tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PATHOLOGY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION IN MICE FOLLOWING INTRANASAL INSTILLATION
Authors: Geoffrey Rake
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1936)

Pneumonia can be produced in mice, which have not been previously prepared, by intranasal inoculation of broth cultures of certain strains of pneumococci. Lesions which are quantitatively different can be produced in different breeds of mice by inoculation of the same type of pneumococcus. Similar inoculation of different types of pneumococci into one breed of mice results in lesions which are qualitatively different. In general, these lesions are as follows: a diffuse pneumonia and an acute glomerular nephritis in unselected mice receiving Type I strains; a confluent pneumonia and a tubular nephritis in the case of Type II strains; and as result of Type III strains, an interstitial pneumonia with extensive gelatinous pleurisy, together with necrosis and abscess formation in the spleen and cervical lymph nodes. Resistant strains of mice with Type III pneumococci show slight changes in the lungs, but marked lesions in the spleen and cervical nodes, while susceptible mice with the same type of pneumococcus show marked changes in the lung and moderate lesions in the spleen and cervical nodes. The method of development of Type III pneumonia, studied by means of serial sections of nasally infected mice, appears to proceed in the stages of vascular engorgement, interalveolar interstitial exudate, albuminous fluid exudate into the alveoli and the perivascular lymphatics draining the affected site, and finally, a frank pneumonia with a cellular exudate in the alveoli but without much fibrin.
Does Random Treatment Assignment Cause Harm to Research Participants?
Authors: Cary P Gross, Harlan M Krumholz, Gretchen Van Wye, Ezekiel J Emanuel, David Wendler
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

Some argue that by precluding individualized treatment, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) provide substandard medical care, while others claim that participation in clinical research is associated with improved patient outcomes. However, there are few data to assess the impact of random treatment assignment on RCT participants. We therefore performed a systematic review to quantify the differences in health outcomes between randomized trial participants and eligible non-participants.Studies were identified by searching Medline, the Web of Science citation database, and manuscript references. Studies were eligible if they documented baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of RCT participants and eligible non-participants, and allowed non-participants access to the same interventions available to trial participants. Primary study outcomes according to patient group (randomized trial participants versus eligible non-participants) were extracted from all eligible manuscripts. For 22 of the 25 studies (88%) meeting eligibility criteria, there were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between patients who received random assignment of treatment (RCT participants) and those who received individualized treatment assignment (eligible non-participants). In addition, there was no relation between random treatment assignment and clinical outcome in 15 of the 17 studies (88%) in which randomized and nonrandomized patients had similar health status at baseline.These findings suggest that randomized treatment assignment as part of a clinical trial does not harm research participants.
The Milroy Lectures ON HALF A CENTURY OF SMALL-POX AND VACCINATION: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London
Authors: J. C. McVail
Journal: BMJ (1919)

IN beglinlillnnn these lectures I crave permission to strike a personal niote.-It happens to be, jtust fifty years since I entered oin tile study of miiedicine at thle ol0( C(ollege of (Glasglow.rTje palnemnic of small-pox wlhich lhad stactedl before, but was greatly favoured by the Franco-Pru-SSiiui war, reaclhed Glasaow iu 1871.At first soiic cases of theo disease were treated in thle Fever Houtse of tlhe Royal Infirmary, so that students had opportunity of secil( smnall-pox in the -wards, though spread of inifection am`o0n1f patients soon, Xc,aused its excluisioni In 1873-74 the epidcli reaclhed the town of Kilmarnock in Ayrsliire, where I biadl just begun practice and whliei-c tlhe outbrealk eol( w;atched froml beginning to ed(l.A few y<.rs later lily initerest was stimiiulated by tl e discovery oi; a local reg,,i t r of inortality covering the periocd 1728 to 1764.PabliL' 1- tionI of the facts as to the ravages of small-pox revealed in tllis reCord led to fatr'tlher disecLssioni of the whole sulhJie-t, which again resulted in nim givingc lengtlhy evidence beforn, tle Royal Commission oln Vaccination.Also, as Medical Officer of Healtlh for Kilmarnock and subsequently for thec (i couniities of Stirling and Dnubarton, various opportun ities of dcealing withl tlhe disease, especially froiii tlle preventive and administrative sides, fell to my lot, and niowv my thanks are (dule to the Royal College of T)liysi-la1iians ]r givill mlic the opportulnity, th"rouigh tile -Iiloy Lectt-1- silip, of endeavouring t3 111 ill) tile Op)inionls o eouellli-
FRACTURES ABOUT THE ELBOW
Authors: NATHANIEL ALLISON
Journal: JAMA (1927)

Fractures about the elbow are almost always the cause of serious concern. Ample testimony to the truth of this fact can be given by most practitioners of medicine or surgery who have had much experience, as these fractures have led to disaster both to the patient and to the physician. An elbow which has wholly or partly lost its motion, a deformed elbow, paralysis or partial paralysis of the forearm and hand, Volkmann's contracture, and myositis ossificans are not infrequently the results of fracture at the elbow. Such unfortunate experiences lead to loss of elbow function for the patient and loss of reputation for the physician, and often are complicated but not settled by suits for alleged malpractice. The reasons for disaster following elbow fracture are simply stated. Unfortunately, they are not remembered as vividly as they should be in many instances. The reasons for disaster are anatomic. The elbow
Cystic Submucosal Tumors in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Endosonographic Findings and Endoscopic Removal
Authors: None Hizawa, None Matsumoto, None Kouzuki, None Suekane, None Esaki, None Fujishima
Journal: Endoscopy (2000)

The aim of the present study was to describe the endosonographic findings in gastrointestinal cystic submucosal tumors.The endosonographic and clinicopathological findings in 51 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of cystic submucosal tumors were reviewed.Endosonographically, cystic submucosal tumors were classified into simple cystic, multicystic, and solid cystic tumor types. The simple cystic tumor type was frequently identified in cysts, and rarely in Brunner's gland hamartomas or in heterotopic gastric mucosa. The multicystic tumor type was common in lymphangiomas, followed by gastric cystic malformations, hemangiomas, and Brunner's gland hamartomas. The solid cystic tumor type included duplication cysts, heterotopic gastric mucosa, heterotopic pancreas, myogenic tumors with advanced cystic degeneration, and gastric tuberculomas. Based on the endosonographic findings, 14 lesions were safely treated with endoscopic removal, using in particular the unroofing technique (cutting off the upper part of the tumors) in nine lesions.Endosonography is a useful diagnostic modality for investigating cystic submucosal tumors.
Surgical animal models of heart failure related to coronary heart disease
Authors: R KLOCKE, W TIAN, M KUHLMANN, S NIKOL
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2006)

Coronary heart disease is caused by atherosclerotic narrowing of coronary arteries. It accounts for about two-thirds of heart failure cases, which are frequently secondary to myocardial infarction. Despite considerable progress in the understanding and management of heart failure, its incidence, prevalence and economic burden are steadily increasing. Therefore, efficient preventive and therapeutic measures are urgently needed. In order to investigate the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease-related heart failure and to develop therapies, appropriate animal models are indispensable. According to the aetiology of this disorder, surgical models are based on various methods allowing for the narrowing or occlusion of coronary arteries. Depending on the duration and extent of the impairment of coronary blood flow and its consequences for cardiac tissue, these are classified as models of myocardial infarction, cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury, or chronic cardiac ischemia. In addition, factors such as species, strain, and gender of the laboratory animals also significantly contribute to the pathophysiology of the induced disorder and, therefore, have to be taken into consideration thoroughly when an animal model is to be established.
Integrative prognostic risk score in acute myeloid leukemia with normal karyotype
Authors: Frederik Damm, Michael Heuser, Michael Morgan, Katharina Wagner, Kerstin Görlich, Anika Großhennig, Iyas Hamwi, Felicitas Thol, Ewa Surdziel, Walter Fiedler, Michael Lübbert, Lothar Kanz, Christoph Reuter, Gerhard Heil, Ruud Delwel, Bob Löwenberg, Peter J. M. Valk, Jürgen Krauter, Arnold Ganser
Journal: Blood (2011)
THE SEQUENCE OF THE PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN APPENDICITIS.A STUDY OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LESIONS FOUND IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF APPENDICITIS, BASED ON THE PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS IN A SERIES OF OPERATIVE CASES.
Authors: E. MacD. STANTON
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Within recent years much has been written concerning the pathology of appendicitis. The anatomic characteristics of the different varieties of appendicitis, together with the secondary lesions accompanying the primary appendiceal inflammation, have been most carefully described and abundant statistics dealing with the relative frequency of the different types of appendiceal and periappendiceal lesions exist. In spite of all this accumulated knowledge, the subject of the pathology of appendicitis is not by any means a closed chapter, but continues to be prominent in medical discussions and literature. The reason for this, perhaps, may lie in the fact that it has not yet been generally recognized that the different pathologic conditions, as they are encountered at operation in cases of appendicitis, represent, for the most part, simply different stages of an inflammatory process involving primarily the appendix and accompanied, in a large proportion of cases, by a more or less extensive secondary involvement of the peritoneal cavity.
Seasonal Variations in Air Pollution Particle-Induced Inflammatory Mediator Release and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Susanne Becker, Lisa A. Dailey, Joleen M. Soukup, Steven C. Grambow, Robert B. Devlin, Yuh-Chin T. Huang
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

Health effects associated with particulate matter (PM) show seasonal variations. We hypothesized that these heterogeneous effects may be attributed partly to the differences in the elemental composition of PM. Normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and alveolar macrophages (AMs) were exposed to equal mass of coarse [PM with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5-10 microm (PM(2.5-10)], fine (PM(2.5)), and ultrafine (PM(<0.1)) ambient PM from Chapel Hill, North Carolina, during October 2001 (fall) and January (winter), April (spring), and July (summer) 2002. Production of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured. Coarse PM was more potent in inducing cytokines, but not ROSs, than was fine or ultrafine PM. In AMs, the October coarse PM was the most potent stimulator for IL-6 release, whereas the July PM consistently stimulated the highest ROS production measured by dichlorofluorescein acetate and dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR). In NHBE cells, the January and the October PM were consistently the strongest stimulators for IL-8 and ROS, respectively. The July PM increased only ROS measured by DHR. PM had minimal effects on chemiluminescence. Principal-component analysis on elemental constituents of PM of all size fractions identified two factors, Cr/Al/Si/Ti/Fe/Cu and Zn/As/V/Ni/Pb/Se, with only the first factor correlating with IL-6/IL-8 release. Among the elements in the first factor, Fe and Si correlated with IL-6 release, whereas Cr correlated with IL-8 release. These positive correlations were confirmed in additional experiments with PM from all 12 months. These results indicate that elemental constituents of PM may in part account for the seasonal variations in PM-induced adverse health effects related to lung inflammation.
Inversion of the Uterus due to Cord Traction
Authors: J. H. Patterson
Journal: BMJ (1963)

The mitochondrial deubiquitylase USP30 negatively regulates the selective autophagy of damaged mitochondria. We present the characterisation of an N-cyano pyrrolidine compound, FT3967385, with high selectivity for USP30. We demonstrate that ubiquitylation of TOM20, a component of the outer mitochondrial membrane import machinery, represents a robust biomarker for both USP30 loss and inhibition. A proteomics analysis, on a SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cell line model, directly compares the effects of genetic loss of USP30 with chemical inhibition. We have thereby identified a subset of ubiquitylation events consequent to mitochondrial depolarisation that are USP30 sensitive. Within responsive elements of the ubiquitylome, several components of the outer mitochondrial membrane transport (TOM) complex are prominent. Thus, our data support a model whereby USP30 can regulate the availability of ubiquitin at the specific site of mitochondrial PINK1 accumulation following membrane depolarisation. USP30 deubiquitylation of TOM complex components dampens the trigger for the Parkin-dependent amplification of mitochondrial ubiquitylation leading to mitophagy. Accordingly, PINK1 generation of phospho-Ser65 ubiquitin proceeds more rapidly in cells either lacking USP30 or subject to USP30 inhibition.
Inhibition of β-Catenin Enhances the Anticancer Effect of Irreversible EGFR-TKI in EGFR-Mutated Non–small-cell Lung Cancer with a T790M Mutation
Authors: Yosuke Togashi, Hidetoshi Hayashi, Masato Terashima, Marco A de Velasco, Kazuko Sakai, Yoshihiko Fujita, Shuta Tomida, Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kazuto Nishio
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2014)
Chest Pain in Patients Seen in Emergency Clinics
Authors: Robert E. Kleiger
Journal: JAMA (1976)

CAUSES of chest pain are diverse and numerous. The chest contains many structures. Not only can disease of any of these structures produce pain in the chest, but also pain originating elsewhere in the body, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, may be referred to the chest. Longlasting pain or brief episodes of chest discomfort are the two patterns of pain that usually cause emergency clinic visits. Either pattern may be caused by benign or life-threatening conditions, but persistent severe pain, particularly if associated with objective evidence of disease, such as fever, tachycardia, or the appearance of shock, points toward a serious organic condition. Much more important than the duration of the pain or even its quality are its mode of onset and factors that incite, affect, or relieve it. Although radiation of the pain to the left arm is frequently considered by both patient and physician as particularly ominous and
THE ANATOMY AND SURGICAL UTILITY OF SACRO-UTERINE LIGAMENTS
Authors: GEORGE B. SOMERS
Journal: JAMA (1913)

The sacro-uterine ligaments, from an operative standpoint, attract very little attention. While they have been the object of occasional study, neither their limitations nor their extensions have been fixed so as to give them a definite place in surgery. The general impression seems to be that they are difficult of access and both structurally and mechanically of doubtful surgical utility. <h3>HISTORY</h3> From 1902 to 1906, Bovée<sup>1</sup>published a series of articles calling attention to the sacro-uterine ligaments. His bibliography shows that as far back as 1850 efforts were made to utilize the ligament in the treatment of retroversion of the uterus. In 1902 he gave an interesting historical account and described the various methods proposed for shortening the ligaments. The technic of these operations, whether the mode of approach was through the vagina or through the abdomen, consisted of folding or doubling the ligaments without actually isolating them. Bovée,
Life expectancy at birth and at age 65 for local areas in England and Wales
Authors: A. Majeed
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The continuing divide in health status illustrates the need for a fair funding formula for the NHS.1 Life expectancy at birth has been used as a measure of the health of the population of England and Wales since the 1840s. Recently published statistics from the UK Office for National Statistics show that the north-south divide in distribution of life expectancy across England continues, with people who …
Phenotype diversity in type 1 Gaucher disease: discovering the genetic basis of Gaucher disease/hematologic malignancy phenotype by individual genome analysis
Authors: Sarah M. Lo, Murim Choi, Jun Liu, Dhanpat Jain, Rolf G. Boot, Wouter W. Kallemeijn, Johannes M. F. G. Aerts, Farzana Pashankar, Gary M. Kupfer, Shrikant Mane, Richard P. Lifton, Pramod K. Mistry
Journal: Blood (2012)
Detection of type 2-like T-helper cells in hepatitis C virus infection: Implications for hepatitis C virus chronicity
Authors: S Tsai, Y Liaw, M Chen, C Huang, G C Kuo
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

ABSTRACT One striking clinical feature of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is that more than 50% of patients with acute hepatitis C will develop chronic infection. To investigate its possible mechanisms, we examined the activation of type 2–like T–helper (Th2–like) cells relating to the development of chronicity. Peripheral blood CD4+ T–cell proliferation and cytokine secretion in response to a panel of recombinant HCV antigens including core (C22), envelope 1 (E1), E2, nonstructural (NS) protein 4 (C100), fusion protein of NS3 and NS4 (C200), and NS5 were assayed in 17 patients with acute hepatitis C. All six patients with self–limited disease had a significant CD4+ T–cell proliferation to C22, E1, C100, C200, and NS5, running parallel with the antigen–stimulated secretion of interleukin (IL)–2 and interferon γ (IFN–γ), but not with interleukin (IL)–4 and IL–10, indicating predominant Th1 responses. Among the remaining 11 patients who developed chronicity, 6, 2, and 9 cases showed a specific CD4+ T–cell response to C22, C100, and C200, respectively, and the responses were significantly lower than those of cases with recovery in terms of stimulation index (SI) ( P &lt; .05) and of antigen–stimulated IL–2 and IFN–γ production. Importantly, IL–4 and IL–10 (Th2 responses) were detectable, and C22–specific Th2–like T–cell clones could be generated from patients with chronicity. The data suggested that activation of Th2 responses in acute hepatitis C patients may play a role in the development of chronicity.
What Are We Teaching About Indigent Patients?
Authors: Joseph P. Keenan
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To the Editor.  —It is somewhat ironic, but not surprising, that Miles does not follow his own advice. While he is busy telling other physicians of their obligation to provide free care, he is accepting payment from the Pew Charitable Trust and the Rockefeller Trust to write a two-page essay.  It's too bad that he does not practice what he preaches and provide these profound insights and criticisms free of charge.
Concanavalin A amplifies both beta-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptor-adenylate cyclase-linked pathways in cardiac myocytes.
Authors: K J Rocha-Singh, D K Hines, N Y Honbo, J S Karliner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Concanavalin A (Con A) is a tetrameric plant lectin that disrupts plasma membrane-cytoskeletal interactions and alters plasma membrane fluidity. We used Con A as a probe to explore beta-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptor-mediated regulation of cAMP in intact neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Preincubation with Con A, 0.5 micrograms/ml, attenuated 1 microM (-)-norepinephrine (NE)-induced downregulation of beta-adrenergic receptors and resulted in a 50% augmentation of cAMP accumulation stimulated by 1 microM NE. Con A also augmented forskolin (1-10 microM)-stimulated cAMP accumulation by an average of 37% (P less than 0.05); however, Con A preincubation had no effect on basal or cholera toxin-stimulated cAMP content. The muscarinic cholinergic agonist carbachol (1-100 microM) decreased 1 microM NE-stimulated cAMP generation by an average of 32% (n = 7, P less than 0.05); preincubation with Con A further enhanced the inhibitory effect of carbachol by 18% (n = 7, P less than 0.05). Carbachol (1 microM) for 2 h decreased muscarinic cholinergic receptor density in whole cells by 33%; preincubation with Con A prevented this receptor downregulation. Con A pretreatment did not affect (-)-isoproterenol- or forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in cell homogenates, suggesting that an intact cytoarchitecture is necessary for Con A to augment cAMP formation. We conclude that Con A, through its modulation of beta-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptor signaling, amplifies both stimulatory and inhibitory adenylate cyclase-linked pathways in intact neonatal ventricular myocytes. These data suggest the possibility that plasma membrane-cytoskeletal interaction is an important regulator of transmembrane signaling because interference with this interaction results in alterations in cAMP accumulation mediated by both beta-adrenergic- and muscarinic cholinergic-adenylate cyclase pathways.
Recurrent Parathyroid Carcinoma Appearing as FDG Negative but MIBI Positive
Authors: Yazan Z. Alabed, Rajan Rakheja, Javier A. Novales-Diaz, Robert Lisbona
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2014)

A 44-year-old woman with recurrent parathyroid carcinoma (PTC) presents with moderately elevated parathyroid hormone and ionized calcium levels. Dual-phase 99mTc-MIBI SPECT study of the neck and chest demonstrated 2 new foci in keeping with neoplastic seeding. A restaging whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT showed no evidence of FDG uptake in the region of the MIBI-positive foci or any evidence of distant metastases. The role of 18F-FDG PET/CT for imaging PTC is still somewhat limited because of the rarity of this disease. We present a case highlighting a potential pitfall for FDG PET in detecting PTC.