tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
An Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis among Hospitalized Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Brian R. Edlin, Jerome I. Tokars, Michael H. Grieco, Jack T. Crawford, Julie Williams, Emelia M. Sordillo, Kenneth R. Ong, James O. Kilburn, Samuel W. Dooley, Kenneth G. Castro, William R. Jarvis, Scott D. Holmberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

Since 1990 several clusters of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis have been identified among hospitalized patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We investigated one such cluster in a voluntary hospital in New York.We compared exposures among 18 patients with AIDS in whom tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid and streptomycin was diagnosed from January 1989 through April 1990 (the case patients) with exposures among 30 control patients who had AIDS and tuberculosis susceptible to isoniazid, streptomycin, or both. We also compared exposures among the 14 case patients hospitalized during the six months before the diagnosis of tuberculosis (the exposure period) with those among 44 control patients with AIDS matched for duration of hospitalization. Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were typed with analysis of restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP).Case patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis were significantly more likely than controls with drug-susceptible tuberculosis to have been hospitalized during their exposure periods (14 of 18 vs. 10 of 30) (odds ratio, 7.0; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 36; P = 0.006). Case patients hospitalized during their exposure periods were significantly more likely to have been hospitalized on the same ward as a patient with infectious drug-resistant tuberculosis than were either controls with drug-susceptible tuberculosis hospitalized during their exposure periods or controls matched for duration of hospitalization (13 of 14 vs. 2 of 10 and 23 of 44) (odds ratio, 52; 95 percent confidence interval, 3.1 to 2474; P less than 0.001; and odds ratio, infinity; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.4 to infinity; P = 0.005, respectively). Among those hospitalized on the same ward, the rooms of case patients were closer to that of the nearest patient with infectious tuberculosis than were the rooms of controls matched for duration of hospitalization. M. tuberculosis isolates from 15 of 16 case patients had identical patterns on RFLP analysis. Of 16 patients' rooms tested with air-flow studies, only 1 had the recommended negative-pressure ventilation.Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is readily transmitted among hospitalized patients with AIDS. Physicians must be alert to this danger and must enforce adherence to the measures recommended to prevent nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis.
Tolerability of meropenem in children with IgE‐mediated hypersensitivity to penicillins
Authors: M. Atanasković‐Marković, F. Gaeta, B. Medjo, M. Viola, B. Nestorović, A. Romano
Journal: Allergy (2008)

Administration of meropenem to penicillin-allergic patients who might benefit from this treatment is usually avoided because of a 47.4% rate of cross-reactivity to imipenem, the prototype of the carbapenem class of beta-lactam antibiotics, demonstrated in a single study on the basis of positive responses to skin tests with imipenem reagents. However, recent studies of ours have demonstrated a very low rate of cross-reactivity between penicillins and both meropenem and imipenem in adults.To assess cross-reactivity and tolerability of meropenem in children with documented penicillin allergy.One hundred and eight consecutive children who had suffered a total of 129 immediate reactions (120 urticarial and/or angioedematous manifestations and 9 anaphylactic shocks) to penicillins and had positive results to skin tests for at least one of the penicillin reagents tested underwent skin tests with meropenem and negative subjects were challenged with it.One subject (0.9%) displayed a positive intradermal test to meropenem. The remaining 107 subjects with negative skin tests to meropenem tolerated challenges. Challenges were not followed by full therapeutic courses.Our results demonstrate a low rate of cross-reactivity between penicillins and meropenem. Therefore, the practice of avoiding meropenem in children with immunoglobulin E-mediated hypersensitivity could be abandoned; in those who especially require meropenem treatment, prophylactic skin tests are advisable, because negative results indicate tolerability.
Fas ligand expression by astrocytoma in vivo: maintaining immune privilege in the brain?
Authors: P Saas, P R Walker, M Hahne, A L Quiquerez, V Schnuriger, G Perrin, L French, E G Van Meir, N de Tribolet, J Tschopp, P Y Dietrich
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Astrocytomas are among the most common brain tumors that are usually fatal in their malignant form. They appear to progress without significant impedance from the immune system, despite the presence of intratumoral T cell infiltration. To date, this has been thought to be the result of T cell immunosuppression induced by astrocytoma-derived cytokines. Here, we propose that cell contact-mediated events also play a role, since we demonstrate the in vivo expression of Fas ligand (FasL/CD95L) by human astrocytoma and the efficient killing of Fas-bearing cells by astrocytoma lines in vitro and by tumor cells ex vivo. Functional FasL is expressed by human, mouse, and rat astrocytoma and hence may be a general feature of this nonlymphoid tumor. In the brain, astrocytoma cells can potentially deliver a death signal to Fas+ cells which include infiltrating leukocytes and, paradoxically, astrocytoma cells themselves. The expression of FasL by astrocytoma cells may extend the processes that are postulated to occur in normal brain to maintain immune privilege, since we also show FasL expression by neurons. Overall, our findings suggest that FasL-induced apoptosis by astrocytoma cells may play a significant role in both immunosuppression and the regulation of tumor growth within the central nervous system.
Prognostic value of the ECG on admission in patients with acute major pulmonary embolism
Authors: A. Geibel, M. Zehender, W. Kasper, M. Olschewski, C. Klima, S. V. Konstantinides
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2005)

A number of ECG abnormalities can be observed in the acute phase of pulmonary embolism (PE). Their prognostic value has not yet been systematically studied in large patient populations. In 508 patients with acute major PE derived from a large prospective registry, the current authors assessed, on admission, the impact of specific pathological ECG findings on early (30-day) mortality. Atrial arrhythmias, complete right bundle branch block, peripheral low voltage, pseudoinfarction pattern (Q waves) in leads III and aVF, and ST segment changes (elevation or depression) over the left precordial leads, were all significantly more frequent in patients with a fatal outcome. Overall, 29% of the patients who exhibited at least one of these abnormalities on admission did not survive to hospital discharge, as opposed to only 11% of the patients without a pathological 12-lead ECG. Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of at least one of the above ECG findings was, besides haemodynamic instability, syncope and pre-existing chronic pulmonary disease, a significant independent predictor of outcome. In conclusion, ECG may be a useful, simple, non-costly tool for initial risk stratification of patients with acute major pulmonary embolism.
Family interventions in schizophrenia
Authors: J. Anderson, C. Adams
Journal: BMJ (1996)

may reflect less the health care policies or ideology of a particular government than the fact that society has become more polarised.Just as the NHS was born in 1948, when inequalities in income were diminishing, so the new tensions have made themselves evident at a time of increasing inequali- ties.It may therefore be overoptimistic to expect that the NHS can be used as a kind of institutional glue for society, symbolising mutual support, unless this is part of a wider change of direction.Similarly, it may be unrealistic to hope that future changes in policy can be negotiated rather than imposed if the present system of adversarial politics persists.If achieving change through consensus is the aim, constitutional reforms like proportional representation may be the necessary means.In short, health policies inescapably raise questions about the nature of our society and our political system.
Sezary's syndrome: a clinical evaluation of eight patients
Authors: L. HAMMINGA, C.A. HARTGRINK-GROENEVELD, W.A.VAN VLOTEN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1979)

Clinical and laboratory investigations of 8 patients with Sézary's syndrome are presented. Sézary cells were found in peripheral blood as well as in bone marrow and lymph nodes. The overall follow-up period was 8 years. Different therapeutic regimens were given. The best results were obtained with chlorambucil and prednisone orally, combined with topical application of nitrogen mustard. Three patients died of pneumonia and septicaemia.
Atrial natriuretic peptide in the fetus.
Authors: J. C. Kingdom, A. G. Jardine, J. Doyle, J. M. Connell, D. H. Gilmore, M. J. Whittle
Journal: BMJ (1989)

laboratory and were found to be in perfect condition.Placebo patches containing all the components of the patches apart from hyoscine were applied in all of the men; no local skin reactions were observed.
Talking About Psychiatry
Authors: G E Berrios
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Despite obvious drawbacks, oral history remains an important source of knowledge. Less guarded and sanitised than the often otiose memoir, the humble interview can often dig out information that is illuminating, devastating, or funny. All of this, and far more, can be found in a charming book edited by Professor Wilkinson, which includes vignettes on the thoughts and lives of six professors of psychiatry, nine generalists, three psychotherapists, and one chief medical officer (but honorary fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists). Several of these interviews originally appeared in the Psychiatric Bulletin.

Most readers will get something out of this book, but naturally the social historian of psychiatry …
Characteristics and prognosis of alcoholic doctors.
Authors: R M Murray
Journal: BMJ (1976)

Five medically qualified women and 36 men who were being treated for alcoholism at a London postgraduate hospital were studied. Most were middle-aged and at an advanced stage of alcoholism. They had usually started drinking heavily in the wake of well-established drug dependence or other psychiatric disorder; as students or housemen; and in the armed forces. Thirty-six doctors were followed up for a mean of 63 months. Five doctors either killed themselves or died of cirrhosis, and nine persisted in almost continuous dependent drinking, while seven completely overcame their alcohol problem and 10 had only occasional relapses. Their prealcoholic careers had ranged from repeated failure to spectacular success, but of 29 doctors alive at follow-up only eight were practising satisfactorily.
Psychophysical methods for the measurement of somatosensory dysfunction of laboratory animals.
Authors: P A Cabe
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1982)

Somatosensory dysfunction is a widely reported clinical consequence of chemical exposure. Assessment of such dysfunction should be an important component of agent safety testing, necessarily implying evaluation of psychophysical functions in laboratory animals. The logic of testing agent-induced sensory dysfunction, conceptual and practical factors affecting such tests, and the categories of experimental methods available are reviewed.
Abstract 5424: Development of selective therapy of childhood ALL and Ewing's sarcoma using targeted-hybrid polymerized liposomal nanoparticles (HPLN)
Authors: Hyunggyoo Kang, Violette Shahbazian, Amanda Schafenacker, Jon Nagy, Timothy Triche
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Until now a lot of understanding and research of cancer biology can make it possible to develop many anticancer drugs which can inhibit the specific pathways required for growth, proliferation, and survival of cancer cells. The current success in cancer therapy using these drugs improves the survival rate of patients but unfortunately it is not the case of all cancers and still many different kinds of cancers continue to have a poor prognosis. Furthermore the incompleteness of cancer therapies causes a variety of side effects such as secondary cancers, heart or lung damage, infertility or chronic hepatitis. Therefore a reliable tumor specific therapy is urgently needed to treat cancer patients. It is widely recognized that the recent chemotherapy could be far more effective if higher doses could be specifically delivered to the tumor and not to normal tissues. Targeted nanoparticles have shown the potential to deliver the anticancer drugs to cancer cells selectively and to overcome unexpected cytotoxicity and limited efficacy of the chemotherapy caused by the unselective delivery to the normal cells. In our study a novel nanoparticle (HPLN) was used for the treatment of childhood ALL and Ewing's sarcoma. AntiCD19 and antiCD99 antibodies were used for targeting of ALL and Ewing tumor, respectively. These tumor specific HPLNs effectively inhibit tumor growth in a murine model. Removal of targeting antibody or drug eliminates the antitumor effects, which proves this anticancer effect of HPLN is very specific to the target cancer cells and dependent upon drug. No abnormalities in liver and kidney function tests, complete blood counts or pathology of major organs are observed from tail-vein administrations. Theses targeted HPLNs showed much better cytotoxicity over a conventional untargeted PEG-liposomal Doxorubicin formulation (Doxil®). Additionally the targeted HPLN could be found in the tumor cells in a murine model. In conclusion, we have found the safe and efficient targeted HPLN delivery system of anticancer drugs to childhood ALL and Ewing's Sarcoma. Citation Format: Hyunggyoo Kang, Violette Shahbazian, Amanda Schafenacker, Jon Nagy, Timothy Triche. Development of selective therapy of childhood ALL and Ewing's sarcoma using targeted-hybrid polymerized liposomal nanoparticles (HPLN). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5424. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5424
Thyroid function and endocrine abnormalities in elderly patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease.
Authors: S M Gow, J Seth, G J Beckett, G Douglas
Journal: Thorax (1987)

Serum pituitary and thyroid hormones, testosterone, and the response of pituitary hormones to thyrotrophin releasing hormone were measured in 20 inpatients (mean age 68, range 42-81 years) with severe chronic obstructive lung disease and in 15 control convalescent inpatients (mean age 73, range 57-83 years) who had normal respiratory function. No significant differences were found in total and free thyroid hormone concentrations and basal concentrations of thyrotrophin, growth hormone, and prolactin; and their increments after injection of thyrotrophin releasing hormone were similar in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, and control patients. Three patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, however, had no thyrotrophin responses to thyrotrophin releasing hormone. In men, low testosterone concentrations were found both in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and in controls. Luteinising hormone concentrations were higher in men with chronic obstructive lung disease (p less than 0.02), whereas concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone in the two groups were not significantly different. There was no significant correlation between arterial blood gas tensions and these hormone measurements. General effects of age and illness may be more important than direct effects of hypoxia in determining hypothalamic-pituitary function in elderly patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.
Institutions must do more to eliminate research misconduct, meeting hears
Authors: A. Tavare
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The United Kingdom needs stronger mechanisms for ensuring the responsible conduct of research, concluded a meeting of leading members of the country’s scientific establishment.

The meeting on 12 January, convened by the BMJ and the international Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) to discuss the UK’s lack of a concerted approach to research misconduct ( BMJ 2012;344:d8357, doi:10.1136/bmj.d8357; 2012;344:e377, doi:10.1136/bmj.e377), was attended by senior representatives from academia, government, funding agencies, and journals. All agreed that, on top of the duties of individual researchers, their employing institutions have prime responsibility to ensure that research conducted within their walls is free from misconduct …
Prevention of Poisoning
Authors: William O. Robertson
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Copans' recent comment (235:373, 1976) on Arena's points for poison prevention and his addition of an eighth measure certainly is timely in identifying a "causative" factor but unsubstantiated in identifying a remedy. Both data and intuition support the thesis that accidental poisonings are a function of parental psychopathology in disturbed family relationships. However, only enthusiasm supports the tenet that Copans' measure does in fact result in any prevention. At our Center and in our community, we have looked for evidence of effectiveness of such measures but found none—despite a sizeable effort and cost. Isn't it appropriate to insist that the same criteria be required for proposed "preventive medicine" as for "therapeutic medicine" ie, that not simply must one demonstrate the absence of harmful effects but, most important, one must substantiate the presence of beneficial ones. Just doing something is no longer enough. Otherwise scarce resources—dollars, time and
Value of the intracoronary electrocardiogram to monitor myocardial ischemia during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.
Authors: P L Friedman, T L Shook, J M Kirshenbaum, A P Selwyn, P Ganz
Journal: Circulation (1986)

To enhance detection of ischemia during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), unipolar intracoronary electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded during PTCA in 25 patients from the tips of guidewires positioned distal to stenoses being dilated. Surface electrocardiographic leads chosen to reflect likely areas of reversible ischemia during PTCA were recorded simultaneously. In 21 of 29 stenoses dilated (72%), ST segment elevation and/or T wave peaking in intracoronary ECG appeared during balloon inflation and disappeared after deflation, accompanied by transient angina on 19 occasions. Two patients had transient ST segment elevation in intracoronary ECGs during PTCA without associated angina. ST changes in the surface ECG during PTCA were seen on only nine occasions (31%), always accompanied by ST segment elevation in the intracoronary ECG that appeared earlier and was of much greater magnitude. Five patients with prior myocardial infarction and aneurysm formation had fixed ST segment elevation in the intracoronary ECG unrelated to balloon inflation. Myocardial ischemia during PTCA can be detected easily with intracoronary ECGs and with greater sensitivity than that of the surface ECG. Furthermore, intracoronary ECGs may help to clarify the nature of chest pain during balloon inflation or during suspected complications.
P780Devitalized biological vascular grafts: 3 years follow up
Authors: D Byzov, N Chizh, E Shevchenko, I Mikhaylova, B Sandomirsky
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Increased number of peripheral arteries` pathology worldwide and coronary artery diseases as well lead to progressive need in small diameter (≤ 6mm) vascular grafts. Xenogeneic tissues treated with modern biotechnological approaches reducing immunogenicity degree may solve the problem of vascular grafts` deficit. Technologies of decellularization/devitalization with different chemicals show some serious shortcomings. Nowadays use of physical factors to reduce immunogenicity is considered as very promising.
Case of Ovarian Dropsy: Treated in the First Instance by Tapping; Secondly, Cured Spontaneously by the Accidental Rupture of the Cyst; and, Lastly, on the Development of a New Cyst, Successfully Terminated by a Simple Mode of Operation
Authors: W. H. Bainbrigge
Journal: BMJ (1846)

On the 21st of January, 1842, I was called in to see Mrs., a married lady, aged 31, having had no childrea,' whom I found suffering from a large tumour of the abdomen, which in Size considerably exceeded that of the uterus in the ninth month of pregnancy.She complained also of a small tumour, which, as she informed me, protruded externally from the vagina, causing great uneasiness and preventing her moving about.She said that when she lay on ber back with
IL-9 expression by human eosinophils: Regulation by IL-1β and TNF-α
Authors: Abdelilah Soussi Gounni, Esra Nutku, Latifa Koussih, Fadi Aris, Jamila Louahed, Roy C. Levitt, Nicholas C. Nicolaides, Qutayba Hamid
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2000)
On the state of health in inner cities
Authors: P Milner, I S Johnson, M Watts, A I Coupland, A M Coyne, J N Todd
Journal: BMJ (1986)

reduction in the number of laboratory tests was due to the awareness of monitoring or the uIse of guidelines plus weekly reviews.Most hospitals contemplating the use of guidelines would do so without concomitant monitoring of use or feedback on performance to users.The effectiveness ofguidelines appears, therefore, to be uncertain.Their use alone may not be as effective as the study suggests.The authors' comment that the main effect of guidelines may be to trigger greater discrimn ation in test use rather than compliance is an important point.Indeed, evi- dence suggests that antibiotic guidelines are of most use to junior medical staff as a training rather than a reference manual.2Guidelines appear to have great potential as an educational and cost containment tool.There is an urgent need to demonstrate their effectiveness clearly and implemen't their wider use.
German agency suspects that insulin analogue glargine increases risk of cancer
Authors: A. Tuffs
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The German agency responsible for deciding which drugs should be used in the German health system has said that it suspects that use of the long acting insulin analogue glargine (marketed as Lantus) increases the risk of cancer.

The Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care, the German equivalent of the United Kingdom’s National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, has recommended that patients use human insulin instead of the recombinant analogue insulin glargine, if medically possible, until the suspicion is removed. The institute’s recommendations are based largely on its study published in the journal Diabetologia (doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1418-4).

In response, drug agencies in Europe and the United States have asked for more scientific evidence, but meanwhile they advise patients to continue their treatment with glargine unless advised differently by their doctor. 

Stuart Pocock, professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, questioned …
Corrigendum to “Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Guided Focal Laser Therapy in Patients with Low-Risk Prostate Cancer” [Eur Urol 2010;58:173–77]
Authors: Orit Raz, Masoom A Haider, Sean R H Davidson, Uri Lindner, Eugen Hlasny, Robert Weersink, Mark R Gertner, Walter Kucharczyk, Stuart A McCluskey, John Trachtenberg
Journal: European Urology (2010)