tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Expression of co-stimulatory molecules by kupffer cells in chronic hepatitis of hepatitis C virus etiology
Authors: Vito L. Burgio, Giorgio Ballardini, Marco Artini, Marcello Caratozzolo, Francesco B. Bianchi, Massimo Levrero
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

In this paper we show that in viral hepatitis most Kupffer cells (KCs) are activated and express high levels of CD80, CD40, and class-II MHC molecules, thus acquiring the phenotype of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). Activated KCs display a close contact with CD4+ T lymphocytes and form KCs-T lymphocyte clusters. Clusters are found within the sinusoids, across the sinusoid wall, and within the liver parenchima as well, as a consequence of transendothelial migration (TEM). The positivity of activated KCs for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigens, which likely reflects phagocytosis of infected hepatocytes, suggests that KCs-T cell clusters represent the morphological expression of the functional interaction between KCs acting as professional APCs and antigen-experienced CD4+ T lymphocytes within the liver. These phenotypic and morphological changes are distinct features of livers in chronic hepatitis patients compared with controls.
Cardiac Pacemakers and Microwave Ovens
Authors: Peter P. Tarjan
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> A recent letter to the Editor ofThe Journal(<b>212</b>: 1213, 1970) reported on observed effects on patients with implanted cardiac pacers when in the vicinity of certain microwave cooking ovens. As a result of experience in the testing of pacers, the writers are aware of certain precautions that should be taken by those making in vitro measurements to test interference susceptibility, in order to make those tests meaningful. First, there should be a careful choice in the type of detection system used to determine whether or not the pacer is putting out pulses, and it should not be connected to the pacer by long leads which would act as an antenna, thereby introducing additional interference signals. An AM radio is often used as a detector of pacer pulses, but is not suitable for this application since it is susceptible directly to the same interference that is
Lack of Transmission of Hepatitis B After Surgical Exposure
Authors: Joel D. Meyers
Journal: JAMA (1978)

An orthopedic surgeon in whom hepatitis B subsequently developed participated in operations on 49 patients in the two months preceding his illness. Thirty of these patients were available for subsequent clinical and serologic follow-up: five had positive reactions for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) and one had a positive reaction for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) at the initial examination an average of 77 days after surgery. No new patients had either clinical or serologic evidence of hepatitis B during four months of subsequent follow-up (mean of 6.7 months after surgery). A control group of 56 orthopedic patients had a 25% prevalence of positive reactions for anti-HBs and negative reactions for HBsAg- this was not significantly different from the exposed group. The risk to patients of acquiring hepatitis B after surgical exposure in this setting from a surgeon is low.
The usefulness of x-ray computed tomography for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
Authors: Y Masuda, H Yoshida, N Morooka, S Watanabe, Y Inagaki
Journal: Circulation (1984)

Conventional and enhanced computed tomographic (CT) examinations were performed in 103 patients with myocardial infarction for evaluation of the diagnostic usefulness of CT. After intravenous bolus injection of contrast material, an initial filling defect and late enhancement of the infarcted myocardium appeared on the cardiac CT images. These two findings were direct evidence of myocardial infarction; the former was found mostly in the patient with recent myocardial infarctions, and the latter was recognized both in those with recent and those with "remote" infarctions. Wall thinning at the site of infarction was found by enhanced CT mostly in patients with anteroseptal or extensive anterior infarctions, and was rarely found in patients with inferoposterior infarctions. Left ventricular aneurysms and ventricular thrombi were found by enhanced CT in 39 and 23 of the 103 subjects, respectively, and the sensitivity of CT in detecting intracardiac thrombi was higher than that of two-dimensional echocardiography. Calcification of the myocardium and pericardial effusion associated with myocardial infarction were also detected by conventional nonenhanced CT. Thus, cardiac CT was found to be a useful test in evaluating patients with myocardial infarction.
304 TRAIL ENHANCES THE ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF IFN AGAINST HBV THROUGH UPREGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF IFN RECEPTOR 1 AND 2
Authors: K. Nakao, T. Ichikawa, T. Miyaaki, N. Taura, Y. Akazawa, H. Isomoto, F. Takeshima
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Change in suicide rates for patients with schizophrenia in Denmark, 1981-97: nested case-control study
Authors: Merete Nordentoft, Thomas Munk Laursen, Esben Agerbo, Ping Qin, Eyd Hansen Høyer, Preben Bo Mortensen
Journal: BMJ (2004)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To study the change in risk of suicide among patients with schizophrenia and related disorders. <b>Design</b> Nested case-control design with linked data. <b>Setting</b> 4 longitudinal Danish registers. <b>Participants</b> 18 744 people aged up to 75 years who committed suicide in 1981-97 individually matched with 20 controls. <b>Results</b> Over the time studied the reduction in suicide rate among patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorder was similar to that seen in the general population (incidence rate ratio 1.00, 95% confidence interval 0.98 to 1.03). The reduction among patients with other psychosis in the schizophrenia spectrum was faster than the reduction seen in the general population. Among people admitted to hospital with schizophrenia the risk of suicide was highest in the first year after first admission, and the excess risk was largest in the younger age groups—that is, the risk decreased per year for every additional year of age. <b>Conclusion</b> The suicide rate among patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and related disorders has fallen. This may be due to better psychiatric treatment, reduced access to means of suicide, or improvements in treatment after suicide attempts.
Whither "Nil Nocere?"
Authors: Walter F. Tauber
Journal: JAMA (1974)

To the Editor.—  In the issue of Oct 20, Dr. Hussey commented editorially on the controversy between Dr. Blumberg and Dr. Szasz on the ethics of experimenting without the full knowledge and consent of the subject.  Obviously, tests on urine do no physical harm to the patient. However, nil nocere must be given wider interpretation. I have been advised by several attorneys that few, if any, states recognize a patient-physician privilege of confidentiality. Certainly Massachusetts specifically provides that physicians can be forced to testify over a patient's objection. Therefore, it is inescapable that drug (abuse) determinations, without the consent of the patient, can readily produce legal evidence against him. Dr. Blumberg's answer (quoted in the editorial), Since our procedure did not affect the patients in any adverse way.... is therefore erroneous. I do not wish to put words into Dr. Szasz's mouth, nor do I wish to impugn Dr. Blumberg's
Colonoscopic Screening of Average-Risk Women for Colorectal Neoplasia
Authors: Philip Schoenfeld, Brooks Cash, Andrew Flood, Richard Dobhan, John Eastone, Walter Coyle, James W. Kikendall, Hyungjin Myra Kim, David G. Weiss, Theresa Emory, Arthur Schatzkin, David Lieberman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Veterans Affairs (VA) Cooperative Study 380 showed that some advanced colorectal neoplasias (i.e., adenomas at least 1 cm in diameter, villous adenomas, adenomas with high-grade dysplasia, or cancer) in men would be missed with the use of flexible sigmoidoscopy but detected by colonoscopy. In a tandem study, we examined the yield of screening colonoscopy in women.To determine the prevalence and location of advanced neoplasia, we offered colonoscopy to consecutive asymptomatic women referred for colon-cancer screening. The diagnostic yield of flexible sigmoidoscopy was calculated by estimating the proportion of patients with advanced neoplasia whose lesions would have been identified if they had undergone flexible sigmoidoscopy alone. Lesions were considered detectable by flexible sigmoidoscopy if they were in the distal colon or if they were in the proximal colon in patients who had concurrent small adenomas in the distal colon, a finding that would have led to colonoscopy. The results were compared with the results from VA Cooperative Study 380 for age-matched men and women with negative fecal occult-blood tests and no family history of colon cancer.Colonoscopy was complete in 1463 women, 230 of whom (15.7 percent) had a family history of colon cancer. Colonoscopy revealed advanced neoplasia in 72 women (4.9 percent). If flexible sigmoidoscopy alone had been performed, advanced neoplasia would have been detected in 1.7 percent of these women (25 of 1463) and missed in 3.2 percent (47 of 1463). Only 35.2 percent of women with advanced neoplasia would have had their lesions identified if they had undergone flexible sigmoidoscopy alone, as compared with 66.3 percent of matched men from VA Cooperative Study 380 (P<0.001).Colonoscopy may be the preferred method of screening for colorectal cancer in women.
Miro1 Is a Calcium Sensor for Glutamate Receptor-Dependent Localization of Mitochondria at Synapses
Authors: Andrew F. MacAskill, Johanne E. Rinholm, Alison E. Twelvetrees, I. Lorena Arancibia-Carcamo, James Muir, Asa Fransson, Pontus Aspenstrom, David Attwell, Josef T. Kittler
Journal: Neuron (2009)

Energy use, mainly to reverse ion movements in neurons, is a fundamental constraint on brain information processing. Trafficking of mitochondria to locations in neurons where there are large ion fluxes is essential for powering neural function. Mitochondrial trafficking is regulated by Ca2+ entry through ionotropic glutamate receptors, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. We show that the protein Miro1 links mitochondria to KIF5 motor proteins, allowing mitochondria to move along microtubules. This linkage is inhibited by micromolar levels of Ca2+ binding to Miro1. With the EF hand domains of Miro1 mutated to prevent Ca2+ binding, Miro1 could still facilitate mitochondrial motility, but mitochondrial stopping induced by glutamate or neuronal activity was blocked. Activating neuronal NMDA receptors with exogenous or synaptically released glutamate led to Miro1 positioning mitochondria at the postsynaptic side of synapses. Thus, Miro1 is a key determinant of how energy supply is matched to energy usage in neurons.
Letter from Sierra Leone: Sierra Leone: people displaced because of diamonds
Authors: H Veeken
Journal: BMJ (1994)

People from the south east of Sierra Leone are fleeing their homes in large numbers - frightened by violence. Since the military overthrew the government in 1992 the violence has increased. No one is sure who is carrying out the attacks, but the motive is clear: the area is a good source of diamonds. Although the camps for displaced people are generally well organised, there is a shortage of clean water and medical staff and supplies and Medecins sans Frontieres is planning to offer help. The fighting may be difficult to end, however; even children are being recruited as soldiers by the government.

“Too many,” the waitress answers firmly. While waiting for my host to arrive I am trying to find out the number of inhabitants in Sierra Leone. The waitress seems to blush as she realises that I'm not satisfied with the answer and asks a colleague for help . “It is so difficult, sir; everyday there are more,” she answers. I left the small survey at that. I had arrived in Sierra Leone that night. The stories of Sierra Leone had reached me in Liberia, a country neighbouring Sierra Leone, and they had made me decide to reschedule my trip to see whether Medecins sans Frontieres could help.

“It is diamonds and violence that rule the country,” my host, a European embassy official, tells me when he joins me at the dinner table. “Take this map of the country and you see how diamonds and violence overlap.” He points to the south east of the country, where the main mining towns such as Kenema and Koino are located. “Yesterday a diamond worth $3 million was dug up,” he says. The map is covered with dots and dates where he has meticulously marked the dates of attacks. “Where there …
β Globin messenger RNA content of bone marrow erythroblasts in heterozygous β‐thalassemia
Authors: Edward J. Benz, Jonathan Pritchard, Diane Hillman, Jonathan Glass, Bernard G. Forget
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1984)

Abstract RNA from bone marrow erythroblasts and peripheral blood reticulocytes of patients with heterozygous β‐thalassemia was analyzed for relative content of α and β globin messenger RNA by molecular hybrization. Erythroblasts from nonthalassemic patients exhibited approximately the same α and β globin mRNA content (β/α mRNA ratio = 0.8–1.0) as circulating reticulocytes (β/α mRNA ratio = 0.74–1.2). The mRNA ratios corresponded well to levels of globin synthesis observed in bone marrow and peripheral blood. Erythroblasts from four patients with heterozygous β‐thalassemia also exhibited approximately the same β/α mRNA ratios in bone marrow erythroblasts (0.34–0.59) as in reticulocytes (0.34–0.4): β globin mRNA was clearly deficient in bone marrow erythroblasts. Globin biosynthesis by erythroblasts of β‐thalassemia heterozygotes was balanced despite the mRNA deficiency (β/α = 0.9–1.0), suggesting that post‐translational phenoma (eg, proteolysis of free globin chains), rather than instability of β mRNA, accounts for the balanced globin chain synthesis frequently observed in bone marrow erythroblasts of patients with β‐thalassemia trait.
Flexural erythematous eruption following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation: a study of four cases.
Authors: V. Brazzelli, M. Ardigo, M.G. Chiesa, C. Vassallo, M. Varettoni, R.G. Borroni, E.P. Alessandrino, G. Borroni
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2001)

Autologous bone marrow transplantation and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (APBSCT) are alternative therapeutic options in the treatment of various malignancies. We describe four patients undergoing APBSCT for malignancies; they developed a cutaneous eruption characterized by confluent erythematous and hyperpigmented patches within the flexural areas during the first month after transplantation. The lesions were poorly circumscribed without epidermal changes such as scaling, xerosis, erosions or atrophy. The skin patches were treated with topical corticosteroids and resolved within a few days with discoloration. Histopathological findings were characterized by focal vacuolar degeneration of the basal layer with epidermal dysmaturation. We believe that these cutaneous eruptions are consistent with an interplay of high-dose chemotherapy and local factors such as friction, local skin temperature and eccrine gland distribution, which could explain the constant location of this eruption in the axillae and genital area.
VARYING INFLUENCE OF TUBERCULOUS RABBIT PLASMA ON THE GROWTH OF FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO
Authors: Homer F. Swift, Johannes K. Moen, Ernst Vaubel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1934)

Plasma obtained from tuberculous rabbits within 3 or 4 months following inoculation with bovine tubercle bacilli exerted a growth-inhibitory influence on transplants of rabbit fibroblasts; while that obtained after the 4th month was growth-stimulating. It is suggested that the growth-inhibitory factor was linked in part with lipoidemia; while the growth-stimulating elements were associated with the period of leucocytosis.
Biologic and Immunologic Characterization and Physical Separation of ACTH and ACTH Fragments in the Ectopic ACTH Syndrome
Authors: David N. Orth, Wendell E. Nicholson, William M. Mitchell, Donald P. Island, Grant W. Liddle
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

Extracts of tumors from 32 patients with the ectopic ACTH syndrome were subjected to simultaneous bioassay and radioimmunoassays for ACTH. Radioimmunoassays were performed using three antisera, one of which reacts with the extreme N-terminal 1-13 amino acid sequence of ACTH, the second with the N-terminal 1-23 sequence of the ACTH molecule, and the third with the C-terminal 25-39 amino acid sequence of ACTH. There was, in general, good correlation between bioactivity and N-terminal ACTH immunoreactivity. However, there were large excesses of both extreme N-terminal and C-terminal immunoreactive materials in most tumor extracts, which were not found in extracts of three human pituitaries. Three tumor extracts were subjected to molecular sieve chromatography on Sephadex G-50 fine resin. The bioactive ACTH eluted in the same fractions as pituitary ACTH (mol wt approximately 4,500 daltons) and reacted equally in all three ACTH radioimmunoassay systems. The bioactive tumor ACTH was neutralized by incubation with the C-terminal antiserum, indicating it has an intact C-terminal sequence of amino acids. The next several fractions from the Sephadex column contained a material, mol wt approximately 3,100, which was biologically inactive and had C-terminal immunoreactivity but no N-terminal or extreme N-terminal immunoreactivity. Incubation with the N-terminal 1-23 ACTH antiserum did not adsorb these C-terminal fragments, indicating they lacked an intact sequence of amino acids in this region. A smaller ACTH fragment (mol wt approximately 1,800 daltons) eluted in still later fractions and reacted with the extreme N-terminal antiserum but not with the N-terminal or C-terminal antisera. It had no steroidogenic activity, but appeared to have significant melanocyte-stimulating activity. It is concluded that, in addition to an ACTH similar, if not identical, to pituitary ACTH, tumors of patients with the ectopic ACTH syndrome contain both N-terminal and C-terminal ACTH fragments.
The SAT&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;: A Quantitative Scoring System for the AT&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt; Test as a Measure of Symbolic Function Central to Alexithymic Presentation
Authors: K.R. Cohen, L.A. Demers-Deswsiers, R.F.H. Catchlove
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1983)

This paper reports the result of preliminary efforts to devise a more objective and quantifiable system with which to score the AT9 test. The AT9 traces symbolic function, a trait central to an alexithymic presentation, and until now has been available only to those clinicians who have the prior knowledge necessary to projectively interpret it. Based on a sample of 42 patients, the inter-rater reliability on the new scale (SAT9) reaches highly acceptable levels of significance as does the correlation between the SAT9 and the ranked projectively interpreted protocols (RPAT9). These results support the further refinement of the SAT9 scale as a means of facilitating the use of this test as a measure of a central alexithymic process.
Breast Cancer Mortality and Age at Diagnosis—Reply
Authors: Willemien van de Water, Gerrit-Jan Liefers, Cornelius J. H. van de Velde
Journal: JAMA (2012)

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Lady doctors: where are the gentleman doctors?
Authors: Alan Davies
Journal: BMJ (2005)

EDITOR—McCann's personal view on Guy Fawkes's influence on medicine after 400 years intrigued me.1 I recently made an appointment to see a doctor. We agreed a time, and I asked which doctor I would be seeing. “Dr———,” the receptionist replied. “She's one of our lady doctors.” As I walked away I wondered whether, if it had been a doctor of the other …
Photodynamic therapy and cancer
Authors: S. B Brown, S. H Ibbotson
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Promising results need to be followed by development of more selective drugs

Photodynamic therapy uses visible light, molecular oxygen (normally present in most tissues at adequate concentration), and an otherwise innocuous drug to destroy tumours.1 All three components are needed for the cytotoxic effect. Photodynamic therapy is licensed for the treatment of several cancers1 and age related macular degeneration2; it is also being developed for the treatment of infections.3 Photosensitising drugs may be given systemically or locally, but because the primary targeting is through precise direction of visible light from a laser or other source, the ultimate effect is local rather than systemic. This is important because, although it means that photodynamic therapy cannot cure disseminated disease, it underpins the selective targeting of this treatment and lack of generalised toxicity.

The photosensitising drug is given first, and after a time interval of between a few hours and four days—to allow the maximum concentration differential to develop between the tumour and surrounding healthy tissue—light is applied either from a laser for internal treatment or a light emitting diode or similar source for topical treatment. The tumour localised photosensitiser absorbs light of the appropriate wavelength and transfers the light derived energy …
Expression of the third member of the serum amyloid A gene family in mouse adipocytes.
Authors: E P Benditt, R L Meek
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

Three homologous genes that code for three related proteins comprise the serum amyloid A (SAA) family in the mouse. Endotoxin induces equally vigorous expression of mRNAs for the three SAA genes in liver. In extrahepatic tissues SAA1 and/or SAA2 mRNAs have been found only in kidney and intestine, however, SAA3 is expressed in all extrahepatic tissues thus far examined. This observation raised the question: is SAA3 mRNA expressed by a single cell system dispersed throughout all tissues, or by differentiated cells of each tissue? This question was explored in various tissues by in situ hybridization with a single-stranded cRNA probe specific for SAA3 mRNA. We found expression in the liver of SAA3 mRNA by other cells as well as by hepatocytes. A common feature among extrahepatic tissues was SAA3 mRNA expression in adipocytes. SAA3 mRNA was also found in two nonadipose cells, Leydig cells of the testis, and some of the cells located in parafollicular zones of the spleen.