tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Hsin-Chieh Yeh
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

Background: Cigarette smoking is an established predictor of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the effects of smoking cessation on diabetes risk are unknown. Objective: To test the hypothesis that smoking cessation increases diabetes risk in the short term, possibly owing to cessation-related weight gain. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: The ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study. Patients: 10 892 middle-aged adults who initially did not have diabetes in 1987 to 1989. Measurements: Smoking was assessed by interview at baseline and at subsequent follow-up. Incident diabetes was ascertained by fasting glucose assays through 1998 and self-report of physician diagnosis or use of diabetes medications through 2004. Results: During 9 years of follow-up, 1254 adults developed type 2 diabetes. Compared with adults who never smoked, the adjusted hazard ratio of incident diabetes in the highest tertile of pack-years was 1.42 (95% CI, 1.20 to 1.67). In the first 3 years of follow-up, 380 adults quit smoking. After adjustment for age, race, sex, education, adiposity, physical activity, lipid levels, blood pressure, and ARIC Study center, compared with adults who never smoked, the hazard ratios of diabetes among former smokers, new quitters, and continuing smokers were 1.22 (CI, 0.99 to 1.50), 1.73 (CI, 1.19 to 2.53), and 1.31 (CI, 1.04 to 1.65), respectively. Further adjustment for weight change and leukocyte count attenuated these risks substantially. In an analysis of long-term risk after quitting, the highest risk occurred in the first 3 years (hazard ratio, 1.91 [CI, 1.19 to 3.05]), then gradually decreased to 0 at 12 years. Limitation: Residual confounding is possible even with meticulous adjustment for established diabetes risk factors. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking predicts incident type 2 diabetes, but smoking cessation leads to higher short-term risk. For smokers at risk for diabetes, smoking cessation should be coupled with strategies for diabetes prevention and early detection. Primary Funding Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
Surgery in Exophthalmic Goiter.
Authors: J. F. Baldwin
Journal: JAMA (1901)

Columbus, Ohio, May 27, 1901. In response to the suggestion in the Editorial on the above subject in the issue ofThe Journalof May 25, 1901, I report briefly the following case: Mrs. P., Dennison, Ohio, aged 34, mother of two children, youngest of which is aged 6, was suffering with a retroverted and adherent uterus, with prolapse of the right ovary. She had a well-marked goiter, with a pulse of 132. Exophthalmos was noticeable, but not pronounced. She had been having this condition of the goiter and heart for a year or more, but the symptoms seemed stationary. Operation was made Nov. 20, 1898, in the presence of Drs. S. L. McCurdy of Pittsburg and C. U. Patterson of Uhrichsville, Ohio. The operation consisted in separating the adhesions and making an ordinary ventral suspension. The patient stood the operation well and suffered no ill effects afterward. Her pulse
Cyclic hematopoiesis. Effects of endotoxin on colony-forming cells and colony-stimulating activity in grey collie dogs.
Authors: W P Hammond, E R Engelking, D C Dale
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1979)

Cyclic changes in blood neutrophil counts of grey collie dogs with cyclic hematopoiesis can be eliminated by daily endotoxin injections. Studies were performed to determine the mechanism whereby endotoxin alters this disease. Bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (colony-forming cells [CFUc]) showed cyclic variation in the untreated grey collie, which was eliminated by chronic endotoxin treatment (Salmonella typhosa lipopolysaccharide W, 5 microgram/kg per day). Similar cyclic variation in blood CFUc was eliminated by this treatment. Tritiated thymidine suicide of the marrow colony-forming cells failed to show cyclic changes to explain the marked swing in CFUc numbers in untreated grey collies. The thymidine suicide rates were not significantly changed by chronic endotoxin treatment. Similarly, serum colony-stimulating activity did not show cyclic variation with the cyclic neutrophil counts in untreated grey collies and was not altered by chronic endotoxin treatment. We suggest that endotoxin eliminates neutrophil cycling in cyclic hematopoiesis by a direct effect on the flux of pluripotent stem cells into the committed stem cell compartment and that this occurs independent of changes in serum colony-stimulating activity.
Make Low-Cholesterol Diets Tasty
Authors: Thomas A. Pearson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Letters1 April 1994Make Low-Cholesterol Diets TastyThomas A. Pearson, MD, PhDThomas A. Pearson, MD, PhDResearch Institute; Cooperstown, NY 13326Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-120-7-199404010-00024 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:Dr. La Puma correctly emphasizes the need to consider factors influencing the compliance with a low-cholesterol diet, including food flavor. Dietary behaviors are complex. The number and sophistication of studies of eating habits of patients with hypercholesterolemia before and after dietary counseling are surprisingly limited [1]. We need to know more about what motivates patients to initiate and maintain dietary changes, including that cluster of physiologic and cultural responses called taste.However, we agree with Dr. La Puma that substitution of dietary fat does not necessarily mean loss of taste. Moreover, the goal of substitution of other foodstuffs ...REFERENCE1. Pearson TA, Brown WV, Donato K, Franklin FA Jr, Luepker RB, McBride PE, et al. Lipids. Report of the AHA Prevention Conference III. Circulation. 1993; 88:1375-407. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Thomas A. Pearson, MD, PhDAffiliations: Research Institute; Cooperstown, NY 13326 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 April 1994Volume 120, Issue 7Page: 621-622KeywordsBehaviorDatabasesDietEating habitsFatsFoodTaste ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 April 1994 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Intracranial low-grade gliomas in adults: 30-year experience with long-term follow-up at Mayo Clinic
Authors: David A. Schomas, Nadia N. Issa Laack, Ravi D. Rao, Fredric B. Meyer, Edward G. Shaw, Brian Patrick O'Neill, Caterina Giannini, Paul D. Brown
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2008)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term survival in patients with nonpilocytic low-grade gliomas (LGGs). Records of 314 adult patients with nonpilocytic LGGs diagnosed between 1960 and 1992 at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, were retrospectively reviewed. The Kaplan-Meier method estimated progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Median age at diagnosis was 36 years. Median follow-up was 13.6 years. Operative pathology revealed pure astrocytoma in 181 patients (58%), oligoastrocytoma in 99 (31%), and oligodendroglioma in 34 (11%). Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 41 patients (13%), radical subtotal resection (rSTR) in 33 (11%), subtotal resection in 130 (41%), and biopsy only in 110 (35%). Median OS was 6.9 years (range, 1 month-38.5 years). Adverse prognostic factors for OS identified by multivariate analysis were tumor size 5 cm or larger, pure astrocytoma histology, Kernohan grade 2, undergoing less than rSTR, and presentation with sensory motor symptoms. Statistically significant adverse prognostic factors for PFS by multivariate analysis were only tumor size 5 cm or larger and undergoing less than rSTR. In patients who underwent less than rSTR, radiotherapy (RT) was associated with improved OS and PFS. A substantial proportion of patients have a good long-term prognosis after GTR and rSTR, with nearly half of patients free of recurrence 10 years after diagnosis. Postoperative RT was associated with improved OS and PFS and is recommended for patients after subtotal resection or biopsy.
Thoracoscopy for the Diagnosis of Pleural Disease
Authors: Richard Menzies, Marc Charbonneau
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

To assess the accuracy and safety of thoracoscopy for the evaluation of pleural disease.Prospective evaluation of patients referred for thoracoscopy.University hospital specializing in chest diseases.We studied 102 patients with pleural disease, the cause of which had not been determined after initial investigation, including thoracentesis and needle biopsy. Eighty-six patients had pleural effusion, 11 had pleural mass, and 5 had pleural effusion in association with a known primary lung carcinoma.All patients had thoracoscopy under local anesthesia with mild sedation. Visually directed biopsies were done of parietal pleura.We recorded clinical characteristics, laboratory data, findings and duration of thoracoscopy, and any complications associated with the procedure. Hospital and clinic follow-up records were reviewed, and patients were contacted by telephone 12 and 24 months after thoracoscopy to assess their health status.One hundred and four thoracoscopies were done in 102 patients. A definitive diagnosis was established in 95 patients: 42 had malignant pleural disease and 53 had benign pleural disease. A diagnosis of benign pleural disease using thoracoscopy could not be confirmed in the remaining 7 patients because of insufficient follow-up information. Overall, thoracoscopy was 96% accurate with a sensitivity of 91%, a specificity of 100% and a negative predictive value of 93% for the diagnosis of pleural malignancy. Thoracoscopy was well tolerated under local anesthesia and entailed hospitalization for less than 24 hours in most cases. No deaths occurred, although 1.9% of patients had major complications, and 5.5% had minor complications.Among patients with pleural disease remaining undiagnosed after usual initial investigation, thoracoscopy done under local anesthesia is a rapid, safe, and well-tolerated procedure with an excellent diagnostic yield that is equivalent to that of thoracotomy.
Pharmacogenetic and Germline Prognostic Markers of Lung Cancer
Authors: Anne M. Horgan, Boming Yang, Abul Kalam Azad, Eitan Amir, Thomas John, David W. Cescon, Paul Wheatley-Price, Rayjean J. Hung, Frances A. Shepherd, Geoffrey Liu
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2011)
Psychological Factors and Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: D. D. Cowen
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about The BMJ.NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address. Username * Your Email * Send To * You are going to email the following Psychological Factors and Ulcerative Colitis Your Personal Message CAPTCHA This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
How to Achieve Health Equity
Authors: Marshall H Chin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

Two studies in this issue of the Journal indicate that differences in how we deliver care to patients in various racial or ethnic groups have narrowed nationally, but health outcomes remain worse for blacks than for whites. Trivedi et al.1 studied hospitalizations of patients for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and pneumonia from 2005 through 2010. They found that racial or ethnic differences decreased for processes of care (i.e., what clinicians do for patients), such as evidence-based prescribing of medications and the administration of flu shots. In contrast, Ayanian et al.2 discovered that black enrollees in Medicare Advantage health plans . . .
Screening for Wilson disease in acute liver failure: A comparison of currently available diagnostic tests
Authors: Jessica D. Korman, Irene Volenberg, Jody Balko, Joe Webster, Frank V. Schiodt, Robert H. Squires, Robert J. Fontana, William M. Lee, Michael L. Schilsky, Julie Polson, Carla Pezzia, Ezmina Lalani, Linda S. Hynan, Joan S. Reisch, Anne M. Larson, Hao Do, Jeffrey S. Crippin, Laura Gerstle, Timothy J. Davern, Katherine Partovi, Sukru Emre, Timothy M. McCashland, Tamara Bernard, J. Eileen Hay, Cindy Groettum, Natalie Murray, Sonnya Coultrup, A. Obaid Shakil, Diane Morton, Andres T. Blei, Jeanne Gottstein, Atif Zaman, Jonathan Schwartz, Ken Ingram, Steven Han, Val Peacock, Suzanne Welch, Brendan McGuire, Linda Avant, Raymond Chung, Deborah Casson, Robert Jr Brown, Laren Senkbeil, M. Edwyn Harrison, Rebecca Rush, Adrian Reuben, Nancy Huntley, Santiago Munoz, Chandra Misra, Todd Stravitz, Jennifer Salvatori, Lorenzo Rossaro, Colette Prosser, Raj Satyanaryana, Wendy Taylor, Raj Reddy, Mical Campbell, Tarek Hassenein, Fatma Barakat, Alistair Smith
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Acute liver failure (ALF) due to Wilson disease (WD) is invariably fatal without emergency liver transplantation. Therefore, rapid diagnosis of WD should aid prompt transplant listing. To identify the best method for diagnosis of ALF due to WD (ALF-WD), data and serum were collected from 140 ALF patients (16 with WD), 29 with other chronic liver diseases and 17 with treated chronic WD. Ceruloplasmin (Cp) was measured by both oxidase activity and nephelometry and serum copper levels by atomic absorption spectroscopy. In patients with ALF, a serum Cp <20 mg/dL by the oxidase method provided a diagnostic sensitivity of 21% and specificity of 84% while, by nephelometry, a sensitivity of 56% and specificity of 63%. Serum copper levels exceeded 200 μg/dL in all ALF-WD patients measured (13/16), but were also elevated in non-WD ALF. An alkaline phosphatase (AP) to total bilirubin (TB) ratio <4 yielded a sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 96%, and a likelihood ratio of 23 for diagnosing fulminant WD. In addition, an AST:ALT ratio >2.2 yielded a sensitivity of 94%, a specificity of 86%, and a likelihood ratio of 7 for diagnosing fulminant WD. Combining the tests provided a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Conclusion: Conventional WD testing utilizing serum ceruloplasmin and/or serum copper levels are less sensitive and specific in identifying patients with ALF-WD than other available tests. More readily available laboratory tests including alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and serum aminotransferases by contrast provides the most rapid and accurate method for diagnosis of ALF due to WD. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
Discussing Radiation Risks Associated With CT Scans With Patients
Authors: Mark Otto Baerlocher, Allan S. Detsky
Journal: JAMA (2010)

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Phenazopyridine Overdose and Renal Failure
Authors: David H. Cahan
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Another drug, phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium), has been reported now by Feinfeld et al (240:2661,1978) to cause acute renal failure when taken in excess by otherwise healthy young persons. In reading their report, however, I was struck by the discrepancy between the rate of rise of creatinine and BUN levels in their patient. Between the second and third day of hospitalization, the creatinine clearance rose from 2.0 mg/dL to 10.3 mg/dL, while the BUN level rose from 19 mg/dL to 52 mg/dL. In the absence of severe rhabdomyolysis or end-stage liver disease, these BUN-creatinine ratios are extremely uncommon. Generally the creatinine clearance will rise 1 to 2 mg/dL/day during acute renal failure in the absence of rhabdomyolysis. Thus, both the ratios of BUN to creatinine and the absolute rate of rise of creatinine clearance remain unexplained, since the patient had neither hepatic failure nor rhabdomyolysis by virtue of
Decompression of malignant biliary obstruction by duodenoscopic intubation of bile duct.
Authors: B H Laurence, P B Cotton
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Interest is increasing in non-operative methods of relieving malignant obstruction of the bile duct, and drainage tubes and prostheses may be placed in the bile duct via the percutaneous transhepatic route. Two cases are described, however, in which a duodenoscope was used and the approach was via the papilla of Vater. This method allows temporary or permanent drainage tubes to be placed through malignant strictures. This endoscopic approach is less invasive and should be safer than that by the transhepatic route; furthermore, removing and replacing a blocked endoprosthesis should be easier. Further study is needed, as the procedure is technically more difficult and its role in managing biliary strictures has yet to be defined.
Bisphenol A at Low Nanomolar Doses Confers Chemoresistance in Estrogen Receptor-α–Positive and –Negative Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Elizabeth W. LaPensee, Traci R. Tuttle, Sejal R. Fox, Nira Ben-Jonathan
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Resistance to chemotherapy is a major problem facing breast cancer patients, and identifying potential contributors to chemoresistance is a critical area of research. Bisphenol A (BPA) has long been suspected to promote carcinogenesis, but the high doses of BPA used in many studies generated conflicting results. In addition, the mechanism by which BPA exerts its biological actions is unclear. Although estrogen has been shown to antagonize anticancer drugs, the role of BPA in chemoresistance has not been examined.The objective of our study was to determine whether BPA at low nanomolar concentrations opposes the action of doxorubicin, cisplatin, and vinblastine in the estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha)-positive T47D and the ERalpha-negative MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells.We determined the responsiveness of cells to anticancer drugs and BPA using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity assay. Specific ERalpha and ERbeta inhibitors and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to identify potential receptor(s) that mediate the actions of BPA. Expression of antiapoptotic proteins was assessed by Western blotting.BPA antagonizes the cytotoxicity of multiple chemotherapeutic agents in both ERalpha-positive and -negative breast cancer cells independent of the classical ERs. Both cell types express alternative ERs, including G-protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) and members of the estrogen-related receptor family. Increased expression of antiapoptotic proteins is a potential mechanism by which BPA exerts its anticytotoxic effects.BPA at environmentally relevant doses reduces the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. These data provide considerable support to the accumulating evidence that BPA is hazardous to human health.
p53 Dysfunction by Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C Defects Enhance Lung Adenocarcinoma Metastasis via Increased Mmp1 Expression
Authors: Yi-Hui Wu, Tzu-Chin Wu, Jiunn-Wang Liao, Kun-Tu Yeh, Chih-Yi Chen, Huei Lee
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) interacts with hHR23B to recognize DNA damage in global genomic repair. We previously showed that XPC is predominantly affected by its hypermethylation and is associated with an increased occurrence of p53 mutation in lung cancer. Tumors with low XPC mRNA levels had a poorer prognosis than those with high XPC mRNA levels, suggesting that XPC defects may enhance tumor metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that p53 transcriptional activity is modulated by XPC, whereby XPC stabilizes hHR23B to form an hHR23B-p53 complex that prevents p53 degradation. In addition, in lung cancer cells and xenograft tumors in nude mice, overexpression of XPC suppresses cell/tumor metastatic ability via repression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) transcription by p53. Among tumors from lung cancer patients, those with low XPC mRNA also tended to have low expression of MMP1 mRNA compared with those with high XPC mRNA. Patients with low XPC mRNA levels also more commonly had tumors with late-stage, distant metastasis (M1), nodal metastasis, and T value (P < 0.001 for tumor stage, distant metastasis, and nodal metastasis; P = 0.006 for t value). In conclusion, p53 dysfunction caused by XPC defects in lung cancers may enhance tumor metastasis via increased MMP1 expression.
New antituberculosis drugs, regimens, and adjunct therapies: needs, advances, and future prospects
Authors: Alimuddin I Zumla, Stephen H Gillespie, Michael Hoelscher, Patrick P J Philips, Stewart T Cole, Ibrahim Abubakar, Timothy D McHugh, Marco Schito, Markus Maeurer, Andrew J Nunn
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2014)
Evaluation of modernisation of adult critical care services in England: time series and cost effectiveness analysis
Authors: A. Hutchings, M. A. Durand, R. Grieve, D. Harrison, K. Rowan, J. Green, J. Cairns, N. Black
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<b>Objective</b> To evaluate the impact and cost effectiveness of a programme to transform adult critical care throughout England initiated in late 2000. <b>Design</b> Evaluation of trends in inputs, processes, and outcomes during 1998-2000 compared with last quarter of 2000-6. <b>Setting</b> 96 critical care units in England. <b>Participants</b> 349 817 admissions to critical care units. <b>Interventions</b> Adoption of key elements of modernisation and increases in capacity. Units were categorised according to when they adopted key elements of modernisation and increases in capacity. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Trends in inputs (beds, costs), processes (transfers between units, discharge practices, length of stay, readmissions), and outcomes (unit and hospital mortality), with adjustment for case mix. Differences in annual costs and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) adjusted for case mix were used to calculate net monetary benefits (valuing a QALY gain at £20 000 ($33 170, €22 100)). The incremental net monetary benefits were reported as the difference in net monetary benefits after versus before 2000. <b>Results</b> In the six years after 2000, the risk of unit mortality adjusted for case mix fell by 11.3% and hospital mortality by 13.4% compared with the steady state in the three preceding years. This was accompanied by substantial reductions both in transfers between units and in unplanned night discharges. The mean annual net monetary benefit increased significantly after 2000 (from £402 ($667, €445) to £1096 ($1810, €1210)), indicating that the changes were relatively cost effective. The relative contribution of the different initiatives to these improvements is unclear. <b>Conclusion</b> Substantial improvements in NHS critical care have occurred in England since 2000. While it is unclear which factors were responsible, collectively the interventions represented a highly cost effective use of NHS resources.