tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Smoking Cessation
Authors: Robert F. Perry
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —I applaud the members of the Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline Panel and Staff for producing a comprehensive and clinically applicable consensus statement for the practitioner.<sup>1</sup>To date, the medical establishment has yet to endorse a specific protocol for the primary care physician that identifies and offers realistic treatment for those individuals who abuse tobacco. The guidelines developed by Dr Fiore and colleagues provide a basic and coherent management approach for combating nicotine addiction—a strategy that can be readily implemented, offers effective medical intervention and immediate results, and ensures continuity of care and ongoing emotional support. It has been the policy of my ambulatory pediatric practice to offer a smoking cessation program to the parents, grandparents, and other primary caretakers of my patients. Subsequent to obtaining a history of the child's exposure to tobacco smoke, I discuss the specific risks to the child related to passive
Femtosecond Laser Arcuate Keratotomy for the Correction of High Astigmatism after Keratoplasty
Authors: Mario Nubile, Paolo Carpineto, Manuela Lanzini, Roberta Calienno, Luca Agnifili, Marco Ciancaglini, Leonardo Mastropasqua
Journal: Ophthalmology (2009)
Excretion urography in acute renal failure.
Authors: J M Vandenbroucke, J P Gilbeaux, None Van Ypersele de Strihou
Journal: BMJ (1973)

different speech sound if it is associated with a different speech source.3This latter observation is particularly relevant to the earliest stage of language learning-the child will be unable to make progress if he cannot equate his sounds with those made by the adults around him-and possibly to some cases of language impairment in the adult since if this ability to abstract is absent there might be no speech comprehension presented with otherwise normal hearing.In the fairly near future this background knowledge will prov:de the basis for a speech pattern audiometry which will be truly in- termed'ate between the classical pure tone and speech audiometric tests.Though its test stimuli are computer-generated and far more complex than those which are at pre- sent used, they can be tape-recorded and used clinically with quite simple and reliable apparatus.In addition to this we can expect eventually to see the employment of speech therapy techniques which depend on the analysis and display of speech pattern features,4 and the use of synthetic speech for the blind5 and as a prosthetic speech aid for those who are entirely without expressive speech.These technical developements which are :kely to stem from the use of our present knowledge of speech patterns will probably be paralleled by an increase in our under- standing of the mechanisms which underly the speech mode of perception.The ex- perimental techniques which have made hemispheric s-pecialization more accessible to measurement6 and those which are be- ginning to define the role of short-term audi- tory memory in speech processing7 may be capable of extension so that the process of speech pattern encoding itself is better un- derstood.This rather superficial survey will have achieved its purpose if I have at least indicated how audiometric stimuli could, tc advantage, be related to the nature of speech itself.-Iam, etc.,
Programmed Medical History-Taking With or Without Computer
Authors: Irving F. Kanner
Journal: JAMA (1969)

A practical and economical method of obtaining a patient's past history and system review has been developed. The programmed medical history (PMH) can be used in any physician's office without special equipment. A programmed self-administered questionnaire containing about 935 questions is used. Since branching techniques are employed, a patient who is well might answer as few as 221 questions. Completion time for the patient averages 40 minutes. Patients readily accept the questionnaire. A print-out of all positive information, arranged in traditional format, is made by the secretary in 12 to 20 minutes. The history obtained is of good quality, and only takes the physician a few moments to read. An internist can save from 20 to 25 minutes of his time for each complete workup by using the PMH.
cAMP and EPAC Signaling Functionally Replace OCT4 During Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Reprogramming
Authors: Ashley L Fritz, Maroof M Adil, Sunnie R Mao, David V Schaffer
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2015)

The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells—generated via the ectopic overexpression of reprogramming factors such as OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and C-MYC (OSKM) in a differentiated cell type—has enabled groundbreaking research efforts in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug discovery. Although initial studies have focused on the roles of nuclear factors, increasing evidence highlights the importance of signal transduction during reprogramming. By utilizing a quantitative, medium-throughput screen to initially identify signaling pathways that could potentially replace individual transcription factors during reprogramming, we initially found that several pathways—such as Notch, Smoothened, and cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling—were capable of generating alkaline phosphatase positive colonies in the absence of OCT4, the most stringently required Yamanaka factor. After further investigation, we discovered that cAMP signal activation could functionally replace OCT4 to induce pluripotency, and results indicate that the downstream exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) signaling pathway rather than protein kinase A (PKA) signaling is necessary and sufficient for this function. cAMP signaling may reduce barriers to reprogramming by contributing to downstream epithelial gene expression, decreasing mesenchymal gene expression, and increasing proliferation. Ultimately, these results elucidate mechanisms that could lead to new reprogramming methodologies and advance our understanding of stem cell biology.
Analysis of gene expression during induction and regression of cardiac hypertrophy using cDNA microarray technology
Authors: Myeong-Chan Cho, Hainan Piao, Jin-Sook Kwon, Tae-Jin Youn, Dong-Woon Kim, Young-Gyu Kim, Dong-Kwon Yang, Woo-Jin Park
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Note on Some Experiments with Ergotine
Authors: S. Ringer, H. Sainsbury
Journal: BMJ (1884)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Objectives</h3> To assess knowledge, attitudes, anxiety and behavioral adaptations to COVID-19. <h3>Methods</h3> A cross-sectional study was conducted among non-healthcare-related participants after a stay-at-home directive was implemented. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with anxiety, perceived seriousness of COVID-19 and loneliness. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 464 participants responded to the survey. Most participants recognized cough, shortness of breath and fever as primary symptoms of COVID-19. Nearly 50% reported high levels of anxiety to COVID-19 and 48% reported being loneliness during the social isolation. Higher level of COVID-19 knowledge was associate with higher levels with anxiety. Being married had 1.79 times higher levels of anxiety about COVID-19. Women were less likely to report loneliness than men. Older age was associated with taking the pandemic seriously, and was also associated with loneliness during the social isolation. <h3>Conclusions</h3> It is crucial for the public health authorities not only provide accurate and scientific information about the COVID-19 promoting protective behavior changes but also to minimize anxiety through supportive messages and recommendations for positive coping strategies and timely offering mental health counselling services for those in need.
Association of Major and Minor ECG Abnormalities With Coronary Heart Disease Events
Authors: Douglas C. Bauer
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Context-In populations of older adults, prediction of coronary heart disease (CHD) events through traditional risk factors is less accurate than in middle-aged adults.Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities are common in older adults and might be of value for CHD prediction.Objective-To determine whether baseline ECG abnormalities or development of new and persistent ECG abnormalities are associated with increased CHD events.
SAP97 and CASK mediate sorting of NMDA receptors through a previously unknown secretory pathway
Authors: Okunola Jeyifous, Clarissa L Waites, Christian G Specht, Sho Fujisawa, Manja Schubert, Eric I Lin, John Marshall, Chiye Aoki, Tharani de Silva, Johanna M Montgomery, Craig C Garner, William N Green
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2009)
Effect of Pacing-Induced Tachycardia and Myocardial Ischemia on Ventricular Pressure-Velocity Relationships in Man
Authors: JOHN D. GRABER, C. RICHARD CONTI, DONALD L. LAPPE, RICHARD S. ROSS
Journal: Circulation (1972)

Ventricular function was evaluated in 18 patients prior to left ventriculography and selective coronary arteriography. Simultaneous left ventricular pressure (catheter-tip manometer) and dP/dt were recorded at resting heart rates and during tachycardia induced by right atrial pacing. Pressure-velocity curves were constructed from which V max and maximum measured contractile element velocity (max V CE ) were obtained. V max and max V CE initially increased with pacing-induced tachycardia in 17 of the 18 patients. Eight patients developed evidence of myocardial ischemia during atrial pacing. During the period of myocardial ischemia there was a decrease in V max and max V CE in all eight patients despite constant or increasing heart rate. In the 10 patients who did not develop evidence of myocardial ischemia with pacing-induced tachycardia, V max and max V CE continued to increase or remained constant with increasing rate. Peak left ventricular dP/dt increased coincident with the onset of myocardial ischemia in six of eight patients despite a fall in V max and max V CE in all eight patients during the ischemic period. A highly significant difference was demonstrated between V max values of patients with normal ejection fractions and patients with low ejection fractions, both at rest and during pacing-induced tachycardia.
Unconventional Translation of C9ORF72 GGGGCC Expansion Generates Insoluble Polypeptides Specific to c9FTD/ALS
Authors: Peter E.A. Ash, Kevin F. Bieniek, Tania F. Gendron, Thomas Caulfield, Wen-Lang Lin, Mariely DeJesus-Hernandez, Marka M. van Blitterswijk, Karen Jansen-West, Joseph W. Paul, Rosa Rademakers, Kevin B. Boylan, Dennis W. Dickson, Leonard Petrucelli
Journal: Neuron (2013)
Psychogenic Urinary Retention in Women
Authors: James W. Larson
Journal: JAMA (1963)

This is a study of 37 women who complained of urinary retention but had no objective evidence of organic disease to account for it. The onset of retention was temporally related to medical or psychologic trauma. Usually these women had multiple somatic complaints and had undergone multiple surgical procedures. From the psychiatric viewpoint, these women were severely ill emotionally, with conversion hysteria and schizophrenia as the most common diagnosis. Psychologic tests supported this concept. Vesical neck resection was not successful in relieving the retention. Treatment should be managed by psychiatrist and urologist working together.
Differences in Thallium-201 uptake in reperfused and nonreperfused myocardial infarction.
Authors: J A Melin, L C Becker, B H Bulkley
Journal: Circulation Research (1983)

The respective importance of flow and cellular viability in determining initial myocardial thallium uptake was studied in reperfused and nonreperfused experimental myocardial infarction. Open-chest dogs were subjected to permanent coronary artery occlusion of 70-minute (n = 3) or 5-hour duration (n = 5), or to a 3-hour temporary occlusion followed by reflow (n = 14). Thallium uptake 10 minutes after intravenous injection was compared directly with radioactive microspheres in myocardial samples from excised hearts. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining was used to differentiate necrotic and viable samples with confirmation by electron microscopy. In nonreperfused infarcts, thallium uptake occurred despite necrosis, and a close correlation was found between thallium uptake and regional myocardial blood flow. In reperfused infarcts, thallium uptake again occurred, but was reduced relative to flow in necrotic myocardium and, to a lesser extent, in reperfused viable areas. However, because of the high levels of reflow, actual thallium uptake was often more than 50% of normal in reperfused necrotic regions. This study demonstrates that the presence of thallium uptake is an unreliable indicator of myocardial injury and that reperfused necrotic tissue may have remarkably high levels of thallium uptake.
Myocardial Infarction in a Young Adult
Authors: A. L. Hunter, J. N. Insall
Journal: BMJ (1959)

COR TRIATRIATUM anomalous intra-atrial septum was successfully divided, The pressure in the third atrium fell immediately from 40 to 8mm.Hg.This is the fourth case in the literature to be treated successfully by surgery.We are indebted to Dr.
A FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVEN NONHOSPITALIZED DEPRESSED PATIENTS AFTER FOURTEEN YEARS
Authors: LLOYD H. ZIEGLER, PHILIP H. HEERSEMA
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1943)

1. A fourteen-year follow-up on 111 non-hospitalized depressive patients brought information from 84, 25 of whom are dead, seven from suicide. 2. The suicide rate in this group is many times that of the general population of the same age and sex. 3. There appeared to be more deaths from pneumonia among this group and perhaps fewer deaths from heart failure than are to be found in the general population. 4. At least four patients formerly given a diagnosis of depression are now regarded as schizophrenic; six patients have been in public institutions much of the fourteen-year period covered by this study. 5. Neurotic and hypochondriacal symptoms in combination with depression tend to accentuate the chronicity of the reaction. 6. Patients who recovered tended to have simpler disorders and some assets not usually found in those patients who were unimproved or worse. 7. None of these patients reported the use of shock therapy; this study may therefore serve as a basis of comparison with shock-treated patients. 8. Forty of 59 patients known to be alive are working in some degree. 9. Depression is a pathological state that deserves study as well as other damaging agents, such as neoplasms and infections, to the end of cure or prevention.
Increased Epicardial Adipose Tissue Thickness in Patients with Behcet's Disease
Authors: Hakan Taşolar, Sevgi Taşolar, Duygu Kurtuluş, Burak Altun, Adil Bayramoğlu, Ömür Otlu, Mehmet Ballı, Mustafa Çetin, Nihal Altunışık, Yelda Kapıcıoğlu, Hasan Pekdemir
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
More doctors should be trained in identifying female genital mutilation in children, says judge
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The senior family judge for England and Wales has called for better paediatric knowledge for dealing with female genital mutilation (FGM) and a more rigorous approach to examining children, in the first UK case of suspected FGM to reach the family courts.

James Munby, president of the High Court’s family division, said that he was not persuaded that a 3 year old girl had been subjected to FGM in this “unusual and complex” case, although two of three expert witnesses thought that she had.

Leeds City Council argued that the girl from an African Muslim family, who was not named, had experienced significant harm from undergoing the practice and that she and her 4 year old brother should be adopted. The children, who are …
Hypocupremia Induced by Zinc Therapy in Adults
Authors: Ananda S. Prasad, George J. Brewer, Eric B. Schoomaker, Parviz Rabbani
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Hypocupremia occurred in an adult with sickle cell anemia who received zinc as an antisickling agent for two years. The hypocupremia was associated with microcytosis and relative neutropenia. Administration of copper resulted in an increase in RBC size and leukocyte counts. We have since observed hypoceruloplasminemia of varying degrees in several other sickle cell anemia patients who were receiving oral zinc therapy. This complication was easily corrected by copper supplementation. (<i>JAMA</i>240:2166-2168, 1978)
Teaching Hospitals — Christmas Calories — Sedation by Rocking
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

THE functions of teaching hospitals were further reviewed at the third annual conference for the Study of Medical Education held recently at the Royal College of Physicians.Representatives of many medical schools were present in addition to leading medical administrators and hospital architects. Many speakers emphasized the need for co-ordinating the resources of the upgraded community hospitals and those of the teaching hospitals in both the care of patients and the teaching of students.It was stressed that medical education must be a university responsibility and that the modern trend should be toward educating more and instructing less. The teaching . . .
Hormonal pregnancy tests and congenital malformations.
Authors: I Gal
Journal: BMJ (1976)

I have read with interest Dr. D.T. Janerich's article (April 23, p. 1058) confirming the teratological effect of hormonal pregnancy tests and other exogenous sex hormone preparations in relation to congenital heart diseases. The discovery of the teratological effect of hormonal pregnancy tests emerged from my studies into central nervous system malformations in 1967. In this and in further publications on this topic, the teratogenic potential of hormonal pregnancy tests has always been referred to as "congenital malformations," without specifying the type but mentioning that the observation was made on spina bifida cases as my study then included only this particular malformation. The analogous effect between hormonal pregnancy tests and the use of other exogenous sex hormone preparations in early pregnancy has been emphasized in all the above communications. I am pleased that subsequent studies have confirmed my observation in different types of birth defects. The large variety of malformations reported by the above workers seems to be a clear indication that the teratogenic effect of hormonal pregnancy tests and other exogenous sex hormones is not specific but rather depends on the stage of fetal development when the insult occurs - probably a similar mode of action to that of many other powerful teratogens. Therefore it would be more prudent to adhere to the above conventional teratological principle instead of using acronyms such as the VACTREL syndrome (after Nora and Nora) which might lead to confusion.
Insulin within islets is a physiologic glucagon release inhibitor.
Authors: H Maruyama, A Hisatomi, L Orci, G M Grodsky, R H Unger
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

To determine if glucagon secretion is under physiological control of intra-islet insulin, pancreata from normal rats were perfused at a 100 mg/dl glucose concentration with either guinea pig antiinsulin serum or normal guinea pig serum in a nonrecirculating system. Perfusion of antiserum was followed within 3 min by a significant rise in glucagon that reached peak levels three times the base-line values and assumed a hectic pattern that returned rapidly to base-line levels upon termination of the antiserum perfusion. Nonimmune guinea pig serum had no effect. To gain insight into the probable site of insulin neutralization, 125I-labeled human gamma-globulin was added to antiserum or nonimmune serum and perfused for 3 min. More than 83% of the radioactivity was recovered in the effluent within 3 min after termination of the infusion, and only 0.05 +/- 0.015% of the radioactivity injected was present in the pancreas 10 min after the perfusion. The maximal amount of insulin that could be completely bound to insulin antibody at a dilution and under conditions simulating those of the perfusion experiments was 20 mU/min. It is concluded that insulin maintains an ongoing restraint upon alpha cell secretion and in its absence causes hectic hypersecretion of glucagon. This restraint probably occurs largely in the intravascular compartment. Loss of this release-inhibiting action of insulin may account for initiation of hyperglucagonemia in insulin-deficient states.
Increased fat and skeletal muscle beta-adrenergic receptors but unaltered metabolic and hemodynamic sensitivity to epinephrine in vivo in experimental human thyrotoxicosis.
Authors: S B Liggett, S D Shah, P E Cryer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

Based largely on evidence of increased target tissue beta-adrenergic receptor densities and responsiveness in animal and, to a lesser extent, human tissues, it is often assumed that thyroid hormone excess results in increased sensitivity to catecholamines in vivo, thus explaining several clinical manifestations of thyrotoxicosis. To test the hypothesis that thyrotoxicosis results in increased target tissue beta-adrenergic receptor densities and correspondingly increased metabolic and hemodynamic sensitivity to epinephrine in vivo, we measured these in 10 normal humans before and after administration of triiodothyronine (100 micrograms daily) for 10 d. Thyrotoxicosis increased beta-adrenergic receptor densities in fat (approximately 60%) and skeletal muscle (approximately 30%). Despite increments in beta-adrenergic receptor densities in these and probably other target tissues, metabolic and hemodynamic sensitivity to epinephrine in vivo was unaltered. An apparently adaptive increase in insulin secretion plausibly explains normal glycemic, glycogenolytic/glycolytic, lipolytic, and ketogenic sensitivity to epinephrine in the thyrotoxic state. In view of this striking homeostatic efficiency of the intact individual, the finding of altered adrenergic receptors, even in relevant target tissues, should not be extrapolated to altered sensitivity to catecholamines in vivo in the absence of direct testing of that hypothesis. With respect to the clinical issue, these data suggest that increased sensitivity to catecholamines does not explain clinical manifestations of thyrotoxicosis in humans.
Cadmium Increases Human Fetal Germ Cell Apoptosis
Authors: Gaëlle Angenard, Vincent Muczynski, Hervé Coffigny, Catherine Pairault, Clotilde Duquenne, René Frydman, René Habert, Virginie Rouiller-Fabre, Gabriel Livera
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

BackgroundCadmium (Cd) is a common environmental pollutant and a major constituent of tobacco smoke. Adverse effects of this heavy metal on reproductive function have been identified in adults; however, no studies have examined its effects on human reproductive organs during development.ObjectivesUsing our previously developed organ culture system, we investigated the effects of cadmium chloride on human gonads at the beginning of fetal life, a critical stage in the development of reproductive function.MethodsHuman fetal gonads were recovered during the first trimester (7–11 weeks postconception) and cultured with or without Cd. We used different concentrations of Cd and compared results with those obtained with mouse fetal gonads at similar stages.ResultsCd, at concentrations as low as 1 μM, significantly decreased the germ cell density in human fetal ovaries. This correlated with an increase in germ cell apoptosis, but there was no effect on proliferation. Similarly, in the human fetal testis, Cd (1 μM) reduced germ cell number without affecting testosterone secretion. In mouse fetal gonads, Cd increased only female germ cell apoptosis.ConclusionsThis is the first experimental demonstration that Cd, at low concentrations, alters the survival of male and female germ cells in humans. Considering data demonstrating extensive human exposure, we believe that current environmental levels of Cd could be deleterious to early gametogenesis.