tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Published Comparative Effectiveness Studies of Medications
Authors: Michael Hochman
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Policy makers and physician organizations have recently called for more comparative effectiveness (CE) research, yet little is known about existing CE studies.To describe the characteristics of recently published CE studies evaluating medications.Analysis of all randomized trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses involving medications published in the 6 general medicine and internal medicine journals with the highest impact factor between June 1, 2008, and September 30, 2009.The prevalence and characteristics of CE studies (those comparing existing, active treatments) and non-CE studies (those involving novel therapies or those using an inactive control).We identified 328 studies evaluating medications, 104 of which were CE studies. Among the CE studies, 45 (43%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 34%-53%) compared different medications, 11 (11%; 95% CI, 5%-18%) compared medications with nonpharmacologic interventions, 32 (31%; 95% CI, 22%-41%) compared different pharmacologic strategies, and 16 (15%; 95% CI, 9%-24%) compared different medication dosing schedules. Twenty (19%; 95% CI, 12%-28%) CE studies focused on safety and 2 (2%; 95% CI, 0%-7%) included cost-effectiveness analyses. Comparative effectiveness studies were less likely than non-CE studies to have been exclusively commercially funded: 13% (95% CI, 8%-22%) vs 45% (95% CI, 38%-52%), respectively (P < .001). In total, 90 (87%; 95% CI, 78%-92%) of the CE studies received noncommercial funding, including 66 that received government funding (63%; 95% CI, 53%-73%). Of 212 randomized trials, 97 (46%; 95% CI, 39%-63%) used an active comparator; the rest used an inactive control. Active-comparator trials were less likely than trials with inactive controls to report positive results: 44% (95% CI, 33%-55%) vs 66% (95% CI, 57%-75%), respectively (P = .002).In these high-impact general medicine journals, approximately one-third of studies evaluating medications were CE studies. Of these studies, only a minority compared pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies, few focused on safety or cost, and most were funded by noncommercial funding sources.
Genome-wide association study identifies a new breast cancer susceptibility locus at 6q25.1
Authors: Wei Zheng, Jirong Long, Yu-Tang Gao, Chun Li, Ying Zheng, Yong-Bin Xiang, Wanqing Wen, Shawn Levy, Sandra L Deming, Jonathan L Haines, Kai Gu, Alecia Malin Fair, Qiuyin Cai, Wei Lu, Xiao-Ou Shu
Journal: Nature Genetics (2009)
Nuclear Sexing with Aceto-orcein
Authors: A. R. Sanderson, J. S. S. Stewart
Journal: BMJ (1961)

MIEDICAL JOURNALremaining two cases all we can say is that thyroid function, perhaps already inadequate in Case 2, deteriorated acutely with the onset of infection, while in Case 3 no previous history was available but the patient became rapidly comatose with the development of pneumonia.A final point of interest was the contrast between the relative lack of symptoms and the evidence of extensive consolidation in four of our five patients.We think that the silent character of these severe infections is a matter of significance which needs stressing, and that attention should be drawn towards the possible presence of myxoedema when faced with pneumonia with minimal symptoms. SunmaryFive cases of myxoedema of acute onset, including one new case of coma, are reported.The stress factors were severe pneumonia and exposure to cold.It is suggested that in all these cases there was a sudden breakdown of function in potentially inadequate thyroid glands, already working at maximum capacity to meet normal requirements.As the pneumonia caused few symptoms in all our patients it was liable to be over- looked.
Let's be careful before restricting doctors' freedom of speech
Authors: D. W. Berger
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The idea that doctors should not be free to say things that some people may find uncomfortable or distasteful is deeply troubling for two reasons.1

Firstly, it is an infringement of our rights to free speech. That must not be taken away so lightly. Ask the Bahraini medics in detention what they think.

Secondly, it stifles discussion …
Non–Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Risk of Endometriosis
Authors: Britton Trabert, Anneclaire J. De Roos, Stephen M. Schwartz, Ulrike Peters, Delia Scholes, Dana B. Barr, Victoria L. Holt
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

Endometriosis, a gynecologic disorder affecting 8-10% of reproductive-age women in the United States, is defined as the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus and is linked to pelvic pain and infertility. Environmental contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are hypothesized to contribute to endometriosis risk through effects on steroid hormones.We evaluated serum concentrations of certain noncoplanar PCBs, which have no or only weak dioxin-like properties, as risk factors for endometriosis.In a case-control study of Group Health enrollees in western Washington State, 20 PCB congeners were measured in serum from surgically confirmed endometriosis cases that were newly diagnosed between 1996 and 2001 (n = 251) and from female controls matched for age and reference year (n = 538).Summed and estrogenic PCB concentrations were not associated with endometriosis risk [summed: odds ratio (OR) = 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8-2.2; estrogenic: OR = 1.1; 95% CI, 0.8-1.4]. Although several congener-specific ORs were statistically above or below the null (PCB 170: third quartile vs. lowest: OR = 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9; PCB 196: third quartile vs. lowest: OR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.7; PCB 201: second vs. lowest: OR = 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.8; third quartile vs. lowest: OR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.7), there were no overall consistent patterns of endometriosis risk.Taken in context with other North American studies, our findings suggest that noncoplanar PCB concentrations consistent within the range of exposure currently observed in western Washington State do not contribute meaningfully to endometriosis risk.
Progress in the pathogenesis of adrenal hyperactivity
Authors: H. T. Ricketts
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Prognostic value of chromogranin A in severe sepsis: data from the FINNSEPSIS study
Authors: Helge Røsjø, Ståle Nygård, Kirsi-Maija Kaukonen, Sari Karlsson, Mats Stridsberg, Esko Ruokonen, Ville Pettilä, Torbjørn Omland
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2012)
Mutant endoglin in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 is transiently expressed intracellularly and is not a dominant negative.
Authors: N Pece, S Vera, U Cymerman, R I White, J L Wrana, M Letarte
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Endoglin (CD105), a component of the TGF-beta 1 receptor complex, is the target gene for the dominantly inherited vascular disorder hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 (HHT1). We have identified a novel endoglin splice site mutation, leading to an in-frame deletion of exon 3, in a new-born from a family with HHT. Expression of normal and mutant endoglin proteins was analyzed in umbilical vein endothelial cells from this baby and in activated monocytes from the affected father. In both samples, only normal dimeric endoglin (160 kD) was observed at the cell surface, at 50% of control levels. Despite an intact transmembrane region, mutant protein was only detectable by metabolic labeling, as an intracellular homodimer of 130 kD. In monocytes from three clinically affected HHT1 patients, with known mutations creating premature stop codons in exons 8 and 10, surface endoglin was also reduced by half and no mutant was detected. Overexpression into COS-1 cells of endoglin cDNA truncated in exons 7 and 11, revealed their intracellular expression, inability to be secreted and to form heterodimers at the cell surface. These results indicate that mutated forms of endoglin are transiently expressed intracellularly and not likely to act as dominant negative proteins, as proposed previously. A reduction in the level of functional endoglin is thus involved in the generation of HHT1, and associated arteriovenous malformations.
Abstract 1968: Obesity-induced activation of the androgen receptor
Authors: Faryal A. Siddiqui
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background: Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths for men in the US. Obesity increases the risk of dying from prostate cancer by almost 50%. The mechanisms by which obesity promotes a more aggressive disease remain largely unknown, hindering the development of effective approaches for improving patient outcome. It is hypothesized that because obesity is associated with elevated circulating levels of growth factors, activation of the androgen receptor may be responsible for the increased risk of a more aggressive cancer in obese men. This current study investigates the effects of obese sera on androgen receptor activity in a highly novel prostate cancer cell line. Methods: LNCaP prostate cancer cells were stably infected with a lentiviral Dual-Luciferase reporter plasmid containing an androgen receptor response element (ARE). These stable ARE-reporter cells were then exposed to sera from either obese or control weight mice. Specific signal transduction inhibitors were used to determine the role of growth factor signaling in mediating the effects observed in response to exposure to the different sera. Results: Exposure to obese sera activated the androgen receptor to levels three-fold greater than those seen with control sera. Intriguingly, use of a PI3 kinase inhibitor reduced obesity-induced activation of the AR by 75%, but only by 64% in the control sera. Studies are on-going to determine the role of both the Akt and MAPK pathways in these results, as well as the relative contribution of circulating androgens in activating the AR. Downstream targets of the AR induced by exposure to the obese sera are being identified both by Western blot and microarray analyses. Conclusions: These results suggest that obesity-related circulating factors induce activation of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. This activation appears to be both ligand dependent (androgens) and ligand independent (growth factors). These data suggest that one mechanism by which obesity influences time to progression and hormone independence is through activation of the androgen receptor. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1968. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1968
Identification of ITK deficiency as a novel genetic cause of idiopathic CD4+ T-cell lymphopenia
Authors: Nina Kathrin Serwas, Deniz Cagdas, Sol A. Ban, Kirsten Bienemann, Elisabeth Salzer, İlhan Tezcan, Arndt Borkhardt, Ozden Sanal, Kaan Boztug
Journal: Blood (2014)
Effect of paracetamol (acetaminophen) on gastric ionic fluxes and potential difference in man.
Authors: K J Ivey, P Settree
Journal: Gut (1976)

Paracetamol has replaced aspirin as the analgesic of choice in many situations. The major reason is the damaging effect of aspirin on gastric mucosa. Alterations in gastric ionic fluxes and potential difference provide measures of aspirin-induced structural damage. We studied the effect of large doses of paracetamol (acetaminophen 2-0 g) on gastric ionic fluxes in man. In addition, the effect of 2-0 g paracetamol on gastric potential difference was compared with that of 600 mg aspirin. In contrast with salicylates, paracetamol caused no significant alteration in movement of H+ and Na+ ions over control periods. Aspirin causes a significant fall in transmucosal potential difference (PD) across gastric mucosa of 15 mv, while paracetamol cuased no significant change. Paracetamol in a dose four times that recommended does not alter gastric ionic fluxes or potential difference. These studies support choice of paracetamol as analgesic over aspirin where damage to gastric mucosa may be critical.
Chimeric DNA Vaccine Reverses Morphine-Induced Immunosuppression and Tumorigenesis
Authors: Wen-Fang Cheng, Li-Kuei Chen, Chi-An Chen, Ming-Cheng Chang, Po-Ni Hsiao, Yi-Ning Su, Chien-Nan Lee, Huei-Jiuan Jeng, Chang-Yao Hsieh, Wei-Zen Sun
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Although long-term use of morphine has been shown to promote tumor growth, the question whether tumorigenesis occurs as a result of an immunosuppressive effect remains to be investigated. In mice rendered tolerant to morphine, the efficacy and mechanism of a vaccination to rescue morphine-induced immunosuppression and prevent tumor growth was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we found that morphine-injected mice exhibited higher tumor growth rates and lower percentages of CD8+ T lymphocytes. The mechanism of morphine suppression of immunity might be through the suppression of E7-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation and the promotion of apoptosis of these cells by the Bcl-2 and Bax pathways. The suppressive effect of E7-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes by morphine could be reversed by naloxone. We have previously shown that calreticulin linked with E7 (CRT/E7) could enhance the CD8+ T cell response and the anti-tumor effects (W. F. Cheng et al. (2001) J. Clin. Invest. 108, 669–678). CRT/E7 DNA vaccine could overcome the immunosuppressive effect of morphine and suppress tumor growth. Our findings reveal that long-term morphine treatment dose-dependently promotes tumor growth and a DNA vaccine may serve as a useful approach to treat the profound immunosuppressive function and prevent tumorigenesis after long-term morphine treatment.
Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitor in Eisenmenger Syndrome
Authors: Saibal Mukhopadhyay, Manish Sharma, S. Ramakrishnan, Jamal Yusuf, Mohit Dayal Gupta, Naveen Bhamri, Vijay Trehan, Sanjay Tyagi
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Background— Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors produce a significant decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. We studied the effects of tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, on short-term hemodynamics, tolerability, and efficacy over a 12-week period in patients of Eisenmenger syndrome having a pulmonary vascular pathology similar to idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Methods and Results— Sixteen symptomatic Eisenmenger syndrome patients (mean age, 25±8.9 years) were assessed hemodynamically at baseline and 90 minutes after a single dose of tadalafil (1 mg/kg body weight up to a maximum of 40 mg). The same dose was then continued daily for 12 weeks, and the patients were restudied. There was a significant decrease in mean pulmonary vascular resistance immediately (24.75±8.49 to 19.22±8.23 Woods units; P &lt;0.005) and at 12 weeks (19.22±8.23 to 17.02±6.19 Woods units; P =0.03 versus 90 minutes). Thirteen of 16 patients (81.25%) showed a ≥20% decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance and were defined as responders. The mean systemic oxygen saturation improved significantly both immediately (84.34±5.47% to 87.39±4.34%; P &lt;0.005) and at 12 weeks (87.39±4.34% to 89.16±3.8%; P &lt;0.02 versus 90 minutes) without a significant change in systemic vascular resistance. None of the patients had a fall in systemic arterial pressure, worsening of systemic oxygen saturation, or any adverse reactions to the drug. The mean World Health Organization functional class improved from 2.31±0.47 to 1.25±0.44 ( P &lt;0.0001), and the 6-minute walk distance improved from 344.56±119.06 to 387.56±117.18 m ( P &lt;0.001). Conclusions— Preliminary evaluation of tadalafil has shown efficacy and safety in selected patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, warranting further investigation in this subgroup of patients.
ABSENCE OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID WITH BLOOD IN THE STOMACH SECRETION (ACHLORHYDRIA HEMORRHAGICA GASTRICA) AS A SYMPTOM OF CHRONIC GASTRITIS
Authors: JAMES TAFT PILCHER
Journal: JAMA (1910)

The purpose of the present communication is to describe a condition which has been encountered many times among the cases of stomach disease which have presented for treatment at St. Mary's Hospital of Rochester, Minn., during one and a half years, all of whom have been personally examined by me. In making these examinations some 4,000 stomach extracts after an Ewald test meal have been analyzed. Of this entire number I can recall only seven to which the term "achyliagastrica" might be applied, and there was but one case of real insufficiency of the pylorus, which was determined at operation. On the other hand, the absence of free hydrochloric acid, accompanied by occult blood, was observed in 271 instances, or approximately one in every fifteen stomachs examined. In various instances every gradation between normal acidity and achlorhydria has been observed, and in yet other cases it has been possible to
First, Gather the Data
Authors: David Hunter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

It is a cornerstone of medical practice to "first, do no harm." Yet the body of evidence that is sufficient to demonstrate efficacy for a new drug is rarely large enough to provide absolute assurance that harmful side effects do not exist. Thus, ongoing surveillance is necessary to detect adverse events.There are many reasons why the randomized trials that are adequate for demonstrating drug efficacy may not be adequate for the recognition of important side effects (see table). Randomized trials may be too small to permit the detection of adverse events. For instance, for a continuous outcome such as . . .
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and intracellular glutathione compartmentation during rat liver regeneration
Authors: Gianluigi Vendemiale, Ferruccio Guerrieri, Ignazio Grattagliano, Domenico Didonna, Leonilde Muolo, Emanuele Altomare
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

The rate of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and the cytosolic and mitochondrial total and oxidized glutathione concentrations were studied in regenerating rat livers after partial (70%) hepatectomy. The rate of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation progressively decreased during the early prereplicative phase of liver regeneration. This was accompanied by a progressive decrease in mitochondrial, but not cytosolic, glutathione concentration. Twenty-four hours after partial hepatectomy, both the rate of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and the amount of mitochondrial glutathione were depressed by 50% with respect to controls (sham-operated animals). During the second replicative phase, both the oxidative phosphorylation rate and mitochondrial glutathione concentration were recovered; however, the kinetics of the recovery were different, being the total amount of mitochondrial glutathione completely restored 48 hours after partial hepatectomy, whereas 72 hours were needed for the recovery of oxidative phosphorylation. The decrease in the rate of oxidative phosphorylation, during the early phase of liver regeneration, appeared to be secondary to the decreased content of the catalytic subunit beta-F1 of the ATP synthase complex, which in turn was shown to be linearly related to the decrease of intramitochondrial glutathione. These observations suggest that the two phenomena may be due to the previously reported increased free radical production during the early phase of liver regeneration. The depression of mitochondrial glutathione after partial hepatectomy may play a contributory role in structural and functional alterations of mitochondria occurring in the first retrodifferential phase of liver regeneration.
Multiple microemboli after disintegration of clot during thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction.
Authors: P. J. Stafford, C. J. Strachan, R. Vincent, D. A. Chamberlain
Journal: BMJ (1989)

Seven of 475 consecutive patients treated with thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction had severe embolic complications that were believed to be caused by disintegration of pre-existing clot. Three patients had symptoms that persisted for many weeks, and five died. Any potential site of pre-existing blood clot within the vascular system, notably an enlarged left atrium, ventricular aneurysm, or aortic aneurysms, should be regarded as a contraindication to treatment with thrombolytic agents.
Fibre and irritable bowels.
Authors: H Trowell
Journal: BMJ (1974)

Fibre and Irritable Bowels SIR,-I read with interest your leading article (1 June, p. 457) which referred to recent work on this disorder.I had just completed a survey of most of the medical journals of Africa south of the Sahara from 1960 to 1974 and had found no mention of this disease in Africans.In 1960 I had suggested as a tentative hypothesis that the rarity of non-infective colonic diseases in Africans was due to diets which contained large amounts of fibre-rich starchy carbo- hydrate.This may be called the "fibre hypothesis," those words being employed at that time.There appeared to be rarity of constipation, irritable bowel disease, diverti- cular disease, appendicitis, ulcerative colitis, haemorrhoids, polyps, and carcinoma of the large bowel and rectum.1The position does not seem to have changed much in the intervening 14 years.My clinical obsetrvations, based on some 30 years' medical ex- perience in East Africa, have been considerably amplified by my Uganda colleague, Mr. Denis Burkitt, and the studies of Mr. Neil Painter.There is a possibility that irritable bowel disease often precedes diverticular disease.It is therefore of interest that we are presenting shortly much new information, necropsy, radiological, and clinical, concern- ing the great rarity of diverticular disease in many countries in Africa and Asia.2At medical 'boards I had frequently retired
MECHANISM FOR IMPROVED DETECTION OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE WITH REAL TIME MYOCARDIAL CONTRAST ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
Authors: Thomas Richard Porter, Deepak Thomas, Stacey L. Therrien, Shunji Gao, Edward O'Leary, Feng Xie
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)