tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Individual differences: Variation by design
Authors: Anthony J. Greene, William B. Levy
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Stanovich &amp; West (S&amp;W) appear to overlook the adaptivity of variation. Behavioral variability, both between and within individuals, is an absolute necessity for phylogenetic and ontological adaptation. As with all heritable characteristics, inter-individual behavioral variation is the foundation for natural selection. Similarly, intra-individual variation allows a broad exploration of potential solutions. Variation increases the likelihood that more optimal behaviors are available for selection. Four examples of the adaptivity of variation are discussed: (a) Genetic variation as it pertains to behavior and natural selection; (b) behavioral and cognitive aspects of mate selection which may facilitate genetic diversity; (c) variation as a strategy for optimizing learning through greater exploration; and (d) behavioral variation coupled with communication as a means to propagate individually discovered behavioral success.
Food Allergy in a Patient with Hyper-IgE Syndrome (HIE) in Exclusive Breast-Feeding
Authors: A.M.S. Neves, P.A. Cunha, T. Lawrence, S.S. Lima, M.C. Mallozi, B.T. Costa-Carvalho, D. Solé
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
Physical Activity and Right Ventricular Structure and Function
Authors: Carrie P. Aaron, Harikrishna Tandri, R. Graham Barr, W. Craig Johnson, Emilia Bagiella, Harjit Chahal, Aditya Jain, Jorge R. Kizer, Alain G. Bertoni, João A. C. Lima, David A. Bluemke, Steven M. Kawut
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2010)

Intense exercise in elite athletes is associated with increased left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) mass and volumes. However, the effect of physical activity on the RV in an older community-based population is unknown.We studied the association between levels of physical activity in adults and RV mass and volumes.The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) performed cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on community-based participants without clinical cardiovascular disease. RV volumes were determined from manually contoured endocardial margins. RV mass was determined from the difference between epicardial and endocardial volumes multiplied by the specific gravity of myocardium. Metabolic equivalent-minutes/day were calculated from the self-reported frequency, duration, and intensity of physical activity.The study sample (n = 1,867) was aged 61.8 ± 10 years, 48% male, 44% white, 27% African American, 20% Hispanic, and 9% Chinese. Higher levels of moderate and vigorous physical activity were linearly associated with higher RV mass (P = 0.02) after adjusting for demographics, anthropometrics, smoking, cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and LV mass. Higher levels of intentional exercise (physical activity done for the sole purpose of conditioning or fitness) were nonlinearly associated with RV mass independent of LV mass (P = 0.03). There were similar associations between higher levels of physical activity and larger RV volumes.Higher levels of physical activity in adults were associated with greater RV mass independent of the associations with LV mass; similar results were found for RV volumes. Exercise-associated RV remodeling may have important clinical implications.
Side Effects and Complications Of Gastric Freezing
Authors: Sükran Karacadag, Arthur P. Klotz
Journal: JAMA (1964)

FOLLOWING favorable reports from the University of Minnesota,<sup>1</sup>a series of 120 inpatients with peptic ulcer were treated by gastric freezing at the University of Kansas Medical Center. These cases were reported in a previous publication,<sup>2</sup>with emphasis on the clinical evaluation of gastric secretory alterations produced. It should be emphasized that gastric freezing can have certain risks. The present paper is a report of the side effects and clinical complications of gastric freezing. In this series, group studies were organized in an effort to answer specific clinical and laboratory questions pertaining to this procedure. <h3>Methods</h3> All patients were symptomatic and had x-ray evidence of duodenal ulcer at the time of the freeze treatment. Patients were sedated with 25 mg of chlorpromazine (Thorazine) and 60 mg of phenobarbital, intramuscularly, prior to freezing. Gastric freezing was performed for 45 minutes with an inflow temperature of —17 C (1.4 F)
Reliability of leukostasis grading score to identify patients with high‐risk hyperleukocytosis
Authors: Nicola Piccirillo, Luca Laurenti, Patrizia Chiusolo, Federica Sorà, Maria Bianchi, Silvia De Matteis, Livio Pagano, Gina Zini, Giuseppe D'Onofrio, Giuseppe Leone, Simona Sica
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2009)
Estrogen Deprivation and Vaginal Function in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: James P. Semmens
Journal: JAMA (1982)

A physiological study of the effects of menopause on vaginal function involving 14 postmenopausal women aged 51 to 70 years is reported. Initial evaluations in the estrogen-deprived state were hormonal and cytological studies, vaginal pH, quantity of vaginal fluid, transvaginal electropotential difference, and vaginal blood flow. A significant fall in vaginal pH and increases in transvaginal potential difference, the quantity of vaginal fluid, and vaginal blood flow were observed after estrogen replacement therapy. The results before and after treatment are compared with norms established for women younger than 40 years.
Save the prepuce. Painless separation of preputial adhesions in the outpatient clinic.
Authors: G. A. MacKinlay
Journal: BMJ (1988)

In most boys referred for circumcision preputial adhesions are the only problem, but these can predispose to recurrent balanitis. A simple technique using Emla cream (eutectic mixture of lignocaine and prilocaine) has been devised which allows the adhesions to be separated painlessly in the outpatient clinic. The technique was used on 39 boys aged 2 to 12 years referred for circumcision, none of whom had a retractable foreskin. The cream was applied under an occlusive dressing and left for 60 minutes before the adhesions were separated with a probe and a gauze swab. The procedure was completely pain free in 32 boys. One boy had to undergo a repeated procedure because he failed to follow the advice regularly to retract his foreskin in the three weeks after the procedure. Only one boy had to undergo circumcision later because of fibrous phimosis. In many boys referred for circumcision separation of preputial adhesions is all that is needed, and the use of this local anaesthetic technique avoids the need for general anaesthesia.
Minimal phototoxic dose (MPD) measurements for topical photochemotherapy using a semiautomated MPD tester
Authors: D. Al-Ismail, C. Edwards, O. Al-Ofi, A.V. Anstey
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

The traditional method of assessing minimal phototoxic dose (MPD) prior to photochemotherapy with psoralen-ultraviolet A (PUVA) is inconvenient and cannot directly determine PUVA start doses. A handheld minimal erythema dose UVB tester can be modified by fitting a TL-10 UVA compact fluorescence lamp (CFL).To determine whether MPD testing is possible with a CFL and to calculate a fixed factor to convert observed MPD to PUVA-equivalent MPD.Patients had two sets of MPD tests performed on symmetrical, contralateral sites on the lower back. MPD test results from a panel of PUVA lamps were compared with MPD from the modified handheld tester. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was completed by 43 U.K. phototherapy units to assess routine practice concerning MPD testing prior to PUVA therapy.Thirty-seven patients with psoriasis were recruited. Boston phototypes in the 31 with conclusive MPD reactions were: I, four; II, 11; III, 12; and IV, four. The handheld MPD results were linearly related to the PUVA panel MPD results as follows: PUVA MPD = 0·48 × handheld MPD + 0·17 J cm(-2). The measured PUVA MPD was 0·48 of the handheld MPD, not 0·15 as predicted by the published PUVA action spectrum.The modified MPD tester is a convenient and safe method for PUVA MPD testing, overcoming many problems of the 'traditional method'. The difference between the PUVA and TL-10 lamps was lower than predicted from published studies. This suggests that formal re-evaluation of the erythema action spectrum for PUVA is now needed.
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome in a Healthy Two-Hour-Old Infant Without Paroxysmal Tachycardia
Authors: S. Zoe Walsh
Journal: JAMA (1963)

The Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome occurred in a healthy 2-hourold male neonate. Data on routine electrocardiogram, esophageal electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, blood pressure, and heart volume on x-ray examination bear out the conclusion that this is the youngest known healthy patient with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome without paroxysmal tachycardia. These data further confirm the congenital nature of this disorder. The rapid heart rate characteristic of infancy and intermittent nature of this syndrome suggest that cases may easily be overlooked with routine electrocardiographic technique. The incidence in this age group may therefore be significantly greater than currently believed.
PET-DETERMINED LONGITUDINAL, MYOCARDIAL FLOW GRADIENT DURING HYPEREMIA IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK INDIVIDUALS WITH OR WITHOUT CORONARY ARTERY CALCIFICATIONS
Authors: Thomas H. Schindler, Ines Valenta, Gabriella Vincenti, Alessandra Quercioli, Rene Nkoulou, Stefan Dewarrat, Yann Seimbille, Osman Ratib, Francois Mach, Thomas H. Schindler
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Neutrophil adherence to isolated adult cardiac myocytes. Induction by cardiac lymph collected during ischemia and reperfusion.
Authors: K Youker, C W Smith, D C Anderson, D Miller, L H Michael, R D Rossen, M L Entman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Canine neutrophils can be induced to adhere in vitro to isolated adult cardiac myocytes by stimulation of the neutrophils with chemotactic factors such as zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) only if the myocytes have been previously exposed to cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These cytokines induce synthesis and surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on the myocyte, and neutrophil adhesion is almost entirely CD18 and ICAM-1 dependent. The present study examines cardiac-specific lymph collected from awake dogs during 1-h coronary occlusion and 3 d of reperfusion for its ability to induce both ICAM-1 expression in cardiac myocytes, and neutrophil-myocyte adherence. Reperfusion lymph induced ICAM-1 expression in isolated myocytes, and myocyte adherence to ZAS-stimulated neutrophils that was completely inhibited by anti-CD18 and anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies. This activity peaked at 90 min of reperfusion and persisted for up to 72 h. Preischemic lymph was not stimulatory. IL-1 appeared not to be a stimulating factor in lymph in that dilutions of lymph were found to inhibit the stimulatory effects of recombinant IL-1 beta. However, investigation of interleukin 6 (IL-6) revealed that recombinant IL-6 stimulated myocyte adhesiveness for ZAS-stimulated neutrophils (ED50 = 0.002 U/ml) and expression of ICAM-1 by isolated myocytes. IL-6 neutralizing antibody markedly reduced the ability of reperfusion lymph to stimulate adhesion and ICAM-1 expression, and estimates of levels of IL-6 in reperfusion lymph ranged from 0.035 to 0.14 U/ml. These results indicate that cytokines capable of promoting neutrophil-myocyte adhesion occur in extracellular fluid during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium, and that one of these cytokines is IL-6. Neutrophil-myocyte adhesion may be of pathogenic significance because it may enhance the cytotoxic activity of the neutrophil.
735–5 Role of Patent Foramen Ovale and Deep Venous Thrombosis in 220 Patients with Unexplained Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Prospective Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiographic Study
Authors: Harald Lethen, Franz Beck, Gerlinde Köhn, Andreas Franke, Frank A. Flachskampf, Peter Hanrath, Rolf Schneider, Ulrich Sliwka, Johannes Noth
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
A Comparison of Injections of Botulinum Toxin and Topical Nitroglycerin Ointment for the Treatment of Chronic Anal Fissure
Authors: Giuseppe Brisinda, Giorgio Maria, Anna Rita Bentivoglio, Emanuele Cassetta, Daniele Gui, Alberto Albanese
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

Lateral internal sphincterotomy, the most common treatment for chronic anal fissure, may cause permanent injury to the anal sphincter, which can lead to fecal incontinence. We compared two nonsurgical treatments that avert the risk of fecal incontinence. We randomly assigned 50 adults with symptomatic chronic posterior anal fissures to receive treatment with either a total of 20 U of botulinum toxin injected into the internal anal sphincter on each side of the anterior midline or 0.2 percent nitroglycerin ointment applied twice daily for six weeks.
Efficacy of Argon Plasma Coagulation in Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: M. Kanai, A. Hamada, Y. Endo, Y. Takeda, M. Yamakawa, H. Nishikawa, A. Torii
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

Various methods of endoscopic hemostasis have been described. However, few reports have investigated the efficacy of argon plasma coagulation (APC) in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of APC in various types of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.The present study was designed as a prospective and observational study. A total of 254 consecutive patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (excluding variceal bleeding) were primarily treated using APC. If it was difficult to achieve complete hemostasis with APC alone, injection of a hypertonic saline-epinephrine solution and clipping were carried out. The initial hemostasis rate, rate of recurrent bleeding after APC, permanent hemostasis rate, and mean procedure time were evaluated.Initial hemostasis with APC alone was achieved in 193 of the 254 patients (75.9 %). With the assistance of other methods as well, initial hemostasis was achieved in 253 patients (99.6 %). Among the 193 patients treated with APC alone, recurrent bleeding was observed in 11 cases (11 of 193, 5.7 %). With one exception, these cases of recurrent bleeding were controlled with APC alone again; permanent hemostasis was thus ultimately achieved with APC alone in 192 of the 254 patients (75.5 %). The mean procedure time was 8 min. No complications (such as perforation) were observed with the APC treatment.These data indicate that APC is a safe, quick, and effective method of treating various types of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding and that it can be a powerful tool for endoscopic hemostasis.
Comparability of Capillary and Venous Blood Samples for Lead Screening
Authors: Petrie M. Rainey
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —To achieve the goal of blood lead screening for all children aged 6 months to 6 years,<sup>1</sup>testing should be easy to perform, widely available, inexpensive, and reliable. Specimens are more easily obtained from children by fingerstick than by venipuncture. However, increased opportunity for contamination of capillary specimens has raised concerns about their reliability. Dr Schlenker and colleagues<sup>2</sup>compared capillary and venous blood lead levels in children and showed that between 0% and 5% (depending on sampling protocol) of the capillary results were false positives and 1% to 8% false negatives.<sup>2</sup> These percentages were referred to as false-positive and false-negative rates, which may lead to confusion. For example, the term "false-positive rate" traditionally has meant the percentage of false positives in the total positives (false positives/[false positives + true positives]).<sup>3</sup>Only this statistic has predictive value for determining the significance of a positive test.
miR-20a triggers metastasis of gallbladder carcinoma
Authors: Yanxin Chang, Chen Liu, Jiahe Yang, Gaomiyang Liu, Feiling Feng, Jing Tang, Liang Hu, Liang Li, Feng Jiang, Caiyang Chen, Ruoyu Wang, Yingcheng Yang, Xiaoqing Jiang, Mengchao Wu, Lei Chen, Hongyang Wang
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Intact nerve supply for eczema
Authors: H. Moller
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2001)

Sir, In their recent letter, Chowdhury et al.1 report how an endoscopic cervical sympathectomy resulted in an intended decrease of palmar sweating but also in an unexpected resolution of palmar eczema of the pompholyx type on the operated side. It is tempting to conclude (which the authors do not) that the eczema was of the 'dyshidrotic' type and that the successful healing of the eczema was due to a correction of a hypothetical disturbance of sweat production or delivery. However, the pompholyx preceded the hyperhidrosis by 10 years and, furthermore, there is as yet little evidence that this frequent and chronic eczematous disease should be caused by dyshidrosis other than in exceptional cases. Indeed, other endogenous causes have been documented.2,3 A simultaneous flare of pompholyx in geographically separated identical twins has been described.4 On the other hand, the report may be taken as further evidence of the importance of an intact peripheral nerve supply for the activity of an eczematous disease. We have described the unilateral localization of endogenous eczema following hemiparesis of central origin, with healing of the eczema on the paretic limb.5 The neurological damage in our patients was to the primary neurone, in contrast to the patient of Chowdhury et al.1 but the consequences seem to be similar. It was recently demonstrated that delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin is only weakly elicited after damage to the lower motor neurone.6
Hypoxic and ischemic hypoxia exacerbate brain injury associated with metabolic encephalopathy in laboratory animals.
Authors: Z S Vexler, J C Ayus, T P Roberts, C L Fraser, J Kucharczyk, A I Arieff
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Hypoxemia is a major comorbid factor for permanent brain damage in several metabolic encephalopathies. To determine whether hypoxia impairs brain adaptation to hyponatremia, worsening brain edema, we performed in vitro and in vivo studies in cats and rats with hyponatremia plus either ischemic or hypoxic hypoxia. Mortality with hypoxic hypoxia was 0%; with hyponatremia, 22%; and with hyponatremia+hypoxia, 100%. Hyponatremia in cats produced brain edema, with a compensatory decrease of brain sodium. Ischemic hypoxia also resulted in brain edema, but with elevation of brain sodium. However, when ischemic hypoxia was superimposed upon hyponatremia, there was elevation of brain sodium with further elevation of water. Outward sodium transport in cat cerebral cortex synaptosomes was measured via three major pathways through which brain osmolality can be decreased. After hyponatremia, sodium transport was significantly altered such that brain cell osmolality would decrease: 44% increase in Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase transport activity (ouabain inhibitable); 26% decrease in amiloride-sensitive sodium uptake. The change in veratridine-stimulated sodium uptake was not significant (P > 0.05). When ischemic hypoxia was superimposed upon hyponatremia, all of the cerebral adaptive changes induced by hyponatremia alone were eliminated. Thus, hypoxia combined with hyponatremia produces a major increase in brain edema and mortality, probably by eliminating the compensatory mechanisms of sodium transport initiated by hyponatremia that tend to minimize brain swelling.
THE INTRANASAL OPERATION FOR DISEASE OF THE LACRYMAL APPARATUS
Authors: W. J. Harrison
Journal: BMJ (1924)

TrMDICAJ JOU°NAS 1047 -increase rapidly.It appears, then, that the modificarions in diet and ill the working conditions of the prisoners have Io48 zUNE t4, t9241 ~fTTATI-1C~COSTTOrILfV Twx Birtmn 1048 C,UNE 14, 19241] YPAIOTM IN PERITONITIS.[MEDICAL JoUTIEAZ.in tlhis way.Its advantages, according to West, are as follows:1.The physiological function of the path for tears is again restored, so that not only a suppuration of the sac, a lacrymal
CD98 expression modulates intestinal homeostasis, inflammation, and colitis-associated cancer in mice
Authors: Hang Thi Thu Nguyen, Guillaume Dalmasso, Leif Torkvist, Jonas Halfvarson, Yutao Yan, Hamed Laroui, Doron Shmerling, Tiziano Tallone, Mauro D’Amato, Shanthi V. Sitaraman, Didier Merlin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Expression of the transmembrane glycoprotein CD98 (encoded by SLC3A2) is increased in intestinal inflammatory conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and in various carcinomas, yet its pathogenetic role remains unknown. By generating gain- and loss-of-function mouse models with genetically manipulated CD98 expression specifically in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), we explored the role of CD98 in intestinal homeostasis, inflammation, and colitis-associated tumorigenesis. IEC-specific CD98 overexpression induced gut homeostatic defects and increased inflammatory responses to DSS-induced colitis, promoting colitis-associated tumorigenesis in mice. Further analysis indicated that the ability of IEC-specific CD98 overexpression to induce tumorigenesis was linked to its capacity to induce barrier dysfunction and to stimulate cell proliferation and production of proinflammatory mediators. To validate these results, we constructed mice carrying conditional floxed Slc3a2 alleles and crossed them with Villin-Cre mice such that CD98 was downregulated only in IECs. These mice exhibited attenuated inflammatory responses and resistance to both DSS-induced colitis and colitis-associated tumorigenesis. Together, our data show that intestinal CD98 expression has a crucial role in controlling homeostatic and innate immune responses in the gut. Modulation of CD98 expression in IECs therefore represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment and prevention of inflammatory intestinal diseases, such as IBD and colitis-associated cancer.
HTLV-1 Proviral DNA in Oral Aspirates of Newborns Born to Seropositive Mothers
Authors: Takashi Sawada
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Milk-borne transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has been well established both epidemiologically and experimentally. Switching from breastfeeding to bottle-feeding reduced the virus infection rate to approximately one tenth, but a few bottle-fed infants still became infected with HTLV-1 through an as yet unidentified route.<sup>1</sup>Transplacental or intrauterine transmission of HTLV-1 has been a controversial subject because detection of HTLV-1 antigen or proviral DNA in umbilical cord blood does not necessarily lead to seroconversion of the children.<sup>2-4</sup>We now report that perinatal infection of HTLV-1 may account for the rare cases of seroconversion not related to breast-feeding. We studied 17 HTLV-1 antibody—positive carrier mothers and their newborn infants: 10 of them were delivered by the vaginal route and the other seven by cesarean section at term. During pregnancy, the presence of HTLV-1 antibodies was checked by the particle agglutination method (titers 1:64 to
The danger in the next big thing
Authors: K. Abbasi
Journal: BMJ (2014)

What is the next big thing? How do we know it when we see it? Is it the burger flipping robot that creates 360 different varieties of burger? What would such burgers taste like? It might be the 3D printing technology that is heralded as part of a new industrial revolution (doi:10.1136/bmj.g2963). Our picture of the week, inevitably rendered in glorious two dimensions, is a plastic skull created with 3D printing and used in an operation in a Dutch hospital. However, this plastic skull is not to be confused with helmets that don’t seem to work in the treatment of infant skull deformities (doi:10.1136/bmj.g2741, doi:10.1136/bmj.g2906).

With drugs, we’re usually informed about …