tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prospective Evaluation of Brush Cytology of Biliary Strictures During Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
Authors: None Glasbrenner, None Ardan, None Boeck, None Preclik, None Möller, None Adler
Journal: Endoscopy (1999)

Cytological methods may be used to differentiate benign from malignant biliary strictures. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of an endobiliary cytotechnique which can easily be performed during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.Cytological samples were obtained by brushing biliary strictures via a guide wire in 86 patients with strictures of unknown status. Samples were classified by an expert cytologist as normal (including reactive cells), severely dysplastic (atypical cells suspicious of malignancy) and clearly malignant. A final diagnosis was achieved in 78 patients based on intraoperative findings and histological investigation, autopsy or prolonged follow-up. Strictures were malignant in 57 cases (31 pancreatic carcinoma, 20 cholangiocarcinoma, 6 others) and benign in 21 cases (11 chronic pancreatitis, 5 chronic nonspecific inflammation, 5 others).The overall results for brush cytological investigation were sensitivity 56.1%, specificity 90.5%, positive predictive value 94.1%, negative predictive value 43.2 %, and accuracy 65.4 %. Sensitivity was significantly higher (P<0.005) in cholangiocarcinoma (80%) compared with pancreatic carcinoma (35.5%). The overall specificity of less than 100 % resulted from dysplasia in two patients with chronic pancreatitis and inflammatory mass. No procedure-related complications occurred.Brush cytology is helpful for differentiating between benign and malignant biliary strictures, especially in suspected cholangiocarcinoma. Dysplastic cells may occur in the absence of malignancy and their presence should therefore be interpreted cautiously.
Thanatology and Medical Economics
Authors: Rudolph L. Leibel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

The New England Journal of Medicine, like some ink-and-paper chameleon, is changing before our eyes. Once charged by and reflecting a sense of the power of the human mind to enhance the well-being of our species, the Journal now mirrors and intensifies the demoralization that is steadily engulfing the scientific community.We have been told that various economic dislocations make it necessary for this country to reconsider its priorities, to husband its dwindling resources and to cut back expenditures on items that are not of vital national import. For the scientific community in general, this step has meant a . . .
Ulnar-Nerve Schwannoma
Authors: James Chang, Matthew B Klein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Figure 1. A 29-year-old right-handed woman with a five-year history of a slowly enlarging mass on the left palm had a 2-by-2-cm mass over Guyon's canal in the left wrist that was firm and movable. Preoperative magnetic resonance images (Panels A and B) demonstrated that the mass involved the ulnar nerve (arrows). Careful microscopic dissection showed that the mass arose from a single fascicle of the ulnar nerve (Panel C). The mass was sent to the pathologists and found to be a schwannoma. The patient had normal ulnar sensory and motor function postoperatively, with no evidence of recurrence.
Lifetime Cigarette Smoking and Breast Cancer Prognosis in the After Breast Cancer Pooling Project
Authors: J. P. Pierce, R. E. Patterson, C. M. Senger, S. W. Flatt, B. J. Caan, L. Natarajan, S. J. Nechuta, E. M. Poole, X.-O. Shu, W. Y. Chen
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2013)

There is controversy on whether former smokers have increased risk for breast cancer recurrence or all-cause mortality, regardless of how much they smoked.Data were from three US cohorts in the After Breast Cancer Pooling Project, with detailed information on smoking among 9975 breast cancer survivors. Smoking was assessed an average of 2 years after diagnosis. Delayed entry Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the relationships of smoking status, cigarettes per day, years of smoking, and pack years with breast cancer prognosis. Endpoints included breast cancer recurrence (n = 1727), breast cancer mortality (n = 1059), and overall mortality (n = 1803).Compared with never smokers, former smokers with less than 20 pack-years of exposure had no increased risk of any outcome. However, former smokers with 20 to less than 34.9 pack-years of exposure had a 22% increased risk of breast cancer recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 to 1.48) and a 26% increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.48). For former smokers with 35 or more pack-years of exposure, the probability of recurrence increased by 37% (HR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.66), breast cancer mortality increased by 54% (HR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.24 to 1.91), and all-cause mortality increased by 68% (HR = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.44 to 1.96). Current smoking increased the probability of recurrence by 41% (HR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.16 to 1.71), increased breast cancer mortality by 60% (HR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.28 to 2.03), and doubled the risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.85 to 2.54).Lifetime cigarette smoking was statistically significantly associated with a poor prognosis among women diagnosed with breast cancer, dose-dependent increased risks of recurrence, and breast cancer and all-cause mortality.
Cutaneous Reactivity in Rheumatic and Nonrheumatic Disease
Authors: Faris J. Azoury
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Intradermal tests with purified nuclear antigens from calf thymus nucleoprotein, histone, and deoxyribonucleic acid were carried out on 258 patients with various rheumatic and nonrheumatic diseases and on 46 healthy controls. A wide spectrum of variation in the degree of reactivity of the different patient populations studied was noted. At 24 hours postinjection, most of the patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) showed strong reactions (induration, 10 mm or more) to histone and nucleoprotein, and 40% of them to DNA. On the other hand, most of the patients with other diseases exhibited weak (induration, 0 to 4 mm) or intermediate (induration, 5 to 9 mm) reactions to the nuclear antigens. The study suggests that, when proper interpretive criteria are applied, the greater skin reactivity to purified nuclear antigens from calf thymus observed in patients with SLE may serve as another useful criterion to aid in distinguishing SLE from other diseases.
DEVICES FOR DISABLED MEN
Authors: R. Tait McKenzie
Journal: JAMA (1918)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I am sending to you the descriptions of some devices for men having lost one or both arms. They are founded on the last four years of experience among wounded and disabled men in England, and are the work of Dr. Arthur E. Shipley, vice chancellor of Cambridge University, who is now touring this country with the British Educational Mission. The man who has lost an arm is usually sensitive about it, and does not like to attract attention, especially in public. Among other difficulties are those of cornering food on the ordinary plate. For this purpose Dr. Shipley has designed a plate with an overhanging lip and also a special plate that enables the patient to get the last drop of soup without tilting the plate, a feat that would be impossible for a one-armed man. For convenience of commerce it has been suggested that the
Prescription Drug Cost Sharing
Authors: Dana P. Goldman, Geoffrey F. Joyce, Yuhui Zheng
Journal: JAMA (2007)

ContextPrescription drugs are instrumental to managing and preventing chronic disease. Recent changes in US prescription drug cost sharing could affect access to them.ObjectiveTo synthesize published evidence on the associations among cost-sharing features of prescription drug benefits and use of prescription drugs, use of nonpharmaceutical services, and health outcomes.Data SourcesWe searched PubMed for studies published in English between 1985 and 2006.Study Selection and Data ExtractionAmong 923 articles found in the search, we identified 132 articles examining the associations between prescription drug plan cost-containment measures, including co-payments, tiering, or coinsurance (n = 65), pharmacy benefit caps or monthly prescription limits (n = 11), formulary restrictions (n = 41), and reference pricing (n = 16), and salient outcomes, including pharmacy utilization and spending, medical care utilization and spending, and health outcomes.ResultsIncreased cost sharing is associated with lower rates of drug treatment, worse adherence among existing users, and more frequent discontinuation of therapy. For each 10% increase in cost sharing, prescription drug spending decreases by 2% to 6%, depending on class of drug and condition of the patient. The reduction in use associated with a benefit cap, which limits either the coverage amount or the number of covered prescriptions, is consistent with other cost-sharing features. For some chronic conditions, higher cost sharing is associated with increased use of medical services, at least for patients with congestive heart failure, lipid disorders, diabetes, and schizophrenia. While low-income groups may be more sensitive to increased cost sharing, there is little evidence to support this contention.ConclusionsPharmacy benefit design represents an important public health tool for improving patient treatment and adherence. While increased cost sharing is highly correlated with reductions in pharmacy use, the long-term consequences of benefit changes on health are still uncertain.
A trial of hydrocortisone butyrate in the treatment of rosacea and perioral dermatitis
Authors: IAN SNEDDON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1973)

Journal Article A trial of hydrocortisone butyrate in the treatment of rosacea and perioral dermatitis Get access IAN SNEDDON IAN SNEDDON Rupert Hallam Department of Dermatology, Sheffield Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 89, Issue 5, 1 November 1973, Pages 505–508, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1973.tb03012.x Published: 01 November 1973 Article history Accepted: 06 April 1973 Published: 01 November 1973
Quantification of house‐dust‐mite populations
Authors: M. R. Hill
Journal: Allergy (1998)

Since the proposal that allergen from the mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is identical to the house‐dust allergen supposed to cause asthma and allergy, interest in the abundance, species diversity, and frequency of mites in the home has expanded. Surveys and ecologic studies have confirmed the ubiquity of mites in house dust, especially mites of the family Pyroglyphidae, but most do not give an accurate estimate of population size or mite exposure. These are still important issues today in attempts to quantify theexposure to house‐dust mite that constitutes a risk, to assess mite‐eradication trials, and to determine fluctuations in mite population. The problems encountered with common methods of house‐dust sampling, mite extraction, and measuring house‐dust allergen are discussed.
Effects of non-REM sleep on the response of respiratory output to varying inspiratory flow.
Authors: D Georgopoulos, I Mitrouska, Z Bshouty, N R Anthonisen, M Younes
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

It has been shown in mechanically ventilated awake normal humans that increasing inspiratory flow rate (VI) exerts an excitatory effect on respiratory output. It is not known if this effect persists during sleep. To test this, seven normal adults were studied during wakefulness and non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep. Subjects were connected through a nose mask to a volume-cycled ventilator in the assist/control mode, and VI was increased in steps (3 to 4 breaths each) from 30 to 70 L/min and then back to 30 L/min. VI pattern was square, and all breaths were subject-triggered. Forty-one trials during non-REM sleep and 10 during wakefulness were analyzed. Both during sleep and wakefulness minute ventilation increased and total breath duration (Ttot) decreased significantly in a graded and reversible manner as VI increased. These changes were complete in the first breath after VI transition. The response was significantly less during sleep than during wakefulness (p < 0.050; at 30 L/min Ttot, expressed as percent of that at 70 L/min, was 110.2 +/- 1.3% during sleep and 127.8 +/- 3.9% during wakefulness. During wakefulness, the rate of change in airway pressure before triggering the ventilator (dp/dt), an index of respiratory drive, increased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing VI. During sleep dp/dt was not affected by VI changes. In four sleeping subjects the increase in VI was sustained for 1.5 to 2 min. There was no evidence for adaptation of the response; Ttot, averaged over the last three breaths, did not differ from that obtained with VI was sustained for only 3 to 4 breaths. We concluded that VI exerts an excitatory effect on respiratory output, mediated by a reflex neural mechanism, and the gain of this reflex is attenuated by sleep.
A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the <i>MDM2</i> Gene: From a Molecular and Cellular Explanation to Clinical Effect
Authors: Gareth L. Bond, Wenwei Hu, Arnold Levine
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract In a recent article, a candidate pathway approach was taken to try to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) that make up the genetic variation, which underlies the phenotypic variation seen between individuals in their susceptibility to cancer and the progression of their disease. The p53 stress response pathway was chosen given its well-documented importance in tumor suppression. A SNP was found which associates with the attenuation of the p53 pathway and the acceleration of tumor formation in humans and data was presented which describe a molecular mechanism for these phenotypes.
Behcet's disease in a patient with immunodeficiency virus infection.
Authors: D Buskila, D D Gladman, J Gilmore, I E Salit
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1991)

A patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who developed Behçet's disease is described. As various vasculitis syndromes have been encountered recently in association with HIV infection it is suggested that Behçet's disease may be related to the HIV infection in this patient.
The case for lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy in the management of primary melanoma
Authors: D.L. Morton, A.J. Cochran
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2004)

We appreciate the opportunity to respond to Dr Medalie's and Dr Ackerman's curious and premature attempt to discredit sentinel node biopsy.For 30 years we have struggled with the problem of managing clinically normal regional lymph nodes in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma.Our efforts have produced a minimally invasive procedure that has been universally adopted by most academic and community-based surgical oncologists and pathologists-and enthusiastically welcomed by the patients they treat.8][19][20][21][22] Although Drs Medalie and Ackerman are certainly entitled to their opinion and are skilled at its forceful expression, they have made no attempt to refute the scientifically-based data that underpin the development and conduct of preoperative and intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy (LM ⁄ SL), and their repetitious conclusions are ex cathedra and presented without factual basis.Repeatedly saying that something is true or false does not make it so, no matter how vehemently it is stated.The nature of their argument suggests that Drs Medalie and Ackerman are either unaware of the extensive literature on LM ⁄ SL or unwilling to accept its consensus.
SLC2A9 is a newly identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and gout
Authors: Veronique Vitart, Igor Rudan, Caroline Hayward, Nicola K Gray, James Floyd, Colin NA Palmer, Sara A Knott, Ivana Kolcic, Ozren Polasek, Juergen Graessler, James F Wilson, Anthony Marinaki, Philip L Riches, Xinhua Shu, Branka Janicijevic, Nina Smolej-Narancic, Barbara Gorgoni, Joanne Morgan, Susan Campbell, Zrinka Biloglav, Lovorka Barac-Lauc, Marijana Pericic, Irena Martinovic Klaric, Lina Zgaga, Tatjana Skaric-Juric, Sarah H Wild, William A Richardson, Peter Hohenstein, Charley H Kimber, Albert Tenesa, Louise A Donnelly, Lynette D Fairbanks, Martin Aringer, Paul M McKeigue, Stuart H Ralston, Andrew D Morris, Pavao Rudan, Nicholas D Hastie, Harry Campbell, Alan F Wright
Journal: Nature Genetics (2008)
Modulation by palmitoyl-carnitine of calcium activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase activity and inhibition of melanoma cell growth
Authors: G. VESCOVI, B. WEBER, M. MATRAT, C. RAMACCI, P. NABET, B. KREMER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1988)

Phospholipid-sensitive, Ca++-dependent protein kinase activity was investigated in the cytosol of melanoma cells. A protein kinase system was partially purified, and enzyme activity was found to be modulated by palmitoyl-carnitine. In order to link the actions of palmitoyl-carnitine on phospholipid-sensitive protein kinase activity and the already reported role of protein kinase C in cell division, we studied the action of palmitoyl-carnitine on melanoma cell growth by measuring colony forming ability in a soft agar culture system. Palmitoyl-carnitine was found to inhibit cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that palmitoyl-carnitine (or long-chain acylcarnitine), a naturally occurring metabolite, may play a key role in the onset of cell division. We suggest that the action of palmitoyl-carnitine on phospholipid-dependent protein kinase activity is in part related to the molecular events linking protein kinase C activity and the ionic events in the initiation of cell growth.
Epstein-Barr virus in AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma
Authors: E. MacMahon, P. Charache, D. Glass, R.B. Mann, P.S. Becker, D. Hayward, J. McArthur, R.F. Ambinder
Journal: The Lancet (1991)

Primary central nervous system lymphoma occurs more often in patients with AIDS. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been detected in these tumours, but the degree of association has not been defined because of both the highly restricted expression of EBV in malignant tissue and the lack of a technique that is reliable in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. EBV-transformed lymphocytes contain short non-protein coding EBV transcripts (EBERs), which are expressed in much higher quantity than other EBV-latency transcripts. We describe a new strategy for detection of latent EBV with these transcripts as targets for in-situ hybridisation. 18 cases of Al DS-related primary CNS lymphoma from a consecutive necropsy series together with specimens from 3 further cases were studied. In each case, a strong positive signal over tumour cells indicated abundant expression of the EBV-EBER1 transcript. This 100% association suggests that the pathogenesis of these AIDS-associated lymphomas may differ from the systemic disease in which only 30-50% of tumours are associated with EBV. A pathogenetic role for EBV was further supported by showing expression of a viral protein (the latent membrane protein) that is implicated as an effector for EBV-associated lymphomagenesis. EBV might have a role as a tumour marker in the diagnosis and management of AIDS-related primary CNS lymphoma.
The Gap Junction Protein Connexin32 Is a Mouse Lung Tumor Suppressor
Authors: Timothy J. King, Paul D. Lampe
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Although loss of connexin expression and/or gap junction intercellular communication correlates with decreased growth control and increased neoplastic potential, there is limited evidence directly linking gap junction intercellular communication function with tumor suppression in situ. Here, we show for the first time that a gap junction protein, connexin32 (Cx32), acts as a lung tumor suppressor in a mouse model. Cx32-deficient nontumorous lung tissue exhibited an increased proliferative index (P &amp;lt; 0.001), and, after exposure to the carcinogen diethylnitrosamine, Cx32-deficient mice exhibited a highly statistically significant (P &amp;lt; 0.001) increase in bronchioloalveolar lung tumor incidence (28 of 45, 62%) and a 45% increase in average multiplicity compared with wild-type mice (7 of 29, 24%). Tumors from Cx32-deficient mice also showed increased activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (P &amp;lt; 0.001) compared with wild-type tumors, implicating this signaling pathway in Cx32/gap junction intercellular communication-associated lung tumorigenesis.
Insulin and Proinsulin
Authors: George F. Cahill
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

HALF a century has passed since Banting and Best were preparing extracts of pancreas that lowered blood glucose levels consistently in pancreatectomized diabetic dogs. Several years later, Abel crystallized the active principle, and in the next 20 years, other investigators were able to show that it consisted of two chains of amino acids attached by sulfur bridges. The complete structure and amino acid sequence of insulin was defined by Sanger in 1955. Over the next decade, three groups were able to synthesize the molecule, one led by Katsoyannis at Brookhaven National Laboratory, one led by Zahn in Aachen, Germany, and . . .
Law, coercion, and the public health.
Authors: P. Old, J. Montgomery
Journal: BMJ (1992)

The tabloid headline "Arrested for having TB"' is a forceful reminder of the unresolved ethical and legal issues surrounding the use of coercive measures to control infectious disease.The subject of the report was alleged to have committed a criminal offence by transmitting tuberculosis to his daughter.Additionally, there was the possibility of a manslaughter charge in connection with the death ofa neighbour's child, but all charges were subsequently withdrawn.In this case the disease was tuberculosis, but a similar response might occur in relation to HIV infection.An alternative approach, invoking the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984, has already been used to prevent a patient with AIDS who was "bleeding copiously" from discharging himself from hospital.2The Public Health Act also provides powers of compulsory testing and removal to hospital under a magistrate's warrant.Public health law raises a potentially irreconcilable conflict between public and private rights.
INFLUENCE OF PREOPERATIVE DIABETIC TREATMENT STATUS ON LONG-TERM CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS UNDERGOING CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION.
Authors: Natsuhiko Ehara, Yutaka Furukawa, Takeshi Morimoto, Satoshi Shizuta, Makoto Kinoshita, Shuichiro Kaji, Atsushi Kobori, Atsushi Yamamuro, Tomoko Tani, Takeshi Kitai, Satoshi Teramukai, Masanori Fukushima, Toru Kita, Takeshi Kimura
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
A PLEA FOR A MORE RATIONAL PROGNOSIS IN CARDIAC AFFECTIONS.
Authors: J. J. MORRISSEY
Journal: JAMA (1901)

The prognosis of many of the cardiac affections, both of the orifices and of the walls, is frequently given an exaggerated importance not commensurate with the real conditions present. The Father of Medicine has said: The art of physic is of great extent; life short, opportunity slippery, experience fallacious, and judgment difficult. The universal applicability of this dictum is acknowledged, but it is more truthfully applied to diseases of the heart than to any other of the many ills to which flesh is heir. There are so many factors to be considered in arriving at a definite prognosis, that the possession of excellent judgment, the use of accurate observation, and the power to survey the whole situation in a masterly manner, should be concentrated in every case of heart disease. In striving to render an accurate prognosis in this particular sphere of disease manifestation we should establish first, a true