tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Natural history of hepatitis C
Authors: L B Seeff
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

Approximately 85% of persons with acute hepatitis C develop chronic hepatitis as determined by persistently abnormal serum enzymes and/or viremia (hepatitis C virus [HCV] RNA). Both the acute and chronic illnesses are predominantly asymptomatic. For this reason and because the chronic illness runs an extremely protracted course, it has been difficult to accurately define the frequency and rate of progression to symptomatic or end-stage liver disease, specifically cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Three evaluation strategies have been used. The first, prospective studies beginning from disease onset, have identified over 8 to 14 year follow-up periods that morbidity (symptoms, cirrhosis) and mortality (hepatic failure, HCC) are modest in frequency. The second, prospective studies of subjects with already established chronic liver disease, have demonstrated high rates of development of cirrhosis, HCC, and mortality over relatively short follow-up periods. The third, retrospective/prospective (nonconcurrent prospective) studies, has consisted of follow-up of recipients of HCV- contaminated immunoglobulin and of transfusion recipients from five enzyme-monitored transfusion studies of the early 1970s. The former study identified no mortality, trivial morbidity, and minimal cirrhosis 17 years after infection. The latter, involving hepatitis cases and matched nonhepatitis controls studied over a 20-year period, demonstrated no increase in all-cause but a slight increase in liver- related mortality. Clinically evident chronic liver disease was noted to be minimal among those in follow-up with biochemically defined chronic hepatitis whose biopsy specimens showed no cirrhosis, but common among those with histologically detected cirrhosis. More than 90% of subjects with an original diagnosis of transfusion-related hepatitis C have remained positive for antibody to HCV (anti-HCV), most with persistent viremia. Two thirds of the anti-HCV-positive individuals have biochemically defined chronic hepatitis, whereas one third have persistently normal enzymes. Taken together, available data suggest that in the first two decades after infection, mortality and morbidity are modest in frequency. Both can be expected to increase as the disease advances to the third and fourth decades after acute infection, especially among those with established cirrhosis. The outcome among those with chronic hepatitis but without cirrhosis remains to be determined.
[123] SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE RATES WITH PEGINTERFERON a-2a (40 kD) (PEGASYS®) PLUS RIBAVIRIN (COPEGUS®) IN RANDOMISED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS ARE REPLICATED IN THE CLINICAL PRACTICE SETTING
Authors: A. Alberti, E. Zehnter, S.S. Lee, S.J. Hadziyannis, S. Zeuzem, M. Rizzetto, M. Diago
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
CCL18 from Tumor-Associated Macrophages Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis via PITPNM3
Authors: Jingqi Chen, Yandan Yao, Chang Gong, Fengyan Yu, Shicheng Su, Jianing Chen, Bodu Liu, Hui Deng, Fengsong Wang, Ling Lin, Herui Yao, Fengxi Su, Karen S. Anderson, Qiang Liu, Mark E. Ewen, Xuebiao Yao, Erwei Song
Journal: Cancer Cell (2011)
728-5 Value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Assessment of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Patency and Function: An Angiographically Controlled Study
Authors: Michel A. Galjee, Albert C. van Rossum, Teddo Doesburg, Machiel J. van Eenige, Cees A. Visser
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Abstract 2850: Predicting anti-tumor responses to phosphatidylserine targeting antibodies using tumor imaging.
Authors: Jian Gong, Richard Archer, Van Nguyen, Christopher C.W. Hughes, Jeff Hutchins, Bruce Freimark
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a phospholipid normally residing in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane and becomes exposed on tumor vascular endothelial cells and tumor cells in response to chemotherapy, irradiation and oxidative stresses in the tumor microenvironment. Binding of antibodies targeting PS on the tumor endothelial cells and tumors induces the recruitment of immune cells and engages the immune system to destroy tumor vasculature. The antibodies also enhance anti-tumor immunity by blocking the immunosuppressive action of PS. A chimeric PS-targeting antibody, bavituximab, is being used in combination with chemotherapy to treat patients with solid tumors in Phase II trials. Fully human antibody PGN635 binds PS through the interaction of beta-2-glycoprotein 1 (β2GP1) in the same manner as bavituximab. Using human PC-3 prostate tumor xenografts in SCID mice, we demonstrate that targeting of PS in tumors by PGN635 is enhanced by chemotherapy. Combination of PGN635 with docetaxel inhibited tumor growth compared to the control IgG plus docetaxel group (p&amp;lt;0.05). Near-infrared optical imaging of PS in tumors with PGN650, an F(ab’)2 antibody fragment of PGN635, showed tumor growth inhibition in mice treated with docetaxel correlates with PS expression levels in the tumors. Maximal uptake of the PS imaging was observed when chemotherapy was given 24 hours before the imaging probe. Citation Format: Jian Gong, Richard Archer, Van Nguyen, Christopher C.W. Hughes, Jeff Hutchins, Bruce Freimark. Predicting anti-tumor responses to phosphatidylserine targeting antibodies using tumor imaging. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2850. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2850
Previously undescribed form of B-cell chronic lymphoid leukemia with IgA expression/secretion and lytic bone lesions
Authors: Cherie H. Dunphy, Yagnesh V. Oza, Milton E. Skelly
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1997)

A B-cell chronic lymphoid leukemia (B-CLL) associated with IgA expression and secretion is uncommon and has never been described in association with osteolytic bone lesions. We report such a case, defined by cytomorphology and flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI). Additional cases may be recognized with the aid of FCI, in order to define the natural history of and best form of therapy for this rare disorder. Am. J. Hematol. 55:208–211, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Functioning Islet Cell Adenoma
Authors: Richard J. Mahler, Victor Grann, Richard Purdy
Journal: JAMA (1964)

A functioning insulinoma, which caused symptoms interpreted as those of cerebrovascular disease, was removed from an 82-year-old woman. Tolbutamide, not 1-leucine, elicited a brisk rise in plasma insulin. The tumor was examined by electron microscopy and was found to be a benign adenoma. This is the oldest recorded case of this type of tumor. It reasserts the need for careful diagnosis of cases of cerebrovascular disease that appear routine.
Heart disease deaths in a Japanese urban area evaluated by clinical and police records.
Authors: S Baba, H Ozawa, Y Sakai, A Terao, M Konishi, K Tatara
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND By national statistics, Japanese ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality is one of the lowest of all industrialized countries, and the proportion of deaths due to heart failure in heart disease is the highest. There may be a difference in diagnostic preference between Japan and other industrialized countries. METHODS AND RESULTS IHD deaths according to the death certificates were reevaluated with World Health Organization MONICA criteria for those 25 to 74 years old by use of clinical and police records in a Japanese city with a population of 347,000. Their cause of death was given on the death certificates as IHD (International Classification of Diseases [ICD], ninth revision, codes 410-414), heart failure (428), or other heart diseases (393-405, 415-427, 429) in 1984 through 1986. Some deaths in 1985 through 1986 from stroke (430-438) or other diseases (250, 272, 278, 440-448, 797-799) were added. Of 409 subjects, 397 (97%) could be examined. Reevaluation of the 106 deaths originally diagnosed as IHD yielded 73 IHDs and 11 sudden deaths of unknown origin (SD), and reevaluation of 160 deaths originally called heart failure yielded 26 IHDs and 50 SDs. In total, reevaluation of all 397 deaths yielded 101 IHDs and 69 SDs. Some 88% of SD cases were originally certified as heart failure (72%) or IHD (16%). Only two SDs were originally certified as stroke. CONCLUSIONS Assuming that 30% of SDs were due to IHD, the number of IHD deaths would be 122, which is 11% larger than the number of IHD deaths according to the death certificates. After reevaluation, the IHD mortality in this study area still was the lowest in the industrialized countries.
Effects of thyroid hormone on cardiac size and myosin content of the heterotopically transplanted rat heart.
Authors: I Klein, C Hong
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

Infrarenal heterotopic cardiac isografts maintain structural and functional integrity. We have used this transplantation model to further explore the mechanisms of thyroid hormone-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Thyroid hormone administration, 1-thyroxine (T4) 10 micrograms/animal per d, led to a significant 30% increase in total heart weight and a 40% increase in the myosin content of the in situ heart when compared with control. In contrast, T4 treatment was without effect on the heart weight, protein content, rate of protein synthesis, or calculated myosin content of the heterotopic, nonworking heart. Heterotopic hearts demonstrated a significant decrease in the percentage of the V1 myosin isoenzyme from 95% to 61%. This shift occurred in euthyroid animals but was prevented by T4 treatment. These results suggest that thyroxine-induced cardiac hypertrophy is mediated indirectly via changes in cardiac work. Myosin isoenzyme expression can be altered by changes in work load but is still responsive to increased levels of thyroid hormone.
Redistribution of connexin45 in gap junctions of connexin43-deficient hearts
Authors: Carolyn M. Johnson, Evelyn M. Kanter, Karen G. Green, James G. Laing, Tetsuo Betsuyaku, Eric C. Beyer, Thomas H. Steinberg, Jeffrey E. Saffitz, Kathryn A. Yamada
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

Objective: Adult ventricular myocytes express two gap junction channel proteins: connexin43 (Cx43) and connexin45 (Cx45). Cx43-deficient mice exhibit slow ventricular epicardial conduction, suggesting that Cx43 plays an important role in intercellular coupling in the ventricle. Cx45 is much less abundant than Cx43 in working ventricular myocytes. Its role in ventricular conduction has not been defined, nor is it known whether expression or distribution of Cx45 is altered in Cx43-deficient mice. The present study was undertaken to determine (1) whether expression of Cx45 is upregulated and (2) whether gap junction structure and distribution are altered in Cx43-deficient mice. Methods: Ventricular tissue from neonatal Cx43+/+, Cx43+/− and Cx43−/− and adult Cx43+/+ and Cx43+/− mice was analyzed by immunoblotting and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Results: Total Cx45 protein abundance measured by immunoblotting was not different in Cx43-deficient or null hearts compared to wild-type control hearts. However, the amount and distribution of Cx45 immunoreactive signal measured by quantitative confocal analysis were markedly reduced in both Cx43+/− and Cx43−/− hearts. Conclusion: Although the total content of Cx45 is not upregulated in Cx43-deficient hearts, the localization of Cx45 to cardiac gap junctions depends on the expression level of Cx43 and is dramatically altered in mice that express no Cx43.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Community-Based Diabetic Patients
Authors: Roland G. Hiss, Mary Lou Gillard, Betty A. Armbruster, Leslie A. McClure
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

To demonstrate improvements in diabetes care stimulated by comprehensive evaluation of community-based diabetic patients with feedback to the patients and their physicians.A comprehensive evaluation of community-based diabetic patients with annotated reporting of results to both patients and their physicians (universal intervention) was followed by random assignment of 50% of patients to individual counseling (randomized intervention). In four communities, two large and two small, 55 type 1 and 376 type 2 diabetic patients were recruited, evaluated, and reassessed at 1 year. Outcome measures were HbA1c, serum cholesterol, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.There were significant improvements in all outcome measures for type 2 diabetic patients randomized to individual counseling (P = 0.03; follow-up rate 84%) and significant improvements in all outcome measures for all high-risk type 2 patients (highest P value = 0.004; follow-up rate 85%).Comprehensive evaluation of diabetic patients at the community level with annotated reporting of results to the patients and their physicians was associated with improvement of mean HbA1c, cholesterol, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, particularly in patients in high-risk status for these outcome variables. Individual counseling of 50% of patients, randomly selected, enhanced these results.
P113 The cost-effectiveness of step down from high dose fluticasone/salmeterol dry powder or suspension formulations in asthma applied to the UK setting
Authors: P. L. Paggiaro, G. Buseghin, G. Nicolini, S. Patel, S. Iannazzo, O. Zaniolo, A. Papi
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Objectives</h3> The stepwise management of asthma outlined in the BTS/SIGN guideline recommends stepping down asthma patients where control is achieved. The aim of this analysis was to estimate the costs and health outcomes associated with step down of controlled patients on high dose fluticasone/salmeterol (FP/S 1000/100 μg daily) to either extrafine beclometasone/formoterol (BDP/F 400/24 μg) pMDI or medium dose FP/S (500/100 μg) dry powder in the UK setting. <h3>Methods</h3> A patient-level simulation Markov model was constructed to enable the simulation of a cohort of patients through three comparative arms (FP/S 1000/100, FP/S 500/100, BDP/F 400/24). Transition probabilities and healthcare resources costs were derived from a recent multinational clinical trial comparing BDP/F 400/24 μg vs FP/S 500/100 μg as step down therapy in asthma. Direct costs and health state utilities were sourced from UK costs and published literature. The cost of FP/S 1000/100 was calculated considering the dry powder formulation. An additional analysis was conducted considering the suspension formulation. The analysis was conducted from a UK health system perspective, based on 6 months horizon. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted. <h3>Results</h3> The analysis showed that there was an ICER (Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio) of 32 000 GBP/QALY (Quality Adjusted Life Years) associated with high dose dry powder FP/S 1000/100 μg vs extrafine BDP/F 400/24 μg and an ICER of approximately 36 800 GBP/QALY associated with medium dose dry powder FP/S 500/100 μg vs BDP/F 400/24 μg. Additional analysis showed that there was an ICER of 85 200 GBP/QALY associated with high dose suspension formulation FP/S 1000/100 μg vs extrafine BDP/F 400/24 μg. <h3>Conclusions</h3> BTS/SIGN guideline recommend that when asthma control is achieved, treatment can be stepped down to the lowest dose that maintains control. It was found that maintaining controlled patients on high dose FP/S is not cost-effective. Extrafine BDP/F 400/24 μg daily can be considered to be a cost-effective option in the UK to maintain control of asthmatic patients stepped down from high dose FP/S 1000/100 μg daily dry powder or suspension formulations and the magnitude of cost effectiveness is estimated to be highest when stepping down from the suspension formulation.
Bronchiectasis, Exacerbation Indices, and Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Irem S. Patel, Ioannis Vlahos, Tom M. A. Wilkinson, Simon J. Lloyd-Owen, Gavin C. Donaldson, Mark Wilks, Rodney H. Reznek, Jadwiga A. Wedzicha
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

Relationships between high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bacterial colonization, airway inflammation, or exacerbation indices are unknown. Fifty-four patients with COPD (mean [SD]: age, 69 [7] years; FEV(1), 0.96 [0.33] L; FEV(1) [percent predicted], 38.1 [13.9]%; FEV(1)/forced vital capacity [percent predicted], 40.9 [11.8]%; arterial partial pressure of oxygen, 8.77 [1.11] kPa; history of smoking, 50.5 [33.5] smoking pack-years) underwent HRCT scans of the chest to quantify the presence and extent of bronchiectasis or emphysema. Exacerbation indices were determined from diary cards over 2 years. Quantitative sputum bacteriology and cytokine measurements were performed. Twenty-seven of 54 patients (50%) had bronchiectasis on HRCT, most frequently in the lower lobes (18 of 54, 33.3%). Patients with bronchiectasis had higher levels of airway inflammatory cytokines (p = 0.001). Lower lobe bronchiectasis was associated with lower airway bacterial colonization (p = 0.004), higher sputum interleukin-8 levels (p = 0.001), and longer symptom recovery time at exacerbation (p = 0.001). No relationship was seen between exacerbation frequency and HRCT changes. Evidence of moderate lower lobe bronchiectasis on HRCT is common in COPD and is associated with more severe COPD exacerbations, lower airway bacterial colonization, and increased sputum inflammatory markers.
Hemorrhagic States during Pregnancy
Authors: Oscar D. Ratnoff, Jack A. Pritchard, Joan E. Colopy
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1955)

Amniotic-Fluid EmbolismA second cause of generalized bleeding during parturition is amniotic-fluid embolism. In this condition, first described in 1941 by Steiner and Lushbaugh, amniotic fluid enters the maternal circulation just before, during or after childbirth. In about two thirds of the reported cases, the women have been thirty years of age or older, and most have been multiparous. Moreover, in at least half the cases, labor has been excessively severe and rapid. Typically, in one group of cases severe respiratory distress, with dyspnea and cyanosis, suddenly develops and the patient dies within a matter of minutes. In other cases . . .
The University and Medicine: The Past, the Present, and Tomorrow
Authors: Martin Kaufman
Journal: JAMA (1977)

In May 1976, under the auspices of the Macy Foundation, ten medical educators gathered at the Leeds Castle to examine the growth of the universities in the United States and England, their relationship to the medical schools, their contributions to medical research, and the future of these institutions. This volume contains their appraisals of these issues. The quality of the contributions varies, but anyone interested in the present and the future of medicine and medical education will find this a worthwhile book. The editors are to be congratulated for including the discussion that followed the specific papers, as the discussion was often more illuminating than the presentations. For me, the two most interesting essays were on the present and the future of medicine in Great Britain, by John Lister, and in America, by E. Hugh Luckey. Arnold Thackray's essay on the American university in the past was enlightening, as was
Factitious False-positive Test for HIV
Authors: Albert W. Wu
Journal: JAMA (1988)

To the Editor.  —In recent issues of JAMA , we read about a patient with factitious acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and about another patient who was misdiagnosed as having AIDS. 1-3 We report the case of a distraught individual who falsely represented himself as being seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies to gain enrollment into a trial of azidothymidine treatment.  Report of a Case.  —A 27-year-old homosexual air traffic controller referred himself to us to be enrolled in a placebo-controlled trial of azidothymidine treatment for patients with asymptomatic HIV infection. He reported that he was without symptoms and that he recently had had a positive test for antibody to HIV. Screening included confirmatory HIV antibody tests. He was randomized into the study before the results of the HIV antibody tests were known because he met all other eligibility criteria.  A few weeks later he confessed that he had lied about
V3 Spinal Neurons Establish a Robust and Balanced Locomotor Rhythm during Walking
Authors: Ying Zhang, Sujatha Narayan, Eric Geiman, Guillermo M. Lanuza, Tomoko Velasquez, Bayle Shanks, Turgay Akay, Jason Dyck, Keir Pearson, Simon Gosgnach, Chen-Ming Fan, Martyn Goulding
Journal: Neuron (2008)
PWE-186 Under-utilisation Of Faecal Calprotectin To Exclude Ibd In Patients With Functional Bowel Disorders
Authors: VI Astle, NR Lewis
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Calprotectin is a protein released by neutrophils in response to the presence of inflammation in the bowel <sup>1</sup>. Based on secondary care data with a cut-off of 50 mcg using ELISA assay it has a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 94% <sup>2</sup> to exclude inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) from functional bowel disorders. Calprotectin can be measured in a stool sample with this non-invasive test significantly cheaper than endoscopy and associated new patient referral <sup>3,4</sup>. Faecal calprotectin (FC) has also been shown to correlate with mucosal disease activity and can help to predict response to treatment or relapse in IBD <sup>1</sup>. We report the routine use of FC in gastroenterology practice at our hospital. <h3>Methods</h3> All FC tests performed between 01/07/12 and 31/12/12 were systematically collected and reason for testing determined. Endoscopic, histological, radiological, laboratory and clinical records were systematically searched to identify tests performed in patients with FC results. <h3>Results</h3> 294 FC tests were performed during the study period: 203 (69.0%) for assessment of IBD and 91 (31.0%) tests to exclude IBD in patients with suspected functional bowel disorders. Mean age of patients with suspected functional bowel disorders was 45 (SD 16.8) years and 62.6% were female. Of the patients with suspected IBS who had a normal FC value (n = 75), 50.7% had a colonoscopy, 20.0% had CT or MRI and 9.3% had a flexible sigmoidoscopy. Of the 75 patients with suspected functional bowel disorder with normal FC values, 2 patients were diagnosed with Crohn’s disease affecting the terminal ileum on colonoscopy. For patients with suspected IBS the test had a specificity of 80.2% and a negative predictive value of 97.3%. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Despite normal FC result, a significant proportion of young adults with suspected functional bowel disorder undergo colonoscopy with normal test results. As other studies have shown, consideration of the FC result before further investigations are ordered can reduce the number of patients requiring endoscopy or imaging and thus reduce cost <sup>1</sup>. However, FC is less sensitive for small bowel Crohn’s disease and therefore careful history taking is required to ensure this is not missed due to a negative FC result. <h3>References</h3> Smith LA <i>et al</i>.<i> World J Gastroenterol</i> 2012 Dec 14; 18(46):6782–6789 Nice Guideline DG11 Faecal calprotectin diagnostic tests for inflammatory diseases of the bowel NHS England National Tariff Payment System. http://www.monitor.gov.uk/NT. Accessed on 22/1/14 Faecal Calprotectin - Is it Requested Appropriately and is it Cost Effective? Gut2013;62:A266-A267 <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.