tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of acrivastine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis during natural pollen exposure: onset of action
Authors: L. Nielsen, C. R. Johnsen, C. Bindslev‐Jensen, L. K. Poulsen
Journal: Allergy (1994)

In a placebo‐controlled, randomized, and double‐blind 1–day field study, the efficacy and onset of action of capsule acrivastine 8 mg were evaluated in 42 patients suffering from allergic rhinoconjunctivitis elicited by natural grass pollen exposure. Before and for 2 h after treatment, the patients scored the severity of five rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms every 10 min on a 0–5 scale (0 = no symptoms; 5 = very severe symptoms). The number of sneezes was recorded, and every 30 min, measurements of nasal peak flow were made. Before treatment, there was no difference in median total symptom score (mTSS) between the acrivastine group (A) and the placebo group (P) (12 and 12, respectively). Time of onset was estimated by an exponential decay model to be 19 min (95% confidence interval 0–39 min). A statistically significant difference in percent reduction of mTSS between A and P was observed for the first time 46 min after treatment start (A = 22%, P = 0%, P &lt;0.05). A 50% reduction in total symptom score (TSS) was achieved within 60 min by 38% in A and 17% in P (NS), and within 80 min in 52% and 17%, respectively ( P &lt;0.05). The median time for 50% reduction in TSS (MT50) was 80 min for A and &gt; 120 min for P ( P &lt;0.01). The symptom score of sneezing and number of sneezes were evaluated for periods of 30 min. The difference between A and P became statistically significant from 31–60 and 61–90 min, respectively ( P &lt;0.05 and P &lt;0.01). Objective and subjective determinants in the different time intervals were well correlated. Improvement of nasal congestion was observed in A at 91–120 min, as measured by nasal peak flow.
Poverty and Ill Health: Physicians Can, and Should, Make a Difference
Authors: Michael McCally
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

A growing body of research confirms the existence of a powerful connection between socioeconomic status and health. This research has implications for both clinical practice and public policy and deserves to be more widely understood by physicians. Absolute poverty, which implies a lack of resources deemed necessary for survival, is self-evidently associated with poor health, particularly in less developed countries. Over the past two decades, economic decline or stagnation has reduced the incomes of 1.6 billion people. Strong evidence now indicates that relative poverty, which is defined in relation to the average resources available in a society, is also a major determinant of health in industrialized countries. For example, persons in U.S. states with income distributions that are more equitable have longer life expectancies than persons in less egalitarian states. There are numerous possible approaches to improving the health of poor populations. The most essential task is to ensure the satisfaction of basic human needs: shelter, clean air, safe drinking water, and adequate nutrition. Other approaches include reducing barriers to the adoption of healthier modes of living and improving access to appropriate and effective health and social services. Physicians as clinicians, educators, research scientists, and advocates for policy change can contribute to all of these approaches. Physicians and other health professionals should understand poverty and its effects on health and should endeavor to influence policymakers nationally and internationally to reduce the burden of ill health that is a consequence of poverty.
Dangers of dextropropoxyphene.
Authors: J A Vale, P Crome, G N Volans, R Goulding
Journal: BMJ (1977)

proved results, their criticism is potentially valid for any study taking place over a period of time.We agree with the Cardiff workers that the value of induction of labour should be tested in a large, prospective, randomised trial.In view of the conflicting opinions regard- ing the place of induction of labour we feel that such a trial would be entirely ethical.We would be grateful to hear from any obstetrician willing to co-operate in a multi- centre trial based on the model previously operated by Cole et al.
941. Manganese Superoxide Dismutase-Plasmid Liposome (MnSOD-PL) Transgenic Effects on Irradiation-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Normal Tissue Also Destabilize Antioxidant Pools in Orthotopic Oral Cavity Tumors
Authors: Michael W. Epperly, Suhua Nie, Anthony J. Kanai, Joel S. Greenberger
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Overexpression of MnSOD has been demonstrated to sensitize tumor cells to irradiation. To determine the mechanism, we injected SCC-VII murine squamous cell carcinoma cells into the cheeks of C3H/HeNsd mice. Seven days later, the mice were injected eitherintravenously (I.V.) or intraorally (I.O.) with MnSOD-PL (100 μg plasmid DNA). Twenty-four hours later, the mice were irradiated to 18 Gy to both tumor and oral cavity. The mice were sacrificed 15 minutes later, tumor and normal oral mucosa excised, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored in a -80° freezer. Total protein thiols as well as total glutathione were measured. We also measured the production of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite utilizing small electroprobes in tissues in situ. Following irradiation oral mucosa showed no detectable changes in total protein thiols if mice were injected with MnSOD- PL I.V. or I.O. There were no significant changes in total protein thiols or GSH from tumors of irradiated control mice or mice injected with MnSOD-PL I.O. However, irradiated SCC-VII tumors from mice injected with MnSOD-PL I.V. showed decreased total protein thiols and GSH compared to tumors from control mice (p=0.0008 or 0.0103, respectively). Measurements of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SCC-VII cells in vivo following irradiation revealed increased nitric oxide production accompanied by increased peroxynitrite and superoxide production. SCC-VII tumors in mice administered MnSOD-PL I.V. showed no irradiation-induced increase in superoxide or peroxynitrite production. Overexpression of MnSOD- PL in orthotopic squamous oral tumors sensitizes to irradiation by increased hydrogen peroxide production, from the conversion of superoxide to H2O2, and reduces antioxidant levels in tumor tissue. Thus, MnSOD-PL I.V. administration may be radioprotective for normal tissue while radiosensitizing tumors in the same field by altering antioxidant levels in the tumors. Joel S. Greenberger, MD is a co-owner of and holds equity in Automated Cell, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA.
Contributions of Human Tumor Xenografts to Anticancer Drug Development
Authors: Edward A. Sausville, Angelika M. Burger
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Mouse models of cancer have consistently been used to qualify new anticancer drugs for study in human clinical trials. The most used models include transplantable murine tumors grown in syngeneic hosts and xenografts of human tumors grown in immunodeficient mice. For the latter systems, retrospective preclinical-clinical correlation studies are available, which suggest that improvements must be made to increase their value. Transgenic, knock-out, and knock-in mouse models and their intercrosses are more recent developments that mirror defined steps of human carcinogenesis. However, their value in predicting clinical results remains to date poorly defined. We take the position that properly used and interpreted human tumor xenografts grown in immunodeficient mice can be useful, although not absolutely predictive of behavior in the clinic, and continue to make contributions to critical clinical development choices. (cancer Res 2006;66(7):3351-4)
Evidence for Different Gestation-Dependent Effects of Cortisol on Cultured Fetal Lung Cells
Authors: Barry T. Smith, John S. Torday, C. J. P. Giroud
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

The effect of cortisol (5.5 muM) on primary monolayer cultures of trypsin-dispersed lung cells from rabbit fetuses of 20-28 days gestation was monitored with respect to (a) cellular growth as determined by DNA content after 72 h, at which time all cultures were in the exponential phase of growth, and (b) cellular maturation as reflected by the incorporation of [(14)C]-palmitate into saturated lecithin and its release into the culture medium. Cortisol significantly increased growth in cultures prepared from 20 day (control: 59.8+/-8.9 nmol DNA/flask; cortisol: 118.7+/-15.7, P < 0.001) and 22 day (control: 69.2+/-17.2; cortisol: 106.7+/-13.3, P < 0.001) fetuses but had no effect on the growth of cells from 24 or 26 day fetuses. At 28 days, the effect was reversed, cortisol reducing growth by a factor of two (control: 42.0+/-8.5; cortisol: 19.3+/-4.0, P < 0.001). Incorporation of palmitate into lecithin was expressed as picomoles incorporated per micromole DNA per flask, thus correcting for differences in the number of cells. Cortisol had no effect on palmitate incorporation until day 26, at which time it caused a slight increase (control: 51.2+/-5.5: cortisol: 72.8+/-16.2, P < 0.01) which became very striking by day 28 (control: 19.7+/-3.1; cortisol; 286.8+/-47.0, P < 0.001). The proportion of recovered radiolabeled lecithin that was disaturated rose with gestational age from 72% at 20 days to 98% at 28 days. Saturated lecithin made up over 90% at the two gestational ages (26 and 28 days) where cortisol increased palmitate incorporation. In contrast, cortisol had no effect on the incorporation of palmitate into sphingomyelin at any of the gestational ages studied.The results suggest that cortisol may increase fetal pulmonary cellular growth in early gestation while enhancing maturation and slowing growth as term approaches.
FIELD TESTING AND COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF RAPID, VISUALLY READ SCREENING ASSAYS FOR ANTIBODY TO HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
Authors: Freya Spielberg, RobertW. Ryder, Jeffrey Harris, WilliamL. Heyward, ClaireMulanga Kabeya, N.K. Kifuani, ThomasR. Bender, ThomasC. Quinn
Journal: The Lancet (1989)
"Unacceptable behaviour" may lead to action against senior doctors at Aberdeen hospital
Authors: B. Christie
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The General Medical Council (GMC) will consider whether to take action against senior doctors who have been severely criticised in a report into the running of Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, one of Scotland’s major teaching hospitals.

The report, by Healthcare Improvement Scotland, made 13 recommendations for improvements at the hospital after finding serious failures in management, leadership, governance, and aspects of clinical care.1 It said that a small number of consultants had acted to undermine management and had “exhibited poor …
The use of preintervention and postintervention thallium imaging for assessing the early and late effects of experimental coronary arterial reperfusion in dogs.
Authors: R D Okada, G M Pohost
Journal: Circulation (1984)

To determine if thallium-201 imaging of myocardial perfusion can be used as an early predictor of myocardial salvage after reperfusion, 24 adult dogs were subjected to complete occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery with release of the snare 2 hr later. Separate doses of thallium (1 mCi) and microspheres were given 15 min before, 5 min after, and 1 hr after release of the snare. Gamma camera images of the heart were obtained after each injection of thallium. Preinjection images were also acquired before the second and third doses and were subtracted from the postinjection images to eliminate the counts due to residual activity from the prior injections. The chest was then closed and the dog allowed to recover. The chest was reopened 48 hr later, final doses of thallium and microspheres were administered, and the heart was imaged. After the dog was killed, the left ventricle was sliced from apex to base, and any infarct was outlined with triphenyltetrazolium (TTC) staining. The slices were then subdivided into pieces of approximately 1 g each and then well counted for microsphere determination of regional myocardial blood flows. Thallium images were interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively. Fifteen dogs with myocardial infarctions, as assessed by TTC staining, all had thallium image defects during coronary arterial occlusion. Thallium scans obtained immediately after reperfusion demonstrated increased anterior wall thallium activity in nine dogs, normal activity in four dogs, and decreased activity in two dogs. In 14 of the 15 dogs, relative thallium activity correlated with the occlusion/normal zone flow ratios.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Management of prostate cancer in older patients: updated recommendations of a working group of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology
Authors: Jean-Pierre Droz, Matti Aapro, Lodovico Balducci, Helen Boyle, Thomas Van den Broeck, Paul Cathcart, Louise Dickinson, Eleni Efstathiou, Mark Emberton, John M Fitzpatrick, Axel Heidenreich, Simon Hughes, Steven Joniau, Michael Kattan, Nicolas Mottet, Stéphane Oudard, Heather Payne, Fred Saad, Toru Sugihara
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2014)
Decline and fall (the speedy way)
Authors: M. Farrell
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Images of flashing blue lights in the night sky, derelict houses, vagrants, toothless “meth heads,” scrawny bodies, and multigenerational addicts flicker across the screen. This is a grim and dark world. Following in the speed fuelled footsteps of Jack Kerouac, Louis Theroux drives into buzzing Fresno and drops into some of the down at heel neighbourhoods. Fresno, in central southern California, is the main producer of raisins for the United States and has a large population of migrant agricultural workers. In its current social crisis it bears echoes of John Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath .

Theroux repeats a format he has used in a number of programmes: to observe how the folk on the wrong side of the tracks live. He has a curious and somewhat detached air but also a genuine feeling of empathy—it means that a variety of people …
Occupational asthma caused by champignon flies
Authors: M Cimarra, C Martínez‐Cócera, M Chamorro, M Cabrera, T Robledo, A Alonso, A Castellano, JM Bartolome, M Lombardero
Journal: Allergy (1999)

Background: Occupational bronchial asthma in mushroom (champignon) workers is unusual, although reports on it appeared in 1938 and 1951; we have not found any others since those dates. Here we report the case of a 52‐year‐old man who works as a champignon cultivator. He suffered rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma attacks whenever he entered the champignon culture caves. We studied flies as a possible antigen source. We collected these insects from the growing sites in order to identify them, and then prepare an extract; the samples turned out to be of two families of insects of the order Diptera, 98% from the Phoridae family (Brachycera suborder) and 2% from the Sciaridae (Nematocera suborder). Methods: Skin prick tests, conjunctival provocation tests, serum specific IgE, specific IgE‐binding fractions in immunoblotting, and monitoring of PEFR (at work and off work) were performed. Results: IgE‐mediated hypersensitivity to these flies was demonstrated by skin prick test, conjunctival provocation test, serum specific IgE, and IgE‐binding fractions in immunoblotting. Monitoring of PEFR both at work and off work showed a clear relationship between symptoms, or fall in PEFR, and the workplace. Conclusions: We report the case of a patient suffering from asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis caused by hypersensitivity to fly proteins.
VENOUS PRESSURE IN CARDIAC DECOMPENSATION
Authors: J. A. E. EYSTER
Journal: JAMA (1927)

The most important development in recent years in cardiodynamics is the discovery of the relationship between venous pressure and heart activity. The older conception, based largely on theoretical deductions from the physical conditions of the circulation and on data derived from studies of mechanical circulation schemata, was that the heart output modified venous pressure by varying the rapidity with which blood was taken from the veins and pumped into the arteries. In this conception it is clear that cardiac activity is the primary factor, and changes in venous pressure are the result. In the modern conception the order of these is reversed, and it is now recognized that the venous pressure is the main factor in regulating cardiac activity. An increased venous return causes increased cardiac output; a reduced return with a lower pressure tends to result in reduced cardiac activity. There is thus a self-regulating mechanism which tends to
Why patient participation groups stop functioning: general practitioners' viewpoint.
Authors: R G Mann
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Out of the 87 patient participation groups that were known to the National Association for Patient Participation as having been established by the end of 1983, 17 (25%) are not functioning. The general practitioners concerned with these non-functioning groups were interviewed to identify problems that they had had in keeping the group going and to seek possible explanations for the problems. Fourteen of the groups had stopped functioning in part owing to lack of interest by patients. Groups become non-functioning often in the first year of starting up, and this may be because of the nature of the practice population that they seek to represent.
Staphylococcal Endocarditis and Glomerulonephritis in Dogs
Authors: BENJAMIN HIGHMAN, PAUL D. ALTLAND, JOSEPH ROSHE
Journal: Circulation Research (1959)

Endocarditis was induced in dogs with aortic insufficiency by intravenous injection of 1 ml. of a culture of Staphylococcus aurens . Endocarditis could be prevented by a single intravenous injection of penicillin given within 8 hours after injecting the bacteria. The infection was aborted or modified when treatment was delayed 16 hours. When treatment was delayed 24 hours or longer, symptoms often recurred after cessation of therapy. The endocarditis was arrested by treatment of relapses, but some animals died from acute heart failure due to valvular deformity or insufficiency. A proliferative glomerulonephritis, which developed in nearly all dogs given delayed treatment, persisted despite therapy. There was evidence that a chronic glomerulonephritis may be a sequel to this proliferative glomerulonephritis.
Phaeochromocytoma within the Renal Capsule
Authors: C. D. R. Pengelly
Journal: BMJ (1959)

ANAEMIA INDUCED BY PHENYLBUTAZONE Br MEDICALJOUNA megaloblastic anaemia reported as due to anti-epileptic drugs 26 have been in females, most of them, like our patient, in the menstrual age group.Gydell (1957) and Newman and Sumner (1957) suggested that many cases had an inadequate diet.Stokes and Fortune (1958), in a review of drug-induced megaloblastic anaemia, noted that a "co-factor" was often present as well as the ingested drug.Such factors were menorrhagia, mild or latent steatorrhoea, and dietary deficiency, and the authors suggested that these explained the relatively uncommon incidence of blood changes despite the large number of patients taking anti- epileptic drugs.This has been further supported by a case described by Calvert et al. ( 1958) in a woman aged 39 with severe menorrhagia.The persistent achlorhydria in our patient may well represent the co-factor potentiating in some way a metabolic effect of phenylbutazone, and this would explain why no similar case has been recorded, despite the wide use of this drug.Summary A case of megaloblastic anaemia in a woman aged 36 is described.The anaemia occurred after she took phenylbutazone and responded to oral folic acid.A further course of phenylbutazone caused a recurrence of the macrocytosis.Intestinal malabsorption and hepatic disease were excluded.We thank Dr. W. R.
Adolescent Overweight May Be Tempting Fate
Authors: George A. Bray
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

The paper by Must and colleagues in this issue of the Journal1 uses data from the Third Harvard Growth Study, conducted between 1922 and 1935, to evaluate the effects of weight in adolescence on future health risks. A major strength of the paper lies in the long follow-up, which meant that many of the study subjects were in their 70s, or would have been, when the follow-up information was obtained. The results indicate that overweight adolescent boys, but not girls, have an increased risk of morbidity and early death. Three important issues are highlighted by this paper.The first issue . . .
Doctors must tackle patients nutritional needs, report says
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Doctors are being asked to pay more attention to patients' nutritional status, something they have neglected in the past and which can delay recovery and cause many health problems, says a report from the Royal College of Physicians.

Although obesity now affects 20% of adults in Britain, up to 40% of the patients admitted to hospital and 10% of patients in the community are undernourished, says Nutrition and Patients: A Doctor's Responsibility , …
Abstract 4337: Tumor T1 is a non-invasive imaging marker of proliferation and response to the mTOR inhibitor everolimus
Authors: Paul MJ McSheehy, Peter R. Allegrini, Mike Becquet, Caroline Fux, Melanie Sticker-Jantscheff, Claudia Weidensteiner
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Everolimus (RAD001) is an oral mTOR inhibitor recently approved for the treatment of 2nd-line renal cell carcinoma. Further development of everolimus will be aided by identification of suitable biomarkers for stratification and response. We have recently shown that a non-invasive imaging marker (T1) is a rapid and robust marker of tumor response for five compounds with different mechanisms of action (Clinical Cancer Res, in the press). Here we have correlated everolimus-induced changes in T1 (ΔT1) with other biomarkers in a murine tumor model. Cultured RIF-1 tumor cells (5 × 106) were injected s.c. in the flank of C3H mice (n=14) and after 2 weeks were treated daily with everolimus (10 mg/kg p.o.) or vehicle. Magnetic resonance imaging and 1H-spectroscopy (MRI and MRS) were performed at baseline (day-0) and after 5 days treatment on a 2 mm central slice of the tumor. MRI used an IR-TrueFISP method to quantify the spin-lattice relaxation time of water protons (T1) and MRS the total levels of choline as the Cho/H20 ratio. On day-5, the tumors were ablated, paraffin-embedded and stained for the percentage of cells positive for cleaved caspase-3 (apoptosis) and the proliferation marker Ki67 using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Effects are summarized as mean T/C (ratio of treated divided by vehicle-control); relationships between variables were assessed using Pearson's correlation, with significance set at p&amp;lt;0.05. Everolimus strongly inhibited tumor growth (T/C=0.05, p&amp;lt;0.001) without affecting body-weight. MRS signals for the proliferation marker choline were clearly detectable in all tumors at both baseline and day-5, and in 6/7 tumors everolimus reduced choline (T/C=0.73, p=0.1). Basal T1 was 2.3 sec and this was always reduced by everolimus (T/C=0.89, p&amp;lt;0.01). The ΔT1 correlated with changes in tumor volume, dTVol (r=0.81, p&amp;lt;0.001), and choline (r=0.59, p&amp;lt;0.05). Basal T1 did not correlate with dTVol, i.e. did not predict response to everolimus, but choline did (r= −0.81, p&amp;lt;0.05), so that higher levels of choline predicted a better response. IHC showed that the %-caspase and %-necrosis were unchanged by everolimus but the %Ki67 positive cells was reduced (T/C=0.55, p&amp;lt;0.001) and there was a significant correlation between %Ki67 and ΔT1 (r=0.61, p&amp;lt;0.05). These results show that everolimus-induced changes in T1 correlate with known markers of proliferation. The speed and robustness of the method should facilitate its use in clinical trials as an early-response marker. In this model, basal levels of choline were a stratifier for response to everolimus. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4337.