tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Recent incidence trends for breast cancer in women and the relevance of early detection: an update
Authors: B. A. Miller, E. J. Feuer, B. F. Hankey
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1993)

The incidence of breast cancer in women has been rising dramatically in the United States since 1982, based on data collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute. An additional three years of incidence and mortality data are included in this update of the earlier analyses; however, the focus of this report remains on examining the steeply increasing incidence trend between 1982 and 1986. Over this period, incidence rates for in situ and localized invasive tumors increased among women age 50 and older, while rates for regional and distant tumors remained stable. The incidence of localized tumors less than 1.0, 1.0 to 1.9, and 2.0 to 2.9 cm in size increased more rapidly than that of tumors 3.0 cm and greater among women over age 50. Survival rates also improved among cases diagnosed over this time period. These descriptive data suggest that early detection may be playing a role in the recent increase in the incidence of breast cancer in women, although other factors cannot be ruled out. Conclusions regarding improved cancer control await confirmation by reduced breast cancer mortality.
Recent advances: Gastroenterology
Authors: G O Barbezat
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Gastroenterology has developed rapidly as a scientific and clinical discipline. Advances have resulted from simple, painstaking clinical observations on one hand and highly sophisticated scientific methods on the other. Some of the important developments in gastroenterology are reviewed here. Topics were selected after formal discussion with colleagues, and priority was given to areas of current interest. Reference material was chosen after a literature search in the medical library and included abstracts from proceedings of recent conferences. Attendance at conferences allowed discussions with some experts; communication in writing was made with others. Haemochromatosis usually becomes symptomatic between the ages of 40 and 70 years, by which time the liver, pancreas, heart, joints, skin, and endocrine systems may have been damaged severely and often irreversibly. Deposition of iron in vital organs may be prevented by depleting the body of iron. Venesection, common in the 18th century, remains an effective treatment for haemochromatosis today. Hereditary haemochromatosis is a recessive single gene disorder that occurs in at least l in 400 white people, reflecting a very high carrier frequency of 1 in 10.1 The problem has been to establish the diagnosis at an early stage in this common disease. A genetic key to this would not only prevent complications but allow patients to enjoy a normal life expectancy. #### Summary points
Abstract 1665: High resolution genome profile in familial colorectal cases without mutations on mismatch repair genes
Authors: Rolando AR Villacis, Francine B. Abreu, Érika MM Santos, Benedito M. Rossi, Dirce M. Carraro, Luiz P. Kowalski, Silvia R. Rogatto
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality. Approximately 30% of all CRC cases have a hereditary component, but only 5% are associated with inherited mutations in known genes. The most common hereditary syndrome of CRC is the Lynch syndrome (LS) and is caused by mutations in mismatch repair genes, mainly MLH1 and MSH2. In ∼50% of families classified with the Amsterdam criteria not show germline mutations in mismatch repair genes, suggesting that other genetic factors are associated with predisposition to CRC. In this study, it was evaluated germline copy number alterations (CNAs) in 57 LS patients without pathogenic mutations in mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS1 and PMS2), as well as in CHEK2 and TP53, by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) using a platform of 4x180K (Agilent). Genomic data were extracted with Feature Extraction software and analyzed using Nexus 6.0 software, statistical algorithm FASST2 Segmentation and sensitivity threshold of 5.0E-6. The aCGH data showed a total of 361 CNAs (in average, 6.3±3.8 CNA/individual) including 144 gains and 217 genomic losses. After the comparison with a reference dataset obtained from 100 healthy Brazilian individuals (Krepischi et al, 2011; personal communication) and exclusion of the CNAs detected in more than 5% of this reference dataset, it was identified ∼100 rare CNAs. Most of them were detected in only one case, however, six CNAs were common at least in five cases: 1p11.2, 1p36.32, 7p22.3, 8q24.3, 9p11.2 and 18q11.1. The ROCK1 gene, mapped on 18q11.1, was found as involved in nine cases (three losses and six gains). This gene was associated with carcinogenesis and progression of human tumors, including colon cancer (Nakashima et al, Int J Oncol. 36:585, 2010). Amplification on 7p22.3 (5 cases), where is mapped the homeobox gene UNCX, a transcription factor involved in somitogenesis and neurogenesis. Mutations in rare constitutional CNAs may affect genes or major pathways associated with cancer, offering an explanation for families with high cancer risk. In CRC, the large scale analysis of germline CNAs in patients and their relatives can allow the identification of new genes involved in tumor predisposition. Financial support: FAPESP and CNPq Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1665. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1665
Secondary prevention of heart disease with statins
Authors: Robert Fleetcroft, Nicholas Steel
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Secondary prevention of heart disease with statins Groups were as different as chalk and cheeseEditor-Wei et al say that the results of their observational study of treatment with statins in routine clinical practice in Tayside are consistent with, and similar to, those reported in clinical trials. 1 This conclusion is hardly justified.A cohort of patients, defined by a discharge diagnosis of myocardial infarction between January 1993 and December 2001, was studied to compare the outcomes in those treated with statins and those not receiving these drugs.The data clearly show that the two groups differed substantially in terms of age, sex, comorbidity, and other cardiovascular drug treatment-all of these factors were biased in favour of a poorer outcome in patients not given statins.Furthermore, the two groups belonged to different time periods, most of the untreated patients to the earlier part and most of those given statins to the later part of the study.Given the changes between 1993 and 2001-including, for example, those related to the management of acute myocardial infarction and the criteria for diagnosis-it is only to be expected that the untreated group would have a higher risk of subsequent cardiovascular events.Multivariate analysis was reported as showing that statins reduced all cause mortality by 31% and the composite end point of myocardial infarction plus cardiovascular mortality by 18%.These results should be greeted with scepticism.Firstly, many trials of statins have failed to show any reduction whatsoever in all cause mortality. [2]][4][5] Secondly, as observed in other studies, any reduction in all cause mortality would be expected to be much less than that for composite cardiovascular end points. 2 4 5 The two groups in this study were as different as chalk and cheese.It should come as no surprise, therefore, that the results were anomalous.In such circumstances, no amount of statistical trickery could be expected to furnish anything of value.
Effect of family style mealtimes on quality of life, physical performance, and body weight of nursing home residents: cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kristel A N D Nijs, Cees de Graaf, Frans J Kok, Wija A van Staveren
Journal: BMJ (2006)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To assess the effect of family style mealtimes on quality of life, physical performance, and body weight of nursing home residents without dementia. Design Cluster randomised trial. Setting Five Dutch nursing homes. <b>Participants</b> 178 residents (mean age 77 years). Two wards in each home were randomised to intervention (95 participants) or control groups (83). <b>Intervention</b> During six months the intervention group took their meals family style and the control group received the usual individual pre-plated service. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Quality of life (perceived safety; autonomy; and sensory, physical, and psychosocial functioning), gross and fine motor function, and body weight. <b>Results</b> The difference in change between the groups was significant for overall quality of life (6.1 units, 95% confidence interval 2.1 to 10.3), fine motor function (1.8 units, 0.6 to 3.0), and body weight (1.5 kg, 0.6 to 2.4). <b>Conclusion</b> Family style mealtimes maintain quality of life, physical performance, and body weight of nursing home residents without dementia. <b>Trial registration</b> Clinical trials NCT00114582
Recovery of bronchial epithelium on stopping smoking.
Authors: J F Bertram, A W Rogers
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Bronchial biopsy specimens were studied from 19 patients, comprising five non-smokers, eight current smokers, and six people who had given up smoking between two and 16 years previously. By using a recently developed morphometric technique the structural state of the bronchial epithelium was assessed and described by a score, which specifies the extent to which the epithelial histology departs from the normal, through the changes of mucous-cell hyperplasia and squamous-cell metaplasia. The epithelium was nearer normal in former smokers than current smokers in each of six pairs matched for smoking history. The numerical scale permitted statistical analysis with a precision that is not possible with data based on subjective diagnosis alone: the results of comparing histology with pack-years of cigarette consumption were consistent with the hypothesis that structural recovery occurs in bronchial epithelium in people who stop smoking for over two years.
Anti-arrhythmic effects of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone on malignant ventricular arrhythmias arising as a consequence of ischaemia and reperfusion in the anaesthetised rat
Authors: E. RIVA, D. J HEARSE
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1989)

The effects of amiodarone and its metabolite desethylamiodarone on arrhythmias induced by ischaemia and reperfusion were studied in vivo in the anaesthetised rat with transient regional ischaemia (7 min of left coronary artery occlusion) and reperfusion (10 min). Amiodarone or desethylamiodarone were administered intravenously either 10 min prior to ischaemia or 2 min prior to reperfusion. Control rats received an equivalent volume of vehicle. Administration of 5.0 mg·kg−1 amiodarone or desethylamiodarone prior to ischaemia reduced the incidence of ventricular tachycardia during the ischaemic period from 67% to 20% (p<0.02) and 47% respectively. During reperfusion, mortality was reduced from 53% to 7% and 7% (p<0.02) respectively, and reperfusion induced ventricular fibrillation from 73% to 20% (p<0.01) and 47% respectively. When the drugs were given prior to ischaemia, the plasma concentrations of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone were 1.03 (SEM 0.18) and 0.22(0.02) μg·ml−1 and the myocardial concentrations were 23.43(2.78) and 30.41(1.87) μg·g−1 respectively. Similar concentrations were found in plasma and myocardium with drugs given prior to reperfusion. No significant differences in plasma or myocardial concentrations of amiodarone or desethylamiodarone were observed between animals which developed ventricular fibrillation and those which did not. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that desethylamiodarone can, like its parent compound, protect the heart against malignant ventricular arrhythmias arising as a consequence of regional myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion.
Ketoacidosis at Diabetes Onset Is Still Frequent in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Andreas Neu, Sabine E. Hofer, Beate Karges, Rudolf Oeverink, Joachim Rosenbauer, Reinhard W. Holl
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

We aimed at analyzing the frequency, clinical characteristics, and trends associated with the occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the onset of type 1 diabetes on the basis of long-term follow-up data.A total of 106 pediatric diabetes centers in Germany and Austria participated in this study. Data from 14,664 patients with type 1 diabetes collected between 1995 and 2007 were suitable for evaluation. DKA was defined and classified according to the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes consensus guidelines.DKA was observed in 21.1% of patients. The frequency of DKA, including the severe form, remained unchanged throughout the 13-year observation period. The frequency of DKA was particularly striking among children <5 years of age (26.5%).Ketoacidosis occurring at diabetes onset continues to be a difficult problem. Our data show no significant change in the frequency and magnitude of DKA over the last 13 years.
THE RELATION OF THE DURATION OF GESTATION TO LEGITIMATE BIRTH.Read in the Section of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women, at the Forty- third Annual meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Detroit, June, 1892.
Authors: T. RIDGWAY BARKER
Journal: JAMA (1892)

A subject which has for its object the more perfect administration of the law and the strengthening of the sacred bonds of matrimony is one I trust, which may be deemed worthy of presentation on an occasion such as this when Science, Virtue and Justice go hand in hand. That many social laws, though unwritten, are more rigid and unjust than civil ones cannot be gain said, for the prejudiced, self-appointed jury, as is well known, bring in a verdict of guilty or not guilty without listening to the evidence offered by the defence. This being the case how important is it that the medical profession, and especially the obstetrical department, should be upon its guard lest it thoughtlessly become the "important witness" for the conviction of an innocent person by expressing without qualification, certain facts which while true in the vast majority of instances are subject to wide variations. Especially
Report: Study of Gulf War’s Health Effects Falls Short
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Treatment of Snakebite
Authors: Henry C. Huntley
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The publication of the article on treatment of pit viper bites has been brought to my attention. I regret the publication of this article without conflicting opinions of others. Here in Florida, a recent survey indicates close to 600 venomous snake bites each year are treated in emergency departments. In the last three years we have averaged one death per year. It is highly probable, therefore, that the mortality is not affected anyway by the method of treatment. The only question, therefore, is the extent of morbidity and disability resulting from the bite and subsequent treatment. The best information available to this office indicates that about half of the venomous bites in the state are treated solely or primarily with antivenin. Depending on the location and reaction, massive doses of antivenin may be given, sometimes 10 to 12 vials. The results that have been reported have been
Cryptococcal Meningitis
Authors: Charles S. Bryan
Journal: JAMA (1978)

SYNERGISTIC mechanisms of action and favorable clinical experience make flucytosine-amphotericin B combination therapy an attractive alternative to use of amphotericin B alone for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis.<sup>1-3</sup>Fatal bone marrow aplasia occurred in a man with multiple myeloma following unusually small doses of both drugs. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 32-year-old man was admitted to the hospital on Nov 24, 1976, with recurrent pneumonia. He had suffered at least five bouts of lobar pneumonia between 1951 and 1974. Evaluations for an underlying illness, which included serum protein electrophoresis, were inconclusive. In December 1975, during hospitalization for recurrence of pneumonia,<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>was isolated from bronchial washings. During hospitalization, the diagnosis of multiple myeloma was made on the basis of serum protein electrophoresis, quantitative immunoglobulin assay showing notable elevation of IgG, and bone marrow examination. The patient left the hospital contrary to medical advice. In May 1976, weakness, nausea, fever,
Objective Measures of Renal Mass Anatomic Complexity Predict Rates of Major Complications Following Partial Nephrectomy
Authors: Jay Simhan, Marc C. Smaldone, Kevin J. Tsai, Daniel J. Canter, Tianyu Li, Alexander Kutikov, Rosalia Viterbo, David Y.T. Chen, Richard E. Greenberg, Robert G. Uzzo
Journal: European Urology (2011)
Effectiveness of cervical screening with age: population based case-control study of prospectively recorded data
Authors: P. Sasieni, A. Castanon, J. Cuzick
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<b>Objective</b> To study the effect of cervical screening on incidence of cervical cancer as a function of age with particular focus on women screened under the age of 25. <b>Design</b> Population based case-control study with prospectively recorded data on cervical screening. <b>Setting</b> Selected centres in the United Kingdom. <b>Participants</b> 4012 women aged 20-69 with invasive cancer diagnosed in participating centres and two controls per case individually matched on age and area of residence. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Odds ratios for strength of association between cervical cancer and screening at particular ages. <b>Results</b> There is no evidence that screening women aged 22-24 reduced the incidence of cervical cancer at ages 25-29 (odds ratio 1.11, 95% confidence interval 0.83 to 1.50). Similar results were seen for cancers restricted to squamous carcinoma or FIGO (International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics) stage IB or worse, but the numbers are insufficient to provide narrow confidence intervals. Screening was associated with a 60% reduction of cancers in women aged 40, increasing to 80% at age 64. Screening was particularly effective in preventing advanced stage cancers. <b>Conclusions</b> Cervical screening in women aged 20-24 has little or no impact on rates of invasive cervical cancer up to age 30. Some uncertainly still exists regarding its impact on advanced stage tumours in women under age 30. By contrast, screening older women leads to a substantial reduction in incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer. These data should help policy makers balance the impact of screening on cancer rates against its harms, such as overtreatment of lesions with little invasive potential.
Leprosy in Vietnam Returnees
Authors: Harold D. Rose
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The first case of leprosy contracted by a US serviceman while on active duty in Vietnam was recently reported by Medford.<sup>1</sup>He stated that the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology was aware of another case, but no details were available. Those details are briefly presented herein. A 26-year-old man was seen at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Wood, Wis, in December 1971, complaining of an eruption on the right upper arm, forearm, and left lumbar area, of one year's duration. There was an associated numbness and lack of sensation in these areas. The patient was a native of Wisconsin. He had served in the armed forces from June 1966 to June 1968, and spent 12 months in Vietnam. He stated that he had been in close contact with the Vietnamese. Pertinent physical findings were limited to the skin lesions and extremities. On the ulnar side of the
Sometimes getting into hot water solves a (Legionella) problem
Authors: William A. Check
Journal: JAMA (1982)

A new sterilization method drastically reduces or eliminates<i>Legionella pneumophila</i>and the Pittsburgh pneumonia agent (<i>Legionella micdadei</i>) from hospital water supplies. Such a control procedure for nosocomial legionnaires' disease and Pittsburgh pneumonia is needed in many hospitals, said Victor Yu, MD, reporting on the method at the American Society of Microbiology's recent Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy in Miami Beach. In Yu's and others' experience, the prevalence of these infections is greater than generally thought. Yu and colleagues had previously implicated the hospital water supply as the source of the more than 100 cases of legionnaires' disease and Pittsburgh pneumonia seen at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Pittsburgh during a three-year period. They investigated the ability of the causative organisms to grow in water at various temperatures, then devised a hospital-wide sterilization procedure to eradicate the bacteria from the water supply. A trial of the method began in