tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
AIDS and malnutrition inextricably linked
Authors: Peter Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The importance of the links between AIDS, nutrition, and food security is only just being realised, a conference in London was told last week. The disease is having a devastating impact on the availability of food. And a shortage of food is increasing deaths from the disease, the conference heard.

In April last year, the World Health Organization held a consultation meeting in Durban, South Africa, on nutrition and HIV/AIDS in Africa, at which participants concluded that “the HIV epidemic is increasingly driven by, and contributes to, factors that also …
645 HEPATITIS B E ANTIGEN-NEGATIVE MUTATIONS IN THE PRECORE AND CORE PROMOTER REGIONS IN KOREA
Authors: J.W. Choi, H.Y. Chang, J.K. Kim, J.Y. Park, D.Y. Kim, Y.H. Paik, K.S. Lee, B.S. Moon, K.H. Han, C.Y. Chon, Y.M. Moon, S.H. Ahn
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
The Dilemmas of Mothers Who Are Physicians and of Physicians Who Are Mothers
Authors: Sophie J. Balk
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article, "Equal, Not Really,"<sup>1</sup>written by an anonymous physician-mother, echoed feelings and ideas expressed by many women struggling to combine multiple roles. The anguish expressed by the author is not limited to professional women. The majority of working mothers in blue-collar and white-collar as well as in professional jobs have concerns about how their employment affects their children's behavior and development. As more and more women enter the work force—an estimated 45% to 50% of mothers of preschool children and 63% of mothers of school-aged children are currently employed outside the home—it becomes incumbent upon physicians and other professionals (such as the educators mentioned in the article) to learn the facts about the effects of maternal employment on children. It is known that pediatricians often make judgments about maternal employment based on their own personal experience and biases rather than on scientific data.<sup>2,3</sup>In
Inhibitory effect of pranlukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-antagonist, on eosinophil activation induced by platelet-activating factor
Authors: Masato Suzuki, Masahiko Kato, Hirokazu Kimura, Atsushi Tachibana, Tohru Fujiu, Hirokazu Arakawa, Hiroyuki Mochizuki, Kenichi Tokuyama, Akihiro Morikawa
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2002)
Clinical Crossroads: An Invitation
Authors: Thomas L. Delbanco
Journal: JAMA (1995)

The first live conference created for a journal directed to medical practitioners was published nearly 100 years ago when Dr Richard Cabot introduced the clinical pathologic conference to academic medicine, in the form of the case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital.<sup>1</sup>Borrowing from case-based teaching used in the study of law, Dr Cabot developed the conference to tackle the problem of wrong diagnoses. He created a link between the clinician and the pathologist, and by including real patients in the clinical discussion of specific diseases, he also hoped to create a teaching instrument for students. Diagnostic medicine has moved forward, and today, although misdiagnoses and diagnostic strategies remain a problem, treatment options often present the greatest dilemma for clinicians. Stimulated by Dr Cabot's timeless question to his students—"What is the gist of it all?"<sup>1</sup>—we introduce, in this issue, Clinical Crossroads. See also p 69. Doctors in
Night visiting in general practice
Authors: J C Godwin
Journal: BMJ (1993)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Aim</h3> Individuals with a sex chromosome trisomy (SCT) have disproportionate problems with language compared to nonverbal skills. This may result from disruption to the typical left hemisphere bias for language processing. We tested the hypothesis that SCTs would be associated with reduced left lateralisation for language. <h3>Method</h3> In a cross-sectional design, language laterality was measured during an animation description task using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (fTCD). Data were available for 75 children with an SCT (26 47,XXX girls, 25 47,XXY boys, and 24 47,XYY boys; mean age was 11;4 years, SD = 3;10 years), and 132 comparison children with typical karyotypes (69 boys; mean age was 9;1 years, SD = 1;7 years). <h3>Results</h3> Lateralisation for language did not differ between the SCT and comparison groups, either in mean laterality index or relative frequency of each laterality category (left, bilateral and right). There were no differences when splitting the SCT group by trisomy. Handedness also showed no group effects. <h3>Interpretation</h3> Our data provide no evidence for disrupted lateralisation for language in SCTs. The brain basis of the cognitive phenotype in SCTs is unlikely to be a failure of the left hemisphere to specialise for language, as previously suggested. <h3>What this paper adds</h3> Children with a sex chromosome trisomy (SCT) have typically lateralised language. This disconfirms theories linking language problems to hemispheric specialization in SCTs
We should consider paying kidney donors
Authors: S. R. Roff
Journal: BMJ (2011)

At least three people died today in the United Kingdom because they couldn’t get a kidney transplant. Several thousand more will attend dialysis units. There are increasing numbers of patients, usually young, whose doctors would like to give them “pre-emptive” kidney transplants instead of starting dialysis, which is harsh on the patient and expensive for NHS resources. A transplanted kidney will “pay for itself” within 18 months. Although kidneys obtained within minutes of cardiac death or during the process of “neurological death” are usable and a boon to the recipients, those from living kidney donors give the recipient a better and longer lease of life.

The increase in diabetes and hypertension in the community puts further pressure on the need for kidney transplantation. But the rate of donation of kidneys from deceased and living donors has never kept pace with the need, and has plateaued at about 2000 a year in the UK. At present we have a reimbursement model whereby donors’ costs are covered for several weeks by the NHS, insurers (who well know the …
Telephone Management of Acute Pediatric Illnesses
Authors: Ellen C. Perrin, Helen C. Goodman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

Abstract To evaluate the telephone management of five common acute pediatric problems, a "programmed mother" made unidentified calls to five pediatric nurse practitioners, 28 pediatric house officers and 23 pediatricians in practice. Calls were tape recorded and scored for history taking, disposition and interviewing skill. Nurse practitioners averaged 79.6 per cent of the total possible theoretical score for history taking, house officers 69.1 per cent, and practicing pediatricians 52.6 per cent (P<0.001). For disposition, nurse practitioners averaged 71.1 per cent of the maximum score, in contrast to 60.1 per cent for house officers and 58.9 per cent for practicing pediatricians. Similarly, nurse practitioners had significantly higher (P<0.001) scores for interviewing skills. No significant differences were found among house officers in the first, second and third years in history taking, disposition or interviewing skills. We conclude that pediatric nurse practitioners manage common pediatric problems by telephone better than house officers or practicing pediatricians and that better training for this aspect of practice is needed. (N Engl J Med 298:130–135, 1978)
GLIMPSES OF THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY IN BRITISH AND SPANISH HONDURAS.
Authors: N. SENN
Journal: JAMA (1902)

The physicians in sparsely settled tropical countries have many disadvantages, difficulties and hardships to contend with unknown to their colleagues in prosperous countries in the temperate zone. They are isolated from the great centers of medical education, and the benefits arising from professional intercourse and attendance upon active medical societies. The defective mail service interferes with the regular supply of recent medical literature. The physician in remote country and coast towns is often thrown upon his own resources in the treatment of grave cases, as satisfactory counsel is frequently unavailable. He is seldom adequately remunerated for his services as the majority of those who apply to him for aid are too poor to reward him for his work. In many instances he furnishes the medicines or dressings without any expectation of a return of his cash outlay. If he is not in possession of an unusual degree of energy, he
Notes on Physical Diagnosis
Authors: Alvan R Feinstein
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Physical Diagnosis. A Textbook and Workbook in Methods of Clinical Examination. By Elliot Hochstein and Albert L. Rubin. 409 pp, 329 illus. $12.95. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 330 W 42nd St, New York 10036, 1964 The appearance of two new textbooks of "Physical Diagnosis" helps document the importance still attached to the primary skill of a clinician: the ability to examine a sick person and to draw conclusions from the data thereby obtained. Zatuchni has prepared his Notes to eliminate trivia and esoterica, and his taut writing produces a compact, highly readable book. Its brevity and style will hold great appeal for neophyte clinicians seeking "highlights of emphasis," rather than the extensive coverage of a conventional text. The publicational format of Zatuchni's book is unfortunate: a "pop art" distorted arm on the back cover, fading print on the front cover, and unattractive interior typography that makes the text look mimeographed. An
Magnetic resonance imaging of reticulo-endothelial system in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: S. Morio, H. Oh, N. Endo, E. Kawano, H. Nakamura, T. Asai, Y. Saito, Y. Uchida, H. Ikehira, K. Yoshida
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1997)

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is characterized by accelerated platelet destruction in the reticulo-endothelial system (RES). We performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to estimate the degree of activated RES. MRI was performed with a Gyroscan S-15 (1.5 tesla) in 7 healthy volunteers and 22 patients with ITP. The 22 patients included 19 who were at initial diagnosis or were nonresponders to the therapy (non-DX group), and 3 who were responders. For the non-DX group, the T1 relaxation time of the spleen was initially significantly shorter than for healthy volunteers, but normalized after responding to the therapy. The initially shorter T1 values of the spleen for ITP patients correlated with a low platelet count (P < 0.05). This condition may indicate foam cells or fatty components due to platelet destruction. There was no significant relationship between the sequestration in 111In-scan and T1 values of the liver or spleen. However, MRI is a noninvasive method, and it may be a clinically useful tool in the evaluation of RES in patients with ITP. Am. J. Hematol. 56:52–58, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Glycogen-Storage Disease
Authors: OTTO F. MULLER, SAMUEL BELLET, ALI ERTRUGRUL
Journal: Circulation (1961)

A case of glycogen-storage disease (Coritype II), with accumulation of glycogen in the myocardium, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, liver, kidney, central nervous system, and autonomic ganglia is presented. Glycogen storage in the autonomic ganglia of the intestinal tract (Plexus-myentericus-Auerbach), which gave rise clinically to Hirschsprung's disease, could explain the feeding problems and constipation often observed in these cases. The classification into four different types of Cori and Andersen appears to be the most satisfactory one at the present time. These types are different disease entities with the same expression of abnormality, the deposition of glycogen; but the pathogenesis and the clinical and pathologic findings are strikingly different. Glycogen storage of the heart is probably more common than the review of the literature indicates. Many of these cases are missed, mainly types III and IV, because the possibility is not considered and the patient is inadequately studied in life and during necropsy.
Prevalence and Natural History of Asthma in Schoolchildren
Authors: J. M. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1961)

release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland.Further clinical and experimental work is necessary to elucidate the role of oxytocin in this respect. SummaryOxytocin was regularly administered by means of a nasal spray to primiparae from the second day of the puerperium.No serious side-effects were noted.The use of the spray resulted in the easier establishment of breast-feeding and in an improvement of milk production.No significant reduction in the incidence of early breast engorgement was obtained.Nasal oxytocin has a place in the management of lactation and breast-feeding, but further work is necessary to define its usefulness more exactly and to elucidate the underlying physiological mechanisms.I thank the midwives of Charing Cross Hospital for their invaluable co-operation, and Professor Norman Morris for his encouragement and for allowing me to carry out this trial on his patients.I am grateful to Dr. H. Holgate, of Sandoz Products Ltd., for providing me with the nasal sprays containing " syntocinon" and the placebo.
Tiazofurin-induced autosecretion of IL-6 and hemoglobin production in K562 human leukemia cells
Authors: C.J. Talley, E.A. Turner, F.M. Hatcher, P.M. Aguinaga, P. Chakrabarti
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1997)

Previous reports have established the synthesis of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptors (IL-6R) in several human leukemia cells and found that IL-6 and the IL-6R could be expressed in cell lines with erythroid/megakaryocytic features. IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in megakaryocytic differentiation. The finding that endogenous IL-6 levels in serum increased after 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment suggests that IL-6 may play some role in the recovery of hematopoietic systems. This observation may assist the understanding of erythroid regeneration caused by antineoplastic agents such as tiazofurin. Tiazofurin inhibits the activity of IMP dehydrogenase. Its exposure to K562 cells at 10 μM tiazofurin stimulates erythroid differentiation. Stimulation of cells with tiazofurin gave a significant increase in IL-6 production. Its levels were quadrupled after 2 days of culture. Tiazofurin also caused a trivial reduction in the percentage of cells with the IL-6R. This evidence implies that tiazofurin produced no significant effect on the IL-6R. Tiazofurin also increased the percentage of benzidine-positive cells representing hemoglobin production, confirmed by GpA expression. We concluded that IL-6 is rate limiting in regard to hemoglobin production and that IL-3 could be used for clinical benefit to stimulate erythropoiesis and synergize with tiazofurin. Am. J. Hematol. 54:301–305, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
I think I'm worth it, why doesn't NICE?
Authors: B. Carnevale
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Recent media coverage of decisions of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Evidence (NICE) not to make certain drugs available on the NHS has been very poignant for me. Going through the ups and downs of metastatic renal cancer can’t help but induce my passionate response to NICE’s interim ruling on the drugs relevant to my condition—and indeed that I take. These drugs are sunitinib, sorafenib, and bevacizumab, all of which are licensed and have proved to be of benefit, increasing survival in an area of illness with very few options and where the …
F-18 FDG PET Imaging in a Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Authors: Naoto Watanabe, Masaya Kawano, Maiko Takada, Shinya Iwamoto, Masashi Shimizu, Hideto Kawabe, Yuichi Kamisaki, Kyo Noguchi, Hikaru Seto
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) imaging is a useful modality in detecting various tumors, including malignant bone and soft tissue tumors. We evaluated a patient with a recurrent neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) using F-18 FDG PET imaging and detected abnormal increased uptake in the abdomen. These results suggest that F-18 FDG PET imaging may be useful in detecting the primary and metastatic lesions of PNET.
Payment by results system has outlived its usefulness, King's Fund report says
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Payment by results, the system used in England to pay for around 60% of the average hospital’s activity, no longer meets the challenges facing the NHS, a new report from the King’s Fund finds. 

The system encourages hospitals to do more. This was appropriate when the need was to cut waiting lists for elective operations but not when the need is to foster integrated care, limit emergency admissions, and keep patients out of hospital altogether.

Payment by results was introduced in 2003-4 with the aim of linking hospitals’ payments more closely to the work they did. Each hospital service was given a fixed price or tariff, set at the average for the system as a whole. Focused initially on a small number …
The routine use of patient reported outcome measures in healthcare settings
Authors: J. Dawson, H. Doll, R. Fitzpatrick, C. Jenkinson, A. J Carr
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Using two restriction site polymorphisms within the structural gene coding for human type II collagen we have examined the segregation of this gene in three pedigrees with dominantly inherited osteogenesis imperfecta (Sillence type IA). We have demonstrated that the gene does not segregate with clinical expression of the disease and cannot, therefore, contain the mutation responsible for osteogenesis imperfecta in these families.
The analgesic effect of sucrose in full term infants: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: N. Haouari, C. Wood, G. Griffiths, M. Levene
Journal: BMJ (1995)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To evaluate the effects of different sucrose concentrations on measures of neonatal pain. <b>Design</b>: Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of sterile water (control) or one of three solutions of sucrose—namely, 12.5%, 25%, and 50% wt/vol. <b>Setting</b>: Postnatal ward. <b>Patients</b>: 60 healthy infants of gestational age 37-42 weeks and postnatal age 1-6 days randomised to receive 2 ml of one of the four solutions on to the tongue two minutes before heel prick sampling for serum bilirubin concentrations. <b>Main outcome measure</b>: Duration of crying over the first three minutes after heel prick. <b>Results</b>: There was a significant reduction in overall crying time and heart rate after three minutes in the babies given 50% sucrose as compared with controls. This was maximal one minute after heel prick in the 50% sucrose group and became statistically significant in the 25% sucrose group at two minutes. There was a significant trend for a reduction in crying time with increasing concentrations of sucrose over the first three minutes. <b>Conclusion</b>: Concentrated sucrose solution seems to reduce crying and the autonomic effects of a painful procedure in healthy normal babies. Sucrose may be a useful and safe analgesic for minor procedures in neonates. <h3>Key messages</h3> Key messages Little is done to minimise the discomfort of these procedures Placing 2 ml of a 25% or 50% sucrose solution on the tongue before heel prick significantly reduces crying time There is a dose-response effect in the reduction of crying with increasing concentrations of sucrose Sucrose on the tongue may be a useful and safe form of analgesia in newborn infants
Candida Sepsis Complicating Parenteral Feeding
Authors: Keith W. Ashcraft
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Five of 22 surgical patients being treated with parenteral nutrition developed<i>Candida albicans</i>septicemia. Two died of this infection. All of these patients demonstrated factors known to predispose to or promote<i>Candida</i>sepsis. Failure of weight gain in an infant, fever otherwise unexplained, or the known presence of<i>Candida</i>infection elsewhere should alert the physician to the possibility of Candida septicemia. Regular periodic blood cultures may reveal organisms in the mildly symptomatic patient and facilitate early diagnosis. Treatment is removal of the central venous catheter. Amphotericin B therapy may also be required in severe cases.
Abstract 3604: Elevated sigma-2 receptor/Pgrmc1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1) levels as a potential cancer biomarker in tumors and plasma
Authors: Shakeel UR Mir, Ling Jin, Rolf J. Craven
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Cancers of the lungs and head and neck are one of the leading causes of death, particularly in Kentucky, which leads the nation in multiple categories related to smoking. Thus, there is an urgent need for new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for airway cancers. The sigma-2 receptor is an intracellular receptor for numerous drugs and metabolites and was recently found to be identical to Pgrmc1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1), a cytochrome-related protein implicated in metabolism and hormone signaling. S2RPgrmc1 is up-regulated in multiple types of cancer and is required for tumor cell proliferation and motility in vitro and tumor formation and metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, small molecule inhibitors of S2RPgrmc1 suppressed the growth of lung, breast and cervical cancer cell lines. In the present study, we have analyzed S2RPgrmc1 levels in clinical tumor samples from squamous cell lung cancers (SqCLC), lung adenocarcinomas, head and neck cancers and others. S2RPgrmc1 levels were increased in tumors throughout and correlated with survival in lung cancer (n=43, p=0.02) and with grade in head and neck cancer (higher in grade 2 versus 1, p=0.007). One of the cancer types with highest S2RPgrmc1 expression was squamous cell lung cancer (SqCLC), and treatment options for SqCLC are limited. S2RPgrmc1 was highly expressed in SqCLC cell lines, and SqCLC cell survival was inhibited by siRNA knockdown of S2RPgrmc1 or the S2RPgrmc1 inhibitor AG-205. S2RPgrmc1 is part of a family of secreted cytochromes, and we found that S2RPgrmc1 was significantly elevated in the plasma of 42 lung cancer patients compared to non-cancer patients and was significantly higher in the plasma of stage I lung cancer patients compared to stage 2-4 patients. Purified, recombinant S2RPgrmc1 increased the proliferation of NSCLC cell lines, suggesting that secreted S2RPgrmc1 may contribute to lung tumor growth. Together, the results demonstrate that S2RPgrmc1 correlates with key clinical endpoints in tumors and is a therapeutic target in some cancers with few therapeutic options, particularly squamous cell lung cancer. Furthermore, S2RPgrmc1 is a potential plasma biomarker for early stage lung cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3604. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3604
Physical Approaches to the Prevention of Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Eugene Lyne
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I write concerning an advertisement by the Kendall Health-care Products Company that appears on pages 2677 and 2679 of the May 13 issue. The entire tenor of the advertisement is such as to imply, inaccurately, that the consensus statement from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) entitled "Prevention of Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism"<sup>1</sup>specifically endorsed a product of the Kendall Company. The advertisement states that "according to the NIH Consensus Development Conference report, the use of physical approaches, such as elevation of the bed, graduated compression stockings and<i>sequential pneumatic compression</i>can reduce the incidence of DVT [deep vein thrombosis] significantly" [italics added]. The NIH report did not so state. In fact, every reference in the consensus statement is to "external pneumatic compression" rather than to "sequential pneumatic compression." We assume that the consensus panel had no intention of recommending any particular system. Since the