tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Progression From the Appearance of Islet Autoantibodies to Early Childhood Diabetes: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY)
Authors: Andrea K. Steck, Kendra Vehik, Ezio Bonifacio, Ake Lernmark, Anette-G. Ziegler, William A. Hagopian, JinXiong She, Olli Simell, Beena Akolkar, Jeffrey Krischer, Desmond Schatz, Marian J. Rewers
Journal: Diabetes Care (2015)

OBJECTIVE While it is known that there is progression to diabetes in &amp;lt;10 years in 70% of children with two or more islet autoantibodies, predictors of the progression to diabetes are only partially defined. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study has observed 8,503 children who were at increased genetic risk for autoimmune diabetes. Insulin autoantibodies (IAAs), GAD65 autoantibodies (GADAs), and insulinoma-associated protein 2 autoantibodies (IA-2As) were measured every 3 months until 4 years of age and every 6 months thereafter; if results were positive, the autoantibodies were measured every 3 months. RESULTS Life table analysis revealed that the cumulative incidence of diabetes by 5 years since the appearance of the first autoantibody differed significantly by the number of positive autoantibodies (47%, 36%, and 11%, respectively, in those with three autoantibodies, two autoantibodies, and one autoantibody, P &amp;lt; 0.001). In time-varying survival models adjusted for first-degree relative status, number of autoantibodies, age at first persistent confirmed autoantibodies, and HLA genotypes, higher mean IAA and IA-2A levels were associated with an increased risk of type 1 diabetes in children who were persistently autoantibody positive (IAAs: hazard ratio [HR] 8.1 [95% CI 4.6–14.2]; IA-2A: HR 7.4 [95% CI 4.3–12.6]; P &amp;lt; 0.0001]). The mean GADA level did not significantly affect the risk of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS In the TEDDY study, children who have progressed to diabetes usually expressed two or more autoantibodies. Higher IAA and IA-2A levels, but not GADA levels, increased the risk of diabetes in those children who were persistently autoantibody positive.
Dissociating body image and body schema with rubber hands
Authors: Nicholas Paul Holmes, Charles Spence
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract Dijkerman &amp; de Haan (D&amp;dH) argue that body image and body schema form parts of different and dissociable somatosensory streams. We agree in general, but believe that more emphasis should be placed on interactions between these two streams. We illustrate this point with evidence from the rubber-hand illusion (RHI) – an illusion of body image, which depends critically upon body schema.
Opioid prescribing rates in US vary widely between states, CDC reports
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Healthcare providers in Alabama wrote almost three times as many prescriptions for opioid painkillers per person as those in Hawaii, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported.1

The report said that the states with the highest prescription rates of opioid pain relievers tended to be in the South: Alabama had the highest rate of prescriptions per 100 people, at 142.9; Tennessee had 142.8; and West Virginia had 137.6. The states with the lowest rates were California (57.0), New York (59.5), and Hawaii (52.0).

The variation in prescription rates for benzodiazepines was even wider, with a nearly fourfold difference between West Virginia, which had the highest rate (71.9), and Hawaii, which had the lowest (19.3). “Such wide variations are unlikely …
Teaching Primary Care Medicine-Reply
Authors: John E. Verby
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> I am in total agreement with Dr Beasley's statement about the practicing physicians in the rural areas of our communities in Minnesota being "the best personnel to teach students how to provide comprehensive and continuing care for patients in 'real world' settings." He states that the dilemma of looking at "confidence vs competence" is indeed a real one. We are attempting to develop reproducible measures for examining medical student and physician performance in ambulatory primary care settings. We were unable to document this because of an editorial request to shorten the article and eliminate some of the variables (50) that we did measure. We do not know of any effort within the medical school academic setting that evaluates students' management skills in the practice setting. If there are, we certainly would be anxious to find out more about these evaluations from others.
Treatment of Infections in Young Infants in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Frontline Health Worker Diagnosis and Antibiotic Access
Authors: Anne CC Lee, Aruna Chandran, Hadley K. Herbert, Naoko Kozuki, Perry Markell, Rashed Shah, Harry Campbell, Igor Rudan, Abdullah H. Baqui
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2014)

Inadequate illness recognition and access to antibiotics contribute to high case fatality from infections in young infants (<2 months) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aimed to address three questions regarding access to treatment for young infant infections in LMICs: (1) Can frontline health workers accurately diagnose possible bacterial infection (pBI)?; (2) How available and affordable are antibiotics?; (3) How often are antibiotics procured without a prescription?
Unusual Radiological Manifestations of Acquired Pulmonary Cysts in Children
Authors: Linda S. Wallace
Journal: JAMA (1982)

SEVERAL entities can lead to localized pulmonary lucencies appearing on pediatric chest roentgenograms. Most are acquired abnormalities, since congenital lung cysts are rare, even in the pediatric age group. Inflammatory processes are the principal cause of acquired pulmonary cysts, with trauma being less common. Pneumatocele, lung abscess, and cavitating pneumonia fall into the category of acquired lesions. At times, the radiological appearance of these abnormalities can be prominent and even dramatic. <h3>Lung Abscess</h3> Abscesses characteristically occur during the course of bacterial infections.<i>Klebsiella</i>and staphylococcal pneumonia predominate but<i>Escherichia coli</i>and group B<i>Streptococcus</i>may be the offending organisms in neonates.<sup>1</sup>Pulmonary abscess may also develop in<i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>pneumonia, tuberculosis, and aspiration pneumonitis when bacteria are involved. An abscess typically evolves slowly while the patient is extremely ill. The cavity appears to have ill-defined borders and thick walls because of surrounding infiltrate. Several points of bronchial communication are
Recirculation Time During Exercise
Authors: E. Sowton, D. Bloomfield, N. L. Jones, B. E. Higgs, E. J. M. Campbell
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1968)

Recirculation times measured from Cardio Green dye curves at rest and during exercise in four normal subjects and 12 patients with heart disease were inversely related to cardiac output. During gaseous techniques for estimation of cardiac output, sampling should be performed within 15 sec at rest and 10 sec during exercise, to avoid errors due to recirculation.
Book Review Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine Edited by Jason Payne-James, Roger W. Byard, Tracey S. Corey, and Carol Henderson. 2084 pp., plus index, in four volumes, illustrated. Oxford, England, Elsevier Academic Press, 2005. $1095. 0-12-547970-0
Authors: Michael M. Baden
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)
Young Burned Children: The Course of Acute Stress and Physiological and Behavioral Responses
Authors: Frederick J. Stoddard, Heidi Ronfeldt, Jerome Kagan, Jennifer E. Drake, Nancy Snidman, J. Michael Murphy, Glenn Saxe, Jennifer Burns, Robert L. Sheridan
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2006)

Objective: Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are a focus of much research with older children, but little research has been conducted with young children, who account for about 40% of all pediatric burn injuries. This is a longitudinal study of 72 acutely burned children (12–48 months old) that assessed the course of acute posttraumatic symptoms and physiological reactivity. Method: Parents were interviewed shortly after their child was admitted to the hospital and 1 month after discharge. PTSD symptoms were measured with the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA) module. Nurses recorded the child’s physiological data throughout the hospital stay. The child’s physical and behavioral responses were assessed in a laboratory at about 1 month after discharge. Results: Reduced social smiling in the children was related to PTSD symptoms, as measured by the DICA, and heart rate at 24 hours and 7 days. Reduced vocalization was related to the child’s rating of pain at 24 hours. Smiling and vocalizations were also related to some DICA cluster scores but not avoidance. Conclusions: Preschool children admitted to a burn unit demonstrated PTSD symptoms and physiological reactivity. There was a relation to the frequency of smiles and vocalizations.
Screening for Hereditary Hemochromatosis: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians
Authors: Amir Qaseem, Mark Aronson, Nick Fitterman, Vincenza Snow, Kevin B. Weiss, Douglas K. Owens
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2005)

Hereditary hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder of iron metabolism. Diagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis is usually based on a combination of various genetic or phenotypic criteria. Decisions regarding screening are difficult because of the variable penetrance of mutations of the HFE gene and the absence of any definitive trials addressing the benefits and risks of therapeutic phlebotomy in asymptomatic patients or those with only laboratory abnormalities. The purpose of this guideline is to increase physician awareness of hereditary hemochromatosis, particularly the variable penetrance of genetic mutations; aid in case finding; and explain the role of genetic testing. This guideline provides recommendations based on a review of evidence in the accompanying background paper by Schmitt and colleagues. The target audience for this guideline is internists and other primary care physicians. The target patient population is all persons who have a probability or susceptibility of developing hereditary hemochromatosis, including the relatives of individuals who already have the disease. *This paper, written by Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA; Mark Aronson, MD; Nick Fitterman, MD; Vincenza Snow, MD; Kevin B. Weiss, MD, MPH; and Douglas K. Owens, MD, MS, was developed for the Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians (ACP): Douglas K. Owens, MD, MS (Chair); Mark Aronson, MD; Patricia Barry, MD, MPH; Donald E. Casey Jr., MD, MPH, MBA; J. Thomas Cross Jr., MD, MPH; Nick Fitterman, MD; E. Rodney Hornbake, MD; Katherine D. Sherif, MD; and Kevin Weiss, MD, MPH (Immediate Past Chair). Approved by the ACP Board of Regents on 16 July 2005.
Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials
Authors: K. F. Schulz
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To determine if inadequate approaches to randomized controlled trial design and execution are associated with evidence of bias in estimating treatment effects. <h3>Design.</h3> —An observational study in which we assessed the methodological quality of 250 controlled trials from 33 meta-analyses and then analyzed, using multiple logistic regression models, the associations between those assessments and estimated treatment effects. <h3>Data Sources.</h3> —Meta-analyses from the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Database. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —The associations between estimates of treatment effects and inadequate allocation concealment, exclusions after randomization, and lack of double-blinding. <h3>Results.</h3> —Compared with trials in which authors reported adequately concealed treatment allocation, trials in which concealment was either inadequate or unclear (did not report or incompletely reported a concealment approach) yielded larger estimates of treatment effects (<i>P</i>&lt;.001). Odds ratios were exaggerated by 41% for inadequately concealed trials and by 30% for unclearly concealed trials (adjusted for other aspects of quality). Trials in which participants had been excluded after randomization did not yield larger estimates of effects, but that lack of association may be due to incomplete reporting. Trials that were not double-blind also yielded larger estimates of effects (<i>P</i>=.01), with odds ratios being exaggerated by 17%. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —This study provides empirical evidence that inadequate methodological approaches in controlled trials, particularly those representing poor allocation concealment, are associated with bias. Readers of trial reports should be wary of these pitfalls, and investigators must improve their design, execution, and reporting of trials. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;273:408-412)
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF MEDICINEFifteenth Annual Meeting, held in St. Louis, June 4 and 6, 1910
Authors: James H. McBride
Journal: JAMA (1910)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Famciclovir treatment of chronic delta hepatitis
Authors: Cihan Yurdaydin, Hakan Bozkaya, Selım Gürel, Hans L Tillmann, Nuray Aslan, A Okçu-Heper, Esra Erden, Kendal Yalçin, Nevzat Iliman, Özden Uzunalımoǧlu, Michael P Manns, A.Mithat Bozdayi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2002)
Mechanism of anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis: demonstration of raised interleukin 1 beta concentrations in anaemic patients and of interleukin 1 mediated suppression of normal erythropoiesis and proliferation of human erythroleukaemia (HEL) cells in vitro.
Authors: C.P Maury, L.C Andersson, A.M Teppo, S Partanen, E Juvonen
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1988)

The pathogenesis of the anaemia associated with rheumatoid disease is unclear. It has previously been shown that the degree of the anaemia correlates with the severity of the inflammatory disease and that serum from patients with arthritis inhibits erythropoiesis. This study was designed to examine whether interleukin 1 could be a mediator of the anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis. Radioimmunoassay of interleukin 1 beta in serum showed that patients with rheumatoid arthritis and associated anaemia had significantly higher interleukin 1 beta concentrations than patients with rheumatoid arthritis without anaemia. Pure recombinant human interleukin 1 alpha and interleukin 1 beta, in concentration ranges similar to those found in the arthritic patients, markedly suppressed the colony formation of the erythroid, but not the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells in cultures of normal bone marrow. Natural human interleukin 1 and recombinant interleukin 1 beta, but not interleukin 1 alpha, suppressed in a dose dependent manner the proliferation of the human erythroleukaemia cell line (HEL) in cultures, suggesting that the interleukin 1 effect is a direct one. The results show that interleukin 1 is a humoral inhibitor of erythropoiesis and suggests that interleukin 1 is involved in the development of anaemia in association with rheumatoid arthritis.
The investigation of superficial fungal infections by skin surface biopsy
Authors: D.A. WHITING, E.A. BISSET
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1974)

The skin surface biopsy technique using a cyanoacrylate contact cement was employed for the diagnosis and study of superficial mycoses. The biopsy specimens were used for quick direct examination after treatment with potassium hydroxide and blue-black ink, direct examination after staining with the periodic-acid Schiff method, fungal culture and scanning electron microscopy. Skin surface biopsies were taken from 124 patients for one or more of these purposes. Direct examination and culture of the specimens proved simple, and reliable for diagnostic use in clinical practice. In addition, the morphology of the infective agent could easily be studied in detail in its in vivo arrangement in the intact sheets of horny layer, either in stained preparations or under the scanning electron microscope.
PHYSIOLOGICAL STIMULATION OF THE CHOROID PLEXUS AND EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Simon Flexner, Harold L. Amoss, Frederick Eberson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1918)

The experiments recorded in this paper serve, in the first place, to confirm the experiments of Dixon and Halliburton on the stimulating effect of intravenous injections of extracts of choroid plexus in the secretion of the cerebrospinal fluid, and extend their observations to monkeys. They bring out also the variable effects of the virus of poliomyelitis, variations affected by the quality of the virus and also by the individual powers of resistance to infection possessed by individual monkeys. These factors of variation must be taken into account in performing and interpreting experiments on infection and particularly those on immunity and specific therapy in relation to poliomyelitis. In general it may be said that experimental infection by way of the blood is not easy to produce in monkeys unless some contributing factor, such as the existence of a coincident aseptic meningitis, operates at the same time. And yet Experiments 1 and 2 show that when the strength of the virus is great the injection of relatively considerable quantities suffices to induce infection and paralysis, but not in all instances. The chief outcome of the experiments has been to determine the fact that when the intravenous inoculation of the virus does not in itself suffice to induce infection and paralysis, the intravenous injection of extracts of the choroid plexus, which in themselves excite the secretory functions which preside over the formation of the cerebrospinal fluid, is powerless to modify this result. This fact would seem to be of interest and importance, since it has already been shown that very slight structural changes in the meningeal-choroidal complex suffice to make possible or certain infection under these circumstances. Apparently mere augmentation, from time to time, of the secretory functions of the choroid plexus, through intravenous injection of an extract of the choroid plexus and while the virus is still circulating, is insufficient to insure passage of the virus from the blood into the nervous tissues, upon which infection depends. Neither does the augmentation exercise a restraining influence on the development of infection otherwise capable of taking place.
Distribution of circumferential stress in ruptured and stable atherosclerotic lesions. A structural analysis with histopathological correlation.
Authors: G C Cheng, H M Loree, R D Kamm, M C Fishbein, R T Lee
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND Although rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque is considered to be the cause of most acute coronary syndromes, the mechanism of plaque rupture is controversial. METHODS AND RESULTS To test the hypothesis that plaque rupture occurs at sites of high circumferential stress in the diseased vessel, the distribution of stress was analyzed in 24 coronary artery lesions. Histological specimens from 12 coronary artery lesions that caused lethal myocardial infarction were compared with those from 12 stable control lesions. A finite element model was used to calculate the stress distributions at a mean intraluminal pressure of 110 mm Hg. The maximum circumferential stress in plaques that ruptured was significantly higher than maximum stress in stable specimens (4,091 +/- 1,199 versus 1,444 +/- 485 mm Hg, p &lt; 0.0001). Twelve of 12 ruptured lesions had a total of 31 regions of stress concentration of more than 2,250 mm Hg (mean, 2.6 +/- 1.4 high stress regions per lesion); only one of 12 control lesions had a single stress concentration region of more than 2,250 mm Hg. In seven of 12 lethal lesions (58%), rupture occurred in the region of maximum circumferential stress; in 10 of the 12 lethal lesions (83%), rupture occurred in a region where computed stress was more than 2,250 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that concentrations of circumferential tensile stress in the atherosclerotic plaque may play an important role in plaque rupture and myocardial infarction. However, plaque rupture may not always occur at the region of highest stress, suggesting that local variations in plaque material properties contribute to plaque rupture.
Increased levels of a TH2-type CC chemokine thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) in serum and induced sputum of asthmatics
Authors: Takashi Sekiya, Hirokazu Yamada, Masao Yamaguchi, Akira Ishii, Kazuhiko Yamamoto, Atsushi Morita, Yasuyuki Sano, Osamu Yoshie, Kouji Matsushima, Koichi Hirai
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2002)
FALSE-POSITIVE LIVER SCAN
Authors: DANIEL H. GREGORY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

Letters and Comments1 November 1968FALSE-POSITIVE LIVER SCANDANIEL H. GREGORY, M.D.DANIEL H. GREGORY, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-69-5-1075_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editor: I should like to endorse the position set forth in the recent presentation by Klion and Rudavsky, "False-Positive Liver Scans in Patients with Alcoholic Liver Disease" (Ann. Intern. Med. 69: 283, 1968). It has also been our experience that hepatic scintillation scanning in the presence of cirrhosis is of little clinical value and, indeed, often quite misleading.The most striking example of a false-positive liver scan that we have recently encountered was in a patient with hypersplenism secondary to Laennec's cirrhosis. A liver scan was performed with sulfur colloid labeled with 1 mc of tc99. All of... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: DANIEL H. GREGORY, M.D. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 November 1968Volume 69, Issue 5Page: 1075-1075KeywordsCirrhosisLiverLiver diseases ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 November 1968 PDF downloadLoading ...
BMA reviews its fraught contract negotiations
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The BMA is to review its recent negotiations with the government over doctors' contracts. The organisation was severely embarrassed when members rejected proposed contracts negotiated by the BMA for GPs and consultants.

The review process, “Learning the Lessons,” will look at three contracts negotiated by BMA craft committees in the past four years, for consultants, junior doctors, and GPs. Announcing the details of the review, the BMA …