tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS FOR JENNERIAN PROPHYLAXIS IN MAN
Authors: T. M. Rivers
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

1. A dermal strain of vaccine virus has been adapted to a simple culture medium consisting of minced chick embryo suspended in Tyrode's solution. 2. The bacteria-free culture virus, thus obtained, produces in lower animals and in man typical vaccinia that renders them refractory to infection with ordinary vaccine virus harvested from calves.
Growth Inhibition and Radiosensitization of Glioblastoma and Lung Cancer Cells by Small Interfering RNA Silencing of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor–Associated Factor 2
Authors: Min Zheng, Susan E. Morgan-Lappe, Jie Yang, Katrina M. Bockbrader, Deepika Pamarthy, Dafydd Thomas, Stephen W. Fesik, Yi Sun
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for glioblastoma and locally advanced lung cancer, but radioresistance of these two types of cancer remains a significant therapeutic hindrance. To identify molecular target(s) for radiosensitization, we screened a small interfering RNA (siRNA) library targeting all protein kinases and E3 ubiquitin ligases in the human genome and identified tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor 2 (TRAF2). Silencing of TRAF2 using siRNA caused a significant growth suppression of glioblastoma U251 cells and moderately sensitized these radioresistant cells to radiation. Overexpression of a really interesting new gene (RING)–deleted dominant-negative TRAF2 mutant also conferred radiosensitivity, whereas overexpression of wild-type (WT) TRAF2 significantly protected cells from radiation-induced killing. Likewise, siRNA silencing of TRAF2 in radioresistant lung cancer H1299 cells caused growth suppression and radiosensitization, whereas overexpression of WT TRAF2 enhanced radioresistance in a RING ligase-dependent manner. Moreover, siRNA silencing of TRAF2 in UM-SCC-1 head and neck cancer cells also conferred radiosensitization. Further support for the role of TRAF2 in cancer comes from the observations that TRAF2 is overexpressed in both lung adenocarcinoma tissues and multiple lung cancer cell lines. Importantly, TRAF2 expression was very low in normal bronchial epithelial NL20 cells, and TRAF2 silencing had a minimal effect on NL20 growth and radiation sensitivity. Mechanistically, TRAF2 silencing blocks the activation of the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway and down-regulates several G2-M cell cycle control proteins, resulting in enhanced G2-M arrest, growth suppression, and radiosensitization. Our studies suggest that TRAF2 is an attractive drug target for anticancer therapy and radiosensitization. [Cancer Res 2008;68(18):7570–8]
Serum Creatine Phosphokinase Isoenzyme (CPK2) in Myositis
Authors: Kent Brownlow
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzyme levels were studied in six cases: two with polymyositis, two with dermatomyositis, and two with viral myositis without neurological involvement. In all patients, agarose gel fractionation and fluorometric quantitation of serum CPK isoenzymes showed the presence of CPK<sub>2</sub>, although there was no evidence of myocardial infarction. Thus, CPK<sub>2</sub>is not exclusively found in myocardial infarction. The prolonged elevation of CPK<sub>2</sub>levels during periods of acute exacerbation of myositis in the reported cases is in contrast to the usual transient increases in myocardial infarction. Levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase, and aldolase were invariably increased in these patients. The expected LDH<sub>5</sub>increase with myositis was not found. (<i>JAMA</i>230:1141-1144, 1974)
Health research in developing countries
Authors: M. L Barreto
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Latin America has taken initiatives to pave the way forward

Despite sustained growth in spending on science and technology worldwide, financial resources for research are insufficient in many countries. In 1999, the Global Forum for Health Research (GFHR) analysed expenditure in health research throughout the world. It coined the term “10/90 gap” to summarise the worldwide imbalance in health research resources—the least amount of money is devoted to health problems that affect the most people, who are also the poorest.1 The term has since motivated a permanent international debate on health research, and funding agencies in developed countries and not for profit international organisations (such as the Wellcome Trust2 and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation3) have made huge investments.4 5 

Given the ethically and morally unacceptable social problems in Africa, Latin America, and other parts of the developing world, it is pertinent to question whether money spent on research is justified when more …
Platelet Activation, P-Selectin, and Eosinophil β<sub>1</sub>-Integrin Activation in Asthma
Authors: Mats W. Johansson, Shih-Tsung Han, Kristin A. Gunderson, William W. Busse, Nizar N. Jarjour, Deane F. Mosher
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

Rationale: Eosinophil β1-integrin activation correlates inversely with FEV1 and directly with eosinophil-bound P-selectin in subjects with nonsevere allergic asthma.Objectives: Determine the relationships between β1-integrin activation and pulmonary function or eosinophil-bound P-selectin in subjects with asthma of varying severity and discern the source of eosinophil-bound P-selectin.Methods: Blood was assayed by flow cytometry for P-selectin and activated β1-integrin on eosinophils and platelets. Plasma was analyzed with ELISA for soluble P-selectin, platelet factor 4, and thrombospondin-1.Measurements and Main Results: Activated β1-integrin correlated with eosinophil-bound P-selectin among all subjects with asthma even though activated β1-integrin was higher in subjects with nonsevere asthma than severe asthma. Activated β1-integrin correlated inversely with FEV1 corrected for FVC only in younger subjects with nonsevere asthma. Paradoxically, platelet surface P-selectin, a platelet activation marker, was low in subjects with severe asthma, whereas plasma platelet factor 4, a second platelet activation marker, was high. Correlations indicated that P-selectin–positive platelets complexed to eosinophils are the major source of the eosinophil-bound P-selectin associated with β1-integrin activation. After whole-lung antigen challenge of subjects with nonsevere asthma, a model of asthma exacerbation known to cause platelet activation, circulating eosinophils bearing P-selectin and activated β1-integrin disappeared.Conclusions: The relationship between eosinophil β1-integrin activation and pulmonary function was replicated only for younger subjects with nonsevere asthma. However, we infer that platelet activation and binding of activated platelets to eosinophils followed by P-selectin–mediated eosinophil β1-integrin activation occur in both nonsevere and severe asthma with rapid movement of platelet–eosinophil complexes into the lung in more severe disease.
POSTINFLUENZAL ANGINA PECTORIS
Authors: ALBERT S. HYMAN
Journal: JAMA (1930)

No postinfluenzal involvement of the cardiovascular system is more serious than that of angina pectoris. In the 412 cases of acute influenza studied by the Influenza Committee of the Witkin Foundation in the four year period from September, 1925, to September, 1929, nine cases of angina pectoris were discovered. While the relative incidence of postinfluenzal angina pectoris was only 2 per cent in this series of cases, the absolute number occurring in the community must be great; the widespread prevalence of influenza in both endemic and epidemic form must leave in its wake inestimable numbers who later may succumb to this dreadful malady. Postinfluenzal angina pectoris is not a new disease although the literature records few studies of the rôle played by the influenzal infections in the dramatic establishment of this condition. Sansom<sup>1</sup>was apparently the first to call attention to that group of cases now classified as postinfluenzal
Mathematical model of A-V conduction in the rat heart
Authors: R. M. HEETHAAR, JAN. J. DENIER VAN DER GON, F. L. MEIJLER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1973)

To study A-V nodal conduction of the rat heart the right atrial appendage was stimulated with a variety of pulse sequences. The response was detected with ventricular epicardial electrodes. From the observed relations between P—P and P—R intervals a mathematical model describing A-V nodal conduction has been derived. The model was tested by random atrial stimulation and proved to describe A-V nodal conduction quantitatively.
SOME CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE USE OF INTRA-MEDULLARY PEGS
Authors: E. W. H. Groves
Journal: BMJ (1912)

This comparison is not satisfactory because of the uncertainty as to the true minimal lethal dose in any species.It will b seen that some of the more tolerant animals possess the power of destroying atropine, but that the rat is exceptional since it is very tolerant to atropine, but none of its tissues have any power to destroy the drug.Botlh Cloetta and Hefftershow that an animal may be tolerant to subcutaneous doses but show no tolerance to intravenous doses, this is only natural because, when given intravenously, the drug exerts its specific action before sufficient time has- elapsed for any appreciable destruction to occur.This rule probably holds good for most other drugs in which tolerance is observed, and with the development of intravenous therapy it may become of considerable practical importance. CONCLUSIONS.1.The livers ot the frog and rabbit possess the power of destroying atropine; -this power persists when all living cells are destroyed, and is due to a soluble body, resembling a ferment in its action.2. In the frog the liver has a marked power, and the heart tind kidneys have a slight power, to destroy atropine; no other tissues have aniy such power.- 3.In the rabbit the liver has a marked power, and the blood a less marked power, to destroy atropine; no other tissues have any such power.. 4. None of the tissues investigated in the cat, the rat, and the dog have any power to destroy atropine.
Incidence and recall of influenza in a cohort of Glasgow healthcare workers during the 1993-4 epidemic: results of serum testing and questionnaire
Authors: A. G Elder, B. O'Donnell, E. A B McCruden, I. S Symington, W. F Carman
Journal: BMJ (1996)

There has been considerable progress towards the Health of the Nation target for reducing child accident death rates * Government publications emphasise the role of accident prevention in reaching the targets, but the hospital care of seriously injured children might also make an important contribution * Analyses of data from the major trauma outcome study show that, after severity of injury is control- led for, there has been a substantial decline in hos- pital case fatality for severe injury * Over the seven year period 1989-95 the odds of death after severe injury declined by 16% a year * The contribution of hospital care to the reduction of child accident mortality should be taken into account in decisions about the allocation of resources to preventive and curative services the death of children with head injuries.7For children who died in hospital there was a high prevalence of potentially avoidable factors, including delayed diagnosis of intracranial haemorrhage and intra-abdominal injury, inadequate airway management, and poor man- agement of transfers between hospitals.The observed improvements in survival over the past seven years may be due to better initial assessment and resuscitation in hospital and the provision of integrated management from the scene of the incident through to intensive care and definitive surgery.Although these results suggest that the care of patients with multiple injuries is improving in the United Kingdom, case fatality is a relatively crude measure of the outcome of trauma care.A measure of the extent of disability among those who survive is also required.9Nevertheless, the effectiveness of improve- ments in hospital care in the reduction of accident mortality should be taken into account when the allocation of resources to preventive and curative services is determined.This paper is presented on behalf of the steering group of the major trauma outcome study, which includes J Adams, W
Cost-effectiveness analysis of a psoriasis care instruction programme with dithranol compared with UVB phototherapy and inpatient dithranol treatment
Authors: M. Hartman, M. Prins, O.Q.J. Swinkels, J.L. Severens, Th. De Boo, G.J. Van Der Wilt, P.C.M. Van De Kerkhof, P.G.M. Van Der Valk
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Background This study was part of a large national cost-effectiveness analysis, and was funded by the National Fund for Investigational Medicine of the Health Care Insurance Board. Objectives To compare the costs of treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis by dithranol short contact therapy in a care instruction programme (short contact therapy) with ultraviolet B phototherapy (UVB) and inpatient dithranol treatment (inpatient treatment), and relate these costs to treatment effectiveness. Methods An open randomized controlled multicentre study was performed. The costs (both medical and non-medical) were calculated for the following periods: during treatment, per month during remission, after a relapse, and following an unsuccessful treatment. The effectiveness measures were the clinical response rate and the number of clearance days during follow-up. Results The data from 216 patients were analysed. The mean overall costs per patient during treatment were €1641, €1258 and €7706 for short contact treatment, UVB and inpatient treatment, respectively. During the clearance period the mean costs per month per patient were €19, €5 and €25, respectively. The clinical response rates were 57%, 57% and 85%, respectively. The mean number of clearance-days after short contact treatment was 160 [median 119; interquartile range (0–357)], which was not significantly different from the other two strategies: 211 clearance-days after inpatienttreatment [241 (99–350)] and 136 clearance-days after UVB [81 (0–266)]. Conclusion Short contact treatment is an attractive alternative for patients with moderate to severe psoriasis currently treated by inpatient treatment, as the costs of short contact treatment were significantly lower and the number of clearance days was comparable. Considering the higher costs, short contact treatment is not a first choice treatment when compared with UVB.
Transfer of Information about Intake of Drugs by Patients Referred to Medical Units
Authors: T. Beveridge, J. C. Petrie
Journal: BMJ (1972)

The efficiency of the transfer of information among doctors about current drug therapy was examined in emergency, waiting list, and outpatients. Communication about the patient's recent medical history was established with the practitioner in 551 of 559 patients referred (99%). Four hundred and ninety-eight patients (89%) were currently taking 1,557 drugs either supplied by prescription or taken as self-medication. In 314 patients (56%) some information was supplied by the practitioner about 555 drugs (36%). Six hundred and thirteen (61%) of the 1,002 drugs not mentioned by the practitioner were drugs supplied by prescription, mainly hypnotics, sedatives, and analgesics. The transfer of information was unsatisfactory about drugs taken as self-medication and about the allergic status of patients.If iatrogenic disease due to drug therapy is to be recognized or prevented the communication of information about drugs must be improved.
Candida Meningitis Successfully Treated with Amphotericin B
Authors: Philip J. Kozinn, Claire L. Taschdjian, Parviz Pishvazadeh, Mohamad Pourfar, Edith Neumann
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

THE following is the twenty-second case of candidiasis of the central nervous system reported since 19331 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 and the second to have been treated successfully with amphotericin B.Case ReportA 1-month-old male infant weighing 2.9 kg. (6 pounds, 7 ounces) was admitted to the hospital on November 30, 1960, with candida enteritis of 3 weeks' duration.22 This condition subsided within 3 days of oral administration of nystatin, 100,000 units every 8 hours. Isolation of a coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus from the blood necessitated intravenous infusion of chloramphenicol, 150 mg. per day, and penicillin, 2,000,000 units daily, for 7 days.A subsequent . . .
Myocardial Interstitial Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity Is Altered by Mechanical Changes in LV Load
Authors: Anne M. Deschamps, Kimberly A. Apple, Amy H. Leonardi, Julie E. McLean, William M. Yarbrough, Robert E. Stroud, Leslie L. Clark, Jeffrey A. Sample, Francis G. Spinale
Journal: Circulation Research (2005)

LV myocardial remodeling is a structural hallmark of hypertensive hypertrophy, but molecular mechanisms driving this process are not well understood. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can cause myocardial remodeling in chronic disease states, but how MMP activity is altered with a mechanical load remains unknown. The present study quantified interstitial MMP activity after a discrete increase in LV load and dissected out the contributory role of the angiotensin II Type 1 receptor (AT 1 R). Pigs (38kg) were randomized to undergo (1) increased LV load by insertion of an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) triggered at systole for 3 hours, then deactivated (n=11); (2) IABP and AT 1 R blockade (AT 1 RB; valsartan, 3 ng/kg/hr; n=6). MMP activity was directly measured in the myocardial interstitium using a validated inline digital fluorogenic microdialysis system. IABP engagement increased LV peak pressure from 92±3 to 113±5 and 123±7 mm Hg in the vehicle and AR 1 RB group, respectively, and remained elevated throughout the IABP period ( P &lt;0.05). With IABP disengagement, segmental shortening (% change from baseline of 0) remained depressed in the vehicle group (-32.2±11.8%, P &lt;0.05) but returned to baseline in the AT 1 RB group (2.3±12.5%). MMP activity decreased with IABP in both groups. At IABP disengagement, a surge in MMP activity occurred in the vehicle group that was abrogated with AT 1 RB (3.03±0.85 versus 0.07±1.55 MMP units/hr, P &lt;0.05). A transient increase in LV load caused a cyclic variation in interstitial MMP activity that is regulated in part by the AT 1 R. These temporally dynamic changes in MMP activity likely influence myocardial function and structure with increased LV load.
Life-Threatening Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis with Thalidomide Therapy for Myeloma
Authors: Rajkumar Sv, Gertz Ma, Witzig Te
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

To the Editor: Thalidomide has recently been shown to be effective for the treatment of refractory myeloma.1,2 We report a case of life-threatening toxic epidermal necrolysis with the combined use of thalidomide and dexamethasone in a patient with previously untreated myeloma. A 64-year-old man with newly diagnosed myeloma presented with multiple lytic bone lesions, anemia, and hypercalcemia, with a serum IgA-lambda monoclonal protein level of 41 g per liter and 90 percent plasma cells in the bone marrow. After obtaining informed consent, we initiated treatment with thalidomide and dexamethasone as part of an ongoing phase 2 trial. The patient . . .
Dental and Cardiac Risk Factors for Infective Endocarditis: A Population-Based, Case-Control Study
Authors: Brian L. Strom
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Background: Although antibiotic prophylaxis against infective endocarditis is recommended, the true risk factors for infective endocarditis are unclear. Objective: To quantitate the risk for endocarditis from dental treatment and cardiac abnormalities. Design: Population-based, case–control study Setting: 54 hospitals in the Philadelphia area. Patients: Persons with community-acquired infective endocarditis not associated with intravenous drug use were compared with community residents, matched by age, sex, and neighborhood of residence. Measurements: Information on demographic characteristics, host risk factors, and dental treatment was obtained from structured telephone interviews, dental records, and medical records. Results: During the preceding 3 months, dental treatment was no more frequent among case-patients than controls (adjusted odds ratio, 0.8 [95% CI, 0.4 to 1.5]). Of 273 case-patients, 104 (38%) knew of previous cardiac lesions compared with 17 controls (6%) (adjusted odds ratio, 16.7 [CI, 7.4 to 37.4]). Case-patients more often had a history of mitral valve prolapse (adjusted odds ratio, 19.4 [CI, 6.4 to 58.4]), congenital heart disease (adjusted odds ratio, 6.7 [CI, 2.3 to 19.4]), cardiac valvular surgery (adjusted odds ratio, 74.6 [CI, 12.5 to 447]), rheumatic fever (adjusted odds ratio, 13.4 [CI, 4.5 to 39.5]), and heart murmur without other known cardiac abnormalities (adjusted odds ratio, 4.2 [CI, 2.0 to 8.9]). Among case-patients with known cardiac lesions-the target of prophylaxis-dental therapy was significantly (P = 0.03) less common than among controls (adjusted odds ratio, 0.2 [CI, 0.04 to 0.7] over 3 months). Few participants received prophylactic antibiotics. Conclusions: Dental treatment does not seem to be a risk factor for infective endocarditis, even in patients with valvular abnormalities, but cardiac valvular abnormalities are strong risk factors. Few cases of infective endocarditis would be preventable with antibiotic prophylaxis, even with 100% effectiveness assumed. Current policies for prophylaxis should be reconsidered.
Time analysis of men's and youth boy's top-level volleyball
Authors: M Häyrinen, H Lehto, T Mikkola, P Honkanen, P Lahtinen, A Paananen, M Blomqvist
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background Some time analysis studies in men's top-level volleyball have been reported, but no studies exist from the youth boy's top-level. The purpose of this study was to conduct a time analysis in men's and youth boy's top-level volleyball to update the current data and to compare the results between men and boys. Design, setting, and methods Four men's matches (finals and semi-finals of the 2008 Olympic Games, OG08) and four youth boy's matches (finals and semi-finals of the 2009 Youth U19 Boy's European Championships, YEC09) were analyzed using Dartfish TeamPro 5.5 -software. The duration of the rallies, sets (no fifth sets), breaks between rallies (no time outs or breaks between sets) and sets were analyzed. The accuracy of the time analysis was 0.04 s. The t test for independent samples was used to compare the results between the groups. Results The duration of the rallies in OG08 and YEC09 was 5.45±4.77 s and 5.76±4.40 s (ns), the number of rallies per set 45.3±5.1 and 44.0±6.7 (ns), the duration of the breaks between rallies 23.54±5.55 s and 19.99±5.70 s (p&lt;0.001), the duration of the sets 1582±133 s and 1412±143 s (p&lt;0.01) and the duration of the breaks between sets 217±17 s and 213±20 s (ns), respectively. Conclusions The duration of the rallies in men's matches was very close to the previously presented values. The number of rallies per set has constantly been around 45 in the Olympic matches in the 21st century. The duration of the breaks between rallies on the other hand has increased and thus the total length of the sets has increased approximately 4 min. In the boy's matches the duration of the breaks between rallies was significantly shorter than in the men's matches and thus also the total duration of the sets was shorter.
153 THE EFFICACY OF ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING IN PROTECTING HUMAN TRANSPLANTED LIVER FROM ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY IS ASSOCIATED TO THE ACTIVATION OF PHOSPHOINOSITIDE-3KINASE
Authors: M. Cescon, R. Carini, G. Grazi, P. Caraceni, E. Alchera, G. Gasloli, M. Ravaioli, F. Tuci, C. Imarisio, C. Dal Ponte, A.M. Pertosa, M. Bernardi, A.D. Pinna, E. Albano
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)