tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ON IMMUNITY TO TRANSPLANTABLE CHICKEN TUMORS
Authors: Peyton Rous, James B. Murphy
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1914)

The phenomena of natural and acquired resistance to transplanted chicken tumors strikingly resemble those observed in the case of transplanted mammalian growths; and no more than those do they suggest that the tumors have an extrinsic cause. That there may exist in fowls implanted with a chicken tumor a resistance directed against the tumor-causing agent distinct from the resistance manifested against the alien tumor cells has been shown in a previous article. Both sorts of resistance are present in a fowl in which a tumor has retrogressed, the resistance in such an instance being acquired. That directed against the agent is largely specific, giving little if any protection against the agents causing other tumors. There is some evidence that the conditions upon which a fowl's natural resistance depends are the same for the agents causing different chicken tumors. It has proved impossible to protect chickens against the agent causing the simple sarcoma by injecting them with dried tumor material in which this agent has been attenuated by heat. The transfer of blood from resistant fowls to fowls with growing tumors is in our experience void of effect on the tumors.
Crystalline lamellae in the endothelial cells of a type of hemangioma characterized by the proliferation of immature endothelial cells and pericytes—angioblastoma (Nakagawa)
Authors: Masanobu Kumakiri, Fumio Muramoto, Ichiro Tsukinaga, Tetsunori Yoshida, Takehiko Ohura, Yusho Miura
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1983)
THE ABSORPTION AND ELIMINATION OF SOME COMMONLY USED DRUGS,WITH PRACTICAL DEDUCTIONS FROM A KNOWLEDGE OF THE SAME.
Authors: E. R. ZEMP
Journal: JAMA (1907)

It is a regrettable fact that many physicians prescribe drugs either from habit or from hearsay. Even with the drugs prescribed many times daily some of their important actions are unknown or forgotten. Certainly it is not necessary for me to state that a knowledge of the absorption and elimination of drugs is required before they can be administered intelligently. The fact that a physician is prevented from overdrawing his mortality account by an indulgent Providence should not make us any the less eager to bring about an improvement in a condition so easily improved. The trouble is we do not study our materia medica enough. Many of us get our ideas of therapeutics from works on practice. This is sufficient to a degree only. The knowledge obtained from such a source can not replace the knowledge of the physiologic actions of drugs that should be the basis of our
Pesticide testing in humans: ethics and public policy.
Authors: Christopher Oleskey, Alan Fleischman, Lynn Goldman, Kurt Hirschhorn, Philip J Landrigan, Marc Lappé, Mary Faith Marshall, Herbert Needleman, Rosamond Rhodes, Michael McCally
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

Pesticide manufacturers have tested pesticides increasingly in human volunteers over the past decade. The apparent goal of these human studies is to establish threshold levels for symptoms, termed "no observed effect levels." Data from these studies have been submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for consideration in standard setting. There are no required ethical guidelines for studies of pesticides toxicity conducted in humans, no governmental oversight is exercised, and no procedures have been put in place for the protection of human subjects. To examine ethical and policy issues involved in the testing of pesticides in humans and the use of human data in standard setting, in February 2002 the Center for Children's Health and the Environment of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine convened an expert workshop for ethicists, physicians, toxicologists, and policy analysts. After a peer consensus process, participants developed a number of ethical and public policy recommendations regarding the testing of pesticides in humans. Participants also strongly encouraged active biomonitoring of every pesticide currently in use to track human exposure, particularly in vulnerable populations, and to assess adverse effects on health.
Diagnosis of Phytobezoar by Gastroscopic Biopsy
Authors: Edward B. Benedict
Journal: JAMA (1963)

THE DIAGNOSIS of phytobezoar by gastroscopic biopsy has, as far as I know, never been reported. It therefore seems appropriate to report the following two cases of phytobezoar in which these vegetable-matter, gastric concretions, at first strongly suspected to be gastric tumors, were accurately diagnosed only by gastroscopic biopsy. <h3>Report of Cases</h3><h3>Case 1.—</h3> A 48-year-old lawyer was first admitted to this hospital because of recurrent episodes of epigastric pain of 12 years' duration. Twelve years prior to his admission he had the sudden onset of vomiting after the ingestion of some fatty food. This was immediately followed by severe, steady, nonradiating epigastric pain which was localized to an area only 2 cm in diameter. The pain, accompanied by anorexia, lasted for 2 days without remission and without the patient vomiting further; it was relieved spontaneously. He was hospitalized at another hospital and a diagnosis of possible gallbladder disease was
Hay-fever Treatment by Dunbar's Remedies (Pollantin).
Authors: E. Fletcher Ingals
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Chicago, July 23, 1906. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —As the hay-fever season approaches, physicians are interested in any remedy which promises to give their patients relief. Much has been published during the last three years of the treatment devised by Professor Dunbar, and many physicians have given it an extensive trial, I among the number; but I cannot subscribe to the extravagant statements that have been made in its favor. Three years ago I tried the serum on several patients, but without effect. Year before last I tried the pollantin powder (the dried serum) in a number of cases, and in only one did I get a report that it had done good. At the 1905 meetings of the American Laryngological Association and of the Americal Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, the subject of the treatment of hay-fever by these remedies was under discussion. In each of these meetings there were
Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Prevention
Authors: Robert G. Hart
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Atrial fibrillation is a common cardiac arrhythmia whose most serious clinical consequence is stroke. Described in pathological studies in the 1940s, uncoordinated atrial contractions result in sluggish blood flow and the formation of thrombus in the atrial appendage: "The immobility of the auricular walls makes them defenceless against thrombotic deposits, as a horse should be against flies without his cutaneous muscles"1 (see Figure). The stasis-precipitated thrombi lead to emboli that are distributed according to cardiac output, but emboli to the brain account for about 80 percent of symptomatic emboli. Because they are larger on average than emboli of valvular origin, . . .
Chronic effects of dietary exposure to amosite asbestos and tremolite in F344 rats.
Authors: E E McConnell, H A Rutter, B M Ulland, J A Moore
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

Carcinogenesis bioassays of blocky (nonfibrous) tremolite and amosite asbestos alone or in combination with the intestinal carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH) were conducted with male and female Fischer 344 rats. The minerals were administered at a concentration of 1% in pelleted diet for the entire lifetime of the rats starting with the dams of the test animals. One group of amosite rats also received chrysotile asbestos via gavage during lactation. Group sizes varied from 100 to 250 animals. The offspring from mothers exposed to tremolite or amosite asbestos were smaller at weaning than those from untreated mothers and remained smaller throughout their life. The administration of dimethylhydrazine (DMH) did not affect body weight gain, either in amosite-exposed or nonexposed animals. Survival was comparable in the tremolite and control groups. The amosite-exposed rats showed enhanced survival compared to the untreated controls. DMH exposure reduced survival by approximately one year, although the amosite plus DMH groups survived slightly better than the DMH alone groups. No toxicity or increase in neoplasia was observed in the tremolite-exposed rats compared to the controls. Significant increases (p less than 0.05) in the rates of C-cell carcinomas of the thyroid and monocytic (mononuclear cell) leukemia in male rats were observed in amosite-exposed groups. However, the biological significance of the C-cell carcinomas in relation to amosite asbestos exposure is discounted because of a lack of significance when C-cell adenomas and carcinomas were combined and the positive effect was not observed in the amosite plus preweaning gavage group. The biological significance of an increased incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia is questionable, because of a lack of statistical significance in the amosite group when evaluated using life table analysis, lack of significance when compared to the tremolite control group, and the fact that no toxic or neoplastic lesions were observed in the target organs, i.e., gastrointestinal tract and mesothelium. DMH caused a high rate of (62-74%) of intestinal neoplasia in amosite and nonamosite-exposed groups. Neither an enhanced carcinogenic nor protective effect was demonstrated by exposure to amosite asbestos.
On Some Later Effects of Rickets
Authors: J. A. Coutts
Journal: BMJ (1887)

in perfect condition.If not in good order, especially at the points of attachment, the current is interfered with.A sudden rupture during the operation would cause a severe and painful shock to the patient.Her involuntary movement might dislodge the uterine trocar, and occasion a wouni in some adjacent part.A contrivance for irrigating the vagina, both before and after the operation, must be provided.The flaid used is a solution of the sublimate or of phenol.This is also to be employed for washing the hands; and the speculum, sounds, and trocars, with the handles, should be immersed in it when prepared for use.The celluloid sheath of the sound or trocar especially requires cleaning after every service, and its canal must be scrubbed out with a pipe-brush in boiling water or the phenol solution.The sounds and trocars, instead of being much rubbed, are better purified by boiling water or the flame of a spirit lamp.So much for the appliances ; at another time, the ope.rations and the cases for which they are fitted will be described.
Hospital Salmonellosis
Authors: Peter F. Kohler
Journal: JAMA (1964)

An outbreak of<i>Salmonella infantis</i>gastroenteritis in a Minnesota hospital, in 1962, involved 17 inpatients and six hospital personnel. Epidemiological studies indicated the source of infection to be scrambled eggs contaminated after preparation by a food-service worker recently recovered from gastroenteritis. Direct person-to-person spread of salmonellosis was indicated by finding<i>Sal infantis</i>in five hospital personnel in whom gastroenteritis developed subsequent to close contact with either the presumed index subject or infected patients. Although in vitro antibiotic studies showed the organism sensitive to tetracylcine and chloramphenicol, treatment had no apparent effect on the clinical course or on duration of<i>Sal infantis</i>recovery from the patients' stools.
Gene Vaccines
Authors: Indresh K. Srivastava, Margaret A. Liu
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2003)

Gene vaccines are a new approach to immunization and immunotherapy in which, rather than a live or inactivated organism (or a subunit thereof), one or more genes that encode proteins of the pathogen are delivered. The goal of this approach is to generate immunity against diseases for which traditional vaccines and treatments have not worked, to improve vaccines, and to treat chronic diseases. Gene vaccines make use of advances in immunology and molecular biology to more specifically tailor immune responses (cellular or humoral, or both) against selected antigens. They are still under development in research and clinical trials. The mechanisms for inducing cellular (as opposed to humoral) responses against a particular antigen have been elucidated. Gene vaccines provide a means to generate specific cellular responses while still generating antibodies, if desired. In addition, by delivering only the genes that encode the particular proteins against which a protective or therapeutic immune response is desired, the potential limitations and risks of certain other approaches can be avoided. This article describes the rationale for, immunologic mechanisms involved in, and design of gene vaccines under development. Preclinical and clinical studies of these vaccines are discussed for various clinical applications, focusing on infectious diseases.
Identification of <i>JAK2</i><sup>V617F</sup> in patients with polycythemia is highly correlated with conventional criteria for diagnosis of polycythemia vera
Authors: Peter Ganly, Vickie Hanrahan, Bart Baker, Ken Romeril
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2006)

Abstract One hundred and forty four patients with a clinical indication of suspected polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia, or idiopathic myelofibrosis were screened for JAK2 V617F and the mutation frequency was 47, 51, and 50%, respectively. Previous investigations enabled 42 of 66 patients with suspected PV to be definitively diagnosed either as PV according to WHO criteria or to have this diagnosis excluded. Ninety‐six percent of those with PV were JAK2 V617F , whereas all patients without PV did not have the mutation. Early screening of suspected PV patients for JAK2 V617F rapidly identifies nearly all those with PV without invasive or less specific conventional investigations. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sustainability of cancer waiting times: the need to focus on pathways relevant to the cancer type
Authors: C. Slade, R. Talbot
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2007)

The NHS Cancer Plan 20001 set specific targets for the time patients should wait before receiving treatment as a first step in reducing long waiting times and to improve outcomes for patients with cancer in the UK. The link between increased survival and shorter waiting times for breast cancer patients was suggested by Richards et al.2 and has formed the basis of current waiting time targets. The first to be introduced was the ‘two-week wait’ (fast-track), requiring all patients suspected of having cancer to be referred within 24 hours and seen by a specialist within two weeks. Two further standards, to be complied with by December 2005, were imposed and are now collectively known as the 31- and 62-day standards. The 31-day standard requires all patients with cancer to be treated within 31 days of the decision to treat, and the 62-day standard requires all fast-track patients to be treated within 62 days of referral by a general practitioner (GP).
Effect of feedback on test ordering behaviour of general practitioners.
Authors: R. A. Winkens, P. Pop, R. P. Grol, A. D. Kester, J. A. Knottnerus
Journal: BMJ (1992)

OBJECTIVE--To assess the effect of feedback on the test ordering behaviour of general practitioners. DESIGN--Comparison of requests at two diagnostic centres, and internal comparison between tests which were discussed in feedback and tests which were not. SETTING--A diagnostic centre in Maastricht giving feedback and another elsewhere in the Netherlands (laboratory A) not giving feedback. SUBJECTS--All 85 general practitioners in the region of Maastricht, and all general practitioners in the region of laboratory A. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Numbers of tests requested by general practitioners. RESULTS--Requests at the Maastricht diagnostic centre decreased soon after the onset of feedback whereas there was a persistent increase in requests at laboratory A. Tests that were discussed showed the strongest decrease (maximum 40%), though tests that were not discussed decreased as well (maximum 27%). CONCLUSIONS--Feedback on diagnostic requests may exert a strong influence on request behaviour. Four years after the onset of feedback the effects were still noticeable.
Paclitaxel reduces neointimal formation in vitro and in a porcine model of saphenous vein interposition grafting
Authors: Martin H. Chamberlain, Thomas W. Johnson, Yin Xiong Wu, Jason L. Johnson, Andrew C. Newby, Gianni D. Angelini, Karl R. Karsch, Martin Oberhoff
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
'Outbreak' of Optic and Peripheral Neuropathy in Cuba?
Authors: Norah S. Lincoff
Journal: JAMA (1993)

From October through December of 1991, six Cubans in the Pinar del Rio province noted decreased vision and sensory symptoms (eg, paresthesia, burning, and dysesthesia) predominantly in the feet. The disorder was first recorded by Cuban physicians in January 1992 and subsequently spread throughout Cuba. As of June 12, 1993, 43412 people were reported to be affected.<sup>1</sup>According to the Cuban Ministry of Health, the disorder first seemed to affect mostly young men who smoked tobacco and drank alcohol. Since then, however, those identified as affected have included women, nonsmokers, and nondrinkers of alcohol. The disorder mainly affects adults between the ages of 15 and 65 years. The cause of this "outbreak" is unclear. Researchers in Cuba and in the United States are investigating possible pathogenic factors, including nutritional deficiencies, toxins, and viruses. <h3>Methods</h3> Through the International Peace for Cuba Appeal (a nonprofit organization organized to abolish trade restrictions
New Insights Into the Arrhythmogenic Substrate of the Long QT Syndrome
Authors: Arthur J. Moss
Journal: Circulation (2014)

A lot has transpired in our understanding of the inherited Long QT syndrome (LQTS) since the first description of a family with prolonged QT interval, deafness, and sudden death by Jervell and Lange-Nielsen in 1957 1 and a similar family reported in 1958 by Levine and Woodworth. 2Several children with LQTS and sudden death without deafness were reported by Romano et al in 1963 3 and Ward in 1964. 4 Numerous LQTS case reports were published during the next several years, and the first specific therapy for this disorder involving antiadrenergic left cervicothoracic sympathetic ganglionectomy was reported in 1971, 5 with β-blocker therapy introduced a few years thereafter.The Rochester-based International LQTS Registry was initiated in 1979.Using some patients from the LQTS Registry, Keating et al 6 reported linkage of LQTS to the Harvey ras-1 locus on chromosome 11 in 1991, and within a few years Keating and associates identified the genes for LQT1, 2, and 3, which ushered in the extensive LQTS genotype-phenotype studies during the last 20 years.Various clinical studies identified the duration of the QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) as a major risk factor for syncope, aborted cardiac arrest, and sudden death, [7][8][9][10] and several recent studies highlighted the cardiac risk associated with mutation type and location on the cardiac ion channel membranes. 11,12Various electrophysiological studies have suggested the role of action potential prolongation, early after depolarizations, and spatial dispersion of repolarization as the substrate for ventricular tachyarrhythmias and torsade de pointes in this disorder.
Too Many People
Authors: STUART MUDD
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1964)

Editorial1 August 1964Too Many PeopleSTUART MUDD, M.D.STUART MUDD, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-61-2-365 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptAs one whose principal concern has long been with the understanding and control of infectious disease, and who has now reached the period for which the chapter heading appropriately might be "Retrospect and Prospect," I must confess to a great deal of personal conflict. The Retrospect over the history of infectious disease for the past ninety years, indeed contains much to justify a feeling of gratifying achievement. The Prospect is a little grim. Could it be that we physicians in our intense preoccupation with the technical problems of our profession have been inadequately aware of some broader implications? May our...References1. ELKINTON JR: Editorial: Doomsday, A.D. 2026? Ann. Intern. Med. 54: 343, 1961. LinkGoogle Scholar2. World Population Data Sheet, Information Service, Population Reference Bureau, 1755 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, D. C., Oct., 1963. Google Scholar3. COOK RC: World population, 1963. Population Bulletin 19: 137, 1963. Google Scholar4. JONES JM: Does Overpopulation Mean Poverty? Center for International Economic Growth, Washington, D. C., 1962. Google Scholar5. The Growth of World Population: National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., 1963. Google Scholar6. The American Assembly: The Population Dilemma, edited by HAUSER, P. M. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1963. Google Scholar7. Technology and Economic Development. Scientific American. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1963. Google Scholar8. World Academy of Art and Science: The Population Crisis and the Use of World Resources, edited by MUDD, S., Dr. W. Junk, Publishers The Hague, Netherlands; American edition. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 1964. (Reviewed in Book Review section, p. 368.) Google Scholar9. CALDERONE MS: Manual of Contraceptive Practice, Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1964. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: STUART MUDD, M.D.Affiliations: Veterans Administration Hospital Philadelphia, Pennsylvania PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byImpact on Personal Freedom 1 August 1964Volume 61, Issue 2Page: 365-367KeywordsEmotionsInfectious diseases ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 August 1964 PDF downloadLoading ...
Scientists Probe Child Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2007)

AS GROWING NUMBERS OF CHILdren are diagnosed with bipolar disorder, scientists are turning to sophisticated imaging and other techniques for measuring brain activity in those affected. The goal is to better understand the underlying pathophysiology of early onset bipolar disorder and to improve classification and, ultimately, treatment of younger patients with the disease. According to the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH), bipolar disorder in children and adolescents is believed to be at least as common as it is in the adult population, based on study findings that 1% of adolescents aged 14 to 18 years met the criteria for the disorder or for cyclothymia, a similar but milder disorder (Lewinsohn PM et al. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34:454-463). Yet there are controversies about diagnosing the condition in children, whose symptoms may differ from those seen in adults. Scientists hope studies aimed at elucidating the brain mechanisms that underlie the disorder in children will resolve this diagnostic dilemma.