tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Molecular techniques on bronchial wash samples could enhance diagnostic pick-up rate in lung cancer
Authors: P Murray
Journal: Thorax (2003)

▴ Sokolova IA, Bubendorf L, O'Hare A, et al . A fluorescence in situ hybridization-based assay (FISH) for improved detection of lung cancer cells in bronchial washing specimens. Cancer Cytopathol2002;96:306–15 [OpenUrl][1] This group from the US and Switzerland performed a retrospective study comparing FISH with conventional cytology on 61 stored bronchial washing samples. Twenty two of the samples were negative for lung cancer and thus acted … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx
Stem Cells, Progenitor Cells, and Lineage Decisions in the Ovary
Authors: Katja Hummitzsch, Richard A. Anderson, Dagmar Wilhelm, Ji Wu, Evelyn E. Telfer, Darryl L. Russell, Sarah A. Robertson, Raymond J. Rodgers
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2014)

Exploring stem cells in the mammalian ovary has unleashed a Pandora's box of new insights and questions. Recent evidence supports the existence of stem cells of a number of the different cell types within the ovary. The evidence for a stem cell model producing mural granulosa cells and cumulus cells is strong, despite a limited number of reports. The recent identification of a precursor granulosa cell, the gonadal ridge epithelial-like cell, is exciting and novel. The identification of female germline (oogonial) stem cells is still very new and is currently limited to just a few species. Their origins and physiological roles, if any, are unknown, and their potential to produce oocytes and contribute to follicle formation in vivo lacks robust evidence. The precursor of thecal cells remains elusive, and more compelling data are needed. Similarly, claims of very small embryonic-like cells are also preliminary. Surface epithelial cells originating from gonadal ridge epithelial-like cells and from the mesonephric epithelium at the hilum of the ovary have also been proposed. Another important issue is the role of the stroma in guiding the formation of the ovary, ovigerous cords, follicles, and surface epithelium. Immune cells may also play key roles in developmental patterning, given their critical roles in corpora lutea formation and regression. Thus, while the cellular biology of the ovary is extremely important for its major endocrine and fertility roles, there is much still to be discovered. This review draws together the current evidence and perspectives on this topic.
Prevalence and Significance of Anti-HBc IgM (Radioimmunoassay) in Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B and in Blood Donors
Authors: Peter Banninger, Josef Altorfer, Gert G. Frösner, Mauro Pirovino, Fred Gudat, Leonardo Bianchi, Peter J. Grob, Martin Schmid
Journal: Hepatology (1983)

Anti-HBc IgM was determined by a modified radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 35 patients with acute hepatitis B, 35 patients with chronic hepatitis B (7 with chronic persistent, and 28 with chronic active hepatitis), 157 HBsAg positive blood donors, and in 143 HBsAg negative but anti-HBc positive donors. The results of the RIA test were compared with those obtained by an ELISA technique. In chronic hepatitis, anti-HBc IgM was correlated with the occurrence of HBeAg, anti-HBe, Dane particles in the serum, HBsAg, and HBcAg in liver tissue and with biochemical and histological degrees of hepatic inflammatory activity. In acute self-limited hepatitis B, anti-HBc IgM (RIA and ELISA) was initially positive in all 35 patients. Twelve months after the acute illness, 94% of the patients were negative for anti-HBc IgM in the RIA test with only one patient showing a persistence of up to 18 months, whereas in the ELISA test anti-HBc IgM persisted in 17% of the patients over 2 years. In chronic hepatitis, the occurrence of anti-HBc IgM (RIA) showed a strong relation with the inflammatory activity, the anti-HBc IgM positive patients revealing a significantly more severe liver disease than did anti-HBc IgM negative patients. Anti-HBc IgM (RIA), however, did not correlate with the occurrence of HBeAg and Dane particles in the serum and HBcAg in liver tissue of patients with chronic hepatitis. Of the 157 HBsAg positive blood donors, anti-HBc IgM (RIA) could be demonstrated in 10 (6%), but in none of the 143 HBsAg negative, but anti-HBc positive donors, as compared to 43 (27%) and 9 (6%), respectively, in the ELISA test. Comparing the two test methods, the RIA exhibits higher specificity than did the ELISA due to a better blocking of nonspecific reactions, but possibly somewhat lower sensitivity. In this form, however, the RIA test is a more useful tool in the diagnosis of the different forms of hepatitis B virus infection and in determining the severity of chronic hepatitis B.
Long-Term Effect of <i>N</i> -Acetyl-Seryl-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Proline on Left Ventricular Collagen Deposition in Rats With 2-Kidney, 1-Clip Hypertension
Authors: Nour-Eddine Rhaleb, Hongmei Peng, Xiao-Ping Yang, Yun-He Liu, Dharmesh Mehta, Eric Ezan, Oscar A. Carretero
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background — N -acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is a natural inhibitor of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. Ac-SDKP plasma concentration is increased 5-fold after angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Here we studied the effect of Ac-SDKP on monocyte/macrophage infiltration, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen deposition in the rat heart in renovascular hypertension. Methods and Results —We investigated whether long-term Ac-SDKP administration would prevent left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and interstitial collagen deposition in rats with 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K-1C) hypertension. Ac-SDKP (400 μg · kg −1 · d −1 ) did not affect development of hypertension. Mean blood pressure was similar in rats with 2K-1C hypertension whether they were given vehicle or Ac-SDKP and was higher than in controls. Both LV weight and cardiomyocyte size were significantly increased in rats with 2K-1C hypertension compared with controls and were unaffected by Ac-SDKP. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen- and monocyte/macrophage-positive cells were increased in the LV of 2K-1C hypertensive rats; this increase was significantly blunted by Ac-SDKP ( P &lt;0.001). LV interstitial collagen fraction was also increased in 2K-1C hypertensive rats given vehicle (10.1±0.8%) compared with sham (5.3±0.1%, P &lt;0.0001), and this increase was prevented by Ac-SDKP (5.4±0.4%, P &lt;0.001). Conclusions —Ac-SDKP inhibited monocyte/macrophage infiltration, cell proliferation, and collagen deposition in the LV of hypertensive rats without affecting blood pressure or cardiac hypertrophy, suggesting that it may be partly responsible for the cardioprotective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
Transport function of transcobalamin II
Authors: Mary E. Rappazzo, Charles A. Hall
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

The uptake of free and bound (57)CoB(12), principally to transcobalamin II (TC II), was studied in isolated, perfused liver and kidney of the dog. (1) There was good uptake of canine TC II-B(12) by both organs. (2) In the liver TC II enhanced uptake over that of free B-12. (3) Renal uptake of free B-12 was greater than that of TC II-B(12). Free B-12 was neither lost in the urine nor returned to the circulation. (4) On a per gram tissue basis, renal uptake of TC II-B(12) was greater than hepatic. (5) There was renal release or production of TC II (6) Some TC II but more of a larger molecular size binder came from the liver. (7) Passing free B-12 through the kidney enhanced its uptake by the liver. (8) Passing free B-12 through the liver depressed its uptake by the kidney. (9) It is postulated that the distribution of B-12 can be modified by (a) different responses of tissue to TC II-B(12), (b) synthesis of TC II by an organ, and (c) the effects of B-12 passing through one organ to another.
Cryosurgical ablation of accessory atrioventricular connections: a method for correction of the pre-excitation syndrome.
Authors: J J Gallagher, W C Sealy, R W Anderson, J Kasell, R Millar, R W Campbell, L Harrison, E L Pritchett, A G Wallace
Journal: Circulation (1977)

Cryothermia, a new technique for definitive treatment of the pre-excitation syndrome, is described in two patients. The first patient presented with a normal P-R interval with a delta wave and reciprocating tachycardia. Preoperative electrophysiologic study suggested a free-wall atrioventricular connection on the left posterior atrioventricular (A-V) groove. At surgery, epicardial mapping confirmed the site of pre-excitation on the posterior left ventricular (LV) wall. An electrogram arising from the accessory pathway (AP) was recorded at the site of earliest ventricular activation. Interatrial delay combined with an apparently long accessory pathway to the ventricle caused the P-R interval to appear normal. Local pressure abolished pre-excitation. The site of early ventricular activation was cooled to -60 degrees C with a specially designed cryoprobe. All evidence of pre-excitation and arrhythmias disappeared. The second patient presented with a refractory reciprocating tachycardia and was found to have an AP in the septum capable of only retrograde conduction. Retrograde conduction was abolished by applying a temperature of 0 degrees C to the anulus at this site during tachycardia. Conduction over the AP and reciprocating tachycardia returned with rewarming. Ablation of the AP was obtained by applying a temperature of -60 degrees C for 90 seconds on two occasions to the same area. The His bundle was not injured.
Nude Rat Model for Studying Metastasis of Human Tumor Cells to Bone and Bone Marrow
Authors: I. KjOnniksen, J. M. Nesland, A. Pihl, O Fodstad
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Bone metastases reproducibly developed in nude rats after an injection of LOX human malignant melanoma cells into the left ventricle, with hind leg paralyses appearing in all animals within approximately 2 weeks. Manifest metastases were present exclusively in the skeletal system, predominantly in the lumbar portion of the spine, the long bones, and occasionally in the skull. Intracardially injected 125 I-labeled tumor cells and monodisperse micro-spheres were distributed in parallel to the various tissues. Moreover, because the levels of radioactivity were significantly lower in bone than in lung, kidney, and liver, the pattern of metastases could not be explained solely by hemo-dynamic factors. In chemotherapy experiments, the survival time of rats given left ventricular injections of LOX cells increased in a dose-dependent manner after the animals were treated with dacarbazine. Researchers may find the model useful for studying the biology of bone metastases and for testing the sensitivity of these lesions to drugs. [J Natl Cancer Inst 82:408–412, 1990]
Global Call for Free Academic Movement for International Dialogue
Authors: Itamar Raz, Stephanie A. Amiel, George Alberti, Naim Shehadeh, Stefano Del Prato, Paul Zimmet, William T. Cefalu
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

The recent meeting of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the World Diabetes Congress 2011, took place in Dubai in December 2011. The fact that Dubai was chosen as the venue for this international congress became controversial because it was perceived by some prospective attendees that it might limit participation based on nationality or religion as a result of strict entry laws and/or fear for the security of some participants.

On the other hand, the choice by the IDF was a logical one because of the fact that the Emirates and other countries in the Gulf region have an unusually high frequency of diabetes. In this region, diabetes is epidemic, with approximately 25% of the adult population affected. As a result, the physicians and Ministries of Health had a great need and strong desire to promote prevention and treatment of diabetes and its associated disorders in this region.

The IDF widely publicized that the meeting was open to anyone who wanted to attend and that all would receive permits to enter the country and have their security assured. However, as the date of the meeting approached, it turned out that some Israeli passport holders, not applying via the IDF, were not able to acquire visas to enter Dubai. In addition, there were some technical difficulties on the website which made it difficult to register via the IDF Internet site. It also appears that the Israel Diabetes Association, whose members were most …
COORDINATED APPROACH TO ANTABUSE® THERAPY
Authors: Norman M. Mann
Journal: JAMA (1952)

So disappointing have been the drugs and methods used in the approach to the problem of alcoholism that one must exert great caution in evaluating any new technique. However, recently many enthusiastic reports have entered the literature concerning the drug known as tetraethylthiuramdisulfide, or, as it is more commonly called, antabuse.®<sup>1</sup> From the historical background, it has been noted previously that workers exposed to tetraethylthiuramdisulfide in the rubber industry had discovered their tolerance for alcohol considerably decreased. Hald and Jacobsen<sup>2</sup>employed tetraethylthiuramdisulfide as a possible anthelmintic and found that there were no toxic effects over an extended period of time. They also observed that contact with alcohol produced a moderately severe disagreeable physical reaction, consisting of headache, flushing, palpitation, nausea, and vomiting. The physical effects were explained on the basis of the drug's interference with the metabolism of alcohol at the acetaldehyde stage, allowing acetaldehyde to accumulate. Voegtlin's
The Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial
Authors: Michael Wall, Mark J. Kupersmith, Karl D. Kieburtz, James J. Corbett, Steven E. Feldon, Deborah I. Friedman, David M. Katz, John L. Keltner, Eleanor B. Schron, Michael P. McDermott
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2014)

IMPORTANCETo our knowledge, there are no large prospective cohorts of untreated patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) to characterize the disease.OBJECTIVE To report the baseline clinical and laboratory features of patients enrolled in the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSWe collected data at baseline from questionnaires, examinations, automated perimetry, and fundus photography grading.Patients (n = 165) were enrolled from March 17, 2010, to November 27, 2012, at 38 academic and private practice sites in North America.All participants met the modified Dandy criteria for IIH and had a perimetric mean deviation between -2 dB and -7 dB.All but 4 participants were women.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Baseline and laboratory characteristics. RESULTSThe mean (SD) age of our patients was 29.0 (7.4) years and 4 (2.4%) were men.The average (SD) body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) was 39.9 (8.3).Headache was the most common symptom (84%).Transient visual obscurations occurred in 68% of patients, back pain in 53%, and pulse synchronous tinnitus in 52%.Only 32% reported visual loss.The average (SD) perimetric mean deviation in the worst eye was -3.5 (1.1) dB, (range, -2.0 to -6.4 dB) and in the best eye was -2.3 (1.1) dB (range, -5.2 to 0.8 dB).A partial arcuate visual field defect with an enlarged blind spot was the most common perimetric finding.Visual acuity was 85 letters or better (20/20) in 71% of the worst eyes and 77% of the best eyes.Quality of life measures, including the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 and the Short Form-36 physical and mental health summary scales, were lower compared with population norms. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEThe Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial represents the largest prospectively analyzed cohort of untreated patients with IIH.Our data show that IIH is almost exclusively a disease of obese young women.Patients with IIH with mild visual loss have typical symptoms, may have mild acuity loss, and have visual field defects, with predominantly arcuate loss and enlarged blind spots that require formal perimetry for detection.
Both sides of the coin
Authors: F. Reichenberg
Journal: BMJ (1996)

The telephone rang and the person on the other end asked if I remembered her—she was in town and thought that she would get in touch. Things were going well; she'd recently completed her training and graduated, and was taking a few months off to plan her next step.

I remembered her well. I had taken over her care shortly after her discharge from hospital, where she'd been treated for schizophrenia.

The girl I had met was stiff, distrustful, and emotionally distant. It was difficult to achieve a rapport or to really know what she was thinking and feeling inside. She and her family had found it difficult to accept the diagnosis or the need for treatment, although she had reluctantly complied when a medication was found that did not cause unpleasant stiffness and akathisia.

To the team's concern, she had made it clear that she intended to resume her studies as soon as possible, and arranged this with her college …
Bismuth Capsules—A New Application for the X-Ray.
Authors: A. L. Benedict
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Buffalo, N. Y., Feb. 21, 1898. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In your issue of February 19, you quote from a report of Boas and Dorn, in the<i>Deutsche Med. Woch.</i>, regarding the use of capsules of bismuth for location of lesions in the alimentary tract. As this is an important matter, in regard to which priority is, naturally, a matter of interest, will you kindly put on record the following data. Feb. 9, 1897, I used gelatin capsules containing reduced iron for this general purpose, having had the matter in mind for some months. This experiment was a failure, on account of lack of power of X-ray apparatus, so far as the stomach was concerned, though the capsules could be plainly seen in the mouth. July 13, 1897, this method succeeded with three or four patients, using both iron and bismuth in the capsules. These experiments are more fully reported in
The Defibrination Syndrome Arising During Mitral Valvotomy
Authors: G. I. C. Ingram, C. V. Mann
Journal: Thorax (1959)

Edge and Bottrill (1959), in their recent analysis of 170 patients submitted to pulmonary resection, mention one death from uncontrollable haemor- rhage, in which there was evidence of a clotting defect.The development of acute and sometimes fatal coagulation deficiencies during chest operations is well documented in the French and American literature (Mathey, Daumet, Soulier, Le Bolloch, and Fayet, 1950; Baumann, 1952; Coon and Hodgson, 1952; Soulier, Mathey, Le Bolloch, Daumet, and Fayet, 1952; Penn and Walker, 1954) although it has not received emphasis in papers from this country.Nevertheless, personal discussion suggests that British thoracic surgeons may be encountering such cases, and a further, mild, example is presented to draw attention to the possibility of this occurrence.
Fish bioassay and toxin induction experiments for research on Pfiesteria piscicida and other toxic dinoflagellates: workshop summary.
Authors: H S Rogers, L Backer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

In late January 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sponsored a workshop to discuss standardizing the laboratory materials and methods used for in vivo fish bioassays and toxin induction experiments. Representatives from six laboratories using these assays to conduct research on Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger & Burkholder, similar organisms (i.e., members of the toxic Pfiesteria complex) or their toxins were invited to attend. The workshop objectives were a) to discuss the need for uniform quality assurance for fish bioassays and toxin induction, b) to encourage publishing the relevant materials and methods in the literature, c) to foster communication among the laboratories conducting this work, and d) to respond to requests from state health and environmental protection agencies for guidance in interpreting the results from fish bioassays conducted in different laboratories. To facilitate discussion at the workshop, researchers conducting Pfiesteria research completed a detailed questionnaire in advance about fish bioassays and toxin production assays. Workshop participants discussed experimental factors that might influence the reproducibility or interpretation of fish bioassays and toxin-induction experiments. The experimental factors were categorized into physical, chemical, and biological parameters. In addition, participants ranked experimental factors by their relative importance in conducting these assays as a) factors that are critically important and should be maintained within a recommended range, b) factors that are important in conducting the assays but that may be variable among laboratories or within experiments and whose values should be recorded and reported by investigators, and c) factors of unknown importance that should be considered important research questions. This article summarizes results obtained from the questionnaire and workshop discussions.
Top drug companies are making drugs more accessible but are also guilty of corruption, report says
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Nearly all of the 20 largest global drug companies have been involved in unethical practices such as bribery or corruption in the past two years, a report has found.

The Access to Medicines Index is a biennial audit of drug companies’ progress on developing drugs for the world’s poor. The 2014 report found that 18 of the 20 largest companies had been found guilty of breaches in ethical marketing, bribery or corruption standards, or competition laws, despite the fact that all 20 of the companies have committed to follow at least a minimum code of practice for ethical marketing, all have codes of conduct governing bribery and corruption, and three quarters audit their codes.1

The breaches included paying or inappropriately incentivising doctors to prescribe their products, colluding to delay market entry …
Inhibition of endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation in mice.
Authors: E A Deitch, L Ma, W J Ma, M B Grisham, D N Granger, R D Specian, R D Berg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

The primary functions of the gut are to absorb nutrients and exclude bacteria and their products. However, under certain circumstances the gut may lose its barrier function and serve as a reservoir for systemic microbial infections. These experiments were performed to determine the mechanisms whereby endotoxin causes bacteria to escape (translocate) from the gut. Bacteria translocated from the gut to the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice challenged with nonlethal doses of Escherichia coli 026:B6 or E. coli 0111:B4 endotoxin. Physical disruption of the gut mucosal barrier appears to be the primary mechanism whereby endotoxin promotes bacterial translocation. Mucosal injury and endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation were reduced by inhibition (allopurinol) or inactivation (tung-sten diet) of xanthine oxidase activity (P less than 0.01), but were not affected by the platelet-activation factor antagonists, SRI 63-441 or BN 52021. Because the inhibition or inactivation of xanthine oxidase activity reduced both the extent of mucosal injury and endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation, the effect of endotoxin on the gut appears to be mediated, at least to some degree, by xanthine oxidase-generated, oxygen-free radicals.