tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Judge questions use of colposcopy photos in child abuse cases
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The practice of relying on photographs taken by colposcopy for expert or second opinions in cases of sex abuse of children risks causing “grave miscarriages of justice,” a High Court judge has warned.

Mr Justice Holman delivered the cautionary message in a judgment the week before Christmas. The case was heard in private in the family division, and the family cannot be identified. But the judge gave permission for the judgment to be reported to alert doctors and lawyers to the “potential danger.”

He called on the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health and the Association of Police Surgeons to reconsider guidance issued in 2002 that suggests the use …
β Cell death and dysfunction during type 1 diabetes development in at-risk individuals
Authors: Kevan C. Herold, Sahar Usmani-Brown, Tara Ghazi, Jasmin Lebastchi, Craig A. Beam, Melena D. Bellin, Michel Ledizet, Jay M. Sosenko, Jeffrey P. Krischer, Jerry P. Palmer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2015)

Role of the funding source: Funding from the NIH was used for support of the participating clinical centers and the coordinating center. The funding source did not participate in the collection or the analysis of the data.
SPECIFIC CUTANEOUS REACTIONS AND CIRCULATING ANTIBODIES IN THE COURSE OF LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Maxwell Finland, W. D. Sutliff
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

1. A group of 41 non-serum treated patients with Type I, II or III pneumococcus pneumonia were studied during their disease and convalescence with respect to their skin reactions to specific pneumococcus polysaccharides and, in most instances, for the presence of circulating agglutinins and protective antibodies for all these 3 types. 2. One-half of the Type I and two-thirds of the Type II and Type III recovered cases gave the typical immediate "wheal and erythema" response to the homologous polysaccharide at or about the time of recovery. All cases tested showed protective antibodies and almost all showed agglutinins for the homologous pneumococcus. In the fatal cases, in general, positive cutaneous reactions and circulating antibodies were not obtained. 3. In cases of pneumonia receiving repeated cutaneous inoculations with various types of specific polysaccharide, antibodies for pneumococci differing from the infecting type but corresponding to the types of carbohydrate injected were present 1 week or later after such injections. These heterologous antibodies were most frequently demonstrated for Type II and were probably the result of immunization by means of the cutaneous injections. 4. Positive skin responses to homologous polysaccharides and corresponding circulating antibodies were demonstrated with similar frequency in the first 3 weeks after crisis in patients who had not previously received intracutaneous injections. In such patients heterologous antibodies were rarely found. 5. Typical skin reactions with the specific pneumococcus polysaccharides and mouse protective antibodies were demonstrated independently in a number of hospital patients who had had no recent history of pneumonia. 6. Some patients with demonstrable foci of persistent infection or with latent infections which later proved fatal showed positive cutaneous responses to the homologous type polysaccharide and circulating specific antibodies for the corresponding type. 7. The agglutination test, though less sensitive than the mouse protection test for determining the presence of antibody, has many advantages over the latter and is simplest to use in following the course of the untreated pneumonia.
Update on rituximab
Authors: R Eisenberg
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that was developed for the treatment of B cell lymphomas.1 It is directed against the CD20 cell surface molecule.2 CD20 is a tetraspan membrane protein that is present only on B cells, and is expressed initially at the immature B cell stage, remaining until the final differentiation into plasma cells. The function of CD20 is not clear, although it may play some role in signalling or in calcium mobilisation.3 Curiously, mice that were genetically engineered to lack CD20 (CD20 knockout mice) have not shown any clear defects in their B cells.4 Nevertheless, the specificity of CD20 for the B cell lineage, and its failure to be easily shed or internalised, has made it an excellent target for depletion by monoclonal antibodies. Not only does rituximab kill CD20+ lymphoma cells, but it also substantially depletes normal B cells from the peripheral blood.5 Tissue depletion also occurs, but is perhaps less profound, and in any case has been little documented in patients.6 The mechanism of B cell depletion appears to be a combination of FcRγ dependent ADCC (antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxocity), complement mediated lysis, and apoptosis,7 although the relative contributions of these mechanisms in vivo remains to be determined, In addition, stimulation of the inhibitory FcRγIIB may also play a role in rituximab therapeutic effects.8

In 1997, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved rituximab for the treatment of low grade non-Hodgkin’s B cell lymphomas.9 Since that time, it has been used in over 500 000 patients with generally excellent tolerability. Largely through a series of investigator sponsored trials supported in part by Genentech (South San Francisco, CA), the use of rituximab has been extended to a much wider spectrum of B cell malignancies, and strikingly, …
Uptake of immunisation in district health authorities in England
Authors: B. Jarman, N. Bosanquet, P. Rice, N. Dollimore, B. Leese
Journal: BMJ (1988)

The uptakes of immunisation in the district health authorities in England were studied for the years 1983-5. Multiple regression analysis showed that the factors significantly associated with a low uptake of immunisation were mainly related to social conditions, particularly overcrowding of households and population density. Of the service factors, high proportions of elderly and singlehanded general practitioners and high average list sizes were also associated with a low uptake of immunisation in some of the analyses. The results suggest that the measures outlined in the government9s white paper on improving primary health care services are likely to lead to improved uptakes of immunisation. If, however, the uptakes of immunisation are used as a measure of standards of the services provided they should first be adjusted to control for variations in social conditions, and the quality of vaccination data would have to be improved.
Guillain-Barre syndrome after exogenous gangliosides in Italy.
Authors: G Landi, R D'Alessandro, B C Dossi, S Ricci, I L Simone, A Ciccone
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Exogenous gangliosides are marketed in several countries and used to treat many neurological diseases.Although no well designed clinical trial has con- vincingly shown their efficacy in diseases of the peripheral or central nervous system, they are widely prescribed, at least in Italy.An estimated 4-1% of the population in Rome were prescribed gangliosides in 1989,1 and in 1991 around 4-2% of the 687 401 people from five local health districts in the Emilia Romagna region received the drugs (N Montanaro, et al, personal communication).The safety of exogenous gangliosides has been questioned.They were withdrawn in Germany because six patients developed the Guillain-Barre syndrome after taking them.Latov et al reported a similar case with high titres of antibodies to monosialo- ganglioside2; they suggested that gangliosides may induce an immune response when made into a complex with serum or tissue proteins.Figueras et el described 17 cases of motor polyneuropathy after ganglioside administration; at least eight of the patients had received the drug for unrelated conditions.3We report 24 further cases of the Guillain-Barre syndrome after ganglioside treatment.F 83 16 Parkinsonism None Very raised Moderate (4) 24 F 63 4 Chronic hearing loss None Very raised Severe (1) NAnot available.*Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Action of the Src Family Kinase Inhibitor, Dasatinib (BMS-354825), on Human Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Sangkil Nam, Donghwa Kim, Jin Q. Cheng, Shumin Zhang, Ji-Hyun Lee, Ralf Buettner, Janni Mirosevich, Francis Y. Lee, Richard Jove
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Src family kinases (SFK) are currently being investigated as targets for treatment strategies in various cancers. The novel SFK/Abl inhibitor, dasatinib (BMS-354825), is a promising therapeutic agent with oral bioavailability. Dasatinib has been shown to inhibit growth of Bcr-Abl–dependent chronic myeloid leukemia xenografts in nude mice. Dasatinib also has been shown to have activity against cultured human prostate and breast cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanism by which dasatinib acts on epithelial tumor cells remains unknown. In this study, we show that dasatinib blocks the kinase activities of the SFKs, Lyn, and Src, in human prostate cancer cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Moreover, focal adhesion kinase and Crk-associated substrate (p130CAS) signaling downstream of SFKs are also inhibited at similar concentrations of dasatinib. Consistent with inhibition of these signaling pathways, dasatinib suppresses cell adhesion, migration, and invasion of prostate cancer cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Therefore, dasatinib has potential as a therapeutic agent for metastatic prostate cancers harboring activated SFK and focal adhesion kinase signaling.
Persistent paroxysmal atrial tachycardia in patient receiving thyroid medication
Authors: A. Erickson
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Nerve supply as a stimulator of the growth of tissues, including skin
Authors: I.W. Whimster
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Summary

It is common for benign excesses of cutaneous tissues in man to be associated with excessive innervation of the tissue concerned. The examples discussed and illustrated include certain ‘benign tumours’, supernumerary digits, traumatic neuromas, etc. The question raised by these simple observations is that of cause and effect. Does an autonomous benign excess of peripheral tissue somehow attract to it an increased nerve supply from the centre, or may increased innervation from the centre of the body itself induce or promote excessive tissue growth at the periphery ? This problem will first be considered in the light of human cutaneous pathology. It will then be pursued through an initial programme of animal experimentation designed to parallel as closely as possible the human problem.
Reducing cell–cell stickiness with JAM-C
Authors: Ruth Williams
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2006)

Most cell junction proteins increase endothelial cell–cell adhesion. But junction adhesion molecule-C (JAM-C), despite its sticky name, loosens vascular endothelial cell connections, thus allowing increased blood vessel permeability.






Figure 1

JAM-C (green) loosens cell junctions (red) to increase blood vessel permeability.




Increasing the permeability of small blood vessels is essential for new vessels to form and for leukocytes to escape the circulation and enter surrounding tissues during inflammation and tissue repair. Permeability is thought to be controlled by tight junctions between neighboring cells. Most tight junction components promote cell–cell adhesion and thus reduce permeability. But Orlova et al. (page 2703) show that the tight junction protein JAM-C does the opposite—it promotes permeability. Indeed JAM-C is the first junctional molecule reported to behave this way.

Using dye tracking, the team showed that knocking down JAM-C reduced endothelial permeability both in vitro and in vivo. The permeability-promoting effect of JAM-C was not on tight junctions themselves, but rather on a different type of cell–cell junction called adherens junctions, which contain the adhesion protein VE-cadherin. Knocking down JAM-C led to increased adhesion between VE-cadherin molecules at cell junctions. Such increased interaction is thought to trigger, via junction-associated factors, a series of steps that ultimately promotes actin depolymerization—thus further reducing permeability, as cells are unable to contract and pull apart. Consistent with this theory, knocking down JAM-C also reduced intracellular actin polymerization.

That a molecule from one type of junction can promote permeability by acting on another type of junction was surprising. The team found, however, that JAM-C increased endothelium permeability whether located at the cell junctions or diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm, indicating that JAM-C might be a signaling as well as structural protein, though the authors have yet to investigate this possibility.

One of the many more typical tight junction molecules that reduce vessel permeability is JAM-A, a closely related family member of JAM-C. How two such structurally similar junction molecules can have opposing effects on blood vessel permeability remains to be determined.
Biochemical and immunologic effects of rituximab in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and an incomplete response to ursodeoxycholic acid
Authors: Masanobu Tsuda, Yuki Moritoki, Zhe-Xiong Lian, Weici Zhang, Katsunori Yoshida, Kanji Wakabayashi, Guo-Xiang Yang, Toshio Nakatani, John Vierling, Keith Lindor, Eric M. Gershwin, Christopher L. Bowlus
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the safety and potential efficacy of B-cell depletion with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and an incomplete response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). This open-label study enrolled six patients with PBC and incomplete responses to UDCA to be treated with 2 doses of 1000 mg rituximab separated by 2 weeks and followed for 52 weeks. The primary endpoints were safety and changes in B-cell function. Two patients received only 1 dose of rituximab, one due to activation of latent varicella and the other due to a viral upper respiratory infection. Serum levels of total IgG, IgM, and IgA as well as anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs) IgA and IgM decreased significantly from baseline by 16 weeks and returned to baseline levels by 36 weeks. Stimulation of B cells with CpG produced significantly less IgM at 52 weeks after treatment compared with B cells at baseline. In addition, transient decreases in memory B-cell and T-cell frequencies and an increase in CD25high CD4+ T cells were observed after treatment. These changes were associated with significant increases in mRNA levels of FoxP3 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and a decrease in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in CD4+ T cells. Notably, serum alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly reduced up to 36 weeks following rituximab treatment. Conclusion : These data suggest that depletion of B cells influences the induction, maintenance, and activation of both B and T cells and provides a potential mechanism for treatment of patients with PBC with an incomplete response to UDCA. (Hepatology 2012)
A photoreceptor cell-specific ATP-binding transporter gene (ABCR) is mutated in recessive Starqardt macular dystrophy
Authors: Rando Allikmets, Nanda Singh, Hui Sun, Noah F. Shroyer, Amy Hutchinson, Abirami Chidambaram, Bernard Gerrard, Lisa Baird, Dora Stauffer, Andy Peiffer, Amir Rattner, Philip Smallwood, Yixin Li, Kent L. Anderson, Richard Alan Lewis, Jeremy Nathans, Mark Leppert, Michael Dean, James R. Lupski
Journal: Nature Genetics (1997)
Abstract 3561: The radiosensitizing and cytotoxic effects of PBS-1086, a Rel inhibitor of NF-KB, in breast cancer cells
Authors: Jill E. Hunter, Elaine Willmore, Julie A E Irving, D. Robert Sliskovic, Dileep Monie, Kathryn Bobb, Jie Zhang, Barbara W. Durkacz
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Recent RNA interference screening has identified p53 and ras mutations to be synthetic lethal with the canonical and non-canonical pathways of NF-κB. We have synthesized inhibitors that antagonize bindings of RelA (p65), RelB and c-rel to the NF-κB sites and thus inhibit both the canonical and non-canonical paths. One such compound, PBS-1086, is evaluated here as a radiosensitizer in wild type and p65−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), and as a radiosensitizing and chemotherapeutic agent in the p53 deficient and KRAS (G13D) mutant breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. We found that p65−/− MEFs were ≥ 2-fold more sensitive than p65+/+ MEFs to irradiation (IR) in clonogenic survival assays, thus demonstrating that NF-κB activation conferred radio-resistance. Incubation with PBS-1086 at 1.4 µM, a non-cytotoxic concentration, radiosensitized p65+/+ MEFs (LD50 value of 1.5 Gy for IR + PBS-1086 compared with 2.3 Gy for IR alone). PBS-1086 had no effect on radio-sensitization of p65−/− MEFs, which indicated the radiosensitizing effect of PBS-1086 was mediated through p65. Similar radiosensitizing effects were observed by using RNA interference technique to down-regulate the expression level of p65 by &amp;gt; 95% in p65+/+ MEFs but not in p65−/− MEFs. We also confirmed the inhibition of the NF-κB by PBS-1086 or p65 siRNA in MEFs. NF-κB-dependent luciferase expression increased by 2.5 fold after 10 Gy IR in p65+/+ MEFs. Treatment with PBS-1086 or p65 siRNA reduced luciferase expression significantly. Similarly, IR increased p65+/+ MEFs nuclear extract NF-κB DNA binding activities by 2 fold, which was significantly decreased by either PBS-1086 incubation or p65 siRNA treatment in these cells. Next, we studied PBS-1086 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with constitutive NF-κB activation. First, we tested PBS-1086 as a single agent on the growth of the breast cancer cells. Significant cytotoxic effect to PBS-1086 was observed with an LD50 value of 0.4 μM to the MDA-MB-231 cells. Then we tested synergistic effect of PBS-1086 with irradiation in these cells. Incubation with 0.2 µM PBS-1086 significantly enhanced radiation effect by 1.5 fold (LD50 value of 1.66 Gy IR for IR + PBS-1086 compare with 2.55 Gy for IR alone). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that a Rel inhibitor of NF-KB can potentiate radioactivity through blocking the canonical pathway. It can also selectively kill tumor cells with p53 and KRAS mutations, perhaps through blocking the canonical and non-canonical pathways. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3561.
"Alarming" rise in popularity of e-cigarettes is seen among US teenagers as use triples in a year
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) by US middle and high school students tripled from 2013 to 2014, surpassing their use of traditional tobacco products such as cigarettes and cigars, says a report by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the US Food and Drug Administration.1

Among high school students current e-cigarette use, defined as their use on at least one day in the past 30 days, rose from 4.5% in 2013 to 13.4% in 2014, an increase of about 660 000 students to total two million. Middle school students’ …
Consensus Conference on Brain Tumor Definition for Registration
Authors: B. J. McCarthy, T. Surawicz, J. M. Bruner, C. Kruchko, F. Davis
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2002)

The Consensus Conference on Brain Tumor Definition was facilitated by the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States and held on November 10, 2000, in Chicago, Illinois, to reach multidisciplinary agreement on a standard definition of brain tumors for collecting and comparing data in the U.S. The Brain Tumor Working Group, convened in 1998 to determine the status of brain tumor collection in the U.S., outlined 4 recommendations of which the first 2 guided the discussion for the Consensus Conference: (1) standardization of a definition of primary brain tumors that is based on site alone, rather than on site and behavior, and that can be used by surveillance organizations in collecting these tumors; and (2) development of a reporting scheme that can be used for comparing estimates of primary brain tumors across registries. Consensus was reached on the collection of all primary brain tumor histologies found and reported in the brain or CNS ICD-O site codes (C70.0-C72.9 and C75.1-C75.3), including those coded benign and uncertain as well as those coded malignant. In addition, a comprehensive listing of histologies occurring in the brain and CNS, based on the CBTRUS grouping scheme, was formulated to provide a template for reporting in accordance with the second recommendation of the Brain Tumor Working Group. With consensus achieved on the first 2 recommendations, the stage is set to move forward in estimating additional resources necessary for the collection of these tumors, including funding, training for cancer registrars, identifying quality control measures, and developing computerized edit checks, as outlined in the last 2 recommendations of the Brain Tumor Working Group.