tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Squamous metaplasia of the tracheal epithelium in children.
Authors: A Mithal, J L Emery
Journal: Thorax (1976)

Thirty-seven (1-6%) tracheas from 2170 children showed squamous metaplasia. (Cases with tracheo-oesophageal fistula and congenital heart disease were excluded). The metaplasia extended into the bronchi in 15 cases. Features of pulmonary retention were present in seven cases. Respiratory infection, probably viral, seemed to be the most significant causative factor in 20 children, including those with cystic fibrosis. Tracheal instrumentation was a possible factor in 11 cases but oxygen therapy alone did not seem important. The metaplasia was almost certainly congenital in one child and probably in two others but no stillborn infants showed metaplasia. In many children the metaplasia seemed to be due to a combination of factors.
Extreme Old Age
Authors: Edward A. Edwards
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The EDITORIAL, "How to Grow Old Without Aging" (224:1289, 1973), considers the possible factors that have resulted in persons reaching unusual ages in some remote communities in the world. One factor that strikes me as being of possible importance is the very remoteness of these areas and the probable lack of much medical care for the population. This could result in early death of the unfit leaving a population of the strongest, further depriving the genetic mix in these communities of inheritable diseases such as diabetes, that would work against members of the community reaching an old age.
CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIBODIES IN NORMAL HUMAN URINE*
Authors: Ezio Merler, Jack S. Remington, Maxwell Finland, David Gitlin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1963)

Certain of the physiochemical and immunochemical properties of the y-globulins of normal human urine have been reported by Webb, Rose, and Sehon (2) and by Franklin (3).These urinary proteins were found to be electrophoretically and antigenically closely related to serum y-globu- lins, but smaller in size; their molecular weights ranged from 10,600 (2) to 38,000 (3).Sedi- mentation coefficients S,,20 for the major con- stituents of the urinary y-globulins were reported to be 1.14 S (2) and 1.6 S (3).Although Webb and associates (2) and, more recently, Rowe and Soothill (4) did not demonstrate 7 S material in total urine concentrates, Franklin (3) noted a small amount of a rapidly sedimenting component with Sw,20 of about 7, in addition to the major 1.5 to 1.6 S peak in y-globulins from a number of dif- ferent urines.Recently, precipitating and viral neutralizing antibodies were shown to be present in the y-glob- ulins of normal human urine (5, 6).The anti- body activity was considered to be probably re- siding in the 7 S fraction.Porter (7), has shown however, that nonprecipitating fragments with an approximate molecular weight of 55,000, obtained by enzymatic degradation in vitro of rabbit serum antibodies, retain the ability to combine specifically with homologous antigen.The present studies were therefore undertaken to determine whether the low-molecular-weight y-globulins of normal urine possess antibody activity, and preliminary observations (8) suggested that they do.
Rh-Positive Blood for The Rh-Negative Patient
Authors: Gloria L. Wicker
Journal: JAMA (1972)

To the Editor.—  The reply of Grove-Rasmussen directed to the question When May Rh-Negative Patient Receive Transfusion with Rh-Positive Blood? ( 218 :1580, 1971) failed to cite certain circumstances which should be carefully weighed in making a decision to transfuse the Rh-negative patient with Rh-positive blood.  The statement that there is no reason to expect transfusion reactions in a non-Rh-sensitized Rh-negative patient is not arguable. However, the crux of the problem lies in the inability to establish with certainty the fact that the recipient has not been previously immunized. Quite conceivably, the patient may have been immunized in the past by transfusion of Rh-positive blood without currently possessing a demonstrable antibody to the Rho (D) antigen. Thus, the transfusion of Rh-positive blood could now elevate the antibody titer in such an individual, resulting in a transfusion reaction, though probably a delayed one.  Identical conditions may be produced in the Rh-negative woman
Abstract 3268: Alcohol, obesity and estrogen modulate mammary tumor growth through adiposity and angiogenensis
Authors: Jina Hong, Valerie B. Holcomb, Nomeli P. Nunez
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Alcohol, obesity and estrogen modulate mammary tumor growth through adiposity and angiogenensis Jina Hong, Valerie B. Holcomb, and Nomelí P Núñez Background: Alcohol consumption increases breast cancer risk in women. Postmenopausal women who consume alcohol come in all shapes and sizes, including overweight and obese; some of these women may also take estrogen to prevent the side effects of menopause. It is unclear whether the effects of alcohol on breast cancer development are modified by body weight or exogenous estrogen. In this study, we will determine if the effects alcohol on breast cancer are modified by body weight and exogenous estrogen. Methods: To determine whether the effects of alcohol on mammary cancer are modified by body weight, we injected subcutaneously Met-1 mouse mammary cancer cells to lean, overweight, and obese female mice consuming water or alcohol. Likewise, to determine if the effects of alcohol on mammary tumorigenesis are modified by exogenous estrogen, we implanted estrogen pellets (0.18mg/day or 0.72mg/day) into ovariectomized female mice; subsequently, we injected Met-1 cancer cells into these mice and then measured tumor growth. Results: Results show that alcohol-consuming mice were more insulin sensitive than water-consuming mice; also, alcohol-consuming mice developed earlier and larger tumors than water-consuming mice (p&amp;lt;0.05). Our data show that obese mice developed larger tumors than lean mice. Obese mice had higher levels of insulin, IGF-1, and leptin. The only mammary tumor growth factor that was increased by alcohol consumption was leptin (p&amp;lt;0.05). Additionally, alcohol intake increased the pro-angiogenesis factor VEGF (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion: Results suggest that alcohol consumption, obesity, and estrogen treatment modulate mammary tumorigenesis through adipose tissue and angiogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3268.
The efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in treating depressive and anxiety disorders: a meta‐analysis of direct comparisons
Authors: Pim Cuijpers, Marit Sijbrandij, Sander L. Koole, Gerhard Andersson, Aartjan T. Beekman, Charles F. Reynolds
Journal: World Psychiatry (2013)

Although psychotherapy and antidepressant medication are efficacious in the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders, it is not known whether they are equally efficacious for all types of disorders, and whether all types of psychotherapy and antidepressants are equally efficacious for each disorder. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies in which psychotherapy and antidepressant medication were directly compared in the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders. Systematic searches in bibliographical databases resulted in 67 randomized trials, including 5,993 patients that met inclusion criteria, 40 studies focusing on depressive disorders and 27 focusing on anxiety disorders. The overall effect size indicating the difference between psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy after treatment in all disorders was g=0.02 (95% CI: -0.07 to 0.10), which was not statistically significant. Pharmacotherapy was significantly more efficacious than psychotherapy in dysthymia (g=0.30), and psychotherapy was significantly more efficacious than pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder (g=0.64). Furthermore, pharmacotherapy was significantly more efficacious than non-directive counseling (g=0.33), and psychotherapy was significantly more efficacious than pharmacotherapy with tricyclic antidepressants (g=0.21). These results remained significant when we controlled for other characteristics of the studies in multivariate meta-regression analysis, except for the differential effects in dysthymia, which were no longer statistically significant.
The effect of the Valsalva maneuver on echocardiographic dimensions in man.
Authors: D Robertson, R M Stevens, G C Friesinger, J A Oates
Journal: Circulation (1977)

Physiologic changes in the circulatory system caused by performing the Valsalva maneuver are blunted or absent in patients with congestive heart failure. Previously there has been no noninvasive method for examining cardiac chamber size during this maneuver. M-mode echocardiography was used to evaluate possible changes in cardiac chamber dimensions in 12 normal subjects (group I) and 15 patients with cardiovascular disease (group II). In group I, the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension decreased 11.2% (+/- 1.5%) and the end-systolic dimension 9.5% (+/- 1.32%), with a fall in stroke volume of 29%. The left atrial (LA) dimension decreased 30%. In group II, only the response of the LA dimension is reported. There was a diminished response to Valsalva related to the severity of congestive heart failure. Patients in NYHA classes III and IV decreased LA dimension by only 3.8%, significantly less (P less than 0.001) than those in classes I and II who had essentially normal responses. Echocardiographically-determined changes in left atrial size in response to the Valsalva maneuver may provide an objective, noninvasive means of evaluating and following patients with suspected or proven congestive heart failure. Possible mechanisms for the changes observed are discussed.
Immunoglobulin Kappa C Has Independent Prognostic Significance in Node-Negative Breast Cancer.
Authors: M. Schmidt, D. Boehm, A. Lebrecht, M. Gehrman, H. Koelbl, J. Hengstler
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Background: Utilizing microarray based gene-expression analysis of fresh-frozen tissue we could recently demonstrate the prognostic impact of a B cell metagene in node-negative breast cancer (Cancer Res 68: 5405-5413, 2008). In the present study we investigated the prognostic significance of immunoglobulin kappa c (IGKC) in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) breast cancer specimens of 363 node-negative breast cancer patients which were not treated in the adjuvant setting.Methods: RT-PCR was used to analyze mRNA expression of IGKC in FFPE tissue of 363 patients with node-negative breast cancer. Additionally to IGKC we examined the prognostic impact of age, histological grade, tumor size, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR). Metastasis-free survival (MFS) was analyzed with uni- and multivariate Cox regression.Results: Median follow-up was 10 years. 69 patients (19%) developed distant metastasis. Univariate analysis showed significant results for histological grade (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.54-3.19, p&amp;lt;0.0001), tumor size (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.22-1.77, p=0.0002) and IGKC. Patients with a higher expression of IGKC showed better MFS (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.76-0.92, p= 0.0004). Age, ER and PR failed to show an association with MFS in univariate Cox regression. Using multivariate Cox regression, IGKC retained its independent prognostic significance (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77-0.93, p=0.0005). Besides IGKC histological grade (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.62-3.77, p&amp;lt;0.0001) and ER (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.16, p=0.031) showed an independent association with MFS.Conclusion: Utilizing FFPE we could prove the independent prognostic significance of IGKC in 363 node-negative breast cancer patients. This should aid in incorporating the prognostic impact of the immune system into prognostic algorithms based on FFPE tissue. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 4067.
Stuart: A Life Backwards
Authors: Angela Jones
Journal: BMJ (2006)

S tuart Shorter spent his late teens and adult life alternating between the streets and prison with occasional, mostly short lived, forays into accommodation. He exemplifies the so called “chaotic” homeless people, who are on the streets because, curiously, it is the only place where they can manage. Because their lives are so confused and devastated by addiction, mental health problems, and broken relationships, they cannot cope with the complications presented by having their own place.

Telling the story backwards was …
Urinary eosinophil protein X in children with atopic dermatitis: relation to atopy and disease activity
Authors: K. Øymar, R. Bjerknes
Journal: Allergy (2000)

Parameters of eosinophil inflammation have been suggested as markers of disease activity in atopic dermatitis (AD), but the value of urinary eosinophil protein X (U-EPX) in children with AD, as well as the influence of allergic sensitization, is not known.We measured U-EPX in 59 atopic and 29 nonatopic children with mild (n = 32), moderate (n = 34), and severe (n = 22) AD, as well as in 64 controls.U-EPX was increased in children with AD (110; 67-164 microg/mmol creatinine, median; quartiles) compared to controls (62; 41-95, P<0.001). Children with mild (97; 63-164, P < 0.01), moderate (108; 67-157, P < 0.01), and severe disease (152; 99-202, P < 0.001) had levels of U-EPX higher than controls. U-EPX was significantly higher in children with severe AD than in mild and moderate disease (P < 0.05 for both). Children with AD and a positive skin prick test (120; 81-176) had higher levels of U-EPX than children with a negative skin prick test (87; 56-155, P<0.05).U-EPX is significantly increased in children with AD and may reflect disease activity. U-EPX may also reflect differences in eosinophil activation between those sensitized and those not sensitized to common allergens.
Pharmacologic Treatment of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Jeegar Jailwala, Thomas F. Imperiale, Kurt Kroenke
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of pharmacologic agents for the irritable bowel syndrome. Data Sources: Electronic literature search of MEDLINE (1966 to 1999), EMBASE (1980 to 1999), PsycINFO (1967 to 1999), and the Cochrane controlled trials registry and a manual search of references from bibliographies of identified articles. Study Selection: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, or crossover trials of a pharmacologic intervention for adult patients that reported outcomes of improvement in global or irritable bowel–specific symptoms. Data Extraction: Qualitative and quantitative data reported on study groups, interventions, treatment outcomes, and trial methodologic characteristics. Data Synthesis: 70 studies met the inclusion criteria. The most common medication classes were smooth-muscle relaxants (16 trials), bulking agents (13 trials), prokinetic agents (6 trials), psychotropic agents (7 trials), and loperamide (4 trials). The strongest evidence for efficacy was shown for smooth-muscle relaxants in patients with abdominal pain as the predominant symptom. Loperamide seems to reduce diarrhea but does not relieve abdominal pain. Although psychotropic agents were shown to produce global improvement, the evidence is based on a small number of studies of suboptimal quality. Psychotropic drugs, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)–receptor antagonists, peppermint oil, and Chinese herbal medicine require further study. Conclusions: Smooth-muscle relaxants are beneficial when abdominal pain is the predominant symptom. In contrast, the efficacy of bulking agents has not been established. Loperamide is effective for diarrhea. Evidence for use of psychotropic agents is inconclusive; more high-quality trials of longer duration are needed. Evidence for the efficacy of 5-HT–receptor antagonists seems favorable, although more studies are needed.
Amino Acid Substitutions At Position 38 of the Drβ Polypeptide Confer Susceptibility to and Protection From Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Authors: Mark J. Farrant, Derek G. Doherty, Peter T. Donaldson, Robert W. Vaughan, Karen M. Hayllar, Ken I. Welsh, Adrian L.W.F. Eddleston, Roger Williams
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

Previous studies based on serological HLA phenotyping have implicated genes in the HLA class II region in susceptibility to and protection from primary sclerosing cholangitis. In a recent report, the HLA DRw52a antigen was present in all 29 patients who had been referred for liver transplantation. In this study, HLA DRB, DQA and DQB genotypes were studied using gene amplification and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probing in 71 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and 68 healthy controls to determine the frequency among the patients of the DRB3*0101 allele that encodes DRw52a and whether other class II alleles are involved in susceptibility or protection. DRB3*0101 was the most strongly associated allele, being present in 55% of the patients and 22% of the controls. Survival among the DRB3*0101-positive patients was reduced compared with the DRB3*0101-negative patients. Both DRB3*0101 and DRB5*0101, a possible second DRB susceptibility allele, encode a leucine residue at position 38 of the DR beta molecule. The DRB4*0101 allele, which encodes DRw53 and may be protective, encodes an alanine residue at this position. Susceptibility to and protection from primary sclerosing cholangitis may result from amino acid substitutions at position 38 of the DR beta molecule because maximum relative risk was conferred by two leucine-38-containing DR beta molecules, whereas minimum relative risk was conferred by two alanine-38-containing molecules.
Cigarette Smoking Is Associated with Subclinical Parenchymal Lung Disease
Authors: David J. Lederer, Paul L. Enright, Steven M. Kawut, Eric A. Hoffman, Gary Hunninghake, Edwin J. R. van Beek, John H. M. Austin, Rui Jiang, Gina S. Lovasi, R. Graham Barr
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2009)

Rationale: Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for diffuse parenchymal lung disease. Risk factors for subclinical parenchymal lung disease have not been described.Objectives: To determine if cigarette smoking is associated with subclinical parenchymal lung disease, as measured by spirometric restriction and regions of high attenuation on computed tomography (CT) imaging.Methods: We examined 2,563 adults without airflow obstruction or clinical cardiovascular disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, a population-based cohort sampled from six communities in the United States. Cumulative and current cigarette smoking were assessed by pack-years and urine cotinine, respectively. Spirometric restriction was defined as a forced vital capacity less than the lower limit of normal. High attenuation areas on the lung fields of cardiac CT scans were defined as regions having an attenuation between −600 and −250 Hounsfield units, reflecting ground-glass and reticular abnormalities. Generalized additive models were used to adjust for age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking status, anthropometrics, center, and CT scan parameters.Measurements and Main Results: The prevalence of spirometric restriction was 10.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.9–11.2%) and increased relatively by 8% (95% CI, 3–12%) for each 10 cigarette pack-years in multivariate analysis. The median volume of high attenuation areas was 119 cm3 (interquartile range, 100–143 cm3). The volume of high attenuation areas increased by 1.6 cm3 (95% CI, 0.9–2.4 cm3) for each 10 cigarette pack-years in multivariate analysis.Conclusions: Smoking may cause subclinical parenchymal lung disease detectable by spirometry and CT imaging, even among a generally healthy cohort.
Venous stasis ulcers, stasis dermatitis and mothers' political ambitions for their offspring
Authors: T.J. Ryan
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1990)

Journal Article Venous stasis ulcers, stasis dermatitis and mothers' political ambitions for their offspring Get access T.J. Ryan T.J. Ryan Department of Dermatology The Slade Hospital, Headington, Oxford 0X3 7JH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 122, Issue 5, 1 May 1990, Pages 715–719, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb07296.x Published: 01 May 1990
Psychology of the War-disabled
Authors: E. Wittkower
Journal: BMJ (1945)

One of the chief tasks incumbent on a nation at war is to look after those of its citizens who have been severely disabled in the service of their country.For the uninformed this is merely a surgical and financial matter, but the informed have long known that the working capacity and social readaptation of the disabled man do not exclusively depend on his physical condition.To a large extent they depend on his state of mind.An ablebodied man who goes out to fight and comes back badly maimed encounters a variety of problems arising from his disability; according to his temperament and character he either is able to solve them or fails.If he fails he creates a good deal of unhappiness for himself and those around him, and eventually he may become a liability to the community.While great strides have been made in many aspects of the after-care of the disabled, it is felt that the psychological aspect has so far received insufficient attention.What follows is a summary of detailed reports on each of the disabilities studied-loss of limb, blindness, loss of vision in one eye.Considerations of space necessitate omission of much of the confirmatory and explanatory evidence.-200amputees, 103 war-blinded, and 102 monocular individuals were examined psychiatrically, each of them for at least two hours.Charac- teristics common to all three types of disabled men, and differences in their emotional, social, and occupational situation specific for each of the disabilities, are discussed. I. EMOTIONAL SITUATIONA. Common Characteristics Commoni Psychological Features.-Severelydisabled men, irrespective of the specific nature of their disability, are apt to regard it as a defect which lowers their status in the eyes of their fellow citizens.In extreme cases, sometimes with but more usually without foundation, the men are afraid that they may become an encumbrance to their families or to the community at large.Fear that they may not stand an equal chance with able-bodied men is very common.They are appreciative of acts of kindness if not overdone.Those who are badly disfigured are especially concerned by the doubt whether they are lovable by women any longer, and acknow- ledge gratefully any evidence that this is still the case.Fear that they receive sympathy or pity, which they loathe, rather than true affection, which they'want, is hard to dispel.Their feelings of inferiority account for their frantic desire to con- ceal their disability and, if it makes them dependent on other people, to assert their independence.Like any other minority uncertain of its social status, they clamour for their rights and are very sensitive to any real or imagined encroachments upon them.Since time immemorial evil-doers have repeatedly been depicted as disabled, freaks, or cripples.These writers obviously sensed that disablement mobilizes aggressiveness arising from envy and frustration.Owing to their ill-temper, disabled persons are often difficult to get on with.