tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Study Raises Concerns About “Heading” in Soccer, But Jury Is Still Out on Risks
Authors: Ann R. Punnoose
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Invasive and non-invasive breast cancer can be distinguished from normal mammary gland or benign breast tumor by apparent diffusion coefficient in magnetic resonance imaging.
Authors: M Ishii, I Kimijima, M Suzuki
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #4011 Introduction: MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) has become increasingly important in the diagnosis of breast cancer and evaluation of the area to be resected. However, large amounts of information are buried in plain MRI, including apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). This study measured ADC for normal breast tissue, benign breast tumor and malignant breast tumor, and tested the ability to differentiate malignant lesions from benign breast tumor or normal mammary gland.&amp;#x2028; Patients and Methods: ADC was measured for 122 consecutive patients who visited our institute with breast abnormality from January 2007. Malignant breast tumor was diagnosed in 101 patients (invasive breast cancer, n=81; non-invasive cancer, n=20) and 21 patients displayed benign breast tumor (n=11) or normal mammary gland (n=10). A 3.0-T MRI system was used in this study and the motion-providing gradient added was 0 and 1000 s/mm2.&amp;#x2028; Results: Mean ADC for the 101 breast cancer patients was 0.939±0.225 10-3 mm2/s, lower than that of the 26 benign or normal patients, at 1.247±0.269 10-3 mm2/s (p&amp;gt;0.0001, t test). Among breast cancers, mean ADC was 0.892±0.021 10-3 mm2/s for invasive lesions and 1.081±0.247 10-3 mm2/s for ductal carcinoma in situ. Each showed significantly lower ADC than benign or normal breast tissues (p&amp;gt;0.0001 each). Three cases of micro-papillary cancer were identified, and this type of cancer is known to display a worse prognosis. Mean ADC for these cases was 0.660±0.089 10-3 mm2/s, lower than the average for breast cancer. Furthermore, mean ADC in 46 cancer cases with histological grade II III was 0.857 10-3 mm2/s, lower than that of the 23cases with grade I tumor, at 1.023 10-3 mm2/s (p=0.0029).&amp;#x2028; Conclusion: This study revealed that even non-invasive breast cancer can be distinguished from benign lesions by ADC. As ADC can be obtained rapidly without use of contrast enhancers, this approach has potential for application in breast screening. Furthermore, as aggressive cancers such as invasive micropapillary cancer or high-grade cancer show low ADC, use of ADC values as potential prognostic markers should be investigated. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 4011.
HIV in India — The Challenges Ahead
Authors: Robert Steinbrook
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

On April 1, 2007, India will launch a new phase of its National AIDS Control Program (NACP). Its goals include reducing the number of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections — currently, an estimated 98.5 to 99.5% of India's 1.1 billion people remain uninfected — improving treatment, and providing therapy to more people. The 5-year program, known as NACP-III, has a budget of about $2.6 billion, two thirds of which is earmarked for prevention and one sixth for treatment (with the remainder primarily for management), and represents a substantial increase in the attention to and spending on HIV–AIDS. More than . . .
Interruption of sympathetic and vagal-mediated afferent responses by transmural myocardial infarction.
Authors: M J Barber, T M Mueller, B G Davies, R M Gill, D P Zipes
Journal: Circulation (1985)

We have demonstrated previously that sympathetic and vagal afferents travel in an apical-to-basal course in the heart, and can be stimulated selectively with epicardial applications of bradykinin and nicotine, respectively. In this study we tested the hypothesis that transmural myocardial infarction interrupts sympathetic and vagal afferent fibers traveling through the infarction and produces regions of afferent denervation in areas apical to the infarction. In open-chest, chloralose-anesthetized dogs, transmural myocardial infarction was created by embolizing a diagonal branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery with a vinyl latex solution that was injected directly into the artery and hardened rapidly. The transmural nature of the infarction was verified by the nitro blue tetrazolium staining technique for dehydrogenase enzymes. Epicardial applications of bradykinin (5 micrograms) and nicotine (50 micrograms) were used to stimulate chemically sensitive sympathetic and vagal afferent nerve endings, respectively. Twenty-nine dogs were studied before and 90 min after creation of transmural myocardial infarction. In 20 dogs, epicardial bradykinin applied before production of transmural myocardial infarction produced a maximal pressor response of 13 +/- 3 mm Hg 40 sec after application (p less than .01 vs preapplication values), while topical nicotine produced a maximal depressor response of 14 +/- 2 mm Hg (p less than .01 vs preapplication values) 20 sec after application at all sites tested. Ninety minutes after production of transmural myocardial infarction, epicardial sites basal to the infarction continued to respond normally to both drugs, while sites within the area of infarction and apical to the area (noninfarcted myocardium) no longer showed a pressor response to topical bradykinin or a depressor response to topical nicotine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Role of the Consumer
Authors: George C. Manning
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In "The Future of Medicine: The Role of the Consumer" (<b>210</b>:498, 1969), John S. Millis, PhD, fell into a logical (or semantic) trap of a type which is extremely common these days, and as a result, he made a statement which not only is in error, but which is in gross contradiction to fact. In commenting that an open-heart operation may take 14 people all day long, whereas three people can handle eight or ten herniorrhaphies between 7 AM and 3 PM, he stated, "the fact is that medicine year by year become less productive." The logical error hinges upon the fact that openheart surgery did not take 14 people all day long to do 50 years ago only because it was not done at all. Medicine is not, therefore,<i>less</i>productive by virtue of the 14 man-days required for an open-heart operation; it is infinitely
Patients with type 2 diabetes should take statins
Authors: Scott Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Most patients with type 2 diabetes should take statins to help prevent heart disease, whether or not they have high cholesterol concentrations, new guidelines say.

The recommendations, from the American College of Physicians, call for moderate doses of statins for people with diabetes who are older than 55 and for younger patients who have any other risk factor for heart disease, such as high blood pressure or a history of smoking ( Annals of Internal Medicine 2004;140:644-9). The guidelines are based on the results of six studies of primary prevention and eight trials of secondary prevention in patients with diabetes.

“Given the markedly elevated risk for cardiovascular events …
432 Correlation between mutational patterns in HBV polymerase region and the severity of breakthrough hepatitis during lamivudine therapy
Authors: R. Kuwahara, R. Kumashiro, Y. Koga, S. Murashima, T. Arinaga, A. Hisamochi, K. Tanaka, K. Ogata, H. Koga, T. Ide, M. Sata
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
Pneumoconiosis and Respiratory Symptoms in Miners at Eight Collieries
Authors: J. M. Rogan, J. R. Ashford, P. J. Chapman, D. P. Duffield, J. W. J. Fay, S. Rae
Journal: BMJ (1961)

of the National Coal Board has been described elsewhere (Fay, 1957; Fay and Rae, 1959).Briefly the aim is to establish the relationship between environmental conditions in the coal mines, particularly dust, and occupational pulmonary disease and disability, so that safe levels of dust can be established on a scientific basis.The research, which began in 1953, is essentially long- term and prospective.The first step was to select a sample of collieries which, collectively, would embody the full range of environmental conditions encountered in British coal-mines: 24, later 25, collieries were selected.Then it was decided to examine radiologically the population of these collieries, some 35.000 men, regularly every three to four years while at the same time maintaining, by appropriate sampling techniques, a record of the exposure to dust of each man in the population.Thus it would be possible after a number of years to relate the amount and type of dust in the environment with the prevalence and progression of pneumoconiosis.This plan was put into effect.Soon afterwards, however, evidence began to accumulate which threw doubt on the commonly held belief that simple pneumo- coniosis was a disease causing substantial disability (Lavenne and Belayew, 1953;Gilson and Hugh-Jones, 1955;Carpenter et al., 1956).From three sample surveys, two in a single Welsh v2lley and one in a Lancashire town, Carpenter and his colleagues concluded that miners, whether or not they have simple pneumoconiosis, have more respiratory disability than men of the same age who have never worked in the mines.Higgins et al. (1956), commenting on the same Lancashire survey, observed that miners and ex-miners had significantly more " chronic bron- chitis " than men who had never worked as miners.Newell and Browne (1955) surveyed four collieries in Durham and reported that, while simple pneumoconiosis
TI-201 Thyroid Imaging in Differentiating Benign from Malignant Thyroid Nodules
Authors: MAHMOUD EL-DESOUKI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1991)

To evaluate the value of TI-201 thyroid imaging in differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules, 58 patients with histologically proven thyroid masses were studied. The nature of the thyroid tumor was initially assessed by Tc-99m scans. Early and delayed TI-201 thyroid imaging were performed in all patients, and thallium uptake and clearance in the cold nodules were assessed visually. Of the 20 patients with histologically proven malignant nodules, 19 showed increased TI-201 activity in both the early and delayed images, indicating a sensitivity of 95%. On the other hand, 35 out of the 38 patients with benign nodules showed no increased thallium activity in the nodules on the delayed images, indicating a specificity of 92%. When early thallium images were analyzed separately, the sensitivity was 100% but the specificity was only 37%. By combining early and delayed TI-201 images, differentiation between benign and malignant cold nodules is feasible. False-positive and false-negative cases will be discussed.
Fibrin Degradation Products in Normal and Abnormal Pregnancy and Parturition
Authors: J. Bonnar, J. F. Davidson, C. F. Pidgeon, G. P. McNicol, A. S. Douglas
Journal: BMJ (1969)

The levels of fibrin, fibrinogen degradation products (F.D.P.) in the serum were investigated in normal pregnancy and parturition, after caesarean section, and in patients with abruptio placentae, eclampsia, intrauterine death, and post-partum haemorrhage. No significant change occurred during normal pregnancy, but a highly significant increase was found during labour and again during the first week after normal delivery. After caesarean section the levels of F.D.P. were increased two to four hours after operation, and substantially higher levels were found three to eight days after operation than after normal delivery. High levels of F.D.P. were associated with abruptio placentae and eclampsia, and increased levels after intrauterine death and post-partum haemorrhage. An excess of F.D.P. with diminished or normal systemic fibrinolytic activity suggests that local intravascular fibrin deposition and fibrinolysis occur in normal parturition and in these complications of pregnancy. The very high levels of F.D.P. found in abruptio placentae will be important in the pathogenesis of the defective haemostasis that may accompany this complication.
Effect of α-tocopherol on hepatic mixed function oxidases in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion
Authors: Sun-Mee Lee, Mark G. Clemens
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

This study was done to determine the relationship between microsomal lipid peroxidation during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion and alteration in cytochrome P-450-dependent drug metabolism. Rats were pretreated with alpha-tocopherol to inhibit lipid peroxidation or with vehicle (soybean oil) and then subjected to 60 min no-flow hepatic ischemia in vivo. Control animals were time-matched sham-ischemic animals. After 1, 5 or 24 hr of reperfusion, liver microsomes were isolated and cytochrome P-450 and mixed function oxidases were studied. In vehicle-treated ischemic rats, serum ALT levels peaked at 5 hr (5,242 +/- 682 U/L) and were significantly reduced by alpha-tocopherol pretreatment (1,854 +/- 229 U/L, p less than 0.01). Similarly, microsomal lipid peroxidation was elevated in the vehicle-treated ischemic group, but this elevation was prevented by alpha-tocopherol pretreatment. Microsomal cytochrome P-450 content and aminopyrine-N-demethylase activity were both decreased in vehicle-treated ischemic rats to 60% and 70% of sham-ischemic control levels, respectively. Although alpha-tocopherol restored cytochrome P-450 content to the level of sham-ischemic control rats, aminopyrine-N-demethylase activity remained at 76% of control with alpha-tocopherol treatment (p less than 0.01 compared with sham-ischemic control). In contrast to what was seen with cytochrome P-450 and aminopyrine-N-demethylase, aniline p-hydroxylase activity was elevated in the vehicle-treated ischemic rats compared with sham-ischemic control rats. These increases were prevented by alpha-tocopherol pretreatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Major Advance in Breast-Cancer Therapy
Authors: James F. Holland
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

Fifteen years after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy were shown to be of value in mice with spontaneous breast cancer,1 properly designed trials in the human disease now show dramatic effects. Formerly, the physician served by waiting until the surgeon discovered clinically evident metastasis, before treatment (foredestined to be palliative) was initiated. This system has been replaced by a wholly new, early collaborative approach.Elsewhere in this issue of the Journal Bonadonna et al. report a work of monumental importance. The foundations for this advance are fourfold, the first being an understanding that breast cancer is fundamentally not a local disease. . . .
Tissue-engineered cartilage using serially passaged articular chondrocytes. Chondrocytes in alginate, combined in vivo with a synthetic (E210) or biologic biodegradable carrier (DBM)
Authors: Willem J.C.M Marijnissen, Gerjo J.V.M van Osch, Joachim Aigner, Henriette L Verwoerd-Verhoef, Jan A.N Verhaar
Journal: Biomaterials (2000)
Enhanced Growth of Legionella pneumophila in the Presence of Selenium
Authors: Percy A. Jaquess
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> <i>Legionella pneumophila</i>has been characterized as a fastidious organism that is unable to grow on many standard media. This organism has been shown to have several growth requirements. Feeley et al<sup>1</sup>demonstrated that L-cysteine and ferric pyrophosphate must be used for cultivation of this bacterium in artificial media. Warren and Miller<sup>2</sup>reported that L-cysteine was required but could be replaced by L-cystine or reduced glutathione. Their studies also indicated that the ferric iron was needed for maximum growth but that iron was not an essential growth requirement. Recently, Chen and Anderson<sup>3</sup>reported that selenium was lower in sera of acutely ill Legionnaires' disease patients than in their convalescent sera. Because selenium has been found to enhance bacterial growth at low concentrations for other bacteria,<sup>4</sup>an investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of selenium on the growth of<i>L pneumophila</i>. A specimen of
Mutations causing Liddle syndrome reduce sodium-dependent downregulation of the epithelial sodium channel in the Xenopus oocyte expression system.
Authors: S Kellenberger, I Gautschi, B C Rossier, L Schild
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Liddle syndrome is an autosomal dominant form of hypertension resulting from deletion or missense mutations of a PPPxY motif in the cytoplasmic COOH terminus of either the beta or gamma subunit of the epithelial Na channel (ENaC). These mutations lead to increased channel activity. In this study we show that wild-type ENaC is downregulated by intracellular Na+, and that Liddle mutants decrease the channel sensitivity to inhibition by intracellular Na+. This event results at high intracellular Na+ activity in 1.2-2.4-fold higher cell surface expression, and 2.8-3.5-fold higher average current per channel in Liddle mutants compared with the wild type. In addition, we show that a rapid increase in the intracellular Na+ activity induced downregulation of the activity of wild-type ENaC, but not Liddle mutants, on a time scale of minutes, which was directly correlated to the magnitude of the Na+ influx into the oocytes. Feedback inhibition of ENaC by intracellular Na+ likely represents an important cellular mechanism for controlling Na+ reabsorption in the distal nephron that has important implications for the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Women's prison regime was "squalid and degrading"
Authors: C. Court
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Flat oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) curve is characterized by low glucose levels, seemingly nonresponsive to glucose load. Few studies have explored flat OGTT during pregnancy and have yielded conflicting results, some suggesting risk for fetal growth restriction. This study evaluated the characteristics and perinatal outcomes of women with a flat OGTT during pregnancy. We found that a flat OGTT curve occurs in younger, leaner pregnant women. Also, flat OGTT curve was significantly associated with a male fetus and higher levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A at first-trimester screening. Although flat OGTT can possibly reflect some degree of hyperinsulinemia, it is generally not associated with adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes.
Do Patients With Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Develop Extensive Central Thrombi?
Authors: Kenneth M. Moser, Peter F. Fedullo, Walter E. Finkbeiner, Jeffrey Golden
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Distinguishing chronic major vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension from primary pulmonary hypertension is critical because the treatment options differ markedly. Surgical thromboendarterectomy is potentially curative in the former condition, whereas oxygen, vasodilators, perhaps anticoagulation, and lung transplantation are the options for the latter. The development of large thrombi in the main, right, or left pulmonary arteries has not been previously described in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension.Three pulmonary hypertensive patients with massive thrombi in the central pulmonary arteries are described. The data indicate that the large central thrombi in these three patients were not hemodynamically significant. In none did perfusion lung scans demonstrate segmental or larger defects.Large central thrombi can develop in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Perfusion lung scans that do not demonstrate segmental or larger defects should alert physicians to this possibility. Chest computed tomography and other studies identifying such thrombi are not adequate in distinguishing such a development from operable chronic major vessel thromboembolic hypertension. Careful review of lobar and segmental artery findings and the pulmonary angiogram, angioscopy, and cardiac catheterization data demonstrating the hemodynamic significance (or lack thereof) of these thrombi are essential in making this important distinction. Furthermore, these observations may constitute an additional indication for anticoagulant therapy in primary pulmonary hypertension.
Radiological changes in men and women with ankylosing spondylitis.
Authors: J T Gran, G Husby, M Hordvik, J Stormer, O Romberg-Andersen
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1984)

The radiographic changes of ankylosing spondylitis were studied in 50 females and 82 males. There was a tendency for the males to have more severe arthritic changes in the sacroiliac joints than the females, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. Males significantly more often had radiological involvement of the lumbar spine. More restricted lumbar mobility, total spinal flexion, and chest expansion were found in males with x-ray changes in the lumbar spine than in males without such features. No such significant difference could be found in females. These findings may indicate a less severe disease as judged roentgenologically in females than in males. The correlations between restriction of chest and spinal mobility and x-ray changes were stronger in males.