tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Officials cast doubts on UN report on HIV in India
Authors: Ganapati Mudur
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Indian health officials have cast doubts on a United Nations report that predicts the spread of HIV in India will slow down the country’s economic growth and reduce its gross domestic product by 11 trillion rupees (£127bn; €186bn; $234bn) by 2016.

The report from the UN Development Programme, which was published in New Delhi last week, said that the HIV epidemic would increase pressure on the public health system and create devastating social and economic problems among households affected by HIV.

Health officials in India said that although they agree about the effect of the disease on individual households the report’s predictions of how it will affect the national economy are based on gloomy forecasts.

The study assumed that the prevalence of HIV in India will rise from the current 0.9%, or 5.2 million HIV infected people, to 2.9%, or 19 million, by 2016.

But one senior government official said that the basis for such a projection is unclear, and Sujatha Rao, director general of India’s National AIDS Control Organisation, said that such a rise is unlikely, saying, “We have a strong HIV prevention and control programme in place.”

The report, which was based on a study by India’s National Council of Applied Economic Research, said the epidemic will force the government to increase annual health spending by 10% by 2012 and by 15% by 2016. The report also predicted a 10% rise in health spending by households affected by HIV.

“Treatment and hospitalisation will devastate families affected by HIV,” said Basanta Pradhan, chief economist at the council, who surveyed more than 2000 households affected by HIV and 6000 unaffected households in six states with a high prevalence of the infection. Rates of illness and hospital admission were three times higher among HIV households, the findings showed. But Dr Pradhan admitted that the study had described “a very pessimistic scenario.”

Earlier this year Indian and Canadian public health specialists reported what they described as the first signs of a fall in the number of new HIV infections in south India (Lancet 2006;367:1164-72).

They found that the prevalence of HIV infection among young women aged between 15 and 24 had dropped by more than a third—from 1.7% to 1.1%—over the past four years in four states with a high prevalence of HIV.

“New cases appear to be declining in south India,” said Rajesh Kumar, head of community medicine at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research in Chandigarh.

The researchers attributed this fall to greater use of condoms among men and commercial sex workers and a consequently lower rate of transmission across the community. But Dr Kumar cautioned that the burden of HIV would remain high, because of the cumulative number of cases.
Older people will be given budgets to buy personal care
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2007)

A new way of funding social care in England was announced by the government this week. In future, individual budgets will be given directly to older people and people with disabilities so that they can buy their own personal care.

In what will be seen by many as a monumental shift away from top-down management from Whitehall, Alan Johnson, the secretary of state for health, said, “We want to give people more control over their services in order to increase their quality of life.”

He announced £520m (€720m; $1100m) of ringfenced money, half of which would come out of the health budget, to support councils to redesign their services …
Long-Term Complications of Native Valve Infective Endocarditis in Non-Addicts
Authors: M-Pilar Tornos, G. Permanyer-Miralda, Montserrat Olona, Miguel Gil, Enrique Galve, Benito Almirante, J. Soler-Soler
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

To describe the incidence and clinical manifestations of long-term cardiac complications of endocarditis.Cohort study.University-affiliated tertiary medical center.One hundred twelve consecutive patients, survivors from a series of 140 non-addicted patients with a first episode of infective endocarditis on native valves hospitalized from 1975 to 1990. Thirty-two patients had had valve replacement during the active phase of the infection, and the remaining 80 patients received medical treatment alone.Relapse, recurrence, need for late cardiac surgery, and cardiac mortality.Relapses occurred in three patients (2.7%) and recurrences in five patients (4.5%, incidence density at 15 years, 0.0030 per patient-year). Late cardiac surgery was needed by 47% of the patients treated medically during the active phase, and most had surgery in the first 2 years of follow-up (incidence density, 0.25 per patient-year at 2 years). Aortic valve involvement (relative risk, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.15 to 6.17) and end-diastolic diameter greater than 60 mm (relative risk, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.03 to 2.43) were associated with the need for late surgery in univariate analysis. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed aortic valve involvement to be an independent predictor of the need for late surgery (relative risk, 3.04; CI, 1.23 to 7.54). Only 2 of the 32 patients who had surgery during the active infection needed a second operation during follow-up. At the end of follow-up, the number of patients who had surgery after the onset of the infection was 86 (60% of the whole series). Cardiac death occurred in 16 patients; most deaths were sudden or postoperative and occurred in the first 2 years of follow-up (incidence density, 0.047 per patient-year at 2 years). Independent predictors of death were not found. Survival was 90% at 2 years, 88% at 5 years, 81% at 10 years, and 61% at 15 years.Survival after infective endocarditis is fair (81% probability of survival at 10 years), and the most common types of cardiac death are sudden and postoperative. Aortic valve involvement is an independent predictor of the need for late cardiac surgery. The rate of recurrences is not negligible (incidence density at 15 years, 0.0030 per patient-year).
Left Ventricular Thrombi Identified by Cross-Sectional Echocardiography
Authors: Anthony N. DeMARIA, William Bommer, Alexander Neumann, Todd Grehl, Lynn Weinart, Sally DeNARDO, Ezra A. Amsterdam, Dean T. Mason
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

We studied 25 patients with anterior myocardial infarction and two with congestive cardiomyopathy to evaluate two-dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of left ventricular thrombi. Five coronary patients had systemic emboli. Four of these patients manifested apical filling defects on cineangiogram, while a levophase cine was equivocal for clot in the fifth patient. Neither echocardiography nor cineangiography visualized ventricular thrombi in the nonembolus coronary patients. Echoes from a distinct apical mass, however, were visualized in all five patients in the embolus group by two-dimensional echocardiography at the cardiac apex. Apical thrombi were confirmed in all four patients in the embolus group undergoing surgery. The irregular configuration of recent thrombi in the coronary patients differed from the circumscribed appearance of chronic thrombi in the cardiomyopathy patients on two-dimensional echocardiogram. Thus, two-dimensional echocardiography can be used to detect and characterize left ventricular thrombi.
Occlusive Hepatic Venous Catheterization in the Study of the Normal Liver, Cirrhosis of the Liver and Noncirrhotic Portal Hypertension
Authors: W. JAPE TAYLOR, J. D. MYERS
Journal: Circulation (1956)

The technic of occlusive venous catheterization has been applied to the liver. The pressure, measured in a small occluded hepatic vein and termed the wedged hepatic venous pressure, correlates well with the portal venous pressure in cats. An elevation of the wedged pressure in man, in the presence of a normal central venous pressure, is diagnostic of cirrhosis. This has proved to be of clinical value in the differentiation of intrahepatic from extrahepatic portal hypertension. The higher wedged hepatic venous pressures in cirrhosis are correlated with the presence of varices or jaundice, but not with the presence of ascites.
Use of immunoglobulin A-antiendomysial antibody to screen for celiac disease in North American children with type 1 diabetes.
Authors: K A Fraser-Reynolds, J D Butzner, D K Stephure, R A Trussell, R B Scott
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine if a serological marker, the immunoglobulin A antiendomysial antibody (IgA-EMA), can be used to screen for celiac disease in North American children with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Subjects included 236 diabetes clinic patients and 56 gastrointestinal clinic patients who underwent intestinal biopsy for suspected malabsorption. Total IgA and IgA-EMA assays were performed. Diabetic patients who were positive for IgA-EMA were asked to undergo biopsy. RESULTS: Of 236 diabetic patients tested, none were IgA deficient and 19 were positive for IgA-EMA (8%). Of 17 patients biopsied, 12 had celiac disease and 3 were symptomatic. The estimated prevalence of celiac disease was 5.1%, consistent with data from European diabetic clinics. Of the 56 gastrointestinal clinic patients, the 3 who were IgA-EMA positive had biopsies diagnostic of celiac disease. Three were found to be IgA deficient, one of whom had celiac disease. Of the 50 IgA-sufficient and IgA-EMA-negative patients, 1 had celiac disease and 49 did not. The IgA-EMA test had a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 91% for IgA-sufficient biopsied patients. CONCLUSIONS: IgA-EMA is an appropriate tool for demonstrating an increased prevalence of celiac disease in a North American pediatric diabetic population. Positive testing should be confirmed by intestinal biopsy, and false-positive results require serial follow-up. Symptomatic children require biopsy regardless of their IgA-EMA status.
Stromal Elements Act to Restrain, Rather Than Support, Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Andrew D. Rhim, Paul E. Oberstein, Dafydd H. Thomas, Emily T. Mirek, Carmine F. Palermo, Stephen A. Sastra, Erin N. Dekleva, Tyler Saunders, Claudia P. Becerra, Ian W. Tattersall, C. Benedikt Westphalen, Jan Kitajewski, Maite G. Fernandez-Barrena, Martin E. Fernandez-Zapico, Christine Iacobuzio-Donahue, Kenneth P. Olive, Ben Z. Stanger
Journal: Cancer Cell (2014)
Interaction between integrin α9β1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) inhibits neutrophil apoptosis
Authors: Ewan A. Ross, Mike R. Douglas, See Heng Wong, Emma J. Ross, S. John Curnow, Gerard B. Nash, Ed Rainger, Dagmar Scheel-Toellner, Janet M. Lord, Mike Salmon, Christopher D. Buckley
Journal: Blood (2005)
Enhanced binding of calmodulin to the ryanodine receptor corrects contractile dysfunction in failing hearts
Authors: Akihiro Hino, Masafumi Yano, Takayoshi Kato, Masakazu Fukuda, Takeshi Suetomi, Makoto Ono, Wakako Murakami, Takehisa Susa, Shinichi Okuda, Masahiro Doi, Shigeki Kobayashi, Takeshi Yamamoto, Noritaka Koseki, Hiroyuki Kyushiki, Noriaki Ikemoto, Masunori Matsuzaki
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2012)

AimsThe channel function of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) is modulated by calmodulin (CaM). However, the involvement of CaM in aberrant Ca2+ release in diseased hearts remains unclear. Here, we investigated the pathogenic role of defective CaM binding to the RyR2 in the channel dysfunction associated with heart failure.
Mucormycosis causing giant gastric ulcers
Authors: V. Chhaya, S. Gupta, A. Arnaout
Journal: Endoscopy (2011)

A 53-year-old woman with known ulcerative colitis, who had previously taken oral prednisolone on occasions for intermittent diarrhea, was admitted with urosepsis due to Escherichia coli that required treatment with inotropic agents and intravenous steroids. She was passing melena and was anemic with a hemoglobin of 6.2 g/dL, which failed to improve despite the transfusion of large volumes of blood and the administration of intravenous pantoprazole. Gastroscopy revealed multiple large superficial plaque-like ulcers in the upper and mid stomach with overlying slough ([Fig. 1]).
Postoperative Tc-99m DISIDA Hepatic Extravascular Diffusion Mimicking Biliary Leakage
Authors: SLEIMAN NADDAF, MITHILESH KUMAR, HOSSAM EL-ZEFTAWY, SAADET ATAY, BERNA DEGIRMENCI, HUSSEIN ABDEL-DAYEM
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1998)

Postcholecystectomy hepatic extravascular leakage in the operative bed can mimic biliary leakage if a Tc-99m DISIDA study is performed in the first few days after surgery. In the case being reported here, the gallbladder was located partially intrahepatic and was not inflamed at the time of surgery. A Tc-99m DISIDA study was requested 5 days after surgery to evaluate biliary patency and to exclude biliary leakage. Increased uptake in the gallbladder fossa inside the liver at the operative site was detected in the early period of the study. It could be differentiated from biliary leakage by three important features: the early appearance of radioactivity in the first 30 minutes, the intensity of the abnormal focal increased activity decreased with time during the 60 minutes of the dynamic acquisition, and this activity did not increase or move with time. In true leakage, the abnormal activity should become more intense, should increase in size, and should progressively spread from its original site.
Magnetic resonance imaging following treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with sorafenib
Authors: Joon-Il Choi, David K Imagawa, Priya Bhosale, Puneet Bhargava, Temel Tirkes, Tara E Seery, Chandana Lall
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2014)

Hepatocellular carcinomas are highly vascular tumors, showing progressive hypervascularity by the process of neoangiogenesis. Tumor angiogenesis is critical for tumor growth as well as metastatic spread therefore, imaging and quantification of tumor neo-angiogenesis is essential for monitoring response to targeted therapies and predicting disease progression. Sorafenib is a molecular targeting agent used for treating hypervascular tumors. This drug is now the standard of care in treatment of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to its anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative actions, imaging findings following treatment with Sorafenib are quite distinct when compared to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Liver MRI is a widely adopted imaging modality for assessing treatment response in hepatocellular carcinoma and imaging features may reflect pathophysiological changes within the tumor. In this mini-review, we will discuss MRI findings after Sorafenib treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma and review the feasibility of MRI as an early biomarker in differentiating responders from non-responders after treatment with molecular targeting agents.
Renin angiotensin system and gender differences in the cardiovascular system
Authors: M Fischer
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

In the effort to explain gender-related differences of the cardiovascular system, the renin–angiotensin system experienced intensive exploration. Indeed, the development of hypertension as well as the progression of coronary artery disease and heart failure have two factors in common: (1) display distinct gender specific characteristics and (2) are enhanced by the renin–angiotensin system. It is therefore interesting to note that data from experimental animals, epidemiological surveys, and clinical investigations suggest that the components of the circulating as well as tissue-based renin–angiotensin system are markedly affected by gender. However, the issue is complicated by counter-regulatory effects of estrogen on the system with the substrate, on one hand, and the processing enzymes as well as the chief receptor, on the other hand. In fact, angiotensinogen is up-regulated particularly by oral administration of estrogen, whereas renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and AT-1 receptor are down-regulated by the hormone. While under well-defined experimental conditions the net effect of estrogen appears to result in suppression of the renin–angiotensin system, the clinical situation may be more complex. The judgment is further complicated by the difficulty in precisely measuring the activity of the system at the tissue level. Moreover, clinically relevant read-outs for the activity of the renin–angiotensin system may be regulated multifactorially or only indirectly affected by the system. Nevertheless, the undisputable, profound biochemical changes in the renin–angiotensin system related to the estrogen status allow speculation that such interaction explains some of the differences in the cardiovascular system of men and women.
The Role of the Catheter Duodenostomy
Authors: C. N. Peabody, E. A. Gaston, L. G. Kendall, M. E. Costin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

THE most frequent causes of death after gastric resection for peptic ulcer continue to be rupture of the duodenal stump, pancreatitis and injury to the bile or pancreatic ducts, all complications related to the technical management of the duodenal stump. In recent years catheter duodenostomy has been used with increasing frequency at the Framingham Union Hospital as a means of preventing these surgical catastrophes, and we have formed certain impressions concerning its usefulness. The following review defines the role of catheter duodenostomy and discusses some of the clinical and technical details of the procedure, by presenting our total experience in . . .
Cyclosporine May Affect Improvement of Cognitive Brain Function After Successful Cardiac Transplantation
Authors: Michael Grimm, Wafa Yeganehfar, Gu¨nther Laufer, Christian Madl, Ludwig Kramer, Edith Eisenhuber, Paul Simon, Natascha Kupilik, Wolfgang Schreiner, Richard Pacher, Brigitta Bunzel, Ernst Wolner, Georg Grimm
Journal: Circulation (1996)

The effects of cardiac transplantation on cognitive brain function are uncertain.We measured cognitive brain function and quality of life in out-of-hospital cardiac transplant candidates (n = 55; ejection fraction, 19.9%; age, 54.8 years [means]). After transplantation, the patients were serially reevaluated at 4 months (n = 25) and at 12 months (n = 19). Brain function was measured objectively by cognitive P300 evoked potentials. Additionally, standard psychometric tests (Trail Making Test A, Mini-Mental State Examination, and Profile of Mood State test) were performed. Cognitive P300 evoked potentials were impaired in cardiac transplant candidates (359 ms, recorded at vertex) compared with 55 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects (345 ms, P < .01). Trail Making Test A was also abnormal (45 versus 31 seconds in 55 healthy subjects, P < .01). After transplantation, P300 measures were normalized at 4 months (345 ms, P < .05 versus before transplantation) but declined again at 12 months (352 ms, P = NS versus before transplantation). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that cumulative cyclosporine dosage was the only predictor of individual cognitive brain function 4 months (753 mg/kg body wt, P < .05) and 12 months (2006 mg/kg body wt, P < .01) after transplantation, respectively.Objective cognitive P300 auditory evoked potential measurements indicate that cognitive brain function is significantly impaired in patients suffering from stable end-stage heart failure. Successful cardiac transplantation is effective to fully normalize impaired brain function. Subsequent relative long-term decline of cognitive brain function after successful cardiac transplantation is strongly suggested to be related to cumulative cyclosporine neurotoxicity.
Knitting Up the Raveled Sleave of Care: Role of Sleep and Effects of Its Lack Examined
Authors: Lynne Lamberg
Journal: JAMA (1996)

STUDIES OF sleep deprivation in humans are hard on subjects and often rob researchers of slumber as well. Yet these studies have illuminated some of the functions sleep serves and decrements incurred by going without it. Military personnel, disaster workers, resident physicians, air traffic controllers, and others who often work extreme hours with little rest are among the prime beneficiaries. Sleep specialists commemorated the 100th anniversary of the first study of sleep deprivation in humans with a symposium on sleep deprivation's neurobehavioral effects at the joint meeting of the American Sleep Disorders Association and Sleep Research Society in Washington, DC, in June. In their 1896 landmark study, G.T.W. Patrick and J.A. Gilbert kept 3 young subjects awake for 90 hours, finding decreases in sensory acuity, reaction time, motor speed, and memorizing ability (<i>Psychological Review</i>. 1896;3:469-483). Similar protocols are used today, although methods of data gathering and analysis grow increasingly more
102 LONG-TERM ENGRAFTMENT, INTRAHEPATIC EXPANSION AND MATURATION OF TELOMERASE-IMMORTALIZED HUMAN FETAL HEPATOCYTES IN A MURINE LIVER REPOPULATION MODEL
Authors: H. Wege, M. Luethgehetmann, T. Volz, A.W. Lohse, M. Dandri, J. Petersen
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Low socioeconomic status is more predictive of increased hazard in women than men after angiographic diagnosis of coronary artery disease
Authors: Sandra P. Reyna, Joseph B. Muhlestein, Benjamin D. Horne, Tami L. Bair, Chloe A. Allen Maycock, Robert R. Pearson, Stephanie V. Moore, Dale G. Renlund, Jeffrey L. Anderson
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Genetic anticipation and abnormal gender ratio at birth in familial primary pulmonary hypertension.
Authors: J E Loyd, M G Butler, T M Foroud, P M Conneally, J A Phillips, J H Newman
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

The genetic basis of familial primary pulmonary hypertension (FPPH) is unknown, but the clinical and pathologic features are the same as in sporadically occurring primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). Because few families with this disease have been reported, the mode of inheritance and genetic features have not been clearly established. We previously reported a tendency for decreasing age of onset in subsequent generations of affected families. The purpose of this study was to examine the pattern of inheritance in a large number of families in an attempt to find clues to pathogenesis. From 24 families we studied 429 members, 124 of whom were known to carry the gene for disease. We constructed cumulative mortality curves for each gender of the 99 affected individuals. We analyzed gender ratios of progeny of affected members and carriers and compared age at death of affected members by generation. More females (160) than males (122) were born to persons carrying the gene, p < 0.01, suggesting selective wastage of male fetuses or an abnormal primary sex ratio. Genetic anticipation was confirmed; the age at death was 45.6 +/- 14.5 versus 36.3 +/- 12.6 versus 24.2 +/- 11 standard deviation (SD) years in successive generations, p < 0.05. Five cases of male-to-male transmission were observed, excluding X-linkage. Age at death was the same for males and females. More females had the gene (84 females, 40 males) and more females with the gene developed disease (72 of 84 females [86%] versus 27 of 40 males [68%]). The disease has highly variable penetrance among families.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Decreased surfactant phosphatidylcholine synthesis in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Daphne J. Janssen, Luc J. Zimmermann, Paola Cogo, Aaron Hamvas, Kajsa Bohlin, Ingrid H. Luijendijk, Darcos Wattimena, Virgilio P. Carnielli, Dick Tibboel
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2009)

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) may result in severe respiratory insufficiency with a high morbidity. The role of a disturbed surfactant metabolism in the pathogenesis of CDH is unclear. We therefore studied endogenous surfactant metabolism in the most severe CDH patients who required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).