tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Direct Access to Emergency Contraception Through Pharmacies and Effect on Unintended Pregnancy and STIs
Authors: Tina R. Raine, Cynthia C. Harper, Corinne H. Rocca, Richard Fischer, Nancy Padian, Jeffrey D. Klausner, Philip D. Darney
Journal: JAMA (2005)

Context It is estimated that half of unintended pregnancies could be averted if emergency contraception (EC) were easily accessible and used.Objective To evaluate the effect of direct access to EC through pharmacies and advance provision on reproductive health outcomes.Participants A randomized, single-blind, controlled trial (July 2001-June 2003) of 2117 women, ages 15 to 24 years, attending 4 California clinics providing family planning services, who were not desiring pregnancy, using longterm hormonal contraception or requesting EC. Design, Setting, andIntervention Participants were assigned to 1 of the following groups: (1) pharmacy access to EC; (2) advance provision of 3 packs of levonorgestrel EC; or (3) clinic access (control). Main Outcome MeasuresPrimary outcomes were use of EC, pregnancies, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) assessed at 6 months; secondary outcomes were changes in contraceptive and condom use and sexual behavior. ResultsWomen in the pharmacy access group were no more likely to use EC (24.2%) than controls (21.0%)(P=.25).Women in the advance provision group (37.4%) were almost twice as likely to use EC than controls (21.0%)(PϽ.001) even though the frequency of unprotected intercourse was similar (39.8% vs 41.0%, respectively, P=.46).Only half (46.7%) of study participants who had unprotected intercourse used EC over the study period.Eight percent of participants became pregnant and 12% acquired an STI; compared with controls, women in the pharmacy access and advance provision groups did not experience a significant reduction in pregnancy rate (pharmacy access group: adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58-1.64;P=.93; advance provision group: OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.66-1.84,P=.71) or increase in STIs (pharmacy access group: adjusted OR, 1.08, 95% CI, 0.71-1.63,P=.73; advance provision group: OR, 0.94, 95% CI, 0.62-1.44,P=.79).There were no differences in patterns of contraceptive or condom use or sexual behaviors by study group.Conclusions While removing the requirement to go through pharmacists or clinics to obtain EC increases use, the public health impact may be negligible because of high rates of unprotected intercourse and relative underutilization of the method.Given that there is clear evidence that neither pharmacy access nor advance provision compromises contraceptive or sexual behavior, it seems unreasonable to restrict access to EC to clinics.
Physiologic Mechanisms in Potassium Deficiency
Authors: Alexander Leaf, Roberto F. Santos
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

ALTHOUGH the older medical literature contains sporadic references to the importance of potassium in certain clinical conditions (as pointed out in the historical review by Gamble1) the modern realization of its importance may be considered to have started with the study of experimental potassium depletion by Heppel.2 Progress followed rapidly with the studies by Darrow and his associates.3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 After their extensive experimental characterization of potassium depletion in rats, Darrow11 demonstrated by repletion studies the importance of potassium deficits in the mortality of infantile diarrhea. Since these early studies many important contributions have been made both to an understanding of . . .
Endoscopic Ultrasound–Guided Fine Needle Aspirate Microsatellite Loss Analysis and Pancreatic Endocrine Tumor Outcome
Authors: Laurentia Nodit, Kevin M. McGrath, Maliha Zahid, Niraj Jani, Karen E. Schoedel, N. Paul Ohori, Sally Carty, Sydney Finkelstein, Asif Khalid
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2006)
Normalization of Abnormal Coronary Vasomotion by Calcium Antagonists in Patients With Hypertension
Authors: Jürgen Frielingsdorf, Christian Seiler, Philipp Kaufmann, Giuseppe Vassalli, Thomas Suter, Otto M. Hess
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Endothelial dysfunction with a loss of endothelium-dependent vasodilation has been reported in patients with arterial hypertension. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate coronary vasomotor response to dynamic exercise in patients with coronary artery disease with and without arterial hypertension and to determine the effect of calcium antagonists on coronary vasomotion.Cross-sectional areas of a normal and a stenotic coronary vessel segment were examined in 79 patients with coronary artery disease at rest and during supine bicycle exercise (Ex). Change in luminal area after acute administration of a calcium antagonist (diltiazem or nicardipine), during exercise, and after sublingual nitroglycerin (percent change compared with rest = 100%) was assessed by biplane quantitative coronary arteriography. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (control) consisted of 48 patients without (normotensive subjects, n = 30; hypertensive subjects, n = 18) and group 2 of 31 patients with (normotensive subjects, n = 15; hypertensive subjects, n = 16) pretreatment with a calcium antagonist immediately before exercise. The groups did not differ with regard to clinical characteristics or hemodynamic data measured during exercise. Mean aortic pressure at rest, however, was significantly increased in hypertensive patients compared with normotensive subjects in group 1 (103 mm Hg versus 92 mm Hg, P < .01) and group 2 (110 mm Hg versus 98 mm Hg, P < .025). In group 1, exercise-induced vasomotor response was significantly different between normotensive and hypertensive patients in normal (+20% versus +1%, P < .003) and stenotic vessels (-5% versus -20%, P < .025). However, in group 2 there was coronary vasodilation in normotensive and hypertensive patients for both normal (delta Ex +23% versus +21%, P = NS) and stenotic vessel segments (+24% versus +26%, P = NS).Abnormal coronary vasomotion during exercise can be observed in hypertensive patients with reduced vasodilator response in normal arteries and enhanced vasoconstrictor response in stenotic arteries. Calcium antagonists prevent the abnormal response of normal and stenotic coronary arteries to exercise in hypertensive patients and thus may compensate for endothelial dysfunction with reduced vasodilator response to exercise.
TREATMENT OF INFLUENZA
Authors: W. E. Neiberger
Journal: JAMA (1918)

To the Editor:  —Having passed through a severe epidemic of influenza here we are sure that there have been some important things left unsaid concerning the nature and treatment of this disease.... The patient should breathe pure warm air, instead of cold air, which is the popular teaching at this time. With the patient extremely prostrated and perspiring and a further complication with bronchitis, it is certainly a contraindication to apply in the sick room the open air treatment. With the given pathologic condition, the cold air treatment will certainly prove a failure. The patient should breathe cold air in the febrile stage, but should avoid it by all means when that stage passes. The prostration requires rest in bed, and judicious medical stimulation and attention to dietetics.
The impact of treatment with tumour necrosis factor-α antagonists on the course of chronic viral infections: a review of the literature
Authors: S. Domm, J. Cinatl, U. Mrowietz
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

Biologics that antagonize the biological activity of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, namely infliximab, etanercept and adalimumab, are increasingly used for treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis, worldwide. TNF-alpha antagonists are known to increase the risk of reactivation and infection, particularly of infections with intracellular bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. More frequently these agents are given to patients with viral infections. Viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus infections are often present in these patients, with a considerable geographical variation. Other concomitant viral infections such as herpes, cytomegalovirus and varicella zoster virus may occur much more frequently than tuberculosis or leprosy. General recommendations about the management related to possible problems associated with anti-TNF-alpha treatment and these viral infections are lacking. This short review will give an overview of the most recent data available on the effects of anti-TNF-alpha therapy on viral infections with a particular focus on patient management and screening recommendations.
Frequency dependent effects of tocainide, quinidine, and flecainide on conduction as reflected in the rise time of the monophasic action potential in the isolated guinea pig heart
Authors: B G. D Duker
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1991)

The aim was to evaluate a possible correlation between intraventricular conduction and the rise time of the ventricular monophasic action potential upstroke.This evaluation was performed by estimating the onset rate kinetics for changes in the monophasic action potential rise time and cardiac conduction upon abrupt shortening of the interstimulus interval in the in vitro perfused guinea pig heart.21 Duncin Hartley guinea pigs, 520-800 g, were used for the studies. The animals were anaesthetised and the hearts rapidly excised and perfused horizontally in the Langendorff manner.It was shown that the rise time onset rate (expressed as the inverted number of action potentials needed to reach 63% of the new steady state level) was very fast (greater than 0.5) for tocainide, very slow for flecainide [0.09(SEM 0.009]) and intermediate for quinidine [0.29(0.070)]. These values are similar to onset rates previously reported from studies of Vmax in intracellular recordings. Moreover, similar onset rates were obtained for simultaneously measured frequency dependent changes in cardiac conduction.These findings suggest that, at least for drugs restricting sodium entry into the cell, effects on Vmax could be predicted from monophasic action potential rise time data from the isolated guinea pig heart. The possibility of using the monophasic action potential rise time as a measure of local cardiac conduction provides an opportunity for in vivo studies of the temporal beat by beat relationship between conduction and repolarisation, factors that are important for the initiation and maintenance of many arrhythmias.
Weight Recidivism After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
Authors: Jon C. Gould
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Surgery HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Surgery journal
Screening newborn babies for hearing defects is effective, pilot finds
Authors: Pat Hagan
Journal: BMJ (2006)

A new study has provided strong support for the programme to screen all newborn babies in England for hearing defects. Researchers from Manchester University's Audiology and Deafness Research Group tracked progress at 23 pilot sites over two years and found the screening programme effective at detecting hearing problems at a young age ( Pediatrics 2006;117:887-93).

It also found follow-up treatments, such as the fitting of hearing aids, happened on average within 16 weeks of the problem being diagnosed.

“The results of this study are really very good,” said …
Aerial Pesticide Spraying: An Environmental Hazard
Authors: David Ratner
Journal: JAMA (1986)

To the Editor.—  We report a cluster of eight patients who were repeatedly sprayed by anticholinesterase pesticides and suffered from mild poisoning with associated reductions in their total blood cholinesterase activity. The correct diagnosis was initially overlooked because of the nonspecific nature of their complaints and an unawareness of this environmental intoxication.  Patients and Methods.—  Eight women who complained of generalized weakness, dizziness, abdominal cramps, nausea, diarrhea, and irritability of three to four weeks' duration were seen, and each had at least three physical examinations, the results of which were normal. Complete blood cell counts, urinalysis findings, and levels of serum electrolytes, blood glucose, and urea were also normal. All the women were neighbors in a small agricultural village. Several weeks after the onset of their complaints, the local nurse noticed a noxious odor in the area during the early-morning hours, following crop dusting. Blood samples were sent for cholinesterase
Accurate Inference and Estimation in Population Genomics
Authors: M. W. Hahn
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

Both intra- and interspecific genomic comparisons have revealed local similarities in the level and frequency of mutational variation, as well as in patterns of gene expression. This autocorrelation between measurements leads to violations of assumptions of independence in many statistical methods, resulting in misleading and incorrect inferences. Here I show that autocorrelation can be due to many factors and is present across the genome. Using a one-dimensional spatial stochastic model, I further show how previous results can be employed to correct for autocorrelation along chromosomes in population and comparative genomics research. When multiple hypothesis tests are autocorrelated, I demonstrate that a simple correction can lead to increased power in statistical inference. I present a preliminary analysis of population genomic data from Drosophila simulans to show the ubiquity of autocorrelation and applicability of the methods proposed here.
Should the NHS strive to eradicate all unexplained variation? Yes
Authors: S. Richards
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Variation exists in all aspects of health care. <b>Stephen Richards</b> argues that it is damaging to both quality of care and finances, but <b>Richard Lilford </b>(doi:10.1136/bmj.b4809) believes that imposing uniformity risks stifling medical progress
VARIATIONS IN THE RATIO OF DIAMETERS OF THE NORMAL CHEST AT DIFFERENT AGES.THE FORM OF THE PHTHISICAL CHEST.
Authors: W. A. BESSESEN
Journal: JAMA (1905)

study of blood platelets in disease-discoveries which would be of decided use in diagnosis and prognosis.The importance of hitting on a reliable method for enumerating the platelets is obvious.Dr. Kemp called attention to two criticisms which Dr. Pratt had made of the Kemp and Calhoun method, and said that neither of them would apply.The first was that formaldehyd could not be used as a fixative.This was based, as Dr. Pratt stated, on a quotation from Brodie and Russell.Dr. Kemp said that he was familiar with Brodie and Russell's work, and, as he recalled it, they did not have sodium chlorid in the aldehyd fluid they tried.The Kemp and Calhoun for- mula calls for this, and it is essential.If the proper percentages of salt and aldehyd are present, and if the blood is taken into a drop of the fluid placed over the puncture to receive it the instant it emerges, the platelets do not clump and the reds do not lose their hemoglobin.An- other precaution is to take a small drop of blood into a large drop of the fluid and to mix them instantly.A gentle stir or two is sufficient.Regarding the second criticism-namely, that the Thoma- Zeiss counting-chamber could not be used because the platelets floated at the top and, therefore, could not be brought into focus with the red corpuscles and the lines-Dr.Kemp said that, while this might apply with fluids used by Dr. Pratt and by Helber, as stated by these observers, it did not apply when the Kemp and Calhoun fluid was used.He had not used the Pratt nor the Helber fluid, but the specific gravity of the Kemp and Calhoun fluid was such as to allow the platelets to settle to the bottom readily so that the platelets, the red cor- puscles and the lines are easily in focus at the same time.In the Kemp and Calhoun experiments a thin cover-glass was always used.Arnold-bodies are not formed in the fluid em- ployed, and, as a rule, a one-sixth objective enabled an experi- enced observer to decide whether a given body was a platelet.It sometimes happened, however, that it was desirable to use a higher power, and for that reason Dr. Kemp said he regarded the Helber chamber as a great improvement over the ordinary form.He stated, further, that several different kinds of ruled eye-pieces had been used, and the counting-chamber dispensed with altogether.The results were not different from those ob- tained with the Thoma-Zeiss instrument.In conclusion, Dr. Kemp said that some of the platelet-counts given by Dr. Pratt, running over a million to the cubic millimeter, were larger than he had ever seen, except at high altitudes.He did not wish to offer any unfavorable criticism of the Pratt method, however, because he had not yet tried it.
Research Into Rare Diseases of Childhood
Authors: Mark L. Batshaw, Stephen C. Groft, Jeffrey P. Krischer
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
LYMPHOID LESIONS IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Sheldon C. Sommers, Joan C. Wilson, Frank W. Hartman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1951)

Examination of 50 autopsied cases of human poliomyelitis showed prominent hyperplastic and inflammatory changes in the lymphoid tissues of 41, the most frequent and severe lesions observed save those in the central nervous system. Histologically the germinal centers showed prominent degenerative and regenerative alterations, fluid transudation, giant cell formation, and rare inclusion bodies, all consistent with virus effects. Treatment of mice with x-rays, aminopterin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone increased poliomyelitis infections following intraperitoneal injection of MEF strain virus, potentiated by intracerebrally injected corn starch. This was ascribed to the damage to lymphoid tissues produced by these agents. On the basis of combined morphologic and virus studies, the presence of gastrointestinal, lymphoid, nervous tissue, and nerve cell defense barriers to poliomyelitis virus is suggested. Use of irradiated mice might prove useful in primary isolation of virus from human poliomyelitis.
More on CBW
Authors: ALFRED J. DANIELS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

Letters and Comments1 April 1970More on CBWALFRED J. DANIELS, MCALFRED J. DANIELS, MCSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-72-4-605 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: I am a physician currently stationed at Edgewood Arsenal, the Army's chemical warfare center. 1 wish to congratulate you on your courageous and forthright editorial on chemical and biological warfare in the July 1969 issue of the ANNALS. I would like to add a few comments.Most physicians here feel that CBW research is unethical to one degree or another—most refuse to administer toxic agents to volunteers, as no humane purpose could possibly be served. A few feel differently: One researcher termed your editorial, "Well written and expressing familiar arguments," adding, "It is indeed regrettable for scientists... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Clinical Research Laboratories Medical Research Division Edgewood Arsenal, Md. 21010 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 April 1970Volume 72, Issue 4Page: 605-605KeywordsScientistsToxic agents Issue Published: 1 April 1970 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Cerebral Metastases in Breast Cancer
Authors: Hannah Rouse, Sarah-Jane Dawson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

A 52-year-old woman received a diagnosis of stage II hormone-receptor–negative, HER2-positive breast carcinoma (2 of 13 nodes positive). She underwent a left segmental mastectomy, axillary dissection, adjuvant chemotherapy (doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, followed by cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil), and local radiotherapy. Two years later, she had recurrent disease with left cervical lymphadenopathy and pulmonary metastases. Her metastatic disease remained well controlled by treatment with trastuzumab and systemic chemotherapy (docetaxel, then vinorelbine). Six years after her initial diagnosis, she presented with headaches and unsteadiness. Four months earlier, computed tomographic (CT) scanning of the brain was normal. Repeated CT and magnetic resonance imaging . . .