tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Insulin dependent diabetes is probably due to environmental effect during childhood
Authors: R D G Leslie, D A Pyke
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Editor—Petersen et al report autoantibodies associated with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in a set of monozygotic and dizygotic Danish twin pairs in which one or both twins had diabetes.1 We have similar results from a study of British twins collected over 30 years. We studied antibodies to islet cells, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and the novel antigen protein tyrosine phosphatase.2 We did not study insulin antibodies, because in insulin treated patients they cannot be designated autoantibodies. Eighteen pairs of monozygotic twins …
A Clinically Efficient and Economical Lipid Dialyzer
Authors: LeRoy H. King
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Evaluation of Medical Practices
Authors: Harvey V. Fineberg, Howard H. Hiatt
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

We believe that the systematic evaluation of medical practices, especially those that are risky or costly deserves more attention. Available methods are limited, and definitive assessments of innovative or controversial practices are infrequent. Nevertheless, some evaluations have successfully enhanced the use of effective practices and diminished the reliance on ineffective ones. Greater efforts at evaluation can improve the quality of patient care, avoid waste and promote the more rational use of health resources. The cost of assessing new practices should be viewed as an intrinsic part of the cost of medical care. Physicians and medical societies bear primary responsibility for recognizing the need for this evaluation, for enlisting other experts, participating in technology assessment and working to translate the results of evaluation into practice. The commitment of government agencies, insurance companies and teaching institutions is also essential to an effective program of evaluation.
Abstract 1599: Radiosensitization of GBM by a novel peptidomimetic of the Second Mitochondria-derived Activator of Caspases (SMAC).
Authors: David Cerna, Donna Carter, Naoko Takebe, C. Norman Coleman, Mansoor M. Ahmed, Stephen Yoo
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract TL32711 is a novel small molecule peptidomimetic of the SMAC (Second Mitochondria-derived Activator of Caspases) that promotes caspase activation in the cytochrome c/Apaf-1/caspase-9 pathway. Normally SMAC is located in the mitochondria; however it is released into the cytosol when cells undergo apoptosis. Release into the cytosol and cleavage of SMAC promotes caspase-9 activation by binding to inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, IAPs. Removing the inhibitory activity of IAPs increases cells’ sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli and abrogates NF-κB survival signaling. Thus, by targeting and eliminating IAPs, SMAC mimetics re-activate death signals in cancer cells, inhibit resistance mechanisms and induce tumor death by apoptosis. This study was undertaken to determine radiation sensitization potential of TL32711 in GBM using in vitro and in vivo approaches. TL32711 alone did not cause any killing effects in GBM cells. However, in vitro apoptosis was increased when TL32711 was combined with radiation in GBM cell lines. In vivo data demonstrated that TL32711 alone delayed the growth of implanted xenograft tumors that were further delayed when combined with radiation. The survival of mice was greatly increased in TL32711 plus radiation treated GBM intracranial orthotopic model when compared to TL32711 or radiation treatment alone. Mechanistically, TL32711 confers radiation sensitization by abrogating NFκB activity that is elevated by radiation-induced TNF-α. Taken together, this is the first report that provides strong evidence that TL32711 in combination with ionizing radiation has potential to increase the effectiveness of radiotherapy. Funded by NCI Contract No. HHSN261200800001E. Citation Format: David Cerna, Donna Carter, Naoko Takebe, C. Norman Coleman, Mansoor M. Ahmed, Stephen Yoo. Radiosensitization of GBM by a novel peptidomimetic of the Second Mitochondria-derived Activator of Caspases (SMAC). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1599. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1599
TIME-SAVING METHODS IN DIABETIC URINALYSIS
Authors: F. T. Grey
Journal: BMJ (1925)

DIABETIC URINALYSS. I TMEDBJITIA Parovarian Cysts Complicating Pregnancy, etc. Cases 56 and 63 were small parovarian cysts, in the pelvis.Of the former series, Cases 2, 46, 47, 48, 50, and 51 were also parovarian cysts; of these, Cases 48 and 50 were in the pelvis, and were delivered with difficulty by forceps, one child (Case 50) being born dead.
Protective Effects of Inhaled PGE<sub>2</sub> on Allergen-induced Airway Responses and Airway Inflammation
Authors: GAIL M. GAUVREAU, RICK M. WATSON, PAUL M. O'BYRNE
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

Inhalation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) had been reported to prevent allergen-induced bronchoconstrictor responses; however, the effects of inhaled PGE2 on allergen-induced airway inflammation or hyperresponsiveness after allergen are unknown. This study examined the effects of inhaled PGE2 on allergen-induced airway responses and inflammation. Eight mild asthmatics with a dual airway response to inhaled allergen were recruited into a double-blind randomized crossover study comparing the effects of inhaled PGE2 (100 μ g) or placebo, on allergen-induced changes in FEV1 measured for 7 h, induced sputum inflammatory cells, obtained at baseline, 7 and 24 h, and methacholine airway responsiveness measured at 24 h after challenge. Inhaled PGE2 attenuated the allergen-induced early fall in FEV1 from 24.4 ± 3.6% after placebo to 10.3 ± 2.5% after PGE2 (p = 0.002), the late fall in FEV1 from 21.2 ± 2.7% after placebo to 12.6 ± 3.6% after PGE2 (p = 0.03), allergen-induced methacholine airway hyperresponsiveness (p = 0.03) and allergen-induced increases in percent sputum eosinophils from 36.3 ± 8.8% after placebo to 21.0 ± 7.3% after PGE2 (p = 0.01), percentage of EG2 + cells (p = 0.02), and percentage of metachromatic cells (p = 0.02). These results indicate that inhaled PGE2 attenuates allergen-induced airway responses, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation, when given immediately before inhaled allergen.
Measles in the United Kingdom: can we eradicate it by 2010?
Authors: Perviz Asaria, Eithne MacMahon
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Measles has reappeared in the United Kingdom, with 449 confirmed cases to the end of May 2006 compared with 77 in 2005, and the first death since 1992.12 Cases are occurring in inadequately vaccinated children and in young adults, leading to concerns that endemic measles could re-emerge. But, as with smallpox, measles could be eradicated. It has been eliminated in the Americas since 2002. The World Health Organization has set 2010 as the target for elimination in the European region, where 29 000 cases were reported in 2004.3 Much ground will have to be regained in the United Kingdom if the 2010 target is to be met.

We review the uptake of the combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine in the United Kingdom and Europe, and identify susceptible groups. As clinical experience of measles has declined, doctors in the United Kingdom may not consider the diagnosis nor recognise a case. We also therefore consider the diagnosis, management, and control of measles infection.

Measles is caused by a single stranded RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus from the paramyxovirus family.4 It is among the most contagious of diseases,5 with a basic reproductive number (R) of 15-20 (box 1).6 The virus remains transmissible in the air or on infected surfaces for up to two hours, obviating the need for direct person to person contact.57 Although genetic drift of the viral RNA is documented,4 measles has only one serotype, and both infection with wild type virus and appropriate immunisation confer longstanding immunity.7 Despite this, measles remains a leading cause of vaccine preventable death worldwide. In 2004 an estimated 454 000 deaths were due to measles.5 Mortality from measles is highest in children aged less than 12 months8 and in …
Specific reactions and cross reactions of anti‐penicilloyl antibodies
Authors: P. de Haan, W. G. van Ketel
Journal: Allergy (1987)

In human sera the specific reactions and cross reactions of antibodies directed against the penicilloyl groups were determined using different penicilloyl derivatives as antigen. The penicilloyl group providing the highest litre in one Ig class was said to define the specific reaction for this Ig class. This criterium was justified by the fact that antibodies evoked by long‐term treatment with benzylpenicillin showed specific reaction to the benzylpenicilloyl group. Moreover, specific reactions of antibodies of different Ig classes in one serum were the same. Both the side chain and the thiazolidine ring of the penicilloyl group can serve as antigenic determinants.
Molecular Markers of the Risk of Oral Cancer
Authors: Scott M. Lippman, Waun Ki Hong
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

Oral cancer is the most common neoplasm of the head and neck. Worldwide, the annual incidence of new cases exceeds 300,000. The disease causes great morbidity, and the five-year survival rate of less than 50 percent has not improved in more than two decades.1 New approaches for controlling this cancer include prevention and early detection in patients with oral leukoplakia (Figure 1), the most common premalignant lesion of the oral cavity. Although the incidence of oral leukoplakia (white patches) is virtually impossible to ascertain, it surely exceeds the incidence of oral cancer. Leukoplakia is a marker of an increased risk . . .
Acute Gonorrheal Urethritis in Men
Authors: John H. Tiedemann
Journal: JAMA (1965)

A total of 290 male outpatients were treated for gonorrhea at Fulton County (Georgia) Health Department by the intragluteal injection of each with 2 gm of spectinomycin sulfate (1.4 gm of the base). Diagnosis was based on clinical evidence of gonorrhea plus the demonstration of intracellular gram-negative diplococci in smears of urethral discharge with confirmatory cultures and sugar fermentation studies for identification of the gonococcus. Within a two-week period, 195 patients had returned for posttreatment work-up. Fifteen of those treated had clinical evidence of gonorrhea with laboratory confirmation. In spite of increasing prevalence of gonorrhea in Fulton County, this 2-gm schedule of spectinomycin sulfate compared favorably with the best of 18 schedules employing various antibiotics, singly and in combination, which were evaluated at the Fulton County Health Department from 1960 to 1961.
Toward the Prevention of Torture
Authors: Elizabeth Knoll
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Over the past three months,The Journalhas published several articles dealing with human torture, from ancient times to the present day. Some of the information was so detailed and graphic that it caused some readers extreme discomfort. Some documentation was not as rigorous as that which we require for our usual scientific and clinical articles, but studies of abuses such as state-sponsored cruelty cannot be subjected to the same standards as controlled laboratory experiments. We believe that the evidence from various sources, published here and elsewhere, demonstrates conclusively that physicians have played many roles in the torture and systematic abuse on which too many of the world's governments rely to maintain their power.<sup>1-4</sup>The great importance of the subject to those within and outside the medical community requires that responsible reports be widely disseminated. The Journalhas a great ethical heritage and prides itself on its broad consideration
NHS should bring in measures to reduce its carbon footprint, BMA says
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The NHS should urgently introduce measures to reduce its energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gases, recommends a report published this week by the BMA. This includes reducing the amount of travel by patients and staff and making greater use of electronic communication, the report says. It warns that the NHS currently produces emissions equivalent to about a million tonnes of carbon dioxide each year and accounts for 5% of all road transport emissions in the United Kingdom.

The report reviews the potential effects on health of climate change and makes a range of recommendations on measures that the NHS and health professionals can take to reduce the …
Nucleoside Therapy for HIV Infection — Some Answers, Many Questions
Authors: Jerome E. Groopman, Jean-Michel Molina
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

The dideoxynucleoside analogues are a family of antiretroviral agents whose mechanism of action is inhibition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase.1 Zidovudine, the first member of this family to be approved for the treatment of HIV disease, has recently been joined in clinical practice by its cousins, didanosine and dideoxycytidine, with still other nucleoside analogues moving through the stages of preclinical and clinical development. Because of the expanding number of therapeutic choices, the optimal use of these nucleosides needs to be determined. Issues of antiviral potency, drug toxicity, the emergence of viral resistance, and the immune status of . . .
Guidelines Issued for Treatment of Ureteral Calculi
Authors: Andrew A. Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1997)

BECAUSE the great majority of ureteral stones pass on their own, observation, increased fluid intake, and pain medication when needed constitute the best way to treat most patients with ureteral calculi, recommends the American Urological Association. New treatment guidelines for the care of patients with kidney stones, which were released in September at the association's North Central Section annual meeting in Monterey, Calif, recommend more aggressive intervention only for stones larger than 5 mm in diameter or for patients with excruciating pain, urinary obstruction, or infection related to the stone Approximately 5% of the US population will develop kidney stones during their lifetime. However, about 85% of those stones will be smaller than 5 mm and can pass on their own, said Glenn M. Preminger, MD, a professor in the Department of Urology at Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, and facilitator of the expert panel that developed the
Understanding Health Care Reform
Authors: William J. Bicknell
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<i>Understanding Health Care Reform is not</i>last year's book. Professor Marmor has assembled a lucid, readable, and relevant series of essays that fully meet the promise of the foreword to help the reader "understand the dynamics of American medicine, the political constraints that shape our policies and the lessons that comparative study can offer." The book was published when optimism about US health care reform was still running high and was clearly intended to illuminate the 1994 national health care debate. However,<i>Understanding Health Care Reform</i>is perhaps more relevant and valuable for the inevitable work on reform that is still before the American people and their institutions of government. Marmor helps the reader put the failures of 1994 into historical perspective, to better understand what went wrong, and to comprehend central process and substantive issues that must be handled with greater sophistication if future national health policy discussions are
Asthma during the primary school ages – prevalence, remission and the impact of allergic sensitization
Authors: A. B. Bäcklund, M. S. Perzanowski, T. Platts‐Mills, T. Sandström, B. Lundbäck, E. Rönmark
Journal: Allergy (2006)

Background: Childhood is the most important time for asthma development. The aims of this study were to study changes in prevalence of asthma and wheeze, remission of asthma and changes in risk factor pattern from age 7–8 to age 11–12 in a cohort of school children. Methods: In 1996, 3525 children aged 7–8 years in northern Sweden were invited to participate in a parental expanded ISAAC questionnaire survey. The cohort has been followed prospectively with yearly follow‐ups to age 11–12, with a 97% yearly response rate. Skin prick tests were conducted at age 7–8 and 11–12. Results: The prevalence of physician‐diagnosed asthma increased from 5.7% at age 7–8 to 7.7% at age 11–12. Life‐time prevalence of wheeze was 34.7% at age 11–12. The remission of asthma was 10% yearly and inversely related to allergic sensitization. Relapses were common, and remission persisting throughout the observation period was 5% yearly. Allergic sensitization was associated with current asthma at age 7–8 [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 4.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.3–7.3)] and when the children were 4 years older [OR 5.6 (3.9–8.2)]. A family history of asthma was associated with current asthma at age 7–8 [OR 3.0 (2.1–4.5)] and 11–12 (OR 2.8 [2.0–3.9]). Ever having lived with a cat was significantly negatively associated with current asthma . Conclusions: The prevalence of asthma increased continuously during the primary school ages. Among several significant risk factors, allergic sensitization and a family history of asthma were the most important. With increasing age many known risk factors lost significance. Remission was inversely related to allergic sensitization.
Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor-β1–driven Lung Fibrosis by Galectin-3
Authors: Alison C. MacKinnon, Michael A. Gibbons, Sarah L. Farnworth, Hakon Leffler, Ulf J. Nilsson, Tamara Delaine, A. John Simpson, Stuart J. Forbes, Nik Hirani, Jack Gauldie, Tariq Sethi
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)

Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic dysregulated response to alveolar epithelial injury with differentiation of epithelial cells and fibroblasts into matrix-secreting myofibroblasts resulting in lung scaring. The prognosis is poor and there are no effective therapies or reliable biomarkers. Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside binding lectin that is highly expressed in fibrotic tissue of diverse etiologies.Objectives: To examine the role of galectin-3 in pulmonary fibrosis.Methods: We used genetic deletion and pharmacologic inhibition in well-characterized murine models of lung fibrosis. Further mechanistic studies were performed in vitro and on samples from patients with IPF.Measurements and Main Results: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis was dramatically reduced in mice deficient in galectin-3, manifest by reduced TGF-β1–induced EMT and myofibroblast activation and collagen production. Galectin-3 reduced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin but had no effect on Smad2/3 phosphorylation. A novel inhibitor of galectin-3, TD139, blocked TGF-β–induced β-catenin activation in vitro and in vivo and attenuated the late-stage progression of lung fibrosis after bleomycin. There was increased expression of galectin-3 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum from patients with stable IPF compared with nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis and controls, which rose sharply during an acute exacerbation suggesting that galectin-3 may be a marker of active fibrosis in IPF and that strategies that block galectin-3 may be effective in treating acute fibrotic exacerbations of IPF.Conclusions: This study identifies galectin-3 as an important regulator of lung fibrosis and provides a proof of principle for galectin-3 inhibition as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for IPF.
Comparison of monophasic and truncated exponential biphasic waveforms for external defibrillation following short and long durations of ventricular fibrillation
Authors: G.P. Walcott, T. Elabbady, F. Chapman, J. Jones, J.A. Johnson, R. Spruell, R.E. Ideker
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Kidney transplants and long-term immunosuppression.
Authors: F Di Padova, E Morandi, F Q Di Palo, E E Polli
Journal: BMJ (1980)

SIR,-With reference to the article "Postnatal depression: does no one care ?" (8 December, p 1487), I would like to point out that the subject of postpartum psychiatric disorders has been scrutinised and been the subject of a lot of time and energy of many researchers for over a century.'Needless to say, numerous papers and research projects have been published during this time.These concern many aspects of the whole spectrum of these disorders-from acute psychotic disorders2 to the "three-day blues syndrome,"'3 including postpartum depression.4With this history in mind I would like to reassure the author that the lack of "appropriate hormones" to treat people like his wife is not the result of people "not having a care" to answer the queries he poses but is much more likely to be a direct reflection of the complexity of the biochemical and endo- crinological state of the psychiatrically ill puerperal women.As far as the "lack of warning" that patients will be affected is concerned, epidemiological studies and research into the aetiology of these disorders are plentiful5 7 and concern in this respect is in an ever-evolving state.
GP or travel agent?
Authors: Trisha Greenhalgh
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The Evening Standard recently carried an article, “We'd rather go back to Poland to see a doctor.” Three young Polish mothers had been interviewed on the dreadful state of Britain's NHS. They came to Britain for a better life, but if they or their children became unwell, they took the next plane back to Warsaw, where the medical care was of an altogether better standard. 

GPs in the UK apparently “just give out paracetamol,” whereas in Poland they take illness more seriously (by …