tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cancer patients' information needs and information seeking behaviour: in depth interview study
Authors: G. M Leydon
Journal: BMJ (2000)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To explore why cancer patients do not want or seek information about their condition beyond that volunteered by their physicians at times during their illness. <b>Design:</b> Qualitative study based on in-depth interviews. <b>Setting:</b> Outpatient oncology clinics at a London cancer centre. <b>Participants:</b> 17 patients with cancer diagnosed in previous 6 months. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Analysis of patients9 narratives to identify key themes and categories. <b>Results:</b> While all patients wanted basic information on diagnosis and treatment, not all wanted further information at all stages of their illness. Three overarching attitudes to their management of cancer limited patients9 deon with life as normal and could be maintained through silence and avoiding information, especially too detailed or “unsafe” information. Charity to fellow patients, especially those seen as more needy than themselves, was expressed in the recognition that scarce resources—including information and explanations—had to be shared and meant that limited information was accepted as inevitable. <b>Conclusions:</b> Cancer patients9 attitudes to cancer and their strategies for coping with their illness can constrain their wish for information and their efforts to obtain it. In developing recommendations, the government9s cancer information strategy should attend to variations in patients9 desires for information and the reasons for them.
Radiology of the Small Intestine
Authors: Martin W. Donner
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Not until 1970, when the first edition of this book was published, had radiology of the small intestine received the attention commensurate with the clinical importance of disorders involving this segment of the intestinal tract. The interest was mostly limited to obstructive pathology, whereas conditions leading to malabsorption were considered indistinguishable from each other and frequently referred to as motility disorders. Since Marshak's classical description of the radiological manifestations of regional enteritis, ulcerative colitis, and lymphosarcoma, much progress has been made in the recognition of these disorders affecting the small intestine. However, most importantly, in recent years, the radiological characteristics of diseases associated with malabsorption have been identified, and differential diagnostic criteria within this category of disorders have been established. The authors themselves have made many important contributions to this group of malabsorption disorders; their description is lucid and beautifully illustrated. Another chapter deals with the newly recognized immunoglobulin deficiency
IMMUNOLOGICAL DISTINCTIONS OF ENCEPHALITIS AND POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Harold L. Amoss
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1921)

Lethargic encephalitis is an epidemic disease, the main manifestations of which relate to injury inflicted upon the central nervous system and in particular the basal ganglia of the brain. Poliomyelitis is an epidemic disease, the main manifestations of which relate to injury inflicted upon the central nervous system and in particular the gray matter of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata. At the outset of the epidemic of lethargic encephalitis the two diseases tend to prevail at distinct and different seasons of the year, although recently cases of epidemic encephalitis have arisen in the midsummer months. The two maladies therefore are perhaps less distinguished by seasonal prevalence than has been supposed. They are, however, distinguished by great differences in communicability to monkeys. Epidemic poliomyelitis is readily transmitted through inoculation of the affected central nervous tissues of man to monkeys, while it may still be regarded as doubtful whether lethargic encephalitis has been communicated to monkeys in this manner. As the experiments reported in this paper show, the two diseases can be distinguished through the power of blood serum under certain circumstances to neutralize the virus of poliomyelitis. The blood serum of convalescent cases of poliomyelitis whether in man or monkey possesses this neutralizing power, while the blood serum of recently convalescent cases of epidemic encephalitis is devoid of it. On the basis of the distinguishing characters described, it is regarded as desirable at the present time to hold epidemic poliomyelitis and epidemic encephalitis as integrally distinct affections. The latter also may be infectious, yet the main lesions of poliomyelitis are present in the spinal cord, and of epidemic encephalitis in the mid-brain.
Cylindromatosis Simulating Neurofibromatosis
Authors: Howard P. Baden
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

Neurofibromatosis presents such a characteristic picture of café au lait spots and tumors of the skin and nervous system that biopsy for diagnostic purposes is usually considered to be unnecessary. The following case is presented to demonstrate how cylindromatosis may simulate the clinical picture of Recklinghausen's disease.Case ReportE.D. (M.G.H. 896088), a 42-year-old woman, was seen in the Neurology Clinic because of intermittent headaches of 4 months' duration. The illness had started with excessive watering of the left eye and discharge of blood from the left nostril. These symptoms progressed until 2 weeks before her visit, when sharp pain . . .
Universal prestorage leukoreduction in Canada decreases platelet alloimmunization and refractoriness
Authors: Matthew D. Seftel, Gershon H. Growe, Tanya Petraszko, W. Barrett Benny, Alan Le, Chao-Yong Lee, John J. Spinelli, Heather J. Sutherland, Peter Tsang, Donna E. Hogge
Journal: Blood (2003)
Eric William (“Bill”) John Townsend
Authors: David Townsend
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Former general practitioner East Molesey, Surrey (b 1914; q Bristol 1940), d 29 May 2005.

After qualifying Bill spent the latter years of the second world war attached to the Royal Engineers in Germany and then Palestine. In 1947 he bought a practice in East Molesey, where he remained singlehanded throughout his career until 1980. He was a keen dinghy sailor and his garden was his pride and joy. He retired to Shaldon in South Devon. He leaves his second wife, Suzanne, their two children, and four children from his first marriage.
Mucus hypersecretion: a common symptom, a common mechanism?
Authors: D.J. Shale, A.A. Ionescu
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2004)

The secretion of mucus is an inherent part of the defence of the airways with the amount of mucus secretion varying with a range of stimuli, including bacteria, particles and chemical irritants 1. Hypersecretion occurs in many disease states, but is a major clinical and pathological feature in cystic fibrosis (CF) related bronchiectasis, nonCF bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, which are all associated with the considerable activation of the host inflammatory response 2. In these disorders there is an expansion of the goblet cell population derived from the airways epithelium. Indeed, this response can be seen as an epithelial cell adaptation to injury, which constitutes a limb of the local host defences of the airway, with epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation into goblet cells and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and growth factors 3–6.

In CF the quantity and nature of the mucus produced is altered and there are additional effects of the mucopolysaccharide alginate secreted by mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and host derived inflammatory cells and their contents adding substantially to the raised viscosity of the airways secretions. These changes provide a favourable environment for bacterial growth, shelter for bacteria from the host inflammatory response and may reduce the response to systemic antibiotics in patients with chronic pulmonary infection. Therefore, it is of interest that in this issue of the European Respiratory Journal Hauber et al. 7 report on mechanisms linking mucus hypersecretion and airways inflammation in …
Recognition and destruction of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-infected human monocytes.
Authors: A Molloy, P A Meyn, K D Smith, G Kaplan
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

We have established a long-term culture system to study macrophages chronically infected with mycobacteria. Monocytes are infected with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and support exponential intracellular replication without profound perturbation of normal host cell function. We have used this system to investigate lymphokine-activated killer (LAK)-mediated cytolysis. We have found that interleukin 2 stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes generates a cytotoxic activity against human monocytes. A CD56- subpopulation of LAK cells specifically recognizes and lyses BCG-infected cells. Lysis of the host cell has no effect on parasite viability and results in the liberation of bacteria capable of infecting more cells.
There Are Many Ways to Kill a Resident: Try House Officer's Headache or Intern's Neck
Authors: Robert E. Cilley
Journal: JAMA (1985)

To the Editor.—  Each occupation has its attendant hazards. We have discovered recently a malady not peculiar to but prevalent among house officers, particularly more junior-level residents. It is described by sufferers as neck and occipital tightness, strain, or  and seems to be a variant of a true tension headache, with its major component in the posterior neck muscles. Pain is frequently progressive throughout the day and, as would be expected, is exacerbated by lack of sleep.  The occurrence of this headache has been related to wearing a physician's coat laden with the paraphernalia of the ward resident. This frequently includes helpful manuals and articles, diagnostic equipment, drugs, dressings, etc. Onset is usually in July, with the start of residency training. The pain is reliably relieved by removing the white coat and temporized by frequently adjusting the coat's position on the shoulders as well as wearing a well-fitting soft-collared
Antibodies to Enteroviruses in Hypogammaglobulinemic Patients
Authors: Eugene V. Barnett, John P. Nasou, John P. Utz, Samuel Baron
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

PATIENTS with acquired or congenital hypogammaglobulinemia usually lack detectable circulating antibody but are generally resistant to second attacks of the viral diseases that are considered to confer long lasting immunity.1 One explanation for such acquired immunity in hypogammaglobulinemia is the production of extremely low levels of circulating antibody. This paper reports the detection of what appears to be low levels of naturally acquired neutralizing antibody to enteroviruses in 2 patients with congenital hypogammaglobulinemia and 5 patients with acquired hypogammaglobulinemia.Materials and MethodsSerums, after heating for thirty minutes at 56°C, were tested for antibodies to Type 1 Mahoney, Type 2 . . .
Topical mometasone furoate and betamethasone-17-valerate decrease collagen synthesis to a similar extent in human skin in vivo
Authors: V. KOIVUKANGAS, J. KARVONEN, J. RISTEL, A. OIKARINEN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1995)

Topical corticosteroids are used extensively to treat inflammatory skin diseases. Long-term use, however, may be associated with adverse effects such as skin atrophy. New steroids have been developed with the objective of increasing efficacy and reducing the incidence of adverse effects. Mometasone furoate (MMF) is one of these new derivatives. The aim of our study was to compare the effects of MMF and betamethasone-17-valerate (BM-17-valerate) on collagen synthesis in human skin in vivo. Fifteen healthy male volunteers applied MMF, BM-17-valerate and vehicle for 1 week to different areas of abdominal skin. Suction blisters were raised on these areas, and a control site, and procollagen propeptide (PICP, PINP, PIIINP) levels in the suction blister fluid were measured by radioimmunoassay. Skin thickness was measured ultrasonically by Dermascan A at the end of the treatment period. The levels of the three propeptides in suction blister fluid were reduced to similar extent by MMF and BM-17-valerate. The 1-week treatment period had no detectable influence on skin thickness. We conclude that MMF and BM-17-valerate decrease collagen synthesis to the same extent in human skin in vivo.
Postgraduate medical education: methodology
Authors: Gillian Long, W W Gibbon
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2000)

Sports medicine is a relatively new and rapidly growing specialty that as yet does not have an organised postgraduate training programme. Currently, doctors enter sports medicine from a variety of backgrounds and rely on ad hoc training. If sports medicine is to be encompassed in the NHS, it is important to address the issue of training and organise effective postgraduate training in the specialty. Sports medicine has the opportunity to develop a training programme from a “clean slate”, uncomplicated by existing practice. The specialty therefore has the potential to learn from other examples of good practice and avoid some of the problems experienced with higher specialist training in other specialties.

Postgraduate medical education refers to education provided after full registration and before consultant appointment or equivalent career grade. Medical education should be seen as a continuum, with postgraduate medical education supplementing undergraduate education and being continued after appointment to a career post as continuing medical education.1 There have been major reforms in the United Kingdom's postgraduate medical education during the last decade, prompted in part by demands for greater harmonisation with other European states.2 There has also been increasing realisation of the importance of self directed learning and development of life long learning skills to allow the doctor to keep pace with continually changing medical knowledge.3 Previous ad hoc individually organised postgraduate medical education has been replaced in various specialties by structured training programmes providing shorter and more focused training with a predominance of education over service provision.4 …
Increased tryptase levels in suction-blister fluid from patients with urticaria
Authors: B. DELEURAN, METTE KRISTENSEN, C. GRoNHoJ LARSEN, P. MATSSON, INGRID ENANDER, ANN-SOFIE ANDERSSON, K. THESTRUP-PEDERSEN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

Journal Article Increased tryptase levels in suction‐blister fluid from patients with urticaria Get access B. DELEURAN, B. DELEURAN Department of Dermatology, University of Aarhus, Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar METTE KRISTENSEN, METTE KRISTENSEN Department of Dermatology, University of Aarhus, Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C. GRøNHøJ LARSEN, C. GRøNHøJ LARSEN Department of Dermatology, University of Aarhus, Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. MATSSON, P. MATSSON Pharmacia Diagnostics AB, Uppsala, Sweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar INGRID ENANDER, INGRID ENANDER Pharmacia Diagnostics AB, Uppsala, Sweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ANN‐SOFIE ANDERSSON, ANN‐SOFIE ANDERSSON Pharmacia Diagnostics AB, Uppsala, Sweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K. THESTRUP‐PEDERSEN K. THESTRUP‐PEDERSEN Department of Dermatology, University of Aarhus, Denmark Professor K. Thestrup‐Pedersen, Department of Dermatology, Marselisborg Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 125, Issue 1, 1 July 1991, Pages 14–17, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb06031.x Published: 01 July 1991
Unemployment and health
Authors: D. Dorling
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Health benefits vary according to the method of reducing unemployment

The best guides we have to the possible future effects of mass unemployment are studies of previous epidemics. In men who had been continuously employed for at least five years in the late 1970s, mortality doubled in the five years after redundancy for those aged 40-59 in 1980.1 Adjustment for socioeconomic variables, previous health related behaviours, and other health indicators had almost no effect on this increase.1 The increased risk of mortality after redundancy tends to be greater in men than in women2 because men are generally affected more from a prevailing belief that when things go wrong no one will be there to help.3

The detrimental effects of unemployment were widely recognised after the great depression of the 1930s. However, by the early 1980s unemployment became viewed, as it was by some in the very early 1930s, as a “price worth paying.” We learnt through bitter experience again that it was not. By 2009 even the leader of the British Conservative Party argued that, “Unemployment is never a price worth paying and we need to take very big, bold and radical steps to help unemployed people back to work.”4 

Research into mass unemployment during the early 1990s …
Should GPs be fined for rises in avoidable emergency admissions to hospital? Yes
Authors: M. McShane
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Commissioning organisations in England face losing a quarter of the "quality premium" if they do not keep down their emergency admissions for specific conditions. Martin McShane supports the plan, but Chaand Nagpaul (doi:10.1136/bmj.f1391) worries about possible unintended consequences
EVALUATION OF EEG PATTERNS OF NEWBORN BABIES
Authors: W. T. LIBERSON, WILLIAM H. FRAZIER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1962)

1. One hundred and thirty-six neonates were given EEG examinations during the first few hours following birth. Babies with caesarean section, with no prolonged anesthesia and no complications, showed the most "ideal" EEG's, characterized by a relatively high percentage of records within the alpha frequency range, very low incidence of spikes and no delta-silence pattern despite of the presence of analgesia. 2. Neonates born with non-caesarean birth seem to have as a group a mark of the passage through the pelvic canal as they show a considerably lesser percentage of records within the alpha frequency range. No difference was found in these patterns between mild analgesia, moderate analgesia, heavy analgesia and long anesthesia, provided that cases with or with-out clinical complications are analyzed separately. However, the incidence of delay of breathing and fetal distress was higher in neonates with heavy analgesia than in those with moderate and particularly in those with mild analgesia. 3. Neonates with obstetrical complications, whether born by section or particularly by non-caesarean birth, show a considerably decreased incidence of records with alpha-like activity. The presence of delta-silence pattern was observed in about one-third of the records and the incidence of spikes in about one-half of the records of babies born during markedly complicated deliveries.
Perspective, reflection, transparent explanation, and other minds
Authors: S. L. Hurley
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract Perspective and reflection (whether involving conceptual or nonconceptual content) have each been considered in some way basic to phenomenal consciousness. Each has possible evolutionary value, though neither seems sufficient for consciousness. Consider an account of consciousness in terms of the combination of perspective and reflection, its relationship to the problem of other minds, and its capacity to inherit evolutionary explanation from its components.
Myxedema Induced by Prolonged Iodide Administration
Authors: Herbert M. Rubinstein, Leo Oliner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1957)

IN the last few years, attention has been called to the occurrence of goiter and hypothyroidism in previously euthyroid children and adults after the prolonged administration of large amounts of iodide for bronchial asthma and other pulmonary conditions.Bell1 reported 5 cases in which goiter, noted in all, and myxedema, seen in 3 cases, followed administration of Lugol's solution or potassium iodide for periods of two months to seven years. Morgans and Trotter2 contributed 2 carefully studied cases of myxedema and goiter (in 1 case) after the ingestion of potassium iodide and sodium iodide for periods of six and four . . .
KLF5 Regulates the Integrity and Oncogenicity of Intestinal Stem Cells
Authors: Takeo Nakaya, Seishi Ogawa, Ichiro Manabe, Masami Tanaka, Masashi Sanada, Toshiro Sato, Makoto M. Taketo, Kazuki Nakao, Hans Clevers, Masashi Fukayama, Masahiko Kuroda, Ryozo Nagai
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

The intestinal epithelium maintains homeostasis by a self-renewal process involving resident stem cells, including Lgr5(+) crypt-base columnar cells, but core mechanisms and their contributions to intestinal cancer are not fully defined. In this study, we examined a hypothesized role for KLF5, a zinc-finger transcription factor that is critical to maintain the integrity of embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, in intestinal stem-cell integrity and cancer in the mouse. Klf5 was indispensable for the integrity and oncogenic transformation of intestinal stem cells. In mice, inducible deletion of Klf5 in Lgr5(+) stem cells suppressed their proliferation and survival in a manner associated with nuclear localization of β-catenin (Catnb), generating abnormal apoptotic cells in intestinal crypts. Moreover, production of lethal adenomas and carcinomas by specific expression of an oncogenic mutant of β-catenin in Lgr5(+) stem cells was suppressed completely by Klf5 deletion in the same cells. Given that activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is the most frequently altered pathway in human colorectal cancer, our results argue that KLF5 acts as a fundamental core regulator of intestinal oncogenesis at the stem-cell level, and they suggest KLF5 targeting as a rational strategy to eradicate stem-like cells in colorectal cancer.
Communicating risk: Journalists have responsibility to report risks in context
Authors: M. D Griffiths
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Editor—Easton discussed health risk reporting in the media.1 A lot can be learnt about people's perceptions of risk by examining lottery play. This in itself may have implications for how journalists report risk probabilities in media settings.

The probability of winning lottery prizes are the basic risk dimensions that may help determine whether a person gambles on a particular activity in the first place. The ordinary “social gambler” probably does not think about the probability of winning. What most people will concentrate on is the amount that could be won, rather than the 1 in 14 million probability of winning.

How probability operates is generally not understood. Some of the general public seem not to believe that the probability of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 being picked from the 49 balls is equally as likely as any other sequence of six numbers. Some also believe that future predictions can be based successfully on previous draws.

People tend to overestimate positive outcomes and underestimate negative ones. This may have implications for reporting health risks in the media. For example, if someone is told they have a one in fourteen million chance of being killed on any particular Saturday night they would hardly give it a second thought because the chances of anything untoward happening are infinitesimal. However, given the same probability of winning the National Lottery, people suddenly become over optimistic.

The public's understanding of risk probability could be improved. However, journalists still have a responsibility to report risks in context. Too many reports seem to say, for example, “Coffee drinkers are three times as likely to develop X” while omitting to point out that the risks are still infinitesimal.