tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine.
Authors: R D Foord
Journal: BMJ (1971)

of electronic automatic counters has com- pletely altered this, for they can count many thousands of cells in a few seconds.The Coulter Model "S" counts approximately 18,000 cells in each of three replicate channels in four seconds.These three replicate counts correspond closely and the inherent error should be only a fraction of that of counts done visually.Automatic cell counters may introduce a number of errors of their own, such as co- incidence counts, incorrect setting of the threshold of discrimination, or those due to the presence of bubbles in the sample line.Nevertheless the precision now achieved with red cell counts gives the M.C.V. a status that it could not hold previously.(3) Neither the manual nor the automatic hs correspondence is now closed.-The normal human adult kidney can A plan of the hospital, a few pictures, ED., B.M.Y.
Is Acute Otitis Media a Treatable Disease?
Authors: Jerome O. Klein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

In this issue of the Journal, investigators in Pittsburgh and in Turku, Finland, respond to the question of whether infants and young children with acute otitis media benefit from amoxicillin–clavulanate therapy initiated at the time of diagnosis.1,2 Physicians who cared for children 50 years ago would be surprised — more likely shocked — that the question is being asked. Before antimicrobial agents were introduced, acute otitis media was a severe event in infants. In 1932, acute otitis media and its suppurative complications accounted for 27% of all pediatric admissions to Bellevue Hospital.3 Mastoiditis and suppurative intracranial complications were common. . . .
Synthetic Lethal Interaction of Combined BCL-XL and MEK Inhibition Promotes Tumor Regressions in KRAS Mutant Cancer Models
Authors: Ryan B. Corcoran, Katherine A. Cheng, Aaron N. Hata, Anthony C. Faber, Hiromichi Ebi, Erin M. Coffee, Patricia Greninger, Ronald D. Brown, Jason T. Godfrey, Travis J. Cohoon, Youngchul Song, Eugene Lifshits, Kenneth E. Hung, Toshi Shioda, Dora Dias-Santagata, Anurag Singh, Jeffrey Settleman, Cyril H. Benes, Mari Mino-Kenudson, Kwok-Kin Wong, Jeffrey A. Engelman
Journal: Cancer Cell (2012)
IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CHEST PAIN, STRESS CARDIAC MRI OBSERVATION UNIT CARE REDUCES 1-YEAR CARDIAC-RELATED HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES: A RANDOMIZED TRIAL
Authors: Chadwick Miller, Wenke Hwang, Doug Case, James W. Hoekstra, Cedric Lefebvre, Howard Blumstein, Craig A. Hamilton, Erin N. Harper, W Gregory Hundley
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Pericapillary fibrin in the ulcer-bearing skin of the leg: the cause of lipodermatosclerosis and venous ulceration.
Authors: K G Burnand, I Whimster, A Naidoo, N L Browse
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Forty-one biopsy specimens, taken from the ulcer-bearing skin of 41 legs of 21 patients attending the varicose vein clinic, were selectively stained for fibrin with phosphotungstic acid haemotoxylin before being blindly assessed,. Layers of fibrin were found surrounding the dermal capillaries in all 26 legs with lipodermatosclerosis. None of the specimens from the 15 legs with clinically normal skin contained fibrin. There was also an increased number of dermal capillaries cut in cross section per high powered field in 24 of the 26 legs with lipodermatosclerosis compared with two of the 15 legs with normal skin (p less than 0.001). The mean reduction in foot vein pressure during exercise was significantly less in the 26 limbs with pericapillary fibrin than in the other 15 limbs (p less than 10(-6). Lipodermatosclerosis is synonymous with pericapillary fibrin deposition and is associated with, and probably secondary to, both a persistently raised venous pressure and an increase in the size of the dermal capillary bed. This extravascular deposition of fibrin probably stimulates tissue fibrosis and blocks the diffusion of oxygen to the overlying epidermis, producing cellular death and venous ulceration.
SHOULD THE GENERAL PRACTITIONER HAVE A WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF THE OPHTHALMOSCOPE AND TRIAL LENSES?
Authors: ALBERT RUFUS BAKER
Journal: JAMA (1902)

Baas says in Handerson's History of Medicine<sup>1</sup>that "Specialism is<i>per se</i>an evidence of a civilization of high development: indeed, of one tending toward its downfall," and speaking of the division of medical labor in our larger cities, Handerson<sup>2</sup>says that "the dangers of running specialism to seed are very manifest." It might be possible to demonstrate historically that excessive specialism is the forerunner of medical decay, so that if in the present discussion I run counter to modern medical thought I may find justification for doing so in the ups and downs of medical progress throughout the ages. There is no necessity of my calling the attention of the members of this Section to the great importance of the ophthalmoscope as an aid to diagnosis. And yet, I fear that while it is so valuable to us and we accept its findings with such confidence we
Disseminated cryptococcosis. Diagnosis by fiberoptic bronchoscopy and biopsy
Authors: A. J. Sakowitz
Journal: JAMA (1976)

INFECTIONS from bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic organisms are quite common in the immunosuppressed patient, and the physician is often faced with the problem of obtaining a diagnosis in a seriously ill patient so that appropriate therapy may be started without delay. We report the case of a patient in whom severe respiratory distress developed four months after starting prednisolone therapy for a complication of cataract surgery. A diagnosis of disseminated cryptococcal infection was established by flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy with transbronchial forceps lung biopsy. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 67-year-old man was admitted to Valley Hospital for the second time on Aug 13, 1975, complaining of increasing shortness of breath, fever, nonproductive cough, and a persistent headache of one week's duration. In April 1975, he had undergone cataract surgery without complication, but in May 1975, a keratitis developed in the operated eye, and prednisolone treatment was begun. During the summer,
Local Therapy in BRCA1/2 Carriers with Operable Breast Cancer: Comparison of Breast Conservation and Mastectomy.
Authors: L. Pierce, K. Phillips, K. Griffith, S. Buys, D. Gaffney, M. Moran, B. Haffty, M. Ben-David, J. Garber, S. Merajver, J. Balmanya, A. Meirovitz, S. Domchek
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Background: Women with inherited germline BRCA1/2 mutations have a 55-85% cumulative risk of breast cancer (BC) by age 70. Thus, knowledge of expected outcomes following various treatments is needed to advise these patients should they be diagnosed with BC. It is unclear whether breast conservation (BCT) offers similar rates of tumor control as mastectomy (M) in BRCA1/2 carriers and it is doubtful whether a randomized trial comparing these options could be performed. Thus, this analysis compares the outcomes between similarly staged women with BRCA1/2 mutations treated with BCT vs. M.Methods: Women with deleterious BRCA1/2 mutations diagnosed with operable BC and who consented to longitudinal studies were identified at 10 institutions in the US, Australia, Spain and Israel. Patient, clinical and treatment characteristics were compared between those receiving BCT and those receiving M +/- RT. Time-to-event endpoints included first failure of treatment, diagnosis of contralateral breast cancer (CBC), and overall and BC-specific survival. Cox regression models were constructed to detect significant associations between patient and clinical characteristics and time-to-event endpoints.Results: Clinical characteristics and outcomes for 302 BCT and 353 M patients were compared. With a median F/U of 8.2 years for BCT patients and 8.9 years following M, 15-year local failure as first failure was significantly higher with BCT vs. M (23.5% vs. 5.5%, p&amp;lt;0.0001). Multivariate analysis indicted choice of local therapy as the only factor significantly predicting local recurrence, with a 4.5-fold risk of local failure with BCT compared to M (p&amp;lt;0.0001). Local failure analyses by cohort revealed the presence of a BRCA2 mutation (HR 2.8; p=0.024) and no use of adjuvant chemotherapy (HR 5.4; p=0.0001) as significant predictors within the BCT group; presence of invasive lobular cancer (HR 9.9; p=0.004) was the only significant predictor within the M cohort. No significant differences were seen in distant failure, BC-specific or overall survival by local therapy. 15-year estimates of CBC were 52.1% with BCT; 41.4% with M; and 37.9% with M+RT (p=0.44). Analyses of BCT vs. M +/- RT and surgery +/- RT did not reveal significant differences in CBC by cohort.Conclusions: The higher risk of local failure in BRCA1/2-associated BC treated with BCT compared to M did not translate into an increased risk of distant failure or mortality. RT did not result in a detectable increase in CBC at 15 years above baseline elevated rates. These results at both the involved and contralateral breasts should be discussed when patients with BRCA1/2-associated BC are considering local treatment options. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 959.
Oncogenic BRAF Induces Melanoma Cell Invasion by Downregulating the cGMP-Specific Phosphodiesterase PDE5A
Authors: Imanol Arozarena, Berta Sanchez-Laorden, Leisl Packer, Cristina Hidalgo-Carcedo, Robert Hayward, Amaya Viros, Erik Sahai, Richard Marais
Journal: Cancer Cell (2011)
Patient-partners may be political correctness gone too far
Authors: D. Carvel
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—A partner is “one who shares equally with another,” according to the New Collins dictionary.

To have a patient-partner is a bit of an oxymoron and perhaps a case of political correctness gone too far.1

My feeling is that this is not what doctors or most patients wish in general practice. If I visit my lawyer or dentist I trust his or her knowledge and experience as being superior to mine and take their considered …
Management of Nausea and Vomiting in the Cancer Patient
Authors: Stephen Frytak
Journal: JAMA (1981)

NAUSEA and vomiting are among the most common and distressing problems that the physician is called on to resolve in the cancer patient, particularly if the patient is undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy. If left unchecked, nausea and vomiting will result in depressed nutritional intake, serious metabolic derangements, deterioration of the patient's mental and physical condition, and possible rejection of potentially useful treatment of the malignant disease. Thus, control of these symptoms is essential for the patient's well-being and survival. <h3>Mechanisms of the Vomiting Reflex</h3> The coordination of the complex vomiting reflex is accomplished through the "vomiting center," located in the dorsolateral reticular formation of the medulla. Afferent input to this region comes from a number of sources. The viscera of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract send impulses through the vagii and sympathetic nerves. Radiation therapy, GI involvement with malignant disease, and some drugs may induce vomiting through this pathway.
Baroreflex impairment precedes hypertension during chronic cerebroventricular infusion of hypertonic sodium chloride in rats.
Authors: R D Buñag, E Miyajima
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

Osmotic minipumps were implanted chronically for continuous 11-d infusion of hypertonic sodium chloride (NaCl) into the third cerebral ventricle (ICV) of awake rats to determine whether baroreflex sensitivity would be altered. Systolic and mean pressures, recorded from aortic catheters on day 11 while the rats were anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, were significantly higher in rats infused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing hypertonic NaCl than in controls similarly infused with artificial CSF alone. Reflex changes in heart rate produced by subsequent intravenous infusions of either phenylephrine or sodium nitroprusside were inhibited, but reflex changes in renal nerve activity were unaltered. Magnitude of reflex bradycardia during pressor responses to phenylephrine, as well as of reflex tachycardia during depressor responses to sodium nitroprusside, was consistently smaller in NaCl-infused than in control rats. By contrast, group differences in attendant renal nerve firing were not significant. After sinoaortic denervation, drug-induced blood pressure effects persisted, but reflex responses in heart rate and renal nerve firing were abolished or markedly diminished. Peripheral effects produced by hypertonic NaCl leakage from the infusion site were considered unlikely because after 11 d of ICV infusion, sodium concentration, though appreciably elevated in CSF samples collected from the cisterna magna, was unaffected in corresponding serum samples. When cardiovascular responses to phenylephrine were recorded while chronic ICV infusions were in progress, awake rats receiving hypertonic NaCl were still normotensive on day 2 yet reflex bradycardia was already attenuated. In showing that baroreflex impairment preceded the development of hypertension, our results suggest that by depressing the anterior hypothalamus, chronic ICV infusion of hypertonic NaCl reduces sympatho-inhibition, and the ensuing baroreflex impairment then elevates blood pressure. However, other mechanisms could also be involved.
Experience with Simplified Scheme of Treatment of Hyperlipidaemia
Authors: S. Tabaqchali, A. Chait, R. Harrison, B. Lewis
Journal: BMJ (1974)

A series of 57 hyperlipidaemic patients have been investigated clinically and by measurement of cholesterol and triglyceride levels and inspection of stored serum. Two had secondary (alcoholic) hyperlipidaemia. Those with primary disorders were allocated to three groups believed to require different optimal therapy. At one year 51 of these 55 patients had lipid levels within a predetermined normal range and two others showed improvement. Despite the large number of primary hyperlipidaemic states our results suggest that in most patients successful treatment can be given according to simple classification into three therapeutic categories.
Prevalence and Environmental Predictors of Food Allergy in Infants
Authors: K.J. Allen, J. Koplin, L. Gurrin, M. Gibson, L. Thiele, L. Miles, K. Aurich, D. Hill, A. Lowe, M. Matheson, A. Ponsonby, M. Tang, S. Dhamage, M. Wake, N. Osborne
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
Health Care Reform, Primary Care, and the Need for Research
Authors: Peter Franks, Paul A. Nutting, Carolyn M. Clancy
Journal: JAMA (1993)

Health care reform proposals that seek to increase access for almost 40 million uninsured Americans will require an expansion of primary care. Simply expanding available primary care services is likely to be prohibitively expensive. Developing a rational and efficient strategy for the provision of primary care to all Americans will require understanding of the relationships among primary care and access, costs, and quality--relationships that are often obscured by the complexity of the US health care system. Those relationships are examined to identify some key areas of research needed to inform policy development and improve primary care services. Despite significant gaps in our knowledge, the evidence strongly suggests that restructuring and strengthening the role of primary care practitioners in the health care system will facilitate access to affordable, high-quality health care for all Americans.
Effects of diltiazem on cardiac function and regional blood flow at rest and during exercise in a conscious rat preparation of chronic heart failure (myocardial infarction).
Authors: H Drexler, J W Depenbusch, A G Truog, R Zelis, S F Flaim
Journal: Circulation (1985)

The effects of intravenous infusion of diltiazem on regional blood flow (radioactive microspheres), hemodynamics, and maximum rate of oxygen consumption were evaluated in conscious rats with congestive heart failure caused by large myocardial infarction (n = 10, infarct size 41.8% of left ventricle) and compared with data obtained from rats subjected to sham surgical procedures (n = 9). In both groups data were obtained at rest and during submaximal treadmill exercise during alternate infusion of diltiazem and saline. In the group with heart failure, diltiazem increased stroke volume at rest and during exercise (p less than .05), reduced heart rate (p less than .05), and improved cardiac output during exercise (p less than .05) without increasing left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in any of the animals. Blood flow to renal and splanchnic circulations was reduced in the group with heart failure but was increased by diltiazem to values similar to those observed in sham-operated animals. Although skeletal muscle flow during exercise was significantly increased by the drug, maximal rate of oxygen consumption was not, indicating unchanged oxygen availability within working muscle. Thus diltiazem caused redistribution of blood flow to kidney and gut in animals with myocardial infarction and failure, thereby restoring blood flow to circulatory beds known to be impaired in this setting.
Respiratory health professionals call on MPs to vote to ban smoking in cars with children
Authors: N. S. Hopkinson, A. Majeed, J. Britton, A. Bush, J. Ayres, M. McKee, T. Greenhalgh
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Secondhand exposure to tobacco smoke is a major cause of ill health in children.1 2 Smoke inhalation damages the developing lung, and the Royal College of Physicians estimates that each year in the UK it is responsible for 300 000 primary care contacts, 9500 hospital admissions, at least 200 cases of bacterial meningitis, and 40 sudden infant deaths. …
Climate Change and Food Security: Health Impacts in Developed Countries
Authors: Iain R. Lake, Lee Hooper, Asmaa Abdelhamid, Graham Bentham, Alistair B.A. Boxall, Alizon Draper, Susan Fairweather-Tait, Mike Hulme, Paul R. Hunter, Gordon Nichols, Keith W. Waldron
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

Anthropogenic climate change will affect global food production, with uncertain consequences for human health in developed countries.We investigated the potential impact of climate change on food security (nutrition and food safety) and the implications for human health in developed countries.Expert input and structured literature searches were conducted and synthesized to produce overall assessments of the likely impacts of climate change on global food production and recommendations for future research and policy changes.Increasing food prices may lower the nutritional quality of dietary intakes, exacerbate obesity, and amplify health inequalities. Altered conditions for food production may result in emerging pathogens, new crop and livestock species, and altered use of pesticides and veterinary medicines, and affect the main transfer mechanisms through which contaminants move from the environment into food. All these have implications for food safety and the nutritional content of food. Climate change mitigation may increase consumption of foods whose production reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Impacts may include reduced red meat consumption (with positive effects on saturated fat, but negative impacts on zinc and iron intake) and reduced winter fruit and vegetable consumption. Developed countries have complex structures in place that may be used to adapt to the food safety consequences of climate change, although their effectiveness will vary between countries, and the ability to respond to nutritional challenges is less certain.Climate change will have notable impacts upon nutrition and food safety in developed countries, but further research is necessary to accurately quantify these impacts. Uncertainty about future impacts, coupled with evidence that climate change may lead to more variable food quality, emphasizes the need to maintain and strengthen existing structures and policies to regulate food production, monitor food quality and safety, and respond to nutritional and safety issues that arise.
Royal Free Epidemic of 1955: A Reconsideration
Authors: C. P. McEvedy, A. W. Beard
Journal: BMJ (1970)

From a re-analysis of the case notes of patients with Royal Free disease it is concluded that there is little evidence of an organic disease affecting the central nervous system and that epidemic hysteria is a much more likely explanation. The data which support this hypothesis are the high attack rate in females compared with males; the intensity of the malaise compared with the slight pyrexia; the presence of subjective features similar to those seen in a previous epidemic of hysterical overbreathing; the glove-and-stocking distribution of the anaesthesia; and the normal findings in special investigations. Finally, a deliberate attempt by one of the authors to produce an electromyographic record similar to that reported in Royal Free disease was successful.
Rapid Chemotherapy-Induced Acute Endothelial Progenitor Cell Mobilization: Implications for Antiangiogenic Drugs as Chemosensitizing Agents
Authors: Yuval Shaked, Erik Henke, Jeanine M.L. Roodhart, Patrizia Mancuso, Marlies H.G. Langenberg, Marco Colleoni, Laura G. Daenen, Shan Man, Ping Xu, Urban Emmenegger, Terence Tang, Zhenping Zhu, Larry Witte, Robert M. Strieter, Francesco Bertolini, Emile E. Voest, Robert Benezra, Robert S. Kerbel
Journal: Cancer Cell (2008)
Insurance Reports without Examinations
Authors: L. Ballon
Journal: BMJ (1968)

SIR,-I read the proceedings of the Armed Forces Committee (Supplement, 23 Novem- ber, p. 39) with considerable interest, and was relieved to see that the embargo on recruiting advertisements and the Important Notice were being retained in the B.M.7.pro tem.It is well known that the question of remuneration of armed Forces medical officers is an extremely sore one, and I have no desire to further exacerbate this chronic irritation while the Prices and Incomes Board (whoever they may be) pursue their esoteric, inter- minable, and financially profitable investiga- tions.Profitable to the Government that is.After all, every day wasted is x thousands of pounds saved.However, one point does, I feel, merit comment.
EFFICACY AND LONG TERM SAFETY OF STARCLOSE™, AN EXTRA LUMINAL CLIP VASCULAR CLOSURE SYSTEM, FOR HEMOSTASIS OF ARTERIAL PUNCTURES DISTAL TO COMMON FEMORAL ARTERY BIFURCATION AFTER PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS
Authors: Payam Dehghani, Atif Mohammad, Daniel Marcuzzi, Tony Hong, Melma Evangelista, Howard Leong-Poi, Asim N. Cheema
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Recent Evidence Supporting Psychologic and Social Risk Factors for Coronary Disease
Authors: Jenkins Cd
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

Stress and Life ChangeExcessive overtime work, previously associated with increased risk of coronary disease, has received further support as a risk factor in the last five years. Theorell and Rahe57 compared 62 patients with myocardial infarction in Stockholm with 109 healthy employees of a municipal agency and found that the patients had been doing much more overtime work but had lower responsibility and less supervisory activity (and hence, presumably, a greater amount of physical exertion) than the healthy controls. However, the difference in the institutional sources from which the two groups were drawn might account for many of these . . .
Results don't seem generalisable
Authors: V. J. Pop, H. Wijnen
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Evers and colleagues do not mention any data on the number of women who deliver at home, in hospital with a community midwife, and in hospital after referral from primary to secondary care.1 They give several explanations without exploring them: “The community midwife is not present during the first hours after labour started at home.” However, the Dutch …