tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sudden Unexplained Death
Authors: Hanno L. Tan, Nynke Hofman, Irene M. van Langen, Allard C. van der Wal, Arthur A.M. Wilde
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— Sudden death mostly follows from cardiac disorders that elicit lethal ventricular arrhythmias. In young individuals, it often remains unexplained because history and/or postmortem analysis are absent or provide no clue. Because such sudden unexplained deaths (SUDs) may have heritable causes, cardiological and genetic assessment of surviving relatives of SUD victims may reveal the underlying disease and unmask presymptomatic carriers. We aimed to establish the diagnostic yield of such assessments. Methods and Results— We investigated 43 consecutive families with ≥1 SUD victim who died at ≤40 years of age. All studied relatives underwent resting/exercise ECG and Doppler echocardiography. Molecular genetic analysis was conducted to confirm the diagnosis. We identified an inherited disease and likely cause of death in 17 of 43 families (40%). Twelve families had primary electrical disease: catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (5 families), long-QT syndrome (4 families), Brugada syndrome (2 families), and long-QT/Brugada syndrome (1 family). Furthermore, we found arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (3 families), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (1 family), and familial hypercholesterolemia (1 family). Molecular genetic analysis provided confirmation in 10 families. Finding the diagnosis was more likely when more relatives were examined and in families with ≥2 SUD victims ≤40 years of age. The resting/exercise ECG had a high diagnostic yield. These efforts unmasked 151 presymptomatic disease carriers (8.9 per family). Conclusions— Examination of relatives of young SUD victims has a high diagnostic yield, with identification of the disease in 40% of families and 8.9 presymptomatic carriers per family. Simple procedures (examining many relatives) and routine tests (resting/exercise ECG) constitute excellent diagnostic strategies. Molecular genetics provide strong supportive information.
Intestinal Lymphangiectasia: Value of Tc-99m Dextran Lymphoscintigraphy
Authors: TIAN-CHAO YUEH, MARGARET H. PUI, SHI-QUAN ZENG
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1997)

Intestinal lymphangiectasia is a common cause of protein-losing enteropathy characterized by diarrhea, generalized edema, enteric protein loss, hypoproteinemia, and lymphopenia. Diagnosis is based on demonstration of enteric protein loss and characteristic small bowel mucosal histology. Various imaging modalities including barium studies, computed tomography, and lymphangiography have had limited clinical use. The authors report a case of intestinal lymphangiectasia in which Tc-99m dextran lymphoscintigraphy played a significant role in the patient management.
Surgical and Biochemical Aspects of Pancreatitis
Authors: J. K. McCollum
Journal: BMJ (1955)

The pancreas was known to Greek and Roman physicians, but it was not until 1642 that Wirsung described the main pancreatic duct, and a further two hundred years passed before Claude Bernard (1856) demonstrated ferments in the pancreatic juice and their role in digestion.Balser (1882) described necrosis of fat tissue in connexion with pancreatic inflammation, and in 1889 Fitz published his paper in which, for the first time, an effort was made to correlate the clinical findings and pathological changes in acute pancreatitis.Bayliss and Starling (1902) showed that a humoral mechanism existed for the control of external pancreatic secretion, and Mellanby (1925) showed that the external secretion of the pancreas was under dual hormonal and nervous control-secretin controlling the volume and bicarbonate content of the juice, the vagus nerve
Effect of patients' age on management of acute intracranial haematoma: prospective national study
Authors: P. T Munro
Journal: BMJ (2002)

To determine whether the management of head injuries differs between patients aged > or =65 years and those <65.Prospective observational national study over four years.25 Scottish hospitals that admit trauma patients.527 trauma patients with extradural or acute subdural haematomas.Time to cranial computed tomography in the first hospital attended, rates of transfer to neurosurgical care, rates of neurosurgical intervention, length of time to operation, and mortality in inpatients in the three months after admission.Patients aged > or =65 years had lower survival rates than patients <65 years. Rates were 15/18 (83%) v 165/167 (99%) for extradural haematoma (P=0.007) and 61/93 (66%) v 229/249 (92%) for acute subdural haematoma (P<0.001). Older patients were less likely to be transferred to specialist neurosurgical care (10 (56%) v 142 (85%) for extradural haematoma (P=0.005) and 56 (60%) v 192 (77%) for subdural haematoma (P=0.004)). There was no significant difference between age groups in the incidence of neurosurgical interventions in patients who were transferred. Logistic regression analysis showed that age had a significant independent effect on transfer and on survival. Older patients had higher rates of coexisting medical conditions than younger patients, but when severity of injury, initial physiological status at presentation, or previous health were controlled for in a log linear analysis, transfer rates were still lower in older patients than in younger patients (P<0.001).Compared with those aged under 65 years, people aged 65 and over have a worse prognosis after head injury complicated by intracranial haematoma. The decision to transfer such patients to neurosurgical care seems to be biased against older patients.
Sequelae of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: A Role of Intervention Studies
Authors: Christine E. Long, John T. McBride, Caroline B. Hall
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

The association between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in infancy and respiratory abnormalities later in life has been attributed both to a direct effect of the infection itself and to an inherent susceptibility. Observational studies do not allow a rigorous test of these hypotheses. Respiratory syncytial virus infection is universal in the first years of life and no uninfected control group exists. Randomized, controlled trials using new prophylactic agents such as vaccines or specific therapeutic agents will provide a powerful test of the relationship between RSV infection and long-term respiratory sequelae.
Major therapeutic developments and current challenges in advanced melanoma
Authors: R.J. Sullivan, K.T. Flaherty
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

Malignant melanoma is rising in incidence. The treatment options have been very limited but advances in molecular biology and immunology have led to a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. Four drugs have been approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma in the past 2 years and two new classes of agents have recently been shown to lead to durable responses in a substantial minority of patients. The identification of biomarkers has helped clinicians and researchers segregate patients into molecular subgroups, which facilitates the selection of therapy. Preliminary work has begun on determining the ideal sequences of the various therapies. Investigations have been carried out on why these treatments work and what the mechanisms of resistance are to these therapies. It is hoped that combinations of therapies will emerge that lead to a high percentage of durable responses.
MECHANISM OF PRODUCTION OF PULMONARY LESIONS IN MICE BY NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS (NDV)
Authors: Harold S. Ginsberg
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1951)

Infectious NDV particles produce extensive pulmonary consolidation in the mouse in the absence of demonstrable virus multiplication. The lesions are indistinguishable from those of influenza A virus infection. This effect of NDV was blocked by intranasal injection of RDE or immune serum before virus inoculation, but not by immune serum injected 5 minutes or more after NDV. Influenza A virus infection did not diminish fixation of NDV in excised lungs but did interfere with the injurious action of this agent in the living mouse. The analogy between these reactions and those which take place in a progressive virus infection is pointed out, and the mechanism of production of lesions in virus pneumonias discussed.
The People's Health Assembly
Authors: G. H. Brundtland
Journal: BMJ (2001)

EDITOR—The editorial by Chowdhury and Rowson refers to the enduring relevance of primary healthcare principles established in Alma Ata to the insufficient resources available to support primary healthcare action in poor communities, and to the need for a shared vision of health for all.1

Much of our work at the World Health Organization focuses on increasing resources to improve health for the world's 3 billion poor people. In December the Okinawa conference on infectious diseases—attended by representatives of governments and non-governmental organisations …
Anaphylaxis to carboplatin—A new platinum chemotherapeutic agent
Authors: Hugh H. Windom, William P. McGuire, Robert G. Hamilton, N.F. Adkinson
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1992)

Hypersensitivity to platinum is well established among refinery workers inhaling complex salts of platinum. Platinum-specific IgE by RAST has been demonstrated, and challenging the skin, nose, and lung with platinum salts produces typical type I reactions in sensitized individuals. ‘. ’ Immunologic sensitization to platinum has been reported with the cytotoxic agent, cisplatin.3 A new drug containing platinum, carboplatin, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1989 for salvage treatment of ovarian cancer (Fig. I). We present a patient who tolerated eight courses of cisplatin but experienced an anaphylactic reaction shortly after beginning her second course of carboplatin.
Radiology service not influenced by fundholding
Authors: A P Bayliss, J K Hussey
Journal: BMJ (1993)

poor fit of the distribution of free ( human chorionic gonadotrophin to a Gaussian model in the upper range.More data are required to clarify this, but our present conclusion is that with appropriate allowance for the poor fit, the same parameters2 yield an estimated difference in detection that may be as little as 1-2%.
Age-resolving Osteopetrosis: A Rat Model Implicating Microphthalmia and the Related Transcription Factor TFE3
Authors: Katherine N. Weilbaecher, Christine L. Hershey, Clifford M. Takemoto, Martin A. Horstmann, Timothy J. Hemesath, Armen H. Tashjian, David E. Fisher
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

Microphthalmia (Mi) is a basic helix-loop-helix–leucine zipper (b-HLH-ZIP) transcription factor implicated in pigmentation, mast cells, and bone development. Two dominant-negative mi alleles (mi/mi and Mior/Mior) in mice cause osteopetrosis. In contrast, osteopetrosis has not been observed in a number of recessive mi alleles, suggesting the existence of Mi protein partners important in osteoclast function. An osteopetrotic rat of unknown genetic defect (mib) has been described whose skeletal sclerosis improves dramatically with age and that is associated with pigmentation defects reminiscent of mouse mi alleles. Here we report that this rat strain harbors a large genomic deletion encompassing the 3′ half of mi including most of the b-HLH-ZIP region. Osteoclasts from these animals lack Mi protein in contrast to wild-type rat, mouse, and human osteoclasts. Mi is not detectable in primary osteoblasts. In addition TFE3, a b-HLH-ZIP transcription factor related to Mi, was found to be expressed in osteoclasts, but not osteoblasts, and to coimmunoprecipitate with Mi. These results demonstrate the existence of members of a family of biochemically related transcription factors that may cooperate to play a central role in osteoclast function and possibly in age-related osteoclast homeostasis.
Neural correlates of consciousness are not pictorial representations
Authors: Geraint Rees, Chris Frith
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

O'Regan &amp; Noë (O&amp;N) are pessimistic about the prospects for discovering the neural correlates of consciousness. They argue that there can be no one-to-one correspondence between awareness and patterns of neural activity in the brain, so a project attempting to identify the neural correlates of consciousness is doomed to failure. We believe that this degree of pessimism may be overstated; recent empirical data show some convergence in describing consistent patterns of neural activity associated with visual consciousness.
Fibrin-incorporated vitronectin is involved in platelet adhesion and thrombus formation through homotypic interactions with platelet-associated vitronectin
Authors: Ya-Ping Wu, Haiko J. Bloemendal, Emile E. Voest, Ton Logtenberg, Philip G. de Groot, Martijn F. B. G. Gebbink, Hetty C. de Boer
Journal: Blood (2004)
Differences in the redox status of human visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues – relationships to obesity and metabolic risk
Authors: Aleksandra Jankovic, Aleksandra Korac, Biljana Srdic-Galic, Biljana Buzadzic, Vesna Otasevic, Ana Stancic, Milica Vucetic, Milica Markelic, Ksenija Velickovic, Igor Golic, Bato Korac
Journal: Metabolism (2014)
Mechanisms Contributing to Malignant Dysrhythmias Induced by Ischemia in the Cat
Authors: Peter B. Corr, Francis X. Witkowski, Burton E. Sobel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

Continuously recorded bipolar electrograms were obtained simultaneously from epi-, endo-, and mid-myocardial regions of the ischemic and normal zones of cat left ventricle in vivo after coronary occlusion, analyzed by computer, and compared to regional cyclic AMP levels. Regional cyclic AMP content was used as an index of the combined local effects of: (a) efferent sympathetic nerve discharge; (b) release of myocardial catecholamines due to ischemia; and (c) circulating catecholamines. Ischemia resulted in a progressive increase in pulse width and rise time and a decrease in rate of rise of voltage (dV/dt) of the local electrograms from ischemic zones reaching a maximum within 2.4±0.3 min (mean±SE) at the time of onset of severe ventricular dysrhythmias, all of which returned toward control before the cessation of the dysrhythmia (33.5±1.5 min after coronary occlusion). Increases in cyclic AMP in ischemic zones preceded corresponding increases in the frequency of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs). Propranolol inhibited the increases in cyclic AMP and reduced the frequency of PVCs in animals without ventricular fibrillation. In animals with ventricular fibrillation, cyclic AMP was significantly elevated in normal and ischemic zones compared to animals with PVCs only. Electrical induction of PVCs or ventricular fibrillation in ischemic and nonischemic hearts failed to increase cyclic AMP. The results suggest that the changes in regional adrenergic stimulation of the heart may contribute to perpetuation of ventricular dysrhythmia and the genesis of ventricular fibrillation early after the onset of myocardial ischemia.
Diagnosis of Complex Renal Cystic Masses and Solid Renal Lesions Using PET Imaging
Authors: Nobuyuki Oyama, Hideaki Ito, Noriko Takahara, Yoshiji Miwa, Hironobu Akino, Takashi Kudo, Hidehiko Okazawa, Yasuhisa Fujibayashi, Kazuto Komatsu, Kenji Tsukahara, Osamu Yokoyama
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

The study aims to assess the usefulness of PET with C-acetate and F-FDG to differentiate renal cell carcinoma (RCC) from complicated renal cysts.Thirty-one patients were enrolled, 14 patients with complicated renal cysts (12 with Bosniak III and 2 with Bosniak IV) and 17 patients with 19 solid renal tumors. The patients underwent both C-acetate PET and FDG PET. Nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy was performed after the PET scans.In 29 patients, 32 renal lesions were diagnosed as RCC. Twenty-three of the 32 RCCs (72%) had positive C-acetate PET findings, whereas only 7 FDG PET studies were positive (22%). Considering the relationship between tumor size measured by macroscopic appearance of resected tumors and PET results, 22 of 25 (88%) tumors more than 1.5 cm showed positive C-acetate PET findings. In 12 patients with Bosniak III renal cysts, 10 renal lesions were diagnosed as RCC. In this subgroup, 5 of the 10 RCCs (50%) had positive C-acetate PET findings, whereas 2 RCCs (20%) had positive FDG PET findings. None of the cases with benign findings had positive C-acetate PET or FDG PET scans.C-acetate PET demonstrates a pronounced increase in tracer uptake in RCC, especially in renal tumors more than 1.5 cm, and displays a higher sensitivity than FDG PET. These preliminary data show that C-acetate may be a useful PET tracer to exclude RCC in complex renal cysts.
Radionuclide Study of Functional Resolution of Unilateral Renal Vein Thrombosis
Authors: CHRISTOPHER N. CHAPMAN, JOHN J. SZIKLAS, RICHARD P. SPENCER, RONALD J. ROSENBERG
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1983)

A patient with gastroduodenal artery aneurysm detected with Tc-99m scintiangiography is described. Liver and hepatobiliary imaging were also performed on the patient. Ultrasound examination, arteriography, and surgical exploration were carried out. The value of radionuclide studies in leading to the proper diagnosis is emphasized.
Nuclear DNA analysis of koilocytic and premalignant lesions of the uterine cervix.
Authors: R G Hughes, W A Neill, M Norval
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Cervical biopsy samples were taken from 79 patients who had various grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or who showed evidence, in the form of koilocytosis, of human papillomavirus infection of the uterine cervix and from 10 women with normal cervices. The DNA content of the cells in the samples was analysed by flow cytometry. Analysis of the data obtained showed that the biopsy samples from women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and human papillomavirus lesions contained significantly more dividing cells (31.2% of cells from human papillomavirus lesions with no cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and 33.06%, 29.89%, and 31.76% of cells from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades I, II, and III, respectively) than those from women with normal cervices (21.6%). The proportion of aneuploid samples from the group who showed evidence of human papillomavirus infection only (18.2%) did not differ significantly from the group with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III (21.2%). Aneuploidy and an increased rate of cellular proliferation are recognised characteristics of malignancy. These results therefore support the view that human papillomavirus plays an important part in the aetiology of cervical carcinoma and are relevant to the clinical management of patients.
Escherichia coli O157: H7 Diarrhea in the United States: Clinical and Epidemiologic Features
Authors: Laurence Slutsker
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Background: Escherichia coli O157:H7 is increasingly recognized as a cause of bacterial diarrhea in the United States, but the frequency of its isolation and the clinical and epidemiologic features of E. coli O157:H7 infection in a large, geographically diverse population of patients have not been well described. Objective: To determine the frequency of isolation of E. coli O157:H7 relative to that of other bacterial enteric pathogens in a nationwide sample of patients and to identify the clinical and epidemiologic features of E. coli O157:H7 infection. Design: Population prevalence study from October 1990 to October 1992. Setting: 10 U.S. hospitals. Patients: Both inpatients and outpatients who had stool samples submitted to 1 of 10 laboratories for routine pathogen identification. Measurements: Clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory information was collected for infected and uninfected patients. Isolates of E. coli O157:H7 were tested for production of Shiga toxin. Patient charts were then reviewed. Results: Escherichia coli O157:H7 was isolated from 118 (0.39%) of the 30 463 fecal specimens tested. The proportion of fecal specimens with isolates was higher at northern sites (0.57%) than at southern sites (0.13%) (P < 0.001). Escherichia coli O157:H7 was more likely to be isolated from visibly bloody stool specimens than from specimens without visible blood (odds ratio [OR], 59.2 [95% CI, 36.6 to 96.0]) and was the pathogen most commonly isolated from visibly bloody stool specimens that yielded a bacterial enteric pathogen (39% of such specimens). The highest age-specific isolation proportions from fecal specimens for E. coli O157:H7 were in patients 5 to 9 years of age (0.90%) and 50 to 59 years of age (0.89%). Clinical features independently associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection compared with the other enteric pathogens included a history of bloody diarrhea (OR, 18.6 [CI, 7.4 to 48.6]), visibly bloody stool specimens (OR, 8.1 [CI, 3.6 to 18.3]), no reported fever (OR, 8.3 [CI, 1.6 to 50.0]), leukocyte count greater than 10 × 109/L (OR, 4.0 [CI, 1.7 to 9.5]), and abdominal tenderness on physical examination (OR, 2.9 [CI, 1.2 to 7.2]). Conclusions: In some geographic areas and some age groups, isolation proportions from fecal specimens for E. coli O157:H7 surpassed those of other common enteric pathogens. One third of isolates of this organism came from nonbloody specimens. Because person-to-person transmission of E. coli O157:H7 is not uncommon and infection with this organism may cause severe disease, stool specimens from all patients with a history of acute bloody diarrhea should be cultured for E. coli O157:H7.
Possible Complication of Chloroquine Therapy
Authors: W. G. McDonald
Journal: JAMA (1967)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Adverse effects attributed to chloroquine therapy include agranulocytosis, dermatitis, hepatotoxicity, myopathy, neuropathy, psychosis, and retinopathy.<sup>1-3</sup>The mechanism of these toxic reactions is unknown, but vascular spasm, possibly secondary to vasculitis, is routinely present in the patients with retinal involvement. The following case presents another situation in which development of a vascular abnormality may have been dependent upon the administration of chloroquine. <h3>Report of a Case:—</h3> A 62-year-old white woman gave a history of recurrent tenosynovitis in the wrists, stiffness of the fingers, and vague discomfort in other joints of two years' duration. Physical examination revealed an area of tenosynovitis on the dorsum of the left wrist, questionable arthritic changes in the proximal interphalangeal joints, and a blood pressure of 170/100 mm Hg. The latex fixation test was weakly reactive, but other laboratory studies gave normal findings. A presumptive diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis was made, and, following
Physicians and Addiction
Authors: Abraham Verghese
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

A report in this issue of the Journal (see pages 1529–1537), describes an outbreak of bloodstream infections in an intensive care unit that was traced to an employee who was suspected of tapping into fentanyl infusions that were being administered to critically ill patients. A sample of the employee's hair showed traces of the narcotic, but he denied wrongdoing. He left the hospital, and the outbreak ceased. What is unusual is that the health care worker in question was a respiratory therapist and not a physician. When narcotics are misappropriated, the person implicated is usually a physician. But substance abuse . . .