tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Authors: ROBERT M. OSLUND
Journal: JAMA (1928)

While performing a series of experiments involving ligation and resection of the vas deferens, I became interested in the physiology of the storage of spermatozoa and of their progress from the testis to the urethra. Experiments were devised to elucidate obscure points that seemed to be interesting. Some of these experiments and the conclusions drawn from them are herewith presented. In some species of animals there are cyclic periods of testicular activity. This is especially noticeable in those animals that hibernate. But in many species, and this is true in man, there is a continuous production of spermatozoa. The spermatozoa are present in great numbers in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. The quantity produced per unit of time varies considerably according to physiologic conditions. Attention has been called to this fact elsewhere,<sup>1</sup>and it need not be discussed here. Not all maturing germ cells become spermatozoa. Some of
Life-Threatening Drug Overdose
Authors: Theodore A. Stern
Journal: JAMA (1984)

During a four-year period, 255 persons were admitted to a medical intensive care unit 283 times (5% of all admissions) for treatment of drug overdose. Because of the high personal and social costs associated with overdose and the high rate of repeated overdose admissions, we prospectively studied 104 patients who had taken an overdose admitted during a 20-month period to define better the precipitants of overdose and the prognosis after intensive care unit admission for overdose. Of 103 hospital survivors, 88 consented to and could be reached for follow-up (mean duration, ten months). During that time, 8% died (5% by overdose) and 42% had been readmitted for another nonfatal overdose or for psychiatric illness. Prior psychiatric treatment was associated with subsequent readmission; 61% with a history of suicide attempt were readmitted during the follow-up period. Demographic characteristics, psychiatric evaluation, and medical history were not associated with subsequent hospitalization or death from overdose. (<i>JAMA</i>1984;251:1983-1985)
Frequency of citation and outcome of cholesterol lowering trials: Author's reply
Authors: U. Ravnskov
Journal: BMJ (1992)

higher in the treated group2; for these two reasons the use of this particular drug has waned.The two other trials each showed a significant benefit in reduction of coronary risk with two very different drugs."This is strong evidence that use of carefully selected drugs to lower cholesterol concentra- tion has an important clinical benefit.I do not believe that the meta-analysis alters this view.
PTU-161 Expression of Polo-Like Kinase 1 and Geminin is Up-Regulated in the Squamous-Metaplasia-Dysplasia-Carcinoma Sequence and Correlates with Aneuploidy
Authors: M A Butt, R J Haidry, D Oukrif, J Dunn, E S Bloom, J Louis-Auguste, N Butter, S-U-R Khan, V Sehgal, M R Banks, M Rodriguez-Justo, L B Lovat, M Novelli
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Population based studies have shown a small but significant proportion of patients with Barrett’s oesophagus (BE) progress to oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OA). Predicting which patients progress is of vital importance for risk stratification into increased surveillance regimes or early therapeutic intervention. We have previously shown the replication licencing factors (RLF) such as polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) may act as surrogate markers of DNA ploidy abnormalities (DNA-PA) (1) and subsequent risk of progression to OAC. This study aimed to assess whether the RLF’s are up-regulated in the metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence independently of DNA-PA. <h3>Methods</h3> Paraffin embedded oesophageal specimens were selected from 94 patients, and pathology grade (PG) scored as 1 (squamous = Sq; n = 4), 2 (non-dysplastic BE = NDBE; n = 19), 3 (low grade dysplasia = LGD; n = 20), 4 (carcinoma in-situ = HGD/IMC; n = 36) and 5 (invasive OA = IOA; n = 15). Sections were immunostained with the antibodies PLK1-M, PLK1-L and Gem using the automated BOND-MAX system (Leica). Intensity (I) (0 to 3+) and extent (E) (0; &lt; 1% = 1; 1–10% = 2; 10–33% = 3; 33–66% = 4; &gt; 66% = 5) of staining were scored by 2 expert GI pathologists, and mean scores calculated. DNA-PA was assessed using image cytometry (IC). Pearson r coefficient and two-tailed P values were calculated for correlations and significance. <h3>Results</h3> A significant correlation with extent (r = 0.87, p = 0.05; r = 0.91, p = 0.03; r = 0.99, p = 0.0008) was seen with all RLFs (PLK1-M; PLK1-L; Gem). Only PLK1-M correlated with intensity (r = 0.92, p = 0.03) and total (I+E) scores (r = 0.91, p = 0.03). Aneuploidy was present in NDBE (6%), LGD (25%), HGD/IMC (61%) and IOA (67%). The proportion of aneuploid cases/group correlated significantly with PG (r = 0.97, p = 0.007) and mean I, E and total scores for PLK1-M (r = 0.97, p = 0.008; r = 0.96, p = 0.008; r = 0.98, p = 0.96). <h3>Conclusion</h3> All assessed RLFs were found to be significantly up-regulated in the progression to OA, with geminin scoring highest when evaluated by extent scores. Overall PLK1-M appeared the best antibody, showing additional correlation with its intensity and total staining scores with PG and DNA-PA. We further demonstrated that aneuploidy still correlates with PG as we have previously reported. In future, PLK1-M and aneuploidy may provide the basis of a biomarker panel to help guide screening and therapy for those predicted to be at increased risk of progression to OA. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared <h3>Reference</h3> Butt MA <i>et al.</i> Gut 2012; 61:Suppl 2 A302
Constriction of Human Umbillcal Arteries
Authors: L. G. ELTHERINGTON, J. STOFF, T. HUGHES, KENNETH L. MELMON
Journal: Circulation Research (1968)

Experiments on perfused segments or isolated rings of human umbilical artery showed that the magnitude of their contraction in response to bradykinin, epinephrine, or serotonin depended on the Po 2 of the perfusing or bathing solution. Constriction to bradykinin varied directly with the O 2 tension and was greatest when the Po 2 was approximately that of umbilical arterial blood during the transition from the fetal to the neonatal period. Catecholamine beta-receptors were not demonstrated (not present or not functional) in the umbilical artery, since there was no vascular response to either isoproterenol or to propranolol. Alpha-receptors were not required for O 2 or bradykinin constriction since these agents constricted the umbilical artery after enough phentolamine had been given to block constriction by norepinephrine. Because of the interaction between O 2 and vasoconstrictor agents the O 2 environment of umbilical vessels must be rigidly controlled in experiments measuring vascular reactivity. Sensitization by O 2 to the effects of chemical substances endogenous to the fetus or mother may play an important role in circulatory adjustments essential for neonatal life.
Abstract LB-495: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells promote cancer-associated fibroblast migration and carcinoma cell invasion
Authors: Aubie K. Shaw, Sergey Novitskiy, Harold L. Moses
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Metastasis the most devastating part of cancer, yet we know very little about the earliest steps of metastasis. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) are CD11b+, Gr-1+ bone marrow-derived cells that have been shown to promote tumor development by suppressing T cells. In addition to immune suppression, MDSC can promote metastasis. MDSC localize to the invasive edges of primary tumors and promote breast cancer lung metastasis. Localized invasion of cancer cells is the earliest step of metastasis and fibroblasts are required for breast cancer cell invasion. Fibroblasts remodel the ECM and leave tracks for collective migration of carcinoma cells. These studies seek to identify the mechanism of MDSC promotion of metastasis by determining if MDSC can stimulate fibroblast migration and lead localized carcinoma invasion. Freshly isolated MDSC from a mammary tumor-bearing mouse increase fibroblast migration. TGFβRII-/- fibroblasts demonstrate a further increase in migration in response to MDSC, suggesting that TGFβ signaling is not required for MDSC promotion of fibroblast migration. MDSC secretions act directly on fibroblasts since conditioned medium from MDSC increases fibroblast migration to the same extent as live MDSC. Antibody array analysis identified several MDSC secreted proteins, including CXCL11, CXCL15, FGF2, IGF-I, IL-4 and Shh. MDSC increase carcinoma cell invasion through Matrigel, but only when fibroblasts are present. MDSC treatment of fibroblasts stimulates Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and loss of secreted proteins, including SDF-1, TIMP-1, TNFα and VEGF. Analysis of subsets of MDSC identified that monocytic MDSC (CD11b+, Ly6Chi, Ly6G-) increase fibroblast migration more than other myeloid cell populations. Tumor-derived MDSC promote fibroblast migration more that splenic MDSC. These studies show that MDSC can lead fibroblasts to stimulate carcinoma invasion and suggest that perivascular MDSC may be the earliest stimulus for localized invasion during metastasis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-495. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-495
Full engagement in health
Authors: Angela Coulter, Deborah Rozansky
Journal: BMJ (2004)

on the quantitative relation between overall blood glucose control and complications, but might also risk increasing blindness and cardiovascular events through higher attained blood glucose concentrations. 4 Is there a way out?Not to make use of the advance introduced by the International Federation of Clinical Chemists would be unreasonable.Alternatives considered at a recent meeting convened by the International Diabetes Federation included continued reporting to the diabetes control and complications trial's standard (using the defined relation between the two standards), a coordinated global switch to reporting to the new, lower standard of the International Federation of Clinical Chemists, reporting in absolute units (such as g/kg rather than percentage), or reporting in average blood glucose equivalents.As people with diabetes already measure their own glucose concentrations by self monitoring, the last of these has some attraction.However, even this approach would still need a major global education initiative, and whether the globally influential North American community would be prepared to carry through any such change is unclear at present.Meanwhile one message seems clear.Piecemeal switching of the reporting standard by individual laboratories or even countries is likely to lead to confusion and ignorance among patients and healthcare professionals that could seriously damage individual health outcomes in people with diabetes.Therefore, individual practitioners need to remain sensitive to these risks, while requiring the international diabetes community to continue to move forward in achieving a coordinated programme, which makes use of the new standard.
Reply to Xu et al.
Authors: Ban Lee, Junghee Ryu, Sang Lee
Journal: Endoscopy (2014)

We thank Xu et al. for their perceptive comments. They mention that dexmedetomidine exhibits an analgesic effect as well as a sedation effect, and that the duration of action of midazolam is too long for use in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). They also indicate that the clearance of dexmedetomidine could decrease with increasing severity of hepatic impairment, which was not mentioned in our report, and that the absolute value of the bispectral index may vary between individuals.
Steroid-induced myopathy in patients intubated due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Rosario Amaya-Villar, Jose Garnacho-Montero, Jose Luis García-Garmendía, Juan Madrazo-Osuna, M. Carmen Garnacho-Montero, Rafael Luque, Carlos Ortiz-Leyba
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2004)
Stem cell factor promotes mast cell survival via inactivation of FOXO3a-mediated transcriptional induction and MEK-regulated phosphorylation of the proapoptotic protein Bim
Authors: Christine Möller, Jessica Alfredsson, Maria Engström, Hanna Wootz, Zou Xiang, Johan Lennartsson, Jan-Ingvar Jönsson, Gunnar Nilsson
Journal: Blood (2005)
Babies by Design: The Ethics of Genetic Choice
Authors: Tony Miksanek
Journal: JAMA (2008)

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T cell–dependent production of IFN-γ by NK cells in response to influenza A virus
Authors: Xiao-Song He, Monia Draghi, Kutubuddin Mahmood, Tyson H. Holmes, George W. Kemble, Cornelia L. Dekker, Ann M. Arvin, Peter Parham, Harry B. Greenberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

The role of human NK cells in viral infections is poorly understood. We used a cytokine flow-cytometry assay to simultaneously investigate the IFN-γ response of NK and T lymphocytes to influenza A virus (fluA). When PBMCs from fluA-immune adult donors were incubated with fluA, IFN-γ was produced by both CD56dim and CD56bright subsets of NK cells, as well as by fluA-specific T cells. Purified NK cells did not produce IFN-γ in response to fluA, while depletion of T lymphocytes reduced to background levels the fluA-induced IFN-γ production by NK cells, which indicates that T cells are required for the IFN-γ response of NK cells. The fluA-induced IFN-γ production of NK cells was suppressed by anti–IL-2 Ab, while recombinant IL-2 replaced the helper function of T cells for IFN-γ production by NK cells. This indicates that IL-2 produced by fluA-specific T cells is involved in the T cell–dependent IFN-γ response of NK cells to fluA. Taken together, these results suggest that at an early stage of recurrent viral infection, NK-mediated innate immunity to the virus is enhanced by preexisting virus-specific T cells.
High versus standard-volume haemofiltration in hyperdynamic porcine peritonitis: effects beyond haemodynamics?
Authors: Roman Sykora, Jiri Chvojka, Ales Krouzecky, Jaroslav Radej, Thomas Karvunidis, Veronika Varnerova, Ivan Novak, Martin Matejovic
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2008)

The role of haemofiltration as an adjunctive treatment of sepsis remains a contentious issue. To address the role of dose and to explore the biological effects of haemofiltration we compared the effects of standard and high-volume haemofiltration (HVHF) in a peritonitis-induced model of porcine septic shock. Randomized, controlled experimental study. Twenty-one anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs. After 12 h of hyperdynamic peritonitis, animals were randomized to receive either supportive treatment (Control, n = 7) or standard haemofiltration (HF 35 ml/kg per h, n = 7) or HVHF (100 ml/kg per hour, n = 7). Systemic and hepatosplanchnic haemodynamics, oxygen exchange, energy metabolism (lactate/pyruvate, ketone body ratios), ileal and renal cortex microcirculation and systemic inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6), nitrosative/oxidative stress (TBARS, nitrates, GSH/GSSG) and endothelial/coagulation dysfunction (von Willebrand factor, asymmetric dimethylarginine, platelet count) were assessed before, 12, 18, and 22 h of peritonitis. Although fewer haemofiltration-treated animals required noradrenaline support (86, 43 and 29% animals in the control, HF and HVHF groups, respectively), neither of haemofiltration doses reversed hyperdynamic circulation, lung dysfunction and ameliorated alterations in gut and kidney microvascular perfusion. Both HF and HVHF failed to attenuate sepsis-induced alterations in surrogate markers of cellular energetics, nitrosative/oxidative stress, endothelial injury or systemic inflammation. In this porcine model of septic shock early HVHF proved superior in preventing the development of septic hypotension. However, neither of haemofiltration doses was capable of reversing the progressive disturbances in microvascular, metabolic, endothelial and lung function, at least within the timeframe of the study and severity of the model.
The Artificial Pancreas: Are We There Yet?
Authors: William T. Cefalu, William V. Tamborlane
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

“Are we there yet?” How many parents have heard this phrase time and time again when traveling with young children eager to arrive at a much-anticipated vacation spot, but who are clearly tiring of the travel. The response from the parents is always a reassuring “no, but we are getting very close.” As parents, we then think about how we can use this as a teaching moment to have our children understand that they should enjoy the moment at hand. So, we then reflect on quotes we have heard in the past such as life being a journey, not a destination, and then tell our children they should focus on the travel itself and that getting there is half the fun. We think this is a perfect analogy of the status for closed-loop technology and the artificial pancreas. But, now, it is not the children asking “are we there yet?” but the parents who can only dream that such a technology will be available for their children with diabetes who have to face the ever-present threat of severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis, while struggling to incorporate advances in technology, such as continuous glucose monitoring, into the management of their children’s diabetes. This is where many want the “journey” to end and hope we, as a medical community, finally arrive at the “destination,” which is indeed the commercial availability of a truly effective artificial pancreas.

There has been remarkable progress made to date in regard to closed-loop technology as the safety and efficacy have been reported in …
Accumulation of Tc-99m MDP in Diaphragm and Retroperitoneum of a Battered Child
Authors: JOHN STY, TIMOTHY J. CARMODY, MARIO E. RUIZ
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

Extraosseous accumulation of Tc-99m in a battered child is presented. Areas of increased uptake in the diaphragm and paraspinal region represent sites of injury.
COMPOUND INTRA-UTERINE FRACTURE OF THE FEMUR, WITH REPORT OF A CASE.
Authors: A. D. WILKINSON
Journal: JAMA (1898)

The two most prolific causes of fracture are falls and blows. The few recorded instances of fracture of long bones by unaided muscular action can be ascribed solely to violent and sudden flexion. It is a generally received opinion, however, that no long bone can be broken in its shaft by the mere contraction of its muscles. But it is a conceded fact that abnormal increase of the muscular power, as during convulsions, may be sufficient to account for it. Lente has seen both femurs broken in epileptic convulsions in a child 12 years of age. Park says the compression of uterine contraction and external violence may produce an intra-uterine fracture. Professor Gurlt, who has discussed the subject of intra-uterine fractures in an exhaustive paper fortified by cases, published in Berlin in 1857, and later in his classic "Treatise on Fractures," believes that many intra-uterine fractures result from external violence
Prothrombin and the One-stage Prothrombin Time
Authors: A. J. Quick, C. V. Hussey
Journal: BMJ (1955)

POLYCYTHAEMIA XBiuTIThis treatment is quite the most effective and is the least disturbing to the patient.We would like to thank Professor D. W. Smithers, of the Radiotherapy Department, and Professor W. V. Mayneord, of the Physics Department, and members of their staffs, for making this work possible.We are also
THE TREATMENT OF ABORTION.
Authors: H. J. BOLDT
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Before entering on the consideration of this subject I wish to say a few words other than those concerning the treatment. For practical purposes abortion may be defined as the interruption of gestation before viability of the child. Physicians are not infrequently consulted as to whether or not the induction of an absorption is indicated in this or that case, and one must be very wary before giving an opinion, because the history given by the person asking for advice is often misleading. In heart disease, when there is dilatation with sufficient hypertrophy to compensate for the dilatation, the induction of an abortion should not be sanctioned. Neither is it indicated in psychical disturbances or in pulmonary diseases, except perhaps under exceptional circumstances. It is indicated, however, in pernicious hyperemesis and in some cases of chorea. In consultation with a prominent neurologist I saw one patient in whom convulsions occurred
Abstract 3274: SNP-SNP interaction analyses of NQO1 and NF-κB signaling pathway genes on breast cancer survival and treatment outcome
Authors: Maral Jamshidi, Rainer Fagerholm, Sofia Khan, Kristiina Aittomäki, Carl Blomqvist, Marjanka K. Schmidt, Heli Nevanlinna
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract To improve individualized therapy, new prognostic and predictive markers are needed to identify patients with expected poor breast cancer outcome and patients who profit most from a given treatment. NF-κB pathway plays a pervasive role in the pathogenesis of cancer through its implication in distinct hallmarks of tumorigenesis. Previous studies have indicated the role of NF-κB transcription factor in promoting cell survival and resistance to chemotherapy in breast carcinoma. We have previously found that NQO1-rs1800566 predicts poor survival among breast cancer patients, particularly after anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy and in patients with p53-aberrant tumors. We have also reported the inverse relationship between NQO1 protein expression and NF-κB activation. We have here analyzed the interaction of SNPs residing within the NF-κB signaling pathway genes, and NQO1-rs6499255 (tagging NQO1-rs1800566 with r2&amp;gt; 0.90) on breast cancer patient survival and treatment outcome. The panel of markers included the NF-κB pathway SNPs available in a custom Illumina iSelect genotyping array designed for Collaborative Oncological Gene-Environment Study (iCOGS) as well as NQO1-rs6499255. For the SNP-SNP interaction analysis on patient survival we conducted a likelihood ratio test that compares Cox's regression model with and without an interaction term to evaluate whether the interaction model is a better fit for the prognostic data. The results obtained from this study will be reported. Identification of interactive SNPs/genes contribute to the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying complex diseases such as breast cancer. Citation Format: Maral Jamshidi, Rainer Fagerholm, Sofia Khan, Kristiina Aittomäki, Carl Blomqvist, Marjanka K. Schmidt, Heli Nevanlinna, BCAC: Breast Cancer Association Consortium. SNP-SNP interaction analyses of NQO1 and NF-κB signaling pathway genes on breast cancer survival and treatment outcome. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3274. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3274