tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Image Quality and Data Quantification in Dopamine Transporter SPECT
Authors: Oliver H. Winz, Sabine Hellwig, Michael Mix, Wolfgang A. Weber, Felix M. Mottaghy, Wolfgang M. Schäfer, Philipp T. Meyer
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

Reconstruction of striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) SPECT is commonly done by filtered back projection (FBP). We investigated if image reconstruction by 3-dimensional ordered-subset expectation maximization (3D-OSEM) with resolution recovery, which has recently become available for clinical routine, provides a relevant improvement.I-FP-CIT SPECT studies of 18 patients with normal to severely decreased DAT binding were reconstructed by FBP, 2D-OSEM (without resolution recovery), and 3D-OSEM, each with 2 different filter settings, yielding 3 data set pairs of relatively low and high resolution and noise: FBP with seventh-order Butterworth filter [cutoff frequency, 0.36 Nyquist (FBPlow) and 0.45 Nyquist (FBPhigh)] and OSEM with 8 iterations and 8 subsets (2D-/3D-OSEMlow) and 6 iterations and 16 subsets (2D-/3D-OSEMhigh), each with 8-mm Gaussian filtering. Mean regional counts, variability of counts (coefficient of variation), and binding potential (BPND) were assessed by volume-of-interest analyses of the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the occipital cortex (reference region).On visual inspection, both 2D- and 3D-OSEM-reconstructed images showed an optimal delineation of striatal structures, whereas variability (noise) of nonspecific cortical I-FP-CIT uptake was lowest (most homogenous) with FBPlow, slightly higher with 2D-/3D-OSEMlow, and notably higher for the other methods. Volume-of-interest analyses revealed no significant differences of counts in the occipital reference region in comparison to FBPlow (reference method). In caudate nucleus, counts and, consequently, BPND values increased significantly with FBPhigh (mean BPND change, +5.2%), 2D-OSEMlow/high (+3.7%/+6.2%), and, most notably, 3D-OSEMlow/high (+11.1%/+14.0%). In the putamen, this effect was less pronounced for FBPhigh (+1.8%) and 3D-OSEMlow/high (+5.6%/+6.8%) and failed to reach statistical significance for 2D-OSEMlow/high (-0.2%/+0.8%). Regression analyses indicated excellent correlations of BPND between FBPlow and all other methods (R > 0.97), with the highest regression slopes for 3D-OSEM (1.12-1.16) followed by FBPhigh (1.04-1.06) and then 2D-OSEM (1.01-1.04). The order of the variability of counts in the occipital cortex was as follows: FBPlow (12.5%), 2D-OSEMlow (13.9%), 3D-OSEMlow (14.2%), FBPhigh (15.1%), 2D-OSEMhigh (17.0%), and 3D-OSEMhigh (17.6%).Three-dimensional OSEM considerably improves DAT SPECT reconstruction by offering an optimal combination of high-resolution delineation of striatal structures, superior recovery of signal and BPND, and sufficiently homogeneous nonspecific tracer uptake of the reference region.
THE NON-SURGICAL TREATMENT OF HETEROPHORIA.
Authors: GEORGE M. GOULD
Journal: JAMA (1901)

Had I chosen my own title I should have omitted the word "non-surgical," because in my practice I have concluded that there is no surgical treatment, properly speaking; and that any operative treatment whatever of heterophoria is not only useless but bad. For, not only does it not cure, but, in my experience, it makes real cure far more difficult, sometimes even impossible. I say, "in my experience," which is in private practice, with intelligent and co-operating patients. In hospital practice there may be rare cases in which operation is required. For six years I have seen no case of heterophoria needing operation, and none unsatisfactory when treated with common sense instead of with scissors. Of course, if the scissorer's design is to create mental effects in the patient and financial ones in both patient and doctor, that does not lie in the province of medicine, and we may look
Pädiatrische Neurochirurgie: Mit klinischer Diagnostik und Differentialdiagnostik in Pädiatrie und Neurologie
Authors: Oscar Sugar
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Although the editors disclaim creation of a<i>Handbuch</i>, this massive volume is an encyclopedia without parallel in neurosurgical books. The contributions of the 27 co-authors are not specifically identified, but the text provides a comprehensive review of European thought and practice for neurosurgeons; for neurologists, an insight into diseases of the nervous system of children; and, for the pediatrician, an analysis of the possibilities and limitations of operations on the nervous system as well as its coverings. The first fourth of the book is a general review of anatomy, neurological examination and various accessory diagnostic techniques. It ends with a chapter on anesthesia and preoperative, peroperative, and postoperative therapy. The special sections which follow cover malformations, hydrocephalus, subdural effusions, trauma, tumors, vascular diseases, cerebral palsy, infections, and degenerative conditions. Many medical neurological conditions are included for their importance in differential diagnosis. Only in few sections are details of operative technique
Acute Mountain Sickness and Acetazolamide
Authors: Eric B. Larson, Robert C. Roach, Robert B. Schoene, Thomas F. Hornbein
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Sixty-four climbers participated in a randomized clinical trial of acetazolamide prophylaxis for acute mountain sickness (AMS) during rapid, active ascent of MT Rainier. Twenty-nine (93.6%) of 31 climbers receiving acetazolamide and 25 (75.8%) of 33 receiving placebo attained the summit. Time spent ascending from sea level to the summit (4,394 m) averaged 33.5 hours (range, 23 to 48 hours). On the summit AMS was less common in climbers receiving acetazolamide, and they experienced less headache, nausea, drowsiness, shortness of breath, and dizziness and a greater sense of satisfaction and psychological well-being. Minute ventilation on the summit was significantly greater in subjects taking acetazolamide (24.9 +/- 2.0 L/min compared with 16.9 +/- 3.8 L/min). Expired vital capacity was also greater on the summit in the acetazolamide group (6.9 +/- 0.4 L compared with 5.8 +/- 0.4 L). We conclude that acetazolamide is effective in the prophylaxis of AMS for climbers attempting rapid, active ascent. Increased ventilation at altitude, producing an increased alveolar oxygen tension, may be related to the observed amelioration of symptoms.
Limitation of infarct size in the rabbit by ischaemic preconditioning is reversible with glibenclamide
Authors: C. F Toombs, T. L Moore, R. J Shebuski
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1993)

Journal Article Limitation of infarct size in the rabbit by ischaemic preconditioning is reversible with glibenclamide Get access Christopher F Toombs, Christopher F Toombs Cardiovascular Diseases Research, 7243-209-3, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA: C F Toombs, T L Moore, R J Shebuski. Correspondence to Dr Shebuski. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Teresa L Moore, Teresa L Moore Cardiovascular Diseases Research, 7243-209-3, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA: C F Toombs, T L Moore, R J Shebuski. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ronald J Shebuski Ronald J Shebuski Cardiovascular Diseases Research, 7243-209-3, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA: C F Toombs, T L Moore, R J Shebuski. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 27, Issue 4, April 1993, Pages 617–622, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/27.4.617 Published: 01 April 1993 Article history Accepted: 03 February 1992 Received: 11 November 1992 Published: 01 April 1993
TP53 mutations occur in 15.7% of ALL and are associated with MYC-rearrangement, low hypodiploidy, and a poor prognosis
Authors: Anna Stengel, Susanne Schnittger, Sandra Weissmann, Sabrina Kuznia, Wolfgang Kern, Alexander Kohlmann, Torsten Haferlach, Claudia Haferlach
Journal: Blood (2014)
236. Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Do Not Contribute to Endocrine Pancreas Regeneration in Diabetic RIP/IGF-I Transgenic Mice
Authors: Eduard Ayuso, Veronica Jimenez, Judith Agudo, Virginia Haurigot, Jose Carlos Segovia, Juan Bueren, Fatima Bosch
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing -cells of pancreatic islets. Although islet transplantation leads to successful insulin delivery, shortage of donors limits a broad application of this therapy, and thereby new sources of -cells are required. Bone marrow is an important source of easily procurable adult stem cells, and cells derived from bone marrow compartment have shown to possess pluripotent capabilities. Indeed, some studies have found an important contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to the pancreatic -cells, while other studies did not reach the same conclusions. It has been discussed that these controversial results could be due to different experimental conditions, such as bone marrow transplantation protocols, methods used for the measurements, and the model of pancreatic damage. Overexpression of IGF-I specifically in -cells in transgenic mice (RIP/IGF-I) lead to recovery from type 1 diabetes by increasing -cell neogenesis and replication, and by counteracting apoptosis in -cells after STZ treatment. Here we studied the contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to the -cell mass of STZ-treated and non-treated RIP/IGF-I transgenic mice. Bone marrow from GFP transgenic mouse was transplanted into control and RIP/IGF-I transgenic mice. One month later, diabetes was induced by STZ injection in 50% control and 50% transgenic mice. Blood glucose levels of control mice reach values over 400mg/dl, while transgenic mice remained mild hyperglycemic (about 200mg/dl). All animals were killed 4 months after the transplant and both mice under steady-state conditions and STZ-treated were analyzed for chimerism in pancreatic tissue. Chimerism in peripheral blood cells was >80% one month after the transplant and was maintained at the endpoint of the study. Immunohistochemical analysis of the pancreas revealed that most of the GFP+ cells were found in the interstitium of both exocrine and endocrine tissue, and some groups were detected near the ducts. However, no significant in vivo differentiation of bone marrow into -cells was observed, neither in healthy nor in STZ-treated RIP/IGF-I mouse. Thus, neither pancreatic damage induced by STZ nor growth factor overexpression was sufficient to recruit and differentiate bone marrow cells into endocrine cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that bone marrow stem cells have a limited capacity to differentiate into -cells in vivo, and thereby they do not contribute to endocrine pancreas regeneration of RIP/IGF-I transgenic mice.
Incorporating children's toxicokinetics into a risk framework.
Authors: Gary Ginsberg, William Slikker, James Bruckner, Babasaheb Sonawane
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

Children's responses to environmental toxicants will be affected by the way in which their systems absorb, distribute, metabolize, and excrete chemicals. These toxicokinetic factors vary during development, from in utero where maternal and placental processes play a large role, to the neonate in which emerging metabolism and clearance pathways are key determinants. Toxicokinetic differences between neonates and adults lead to the potential for internal dosimetry differences and increased or decreased risk, depending on the mechanisms for toxicity and clearance of a given chemical. This article raises a number of questions that need to be addressed when conducting a toxicokinetic analysis of in utero or childhood exposures. These questions are organized into a proposed framework for conducting the assessment that involves problem formulation (identification of early life stage toxicokinetic factors and chemical-specific factors that may raise questions/concerns for children); data analysis (development of analytic approach, construction of child/adult or child/animal dosimetry comparisons); and risk characterization (evaluation of how children's toxicokinetic analysis can be used to decrease uncertainties in the risk assessment). The proposed approach provides a range of analytical options, from qualitative to quantitative, for assessing children's dosimetry. Further, it provides background information on a variety of toxicokinetic factors that can vary as a function of developmental stage. For example, the ontology of metabolizing systems is described via reference to pediatric studies involving therapeutic drugs and evidence from in vitro enzyme studies. This type of resource information is intended to help the assessor begin to address the issues raised in this paper.
Quantitative Comparison of Prone and Supine Myocardial SPECT MIBI Images
Authors: CATHERINE PERAULT, ANDRES LOBOGUERRERO, JEAN-CLAUDE LIEHN, HUBERT WAMPACH, CLAIRE GIBOLD, JAMES OUZAN, THIERRY PRON, AGNES FORTIER, ALAIN BOUCHARD
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

The myocardial count distribution and the stress/rest ratio distribution were compared between prone and supine Tc-99m MIBI myocardial SPECT acquisitions. Ninety-nine male patients with a low stress supine inferior wall count underwent stress and rest acquisitions in the supine and prone positions successively. For each study, values depicting the inferior, anterior, septal, and lateral wall counts were extracted from a medioventricular normalized circumferential profile and underwent a statistical analysis (Student's paired t-test). On prone imaging, when compared to supine imaging, counts showed a highly significant mean relative increase of 11% +/- 1% in the inferior wall and of 7% +/- 1% in the septum. Conversely, these counts showed a significant mean relative decrease of 4% +/- 1% in the anterior wall and of 3% +/- 1% in the lateral wall. Moreover, the inferior wall stress/rest ratio showed a highly significant mean relative increase (6% +/- 2%). The prone position is probably preferable for interpreting the inferior wall and septum, where relative counts are enhanced, as with TI-201, and because the inferior stress-rest discrepancies are reduced in that position. But the anterior and lateral wall information is impaired in the prone position. The authors suggest, in case of a low stress supine inferior count, the combination of both positions, which is feasible with Tc-99m MIBI, in order to prevent a misleading interpretation.
The Role of Focal Therapy in the Management of Localised Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Massimo Valerio, Hashim U. Ahmed, Mark Emberton, Nathan Lawrentschuk, Massimo Lazzeri, Rodolfo Montironi, Paul L. Nguyen, John Trachtenberg, Thomas J. Polascik
Journal: European Urology (2013)

The incidence of localised prostate cancer is increasing worldwide. In light of recent evidence, current, radical, whole-gland treatments for organ-confined disease have being questioned with respect to their side effects, cancer control, and cost. Focal therapy may be an effective alternative strategy.To systematically review the existing literature on baseline characteristics of the target population; preoperative evaluation to localise disease; and perioperative, functional, and disease control outcomes following focal therapy.Medline (through PubMed), Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Review databases were searched from inception to 31 October 2012. In addition, registered but not yet published trials were retrieved. Studies evaluating tissue-preserving therapies in men with biopsy-proven prostate cancer in the primary or salvage setting were included.A total of 2350 cases were treated to date across 30 studies. Most studies were retrospective with variable standards of reporting, although there was an increasing number of prospective registered trials. Focal therapy was mainly delivered to men with low and intermediate disease, although some high-risk cases were treated that had known, unilateral, significant cancer. In most of the cases, biopsy findings were correlated to specific preoperative imaging, such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging or Doppler ultrasound to determine eligibility. Follow-up varied between 0 and 11.1 yr. In treatment-naïve prostates, pad-free continence ranged from 95% to 100%, erectile function ranged from 54% to 100%, and absence of clinically significant cancer ranged from 83% to 100%. In focal salvage cases for radiotherapy failure, the same outcomes were achieved in 87.2-100%, 29-40%, and 92% of cases, respectively. Biochemical disease-free survival was reported using a number of definitions that were not validated in the focal-therapy setting.Our systematic review highlights that, when focal therapy is delivered with intention to treat, the perioperative, functional, and disease control outcomes are encouraging within a short- to medium-term follow-up. Focal therapy is a strategy by which the overtreatment burden of the current prostate cancer pathway could be reduced, but robust comparative effectiveness studies are now required.
Ambulatory ECG monitoring for 30 d increased AF detection more than 24 h of ECG monitoring after cryptogenic stroke
Authors: Lucas McCarthy
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

ACP Journal Club18 November 2014Ambulatory ECG monitoring for 30 d increased AF detection more than 24 h of ECG monitoring after cryptogenic strokeLucas McCarthy, MD, MSLucas McCarthy, MD, MSUniversity of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (L.M.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-161-10-201411180-02002 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationGladstone DJ, Spring M, Dorian P, et al; EMBRACE Investigators and Coordinators. Atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2467-77. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24963566Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Cardiology: Neurology: References1 Kishore A, Vail A, Majid A, et al. Detection of atrial fibrillation after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2014;45:520-6. [PMID: 24385275] Google Scholar2 Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, et al; American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45:2160-236. [PMID: 24788967] Google Scholar3 Kamel H. Heart-rhythm monitoring for evaluation of cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2014;370;26:2531-3. [PMID: 24963573] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Lucas McCarthy, MD, MSAffiliations: University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (L.M.)This article was published at Annals.org on 4 November 2014. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoECG monitoring with implanted monitors increased AF detection more than usual follow-up after cryptogenic stroke Lucas McCarthy Metrics Cited byScreening strategies for atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysisAtrial Fibrillation Monitoring in Cryptogenic Stroke: the Gaps Between Evidence and Practice 18 November 2014Volume 161, Issue 10Page: JC2KeywordsAnticoagulantsAtrial fibrillationElectrocardiographyIntent to treat analysisIschemic strokeNeurologyStrokeSystematic reviewsTransient ischemic attacks ePublished: 18 November 2014 Issue Published: 18 November 2014 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2014 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Prorenin and Other Large Molecular Weight Forms of Renin*
Authors: JEAN E. SEALEY, STEVEN A. ATLAS, JOHN H. LARAGH
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1980)

PRORENIN is a completely inactive form of renin that circulates in human plasma in concentrations close to 10 times that of active renin. A similar inactive form of renin appears to be secreted from the kidney, but an extrarenal source can also contribute to the plasma level. Prorenin should not be confused with large molecular weight forms of renal renin that have intrinsic enzymatic activity. These appear to be, at least in part, the result of binding of renin to a renal cortical protein. Plasma prorenin can be activated by the techniques of cryoactivation and acid activation. It can also be converted to active renin by neutral serine proteases such as trypsin, glandular kallikrein, plasma kallikrein, and plasmin, and by acid proteases such as pepsin and cathepsin D. Both cryoactivation and acid activation appear to be mediated, in part, by endogenous plasma kallikrein which converts prorenin to renin in plasma in vitro after either cold inactivation or acid destruction of plasma kallikrein inhibitors. Plasma prorenin is also partially activated below pH 4, perhaps by an endogenous acid protease.
Experimental Traumatic Shock
Authors: J. Charnley
Journal: BMJ (1944)

lactic reactions.This danger is greatly increased if the patient is seriously debilitated or is suffering from cardiovascular disease.,A potent solution of adrenaline hydrochloride and a sterile syringe must always be at hand; and 0.5 c.cm. should be given immediately any signs of an allergic reaction occur. SummaryThe nature and frequency of reactions to parenteral liver therapy and the significance and technique of skin tests for sensitivity are discussed.The successful desensitization of 15 cases with severe reactions is reported, with a description of the method employed.We wish to express our thanks to those of our colleagues on the staff of the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, who have permitted us to investigate cases of sensitivity under their charge.One of us (J.G. M.
Tuberculosis Biomarker and Surrogate Endpoint Research Roadmap
Authors: Payam Nahid, Jussi Saukkonen, William R. Mac Kenzie, John L. Johnson, Patrick P. J. Phillips, Janet Andersen, Erin Bliven-Sizemore, John T. Belisle, W. Henry Boom, Annie Luetkemeyer, Thomas B. Campbell, Kathleen D. Eisenach, Richard Hafner, Jeffrey L. Lennox, Mamodikoe Makhene, Susan Swindells, M. Elsa Villarino, Marc Weiner, Constance Benson, William Burman
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<Definitions, Qualificatio...Recommendations for the D...SummaryReferencesCITING ARTICLES
Early Discharge of Newborns
Authors: Anthony F. Jerant
Journal: JAMA (1997)

To the Reply  —Although we commend Dr Liu and colleagues 1 for attempting to address the complex and controversial issue of safety of early newborn discharge, we find their conclusions misleading and premature given the tenuousness of the data presented.  First, although the authors claim that early discharge was associated with an increased risk of sepsis, their data do not clearly support this conclusion. Table 4 in their article lists an unadjusted OR for sepsis in early discharge infants of 1.53 (95% CI, 1.00-2.33), and the difference compared with infants discharged later did not reach statistical significance. The same concerns hold for their conclusions regarding dehydration risk (unadjusted OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.87-1.88).  Second, the study design did not allow for a uniform definition of pathologic hyperbilirubinemia. It is likely that some infants admitted with this diagnosis had mild or physiologic jaundice that was managed in an inappropriately aggressive manner. Our teaching faculty