tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
Authors: Warren Coleman
Journal: JAMA (1923)

To the Editor:  —In view of the wide publicity that has been given to the suit brought by Dr. Samuel W. Lambert, president of the Association for the Protection of Constitutional Rights, to test the constitutionality of the medical restrictions of the Volstead Act, the Executive Committee of the association desires to make the following statement to the medical profession of the country:  The increasing tendency of lay legislative bodies to enact laws restricting therapeutic procedure convinced certain New York physicians that the time had come when the medical profession must take some action to meet the actual and threatening dangers by which it was confronted.  Under this conviction, an association was formed and was called the Association for the Protection of Constitutional Rights.  The officers of the association are: Samuel W. Lambert, M.D., president; James F. McKernon, M.D., vice president; Frederic E. Sondern, M.D., treasurer, and Warren Coleman. M.D.,
d-Glucaro-1,4-lactone: Its excretion in the bile and urine and effect on the biliary secretion of β-glucuronidase after oral administration in rats
Authors: Andrew Macfadyen, Kang-Jey Ho
Journal: Hepatology (1989)

This experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that orally administered D-glucaro-1,4-lactone might be excreted in the bile and thus suppress the activity of biliary beta-glucuronidase, which is believed to play a key role in the development of pigment gallstones. D-Glucaro-1,4-lactone, 50 to 2,600 mu moles, was fed to adult Sprague-Dawley rats which had a bile fistula and were kept in metabolic cages for bile and urine collection. A total of 21 feeding experiments were carried out. Quantitation of D-glucaro-1,4-lactone and total D-glucaric acid as the sum of D-glucaric acid and its lactones in the bile and urine involved extraction of bile with tetrahexylammonium chloride, adjustment of pH, boiling and determination of percentage inhibition of beta-glucuronidase activity. The maximal velocity of beta-glucuronidase in the bile was also determined by the enzyme kinetic method. The results showed that 11% of administered D-glucaro-1,4-lactone was excreted in the urine and only 0.2% in the bile, with D-glucaro-1,4-lactone accounting for 20% of the total excreted D-glucaric acid. The concentration and excretory rate of total D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-1,4-lactone in the urine, but not in the bile, were proportional to the amount of D-glucaro-1,4-lactone fed. The mean concentration of D-glucaro-1,4-lactone in the bile after feeding was 0.06 mM, which was capable of suppression of 75% of beta-glucuronidase activity. Oral administration of D-glucaro-1,4-lactone decreased biliary beta-glucuronidase concentration, slowed bile flow rate and hence decreased biliary beta-glucuronidase secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Abstract 2476: Tumor development in transgenic mice constitutively expressing hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
Authors: Masaru Ide, Eisaburo Sueoka, Naoko Aragane, Akemi Sato, Tomoko Nakamura, Hideaki Nakamura, Keiko Hiyama, Shinya Kimura, Keiji Tanimoto
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) has an essential transcription factor for regulation of various genes associated with hypoxic condition in tissues. Elevated expression of HIF-1α has been reported in many cancers associated with tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. To investigate the role of HIF-1α in tumor development and metastasis, we established transgenic mice constitutively expressing HIF-1α gene under regulation of CMV promoter. The transgenic mice showed no gross morphological abnormality until 3 months after birth, but the mice developed tumors in lymphoid, lung and breast tissues. The incidence of tumor bearing in transgenic mice was up to 90% until 18 months after birth. Expression of HIF-1α mRNA and protein was varied among tissues, but the amount of HIF-1α gene was gradually increased in an age-dependent manner. To clarify the molecular mechanism of lymphomagenesis in the transgenic mice, subpopulation of the lymphocytes, mitogenic responsiveness and cytokine production on lymphocyte from transgenic mice were analyzed. We next analyzed the expression of HIF-1α in human lymphoma tissues and found apparent expression of the gene in angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AILT). Since VEGF expression and marked increase of small vessels in tumor tissues are common features in AILT, HIF-1α may play an important role in pathogenesis of the lymphoma. We present the results concerning the role of HIF-1α in lymphoma occurrence, and will discuss the contribution of the transcription factor in human cancer development. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2476.
McArdle's Disease in the 1980s
Authors: Robert B. Layzer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

Few physicians have better deserved to be remembered in eponym than Brian McArdle of Guy's Hospital. In 1951 he described a young man with a lifelong history of exertional muscle pain and stiffness1 — symptoms that previous physicians had dismissed as hysterical. The patient's unusual localized cramps, evident during intense aerobic exercise, were greatly magnified by ischemic exercise and, unlike ordinary cramps, were electromyographically silent. McArdle recalled that electrically silent contraction (known as "rigor" or "contracture") occurs in vitro in muscle poisoned by iodoacetate, a substance that blocks anaerobic glycolysis and prevents the formation of lactic acid. Applying this laboratory . . .
Explicit factuality and comparative evidence
Authors: Shaun Nichols, Claudia Uller
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

We argue that Dienes &amp; Perner's (D&amp;P's) proposal needs to specify independent criteria when a subject explicitly represents factuality. This task is complicated by the fact that people typically “tacitly” believe that each of their beliefs is a fact. This problem does not arise for comparative evidence on monkeys, for they presumably lack the capacity to represent factuality explicitly. D&amp;P suggest that explicit visual processing and declarative memory depend on explicit representations of factuality, whereas the analogous implicit processes do not require such representations. Many of the implicit/explicit findings are also found in monkeys, however, and D&amp;P's account needs to explain this striking parallel.
Correlation of Maximum Aortic and Carotid Flow Acceleration in Chronically Instrumented Dogs
Authors: EMMERAM GAMS, LEE L. HUNTSMAN, JOHN E. CHIMOSKEY
Journal: Circulation Research (1974)

Peak flow acceleration measured in the common carotid artery was compared with peak flow acceleration measured in the ascending aorta of five chronically instrumented dogs. Electromagnetic flow sensors, myocardial electrocardiographic leads, right atrial catheters, and coronary occluders were implanted through an incision of the chest at the fourth intercostal space and a ventral midline incision of the neck under sterile conditions while the dogs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Experiments began 10 days after surgery. We investigated the response to exercise, to 60-second occlusions of the circumflex branch, the anterior descending branch, or both branches of the left coronary artery, to induction of short-acting barbiturate anesthesia, and to intravenous infusion of three concentrations each of isoproterenol (0.8, 1.5-3.0, and 4.0 µg/min), l -norepinephrine (0.8, 2.0, and 4.0 µg/min), and acetylcholine (0.3-0.5, 0.8-2.0, and 4.0 mg/ min). During coronary occlusion, exercise, and induction of anesthesia, both accelerations changed in the same direction and approximately to the same extent. During isoproterenol infusion, both accelerations increased, but the maximum carotid flow acceleration increased more than did the maximum aortic flow acceleration. When l -norepinephrine was infused, the changes were small and were not always in the same direction. When acetylcholine was infused, peak carotid flow acceleration decreased. Peak carotid flow acceleration might be useful as an indirect measure of myocardial mechanical performance during coronary occlusion, anesthesia, and exercise, except during potent peripheral vasodilation like that caused by acetylcholine.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Regurgitant Murmurs
Authors: Richard Bayer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

Letters and Corrections15 January 1990Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Regurgitant MurmursRichard Bayer, MDRichard Bayer, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-112-2-148 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editor:I am writing concerning the recent article by Dr. Rahko (1). A question occurred to me while reading his interesting article. Because of the somewhat discordant nature of valvular regurgitation as detected by echocardiography compared with auscultation, I would like to know how echocardiography would fit into a plan concerned with which patients to offer antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of subacute bacterial endocarditis. Should antibiotic prophylaxis only be given to persons with abnormal valve and auscultatory evidence of regurgitant lesions, or should antibiotic prophylaxis be given to people with abnormal valves and regurgitant lesions of any severity...Reference1. Rahko P. Prevalence of regurgitant murmurs in patients with valvular regurgitation detected by Doppler echocardiography. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111:466-72. LinkGoogle Scholar1. McKinsey D, Ratts T, and Bisno A. Underlying cardiac lesions in adults with infective endocarditis. Am J Med. 1987;82:681-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. Shulman S, Amren D, and Bisno A. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. Circulation. 1984;70:1123A-7A. MedlineGoogle Scholar3. MacMahon S, Hickey A, Wilcken E, Witles J, Feneley M, and Hickie J. Risk of infective endocarditis in mitral valve prolapse with and without precordial systolic murmers. Am J Cardiol. 1987;58:105-8. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4. Corrigall D, Bolen J, Hancock E, and Popp R. Mitral valve prolapse and infective endocarditis. Am J Med. 1977;63:215-22. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. Rahko P. Prevalence of regurgitant murmurs in patients with valvular regurgitation detected by Doppler echocardiography. Ann Intern Med. 1989:111:466-72. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Richard Bayer, MDAffiliations: 16463 SW Boones Ferry Road Lake Oswego, OR 97035 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byProphylaxis of Infective EndocarditisDTricyclic Systems: Central Carbocyclic Ring with Fused Six-membered RingsVolume 7 References 15 January 1990Volume 112, Issue 2Page: 148-149KeywordsAntibiotic prophylaxisAuscultationEchocardiographyEndocarditisLesions ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 15 January 1990 PDF downloadLoading ...
Colonic preservation reduces need for parenteral therapy, increases incidence of renal stones, but does not change high prevalence of gall stones in patients with a short bowel.
Authors: J M Nightingale, J E Lennard-Jones, D J Gertner, S R Wood, C I Bartram
Journal: Gut (1992)

Forty six patients with less than 200 cm of normal jejunum and no functioning colon were compared with 38 patients with similar jejunal lengths in continuity with a functioning colon. Women predominated (67%), and the most common diagnosis in each group was Crohn9s disease (33 of 46 no colon, 16 of 38 with colon). All patients without a colon and less than 85 cm of jejunum and all those with a colon and less than 45 cm jejunum needed long term parenteral nutrition. Six months after the last resection 12 of 17 patients with less than 100 cm jejunum and no colon needed intravenous supplements compared with 7 of 21 with a colon. Between 6 months and 2 years, little change occurred in the nutritional/fluid requirements in either group, though there was weight gain. Of 71 patients assessed clinically at a median of 5 years, none with more than 50 cm of jejunum and a colon needed parenteral supplements. Most (25 of 27) of those without a colon who did not need parenteral supplements required oral electrolyte replacement compared with few (4 of 27) with a colon. None of the patients without a colon developed symptomatic renal stones compared with 9 of 38 (24%) with a colon (p &lt; 0.001). Stone analysis in three patients showed calcium oxalate. Gall stone prevalence was high but equal in the two groups--43% of those without and 44% of those with a colon.
Abstract 244: Characterization of a candidate tumor suppressor gene <i>DIRAS1</i> in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yinghui Zhu, Polly Leilei Chen, Li Fu, Haibo Liu, Fajun Xie, Xin-Yuan Guan
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Loss of 19p is one of the most frequent alterations in many malignancies including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), suggesting the existence of a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) within the frequently deleted region. In this study we describe the identification and characterization of one candidate TSG, DIRAS family, GTP-binding RAS-like 1 (DIRAS1), at 19p13.3. DIRAS1 downregulation occurred in 34 of 75 (43.33%) primary ESCCs and 5/9 (55.6%) of the ESCC cell lines. Immunohistochemistry detection demonstrated that the down-regulation DIRAS1 expression was an independent prognostic factor of ESCC and associated with poor survival in ESCC. Functional studies showed that Ectopic expression of DIRAS1 in ESCC cells inhibited cell proliferation, foci formation, and tumor formation in nude mice. The tumor-suppressive mechanism of DIRAS1 was associated with its proapoptotic role in a mitochondrial-dependent manner by down-regulation of phosphorylated BAD and activating caspase-9, caspase3 and PARP via ERK- and p38-dependent signaling pathway. In addition, down-regulation of DIRAS1 protein was significantly correlated with ESCC lymph node metastasis (P = 0.003), which was associated with its function in inhibiting cell migration and invasion by down-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 via ERK- and p38-dependent signaling pathway. In conclusion, our findings suggest that DIRAS1 plays an important suppressive role in the development and progression of ESCC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 244. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-244
Paediatric and adolescent sport injury in the wilderness
Authors: T W Heggie
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2009)

Participation in backcountry wilderness recreation has increased in recent years with children and adolescents making up an increasing number of participants visiting wilderness destinations. Engaging in wilderness activity involves the risk of injury, illness and even death. Unfortunately, there is very little research investigating the health challenges facing children and adolescents in the wilderness. With the intent of increasing awareness among the sports medicine community, this review examines reported paediatric and adolescent wilderness injuries reported in the state of Washington and in US National Parks, injuries reported during outdoor wilderness programmes and global youth expeditions, and health challenges in wilderness settings where the threat of acute mountain sickness is elevated. Future studies addressing the challenges of establishing numerator data linked to suitable denominator data and monitoring injured and non-injured children and adolescents in the wilderness are recommended.
Polygenic Risk Score, Parental Socioeconomic Status, Family History of Psychiatric Disorders, and the Risk for Schizophrenia
Authors: Esben Agerbo, Patrick F. Sullivan, Bjarni J. Vilhjálmsson, Carsten B. Pedersen, Ole Mors, Anders D. Børglum, David M. Hougaard, Mads V. Hollegaard, Sandra Meier, Manuel Mattheisen, Stephan Ripke, Naomi R. Wray, Preben B. Mortensen
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2015)

Schizophrenia has a complex etiology influenced both by genetic and nongenetic factors but disentangling these factors is difficult.To estimate (1) how strongly the risk for schizophrenia relates to the mutual effect of the polygenic risk score, parental socioeconomic status, and family history of psychiatric disorders; (2) the fraction of cases that could be prevented if no one was exposed to these factors; (3) whether family background interacts with an individual's genetic liability so that specific subgroups are particularly risk prone; and (4) to what extent a proband's genetic makeup mediates the risk associated with familial background.We conducted a nested case-control study based on Danish population-based registers. The study consisted of 866 patients diagnosed as having schizophrenia between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 2006, and 871 matched control individuals. Genome-wide data and family psychiatric and socioeconomic background information were obtained from neonatal biobanks and national registers. Results from a separate meta-analysis (34,600 cases and 45,968 control individuals) were applied to calculate polygenic risk scores.Polygenic risk scores, parental socioeconomic status, and family psychiatric history.Odds ratios (ORs), attributable risks, liability R2 values, and proportions mediated.Schizophrenia was associated with the polygenic risk score (OR, 8.01; 95% CI, 4.53-14.16 for highest vs lowest decile), socioeconomic status (OR, 8.10; 95% CI, 3.24-20.3 for 6 vs no exposures), and a history of schizophrenia/psychoses (OR, 4.18; 95% CI, 2.57-6.79). The R2 values were 3.4% (95% CI, 2.1-4.6) for the polygenic risk score, 3.1% (95% CI, 1.9-4.3) for parental socioeconomic status, and 3.4% (95% CI, 2.1-4.6) for family history. Socioeconomic status and psychiatric history accounted for 45.8% (95% CI, 36.1-55.5) and 25.8% (95% CI, 21.2-30.5) of cases, respectively. There was an interaction between the polygenic risk score and family history (P = .03). A total of 17.4% (95% CI, 9.1-26.6) of the effect associated with family history of schizophrenia/psychoses was mediated through the polygenic risk score.Schizophrenia was associated with the polygenic risk score, family psychiatric history, and socioeconomic status. Our study demonstrated that family history of schizophrenia/psychoses is partly mediated through the individual's genetic liability.
The health and socioeconomic impacts of major multi-sport events: systematic review (1978-2008)
Authors: G. McCartney, S. Thomas, H. Thomson, J. Scott, V. Hamilton, P. Hanlon, D. S. Morrison, L. Bond
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<h3>Abstract</h3> World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a pandemic disease on March 11, 2020. Comparison of genome sequences from diverse locations allows us to identify the genetic diversity among viruses which would help in ascertaining viral virulence, disease pathogenicity, origin and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 between countries. The aim of this study is to ascertain the genetic diversity among Indian SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Initial examination of the phylogenetic data of SARS-CoV-2 genomes (n=3123) from different continents deposited at GISAID (Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data) revealed multiple origin for Indian isolates. An in-depth analysis of 449 viral genomes derived from samples representing countries from USA, Europe, China, East Asia, South Asia, Oceania, Middle East regions and India revealed that most Indian samples are divided into two clusters (A and B) with cluster A showing more similarity to samples from Oceania and Kuwait and the cluster B grouping with countries from Europe, Middle East and South Asia. Diversity analysis of viral clades, which are characterized by specific non-synonymous mutations in viral proteins, discovered that the cluster A Indian samples belong to I clade (V378I in ORF1ab), which is an Oceania clade with samples having Iran connections and the cluster B Indian samples belong to G clade (D614G in Spike protein), which is an European clade. Thus our study identifies that the Indian SARS-CoV-2 viruses belong to I and G clades with potential origin to be countries mainly from Oceania, Europe, Middle East and South Asia regions, which strongly implying the spread of virus through most travelled countries. The study also emphasizes the importance of pathogen genomics through phylogenetic analysis to discover viral genetic diversity and understand the viral transmission dynamics with eventual grasp on viral virulence and disease pathogenesis.
Discriminating glucose tolerance status by regions of interest of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Clinical implications of body fat distribution.
Authors: C J Chang, C H Wu, F H Lu, J S Wu, N T Chiu, W J Yao
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether measuring body fat distribution by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) can be used to discriminate glucose tolerance status. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Using a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, a total of 1,015 Chinese subjects (559 men and 456 women) were categorized as having normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or diabetes. Blood pressure and lipid profiles of these subjects were measured. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and DEXA were used to evaluate the varying patterns of body fat distribution among the groups. RESULTS: Body fat distribution, as reflected by WHR and the centrality index, showed significant partial correlation coefficients with glycosylated hemoglobin, blood pressure, and lipid profiles in all subjects. After adjusting for age and BMI, there were significant differences among the three glycemic groups for all the cardiovascular risk factors except for total cholesterol level. The diabetic group had a significantly higher WHR and centrality index, but lower femoral fat percentage than the NGT and IGT groups. The diabetic group also showed higher abdominal fat percentage than the NGT group. Moreover, the IGT group had a higher centrality index than the NGT group. However, no significant differences were found in the percentage of lean tissue mass among the three groups. Using multiple stepwise logistic regression models, the centrality index remained a significant factor for discriminating different glucose tolerance status independent of the percentage total body fat. CONCLUSIONS: Central obesity has shown significant correlation with cardiovascular risk factors among the three different glycemic groups. Centrality index measured by DEXA appears to be the better predictor of glucose intolerance, compared with WHR, abdominal fat, and general obesity (reflected by percentage total body fat or BMI) in a large cohort of the Chinese population.
Appearance of Both a True Bleeding Site and an Ectopic Kidney on Tc-99m-Labeled Red Blood Cell Scintigraphy
Authors: Xu Cheng, Yongjun Li, Dianfu Li
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2010)

A 55-year-old man with intermittent tarry stools underwent Tc-99m-labeled red blood cell scintigraphy for localizing the site of the bleeding. The images showed 2 distinct foci of increased radioactivity in the lower abdomen. One of these foci was proven to be the true site of the bleeding while the other one was due to an ectopic kidney.
Adipocyte Lipid Chaperone aP2 Is a Secreted Adipokine Regulating Hepatic Glucose Production
Authors: Haiming Cao, Motohiro Sekiya, Meric Erikci Ertunc, M. Furkan Burak, Jared R. Mayers, Ariel White, Karen Inouye, Lisa M. Rickey, Baris C. Ercal, Masato Furuhashi, Gürol Tuncman, Gökhan S. Hotamisligil
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2013)