tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Choosing cases and controls: the clinical epidemiology of "clinical investigation".
Authors: A R Feinstein, R I Horwitz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

Choosing a suitable "control" has never been an easy job.One immediate difficulty is in the concept itself (1).The word "control" has been applied for many different things beyond the standard idea ofcomparison.They include the idea of regulation-such as a controlled environment, a well-con- trolled blood sugar, or quality control in a measurement process.The ideas also include an antecedent baseline-such as the control value or control period that precedes the subse- quent values in a before-and-after set of observations.Statistically, the word control can denote an analytic activity, such as the partition of control strata or the variables that are con- trolled in a multivariable analysis.In most types of medical scientific thought, however, control refers to something chosen as the comparison for the prin- cipal agent that presumably leads to the outcome of a cause- effect relationship.For the comparisons of either therapeutic or etiologic agents, a placebo may be the control for active treatment, medical therapy for surgery, unexposed nonsmokers for exposed smokers.The controlled comparison may ex- tend into a "bioassay" or "dose-response curve" if the effects of higher doses or durations of the active agent-smoking, alcohol, pharmaceutical substances-are contrasted against the effects of lower doses or none.This straightforward scientific concept of control is easily converted into a research design if the investigator can govern (i.e., control) the assignment ofthe compared agents.This type of governance has always occurred in laboratory experiments with animals or inanimate substances.The governance has also occurred in experiments with people during the past four decades when randomized clinical trials have been used to test therapeutic agents.In these governing circumstances, the in- vestigator decides which active and control agents will be compared, arranges to assign them appropriately, and then carries out the follow-up observations.In many research studies of people, however, the investi- gator does not have the opportunity to construct an experimental test of the active agent.If it is suspected of being a noxious cause of disease, randomized trials will usually be unfeasible and often unethical.Few people will volunteer to participate in a randomized trial of smoking vs. nonsmoking, or to be exposed to possibly hazardous chemical agents.If the research is concerned with pathophysiologic effects rather than
227 Correlation of basophil responsiveness to platelet-derived Histamine Releasing Factor (PD-HRF) and deuterium oxide (D2O)
Authors: R.H. Fisher, T.C. Randall, A. Kagey-Sobotka, D. Proud, N.F. Adkinson, L.M. Lichtenstein
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1988)
Endothelium-Dependent and -Independent Perfusion Reserve and the Effect of <scp>l</scp> -Arginine on Myocardial Perfusion in Patients With Syndrome X
Authors: Stuart D. Rosen, Paolo G. Camici
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Impaired vasodilatation capacity in patients with angina pectoris and a normal coronary arteriogram (syndrome X [SX]) has been reported. Most studies report on the response in epicardial vessels. This does not necessarily reflect compromised myocardial microcirculation. Lack of the NO precursor L-arginine has been suggested as a possible cause.Myocardial blood flow (MBF) was measured, using PET, at rest (MBF-rest) and during intravenous dipyridamole (MBF-DIP) in 25 women (mean age 53+/-7 years) with SX. Thirty healthy volunteers served as controls. One group (A) consisted of 15 age-matched female volunteers (54+/-10 years). The other control group consisted of 15 young healthy women (B; 24+/-5 years). In 12 SX patients, MBF-rest and MBF during cold pressor testing were also measured after infusion of L-arginine (6.7 g/min for 45 minutes). The increase in MBF after cold pressor testing was similar in the SX group compared with controls. L-arginine did not affect MBF-rest (0.83+/-0.14 versus 0.89+/-0.13 mL. g-1. min-1) or MBF after cold pressor test (0.95+/-0.10 versus 1. 03+/-0.17 mL. g-1min-1). In contrast, the hyperemic response to DIP was blunted compared with the group A controls (1.68+/-0.49 versus 2. 34+/-0.45 mL. g-1. min-1, P<0.05); this resulted in a significant reduction of the coronary flow reserve in SX patients relative to controls (2.03+/-0.53 versus 2.96+/-0.63 mL. g-1. min-1, P<0.01).In patients with SX, the microcirculatory response to cold, reflecting the endothelium function, is normal and unaltered by intravenous L-arginine. This suggests preserved microcirculatory endothelial function. However, a markedly attenuated hyperemic flow and flow reserve after DIP suggest a dysfunction of the adenosine-mediated endothelium-independent vasodilatation at the microcirculatory level in these patients.
Efficient Induction of Tumor Antigen–Specific CD8+ Memory T Cells by Recombinant Lentivectors
Authors: Laurence Chapatte, Sara Colombetti, Jean-Charles Cerottini, Frédéric Lévy
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract The success of active cancer immunotherapy entails a robust induction of tumor-reactive effector and memory CD8+ T cells. We compared the in vivo immunogenicity of the melanoma-associated antigen Melan-A26-35 encoded by third-generation recombinant lentivector (rec. lv) or as peptide admixed with a strong adjuvant. Ex vivo analyses of immunized HLA-A2/H-2Kb mice showed that rec. lv triggered a stronger anti-Melan-A CD8+ T-cell response than peptide vaccine. Importantly, the majority of anti-Melan-A T cells elicited by rec. lv expressed the memory marker CD127 at the peak of the primary response. In those mice, memory T cells were detectable several months after priming and could be activated by recall peptide vaccination. These results show that immunization with rec. lv induces not only a strong antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell response but also a long-lasting T-cell memory against a bona fide tumor-associated antigen. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(2): 1155-60)
Fondaparinux led to less bleeding than enoxaparin in patients with non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Steven Borzak
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2009)

Source Citation Budaj A, Eikelboom JW, Mehta SR, et al. Improving clinical outcomes by reducing bleeding in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:655-61. 18713759
Electrocardiogram of Bundle-Branch Block in the Bovine Heart
Authors: Raymond D. Pruitt
Journal: Circulation Research (1962)

The electrocardiographic consequences of blocking the right or left bundle branch have been recorded in experiments on calves. Block of either bundle was attended by lengthening of QRS interval by approximately 0.02 second and by changes in form of QRS paralleling closely those occurring in canine hearts under comparable circumstances. Significance of this parallelism to concepts of morphology and function of ventricular conduction systems in bovine and canine hearts is considered. Data reported here render problematic the concept of functional continuity of right and left divisions of the specialized ventricular conduction tissue in the bovine heart.
The Natural History of Rheumatic Heart Disease in the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Decades of Life
Authors: MELVILLE G. MAGIDA, FRANKLIN H. STREITFELD
Journal: Circulation (1957)

This report is intended to contribute to an understanding of the natural morbidity of patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease in the third, fourth, and fifth decades of life. The data should prove useful in a consideration of the criteria for surgical intervention.
Popular Recreations in English Society, 1700-1850
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1973)

The football "field" might be a couple of miles long, and go through part of the town. Hundreds of participants might indulge in wrestling, kicking, and boxing, as well as in forwarding the ball toward a goal. The "game," indeed, might seem indistinguishable from a riot. In other parts of the country, however, local customs might induce a somewhat better regulated contest, for local rules differ widely. Other violent sports were equally popular—bear-baiting or bull-running, cudgeling or single stick combat, cock fights, foot racing, were some of the activities that holidays, fairs, "wakes," and celebrations might encourage. So, too, with the dancing, drunkenness, gambling, and sexual license that formed part of the celebration. Mr. Malcolmson's analysis of recreation in England is not, however, just an anecdotal account. It is a fascinating sociological study, splendidly researched and engagingly written, that not only tells an intriguing story but gives us insight into
336. Correction of Chronic Granulomatous Disease by Gene Therapy
Authors: Manuel Grez, Marion G. Ott, Stefan Stein, Ulrich Siler, Ulrike Koehl, Hana Kunkel, Andrea Schilz, Klaus Kuehlcke, Dieter Hoelzer, Reinhard Seger
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent and life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections. CGD is caused by mutations in any one of four genes encoding for subunits of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase complex. Most patients contain mutations or deletions within the gene coding for gp91phox, the larger subunit of the complex. Based on our preclinical work, two X-CGD patients, 26 and 25 years old, were treated with gene modified cells. G-CSF mobilized CD34+ cells were transduced with a monocistronic gp91phox retroviral vector. The transduction efficiency was 45% for Pat.1 and 40% for Pat. 2. The number of CD34+ cells reinfused was 1.2|[times]|10e7 per kg for Pat.1 and 0.9|[times]|10e7 per kg for Pat. 2. Before reinfusion, patients were treated with liposomal busulphan given i.v. at a dose of 4 mg/kg at two consecutive days, starting at day -3. The treatment was well tolerated and no adverse effects have been observed. Neutrophil counts declined to less than 100 cells per |[mu]|l at day 15 post reinfusion for both patients and recovered to more than 500 cells per |[mu]|l at day 30 for Pat. 1 and day 20 for Pat. 2. A significant fraction of gene marked cells has been detected in peripheral blood of both patients since day +21. Similarly, therapeutic relevant levels of NADPH oxidase activity have been observed since day +21. Both patients are well and have been free of severe bacterial and fungal infections since transplantation. Our data suggests that gene therapy is an option for the treatment of CGD, despite the fact that gp91phox corrected cells will not have per se a proliferative advantage over non-transduced cells.
Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy. A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery.
Authors: Chevalier Jackson
Journal: JAMA (1928)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1 carriers is modified by the HRAS1 variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) locus
Authors: Catherine M. Phelan, Timothy R. Rebbeck, Barbara L. Weber, Peter Devilee, Martin H. Ruttledge, Henry T. Lynch, Gilbert M. Lenoir, Michael R. Stratton, Douglas F. Easton, Bruce A. J. Ponder, Lisa Cannon-Albright, Catharina Larsson, David E. Goldgar, Steven A. Narod
Journal: Nature Genetics (1996)
More Honors for Franz Ingelfinger
Authors: Arnold S. Relman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

Last month two more notable awards came to Franz Ingelfinger, our Editor Emeritus. On May 6, at its annual meeting in Washington, DC, the august Association of American Physicians made him the 52d recipient of its George M. Kober medal, and a few weeks later Yale University bestowed on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Science.The Kober medal, the Association's highest accolade, is given each year to a distinguished member who "has contributed to the progress and achievement of the medical sciences or preventive medicine." Franz Ingelfinger is eminently qualified on those grounds, for he has made lasting . . .
F-18 FDG PET/CT Staging and Posttherapeutic Assessment of Esthesioneuroblastoma
Authors: Ba D. Nguyen, Michael C. Roarke, Kent D. Nelson, Brian W. Chong
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

Esthesioneuroblastoma is an uncommon head and neck neoplasm with frequently delayed diagnosis resulting from its nonspecific symptomatology. CT and MR are the mainstream cross-sectional imaging modalities for the evaluation of this lesion, which has a propensity to disseminate to cervical lymph nodes at initial presentation. The authors present an additional case of this rare olfactory neuroendocrine tumor with accurate anatomic and functional staging and posttherapeutic surveillance by PET/CT.
IgA nephropathy associated with mastitis and haematuria.
Authors: M Thomas, L S Ibels, N Abbot
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Une observation: femme de 32 ans ayant presente depuis sa derniere grossesse des episodes d'hematurie microscopique. De plus des epidoses de mastite (douleurs et fievre) s'accompagnent d'hematurie macroscopique. Diagnostic de nephropathie mesangiale IgA d'apres les dosages et l'examen de biopsies en microscopie electronique
Viability, Morbidity, and Resource Use Among Newborns of 501-to 800-g Birth Weight
Authors: J E Tyson, N Younes, J Verter, L L Wright
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>Objectives.</h3> —To assess risk factors affecting viability and analyze the effects of mechanical ventilation (MV) on neonatal outcome and resource use among extremely premature infants. <h3>Design.</h3> —Inception cohort study. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Neonatal intensive care units of the 12-center National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. <h3>Participants.</h3> —A total of 1126 infants with a birth weight of 501 to 800 g born in network centers between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1995. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Observed survival; maximum estimated survival (assuming the same survival among infants who died without MV as among infants in the same risk category who received MV); observed and maximum estimated survival without severe brain injury (either interventricular echodensity with ventricular dilation or parenchymal echodensity); hospital stay; resource investment. <h3>Results.</h3> —Overall mortality was 43%; mortality in infants without MV was 93%. A total of 15% of all the infants died without MV. Females, small-for-gestational-age infants, and infants whose mothers received antenatal steroids had an advantage in survival with MV equivalent to an increase in birth weight of 90 g, 57 g, and 67 g, respectively. The corresponding advantage of these infants in survival without severe brain injury was 107 g, 97 g, and 64 g, respectively. Females in the lowest birth-weight group were more likely to die without MV than were larger males with a similar estimated likelihood of survival with MV. Mean hospital stay was 115 days for the survivors, values much greater than the 17.9-day standard for 501- to 800-g survivors under the diagnosis related group system. Resource investment was considerable (127 hospital days per survivor and 148 days per survivor without severe brain injury), but, like outcome, varied markedly between risk categories. Had MV been used for all infants who died, we estimate a substantial increase in resource use and a maximum of 8 additional survivors (no more than 6 without severe brain injury per 100 infants with a birth weight of 501 to 800 g. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Although recommendations to initiate or forgo MV for extremely premature infants have often focused on 1 factor (birth weight or gestational age), multiple factors should be considered. Other factors being equal, our analyses support use of MV for females at a minimum birth weight approximately 100 g lower than that for males. The current diagnosis related group reimbursement system can be expected to compromise resources for 501- to 800-g infants who would benefit from MV. Such care entails considerable resource use, although the cost per lifeyear gained is likely to be considerably less than that for many adults given intensive care. Our findings can be used to facilitate more appropriate treatment decisions, determine adequate resources, and better inform the debate about the benefits and burdens of intensive care for extremely premature newborns.
SURGICAL TENDENCIES IN MODERN MIDWIFERY
Authors: E. Essen-MOLler
Journal: BMJ (1929)

TiIE art and science of midwifei-v is in our days developing ini a m1annlDer which seems to be as inmpor tanit as it is initerestinig.By physiological rcseairch oie triecs to ini- vestigate the biology of pregnamicy in iioriiial anid patlholegical conditions.By x rays, pelvic mlieasLuremiients, exanii- inations of the urine, and so on, omie ti-ics in time to detect various anomalies anid applv a piroplhylactic treatment of tlhemii wlich may lessen the risks for tlhe mother anid her chlild.Finally, one aims at the same ptui-pose by sub- stituiting wN-ith inlcreasing freqc1ueney surigical interven- tion for tIme older obstetrical methods, in tlle hope of sercving the in-terests of botlh.It is about this last-named I eatuire of modermi obsteti-ics thiat I wvant to say a l -olcis.TIme difference between past obstoti-ical methods and tliole at present employed is -ery strikiiig; this is apparent if we consider for a moment the risks of a difficuilt labour in old times.
Splenic-Gonadal Fusion in a 6-Year-Old Boy, Confirmed by Tc-99m Sulfur Colloid Scanning
Authors: Argyrios Doumas, Antonia Bindoudi, Ioannis Iakovou, Georgios Rodokalakis, Theofilos Christoforidis
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2011)

Splenic-gonadal fusion is a rare congenital anomaly, in which splenic tissue is connected to the gonad. It is almost always on the left side, is difficult to be recognized, and unfortunately the final diagnosis is confirmed after an unnecessary orchiectomy in one-third of the cases. We report a case of splenic-gonadal fusion in a 6-year-old boy, referred for a palpable mass at the left testicle. Ultrasound and MRI were performed; and the final diagnosis was confirmed by Tc-99m colloid scanning. The child was operated, orchiectomy was avoided, the mass was removed, and pathology confirmed normal splenic tissue.
Effects of osmolality and oxygen availability on soluble cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity of rat renal inner medulla.
Authors: F R DeRubertis, P A Craven
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

The renal inner medulla is ordinarily exposed to osmolalities that are much higher and to O2 tensions that are lower than those in other tissues. The effects of media osmolality and O2 availability on basal and arginine vasopressin(AVP)-responsive soluble cyclic (c)AMP-dependent protein kinase activity were examined in slices of rat inner medulla. Increasing total media osmolality from 305 to 750 or 1,650 mosM by addition of urea plas NaCl to standard Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer significantly reduced basal cAMP content and protein kinase activity ratios. This occurred in the presence or absence of O2. Incubation of slices in high osmolality buffer also blunted increases in inner medullary slice cAMP and protein kinase activity ratios induced by O2. These changes reflected predominantly an action of the urea rather than the NaCl content of high osmolality buffers. In contrast to effects on basal activity, high media osmolality significantly enhanced activation of inner medullary protein kinase by AVP. Conversely, increases in media O2 content suppressed AVP stimulation of enzyme activity. This inhibitory effect of O2 was best expressed at low osmolality. Naproxen and ibuprofen, inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis, reduced basal kinase activity ratios and increased AVP responsiveness in the presence, but not in the absence, of O2. Exogenous prostaglandins (PG) modestly increased (PGE2 and PGE1) or did not change (PGF2alpha) cAMP and protein kinase activity ratios in O2-deprived inner medullary slices. Protein kinase activation by PGE2 was not observed in oxygenated inner medulla with high basal activity ratios. The stimulatory effects of PGE2 and PGE1 on protein kinase activity observed in O2-deprived slices were additive with those of submaximal or maximal AVP. PGE2, PGE1, and PGF2alpha all failed to suppress AVP activation of protein kinase. Thus, enhanced endogenous PGE production may contribute to the higher basal protein kinase activity ratios induced by O2. However, the results do not support a role for PGE2, PGE1, or PGF2alpha in O2-mediated inhibition of AVP responsiveness. The present data indicate that both solute content and O2 availability can alter the expression of AVP action on cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in inner medulla. AVP activation of protein kinase is best expressed when osmolality is high and O2 availability is low, conditions that pertain in inner medulla during hydropenia.
How positive is a positive pregnancy test?
Authors: T. Lind, P G Whittaker
Journal: BMJ (1988)

A more uniform approach to the use of immunoassays for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) may produce more consistent estimates of the true incidence of unsuspected early pregnancy failure.  The presence of hCG is not synonymous with pregnancy in all cases and immunoassays aimed at measuring the rate of unsuspected early pregnancy failure have produced statistics ranging from 8% to 57%.  It is suggested that a serum concentration of 1.0 U/1 should be considered diagnostic of pregnancy.  However it should be recognized that many postmenopausal women have serum concentrations of hCG higher than 1.0 U/1 especially if they have been given luteinizing hormone releasing hormone.  Problems also arise because of the variability in composition of the urinary and placental forms of hCG.  There are serum factors in addition to luteinizing hormone that cross-react with some antibodies to hCG and either whole hCG or the beta subunit can be used as the tracer in the immunoassay.  The ideal system for measuring hCG would be an immunoradiometric assay using a monoclonal antibody.  In addition the luteinizing hormone concentration should be determined in the same samples to allow for any cross-reactivity and samples could be assayed in varying dilutions to assess measurement consistency.  Finally further samples should be obtained 3-4 days after the first test and reassayed; in true early pregnancy hCG will have roughly doubled its concentration in this period.