tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Current uses of ophthalmic lasers.
Authors: D. O'Neill, R. Gregson, D. McHugh
Journal: BMJ (1992)

Current laser treatments are quick, relatively painless, and well tolerated. Some ophthalmic techniques can be performed only by laser while others have a lower morbidity than alternative treatments. Peripheral retinal photocoagulation and focal photocoagulation now offer greatly improved visual prognosis for diabetic patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy or diabetic macular disease. Selected cases of macular degeneration may be treated by focal laser photocoagulation. The role of lasers in treating sub-retinal neovascular membranes is limited by the extent and location of the membrane at presentation and the high risk of recurrence after treatment. Patients with distorted vision must be referred urgently for specialist ophthalmic assessment. Flat retinal holes and tears may be sealed by laser therapy, thus preventing retinal detachment. Short pulsed neodymium-YAG photodisruptive capsulotomy effectively clears the visual axis of thickened posterior lens capsule after cataract surgery. Short pulsed neodymium-YAG photodisruptive iridotomy may be used to treat and prevent angle closure glaucoma. Laser trabeculoplasty aids the control of open angle glaucoma. Research is continuing into the role of other lasers in managing open angle glaucoma and of photoablative lasers in treating refractive errors and superficial corneal disorders.
Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor/Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Heterodimerization Contributes to Trastuzumab Resistance of Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Rita Nahta, Linda X.H. Yuan, Bing Zhang, Ryuji Kobayashi, Francisco J. Esteva
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract The majority of breast cancer patients who achieve an initial therapeutic response to the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)–targeted antibody trastuzumab will show disease progression within 1 year. We previously reported the characterization of SKBR3-derived trastuzumab-resistant pools. In the current study, we show that HER-2 interacts with insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) uniquely in these resistant cells and not in the parental trastuzumab-sensitive cells. The occurrence of cross talk between IGF-IR and HER-2 exclusively in resistant cells is evidenced by the IGF-I stimulation resulting in increased phosphorylation of HER-2 in resistant cells, but not in parental cells, and by the inhibition of IGF-IR tyrosine kinase activity leading to decreased HER-2 phosphorylation only in resistant cells. In addition, inhibition of IGF-IR tyrosine kinase activity by I-OMe-AG538 increased sensitivity of resistant cells to trastuzumab. HER-2/IGF-IR interaction was disrupted on exposure of resistant cells to the anti–IGF-IR antibody α-IR3 and, to a lesser extent, when exposed to the anti-HER-2 antibody pertuzumab. Heterodimer disruption by α-IR3 dramatically restored sensitivity to trastuzumab and resistant cells showed a slightly increased sensitivity to pertuzumab versus parental cells. Neither α-IR3 nor pertuzumab decreased HER-2 phosphorylation, suggesting that additional sources of phosphorylation other than IGF-IR exist when HER-2 and IGF-IR are not physically bound. Our data support a unique interaction between HER-2 and IGF-IR in trastuzumab-resistant cells such that cross talk occurs between IGF-IR and HER-2. These data suggest that the IGF-IR/HER-2 heterodimer contributes to trastuzumab resistance and justify the need for further studies examining this complex as a potential therapeutic target in breast cancers that have progressed while on trastuzumab.
Effect of improved data collection on breast cancer incidence and survival: reconciliation of a registry with a clinical database
Authors: A. Stotter
Journal: BMJ (2000)

In 1998 a project was undertaken to improve cancer registration in the Trent region by establishing a direct link between Trent Cancer Registry and a breast cancer clinical database for Leicestershire patients at Glenfield Hospital. This provided an opportunity to study registrations for 1997 to determine how many and who were missed. We then estimated the effect of improved ascertainment on incidence and survival. Throughout 1998 Trent Cancer Registry sent registrations for 1997 to Glenfield Hospital for comparison. We investigated three main issues.
SCD-HEFT: NON-SUSTAINED VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA ON BASELINE HOLTER MONITOR ASSOCIATION WITH APPROPRIATE IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR THERAPY FOR VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA AND VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
Authors: Hans Joseph Moore, Ross D. Fletcher, Mason D. Platt, Robin Boineau, Jill Anderson, George Johnson, Anne Hellkamp, Per Reinhall, Jeanne E. Poole, Daniel B. Mark, Kerry L. Lee, Gust H. Bardy
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
O122 EFFECTIVENESS OF TENOFOVIR DF FOR CHRONIC HEPATITIS B IN FIELD PRACTICE – 3 YEAR FINAL RESULTS FROM THE PROSPECTIVE GERMAN MULTICENTER NON-INTERVENTIONAL STUDY
Authors: J. Petersen, R. Heyne, S. Mauss, J. Schlaak, W. Schifelholz, C. Eisenbach, H. Hartmann, M. Wiese, K. Boeker, H.-F. Loehr, C. John, M. Leuschner, C. Trautwein, G. Felten, A. Trein, W. Krause, S. Ruppert, T. Warger, D. Hueppe
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ADIPOSE TISSUE WITH REGARD TO THE PATHOLOGY OF THE KNEE JOINT.
Authors: A. HOFFA
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Disturbances of the knee joint caused by the adipose tissue have already been described in some cases by Johannes Müller as lipoma arborescens, and by König as lipoma solitarium. The former disease is determined by the exuberant growth of fat villi, sometimes to such an extent that they fill up the joint and cause an expansion of the capsule. Schuchardt was the first to show by his microsopic researches that these conditions had nothing to do with tuberculosis of the knee joint. The lipoma arborescens is no real tumor like the lipoma solitarium of König, which varies from the size of a cherry to that of a walnut and is generally situated on the median side of the joint, with a pedicle reaching into the joint itself. König thinks these tumors originate in the subsynovial fat tissue, and compares them in this respect to the lipoma subperitoneal. They have been
Intranasal corticosteroids versus oral H1 receptor antagonists in allergic rhinitis: systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: J. M Weiner, M. J Abramson, R. M Puy
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To determine whether intranasal corticosteroids are superior to oral H<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonists (antihistamines) in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. <b>Design:</b> Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing intranasal corticosteroids with oral antihistamines. <b>Setting:</b> Randomised controlled trials conducted worldwide and published between 1966 and 1997. <b>Subjects:</b> 2267 subjects with allergic rhinitis in 16 randomised controlled trials. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Nasal blockage, nasal discharge, sneezing, nasal itch, postnasal drip, nasal discomfort, total nasal symptoms, nasal resistance, and eye symptoms and global ratings. Outcomes measured on different scales were combined to determine pooled odds ratios (categorical outcomes) or standardised mean differences (continuous outcomes). Assessment of heterogeneity between studies, and subgroup analyses of eye symptoms, were undertaken. <b>Results:</b> Intranasal corticosteroids produced significantly greater relief than oral antihistamines of nasal blockage (standardised mean difference −0.63, 95% confidence interval −0.73 to −0.53), nasal discharge (−0.5, −0.6 to −0.4), sneezing (−0.49, −0.59 to −0.39), nasal itch (−0.38, −0.49 to −0.21), postnasal drip (−0.24, −0.42 to −0.06), and total nasal symptoms (−0.42, −0.53 to −0.32), and global ratings gave an odds ratio for deterioration of symptoms of 0.26 (0.08 to 0.8). There were no significant differences between treatments for nasal discomfort, nasal resistance, or eye symptoms. The effects on sneezing, total nasal symptoms, and eye symptoms were significantly heterogeneous between studies. Other combined outcomes were homogeneous between studies. Subgroup analysis of the outcome of eye symptoms suggested that the duration of assessment (averaged mean score over the study period versus mean score at end of study period) might have accounted for the heterogeneity. <b>Conclusion:</b> The results of this systematic review, together with data on safety and cost effectiveness, support the use of intranasal corticosteroids over oral antihistamines as first line treatment for allergic rhinitis.
Relationship Between Prevalence of Impaired Glucose Tolerance and NIDDM in a Population
Authors: Gary K Dowse, Paul Z Zimmet, Hilary King
Journal: Diabetes Care (1991)

Objective To study the relationship between the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) across populations of the Pacific Ocean region to assess whether variability in those two proportions followed some predictable pattern related to modernization of life-style and risk factor levels. Research Design and Methods Prevalence estimates from studies with 75-g oral glucose loads and World Health Organization criteria were age standardized. Results The linear correlation between IGT and NIDDM prevalence was poor (0.22 in men and 0.24 in women), although it was improved when the outlying data of Micronesian Nauruans and Australian Aborigines were excluded (r = 0.65, P &amp;lt; 0.01 in men and r = 0.54, P &amp;lt; 0.01 in women). However, an epidemicity index calculated as the percentage of total glucose intolerance (TGI) made up by IGT (i.e., IGT/TGI) had the strongest correlation with NIDDM prevalence (r = −0.81, P &amp;lt; 0.001 in men and r = −0.77, P &amp;lt; 0.001 in women) and also explained more of its variance, with no population having undue influence on the relationship. When IGT/TGI was plotted against NIDDM prevalence for the genetically homogeneous rural (relatively traditional) and urban (modernized) segments of five Pacific island populations, there was a clear tendency for IGT/TGI to decline as the prevalence of NIDDM increased in association with worsening risk factor levels. However, longitudinal data for the high prevalence population of Nauru demonstrated that at least in a stabilizing epidemic, changes in the prevalence of IGT and NIDDM may not be easily predictable. Conclusions The epidemicity index may be useful as an indicator of the potential for higher future NIDDM prevalence in whole populations. Populations will probably equilibrate at a certain NIDDM prevalence dependent on the strength of their genetic susceptibility to the disease and their degree of exposure to adverse environmental risk factors, including modern diet, physical inactivity, and obesity.
The patient's dilemma
Authors: H. Draper
Journal: BMJ (1996)

“When somebody sees the programme, they will judge us. They will say that we went to court to murder our son. I feel great pain about that, I really do.”

But no one watching “The Ultimate Decision” should say that Mr Cole went to court to murder his son, and this is obvious without reference to any fine distinctions between killing and letting die or between murder and justified killing. The programme is the second in a series featuring the dilemmas raised by advances in medical technology. An accident left 22 year old Daniel Cole in a persistent vegetative state but also requiring ventilation. Daniel's parents' dilemma was whether or not to stop ventilation, knowing …
Insulin — The Biography of a Small Protein
Authors: Rachmiel Levine
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1967)

ELLIOTT P. Joslin was born in Oxford, Massachusetts in 1869. In the fall of the same year, some 4000 miles to the east of Boston, at the University of Berlin, a shy and studious young anatomist remarked, in his inaugural lecture to the faculty, that he had observed the presence of hitherto undescribed small cell aggregations within the pancreas – cell islands lying between the better known acinar structures.1 It would seem most fitting, then, to pay tribute to the memory of Dr. Joslin, by presenting what we know of the life and activities of that most fascinating and therapeutically . . .
Acute, short-term hyperglycemia enhances shear stress-induced platelet activation in patients with type II diabetes mellitus
Authors: Paolo Gresele, Giuseppe Guglielmini, Massimiliano De Angelis, Silvia Ciferri, Marco Ciofetta, Emanuela Falcinelli, Carlo Lalli, Giovanni Ciabattoni, Giovanni Davì, Geremia B Bolli
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Three Years after Bakke
Authors: Faith T. Fitzgerald
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

IN 1977, in anticipation of a Supreme Court decision on Bakke vs. the Regents of the University of California, Schatzkin and Yergan1 argued persuasively in the Journal for a continuing emphasis on minority admissions. As Mr. Bakke approaches graduation in June of 1982, it seems appropriate to reexamine the issue of affirmative action in schools of medicine in the United States.In the early 1970s, the Association of American Medical Colleges set a goal of 12 per cent minority representation in American medical schools by the 1975–1976 academic year. Excluding Asians and Pacific Islanders, minority enrollment in the first year . . .
Antitumor Activity of Combined Blockade of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Protein Kinase A
Authors: F. Ciardiello, V. Damiano, R. Bianco, C. Bianco, G. Fontanini, M. De Laurentiis, S. De Placido, J. Mendelsohn, A. R. Bianco, G. Tortora
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1996)

BackgroundEpidermal growth factor (EGF)-related proteins, such as transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), control cancer cell growth through hormonal pathways (i.e., autocrine [hormone acts on cell that produces it] and paracrine [hormone acts on nearby cells] pathways). Overexpression of TGF-α and/or its receptor (EGFR) has been detected in human cancers. The blockade of EGFR activation by the use of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) has been proposed as a potential anticancer therapy. The type I cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKAI) is generally overexpressed in human cancer cells and is involved in neoplastic transformation. Inhibition of PKAI by selective cAMP analogues, such as 8-chloro-cAMP (8-C1-cAMP), induces growth inhibition in various human cancer cell lines.
Genital herpes: hype or hope?
Authors: A H de Silva, R Basu Roy
Journal: BMJ (1983)

two days.The initial satisfactory response probably resulted in healed meninges, which prevented the penicillin from diffusing into the cerebrospinal fluid before the organisms were eradicated; substitution of chlor- amphenicol gave a dramatic response.Cefuroxime and other expensive a lactams are active on 3 lactamase producers but have little advantage over ampicillin on sensitive organisms.We were aware of the possible toxicity of chloramphenicol and were constantly on guard.I have not come across a single case of toxicity in my experience in Africa.The inordinate fear of using chloramphenicol is often due to use of a faulty logic by doctors on decisions "involving small likelihoods of extremely serious consequences.They fre- quently perceive the probability of rare events to be many times greater than the data actually demonstrate it to be."'4
Excess mortality after treatment with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide in combination with alemtuzumab in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a randomized phase 3 trial
Authors: Stephane Lepretre, Therese Aurran, Beatrice Mahé, Bruno Cazin, Olivier Tournilhac, Herve Maisonneuve, Olivier Casasnovas, Alain Delmer, Veronique Leblond, Bruno Royer, Bernadette Corront, Sylvie Chevret, Roselyne Delépine, Sandrine Vaudaux, Eric Van Den Neste, Marie Christine Béné, Remi Letestu, Florence Cymbalista, Pierre Feugier
Journal: Blood (2012)
Recombinant human erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and mortality in patients with cancer: a meta-analysis of randomised trials
Authors: Julia Bohlius, Kurt Schmidlin, Corinne Brillant, Guido Schwarzer, Sven Trelle, Jerome Seidenfeld, Marcel Zwahlen, Michael Clarke, Olaf Weingart, Sabine Kluge, Margaret Piper, Dirk Rades, David P Steensma, Benjamin Djulbegovic, Martin F Fey, Isabelle Ray-Coquard, Mitchell Machtay, Volker Moebus, Gillian Thomas, Michael Untch, Martin Schumacher, Matthias Egger, Andreas Engert
Journal: The Lancet (2009)
A METHOD FOR DEMONSTRATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEBUM ON THE SKIN SURFACE
Authors: I. SARKANY, P. GAYLARDE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1968)

Journal Article A METHOD FOR DEMONSTRATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEBUM ON THE SKIN SURFACE Get access I. SARKANY, I. SARKANY Dermatology Department, Royal Free Hospital, London, W.C.1 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. GAYLARDE P. GAYLARDE Dermatology Department, Royal Free Hospital, London, W.C.1 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 80, Issue 11, 1 November 1968, Pages 744–746, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1968.tb11937.x Published: 01 November 1968 Article history Accepted: 08 May 1968 Published: 01 November 1968
The Devil's bargain
Authors: L. Farrell
Journal: BMJ (1998)

![][1] 

We all need a sense of the demonic, but it was still a shock when I heard that the Devil had made an appointment. This was shortly after I was made King of Ireland, on account of, firstly, being a doctor and, secondly, having a dome shaped head. Choosing me was not a snap decision; I had a six months' trial as Prince of Rockall, where my subjects affectionately nicknamed me TPFKAD (The Prince Formerly Known As Doctor), but after all the dead solicitors had been swept up (my first edict) I was home and dry.

The Devil proved to be a charming …

 [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Physician-Assisted Death
Authors: N. K. O'Connor
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To the Editor.  —Dr Veatch's review 1 of the book Physician-Assisted Death is excellent, but both the book and the review apparently overlook an important point.  The Netherlands has already performed the experiment as to whether modern democracy can protect the civil rights of patients while allowing physician-aided dying under strict guidelines that is regulated by a government bureaucracy. Unfortunately, the Remmelink report sponsored by the Dutch government shows that as a result of this policy 1000 lives a year are ended deliberately by physicians without explicit request from the patient, and one fourth of all deaths come prematurely because the physician—not the family or the patient—decided to end life indirectly. 2   In short, the slippery slope has turned out to be an abyss. Yet, as Neuhaus wryly observes, there are ethicists who regularly look into the abyss and report there is nothing to worry about. 3 I suspect this
Coronary bypasses 10 years on.
Authors: M C Petch
Journal: BMJ (1991)

aprotinin is excreted renally lower doses are recommended in renal failure.No studies have yet been published examining the potentially increased risks of postoperative thrombo- embolic disease and loss of graft patency that may occur with any agent modifying perioperative haemostasis.Until full risk benefit analyses have been performed aprotinin should be used with caution.If, however, these studies indicate little risk, then current studies of aprotinin's use in paediatric and "low risk" cardiac surgery, liver transplantation, and vascular surgery suggest that aprotinin may have wide applications in reducing perioperative bleeding.Its efficacy suggests that the importance of fibrinolytic activation in the pathogenesis of perioperative bleeding has previously been underestimated.
Mycophenolate mofetil prevents salt-sensitive hypertension resulting from angiotensin II exposure
Authors: Bernardo Rodríguez-Iturbe, Héctor Pons, Yasmir Quiroz, Katherine Gordon, Jaimar Rincón, Maribel Chávez, Gustavo Parra, Jaime Herrera-Acosta, Dulcenombre Gómez-Garre, Raquel Largo, Jesus Egido, Richard J. Johnson
Journal: Kidney International (2001)
Combination of 3D tissue engineered scaffold and non-viral gene carrier enhance in vitro DNA expression of mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Hossein Hosseinkhani, Tony Azzam, Hisatoshi Kobayashi, Yosuke Hiraoka, Hitoyata Shimokawa, Abraham J. Domb, Yasuhiko Tabata
Journal: Biomaterials (2006)
Chloride efflux in cyclic AMP-induced configurational change of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells.
Authors: S Ueda, S L Lee, B L Fanburg
Journal: Circulation Research (1990)

Elevation of cellular cyclic AMP by agents such as isoproterenol plus 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine produced rapid and reversible dendritic formation of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells in the monolayer. The effect did not occur with exposure of the cells to a variety of other vasoactive agents, calcium ionophore, phorbol ester, or cyclic GMP. The cyclic AMP-induced configurational change was completely inhibited by 2.5 mM N-phenylanthranilic acid or 145 mM sodium gluconate (Cl- channel inhibitors) and was partially inhibited by 2.5 mM 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS), but it was not affected by deprivation of Ca2+ or Na+ ion, 1 mM bumetanide (Cl- cotransport inhibitor), 1 mM amiloride (Na+/H+ exchange inhibitor), 0.1 mM verapamil (Ca2+ channel inhibitor), or 5 mM BaCl2 (K+ channel inhibitor), by change in cellular pH, or by pertussis toxin. Trifluoperazine (calmodulin inhibitor, 50 microM), 1 mM EGTA plus 100 microM 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 8-(diethylamino)octyl ester (TMB-8, intracellular Ca2+ antagonist), and 5 microM cytochalasin B also produced cellular retraction, but these changes were not blocked by chloride channel inhibition. In the presence of 0.1 mM ouabain plus 0.1 mM bumetanide, 36Cl- uptake was decreased by isoproterenol plus isobutylmethylxanthine while its efflux was enhanced. N-Phenylanthranilic acid inhibited the stimulated efflux. We conclude that cyclic AMP induces a configurational change of endothelial cells that is related to Cl- efflux from the cells; the cellular effects may play a role in vascular function.
Ultrasound Microbubble Contrast Agents: Fundamentals and Application to Gene and Drug Delivery
Authors: Katherine Ferrara, Rachel Pollard, Mark Borden
Journal: Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering (2006)

This review offers a critical analysis of the state of the art of medical microbubbles and their application in therapeutic delivery and monitoring. When driven by an ultrasonic pulse, these small gas bubbles oscillate with a wall velocity on the order of tens to hundreds of meters per second and can be deflected to a vessel wall or fragmented into particles on the order of nanometers. While single-session molecular imaging of multiple targets is difficult with affinity-based strategies employed in some other imaging modalities, microbubble fragmentation facilitates such studies. Similarly, a focused ultrasound beam can be used to disrupt delivery vehicles and blood vessel walls, offering the opportunity to locally deliver a drug or gene. Clinical translation of these vehicles will require that current challenges be overcome, where these challenges include rapid clearance and low payload. The technology, early successes with drug and gene delivery, and potential clinical applications are reviewed.