengths and greater forces are risk factors for soft tissue injuries. Further research into whether floating power head rowing ergometers are associated with lower injury rates than fixed power head designs is now needed.
An unexpected finding on gastroscopy: gastro-gastric fistula with Helicobacter pylori and Giardia lamblia
Authors: J. Weeks, P. Mooney, G. Lipscomb, J. Pearson, A. Ong, S. Singh
Journal: Endoscopy (2013)

A 66-year-old woman presented with a 6-week history of vomiting, dysphagia, black stool, and weight loss, with melena on per rectum examination. Gastroscopy revealed a large chronic ulcer at the incisura with two gastro-gastric fistulae between the antrum and the body ([Fig. 1]). [Fig. 2] shows the proximal endoscope markings visible through a fistula. Biopsies and computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen did not show any evidence of neoplasia, but histologic examination revealed numerous Giardia lamblia parasites ([Fig. 3]). Helicobacter pylori was not seen but the rapid urease test was positive. The patient was treated with intravenous pantoprazole, oral metronidazole, and eradication therapy, and no more bleeding was observed. H. pylori was successfully eradicated and following discharge the patient gained weight with no further signs of gastrointestinal bleeding. Repeat endoscopy showed healing of the ulcer but persistent incisura deformity and gastro-gastric fistulation.