tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Is Radical Prostatectomy Feasible in All Cases of Locally Advanced Non-Bone Metastatic Prostate Cancer? Results of a Single-Institution Study
Authors: Paolo Gontero, Giansilvio Marchioro, Roberta Pisani, Stefano Zaramella, Filippo Sogni, Ervin Kocjancic, Nicola Mondaini, Daniele Bonvini, Alessandro Tizzani, Bruno Frea
Journal: European Urology (2006)
On Drug Development, Chance, and the Prepared Mind: Figure 1.
Authors: Susan E. Bates
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

This CCR Focus section examines lessons learned in drug development, focusing on specific examples of agents or targets that have hit roadblocks during development. In some cases, the hurdles have been surmounted; others are still a work in progress. Much has been written about the need to increase the success rate of drugs transitioning from phase II to phase III trials; about half of the drugs that enter phase III testing do not ultimately receive regulatory approval. Even fewer drugs, about 1 in 5, that enter phase I trials are registered. The loss of these agents through the drug development process is costly, both in terms of money and time; for some drug sponsors, a failure in phase III can be devastating. This Focus series shares insights that investigators have gained from experience, so that we can in turn be prepared when chance favors our work. Although the 4-year development of crizotinib for lung cancers with echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like (EML)–anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocations, resulting in simultaneous approvals for both assay and agent, stands as a model, it is clear that lessons learned in a decade developing tyrosine kinase inhibitors helped lay the groundwork.Guest Editors Susan Bates and Giuseppe Giaccone have joined experts in the field to illustrate lessons learned in drug development and highlight strategies for success. Marzuka Alcalá and Flaherty discuss the development of B-Raf as a target, culminating in the success of vemurafenib; Pollak discusses the difficulties and the surprises encountered in the development of IGFR-I inhibitors and identifies the importance of finding tumors in which the target is critical; Komlodi-Pasztor, Sackett, and Fojo discuss the problems of developing highly specific agents for targets that are tightly cell cycle regulated; and Neckers and Workman describe challenges and progress in developing therapeutic agents against the Hsp90 chaperone, noting new agents in the pipeline. With Amiri-Kordestani, Bates and Giaccone provide an overview of the challenge of finding the right target, the right drug, the right assay, and the right trial design. We hope, as with every CCR Focus section, that this series of articles stimulates and challenges those working in clinical translational oncology, highlights important concepts for future research, and proves valuable to the interested nonexpert.Susan E. BatesDeputy Editor, CCR FocusNational Cancer Institute
$500m investment in poor countries' health systems will boost vaccination
Authors: John Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Vaccination programmes prevented more than 2.3 million premature deaths between 2000 and the end of 2006, show figures released last week by the public-private Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation (GAVI). 

“The results show that the GAVI has proven concepts, and we're delivering the vaccines, saving lives, and getting coverage in the poorest, and some of the toughest, environments in the world,” said Julian Lob-Levyt, executive secretary of the alliance. 

Since its creation at the annual World Economic Forum meeting in Davos, Switzerland, in 2000, the alliance has committed over $2.6bn (£1.3bn; €2bn) to support national immunisation programmes in more than 70 countries. 

New projections of data from the World Health Organization, a member of the alliance, show that …
BMA meeting: BMA representatives back calls to repeal Health and Social Care Act
Authors: E. Davies
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The BMA will campaign to repeal the Health and Social Care Act, after a slew of motions at its annual representative meeting this week condemned its passing.

The conference overwhelmingly supported a motion put by Lucy-Jane Davis, from the Bristol division of the BMA, condemning the passing of the act, lamenting the associated increase in private provision of services in England, and demanding the full publication of the NHS risk register, the secret government document outlining the dangers that would result from the changes to the health service.1

The initial motion urged the BMA to support doctors trying to mitigate the damaging effects of the bill, but a …
Nitric oxide in the human respiratory cycle
Authors: Timothy J. McMahon, Richard E. Moon, Ben P. Luschinger, Martha S. Carraway, Anne E. Stone, Bryant W. Stolp, Andrew J. Gow, John R. Pawloski, Paula Watke, David J. Singel, Claude A. Piantadosi, Jonathan S. Stamler
Journal: Nature Medicine (2002)
TRYPSIN INHALATIONS IN RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS WITH THICK SPUTUM
Authors: Leon Unger
Journal: JAMA (1953)

For many years one of us (L. U.) has been interested in securing an ideal preparation to dissolve the thick tenacious material that impedes the respiration of patients with bronchial asthma and other respiratory conditions. In 1937, in collaboration with Albert H. Andrews, assistant clinical professor of bronchoesophagology at the University of Illinois Medical School, an aerosol was made of an enzyme derived from the fruit of the plant Carica papaya and was tested in animals and on 10 patients. The investigation, which was unpublished, was discontinued because of severe local reactions including bleeding and marked hoarseness. Recently, our interests were drawn to trypsin, a natural body enzyme that digests necrotic tissue without producing adverse action on living tissue. The effects of this enzyme on 73 patients are herewith reported.  PHARMACOLOGY  The highly purified crystalline trypsin used in this study and available as Tryptar is derived from mammalian pancreas and
The Incidence of Airborne Wound Infection During Operation
Authors: Carl W. Walter, Ruth B. Kundsin, Mary M. Brubaker
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Bacteriological study of personnel, patients, and environment in 250 surgical procedures resulted in documentation of airborne infection during surgery. Mere presence of a disseminating carrier in the periphery of the operating room resulted in two wound infections among 169 patients exposed. No other carrier of the specific phage type responsible for the two infections was found. During 82 operations the carrier's Staphylococcus was recovered from one or more environmental cultures and from 56 on the aseptic field. During 42 operations fall-out plates in the periphery of the room showed the same organism. Air cultures taken were positive during 19 operations. It is epidemiologically significant that a disseminating carrier, conventionally masked, gowned, and shod, in any part of the operating room is a hazard to the patient.
Hugh Braund Kent, M.S.Lond., F.R.C.S.Eng
Authors: J. Fawcett
Journal: BMJ (1926)

JUN11 5, I926] OBITtARY.r M!DIAJOBR!A the first he had a restless disposition, alnd he interrupted his medical course at Aberdeen to follow me to Charing Cross Hospital.Here, he used to say, I taught him anatomy and taught him lhow to teach anatomy.In due course he was demonstrat-or, extraordinarily successful in the results of his students at examinations for qualifications and for the public services.Indeed, as a teacher of practical subjects he was unsurpassed in his time- incisive, epigrammatic, and alwi-ays humorous, yet with com- plete control of his pupils.It was through anatomy and at this early stage of his career that Cantlie's attention was unexpectedly attracted to ambulance by circumstances bess; known to me; and in justice to Cantlie's reputation it is right that these circumstances should be related- in which he took the first step in a partial digression from the recognized professional career of a hospital surgeon and teacher which led him to intimate association, first with the St. John Ambulance Association and later wvith the Red Cross.My friend Surgeon Major Peter Shepherd, A.M.S., unexpectedly ordered on active service in Zululand, begged me to correct the proofs of a manuial on First Aid to the Injured, which he was drawing up for the St. Jolhn Ambu- lance Association.I consented, anid initroduced him to Cantlie, and we two saw the first edition of the manual through the press.Shepherd fell at Isandlwana, sacrific- ing himself for the life of a comrade.The memory of his gallantry is preserved in the Shepherd medal in surgery at Aberdeen.Such was Cantlie's introduction to ambulance.
beta-Actin and GAPDH housekeeping gene expression in asthmatic airways is variable and not suitable for normalising mRNA levels
Authors: E M Glare
Journal: Thorax (2002)

The use of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to measure mRNA levels has led to the common use of beta-actin and GAPDH housekeeping genes as denominators for comparison of samples. Expression of these genes is assumed to remain constant, so normalising for variations in processing and signal quantitation. However, it is well documented that beta-actin and GAPDH expression is upregulated with proliferation, activation, and differentiation. We hypothesised that airway samples which differ in their cellular profiles and activation status have different levels of expression of GAPDH and beta-actin.The mRNA for beta-actin, GAPDH, and interleukin (IL)-2 was measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cells and endobronchial biopsy tissue by competitive RT-PCR in a cross sectional study of 26 normal controls and 92 asthmatic subjects.For both BAL fluid cells and biopsy tissue, asthmatics overall had reduced expression of GAPDH and beta-actin mRNA. In asthmatic subjects not using inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), GAPDH mRNA levels in both BAL fluid and biopsy tissue, and beta-actin mRNA in BAL fluid cells were 10 times lower than samples from both normal controls and from asthmatic subjects using ICS. beta-Actin mRNA in biopsy specimens showed the same pattern of expression, but asthmatic subjects not using ICS were not significantly different from those receiving ICS treatment. IL-2 mRNA levels did not differ between the subject or treatment groups but, when expressed as a ratio with beta-actin, significant differences were seen.beta-Actin and GAPDH used as denominators of gene expression quantitation in asthma research can cause confounding. Housekeeping genes need careful validation before their use in such quantitative mRNA assays.
THE RADICAL TREATMENT OF NON-STRANGULATED INGUINAL HERNIA FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE MODERN SURGEON.
Authors: J. M. BANISTER
Journal: JAMA (1904)

It has been well said that, owing to the anatomic construction of the inguinal canal, the occurrence of rupture in the human species must have been coeval with the appearance of man on the globe, and this being the case, it would not be preposterous to assume that to some early descendant of Adam belongs the credit of having invented the first crude retention apparatus. In accordance with the trend of modern thought on the descent of man, we may with propriety consider this tendency to hernia on the part of the human race as one of the penalties resulting from the action of Adam and Eve in abandoning the quadruped method of progression of their immediate simian progenitors, and assuming the erect carriage which has since characterized the human family. The erect posture has certainly placed man, with his weakly constructed inguinal canal, in the very best position for
Motorcycle helmet-use laws and head injury prevention
Authors: D. M. Sosin
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To rebut criticism of a previous study of motorcycle helmet-use laws through reanalysis with improved measures of exposure, stratification for regional differences in crash risk, and addressing of total motorcycle-related mortality and the grounds for targeting motorcyclists for helmet-use laws.Death certificate-based correlational study of motorcycle-related deaths and motorcycle helmet-use laws.United States resident deaths from 1979 through 1986.Regardless of the denominator used (resident population, motorcycle registrations, or motorcycle crashes), states with full helmet-use laws had consistently lower head injury-associated death rates than states without such laws, even when stratified by region. Total motorcycle-related mortality, however, was similar between law groups. On a registration or crash basis, motorcyclists who died in crashes had a fivefold to sixfold higher risk of head injury than those who died using any other type of motor vehicle.Full helmet-use laws were consistently associated with lower rates of head injury-associated death. While disagreement remains on the acceptability of the legislative approach, the scientific basis for motorcycle helmet-use laws as a head injury prevention tool appears sound.
Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 in human chronic inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: S Schreiber
Journal: Gut (2002)

<b>Background:</b> Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, and interferon γ, as well as activation of proinflammatory signalling molecules such as nuclear factor kappa B, is characteristic of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). <b>Aims:</b> To investigate expression and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 in patients with IBD. <b>Patients:</b> Patients with active IBD (n=42), disease specificity controls (n=8), and normal controls (n=12) were investigated. <b>Methods:</b> Expression and activation of STAT1 were assessed by western blotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays in extracts of endoscopic colonic biopsies. Cellular localisation was determined by immunohistochemistry. <b>Results:</b> Western blots and immunohistochemical staining revealed an increase in STAT1 expression and activation in mucosal samples from ulcerative colitis and to a lesser extend in Crohn9s disease patients. High levels of suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS)-3 expression, an inhibitor of STAT activation, were observed in Crohn9s disease patients and normal controls in western blot experiments whereas no differences were observed for SOCS-1 expression. Phosphorylated (p) STAT1 was mainly detected in monocytic cells and neutrophils in the inflamed mucosa. Induction of remission by systemic glucocorticoids led to a decrease in levels of pSTAT1. In vitro studies indicated a direct effect of steroid treatment on STAT1 activation. <b>Conclusions:</b> Expression and activation of STAT1 are predominantly heightened in ulcerative colitis and may therefore play an important role in the pathophysiology of colonic inflammation.
Hypopigmented Patches on the Skin
Authors: Elizabeth Juhas, Joseph C. English III
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Americans are less healthy than 10 years ago, shows national survey
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The percentage of Americans who say they are in excellent or very good health fell between 1997 and 2009, according to the US National Center for Health Statistics.

The report was based on the National Health Interview Survey of 87 500 people of all ages. Besides health status the report covers 15 health measures: lack of health insurance coverage, usual place to go for medical care, flu vaccination, pneumococcal vaccination, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, leisure time physical activity, HIV testing, need for personal care, serious psychological distress, diagnosed diabetes, …
Drug Therapy for Asthma
Authors: ROBERT D. BRANDSTETTER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Letters and Corrections1 January 1978Drug Therapy for AsthmaROBERT D. BRANDSTETTER, M.D.ROBERT D. BRANDSTETTER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-88-1-132 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The paper "Drug Therapy in the Management of Asthma" by VanArsdel and Paul (Ann Intern Med 87:68-74, 1977) is an interesting review. In the discussion, however, I found two controversial comments that warrant clarification.The authors suggest that Venturi masks may be needed for those patients with asthma who require oxygen and are mouth-breathers. Both theoretically and practically, there are inherent dangers with these masks for patients in respiratory distress who do not require controlled oxygen therapy (1). Although a fixed inspired oxygen concentration may be adequate at one moment under steady-state conditions, it may become seriously...References1. MITHOEFER J, RUNSER R, and KARETZKY M: Respiratory acidosis in bronchial asthma. Lancet 1:661-662, 1966 CrossrefGoogle Scholar2. MITHOEFER J: Breath holding, in Handbook of Physiology, section 3, vol. 2, edited by FENN WO, RAHN H. Washington, D.C., American Physiological Society, 1965, pp. 1011-1025 Google Scholar3. CAMPBELL E: Respiratory failure: The relation between oxygen concentrations of inspired air and arterial blood. Lancet 2:10-11, 1960 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. KARETZKY M, BRANDSTETTER R, MEYER R, and TEDALDI E: Acute asthma. I. A comparison of the immediate effects of six different modes of therapy. Am J Med Sci 267:213-224, 1974 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: ROBERT D. BRANDSTETTER, M.D.Affiliations: The New York Hospital New York, NY 10021 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byMeningeal sarcoidosis causing intracranial hypertension secondary to dural sinus thrombosis 1 January 1978Volume 88, Issue 1Page: 132-133KeywordsAsthmaAttentionDrug therapyOxygen ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 January 1978 PDF downloadLoading ...
Internal-Carotid-Artery Embolectomy
Authors: Richard N. Kleaveland
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

SURGICAL treatment of strokes resulting from occlusion of the major extracranial blood vessels is of recent origin.The surgical attack has been directed at the localized areas of arteriosclerosis that result in stenosis or sudden occlusion. The following case is unusual in that the occlusion was an embolus lodged at the carotid siphon that was removed six to eight hours after onset, with excellent reversal of the hemiparesis.Case ReportA 56-year-old right-handed man had the sudden onset of left-sided hemiplegia and facial paralysis, with associated left-sided homonymous hemianopsia, at 6 in the morning on May 14, 1960. In 1953 . . .
Stem cell registry moves closer to launch
Authors: Scott Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2001)

A much anticipated registry of human embryonic stem cells should finally be made available to scientists and the public within the next week, the US National Institutes of Health has announced.

But officials are still not sure exactly how many of the lines will be available for federally funded research under guidelines laid down by President George Bush earlier this year.

Dr Wendy Baldwin of the National Institutes of Health, which is coordinating federally sponsored research with stem cells, told a Senate subcommittee hearing that after several delays the Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry was almost ready for posting on the …
Clinical experience with the use of two diphosphonates in the treatment of Paget's disease.
Authors: P Dewis, B.K Prasad, D.C Anderson, S Willets
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1985)

The effects of EHDP (20 mg/kd/day) and APD (4.5 mg/kg/day) given for three months to patients with severe symptomatic Paget9s disease have been compared in an open trial of 17 patients. Both drugs were equally effective in producing a prompt reduction in pair scores, urine hydroxyproline, and serum alkaline phosphatase levels. The remission was maintained for a variable period after stopping treatment. Both drugs were well tolerated, and a one-month course of either drug was not effective. Comparison with published responses from previous studies indicates that EHDP given at this dose as a relatively short course is more effective than a lower dose for a longer period of time; the present study does not suggest that APD has significant advantages.
Bronchial Microbial Patterns in Severe Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Requiring Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: NÉSTOR SOLER, ANTONI TORRES, SANTIAGO EWIG, JULIÁ GONZALEZ, ROSA CELIS, MUSTAFA EL-EBIARY, CARMEN HERNANDEZ, ROBERTO RODRIGUEZ-ROISIN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

We carried out a comprehensive microbiological study of the upper and lower airways in patients with severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation in order to describe microbial patterns and analyze their clinical significance. Quantitative cultures of tracheobronchial aspirates (TBAs), bronchoscopically retrieved protected specimen brush (PSB) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) at admission to the ICU and after 72 h, as well as serology for bacteria and respiratory viruses were performed. Fifty patients (mean age 68 ± 8, 46 males) were studied prospectively. Potentially pathogenic microorganisms (PPMs) and/or a positive serology were present in 36 of 50 (72%) patients, including 12 (33%) polymicrobial cases. Only six (12%) had no pathogen in any sample in the absence of antimicrobial pretreatment. Microbial patterns corresponded to community-acquired pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis) in 19 of 34 (56%) and to gram-negative enteric bacilli (GNEB), Pseudomonas, and Stenotrophomonas spp. in 15 of 34 (44%) of isolates. Chlamydia pneumoniae and respiratory viruses were found in 18% and 16% of investigations, respectively. Repeated investigation after 72 h in 19 patients with PPMs in the initial investigation revealed eradication of virtually all isolates of community-acquired pathogens and GNEB but persistence of three of five Pseudomonas spp. and both Stenotrophomonas spp. as well as the emergence of new GNEB, Pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas spp. Clinical parameters neither predicted the presence of PPMs nor of GNEB and Pseudomonas/Stenotrophomonas spp. Nevertheless, severe pneumonia attributable to initially isolated pathogens occurred in two patients with severe COPD exacerbation. We conclude that pathogens were more frequently present than previously reported. The rate of GNEB and Pseudomonas/Stenotrophomonas spp. isolates was high. The presence of pathogens was clinically unpredictable. Thus, in this population of patients with severe exacerbations of COPD, it may be advisable to obtain respiratory samples and to treat according to diagnostic results. Further studies are warranted to clarify this issue.