tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The value of Emphasis in Eliminating Errors
Authors: B. G. Adams, E. E. Daniel, A. Herxheimer, M. Weatherall
Journal: BMJ (1960)

Every teacher knows that in his field there are a number of errors which a proportion of students make with varying frequency year after year.The sources of these errors are not usually known, though one may suspect outdated or misleading textbooks, or defective communication between teachers and students.Examples of errors of this kind which arise in pharmacology and therapeutics are that folic acid is an effective treatment in pernicious anaemia, that atropine relaxes skeletal muscle, or that suxamethonium is a ganglion-blocking agent.Whatever the origin of such errors, it is better that they should be dispelled, and at this point two extreme approaches are possible.One is to waste no opportunity of warning students of these errors, and to draw their attention specifically to them.
THE SIN OF TREATING SYMPTOMS
Authors: H. S. WARD
Journal: JAMA (1918)

The seven deadly sins were enumerated before the days of modern medicine or specialism.The sin of omission would then have been classed as venial; but now, omission is often deadly to our patients, and might be classed by modern moralists as unpardonable.This paper is intended to report some groups of cases that have been improperly diagnosed by observ- ing leading symptoms without taking the patient as a diagnostic problem and viewing him as a whole.Med- icine is no longer a one man's job\p=m-\it is team work.It is, indeed, rare for one to be able to diagnose an obscure case alone.Team work with its proper limita- tions is our hope for the best results.Diagnostic units are now essential.There is much truth in the saying that only the very poor and the very rich get proper medical attention.The poor may go to a well organ- ized hospital, where a department chief collects all required data, proper diagnosis is made, and required treatment instituted.
Scientists find enzyme to slow cancer growth
Authors: J Roberts
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Scientists have announced the discovery of an enzyme that allows cells to replicate indefinitely. But the discovery is being touted not as a fountain of youth but as a new approach to cancer therapy.

The enzyme is telomerase, which is present in one celled organisms and in sperm cells. It works by blocking cleavage of DNA telomeres, the ends of DNA chains that, in normal somatic cells, grow shorter with each cell division. Basic researchers in aging have speculated that cells cease dividing when telomeres become nearly depleted - typically after 50-200 cell …
Relative intakes of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide from cigarettes of different yields.
Authors: N J Wald, J Boreham, A Bailey
Journal: Thorax (1984)

The relative intakes of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide were estimated in 2455 cigarette smokers, who freely smoked their usual brands of cigarette. The estimates were derived by using an objective index of inhaling based on the measurement of carboxyhaemoglobin divided by the carbon monoxide yield of the cigarettes smoked, after background and carry over carboxyhaemoglobin effects had been allowed for. Separate analyses were performed according to the yield and type (plain, filter, etc) of cigarette smoked. The analyses based on yield indicated that the extent of inhaling was adjusted sufficiently to achieve similar intakes of nicotine/carbon monoxide regardless of the nicotine/carbon monoxide yield. It was not, however, sufficiently increased to achieve a similar intake of tar as the tar yield of the cigarette decreased. The analyses based on type of cigarette indicated that the extent of inhaling was adjusted to achieve similar intakes of tar and nicotine regardless of the type of cigarette smoked, but that this led to a greater intake of carbon monoxide among filter cigarette smokers than that among smokers of plain cigarettes--more so than would have been expected from their relative carbon monoxide yields. Two conclusions arise from these results. Firstly, any harmful effects of nicotine/carbon monoxide are unlikely to be materially reduced by smoking cigarettes with lower yields of nicotine/carbon monoxide, but the harmful effects of tar are likely to be reduced by smoking cigarettes with lower tar yields. These predictions appear to be borne out by epidemiological observations. Secondly, any harmful effects of carbon monoxide on the cardiovascular system will be greater in smokers of modern filter cigarettes than in smokers of modern plain cigarettes, provided that these two groups of smokers are otherwise similar with respect to risk of cardiovascular disease.
Correction: Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome Caused by Streptococcus suis Serotype 2
Authors: Jiaqi Tang, Changjun Wang, Youjun Feng, Weizhong Yang, Huaidong Song, Zhihai Chen, Hongjie Yu, Xiuzhen Pan, Xiaojun Zhou, Huaru Wang, Bo Wu, Haili Wang, Huamei Zhao, Ying Lin, Jianhua Yue, Zhenqiang Wu, Xiaowei He, Feng Gao, Abdul Hamid Khan, Jian Wang, Guo-Ping Zhao, Yu Wang, Xiaoning Wang, Zhu Chen, George F Gao
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

In the fi rst paragraph of the section The Epidemic of Counterfeit Artesunate in Southeast Asia, the sentence "Counterfeit artesunate continues to circulate on a vast scale in mainland Southeast Asia, where between 38% and 52% of "artesunate" blister packs sampled contain no active ingredient [1-5]" should be "Counterfeit artesunate continues to circulate on a vast scale in mainland Southeast Asia, where between 38% and 53% of "artesunate" blister packs sampled contain no active ingredient [1][2][3][4][5]."
Mice with Attenuated Expression of the α2,3 Sialyltransferase ST3gal-III (St3gal3) Display Enhanced Allergic Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation
Authors: Takumi Kiwamoto, Mary E. Brummet, Mary Motari, Ronald Schnaar, Zhou Zhu, Bruce S. Bochner
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
A Case of "Landry's Paralysis
Authors: H. Robson
Journal: BMJ (1896)

MEDICAL JOURNAL of February ist, that he has found it so useful in gthe method of wound treatment there described.Others have not been so favourably impressed with its 'value in cases of major operations; but possibly they have not applied it properly, or have not used a solution of the -right strength.Not being engaged in surgical practice, I -cannot speak of its value as a permanent coating over the incision wounds after surgical operations, but in minor sur- gery and in a number of trivial but troublesome affections of the skin, it is of the greatest service.In the case of cuts, puncture wounds, excoriations, etc., especially of the hanids, it forms a useful, dry, permanent .coatingand dressing.For the deep cracks and fissures in
Gelsolin-related amyloidosis. Identification of the amyloid protein in Finnish hereditary amyloidosis as a fragment of variant gelsolin.
Authors: C P Maury
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

The Finnish type of familial amyloidosis is a systemic disease characterized by progressive cranial neuropathy, corneal lattice dystrophy, and distal sensimotor neuropathy. Amyloid fibrils were isolated from the kidney and heart of a patient with Finnish amyloidosis. After solubilization, the amyloid proteins were fractionated by gel filtration and purified by reverse-phase HPLC. Complete amino acid sequence analyses show that the two amyloid components obtained are fragments of gelsolin, an actin-modulating protein occurring in plasma and the cytoskeleton. The larger component represents residues 173-243 and the minor component residues 173-225, respectively, of mature gelsolin. When compared with the predicted primary structure of human gelsolin a single amino acid substitution is present in amyloid: at position 15 of the amyloid proteins an asparagine is found instead of an aspartic acid residue at the corresponding position (187) in gelsolin. Antibodies to a dodecapeptide of the amyloidogenic region of gelsolin specifically stain the tissue amyloid deposits in Finnish hereditary amyloidosis. The results show that the amyloid subunit protein in Finnish hereditary amyloidosis represents a new type of amyloid that is derived from an actin filament-binding region of a variant gelsolin molecule by limited proteolysis.
High Blood Pressure—Blood Banks
Authors: William R. Barclay
Journal: JAMA (1973)

Since November 3-10, 1973 has been designated National High Blood Pressure Week, it is appropriate to call to the attention of the profession the following statement on hypertension adopted by the House of Delegates this past June 1973.  The AMA Committee on Hypertension urges all physicians to give their full cooperation to a national program to combat hypertension.  The numbers of patients with essential hypertension are so great and the benefits of treatment so significant that the Committee on Hypertension strongly recommends prompt and vigorous therapy of hypertensive patients.  Further, all physicians, regardless of specialty, are encouraged to routinely measure the blood pressure of every patient initially seeking care for any complaint.  Measurements of diastolic pressure averaging 105 mm Hg or higher on three separate follow-up visits usually indicate the need for the initiation of drug therapy. Persons whose diastolic pressures are found to be 90 to 104 mm Hg
THE MEDICAL AND SURGICAL TREATMENT OF CALCULOUS ANURIA
Authors: GEORGE F. CAHILL
Journal: JAMA (1935)

Calculous anuria, the term used to denote suppression of urine due to a stone in the kidney or ureter, occurs under the following circumstances:   Two secreting kidneys may have both ureters or pelves blocked simultaneously, either synchronously or one following the other.  A single secreting kidney may be blocked, the other (a) being imperfectly developed, (b) having been destroyed by disease or (c) having been previously removed.  Both kidneys or a double kidney may have a fused, single ureter, which may be blocked by a calculus.  Two kidneys apparently normal may have one kidney blocked and the other failing to secrete reflexly, the so-called renorenal reflex block.   I have added twenty-two cases from the Squier Urologic Clinic to the collection of 355 cases obtained from the literature by Rubritius. On his basis of analysis these 377 cases are tabulated (table 1).  Diagnostically, in my experience, the
Assessment of the 14C-Glycocholic Acid Breath Test
Authors: O. F. W. James, J. E. Agnew, I. A. D. Bouchier
Journal: BMJ (1973)

The 1-((14)C)-glycine-glycocholic-acid breath test has been performed on 104 subjects and a normal range established. Abnormal results due to bacterial deconjugation of bile salts were found not only in patients with the "contaminated bowel" syndrome and in those with ileal resection but also in a third group, patients with cholangitis. Abnormal results were also found in patients with gastrocolic fistula and staphylococcal enterocolitis, while mildly abnormal results were also found in some patients with liver disease.
Optimization of a Peptide/Non-cationic Lipid Gene Delivery System for Effective Microinjection into Chicken Embryo in Vivo
Authors: Kenneth J Longmuir, Sherry M Haynes, Mary E Dickinson, Jason C Murphy, Richard C Willson, Alan J Waring
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2001)

<h2>Abstract</h2> Here we report the characterization and optimization of a peptide/non-cationic lipid gene delivery system that successfully produces high levels of gene expression when delivered by microinjection into chicken embryos <i>in vivo</i>. In addition to plasmid DNA, the delivery complex consisted of four components: 1) a "condensing" peptide with both hydrophobic and cationic amino acid segments; 2) a "fusogenic" peptide with both membrane insertion and amphipathic helical segments; 3) a relatively short-chain phosphatidylcholine (14:1 <i>cis-9</i>); and 4) polyethyleneglycol conjugated to dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine through a disulfide linkage. Optimum amounts of each component were determined by measuring expression of a luciferase reporter gene following a 24-hour incubation with chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells in culture. When relatively low amounts of condensing peptide, fusogenic peptide, or lipid were assembled into the complexes, relatively large concentrations of complex were required to reach maximum gene expression. When the amounts of peptide or lipid were increased, less complex was required to achieve maximum expression, but expression fell substantially with higher amounts of added complex. The polyethyleneglycol component significantly increased gene expression. With some preparations, luciferase activities in the CEF cells reached 1×10<sup>10</sup> relative light units per second per mg protein within 24 hours. Following the optimization experiments with the CEF cells, formulations containing low levels, intermediate levels, and high levels of the delivery system components were assembled with green fluorescent protein plasmid DNA, then microinjected into somite regions of chicken embryos <i>in vivo</i>. It was found that intermediate levels of the components gave the most reliable formulations for inducing localized gene expression in the somitic cells.
Ownership and Mental-Health Services
Authors: Mark Schlesinger, Robert Dorwart
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

The mental-health system in the United States is undergoing marked "privatization"--a growth in the importance of both private nonprofit and for-profit providers. Analyzing data collected in earlier surveys, we found that the type of ownership was linked to a number of important aspects of institutional performance: (1) private facilities, both for profit and not-for-profit, are more likely to screen out nonpaying patients than are government-owned providers; (2) services provided under public auspices are more expensive than those provided in private institutions; and (3) compared with private nonprofit facilities, for-profit providers devote fewer staff resources to patient care and offer fewer services with community-wide benefits. We conclude that ownership affects the organizational behavior of mental-health facilities. The contemporary shift from public to private provision of mental-health care raises important questions about ensuring adequate access to care, maintaining the supply of needed services, and adapting systems of reimbursement and regulation to the heterogeneous motivations of providers operating under different forms of ownership.
Cetacean culture: Slippery when wet
Authors: Stan Kuczaj
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

Cetaceans are likely candidates for social learning and culture. Meager experimental evidence suggests that some cetaceans possess the requisite cognitive skills for social learning. Equally sparse ethnographic data provide clues about possible outcomes of social learning. Although the available evidence is consistent with the notion of culture in cetaceans, caution is warranted due to the many gaps in the data.
Per-Endoscopic Bipolar Diathermy Coagulation of Visible Vessels using a 3.2 mm Probe - A Randomised Clinical Trial
Authors: S. Brearley, P.C. Hawker, P.W. Dykes, M.R.B. Keighley
Journal: Endoscopy (1987)

Forty-four patients who had bled from peptic ulcers and whose ulcers showed stigmata of haemorrhage (bleeding, visible vessel or adherent clot) entered a trial of treatment with a 3.2 mm bipolar diathermy probe. Two patients had spurting haemorrhage when endoscoped and both were treated with the probe, control being obtained in one. The remaining patients were randomised to treatment or control groups. One patient who was treated was withdrawn because the ulcer proved to be malignant. Six of 20 treated patients rebled compared with 8 of 21 controls (relative risk 0.79; 90% CI 0.26-1.97). The operation rate, transfusion requirement and hospital stay were similar in the two groups. One perforation occurred in the treatment group. Per-endoscopic bipolar diathermy treatment confers little benefit in bleeding peptic ulcer disease.
<i>Atg7</i> Overcomes Senescence and Promotes Growth of <i>Braf</i>V600E-Driven Melanoma
Authors: Xiaoqi Xie, Ju Yong Koh, Sandy Price, Eileen White, Janice M. Mehnert
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2015)

Abstract Macroautophagy (autophagy hereafter) may promote survival and growth of spontaneous tumors, including melanoma. We utilized a genetically engineered mouse model of melanoma driven by oncogenic BrafV600E and deficiency in the Pten tumor suppressor gene in melanocytes to test the functional consequences of loss of the essential autophagy gene autophagy-related-7, Atg7. Atg7 deficiency prevented melanoma development by BrafV600E and allelic Pten loss, indicating that autophagy is essential for melanomagenesis. Moreover, BrafV600E-mutant, Pten-null, Atg7-deficient melanomas displayed accumulation of autophagy substrates and growth defects, which extended animal survival. Atg7-deleted tumors showed increased oxidative stress and senescence, a known barrier to melanomagenesis. Treatment with the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib decreased tumor growth and induced senescence that was more pronounced in tumors with Atg7 deficiency. Thus, Atg7 promotes melanoma by limiting oxidative stress and overcoming senescence, and autophagy inhibition may be of therapeutic value by augmenting the antitumor activity of BRAF inhibitors. Significance: The essential autophagy gene Atg7 promotes development of BrafV600E-mutant, Pten-null melanomas by overcoming senescence, and deleting Atg7 facilitated senescence induction and antitumor activity of BRAF inhibition. This suggests that combinatorial BRAFV600E and autophagy inhibition may improve therapeutic outcomes in patients whose tumors have BRAFV600E/K mutations, an approach currently being explored in clinical trials. Cancer Discov; 5(4); 410–23. ©2015 AACR. See related commentary by Thorburn and Morgan, p. 353 This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 333
Spurious Schilling Test Results Obtained with Intrinsic Factor Enclosed in Capsules
Authors: J. W. D. McDONALD
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Three urinary excretion tests of vitamin B12 absorption were done in 12 patients with classic pernicious anemia. The 24-hour urinary excretion of radioactivity was 2.1% ± 0.7% (mean ± SEM) of the ingested dose of cyanocobalamin-57Co. When cyanocobalamin-57Co was mixed with hog intrinsic factor in water, excretion increased to 15.6% ± 1.6%. When cyanocobalamin-57Co and intrinsic factor were given in two separate capsules, which is now a frequent practice, excretion was 9.5% ± 2.2%. In 6 patients, use of the results obtained with capsules could have led to an incorrect diagnosis. When cyanocobalamin-57Co and intrinsic factor are given in separate capsules, binding of radioactive vitamin to intrinsic factor may be incomplete due to inadequate mixing in the stomach or to binding of intrinsic factor to blocking antibody in the gastric juice. The classic technique in which intrinsic factor and cyanocobalamin-57Co are mixed in water before administration should be used.
Cold-preservation–induced sensitivity of rat hepatocyte function to rewarming injury and its prevention by short-term reperfusion
Authors: Katarína Vajdová, Renáta Smreková, Csilla Mišlanová, Marián Kukan, Martina Lutterová
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

With increasing time of cold preservation, levels of high-energy nucleotides in the liver are reducing. The authors hypothesized that cold preservation sensitizes hepatocyte function to ischemic injury occurring during graft rewarming and that the injury can be prevented by short-term reperfusion. Rat livers were cold-preserved in University of Wisconsin solution for 0 to 18 hours and ischemically rewarmed for 0 to 45 minutes to simulate the implantation stage of transplantation. Hepatobiliary function was assessed using a blood-free perfusion model. In comparison with controls, neither 18-hour preservation nor 45-minute ischemic rewarming significantly influenced hepatocyte function. Compared with livers subjected to 45-minute ischemic rewarming, livers subjected to 9-hour preservation and 45-minute rewarming, and livers subjected to 18-hour preservation and 45-minute rewarming exhibited, respectively: 3.8 and 24 times reduced bile production, 4.3- and 116-fold decreased taurocholate excretion, and 3.1 and 42 times depressed bromosulfophthalein excretion. Thirty-minute oxygenated warm reperfusion after 9- and 18-hour preservation nearly completely blunted sensitization of hepatocyte function to rewarming ischemia. The authors found that short-term oxygenated reperfusion restored adenine nucleotides in liver tissue to the values found before organ preservation and that reperfusion with energy substrate containing solutions increased tissue adenosine triphosphate concentration to a higher level than that found before preservation. In conclusion, sensitization of hepatocyte function to rewarming ischemia increases disproportionally with storage time, suggesting that this phenomenon may play a role in graft dysfunctions with increasing liver preservation time. Short-term oxygenated reperfusion of the liver may protect hepatocyte functions against warm ischemic insult, even after extended preservation.
Repeated Vulvovaginal Fungal Infections Cause Persistent Pain in a Mouse Model of Vulvodynia
Authors: Melissa A. Farmer, Anna M. Taylor, Andrea L. Bailey, Alexander H. Tuttle, Leigh C. MacIntyre, Zarah E. Milagrosa, Halley P. Crissman, Gary J. Bennett, Alfredo Ribeiro-da-Silva, Yitzchak M. Binik, Jeffrey S. Mogil
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2011)

The development of an animal model of vulvodynia indicates that recurrent candidiasis is a potential cause of the disorder.
ETHNICITY AND SEX-SPECIFIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC AND ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CRITERIA FOR LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY: COMMUNITY-BASED DATA FROM AN ASIAN POPULATION
Authors: Xu Chang Fen, Eugene Tan, Feng Liang, Rajalakshmi Santhanakrishnan, Michelle MY Chan, Mark Richards, Tze Pin Ng, Lieng Ling, Toon Wei Lim, Carolyn Lam
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Immunoreactive Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide*
Authors: THURE KRARUP
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1988)

Journal Article Immunoreactive Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Get access Thure Krarup Thure Krarup 1Huidøre Hospital, DK-2930 Klampenborg, Institute of Medical Physiology C, University of Copenhagen DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark *Address requests for reprints to: Thure Krarup, M.D., Hvidøre Hospital, Emiliekildevy 1, DK 2930 Klampenborg, Denmark. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Endocrine Reviews, Volume 9, Issue 1, 1 February 1988, Pages 122–134, https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-9-1-122 Published: 01 February 1988
Becoming a Doctor: A Journey of Initiation in Medical School
Authors: Walter M. Swentko
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<i>Becoming a Doctor: A Journey of Initiation in Medical School</i>, by Melvin Konner, MD, is, in a word, outstanding. It was written about an experience that takes place at the "wrong time" in Konner's life, through the senses of a 33-year-old anthropologist, learned educator-author, husband, and father. His "mistake," however, provides readers with an unparalleled, mature, and indepth review of 4 years of the travail of medical school. While a beginning chapter is devoted to the preclinical years, "the series of endless lectures and laboratory exercises—the knowledge assembly line," and an ending chapter to year 4, a time for "consolidation, exploration, thought, and coasting," the majority of the book focuses on year 3 clinical rotations. Although the author describes physicians as neither scientists nor artists but artisans-craftspeople of the highest order, he artistically paints procedures, conditions, and anatomy-physiology with beautiful descriptive phrases. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation becomes "squeezing death out of the
Tonsil test hope for CJD
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Diagnosing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) may be possible by testing tonsil tissue for the prion protein marker, scientists have discovered.



A brain biopsy is currently needed to diagnose

CJD RAGUET/EURELIOS/SPL



Professor John Collinge and colleagues from the neurogenetics unit at Imperial College School …