tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Smoking and mortality from peptic ulcer in the United Kingdom.
Authors: A Sonnenberg
Journal: Gut (1986)

The present paper compares the temporal changes of cigarette consumption with those of peptic ulcer mortality in the United Kingdom. Cumulative cigarette consumption increased in men born between 1845 and 1915 and remained constant or decreased in all subsequent generations. It increased in women born between 1835 and 1955. In contrast, both male and female mortality from gastric and duodenal ulcer were highest in those born around 1875-1885. From the lack of coincidence in the trends of peptic ulcer mortality and cumulative cigarette consumption it is concluded that changing smoking habits were not responsible for the birth cohort patterns of the death rates from gastric and duodenal ulcer.
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: Amelioration of pruritus by UDCA is associated with decreased progesterone disulphates in urine
Authors: Anna Glantz, Sarah-Jayne Reilly, Lisbet Benthin, Frank Lammert, Lars-Åke Mattsson, Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is characterized by pruritus, elevated bile acids, and, specifically, elevated disulphated progesterone metabolites. We aimed to study changes in these parameters during treatment with dexamethasone or ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in 40 out of 130 women included in the Swedish ICP intervention trial (26 randomized to placebo or UDCA, 14 randomized to dexamethasone). Serum bile acid profiles and urinary steroid hormone metabolites were analyzed using isotope-dilution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and electrospray–mass spectrometry. We found that all patients displayed ICP-typical serum bile acid profiles with &gt;50% cholic acid at baseline but almost 80% UDCA upon treatment with this bile acid. In UDCA-treated patients, relative amounts of disulphated progesterone metabolites in urine decreased by 34%, 48% ( P &lt; 0.05), and 55% ( P &lt; 0.05) after 1, 2, and 3 weeks of treatment, respectively, which was significantly correlated to improvements of pruritus scores but not to serum bile acid levels. In contrast, in patients randomized to dexamethasone or placebo, no changes in steroid metabolites or pruritus scores were observed. Conclusion: UDCA treatment in ICP decreased urinary excretion of disulphated progesterone metabolites, suggesting that amelioration of pruritus is connected to stimulation of hepatobiliary excretion of progesterone disulphates. (Hepatology 2008.)
Chemopreventive Agents
Authors: Gerald F. Combs, William P. Gray
Journal: Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1998)

The element selenium (Se) was recognized only 40 years ago as being essential in the nutrition of animals and humans. It is recognized as being an essential component of a number of enzymes, in which it is present as the amino acid selenocysteine. Se compounds have also been found to inhibit tumorigenesis in a variety of animal models, and recent studies indicate that supplemental Se in human diets may reduce cancer risk. The antitumorigenic activities have been associated with Se intakes that correct nutritionally deficient status in animals, as well as higher intakes that are substantially greater than those associated with maximal expression of the selenocysteine-containing enzymes. Therefore, it is proposed that while some cancer protection, particularly that involving antioxidant protection, involves selenoenzymes, specific Se metabolites, which are produced in significant amounts at relatively high Se intakes, also discharge antitumorigenic functions. According to this two-stage model of the roles of Se in cancer prevention, individuals with nutritionally adequate Se intakes may benefit from Se supplementation. Evidence for chemoprevention by Se and for the apparent mechanisms underlying these effects is reviewed to the end of facilitating the development of the potential of Se compounds as cancer chemopreventive agents.
Contribution of mature hepatocytes to small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells in retrorsine-exposed rats with chimeric livers
Authors: Ya-Hui Chen, Mei-Hwei Chang, Chin-Sung Chien, Shang-Hsin Wu, Chun-Hsien Yu, Hui-Ling Chen
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

The potential lineage relationship between hepatic oval cells, small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells (SHPCs), and hepatocytes in liver regeneration is debated. To test whether mature hepatocytes can give rise to SHPCs, rats with dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) chimeric livers, which harbored endogenous DPPIV-deficient hepatocytes and transplanted DPPIV-positive hepatocytes, were subjected to retrorsine treatment followed by partial hepatectomy (PH). DPPIV-positive hepatocytes comprised about half of the DPPIV chimeric liver mass. Tissues from DPPIV chimeric livers after retrorsine/PH treatment showed large numbers of SHPC clusters. None of the SHPC clusters were stained positive for DPPIV in any analyzed samples. Furthermore, serial sections stained for gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT, a marker of fetal hepatoblasts) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase, a marker of mature hepatocytes) showed inverse expression of the two enzymes and a staining pattern consistent with a lineage that begins with GGT(+)/G6Pase(−) to GGT(−)/G6Pase(+) within a single SHPC cluster. Using double immunofluorescence staining for markers specific for hepatic oval cells and hepatocytes in serial sections, oval cell proliferations with CK-19(+)/laminin(+) and OV-6(+)/C/EBP-α(−) were shown to extend from periportal areas into the SPHC clusters, differentiating into hepatic lineage by progressive loss of CK-19/laminin expression and appearance of C/EBP-α expression towards the cluster side. Cells in the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM(+)) SHPC clusters showed membranous EpCAM(+)/HNF-4α(+) (hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α) staining and were contiguous to the surrounding cytoplasmic EpCAM(+)/HNF-4α(−) ductular oval cells. Extensive elimination of oval cell response by repeated administration of 4,4′-methylenedianiline (DAPM) to retrorsine-exposed rats impaired the emergence of SHPC clusters. Conclusion : These findings highly suggest the hepatic oval cells but not mature hepatocytes as the origin of SHPC clusters in retrorsine-exposed rats. (Hepatology 2013)
Screening for Human T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma Virus-Reply
Authors: Douglas W. Blayney
Journal: JAMA (1984)

In Reply.—  Dr Smally raises two questions: the first, whether hospital employment predisposes to HTLV infection, perhaps by contact with contaminated hospital paraphernalia, patient contact, or other means, cannot be definitively answered. Our survey of laboratory workers who were intensively involved in culture and processing of HTLV-laden specimens and cell culture material uncovered no evidence of seroconversion. 1 With the possible exception of pregnant women, 2 it is unlikely that casual exposure to the occasional HTLV-positive patient will result in danger to medical workers.  The second question raises the issue of general screening for medical workers to protect their colleagues or their patients. In general, screening should not be carried out unless confirmatory assays or effective interventions might follow. To screen workers for presence of a putative human leukemia virus with our current body of etiologic knowledge and lack of specific strategies to prevent infection or seroconversion is unjustified. There
A British Medical Association Lecture on THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A RAISED BLOOD PRESSURE
Authors: J. Hay
Journal: BMJ (1931)

MIy subject is one of very general interest.andalso of considerable practical importance, if for no other reason than that a large number of our patients at or over middle age present a raised blood pressure.No one can now afford to be indifferent to the problems associated with -variations in blood pressure, for a high pressure is an 'abnormality which always demands investigation, super--vision, and careful treatment.There is a danger that patients may take the variations in their blood pressure too seriously, and it is well to remember that the blood pressure is only one factor in-the circulation, and that it must be carefully correlated with the other physical signs and symptoms manifested.An abnormally high' blood pressure indicates some underlying psychological or pathological abnormality, and an attempt should always be made to interpret it in terms of pathology, and finally in terms of prognosis.The blood pressure, constantly fluctuating within certain limits, rising and falling to meet the changing needs of life, is the resultant of several factors.There are the frequency and the vigour of the ventricular systole, 'the distension of the arteries which grasp the blood, and a -varyirng peripheral resistance.More prone to develop in middle age, hign blood pressure is not infrequently encountered in the young; it is helpful, therefore, to classify the patients into a few groups. TEIE TYPE OF. PATIENTHigh blood pressure may be latent, causing no symnptoms and discovered accidentally in a patient other- wise healthy.-Thenthere is the thin, spare, sallow, highly strung individual, often nervous, active, and self-opinionateda neurasthenic with a tendency to constipation and a coated tongue.As a contrast there is the sthenic type: florid, stoutish, muscular, with a vigorous mentality,v great driving power, an excellent appetite, a good digestion, and a clean tongue-the man who takes it as a personal affront whern he is loaded or refused for life assurance.And, finally, there is the menopausal group, in which the chief etiological factor is probably a dyscrinism, characterized by vasomotor instability, an increase in weight, an obesity hard to dispel; in this group there is a steady increase in the blood pressure, which may slowly subside in the late fifties.
Spontaneous Extrusion Of Appendiceal Fecalith
Authors: Allen W. Perry
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Acute appendicitis is the most common general surgical emergency in childhood.<sup>1</sup>The death rate for all ages has dropped from 2.5 to 0.8 per 100,000 in the past 20 years.<sup>2,3</sup>However, the mortality in cases of perforated appendicitis is still high, with Egdahl<sup>4</sup>reporting 6%. In children under 36 months of age, the incidence of perforation before the time of surgical intervention has not declined in the past two decades. Fields and Cole<sup>5</sup>reported an incidence of 76.6% and Boles<sup>6</sup>et al reported 83%. Although no pathognomonic sign is available to diagnose appendicitis, roentgenographic evidence of a fecalith in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen may be of considerable help. Weisflog<sup>7</sup>in 1906 contributed the first case report in which a correct preoperative diagnosis was made by demonstrating two calculi in the right lower quadrant. Since that time, many investigators
Interactions of serum copper, selenium, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in atherogenesis.
Authors: J T Salonen, R Salonen, K Seppanen, M Kantola, S Suntioinen, H Korpela
Journal: BMJ (1991)

To investigate the interactions between serum copper, selenium, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations with regard to the progression of carotid atherosclerosis.Longitudinal study of a cohort of middle aged men followed up for 24 months.Epidemiological survey of the population of seven communities in eastern Finland.126 men aged 42, 48, 54, or 60 at examination randomly selected from a population based sample of 2682 men.Increase in maximal carotid intima media thickness.The mean increase in the maximal common carotid intima media thickness after two years was greater in men with high serum copper concentrations (0.16 mm compared with 0.08 mm in men with concentrations less than 17.6 mumol/l; p = 0.010), those with low serum selenium concentrations (0.15 mm compared with 0.09 mm in men with concentrations greater than or equal to 1.40 mumol/l; p = 0.035), and those with raised serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (0.15 mm compared with 0.08 mm in men with concentrations less than 4.0 mmol/l; p = 0.032) after adjustment for age and cigarette pack years in a three way analysis of covariance. A raised serum low density lipoprotein concentration was associated with accelerated progression of atherosclerosis only in men with higher than median serum copper concentrations (net difference 0.22 mm; p less than 0.001 for two way interaction), and this synergism was even more pronounced in men with serum selenium concentrations below the median value (net difference 0.41 mm; p = 0.042 for three way interaction).These data provide evidence of a synergistic effect of copper (a pro-oxidant), a low serum concentration of selenium (a cofactor of an enzyme that scavenges free radicals), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration in atherogenesis.
Booster immunotherapy (BIT)
Authors: C. Ebner, D. Kraft, H. Ebner
Journal: Allergy (1994)

This study tries to answer two questions: 1) how long does the therapeutic effect of successful immunotherapy (IT) last after termination of the treatment? and 2) what is the best treatment for recidivist patients? To answer the first question, we asked 108 patients with rye/grass pollen allergy who had previously undergone IT for 3-4 years and had responded well to treatment to complete a questionnaire on the course of their recovery after termination of the therapy. Evaluation of the answers revealed a recidivist rate of approximately 30% in the first 3 years. According to our results, the risk of a relapse after this period seems to be low. To answer the second question, we included 40 patients suffering from type I allergy to grass/rye pollen in a clinical study. Each of them had previously undergone specific IT with a grass pollen extract mixture and had terminated this therapy after 3-4 years practically free of symptoms during the grass pollen season. As the symptoms returned and increased from year to year after the end of IT, new therapeutic steps had to be considered. We investigated the efficacy of a short preseasonal injection treatment called "booster immunotherapy" (BIT). BIT was performed with two different injection-regimens, a low-dose schedule comprising six injections and a high-dose schedule with 11 injections, in both cases administered as a build-up regimen. In the next pollen season, 28/40 (70%) patients reported strong improvement or even complete remission of the allergy symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Measuring blood flow.
Authors: J H Peacock, R Baird
Journal: BMJ (1976)

showed the beneficial effect of dapsone in preventing the spread of the disease.I have also been surprised at the decision by the faculty to teach leprosy to medical students in the leprosarium, especially at Garkida, where there is an emphasis on institutional care, reconstructive surgery, and the making of prostheses and where so much time and money are spent on the patients after they have become crippled and so little on curing the patients and preventing the spread of the disease.The place to teach leprosy is in the outpatient clinic run by auxiliary staff, and the area around the medical school would be ideal for this purpose.Then it could be demonstrated that the disease can be cured, prevented, and eradicated by the administration of dapsone.
Indomethacin increases liver damage in a murine model of liver injury from alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
Authors: David A. Rudnick, Olga Shikapwashya, Keith Blomenkamp, Jeffrey H. Teckman
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Homozygous (PIZZ) alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha(1)-AT) deficiency is associated with the development of liver damage in children as well as chronic liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma in adults. The alpha(1)-AT mutant Z gene encodes a mutant protein that accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes rather than being secreted appropriately into serum. Liver injury is caused by the accumulation of alpha(1)-AT mutant Z protein in hepatocytes, which triggers downstream intracellular injury pathways. However, development of clinical liver disease among PIZZ homozygotes is highly variable, suggesting other genetic or environmental factors contribute to liver injury. In this study, we tested whether nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) could be a comorbid factor in the development of liver injury in alpha(1)-AT deficiency using the PiZ mouse. This mouse model is transgenic for the mutant Z allele of the human alpha(1)-AT gene, in which alpha(1)-ATZ expression is regulated by the human promoter regulatory sequences. Our results showed that administration of indomethacin to PiZ mice resulted in increased hepatic injury, indicated by increased hepatocellular proliferation and increased activation of caspase 9. This indomethacin-induced injury was associated with activation of IL-6-STAT3 signaling, increased expression of alpha(1)-AT mRNA, and greater accumulation of mutant polymerized alpha(1)-ATZ protein in livers of indomethacin-treated PiZ mice compared to vehicle-treated PiZ animals. In conclusion, environmental factors, such as exogenous medication administration, can significantly potentiate the liver injury associated with alpha(1)-ATZ hepatic accumulation; NSAIDs may be especially injurious to patients with alpha(1)-AT deficiency, possibly by increasing the expression and accumulation of the hepatotoxic mutant protein.
Book Review Basic Ophthalmology CD-ROM, with manual, 9 pp. By Thomas A. Farrell and colleagues. System needed: Multimedia IBM PC or compatible computer, with at least 4 MB RAM. (Also available for Macintosh system 7.0 and at least 4 MB RAM.) St. Louis, Mosby, 1996. $59.95 (single user). Multi-user license available. 0-7234-2336-9 (Windows); 0-7234-2239-3 (Macintosh).
Authors: Eytan Z. Blumenthal, Jacob Pe'er
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)
United States brings in new rules to prevent surgical errors
Authors: Scott Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2004)

New rules in the United States that came into effect this week require doctors and hospitals to take certain specified steps to prevent operating on the wrong body part or wrong patient.

Among the requirements, surgeons and nurses must take what is being referred to as “time out” before operating on patients, to confirm that the right patient is on the table and that doctors are operating on the right body part and the right side of the body.

Hospital regulators hope the rules, which came …
Review: Little evidence exists for type of dressing or support surface or for nutritional supplements for pressure ulcers
Authors: Amy A. Ernst
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2009)

ACP Journal Club21 July 2009Review: Little evidence exists for type of dressing or support surface or for nutritional supplements for pressure ulcersAmy A. Ernst, MD, FACEPAmy A. Ernst, MD, FACEPUniversity of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (A.A.E.)Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-2-200907210-02013 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationReddy M, Gill SS, Kalkar SR, et al. Treatment of pressure ulcers: a systematic review. JAMA. 2008;300:2647-62. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19066385Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Hospitalists: Geriatrics: References1 Landi F, Aloe L, Russo A, et al. Topical treatment of pressure ulcers with nerve growth factor: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:635-41. [PMID: 14568851] Google Scholar2 Thackham JA, McElwain DL, Long RJ. The use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy to treat chronic wounds: a review. Wound Repair Regen. 2008;16:321-30. [PMID: 18471250] Google Scholar3 Kessler L, Bilbault P, Ortéga F, et al. Hyperbaric oxygenation accelerates the healing rate of nonischemic chronic diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective randomized study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2378-82. [PMID: 12882865] Google Scholar4 Kaide CG, Khandelwal S. Hyperbaric oxygen: applications in infectious disease. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2008;26:571-95. [PMID: 18406988] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Amy A. Ernst, MD, FACEPAffiliations: University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (A.A.E.)This article was published at Annals.org on 7 July 2009. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byPressure-relieving devices for treating heel pressure ulcersPressure-relieving devices for treating heel pressure ulcers 21 July 2009Volume 151, Issue 2Page: JC1-13KeywordsGrowth factorsNerve growth factorNutritionOxygenPressure ulcersSystematic reviewsUlcersUltrasound imagingWound healing ePublished: 21 July 2009 Issue Published: 21 July 2009 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2009 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Religious Delusions in Counter-Culture Patients
Authors: PERITZ LEVINSON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1973)

Messianic delusions—until now rather rare and poorly understood—appear to be increasing in incidence and to be influenced by the values of the counter culture. The author identifies the principal clinical features of delusions: the belief in one's omnipotence and omniscience, the avoidance of affect-laden experiences and thoughts, the pursuit of asceticism, the experience of exalted mystical states, and the tendency to form symbiotic relationships that are devoid of meaningful emotional investment. The author discusses the treatment of this difficult problem and offers observations from his clinical experience.
Some "cot deaths" are child abuse
Authors: C. White
Journal: BMJ (1999)

A diagnosis of the sudden infant death syndrome may prevent the detection of fatal child abuse, according to Professor Roy Meadow, of St James's University Hospital in Leeds. About 400 babies are classed as dying from the syndrome each year in the United Kingdom.

Professor Meadow's comments are based on 18 years' experience with 81 children who were initially diagnosed as having died of natural causes but were subsequently found to have been killed by their parents (Archives of Disease in Childhood 1999;80:7-14). In over 80% of cases the infant's mother was found to be responsible for the death, which had usually been caused by smothering. …
One-year clinical follow-up of patients with inferior acute myocardial infarction and anterior ST depression. Results of a randomized trial of primary angioplasty versus accelerated tissue plasminogen activator
Authors: F. Ribichini, G. Steffenino, A. Dellavalle, V. Ferrero, A. Vado, M. Feola, P. Russo, E. Uslenghi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
O7 ONCE-DAILY SIMEPREVIR (TMC435) PLUS SOFOSBUVIR (GS-7977) WITH OR WITHOUT RIBAVIRIN IN HCV GENOTYPE 1 PRIOR NULL RESPONDERS WITH METAVIR F0–2: COSMOS STUDY SUBGROUP ANALYSIS
Authors: M. Sulkowski, I.M. Jacobson, R. Ghalib, M. Rodriguez-Torres, Z. Younossi, A. Corregidor, B. Fevery, K. Callewaert, W. Symonds, G. De La Rosa, G. Picchio, S. Ouwerkerk-Mahadevan, T. Lambrecht, E. Lawitz
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Investigation and treatment of resistant urinary incontinence.
Authors: L Edwards, N Harrison, J P Williams
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Recently much interest has been expressed about the manage- ment of urinary incontinence.' 2 This paper describes the investigation and management of 211 consecutive cases of incontinence of urine seen in the unit for electronic control of incontinence at the Shaftesbury Hospital (St.Peter's Hospitals and Institute of Urology, London) since October 1967.