tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effects of K+ and K+-induced polarization on (dV/dt)max, threshold potential, and membrane input resistance in guinea pig and cat ventricular myocardium.
Authors: H Kishida, B Surawicz, L T Fu
Journal: Circulation Research (1979)

We studied the non-membrane potential-dependent effect of K+ on (dV/dt)max and threshold potential in guinea pig and cat ventricular myocardium. Membrane potential (MP) was changed uniformly in segments (length less than or equal to 1.0 mm) of papillary muscles by applying extracellular polarizing current pulses across a single sucrose gap. Control [K+]o was 5.4 mM and test [K+]o values were 2.0, 10.0, 11.5, 13.0, 16.2, 20, 22, and 24.0 mM. Each muscle was studied under four conditions: (1) control [K+]o and unaltered (control level) resting MP (Em); (2) one of the test [K+]o values and the unaltered (test level) Em; (3) the same test [K+]o and Em held at the control level; (4) control [K+]o and Em held at the test level. At all [K+]o greater than or equal to 11.5 mM, (dV/dt)max showed a decrease significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than the corresponding MP-dependent decrease in both guinea pig and cat myocardium. This non-MP-dependent decrease averaged 7.5% at 11.5 mM, 26.5% at 13.0 mM, 37.2% at 16.2 mM, and 22.7% at 20.0 mM. At [K+]o greater than or equal to 20.0 mM, (dV/dt)max was predominantly slow-channel-dependent; it was increased by hyperpolarization to -110 mV at [K+]o = 20 and 22 mM but not at [K+]o = 24mM. Threshold potential became progressively less negative with increasing [K+]o, but this effect was dependent only on MP. The membrane input resistance (rm) was determined by two opposing factors: at a given [K+]o, rm increased with depolarization; and at a given MP, rm decreased with increasing [K+]o. Our study shows that non-MP-dependent depression of (dV/dt)max in the ventricular myocardium occurs at [K+]o concentrations that may be encountered in vivo.
Autocrine activation of the IL-3/GM-CSF/IL-5 signaling pathway in leukemic cells
Authors: Cassandra C. Paul, Susan Mahrer, Karyle McMannama, Michael A. Baumann
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1997)

The AML14.3D10 human myeloid leukemic cell line expresses receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-5 (IL-5), but not IL-3. We have found that this cell line produces GM-CSF in amounts up to 113 pg/ml in culture supernatants. Deprivation of endogenous GM-CSF by addition of neutralizing anti-GM-CSF antibody strongly inhibits proliferation of the cells, suggesting a GM-CSF autocrine growth mechanism. To examine whether endogenously produced GM-CSF activates intracellular GM-CSF/IL-3/IL-5-related signal transduction pathways, we performed anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblotting of cell lysates of AML14.3D10 cells before and after deprivation of endogenous GM-CSF. We found constitutive tyrosine-phosphorylation of a number of proteins in AML14.3D10 that could not be detectably increased by the addition of exogenous GM-CSF, IL-3, or IL-5. However, GM-CSF-deprived cells demonstrated a marked increase in phosphorylation of proteins of identical molecular mass following addition of GM-CSF and IL-5, but not IL-3, consistent with the receptor expression of the cells and the known use of the same signaling pathways by the three cytokines. This suggests that AML14.3D10 cells use endogenously produced GM-CSF to activate signal transduction pathways, interfering with activation by exogenous cytokine until the endogenous stimulation is removed. We then assessed the activation of the β-subunit common to the GM-CSF/IL-3/IL-5 receptors (βc), JAK2 and p53/56 lyn, known to be involved in the common signaling pathways of the three cytokines. We found that phosphorylation of βc and JAK2 in response to GM-CSF and IL-5 could be markedly enhanced by depriving cells of endogenous GM-CSF. Constitutive hyperphosphorylation of lyn was found in AML14.3D10 cells, and no further activation of lyn in response to cytokine was demonstrable in GM-CSF-deprived cells, suggesting that lyn is activated in this cell line by a mechanism other than GM-CSF. These studies represent the first demonstration of autocrine activation of intracellular cytokine signaling pathways by malignant hematopoietic cells. Because the addition of anti-GM-CSF to cell cultures improved responsiveness of intracellular signal transducing molecules to exogenous GM-CSF and IL-5, it can be inferred that endogenously produced GM-CSF exerts its effects by secretion and binding to surface GM-CSF receptors, although an intracellular component to signaling cannot be excluded. These observations provide further information regarding an autocrine contribution to leukemic cell growth, and establish a new model for study of these events. Am. J. Hematol. 56:79–85, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Theodore de Mayerne
Authors: Christopher Lawrence
Journal: The Lancet (2007)

Hugh Trevor-Roper, who died in 2003, was one of the most distinguished scholars of his generation. He shot to fame in 1947 with his enthralling The Last Days of Hitler and built his reputation as a brilliant essayist and student of early modern history. An error of judgment, however, took some of the lustre off his reputation when he authenticated the so-called Hitler Diaries, which proved to be fakes. The satirical magazine Private Eye nicknamed him Hugh Very-Ropey.
The normal adult human liver biopsy: A quantitative reference standard
Authors: Aleta R. Crawford, Xi-Zhang Lin, James M. Crawford
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

In assessing adult human liver histology, questions remain concerning the normal number of portal tracts and bile ducts in a liver biopsy. We therefore reviewed liver biopsies obtained with use of a percutaneous Menghini cutting needle (14G, internal diameter 1.6 mm), from 16 patients undergoing liver biopsy for screening procedures (age 49 ± 14 years, ±SD) and found to be normal by histological examination. The average aggregate length of the liver tissue was 1.8 ± 0.8 cm (area of 16.4 ± 10.7 mm 2 ), representing 7 ± 3 tissue fragments. Portal triads containing at least one profile each of a portal vein, hepatic artery, and interlobular bile duct numbered 11 ± 6 per biopsy (range 3-23). Portal dyads, which did not contain one of these profiles, usually the portal vein, numbered 8 ± 5 (range 1-18). On a per-specimen basis, 38% of portal tracts did not contain a portal vein, 7% did not contain a bile duct, and 9% did not contain a hepatic artery. Because of multiplicity of profiles within portal tracts, however, the average number of profiles per portal tract was 6 ± 5 (range 2-35). Notably, on average there were 2.3 ± 2.2 interlobular bile ducts per portal tract, compared to 2.6 ± 2.3 hepatic arteries and 0.7 ± 0.7 portal veins. The average minimum external diameter of interlobular bile ducts was 13 ± 4 μm, of hepatic arteries 12 ± 5 μm, and of portal veins 35 ± 25 μm. Bile ducts greater than 30 μm in diameter were rare, only one each in two biopsies were observed. In contrast, probable canals of Hering were occasionally evident at the periphery of portal tracts (6 ± 6 per biopsy) and within the lobular parenchyma as strings of cuboidal cells (5 ± 5 per biopsy). We conclude that, although multiplicity of profiles is normal, portal dyads are almost as common as portal triads in normal peripheral liver tissue. On average, there are two interlobular bile ducts, two hepatic arteries, and one portal vein per portal tract, with 6 full portal triads per linear cm of tissue obtained by external Menghini biopsy technique with use of a 14G needle, equivalent to 0.8 ± 0.5 portal triads per mm 2 . By serving as a reference standard for adult human liver histology, these findings may assist in the histopathological assessment of liver biopsies, particularly those performed for disease conditions featuring loss of intrahepatic bile ducts.
Medicaid — Implications for the Health Safety Net
Authors: Diane Rowland
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Today, Medicaid helps to finance health and long-term care for more than 55 million low-income children and parents, people with severe disabilities, and elderly Americans, at an annual cost of nearly $300 billion to the federal and state governments. The program currently provides health coverage to 1 in 4 U.S. children, covers half of all spending on nursing home care, and supplements Medicare for 7 million elderly and disabled persons.1,2 Children account for half the enrollees, but the elderly and people with disabilities account for 70 percent of the spending (see graph).3 Medicaid is the nation's health safety net, . . .
Endoscopic histology could we imagine incorporating it into daily routine?
Authors: T. Rosch
Journal: Gut (2008)

The current issue of Gut contains a large randomised study by Hurlstone et al ( see page 10.1136/gut.2007.131359 ) on the value of confocal laser microscopy (CLM) in improving the yield of biopsies in lesions stained positive by methylene blue in patients with longstanding ulcerative colitis (UC).1 This study follows another randomised study by the Mainz group, which, however, compared the traditional approach (conventional endoscopy with stepwise biopsies) with staining plus CLM2: in this German study, more neoplasias were found by staining plus CLM than in the control group, and it cannot be precisely determined whether this was due to staining—as shown by the same group before3—or to the addition of CLM. The concept, on which most of these imaging studies are based, includes “lesion finding” by staining (or perhaps other techniques such as narrow-band imaging) and “lesion characterisation” by another technique—for example, CLM, also called endoscopic histology. Such an approach, if shown to be valid, could finally have the consequence of biopsies only being performed on lesions positive on the lesion finding technique which are also positive on the lesion characterisation technique (eg, CLM), thus reducing the number of necessary biopsies. Such an approach, however, has not been tested as yet in a clinical scenario by means of a randomised study. A combination of two tests possibly serving both purposes (lesion finding and lesion characterisation) has recently been shown for autofluoresence and narrow-band imaging in patients with Barrett’s oesophagus.4 5

Let us examine a few general thoughts on study methodology, before we go on. Methodology of imaging studies is often difficult, and several approaches compete. In contrast …
Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (Osteoarthrosis)
Authors: Jan Dequeker
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Anthropometric and skin-fold characteristics were studied in 27 women with symptomatic osteoporosis of the postmenopausal type and in 25 women with generalized osteoarthritis. In several aspects, important and significant differences were found between both groups. It was shown that the osteoporotic women were shorter, more slender, and had less fat, muscle girth, and strength, while the women with osteoarthritis, although of comparable age and skeletal size, were more obese and had more fat, muscle mass, and strength. These findings support the idea that osteoarthritis and osteoporosis are two different disease entities and not simple phenomena of aging and wear and tear. (<i>JAMA</i>1983;249:1448-1451)
Alcoholic liver disease: I. Interrelationships among histologic features and the histologic effects of prednisolone therapy
Authors: John K. Boitnott, Willis C. Maddrey
Journal: Hepatology (1981)

Interrelationships among histologic features of alcoholic liver disease were studied in 24 chronic alcoholics who took part in a double-blind, controlled trial of prednisolone vs. placebo therapy. Each patient underwent liver biopsy at the start and upon completion of the 1-month study. Although all patients had a clinical diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis and had at least mild alcoholic hepatitis with alcoholic hyalin in their initial liver biopsy specimens, each of the histologic features studied (fat accumulation, bile stasis, alcoholic hyalin, acute inflammation, active intralobular fibrosis, chronic inflammation, bile duct proliferation, established fibrosis, and parenchymal nodularity) covered a wide spectrum of severity. Relationships of the severities of the individual histologic features were studied within the initial biopsy specimens and between the pre- and posttreatment biopsies. Four major histopathologic categories were evident in the correlation patterns: fat accumulation; cholestasis; alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. While having common pathogenetic ties and thus often occurring together, the severities of these categories in a given patient at a given time were little related and they are best considered as separate features of alcoholic liver disease. The amount of alcoholic hyalin appeared to be the best single indicator of the severity of alcoholic hepatitis in these patients and was the best predictor in the pretreatment biopsies of the amounts of hepatocellular injury, active fibrosis, acute inflammation, and total inflammation in the posttreatment biopsy specimens. Active fibrosis and hepatocellular injury in turn appeared to be the most immediate precursors of established fibrosis and parenchymal nodularity. Bile duct proliferation was, in part, a reflection of cholestatic disease and, in part, a more nonspecific reflection of chronic alcoholic liver injury, correlating with the amount of established fibrosis. The relationship of chronic inflammation to other histologic features was complex, but probably included an intralobular component related to the severity and stage of alcoholic hepatitis and another, more nonspecific, component related to the amount of established fibrosis or bile duct proliferation. One month of prednisolone therapy (40 mg per day) significantly decreased the amount of inflammation, but did not have a comparable effect on hepatic fibrosis. The statistical methods used in this study to investigate the multiple interrelationships among histologic features are useful in evaluating potential pathogenetic relationships and are quite helpful in assessing the effects of treatment.
Pigment Excretion in Pellagra
Authors: Arnold P. Meiklejohn, Robert Kark
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1939)

or pigments, which Spies and his associates4 now call porphyrin-like substances. Dobriner and his collaborators5 and Watson3 have subsequently shown that porphyrin in increased amounts may occur in the urine of alcoholic pellagrins. Since, however, porphyrinuria is known to occur in various diseases accompanied by liver disorder, it is possible that the porphyrinuria of alcoholic pellagra may be due to the effects of alcohol on the liver, rather than to the associated vitamin deficiency. It
Peritoneoscopy: An Invasive Procedure Without Bacteremia
Authors: Leonard A. Zwelling, Gilbert L. Mandell, Robert C. Young
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

Brief Reports1 October 1977Peritoneoscopy: An Invasive Procedure Without BacteremiaLEONARD A. ZWELLING, M.D., GILBERT L. MANDELL, M.D., ROBERT C. YOUNG, M.D., F.A.C.P.LEONARD A. ZWELLING, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, GILBERT L. MANDELL, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, ROBERT C. YOUNG, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-87-4-454 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe possibility of endocarditis after bacteremia in patients with valvular heart disease has led to the use of prophylactic antibiotics during invasive procedures known to be associated with bacteremia. Transient bacteremia may pose an even greater threat to the immunosuppressed or leukopenic patient or to the postsplenectomy patient.Peritoneoscopy is a valuable procedure for evaluating patients with malignant and nonmalignant diseases. In patients with Hodgkin's (1), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (2), and ovarian carcinoma (3), positive findings often complete necessary evaluation precluding more extensive operative procedures. In addition, peritoneoscopy provides a means by which disease can be re-evaluated after chemotherapy. It has...References1. DEVITABAGLEYGOODELLO'KIEFFETRUJILLO VCBDN: Peritoneoscopy in the staging of Hodgkin's disease. Cancer Res 31:1746-1750, 1971 MedlineGoogle Scholar2. CHABNERJOHNSONYOUNGCANELLOSHUBBARDJOHNSONDEVITA BRRGSSV: Sequential nonsurgical and surgical staging of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Intern Med 85:149-154, 1976 LinkGoogle Scholar3. ROSENOFFDEVITAHUBBARDYOUNG SVSR: Peritoneoscopy in the staging and follow-up of ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol 2:223-228, 1975 MedlineGoogle Scholar4. VILLARDELLSERESMARTI-VINCENTE FIA: Complications of peritoneoscopy. A survey of 1455 examinations. Gastrointest Endosc 14:178-180, 1968 MedlineGoogle Scholar5. EVERETTHIRSCHMANN EJ: Transient bacteremia and endocarditis prophylaxis. A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 56:61-77, 1977 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: LEONARD A. ZWELLING, M.D.; GILBERT L. MANDELL, M.D.; ROBERT C. YOUNG, M.D., F.A.C.P.Affiliations: Division of Cancer Treatment National Cancer Institute Bethesda, MD 20014 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byKeratoacanthoma Developed on Burn Scar 1 October 1977Volume 87, Issue 4Page: 454-455KeywordsAntibioticsBacteremiaCardiovascular therapyChemotherapyEndocarditisHodgkin lymphomaLaparoscopySurgery ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 October 1977 PDF downloadLoading ...
PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES BEARING ON PRACTICAL SUBJECTS
Authors: B. W. Richardson
Journal: BMJ (1854)

EVER1Y writer of every age who has spoken conceming animal heat, has taken especial pains to observe on the importance of the subect, and to intimate that a full and true explanation of the causes of the animal temperature would throw a flood of light over the most profound and mysterious processes of the living world.It has been stated in admirable and classical language, by one of the most industrious and ingenious minds that ever -entered the field of medical philosophy-by Samuel Met- calfe-that amongst all the earlier nations of the world, of whom we have any record, the calorifying influence, which, emanating from the suns of the various systems of worlds, pervades all the universe, and gives motion and life to everything that moves and lives, was considered as the first of all natural phenomena, and as the grand problem of the world: that from the primitive ideas arising out of a contem- plation of the effects of our own solar luminary, sprang forth, clothed in the first instance with the simplest majesty and zupremestglory,thosemythical representations ofthe nature, jpo:wer,and attributes ofthe Great Rulerof the universe,which even in these latter days cling to the minds of all men who are not stored with the full philosophy and learning of the time.Moreover, it is known that many of the ancient and great philosophers, desce4ding to the subject of animal heat, and observing how independent it was in some re-.spects of what they understood as external influences, be- lieved that the production and effects of heat in the body were not secondary, as subjects of thought, to the produc- tion and effects of heat in the universe; and that this subtle influence pervading the living frame was the ani- mating principle, the uv.epa or iuxg of Aristotle; the calor vitalis of Lucretius, and the ovarr of Hippocrates.From the epochs of time in which these mighty ones lourished to the present day, but few centuries have passed away without leaving on their literary scroU some essay or thought on this interesting subject.And the poets, catch- ing at scientific facts, or inventing scientific allusions for themselves, under the mere influence of genius, have re- peatedly referred indirectly to the animal temperature as a sustaining or vivifying influence.
Trophoblastic Disease: Natural History, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: MIN C. LI
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Considerable progress has been made in recent years in the understanding and management of a family of gestational and nongestational tumors of chorionic origin. The occurrence of the gestational tumors varies greatly with geographic and ethnic distributions, but it is thought to be related to differences in socioeconomic and nutritional status rather than genetic factors. Multiple hormonal production is a unique feature of these tumors. Chorionic gonadotrophin titer is a sensitive diagnostic index as well as an accurate monitor for progress of the disease. Chemotherapy provides an efficacious cure for most women with metastatic uterine choriocarcinoma, which otherwise is 90% fatal. Early detection and treatment of the disease will undoubtedly further enhance the therapeutic success. Chemotherapy is palliative In 50% of patients with metastatic gonadal choriocarcinoma. Sustained total remission of the disease occurs in a small number only. Although there is a lack of conclusive evidence for a transplantation immunity in women affected by gestational tumors, there is a strong belief that the synergism between the cytotoxic effect of the drug and the host's own, still unknown immune interaction on the neoplastic cells is responsible for the therapeutic differences observed.
Improved differential diagnosis of anemia of chronic disease and iron deficiency anemia: A prospective multicenter evaluation of soluble transferrin receptor and the sTfR/log ferritin index
Authors: Barry S. Skikne, Kari Punnonen, Paul H. Caldron, Michael T. Bennett, Mari Rehu, Gail H. Gasior, Janna S. Chamberlin, Linda A. Sullivan, Kurtis R. Bray, Paula C. Southwick
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2011)

Abstract Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are the most prevalent forms of anemia and often occur concurrently. Standard tests of iron status used in differential diagnosis are affected by inflammation, hindering clinical interpretation. In contrast, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) indicates iron deficiency and is unaffected by inflammation. Objectives of this prospective multicenter clinical trial were to evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy of sTfR and the sTfR/log ferritin index (sTfR Index) for differential diagnosis using the automated Access® sTfR assay (Beckman Coulter) and sTfR Index. We consecutively enrolled 145 anemic patients with common disorders associated with IDA and ACD. Subjects with IDA or ACD + IDA had significantly higher sTfR and sTfR Index values than subjects with ACD ( P &lt; 0.0001). ROC curves produced the following cutoffs for sTfR: 21 nmol/L (or 1.55 mg/L), and the sTfR Index: 14 (using nmol/L) (or 1.03 using mg/L). The sTfR Index was superior to sTfR (AUC 0.87 vs. 0.74, P &lt; 0.0001). Use of all three parameters in combination more than doubled the detection of IDA, from 41% (ferritin alone) to 92% (ferritin, sTfR, sTfR Index). Use of sTfR and the sTfR Index improves detection of IDA, particularly in situations where routine markers provide equivocal results. Findings demonstrate a significant advantage in the simultaneous determination of ferritin, sTfR and sTfR Index. Obtaining a ferritin level alone may delay diagnosis of combined IDA and ACD. Am. J. Hematol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.