tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Fetal and Childhood Growth of Persons Who Develop Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Tom Forsén
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Background: Type 2 diabetes is associated with low birthweight followed by obesity in adulthood. Persons who develop the disease may therefore have a particular pattern of growth from birth through childhood. Objective: To examine the relation of type 2 diabetes to size at birth and childhood growth. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Helsinki, Finland. Participants: Men (n = 3639) and women (n = 3447) who were born at the Helsinki University Central Hospital between 1924 and 1933, who went to school in Helsinki, and who still lived in Finland in 1971. Detailed birth and school health records were available for all 7086 participants. We identified 471 men and women who developed type 2 diabetes by using the national Social Insurance Institution's register of all persons in Finland who are receiving long-term therapy with medication. Measurements: Incidence of diabetes ascertained from a national register. The main explanatory measurements were size at birth and childhood growth in terms of height, weight, and body mass index. Results: The cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes was 7.9% (n = 286) in men and 5.4% (n = 185) in women. The incidence increased with decreasing birthweight, birth length, ponderal index (birthweight/length 3), and placental weight. The odds ratio for type 2 diabetes was 1.38 (95% CI, 1.15 to 1.66; P < 0.001) for each 1-kg decrease in birthweight. The mean weights and heights of the children at 7 years of age who later developed type 2 diabetes were about average. Thereafter, their growth in weight and height was accelerated until 15 years of age. The odds ratio for development of type 2 diabetes was 1.39 (CI, 1.21 to 1.61; P < 0.001) for each standard deviation increase in weight between 7 and 15 years of age. The odds ratio became 1.83 (CI, 1.37 to 2.45; P < 0.001) in an analysis restricted to persons whose birthweights were below 3000 g. Children of both sexes whose mothers had a high body mass index in pregnancy had more rapid growth during childhood and an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that type 2 diabetes is programmed in utero in association with low rates of fetal growth. The increased risk for type 2 diabetes associated with small size at birth is further increased by high growth rates after 7 years of age.
BRCA1and Medullary Breast Cancer
Authors: François Eisinger
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Authors: Edward E. Telzak
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Medical Writings: Book Notes6 November 2001Sexually Transmitted InfectionsEdward E. Telzak, MDEdward E. Telzak, MDDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, New York.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-135-9-200111060-00029 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Edwards A, Sherrard J, Zenilman J. 104 pages. Oxford, United Kingdom: Health Press Ltd.; 2001. UK £12.00; US $24.00. Order phone 44-(0)123-552-3233.Field of medicine: General medicine, family medicine, public health, infectious diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, and urology.Format: Softcover book.Audience: Primary care physicians and specialists in infectious diseases seeking a concise overview of sexually transmitted infections.Purpose: To summarize for the generalist the current thinking on diagnosis and management of sexually transmitted infections.Content: Sexually transmitted infections are reviewed according to etiologic agents and clinical syndromes, with adequate cross-referencing to minimize repetition. Sections discuss the overall approach to ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, New York. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 6 November 2001Volume 135, Issue 9Page: 846KeywordsHospital medicineInfectious diseasesPathogensPatientsPrevention, policy, and public healthPrimary care physiciansSexually transmitted diseasesSoftware toolsTreatment guidelinesUrology ePublished: 6 November 2001 Issue Published: 6 November 2001 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2001 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Drug-Induced Diseases
Authors: Edmund L. Dubois
Journal: JAMA (1965)

This compilation of 20 papers presented at a second symposium on drug-induced diseases held in Leyden, the Netherlands, in October 1964, has a great deal of variation in the value of the published presentations. Louis Lasagna gives a good summary of the problem and points out that 5% to 7% of hospitalized patients suffer from adverse drug reactions. Two chapters present material in sufficient detail to be of specific value. The first is a review by Dr. H. M. Peck et al of the Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, "The Evaluation of Drugs for Their Effects on Reproduction and Fetal Development." They discuss the techniques and problems involved in carrying over to humans the results of animal experiments in this field. Peck and associates emphasize that the "final demonstration of safety relative to toxicity for the human, including the reproduction cycle and the fetus, will rest upon human experience until
Salmonella hepatitis: Analysis of 27 cases and comparison with acute viral hepatitis
Authors: H M El-Newihi, M E Alamy, T B Reynolds
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

The liver is commonly involved in patients with typhoid fever. However, severe hepatic derangement simulating acute viral hepatitis is rare. Our aim was to characterize the clinical picture, biochemical features, and prognosis of Salmonella hepatitis. Retrospective case-control analysis of medical records included 27 patients with Salmonella hepatitis and 27 inpatients with acute viral hepatitis from 1973 to 1993. Travel history, clinical picture, a standard battery of 18 biochemical tests, complete blood counts, disease complications, duration of hospital admission, and final outcome were analyzed. Eleven patients with Salmonella hepatitis (40%) travelled abroad within 1 month of illness. A greater proportion of Salmonella hepatitis patients developed fever > 104 degrees (44% vs. 4%, respectively; P < .0001), and had relative bradycardia (42% vs. 4%, respectively; P < .002) than viral hepatitis patients. Salmonella hepatitis was associated with lower peak serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase, and higher peak serum alkaline phosphatase (296 vs. 3,234 U/L, 535 vs. 2,844 U/L, and 500 vs. 228 U/dL, respectively; P < .0001, <.0003, and <.004). The admission ALT/lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) ratio, when levels of both enzymes were expressed as multiples of upper limit of normal value for each, was significantly lower in Salmonella hepatitis. All Salmonella hepatitis cases had a ratio < 4, and all viral hepatitis cases had a ratio > 5, P < .0001. Left shift of white blood cells was more common in Salmonella hepatitis (83% vs. 37%; P < .004). Patients with Salmonella hepatitis had a longer hospitalization (14.8 vs. 6.5 days, respectively; P < .0001). All 54 patients survived their illness. The clinical picture of Salmonella hepatitis is frequently indistinguishable from viral hepatitis. The admission ALT/LDH ratio is the best discriminator between both entities. Other clues that raise the possibility of Salmonella hepatitis include high fever, relative bradycardia, and left shift of WBCs. Despite long hospitalization, Salmonella hepatitis responds to proper antibiotic therapy and has an excellent prognosis.
Eyeblink conditioning, motor control, and the analysis of limbic-cerebellar interactions
Authors: Craig Weiss, John F. Disterhoft
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Several target articles in this BBS special issue address the topic of cerebellar and olivary functions, especially as they pertain to motor earning. Another important topic is the neural interaction between the limbic system and the cerebellum during associative learning. In this commentary we present some of our data on olivo-cerebellar and limbic-cerebellar interactions during eyeblink conditioning. [HOUK et al.; SIMPSON et al.; THACH]
Variant between CPT1B and CHKB associated with susceptibility to narcolepsy
Authors: Taku Miyagawa, Minae Kawashima, Nao Nishida, Jun Ohashi, Ryosuke Kimura, Akihiro Fujimoto, Mihoko Shimada, Shinichi Morishita, Takashi Shigeta, Ling Lin, Seung-Chul Hong, Juliette Faraco, Yoon-Kyung Shin, Jong-Hyun Jeong, Yuji Okazaki, Shoji Tsuji, Makoto Honda, Yutaka Honda, Emmanuel Mignot, Katsushi Tokunaga
Journal: Nature Genetics (2008)
Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Dimorphism and Iron Overload, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, and Death in Hepatitis C Virus–Infected Patients
Authors: Pierre Nahon, Angela Sutton, Dominique Pessayre, Pierre Rufat, Marianne Ziol, Nathalie Ganne–Carrie, Nathalie Charnaux, Jean–Claude Trinchet, Liliane Gattegno, Michel Beaugrand
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2007)
Contrast Gain Control in Auditory Cortex
Authors: Neil C. Rabinowitz, Ben D.B. Willmore, Jan W.H. Schnupp, Andrew J. King
Journal: Neuron (2011)

The auditory system must represent sounds with a wide range of statistical properties. One important property is the spectrotemporal contrast in the acoustic environment: the variation in sound pressure in each frequency band, relative to the mean pressure. We show that neurons in ferret auditory cortex rescale their gain to partially compensate for the spectrotemporal contrast of recent stimulation. When contrast is low, neurons increase their gain, becoming more sensitive to small changes in the stimulus, although the effectiveness of contrast gain control is reduced at low mean levels. Gain is primarily determined by contrast near each neuron's preferred frequency, but there is also a contribution from contrast in more distant frequency bands. Neural responses are modulated by contrast over timescales of ∼100 ms. By using contrast gain control to expand or compress the representation of its inputs, the auditory system may be seeking an efficient coding of natural sounds.
Prenatal and Early Postnatal Influences on Measured Intelligence
Authors: T. McKeown
Journal: BMJ (1970)

In larger mammals natural selection has led to reduction of litter size and prolongation of the period of gestation. Even in human pregnancy, which is normally single, gestation is prolonged beyond the time when the growth of most fetuses can be fully supported. This conclusion is based on comparison of prenatal and postnatal growth rates. The lengthening of pregnancy may be related to the selective advantages of maturity at birth, particularly, in man, the development of immunity to infectious disease.Verbal reasoning scores recorded in the 11-plus examination provide no evidence that the retarded prenatal growth associated with prolongation of gestation affects measured intelligence. There are considerable score differences in a general population of births in relation to birth weight and duration of gestation; but, like the larger differences related to maternal age and order of birth, they are not found in sibs. Still more suggestive is the finding that twins raised singly from birth have scores higher than twins raised together and little lower than those of single births. This indicates that even the pronounced retardation of fetal growth which occurs in twin pregnancy has little effect on verbal reasoning, the large differences between twins and single births being due to postnatal experience.
GPs could start by listening to dying patients and thus improve care
Authors: C. R. Murphy
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Spence is right, the dying do deserve better from their GPs, but his article makes little progress towards this laudable aim.1

Having worked as a GP for 20 years I now sadly find myself firmly in the role of a patient with advanced cancer. Here is my perspective on the points raised.

I do not mind who delivers my palliative care …
Specific modulation by ethanol of the protein synthesis pattern in the C2 rat hepatoma cell line
Authors: M.N. Chobert, P. Vincens, G. Guellaën, R. Barouki, Y. Laperche, M. Aggerbeck, T. Aissani, A. Pawlak, P. Tarroux, J. Hanoune
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1988)
THE PLACE OF RESERPINE IN THE TREATMENT OF THE CHRONIC PSYCHOTIC PATIENT
Authors: CHARLES P. GORE, GEORGE P. EGAN, DONALD WALTON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1957)

The effect of reserpine on the behaviour of chronic psychotic patients has been investigated by means of a controlled, and an uncontrolled study. The results indicate that it is only of limited value in the treatment of such patients. The extremely favourable results obtained by other workers were not confirmed.
Something Old, Something New
Authors: Stephen E. Radecki
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To the Editor.  —The article by Bullock et al 1 on the near-normal mortality experience of chronic alcoholics who subsequently become long-term abstainers contributes to a growing body of literature documenting beneficial effects of behavioral change in middle-aged and elderly adults with longstanding deleterious health habits. In a previous study, a significant reduction in coronary heart disease mortality was found to be associated with smoking cessation among persons 65 to 74 years of age. The investigators concluded that even among older persons who have smoked for decades, the effects of smoking are  least partly reversible within 1 to 5 years after quitting. 2 Similarly, interventions aimed  lowering blood pressure late in life have been shown to be effective in reducing subsequent cardiovascular mortality, and are recommended at least up to age 80. 3   A 17-year follow-up of participants in the Alameda County, California, study demonstrated that good health
A Problem in Anesthesiology
Authors: Allan Carter
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> As long as emergencies, as described in the ANESTHESIA PROBLEM OF THE MONTH (<b>207</b>:1903, 1969) are handled as ineptly as this one was, I suspect thatThe Journalwill be able to carry this feature for many months to come. A sensory level of T-4 after a spinal anesthetic indicates that it was the major cause of the hypotension, and did more than possibly "enhance" the effect of the gravid uterus. And as long as this complication is treated as tardily and inadequately, I can understand the temptation to look for more exotic causes. That the pressure rose after the delivery of the child might be proof that caval compression occurred, but it might also indicate that oxytocics were given, too. Oxygen by mask should be started immediately, not 15 minutes, after the start of a spinal anesthetic, especially after a high level of anesthesia, and
Osteogenesis imperfecta. The position of substitution for glycine by cysteine in the triple helical domain of the pro alpha 1(I) chains of type I collagen determines the clinical phenotype.
Authors: B J Starman, D Eyre, H Charbonneau, M Harrylock, M A Weis, L Weiss, J M Graham, P H Byers
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

Skin fibroblasts grown from three individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) each synthesized a population of normal type I collagen molecules and additional molecules that had one or two alpha 1(I) chains that contained a cysteine residue within the triple-helical domain, a region from which cysteine normally is excluded. The patients had very different phenotypes. One patient with OI type I had a population of alpha 1(I) chains in which glycine at position 94 of the triple helix was substituted by cysteine; a patient with OI type III had a population of alpha 1(I) chains in which glycine at position 526 of the triple helix was substituted by cysteine; and the third patient, with OI type II, had a cysteine for glycine substitution at position 718 of the alpha 1(I) chain. From all three patients, molecules that contained two mutant chains formed interchain, intramolecular disulfide bonds, and although less stable to thermal denaturation than normal molecules, they were more stable than molecules that contained only a single mutant chain. These findings indicate that substitutions for glycine within the triple-helical domain of the alpha 1(I) chain are not invariably lethal and that their phenotypic effect largely depends on the nature of the substituting residue and its location in the chain.
Under the Weather with Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: Climate Variables Associated with Increases in Suspected Cases
Authors: Julia R. Barrett
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2014)

Climate Variables Associated with Increases in Suspected CasesCiguatera fish poisoning (CFP), the most common nonbacterial illness linked with eating fish, arises from the ciguatoxin produced by Gambierdiscus algae in tropical and subtropical areas of the Pacific, Western Atlantic, and Indian oceans. 1 In this issue of EHP investigators assess the relationship between climate variability and reports of CFP, Gambierdiscus algae (inset) produce a toxin that contaminates reef fish such as red snapper, triggerfish, and mackerel.
In vivo imaging of glucose uptake and metabolism in tumors
Authors: Simon Walker-Samuel, Rajiv Ramasawmy, Francisco Torrealdea, Marilena Rega, Vineeth Rajkumar, S Peter Johnson, Simon Richardson, Miguel Gonçalves, Harold G Parkes, Erik Årstad, David L Thomas, R Barbara Pedley, Mark F Lythgoe, Xavier Golay
Journal: Nature Medicine (2013)
Inhaled Cyclosporine — A Breath of Fresh Air?
Authors: Malcolm M. DeCamp
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

During the past two decades, lung transplantation has evolved from a new investigational intervention performed in fewer than 20 patients per year at one institution to an accepted, albeit complex, therapy for a wide variety of end-stage lung diseases that is performed in more than 1700 patients annually at nearly 150 centers worldwide.1 Early graft failures and deaths of patients were attributable to an amalgam of technical complications, opportunistic infections, and acute rejection. Refinements in surgical technique, enhanced graft preservation, and the routine use of contemporary monitoring and prophylactic and preemptive regimens for opportunistic viruses, fungi, and protozoan organisms have . . .
Two Cases of Untoward Reaction after"Ilosone"
Authors: A. R. Brown
Journal: BMJ (1963)

DESIGN OF TUBE FEEDS MEDIBTiSr 913 even in volunteers.We have not found it useful, either in ourselves or in our patients, to attempt to disguise the feeds.Enthusiasm on the part of the staff is nearly always enough to enable a tube or oral supplement of this kind to be consumed provided it does not produce side-effects such as gastric distension, borborygmi, or diarrhoea.If needed, additional sodium and/or potassium may be added to the feed, thus adjusting the electrolyte content to the needs of the individual patient.Table IV gives instructions for varying the electrolyte content of the 3,000-calorie 3-litre feed.It is to be noted that progressive hypertonicity TABLE IV.-Effect of Adding Potassium, as Potassium Chloride, or Sodium, as sodium chloride, to Basic 3,000-Calorie Feed Potassium Sodium Na K Osmolality Na K Osmolality (mEq) (mEq) (mMolikg.)(mEq) (mEq) (mMol, kg.) 25 (0 40 (0) 325 25 (0) 40 (0) 325 25 (0 80 (3) 350 50 (15) 40 (0)
Preferential suppression of trisomy 8 compared with normal hematopoietic cell growth by autologous lymphocytes in patients with trisomy 8 myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Elaine M. Sloand, Lori Mainwaring, Monika Fuhrer, Shakti Ramkissoon, Antonio M. Risitano, Keyvan Keyvanafar, Jun Lu, Atanu Basu, A. John Barrett, Neal S. Young
Journal: Blood (2005)
ASSESSING NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND SUPPLEMENTATION PRACTICES IN ELITE BADMINTON PLAYERS
Authors: F Brown, C Speed
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Badminton is an “intermittent” racquet sport, requiring technical skill and sport-specific-fitness. This study aimed to assess the nutritional knowledge of badminton players to shape the delivery of future support, and to facilitate fuelling and recovery strategies. In addition, the suitability and safety of current supplementation practices was assessed amongst these players. A dietary questionnaire on nutritional knowledge and supplement use was administered online to 26 players on the GB Badminton Squad. The questionnaire was comprised of the following sections; 1) awareness of dietary recommendations; 2) knowledge of food sources of nutrients; 3) making practical food choices; 4) awareness of diet-disease associations; and (5) knowledge of antioxidant vitamins. Players scored 71% on awareness of dietary recommendations, 62% on knowledge of food sources of nutrients, and 68% on using knowledge to make food choices. However, the group scored far lower on the technical questions regarding disease-associations and antioxidants (48% and 18%, respectively). The group scored highest on questions mentioning sugar, and lower for questions mentioning fat (73% vs 55%, p=0.01). Although 24 athletes (92.3%) were aware of the “100% ME” initiative, and the World Anti-Doping Agency's list of banned substances, 10 athletes (39%) considered their knowledge of “supplement safety”, as only capable of scoring of 1 or 2 out of 5. Future education should use this awareness of healthy eating and knowledge of carbohydrate and protein to shape educational strategies on fuelling and recovery, whilst strategies should also focus on increasing athletes’ knowledge of “supplement safety”.