tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Partial inhibition of fatty acid oxidation increases regional contractile power and efficiency during demand-induced ischemia
Authors: M Chandler
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

Objective: Clinical trials in patients with stable angina show that drugs that partially inhibit myocardial fatty acid oxidation reduce the symptoms of demand-induced ischemia, presumably by reducing lactate production and improving regional systolic function. We tested the hypothesis that partial inhibition of fatty acid oxidation with oxfenicine (a carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I inhibitor) reduces lactate production and increases regional myocardial power during demand-induced ischemia. Methods: Demand-induced ischemia was produced in anesthetized open-chest swine by reducing flow by 20% in the left anterior descending coronary artery and increasing heart rate and contractility with dobutamine (15 μg kg−1 min−1 i.v.) for 20 min. Glucose and fatty acid oxidation were measured with an intracoronary infusion of [U-14C] glucose and [9,10-3H] oleate, and hearts were treated with oxfenicine (2 mmol l−1; n = 7) or vehicle (n = 7). Regional anterior wall power was assessed from the left ventricular pressure–anterior free wall segment length loops. Results: During demand-induced ischemia, the oxfenicine group had a higher rate of glucose oxidation (6.9±1.1 vs. 4. 7±0.8 μmol min−1; P<0.05), significantly lower fatty acid uptake, but no change in total or active PDH activity. The oxfenicine group had significantly lower lactate output integrals (1.11±0.23 vs. 0.60±0.11 mmol) and glycogen depletion (66±6 vs. 43±8%), and higher anterior wall power index (0.95±0.17 vs. 1.30±0.11%) and anterior wall energy efficiency index (91±17 vs. 129±10%). Conclusions: Partial inhibition of fatty acid oxidation reduced non-oxidative glycolysis and improved regional contractile power and efficiency during demand-induced ischemia.
TYPHOID FEVER IN CHILDREN.
Authors: FREDERICK R. STARR
Journal: JAMA (1899)

Etiology.  —Typhoid fever is rare under two years of age, although cases have been reported of a sevenmonths fetus and of infants eight and eleven days, four and eight months, in all of which cases were found post-mortem evidences rendering the diagnosis conclusive. How rare these cases are may be learned from the fact that out of 2000 autopsies at the New York Foundling Asylum, the great majority being upon children under two years of age, not a single case of typhoid was discovered, nor is there clinical record of a single case having occurred in that insti tution for twenty years. After the second year typhoid is much less rare; it is not of frequent occurrence until after the fifth year, when it is quite common, not, however, assuming the adult phase until after the tenth year.  It is an interesting fact that the bacillus has been but rarely
ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY AND CAUSES OF DEATH IN A MENTAL HOSPITAL
Authors: HERMAN JOSEPHY
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1949)

In spite of the fact that the rate of admissions to the Chicago State Hospital has increased in 1945/47 as compared with 1935/37, the number of deaths during these two periods has not increased. The death rate, expressed as percentage of admissions, has essentially declined for 1945/47. There were more deaths of old age patients in 1945/47 than in 1935/37. This corresponds to an increased influx of senile patients. Deaths from exhaustion in the course of acute schizophrenia have markedly decreased. The same is true for deaths from general paresis. Delirium tremens has disappeared as cause of death, at least from the Chicago State Hospital. Malignant tumors seem to be rarer among mental patients than in the general population. The senile patients are becoming a special problem to the hospital, as they are admitted in increased numbers. Two points should be kept in mind. A considerable percentage of these old-agers die very soon after admission. It seems justified to ask, whether these patients (who, of course, are senile psychotics) could not have died at home as well as in the hospital. It is very likely that they did not benefit from the transport from home to the Psychopathic Hospital and from there to the State Hospital. It should be emphasized that this question involves social problems, as housing shortage and care and supervision by the family. On the other hand, there are quite a number of senile patients who survive in the mental hospital for several years. It is questionable whether for all of them the mental hospital is the right environment. The American Psychiatric Association, by setting different standards for "acute" and senile patients, has implicitly touched upon this question. increased life expectancy probably will allow more and more people to live up to the age of senile dementia, and society will have to face this problem sooner or later.
Interferon (IFNγ) induces cell cycle arrest in RCC cell lines
Authors: David J Tate, John R Patterson, Beatriz Finkel-Jimenez, Arnold H Zea
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2013)

Meeting abstracts We have recently demonstrated that the anti-proliferative effect of interferon (IFNγ) in RCC is due to an increased production of nitric oxide (NO) which in turn inhibits the induction of arginase (ARG2). The growth of cultured murine RCC cell lines was inhibited in 85% in IFNγ
Transnasal Fixation of the Esophageal Prosthesis
Authors: M. Brückner, H. Grimm, V. Ch. Nam, N. Soehendra
Journal: Endoscopy (1988)

We present a simple technique for the fixation of esophageal tubes. The endoprosthesis is anchored to a thin polyethylene catheter which is passed transnasally and attached to the ear. This method of treatment effectively prevents dislodgement. It is also suitable for placing a tube into the esophagus when the stenosis essential for anchorage is absent, for example in large fistulae, perforations, or suture dehiscence.
Resistance Revisited: Looking Back at 10 Years of Multidrug Resistance Research
Authors: C. Schmidt
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2008)

A New Front Today, those efforts are proceeding on dual fronts. Whereas scientists 10 years ago were concerned only with multidrug resistance against chemotherapy, those working today must also contend with single-drug resistance to newer, targeted therapies such as imatinib (Gleevec), a drug for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and other cancers that inactivates a cancer-inducing protein called Bcr-Abl. Unlike chemotherapy — which kills rapidly dividing cells regardless of whether they’re cancerous — targeted therapies interfere with specifi c molecules involved in cancer and tumor growth. The new era of targeted therapy was supposed to leave chemotherapy behind and multidrug resistance behind with it. That’s because re
Reply from Authors re: Markus Graefen. Low Quality of Evidence for Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: A Problem Not Only in the Robotic Literature. Eur Urol 2010;57:938–40 and Vipul P. Patel. Low Quality of Evidence for Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: What About the Evidence for Open? Eur Urol 2010;57:941–2
Authors: Philipp Dahm, Diana C. Kang
Journal: European Urology (2010)
Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy
Authors: Donna Grady
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Letters15 August 1993Postmenopausal Hormone TherapyDonna Grady and Susan RubinDonna GradySearch for more papers by this author and Susan RubinSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-4-199308150-00031 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:Dr. Steel's suggestion that hormone therapy be started at menopause and be stopped in 5 to 10 years if new studies show a significantly increased risk for breast cancer is problematic. First, it assumes that it is ethical to prescribe hormone therapy before proving that it does more good than harm. Good data on the effect of long-term hormone therapy on breast cancer risk may be obtained from the Women's Health Initiative Clinical Trial, which is now in the planning stages, but this will take at least 15 years. Beginning hormone therapy later in life might merit further ...References1. Grady D, Rubin S, Petitti D, Fox C, Black D, Ettinger B, et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117:1016-37. Google Scholar2. American College of Physicians. Guidelines for counseling postmenopausal women about preventive hormone therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117:1038-41. Google Scholar3. Padwick M, Pryse-Davies J, Whitehead M. A simple method for determining the optimal dosage of progestin in postmenopausal women receiving estrogens. N Engl J Med. 1986; 315:930-4. Google Scholar4. Gelfand MM, Ferenczy A. A prospective 1-year study of estrogen and progestin in postmenopausal women: effects on the endometrium. Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 74:398-402. Google Scholar5. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Hormone replacement therapy. ACOG Technical Bulletin. 1992; 166:1-8. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 August 1993Volume 119, Issue 4Page: 347-348KeywordsBiopsyBreast cancerCardiovascular therapyEstrogen replacement therapyEstrogensHemorrhageHormonal therapyHormonesObstetrics and gynecologyOsteoporosis Issue Published: 15 August 1993 CopyrightCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Tidings of Typography
Authors: F. J. Ingelfinger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

Johann Gutenberg is generally credited with printing some documents in 1454. Now, after 520 years of experience, printers presumably have available equipment characterized by accuracy and uniformity. If a good printer were asked to use Baskerville (regular Journal text), Helvetica (Abstracts), or Times Roman ( Footnotes and Tables), he might be expected to use the requested typeface in such a way that the results would be identical to the product of any similiarly qualified confrère. Alas, the printer has his preferences and idiosyncracies, much like those of doctors and editors.In 1966, when the Journal changed printers, letters arrived galore, . . .
Differential effects of the new class III antiarrhythmic agents almokalant, E-4031 and D-sotalol, and of quinidine, on delayed rectifier currents in guinea pig ventricular myocytes
Authors: E. Wettwer, M. Grundke, U. Ravens
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1992)

The effects of almokalant (4-[3-ethyl[3-(propylsulphinyl)propyl]-amino]-2-hydroxy-propoxy]- benzonitrile), E-4031 (1-[2-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)-ethyl]-4-(4-methylsulphonyl-amino- benzoyl)piperidine), d-sotalol, and quinidine were investigated on the delayed K+ rectifier current IK. The aim of the study was to compare the drug action on the two components of this current.Membrane currents were measured in ventricular myocytes from guinea pig hearts with the whole cell voltage clamp technique. IK was activated during clamp steps from a holding potential of -40 mV to test potentials -30 and +50 mV. The tail current Itail was measured upon stepping back to holding potential.In control experiments. IK and Itail declined spontaneously ("run down"). With 300 ms long test pulses to +50 mV, only d-sotalol (10(-4) M) caused a significant further decrease in IK, whereas all four agents significantly reduced Itail (almokalant 10(-6) M, E-4031 10(-7) M, quinidine 10(-5) M). When tested with 1 s long clamp steps at various potentials almokalant (3 x 10(-6) M), E-4031 (10(-6) M), quinidine (10(-5) M), and d-sotalol (10(-4) M) reduced IK in the potential range between -20 and +40 mV, yielding a bell shaped inward rectifying drug sensitive current. Itail was reduced by almokalant and E-4031 over the whole voltage range with saturation of block positive to +20 mV. Similar reductions with quinidine but not with d-sotalol were also significant. With rest pulses to +50 mV of increasing duration (25 ms-4000 ms), Itail developed with a faster time course than IK and therefore the ratio of Itail/IK declined with pulse duration. With almokalant and E-4031, this ratio became independent of test pulse duration. For 250 ms pulses, Itail/IK was also significantly reduced by d-sotalol and quinidine.Inhibition of the rapidly activating inwardly rectifying component of IK is prominent with almokalant and E-4031 and less pronounced with d-sotalol and quinidine. Since inhibition of this component prolongs the cardiac action potential, it should contribute to the antiarrhythmic properties of the agents.
Resources, Down's syndrome, and cardiac surgery
Authors: J. Savulescu
Journal: BMJ (2001)

On of the “most taxing issues” addressed by last month's report of the Independent Inquiries into Paediatric Cardiac Services at the Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield Hospital 1 2 was the allegation that children with Down's syndrome were discriminated against at the Royal Brompton Hospital. It was alleged (but not proved) that children were inappropriately “steered away” from surgery for heart defects because they had Down's syndrome. The report recommends that: “The Trust's policies confirm clearly that people with a disability are entitled to, and will be accorded … the same rights of access to services as those without a disability; and that consultants should take the lead in implementing policies and influencing attitudes regarding equality of access.” Similarly, a guiding principle in the report's model guidance to avoid discrimination is that: “Access to services, and priority for treatment, should be determined only on the basis of clinical need.” The principle of equality of access is thus equal treatment for equal need.

Equality of access is uncontroversial when there are resources to treat everyone. It would then be unfair discrimination to deny a child lifesaving surgery because she had a disability—unless one believed her disability was so severe that it was not in her interests to continue to live. Until a few years ago some doctors did believe that about Down's syndrome.3 Such a view is now roundly rejected. One of the report's major points is that prolonging treatment is in the interests of a person with Down's syndrome.

Equality of access is problematic, however, when resources are scarce. The report admits there were serious shortcomings in resources for cardiac surgery in the 1980s and early 1990s, though it is difficult to judge how relevant these were to treatment decisions. However, resource considerations are critical when …
The Carrier State in Muscular Dystrophy of the Duchenne Type
Authors: Ade T. Milhorat
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels were studied under basal conditions in 75 female relatives of patients with muscular dystrophy of Duchenne type to determine the reliability of this procedure in detecting the carrier state. The subjects were first classified by their genetic history into three groups: definite, probable, and possible carriers. The elevations in CPK levels in these three groups were 79%, 50%, and 45%, respectively, indicating the possibility of detecting many of the carriers of this hereditary disease. However, application of the procedure to genetic counseling requires recognition of its limitations. The observations, also, suggest that in 24% of the families, fresh mutations could have accounted for the disease.
Safeguarding adults at risk of harm
Authors: B. Boland, J. Burnage, H. Chowhan
Journal: BMJ (2013)

#### Summary points

#### Sources and selection criteria

In preparing this review we have used our personal experience and personal archives and conducted searches of the Cochrane Collaboration, PubMed, and Clinical Evidence using search terms including “safeguarding adults” and “vulnerable adults”. In addition we have drawn on information about safeguarding investigations reported to the Health and Social Care Information Centre, as well as government publications and “serious case reviews” of safeguarding events.

Safeguarding adults is about protecting those at risk of harm. It involves identifying abuse and acting where harm is occurring. The UK Department of Health’s No Secrets guidance defines a vulnerable adult as a person aged 18 years or over “who is or may be in need of community care services by reason of mental or other disability, age or illness; and who is or may be unable to take care of him …
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Survival
Authors: Edward S. Hyman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Letters1 December 1994Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and SurvivalEdward S. HymanEdward S. HymanSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-121-11-199412010-00016 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:In Abrutyn and colleagues' straightforward cohort study [1], they concluded that “screening and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in ambulatory elderly women to decrease mortality do not appear warranted.”That criterion began as a working hypothesis by Kass [2], who in 1956 postulated that all “significant” bacteria found in urine will grow freely and exponentially in bladder urine as a good culture medium incubated at 37 °C and thus will reach 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. This was uniformly true in his reference gold standard, a group of 25 patients with florid pyelonephritis, but other patients with 105 CFU/mL ...References1. Abrutyn E, Mossey J, Berlin JA, Boscia J, Levison M, Pitsakis P, et al. Does asymptomatic bacteriuria predict mortality and does antimicrobial treatment reduce mortality in elderly ambulatory women? Ann Intern Med. 1994; 120:827-33. Google Scholar2. Kass EH. Asymptomatic infections of the urinary tract. Trans Assoc Am Physiol. 1956; 69:56-64. Google Scholar3. Hyman ES. Computer algorithm offers a comprehensive view of bacteriuria. Nephron. 1993; 65:549-58. Google Scholar4. Kaye D. Antibacterial activity of human urine. J Clin Invest. 1968; 47:2374-90. Google Scholar5. Hyman ES. A urinary marker for systemic coccal disease. Nephron. 1994; (In press). Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Edward S. Hyman PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byDoes Examination of Urinary Sediment Identify Individuals with Gulf War Syndrome? A Pilot Study 1 December 1994Volume 121, Issue 11Page: 896 ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 December 1994 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Mechanisms of bone erosion in gout: a quantitative analysis using plain radiography and computed tomography
Authors: N Dalbeth, B Clark, K Gregory, G Gamble, T Sheehan, A Doyle, F M McQueen
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2008)

<h3>Objective:</h3> The underlying basis of bone erosion in gout remains speculative. The aim of this study was to understand the mechanisms of bone erosion in gout using non-invasive imaging techniques. <h3>Methods:</h3> Paired plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans of 798 individual hand and wrist joints from 20 patients with gout were analysed. Radiographs were scored for erosion (0–5) using the Sharp/van der Heijde method. CT scans were scored for the presence and diameter of bone erosions and tophi. The presence of intraosseous tophus (tophus visualised within bone) was recorded. The relationships between radiographic erosion, CT erosion and tophus scores were analysed. <h3>Results:</h3> With increasing radiographic erosion scores, the percentage of joints with intraosseous tophus increased (p&lt;0.001). For those joints with a radiographic erosion score of 4 or 5, 96/98 (98%) had CT evidence of intraosseous tophus. There was a significant relationship between the radiographic erosion scores and intraosseous tophus size (p&lt;0.001). For those joints with CT erosion, 194/237 (81.8%) had visible intraosseous tophus. Of the joints with CT erosions greater than 5 mm, 106/112 (94.6%) had visible intraosseous tophus and all (56/56) erosions greater than 7.5 mm had intraosseous tophus. There was a strong correlation between CT erosion diameter and intraosseous tophus diameter (r = 0.93, p&lt;0.001). Intraosseous tophi were larger than non-intraosseous tophi, but had similar density and calcification. <h3>Conclusion:</h3> There is a strong relationship between bone erosion and the presence of intraosseous tophus. These results strongly implicate tophus infiltration into bone as the dominant mechanism for the development of bone erosion and joint damage in gout.
Definition of a Positive Test Result in Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer
Authors: Claudia I. Henschke
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

Chinese translation Background: Low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer can reduce mortality among high-risk persons, but “false-positive” findings may result in unnecessary evaluations with attendant risks. The effect of alternative thresholds for defining a positive result on the rates of positive results and cancer diagnoses is unknown. Objective: To assess the frequency of positive results and potential delays in diagnosis in the baseline round of screening by using more restrictive thresholds. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Multi-institutional International Early Lung Cancer Action Program. Patients: 21 136 participants with baseline computed tomography performed between 2006 and 2010. Measurements: The frequency of solid and part-solid pulmonary nodules and the rate of lung cancer diagnosis by using current (5 mm) and more restrictive thresholds of nodule diameter. Results: The frequency of positive results in the baseline round by using the current definition of positive result (any parenchymal, solid or part-solid, noncalcified nodule ≥5.0 mm) was 16% (3396/21 136). When alternative threshold values of 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 and 9.0 mm were used, the frequencies of positive results were 10.2% (95% CI, 9.8% to 10.6%), 7.1% (CI, 6.7% to 7.4%), 5.1% (CI, 4.8% to 5.4%), and 4.0% (CI, 3.7% to 4.2%), respectively. Use of these alternative definitions would have reduced the work-up by 36%, 56%, 68%, and 75%, respectively. Concomitantly, lung cancer diagnostics would have been delayed by at most 9 months for 0%, 5.0% (CI, 1.1% to 9.0%), 5.9% (CI, 1.7 to 10.1%), and 6.7% (CI, 2.2% to 11.2%) of the cases of cancer, respectively. Limitation: This was a retrospective analysis and thus whether delays in diagnosis would have altered outcomes cannot be determined. Conclusion: These findings suggest that using a threshold of 7 or 8 mm to define positive results in the baseline round of computed tomography screening for lung cancer should be prospectively evaluated to determine whether the benefits of decreasing further work-up outweigh the consequent delay in diagnosis in some patients. Primary Funding Source: The Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute and the American Legacy Foundation.
Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells promote the reconstitution of exogenous hematopoietic stem cells in Fancg−/− mice in vivo
Authors: Yan Li, Shi Chen, Jin Yuan, Yanzhu Yang, Jingling Li, Jin Ma, Xiaohua Wu, Marcel Freund, Karen Pollok, Helmut Hanenberg, W. Scott Goebel, Feng-Chun Yang
Journal: Blood (2009)
Ubc13 maintains the suppressive function of regulatory T cells and prevents their conversion into effector-like T cells
Authors: Jae-Hoon Chang, Yichuan Xiao, Hongbo Hu, Jin Jin, Jiayi Yu, Xiaofei Zhou, Xuefeng Wu, Howard M Johnson, Shizuo Akira, Manolis Pasparakis, Xuhong Cheng, Shao-Cong Sun
Journal: Nature Immunology (2012)