tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Public needs advice on what food to buy--not just told to avoid sugar, says expert
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Scientists must do more to help people fully understand “diet as a whole” when faced with separate research findings on sugar, fats, or other dietary aspects, and to enable them to change their behaviour, an expert has said.

Susan Jebb, professor of diet and population health at Oxford University, said that cutting calories was vital for reducing obesity levels and that sugar was an “obvious target” because it added calories to the diet but no other nutrients. “It’s clear that people are eating more calories than they need,” she said. But she added that a wide ranging and “realistic” policy approach was needed to help translate nutritional research on the complexities of diet into useful information for consumers.

She said that little good quality evidence had shown what was effective in changing people’s behaviours. “Biomedical research has been very obsessed with biomedical solutions, and behaviour is much more complicated than that. We need far greater investment in the core underpinnings of behavioural sciences,” she said.

Jebb, who chairs the government’s “responsibility deal” with the food and drinks industry, was on a panel of experts …
DEBATABLE ASPECTS OF THE SURGERY OF GASTRO-DUODENAL ULCERATION
Authors: C. A. Pannett
Journal: BMJ (1928)

ALLEGED DANGERS OF INTENSIVE ALKALINE TREATMENT.No medical man need be afraid to use this treatment.In some patients it may give rise to slighlt symptoms, especially during the earlier stages, but generally these symptoms rapidly subside, and the system accommo- dates itself to the comparatively large amounts of alkali inigested.According to Americani writers, the chief symiiptoms encounitered are, first of all, dryness of tlle mouth anid thlroat, followed by headaclhe, anorexia, niausea, and vomiting.There may also be mental depression and loss of enlergy.Analysis of the blood in some of these patients shows that the nitrogenous waste products may be sonmewliat increased, while there may be some inter- ference w-ith the " acid-bate equilibrium " of the body.This so-called " alkalosis " following the uise of very large doses of sodiuim bicarbonate has-been described, among others, by Hardt anid Rivers7 in 1923, by Brown, Eusterman, Hartmainn, and Rowntireet in 1923, by Ellis9 in 1924, by MeVicai 10 in 1924, by Houghton, Veniables, and Lloyd" ia 1925, and by Jordan'2 iln 1926.From a careful perusal of thie literature on alkalosis it seems fairly clear that the medical l)ractitionel need not fear in the slightest degree to use the intensiv-e alkaline treatment as indicated here.That certain symptoms may occasionally appear is admitted, but they are exceedingly rare.Inideed, it is obvious that, in many cases where the symn-ptoms were described, quite excessive doses of sodium bicarbonate were used.The exact dose is not always given, but where it is recorded it often amouanted.to about 30 grams a day over long periods.When the treatment is used as inidicated here there is practically nio risk of alkalosis in otherwise healthy people, and even if symptoms should intervene there is no harm donie.If the patient complains of headache, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and excessive dryness of the mouth it is quite easy to stop the treatment for a few days.So far, as already indicated, I have never seen anvone who had any sy-mptoms.If followed on the lines indicated here the amoulnt of sodiumi- bicarboniate taken daily is too small to cause any damage in ordinary cases.That there mav be some danger when the patient is suffering from chron'ic nephritis is admitted (see Stieglitz'3 and others), and the same may be true when very marked pyloric stenosis with excessive vomiting is present. SPECIAL TREATMENT IN PYLORIC STENOSIS.In ordiniary cases of mild pyloric stenosis wsith little or no vomiting, but showing marked xc-ray changes, the ordinary alkaline treatment may be used.In severe cases, however, with excessive vomiting, there is practically Ino communication between the stomach and the intestine, and in such cases hydrochloric acid is constantly being lost to the body by vomiting.This results in a decrease of acid anid a consequent relative increase of alkali, so tlhat the
Pressure to entertain
Authors: M. Aylett
Journal: BMJ (1996)

The all too familiar problem of television having to be entertaining first and informative second was epitomised by this peak hour programme, shown after Coronation Street.

World in Action is known for its polished, stimulating, and racy productions, and this one was no exception. We were introduced to “white coat hypertension” by a series of examples of stressful stimuli ending up with, yes, the doctor. The concept that the specific stress of the consulting room can raise the blood pressure and that white coat hypertension remains largely undiagnosed was then well presented.

Three patients told us of …
342 A MOUSE MODEL WITH LONG TERM EXPRESSION OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS NS3/4A PROTEASE FOR THE PHARMACOKINETIC AND PHARMACODYNAMIC (PK/PD) STUDY OF HCV PROTEASE INHIBITORS
Authors: J. Lin, J. Hong, S. Lim, X. Qin, L. Pan, L. Huang, J. Liu, C. Schaefer, S. Ammons, S. Seiwert
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Allergen challenge in allergic rhinitis rapidly induces increased peripheral blood type 2 innate lymphoid cells that express CD84
Authors: Taylor A. Doherty, David Scott, Hannah H. Walford, Naseem Khorram, Sean Lund, Rachel Baum, Jinny Chang, Peter Rosenthal, Andrew Beppu, Marina Miller, David H. Broide
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Follow up study of children born elsewhere but attending schools in Seascale, West Cumbria (schools cohort).
Authors: M J Gardner, A J Hall, S Downes, J D Terrell
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Records on 1546 children who were identified as having attended schools in Seascale up to November 1984 and were born since 1950 but not in the civil parish were studied. These children lived in or near Seascale for a period of time while they were attending one or more of three local schools and are an additional group to the 1068 children who were identified as born to mothers resident in Seascale in an accompanying study. Even though some of the schoolchildren apparently remained in the village for a short period only all but 7% were followed up through the National Health Service Central Register. Mortality among these children to 30 June 1986 is comparable to that expected at national rates. From all causes there were 10 observed deaths compared with 12.69 expected--a ratio of 0.79 (95% confidence interval 0.38 to 1.45)--and from cancer one observed death compared with 2.04 expected--a ratio of 0.49 (95% CI 0.01 to 2.73). No deaths from leukaemia or lymphoma were reported, but only 0.83 was expected. Since 1971 (the year when cases of cancer were first notified to the NHS Central Register) three non-fatal cases of cancer were reported, including two lymphomas, compared with 2.04 expected and two cases of carcinoma in situ of the cervix compared with 1.79 expected. In addition, there was a case of leukaemia among the schoolchildren which was known previously and had been diagnosed in 1968. There is an interesting difference between the results of this study and the results of the study of children born to mothers who were resident in Seascale. In the latter study there was an excess of leukaemia and of other cancers, but a similar finding is not apparent among children who spent some time at schools in Seascale but were born elsewhere. This raises the question of whether one or more aetiological factors in childhood cancer were acting on a locality specific basis before birth or early in life. This cannot be answered from these cohort studies, but it is hoped that the case-control study that is under way in West Cumbria will provide relevant information.
A Phase II Study of Sorafenib in Malignant Mesothelioma: Results of Cancer and Leukemia Group B 30307
Authors: Sarita Dubey, Pasi A. Jänne, Lee Krug, Herbert Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Robin Heinze, Colleen Watt, Jeff Crawford, Robert Kratzke, Everett Vokes, Hedy Lee Kindler
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
How Safe Is Acetaminophen?
Authors: Robert M. Craig
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Acetaminophen is being used more frequently for minor pain relief and fever, in part because of concern over the gastrointestinal side effects of aspirin. McClain et al, in this issue ofThe Journal(p 251), give convincing evidence that acetaminophen may not always be as safe as it seems.  For years acetaminophen has been known to be hepatotoxic in very high doses. Indeed, it has been the most common cause of fulminant hepatic necrosis in Great Britain. Acetaminophen is generally safe in low doses because it is predominantly conjugated in the liver with glucuronide or sulfate and excreted in the urine. When taken in large doses, this conjugation process is overwhelmed, and an increased amount of a toxic metabolite of acetaminophen is produced. Small amounts of this metabolite are conjugated with glutathione and excreted in the urine. When it is produced in large amounts there is insufficient glutathione available for
Sex‐related bedside clinical variables associated with survival of older inpatients with heart failure
Authors: Natan Cohen, Eduard Ilgiyaev, Dorit Almoznino‐Sarafian, Irena Alon, Miriam Shteinshnaider, Shulamit Chachashvily, David Modai, Oleg Gorelik
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2004)
Incidence of Multiple Renal Arteries on Aortography
Authors: James R. Geyer
Journal: JAMA (1962)

The incidence of multiple renal arteries was studied by reviewing the translumbar aortograms of 400 patients, 381 of whom had hypertension. Excluding those few with inadequate aortograms, there were 249 hypertensive patients who had normal renal arteries, and 110 who had occlusive disease or aneurysms of the renal artery. Seventy-five% of the patients with renal artery lesions and 75% of patients with normal renal arteries had 1 renal artery to each kidney. The incidence of multiple renal arteries in these hypertensive patients was 25%, no higher than has been recorded generally in anatomic investigations. Eighty-three (31%) of 269 hypertensive patients with a single renal artery on each side and 27 (31%) of 88 hypertensive patients with multiple renal arteries had occlusive lesions or aneurysms.
Clinical Problem-Based Learning: A Workbook for Integrating Basic and Clinical Science
Authors: Abraham Verghese
Journal: JAMA (1989)

One distinct memory of my vestal clinical year is that of being in awe of a certain professor who could obtain a pertinent history, rapidly and efficiently perform a detailed examination (often homing in on systems that did not seem relevant), invoke bedside diagnostic maneuvers either not found or found only in fine print in the physical diagnosis books, and then construct an elaborate (and usually correct) explanation for the patient's symptoms, even going so far as to predict the appearance of the chest x-ray. I recall being somewhat discouraged (as we trooped over to radiology to witness the fulfillment of the prophecy) because our textbooks— though extremely helpful about specific disease entities and the pathophysiology of symptoms—provided little clue to this intuitive, almost spiritual process that we witnessed at the bedside. This delightful book would have been most reassuring had it been available. It is an outgrowth of a
MEDICINE, WARFARE, AND HISTORY
Authors: John F. Fulton
Journal: JAMA (1953)

It is not commonly realized that many of the most significant advances in medical science have been made by medical officers in the armed services or by civilian physicians working under the stimulus of wartime exigency. Whereas the ultimate compensations of war to any society are usually few and seldom recognized, in the field of medicine, over the years, they have been numerous and many of them highly important. A number of examples may be cited from the historical record. In his illuminating series of notes on the history of military medicine, the late Col. Fielding H. Garrison made the observation that, while there were military surgeons in ancient times who occupied positions of responsibility and respect in the armies of Greece and Rome, it was the Swiss Confederation, in the 14th century, that antedated all other nations of modern Europe in state care of the wounded. Municipal ordinances were
Cost-effectiveness of Antihyperlipemic Therapy
Authors: Leslie M. Klevay
Journal: JAMA (1988)

To the Editor.  —Drs Oster and Epstein 1 calculated the cost of each year of life saved by using antihyperlipemic therapy to prevent coronary heart disease and concluded that the cost may be comparable with that of other accepted medical practices. Gain in life expectancy (maximal, 0.6 years) and costs of treatment (minimal, $36 300) were dependent on age, cholesterol level, cost of medication, and duration of therapy.  To my knowledge, 11 studies have been published about reducing cholesterol levels in which data about both heart disease deaths and total deaths have been published. 2-12 In general, risk of heart disease seems to be less when the various regimens are followed; however, benefits to overall survival usually have not been found. Improved survival after treatment with clofibrate— nicotinic acid 6 and niacin 11 is balanced by the lower overall survival rate with clofibrate therapy. 5   Perhaps this lack of overall
SERUM AND SALIVARY CARDIAC BIOMARKER KINETIC RELEASE PATTERNS FOLLOWING ALCOHOL SEPTAL ABLATION FOR TREATMENT OF HYPERTROPHIC OBSTRUCTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY
Authors: Joseph D. Foley, J. Darrell Sneed, Charles L. Campbell, Dawn G. Dawson, Justin R. Kolasa, Jeffrey L. Ebersole, Richard J. Kryscio, John T. McDevitt, Craig S. Miller
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
A potential role for protease nexin 1 overexpression in the pathogenesis of scleroderma
Authors: David Strehlow, Ante Jelaska, Karen Strehlow, Joseph H. Korn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

Scleroderma currently affects approximately 75,000–100,000 individuals in the United States. Fibroblasts isolated from lesional skin of scleroderma patients overexpress collagens and other matrix components, and this abnormality is maintained for multiple passages in culture. To understand the molecular basis for matrix gene overexpression, we performed a differential display comparison of fibroblasts from clinically lesional and nonlesional scleroderma skin. The results suggested that protease nexin 1 (PN1), a protease inhibitor, is overexpressed in scleroderma fibroblasts. Northern blot verification showed that lesional and nonlesional scleroderma fibroblasts had three- to five-fold increased levels of PN1 mRNA compared with healthy fibroblasts. Western analysis showed that scleroderma fibroblasts also secreted more PN1. In situ hybridization of skin biopsy specimens demonstrated PN1 expression in the dermis of four out of six scleroderma patients but no PN1 expression in the dermis of six healthy volunteers. Transient or stable overexpression of PN1 in mouse 3T3 fibroblasts increased collagen promoter activity or endogenous collagen transcript levels, respectively. PN1 mutagenized at its active site and antisense PN1 both failed to increase collagen promoter activity. These results suggest that overexpression of enzymatically active PN1 may play a pathogenic role in the development of the scleroderma phenotype.
Neutrophil-Derived Cathelicidin Protects from Neointimal Hyperplasia
Authors: Oliver Soehnlein, Sarawuth Wantha, Sakine Simsekyilmaz, Yvonne Döring, Remco T. A. Megens, Sebastian F. Mause, Maik Drechsler, Ralf Smeets, Stefan Weinandy, Fabian Schreiber, Thomas Gries, Stefan Jockenhoevel, Martin Möller, Santosh Vijayan, Marc A. M. J. van Zandvoort, Birgitta Agerberth, Christine T. Pham, Richard L. Gallo, Tilman M. Hackeng, Elisa A. Liehn, Alma Zernecke, Doris Klee, Christian Weber
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2011)

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stent implantation is used to dilate arteries narrowed by atherosclerotic plaques and to revascularize coronary arteries occluded by atherothrombosis in myocardial infarction. Commonly applied drug-eluting stents release antiproliferative or anti-inflammatory agents to reduce the incidence of in-stent stenosis. However, these stents may still lead to in-stent stenosis; they also show increased rates of late stent thrombosis, an obstacle to optimal revascularization possibly related to endothelial recovery. Here, we examined the contribution of neutrophils and neutrophilic granule proteins to arterial healing after injury. We found that neutrophil-borne cathelicidin (mouse CRAMP, human LL-37) promoted reendothelization and thereby limited neointima formation after stent implantation. We then translated these findings to an animal model using a neutrophil-instructing, biofunctionalized, miniaturized Nitinol stent coated with LL-37. This stent reduced in-stent stenosis in a mouse model of atherosclerosis, suggesting that LL-37 may promote vascular healing after interventional therapy.
Diffuse Cerebral Microbleeds after Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support
Authors: Loïc Le Guennec, Anne Bertrand, Charles Laurent, Hadrien Roze, Jean Chastre, Alain Combes, Charles-Edouard Luyt
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2015)

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used to provide cardiac and/or pulmonary support in patients refractory to conventional therapies (1, 2). We describe here four patients who demonstrated extensive cerebral microbleeds in the context of persistent coma after ECMO support. Unexpectedly, all patients recovered full consciousness and had (for three of them) no or slight disabilities 1 year after intensive care unit (ICU) discharge.
Isolation of germinal centerlike events from human spleen RNA. Somatic hypermutation of a clonally related VH6DJH rearrangement expressed with IgM, IgG, and IgA.
Authors: W S Varade, R A Insel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

12 rearranged human VH6 immunoglobulin heavy chain genes arising from the same rearrangement were isolated without preselection from the RNA of a fragment of human spleen. The 12 clones were isolated from a pool of 31 unique VH6 clones arising from 18 unique rearrangements. 2 of the 12 related clones were expressed with IgM, 2 with IgG, and 8 with IgA1. All the clones, including those expressing IgM, showed extensive somatic mutation of germline bases (5.6%), which was consistent with antigen-driven activation of these VH6-expressing clones with recruitment into the immune repertoire. On the basis of significant sharing of somatic mutations between the IgM clones and clones expressing the other isotypes (six mutations shared with IgG clones and eight mutations shared with IgA clones), it was apparent that the IgM-expressing precursor in this diversified family had undergone extensive antigen-driven somatic mutation prior to isotype switching. This family of related clones suggests that a germinal centerlike event had been sampled. The highly mutated IgM clones suggest that there may exist memory B cells capable of further somatic mutation and differential isotype-switching depending on the specific antigenic stimulus.
Protein Status of General Surgical Patients
Authors: Bruce R. Bistrian
Journal: JAMA (1974)

In a survey of the protein nutritional status of all patients on the surgical wards of an urban municipal hospital, accepted standards indicated moderate to severe protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) in one half of these patients as judged by triceps skin fold and arm muscle circumference measurements. Weight for height was less severely affected. Although serum albumin levels were recorded in only 43% during the perisurvey periods, the correlation between arm muscle circumference and serum albumin level was highly significant, suggesting that this measurement would substantiate a rate of approximately 50% malnutrition. (<i>JAMA</i>230:858-860, 1974)
SPECT/PATHOLOGY CORRELATION IN DEMENTIA
Authors: S Read, B Miller, I Mena, S Spillers, S Woolley, H Itabashi, R Kim, N Yamagata, H McInryre
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

Read, S; Miller, B; Mena, I; Spillers, S; Woolley, S; Itabashi, H; Kim, R; Yamagata, N; McInryre, H Author Information
Multiple Effects of 5,5′-Diphenylhydantoin on the Thyroid Hormone System*
Authors: PAMELA J. SMITH, MARTIN I. SURKS
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1984)

The studies described above indicate the likelihood of a significant effect of DPH on cellular functions that are regulated by T3 at concentrations of DPH that occur during treatment of patients with Dilantin. Thus, it is possible that sensitive measures of cellular thyroid status in man, if available, might indicate that DPH treatment causes a mild hypothyroid state which may be partially compensated for by an activity of DPH as a partial thyroid hormone agonist. This review illustrates the complex array of interactions of DPH with multiple elements of the thyroid hormone system ranging from effects on T4 and T3 metabolism, serum protein binding, serum and cellular concentration of thyroid hormones, nuclear T3 binding and biologic actions of T3, to effects on hypothalamic and pituitary regulation of TSH. At the present time, no single biological mechanism common to these manifold interactions is apparent. Moreover, many of these interactions are not yet completely understood despite clinical and basic biological investigation for over 20 years. Continued investigation would appear fruitful especially for further understanding of hypothalamic regulation of TSH secretion, of cellular uptake of T3, and of the use of DPH as a partial thyroid hormone agonist. Finally, since DPH attenuates the effect of T3 at the level of the nuclear T3 receptor, the drug may serve as a prototype of agents that may be useful in the management of thyrotoxicosis.
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in childhood
Authors: William J. Thomas, Robert B. North, David G. Poplack, Robert B. Slease, Bertrand Duval‐Arnould
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1981)

Abstract A four‐year‐old child with recurrent infections and increasing hepatosplenomegaly over a three‐year period was evaluated. Increased numbers of myeloid precursors packed the bone marrow and infiltrated the peripheral blood. A diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) was considered but could not be confirmed by laboratory studies appropriate for the types of CML usually observed in childhood. Examination of the patient's peripheral blood smears revealed many atypical monocytoid cells with unipolar hairy projections. Scanning electron microscopy showed these to be leukemic monoblasts with characteristic broad‐based ruffles on the cell surface. A population of myeloid precursors possessing narrow ridge‐like profiles was also observed. Progressive infiltration of the spleen caused hypersplenism which necessitated splenectomy. Subsequently, massive liver and bone marrow involvement led to the patient's death. Terminally, the proliferating blast cells were demonstrated to be leukemic monoblasts by analysis of cytochemical staining patterns, surface immunoglobulins, serum lysozyme levels, and monocyte‐mediated antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity studies. The findings in this case are most compatible with a diagnosis of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), a condition not previously described in childhood. Several myeloproliferative disorders with prolonged survival have been reported in children, but special studies were not performed to determine which cell lines were abnormally proliferating. The similarities between these children and our patient with CMML suggest that monocyte studies may be useful in the diagnosis of these unusual disorders, provide insights into their pathogenesis, and aid in the selection of appropriate therapy.