tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
SULPHATE OF MAGNESIUM IN THE SUMMER DIARRHEA OF CHILDREN.
Authors: STUART PATTERSON
Journal: JAMA (1895)

The use of magnesium sulphate in the treatment of cholera æstiva is not new, particularly in the rural districts. It is unnecessary to go into detail as to the history, symptomatology, etc., therefore I shall merely review the conditions present and the indications for treatment. As yet, no specific cause has been found, but we can almost certainly conclude that there " are fermentative and septic processes in the contents of the stomach and intestines, and these followed by production of large quantities of lactic and fatty acids."<sup>1</sup> According to Escherich, Baginsky, Booker, Vaughan, Lesage and others, these changes are most probably brought about by microörganisms gaining entrance into the alimentary canal with the food. The following are the reasons for the belief in the specific origin of the disease: It is one occurring for the most part in epidemic form during the summer months, a time when fermentative processes are
Report calls for end to age discrimination in NHS
Authors: R. Little
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Senior managers are struggling to defeat age discrimination in the NHS and social services, a study report from the King's Fund, an independent charitable think tank, has said.

The study was undertaken because it was recognised that the success of the government's initiative in this area, set out last year in the national service framework for older people, would rely heavily on senior management ( BMJ 2001;322:751).

The King's Fund study aimed to discover how senior managers felt that age discrimination affected the provision of services and what action was being taken to stamp it out.

A total of …
Death of the teaching autopsy: Histopathologists should not obtain consent for autopsy
Authors: S. Rose
Journal: BMJ (2004)

EDITOR—McDermott accepts that he is in conflict with his professional bodies when he champions the idea of consultant histopathologists being responsible for obtaining consent for autopsy.1

He describes a series of pre-autopsy meetings. These “often difficult negotiations” with families covered a high proportion of the 83 autopsies he performed in the 32 months under study. They usually included …
1192 VAST MAJORITY OF DETECTED NS5A RESISTANT VARIANTS ARE NOT AMPLIFIED IN HCV PATIENTS DURING 3-DAY MONOTHERAPY WITH THE OPTIMIZED NS5A INHIBITOR PPI-668
Authors: Q. Huang, N. Huang, A. Huq, M. Lau, E. Peng, J. Lalezari, G. Farrell, P. Shah, E. Lawitz, P. Vig, N. Brown, R. Colonno
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism from secondary amyloidosis
Authors: Fumi Takemoto, Yoshifumi Ubara, Shinya Kaname, Hideyuki Katori, Naoki Sawa, Junichi Hoshino, Tatsuya Suwabe, Yasushi Higa, Shohei Nakanishi, Michio Nagata, Kenichi Ohashi, Kenmei Takaichi
Journal: Kidney International (2008)
Prevalence of diastolic heart failure among patients admitted to hospital with congestive heart failure
Authors: L.P. Badano, M.C. Albanese, C. Fresco, R. Ciani, P. Gianfagna, D. Miani, E. Gremese, M. Ghidina, D. Gregori, P.M. Fioretti
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2000)
Robert Charles Hedderwick Bruce
Authors: J. Knight, A. McLeod, C. Marshall
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Robert Charles Hedderwick Bruce (“Rob”) was educated at Wellington College, and then trained at St Thomas’ Hospital Medical School, qualifying in 1993 (including a BSc in physiology). Rob was a hugely popular member of the medical school, was a talented sportsman, and had a wide range of interests affiliated to medicine. After house jobs he pursued a career in anaesthetics but also travelled widely, working as an air ambulance doctor, an expedition medic in Belize with the Raleigh …
Nearly 40% of hospitals missed emergency department waiting time target in last quarter, show figures
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The proportion of patients in England waiting for four hours or longer in hospital emergency departments reached a nine year high in the last quarter of 2012-13, as nearly four in every 10 hospitals breached the government’s target on waiting times, new figures have shown.

More than 313 000 patients—almost 6%—waited for four hours or longer in emergency departments between January and March 2013, the highest since 2004.

The figures, detailed in the latest quarterly report from the health think tank the King’s Fund 1, represent a rise of more than a third on the previous quarter, up from 232 000 patients, and of nearly 40% on the same period in 2011-12, when 226 021 patients waited more than four hours. 

Between January and March 2013 nearly 40% of …
TCT-518 Clinical Outcomes of Multiple Stent Implantation in patients with ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Jinhee Ahn, Kwang Soo Cha, Jeong Cheon Choi, Jung Hyun Choi, Jong Hyun Choi, Taek Jong Hong, Hye Yoon Jang, Hye Won Lee, Han Cheol Lee
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Antiangiogenic effects of dexamethasone in 9L gliosarcoma assessed by MRI cerebral blood volume maps
Authors: Michael A. Badruddoja, Hendrikus G.J. Krouwer, Scott D. Rand, Kelly J. Rebro, Arvind P. Pathak, Kathleen M. Schmainda
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2003)

Depending on dose, dexamethasone has been shown to inhibit or stimulate growth of rat 9L gliosarcoma and decrease the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an important mediator of tumor-associated angiogenesis. We demonstrate, by constructing relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) maps with MRI, that dexamethasone also decreases total blood volume while increasing microvascular blood volume in Fischer rats bearing intracranial 9L gliosarcoma. Animals were inoculated with 1 × 105 9L gliosarcoma tumor cells. On days 10-14 after tumor cell inoculation, animals were intraperitoneally injected with dexamethasone (3 mg/kg) over 5 days. MRI-derived gradient echo (GE) and spin-echo (SE) rCBV maps were created to demonstrate total vasculature (GE) and microvasculature (SE). After MRI studies were performed, the rat's vasculature was perfused with a latex compound. Total vessel volume and diameters were assessed by microscopy. Dexamethasone decreased the tumor-enhancing area of postcontrast T1-weighted images (P < 0.0001) and total tumor volume (P = 0.0085). In addition, there was a greater than 50% decrease in GE rCBV (total vasculature) (P = 0.007) as well as a significant decrease in total fractional blood volume, as validated by histology (P = 0.0007). Conversely, there was an increase in SE rCBV signal (microvasculature) in animals treated with dexamethasone (P = 0.05), which was consistent with microscopy (P < 0.0001). These data demonstrate that (1) dexamethasone selectively treats tumor vasculature, suggesting a vessel-size selective effect and (2) MRI-derived rCBV is a noninvasive technique that can be used to evaluate changes in blood volume and vascular morphology.
Pulmonary vascular disease complicating the Blalock-Taussig anastomosis.
Authors: P J Hofschire, G C Rosenquist, R N Ruckerman, J H Moller, J E Edwards
Journal: Circulation (1977)

The pulmonary vascular bed was evaluated following a Blalock-Taussig shunt performed in 36 patients for decreased pulmonary blood flow. The time of follow-up ranged from one to 21 years after operation. No patients developed severe pulmonary changes in less than eight years after institution of the shunt. Ten of 20 patients having a shunt eight years or longer developed some degree of pulmonary vascular disease, mainly in the form of intimal fibrosis. This was severe in six of the 20 patients. As the duration of the shunt increased, so did the incidence of pulmonary vascular disease.
Aneurysm of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery
Authors: Dale T. Ashby, Michael B. Collins
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Lenox Hill Heart and Vascular Institute New York, NY 10021 74-year-old woman with a history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and non–Q-wave myocardial infarction presented with exertional angina that had worsened over the course of the preceding month. Coronary angiography revealed triple-vessel coronary artery disease and a large saccular aneurysm of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (Panel A). There was severe stenosis in the artery immediately proximal to the aneurysm and stenosis in the middle portion of the artery. Intravascular ultrasonography of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery showed that the neck of the aneurysm was 10 mm in length. The lesions in the circumflex artery and the right coronary artery were stented. The lesion in the middle portion of the left anterior descending coronary artery was stented with a conventional tubular, slotted, stainless-steel stent, and the stenosis and aneurysm in the proximal portion of the artery were treated with a polytetrafluoroethylenecovered stent. The covered stent completely closed the entrance of the aneurysm, and no contrast medium was seen entering the aneurysm in the final angiographic images (Panel B). The patient was discharged, and treatment with aspirin and clopidogrel was begun. At six months of follow-up, she had had no events. Video A shows the artery before repair of the aneurysm; Video B shows the artery after repair.
Mortality from cirrhosis: lack of progress over the last 35 years
Authors: C Gluud
Journal: Gut (2005)

Despite increased knowledge of hamstring muscle injuries, the incidence has not diminished. We now know that not all hamstring injuries are the same and that certain types of injuries require prolonged rehabilitation and return to play. The slow stretch type of injury and injuries involving the central tendon both require longer times to return to play. A number of factors have been proposed as being indicators of time taken to return to play, but the evidence for these is conflicting. Recurrence rates remain high and it is now thought that strength deficits may be an important factor. Strengthening exercise should be performed with the hamstrings in a lengthened position. There is conflicting evidence regarding the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma injection in the treatment of hamstring injuries so at this stage we cannot advise their use. Various tests have been proposed as predictors of hamstring injury and the use of the Nordboard is an interesting addition to the testing process. Prevention of these injuries is the ultimate aim and there is increasing evidence that Nordic hamstring exercises are effective in reducing the incidence.
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Variation, Filaggrin Loss of Function, and the Persistence of Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: David J. Margolis, Brian Kim, Andrea J. Apter, Jayanta Gupta, Ole Hoffstad, Maryte Papadopoulos, Nandita Mitra
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2014)

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic illness of childhood.To evaluate the association between thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) variation and the persistence of skin symptoms of AD.A prospective cohort study was conducted in the general community. Participants included 796 children enrolled in the Pediatric Eczema Elective Registry. EXPOSURE Evaluation of TSLP variation.Self-reported outcome of whether a child's skin had no symptoms of AD and required no medications for 6 months at 6-month intervals.We evaluated 14 variants of TSLP. The variant rs1898671 was significantly associated with the outcome in white children (P = .01). As measured by overlapping CIs, similar odds ratios (ORs) were noted among whites (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.11-2.66) and African Americans (1.33; 0.52-3.45). Further within the subcohort of individuals with a filaggrin protein (FLG) loss-of-function mutation, those with TSLP variation were more likely to have less-persistent disease (OR, 4.92; 95% CI, 2.04-11.86).The TSLP variation is associated with less persistent AD. Therefore, TSLP may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AD, especially in individuals with diminished barrier function due to FLG mutations. This is an attractive hypothesis that can be tested in clinical trials.
Association Between Metformin Use and Mortality in Patients With Prostate Cancer: Explained by Confounding by Indication?
Authors: Marjolein M.J. Zanders, Pauline A.J. Vissers, Lonneke V. van de Poll-Franse
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

TO THE EDITOR: Margel et al 1 recently reported on a populationbased retrospective cohort study that used a unique large database to investigate patients with prostate cancer diagnosed with incident diabetes. Increased cumulative duration of metformin exposure after prostate cancer diagnosis was associated with decreases in both all-cause and prostate cancer–specific mortality among men with diabetes. The study showed that prostate cancer–specific mortality even decreased by 24% for each additional 6 months of metformin use after the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Although the approach used in this study did circumvent numerous potential limitations and biases, 2 on the basis of the authors’ conclusions and study design, we have a few comments and requests for clarification. With regard to their statistical analyses, the effects of cumulative duration of exposure to metformin on mortality were assessed by using a Cox proportional hazards model in which drug exposures after prostate cancer diagnosis were modeled as time-dependent covariates. The comparison was not exclusively between users who had different durations of exposure, but also between users and nonusers of the drug. This means that in the time-dependent model, patients not using metformin were included in the analysis as 0 for cumulative use of metformin. Modeling the line for this specific hazard ratio (HR) of cumulative metformin use could be expected to be greatly influenced by events in the nonusers, given that patients using and not using metformin might differ in their previous susceptibility to dying as a result of cancer. As a consequence, these results might be affected by confounding by indication, which could not be avoided by the inclusion of cumulative drug exposure exclusively, as supposed in this analysis. It can be shown algebraically that with the inclusion of an ever-never termformetforminuseinthemodel,theHRofthecumulativeeffectterm
Abstract P4-01-22: Measurement of tumour lesion glycolysis by FDG-PET in triple negative breast cancer
Authors: I Antony Tharayil, N Harada, N Patel, V Varghese, L Kenny
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been associated with a high glycolytic rate. As a surrogate measure, the SUV of FDG uptake is found to be higher both in the TNBC and her2 positive phenotypes. Tumour lesion glycolysis (TLG) is a product of the mean SUV value and tumour volume. We wished to evaluate the role of combined volume and metabolic measurements of glycolysis in patients with TNBC. Methods: 300 FDG-PET scans were performed in patients with breast cancer, of whom 25 were found to have TNBC over a 4 year period, in 19 patients there were suitable lesions identified for analysis. Patients were scanned on the same Siemens PET/CT scanner in the local hospital, static images were acquired 60 minutes post-injection. SUV was corrected for injected activity and body weight, TLGMAX50 was also calculated considering SUV50 isocontour instead of SUV mean. ∑TLG was the sum of TLG for an individual patient. Results: 117 lesions in total from 19 different patients were analyzed (mean = 6.15 lesions per patient). SUVMEAN, TLG mean, SUVMAX and TLGMAX were calculated for each lesion. SUVMEAN per patient varied from 2.69 to 15.48 while SUV50 varied from 5.45 to 48.23. ∑TLGMEAN and ∑TLGMAX ranged from 13.06 to 364.072 and 18.29 to 575.627, respectively. There was significant variation between patients and within different tumor lesions within patients. SUVPEAK for all lesions of patients ranged from 4.8 to 36.4. Conclusions: TLG varies widely in patients with triple negative breast cancer, further studies are required to determine if this will be a useful prognostic/predictive measure in the future. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P4-01-22.
Handedness and the side on which pharyngeal pouches occur.
Authors: N D Stafford, V Moore-Gillon, P McKelvie
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Pharyngeal pouches present far more commonly on the left side of the neck than the right. Sixty one patients with a history of pharyngeal pouch were questioned about their handedness and about whether they had had symptoms or signs predominantly on one side of the neck before receiving treatment. There was a highly significant association between handedness and pharyngeal pouches on the opposite side of the neck. It is suggested that this is the reason for the rarity of right sided pouches.
α-Glucosidase Inhibitors for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Floris A. van de Laar, Peter L. Lucassen
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

Hanefeld et al. (1) assert that the conclusion (“no evidence for an effect on mortality or morbidity”) from our systematic review on the effects of α-glucosidase inhibitors for patients with type 2 diabetes was biased. Furthermore, they claim to have found evidence for such an effect based on their own meta-analysis. We disagree with both statements.

First, we would like to underline that the solid basis of our results is a systematic review and that meta-analyses were only applied when this was methodologically sound. The extensive search for all possible trials investigating α-glucosidase inhibitor monotherapy …
Patient-Controlled Analgesia
Authors: DAVID A. GRAVES
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Patient-controlled analgesia is a relatively new and investigational technique that permits patients to treat pain by directly activating doses of intravenous narcotics. The technique was developed in response to the undertreatment of pain in hospitalized patients. Continuous narcotic infusion and intraspinal narcotic administrations also have the potential to provide continuous, uninterrupted analgesia, but do not allow simple dose attentuation to avoid overdosage. Patient-controlled analgesia is used to treat postoperative and labor pain and pain associated with terminal illness; it delivers analgesic more effectively with fewer side effects than conventional parenteral narcotic therapies. The technique is also an ideal investigative instrument for studying equianalgesic states. Several foreign-made devices are now being used under investigational sanctions in this country, and it is anticipated that several American manufacturers will be seeking regulatory approval to market the devices.
Heat wave in France: how did the media treat the crisis?
Authors: L. Boyer
Journal: BMJ (2003)

In 2003 France suffered the hottest summer of the last 50 years. By the end of the heat wave the French Institute of Health and Medical Research said there had been 14 802 deaths related to the heat. Failure to grasp the severity of the crisis probably delayed timely decision making by public officials.



Main topics of heat related reports



The first heat related death was reported nationally on 9 August. Because selection and interpretation of news content depends—whether consciously or unconsciously—on the expectations of the general public and various pressure groups, analysing media coverage is a way to gauge a country's attitude to a given event.

We analysed the content of press …
Stromal Endothelial Cells Directly Influence Cancer Progression
Authors: Joseph W. Franses, Aaron B. Baker, Vipul C. Chitalia, Elazer R. Edelman
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2011)

Cancer growth and metastasis are regulated in part by stromal cells such as fibroblasts and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. Endothelial cells (ECs) are also ubiquitous within tumors because tumors are vascular, and yet, the impact of tumor-resident ECs is less well understood. Through paracrine regulation, ECs modulate a diverse spectrum of pathophysiologic processes in normal and hyperplastic tissues. We hypothesized that ECs offer similar paracrine regulatory control of cancer biology. Indeed, secretions from quiescent ECs muted the proliferative and invasive phenotype of lung and breast cancer cells in vitro and reduced cancer cell protumorigenic and proinflammatory signaling. EC perlecan silencing significantly changed this regulatory relationship, eliminating the ability of ECs to inhibit cancer cell invasiveness via increased interleukin-6 secretion. Moreover, implanting ECs embedded within porous matrices slowed adjacent xenograft tumor growth and prevented architectural degeneration, with a concomitant reduction in proliferative and tumorigenic markers. Finally, lung carcinoma cells pretreated with intact EC-conditioned media, but not media conditioned with perlecan-silenced ECs, exhibited reduced micrometastatic burden after tail vein injection. These findings add to an emerging appreciation of EC-regulatory effects that transcend their structural roles and pave the way for improved characterization and control of EC-cancer cross-talk interactions for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer.
Comparative analysis of knee valgus in athletes during takeoff and landing
Authors: L D Mendonça, N F N Bittencourt, L Signorini, M N F Leite, A A Silva, S T Fonseca
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background The knee malalignment is a risk factor of injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament tear. Most studies that analyses the knee valgus in jump tasks, investigates only this pattern at landing. It would be interesting to study the knee valgus at takeoff, because at this specific moment the active components of the movement are the primary injury contributors. Objective to compare the frontal plane knee angle (FPKA) during takeoff and landing at countermovement jump in athletes. Design Observational cross sectional. Setting Volleyball and basketball players were evaluated at Minas Tennis Club and at Sports Prevention and Rehabilitation Laboratory (CENESP-UFMG). Participants 101 athletes, mean age 15.88 (0.35) years were included in this study. All participants were healthy, with no current complaints of lower limb injury or pain and no history of lower limbs previous surgery. Assessment of risk factors High-FPKA. Reflexive markers were located in ASIS, femoral condyles and in a middle point of the medial and lateral maleolus. Main outcome measurements The FPKA was determined in SIMI motion 2D software. Results The mean angle during takeoff was 3.020 and 3.13 0 for dominant and non-dominant leg. For landing, it was 2840 and 2210 respectively. There was no significant statistical differences between the two means on both legs (p=0.73 dominant leg and p=0.13 non-dominant leg). Meanwhile, the variance was greater in the impulsion analysis (37.2 right leg and 48.3 left leg) compared to landing (24.4 and 29.8 respectively). Conclusion The analysis of FPKA during takeoff provides data about the active contribution of certain variables in knee injuries and must be better understood. Differences between the FPKA during takeoff and landing were not found in this study, although in the first movement there was a major variance. This inconsistency may demand a more thorough investigation.