tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Radiographic Evidence Linking Tobacco Use and Lung Cancer
Authors: David Michael McMullan, Gordon Alan Cohen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

A 72-year-old man presented for evaluation of progressive dyspnea and cough. He reported smoking one to two packs of cigarettes a day since the age of 15 years. Standard chest radiography showed a suspicious lesion in the right thoracic cavity. Computed tomography of his chest revealed bullous emphysema (thick arrow), a tumor involving the middle lobe of the right lung (thin arrow), and a pack of cigarettes in his shirt pocket (asterisk). Biopsy of the lesion confirmed the presence of non–small-cell lung cancer.
Few patients are aware of contents of patient's charter
Authors: A. Kent
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Doctors were sceptical about the impact of the patient's charter when it was launched in 1991, and subsequent events did little to change their minds. A report from the King's Fund published last week examines how a future charter could improve on the original.

The researchers, commissioned by the NHS Executive, consulted patients, carers, managers, and clinicians, along with voluntary and professional organisations. They found that two of the charter's greatest …
Polycythaemia Vera with Low White Cell Count
Authors: A. J. Rhodes, A. Grunberg
Journal: BMJ (1942)

Polycythaemia Vera with Low White Cell CountVarious workers have studied the white cell couint in cases of primary polycythaemia vera (Vaquez-Osler disease), and the consensus of opinion is that the leucocytes are usually increased, like the red cell count and the haemoglobin concentration.Parkes Weber and Bode (1929) stated that the white cell count usually reaches 20,000 to 30,000 per c.mm., and they quoted the findings of other authors referring to counts of 50,000 to 91,000.The differential count in such cases shows that from 80% to 85% of the leucocytes are polymorphs.
Tampons and Toxic Shock Syndrome
Authors: M. T. Osterholm, J. P. Davis, J. S. Mandel, R. W. Gibson, F. A. Wintermeyer
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The recent article inThe Journal(1982;247:835) by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, regarding their second toxic shock syndrome (TSS) case-control study also discussed the results of our Tri-State Toxic Shock Syndrome Study (TSTSSS).<sup>1</sup>We believe some of their study findings and ours have been misinterpreted in the CDC article. In the CDC report, emphasis was placed on the finding of the association of menstrually related TSS with the use of Rely brand tampons and the lack of difference found between cases and controls in the absorbency of the tampon product used. The discussion regarding the lack of a relationship between absorbency and the risk of TSS developing is incomplete and misleading. First, every tampon brand has two to five different brand styles (regular, super, and super plus) that have different absorbency levels. In September 1980, all five major tampon brands included brand styles
Milken buys immunity
Authors: F. Calman
Journal: BMJ (1996)

For much of this century we have known that tumours can occasionally regress spontaneously, bringing about “miracle cures.” The list of such tumours is well known to the average medical examination candidate: renal cell carcinoma, neuroblastoma in infants, malignant melanoma. It is not very long. These are the cancers which will respond to biologically active substances such as interferon and interleukin, which we use in an attempt to activate the body's defence mechanisms against the tumour. Horizon looked at immunotherapy for malignant melanoma, and asked what we can learn from those with the disease who have spontaneously improved.

Survivors are extraordinary people, whether they have survived prisoner of war camps, advanced cancer, or any other catastrophe where, statistically speaking, they should have died. What causes them to survive when others succumb is not always clear. I prescribe tamoxifen tablets for a Turkish woman with lung, bone, and skin metastases from breast cancer and they disappear for four years. She brings me pistachio nuts when …
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ANTICOAGULATION AND LONG-TERM CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE AND ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: FINDINGS FROM THE ADHERE REGISTRY
Authors: Zubin Eapen, Xiaojuan Mi, Gregg Fonarow, Soko Setoguchi, Jonathan Piccini, Roger Mills, Winslow Klaskala, Lesley Curtis, Adrian Hernandez
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Communicable Disease Control in Emergencies: A Field Manual
Authors: Aric Gregson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2007)

Medical Writings: Book Notes3 April 2007Communicable Disease Control in Emergencies: A Field ManualAric Gregson, MDAric Gregson, MDFrom University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-7-200704030-00024 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Connolly MA. 295 pages. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. $36.00. ISBN 9241546166. Order at www.who.int.Fields of medicine: Public health, refugee medicine.Format: Softcover book.Audience: Clinical health professionals and public health coordinators working in refugee and disaster situations.Purpose: To “promote effective, coordinated action towards the prevention and control of communicable diseases in emergencies.”Content: This book contains a concise and thorough distillation of current recommendations for the control of communicable diseases in refugee and disaster settings. The book begins at the initial assessment with suggested survey team compositions, examples of survey techniques (including pros and cons of each), ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byDynamics of a multi-strain malaria model with diffusion in a periodic environment 3 April 2007Volume 146, Issue 7Page: 544KeywordsClinical laboratoriesDistillationGlobal healthPrevention, policy, and public healthSexually transmitted diseasesSoftware toolsSpecimen preparation and treatmentTreatment guidelinesTropical diseases ePublished: 3 April 2007 Issue Published: 3 April 2007 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2007 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
A long-acting integrase inhibitor protects female macaques from repeated high-dose intravaginal SHIV challenge
Authors: Chasity D. Andrews, Yun Lan Yueh, William R. Spreen, Leslie St. Bernard, Mar Boente-Carrera, Kristina Rodriguez, Agegnehu Gettie, Kasi Russell-Lodrigue, James Blanchard, Susan Ford, Hiroshi Mohri, Cecilia Cheng-Mayer, Zhi Hong, David D. Ho, Martin Markowitz
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2015)

Long-acting GSK1265744 (GSK744 LA) is a strand transfer inhibitor of the HIV/SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) integrase and was shown to be an effective preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) agent in a low-dose intrarectal SHIV (simian-human immunodeficiency virus) rhesus macaque challenge model. We examined the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of GSK744 LA as PrEP against repeat high-dose intravaginal SHIV challenge in female rhesus macaques treated with Depo-Provera (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate), which promotes viral transmission vaginally. When Depo-Provera-treated female rhesus macaques were dosed with GSK744 LA (50 mg/kg) monthly, systemic and tissue drug concentrations were lower than previously observed in male rhesus macaques. GSK744 concentrations were fivefold lower on average in cervical tissues than in rectal tissues. Eight female rhesus macaques were treated with GSK744 LA at week 0, and four female rhesus macaques served as controls. All animals received a high-dose challenge of SHIV162P3 at week 1. No infection was detected in GSK744 LA-treated rhesus macaques, whereas viremia was detected 1 to 2 weeks after SHIV challenge in all control animals. The GSK744 LA-treated rhesus macaques were given a second administration of drug at week 4 and further challenged at weeks 5 and 7. GSK744 LA treatment protected six of eight female rhesus macaques against three high-dose SHIV challenges, whereas all control animals became infected after the first challenge (P = 0.0003, log-rank test). These results support further clinical development of GSK744 LA for PrEP.
Placental Transfusion as an Intrauterine Phenomenon in Deliveries Complicated by Foetal Distress
Authors: A. G. S. Philip, A. B. Yee, M. Rosy, N. Surti, A. Tsamtsouris, D. Ingall
Journal: BMJ (1969)

The details of the deliveries of 10 infants whose cords were clamped before the onset of respiration and within one minute of delivery of the chin but whose residual placental volumes were unexpectedly low are compared with 20 control infants whose cords were clamped under similar conditions but who had the expected residual placental volumes. The only statistically significant difference between these groups was in the high number of patients with foetal distress and low Apgar scores in the former group. It is concluded that placental transfusion occurred before delivery in these patients and that foetal asphyxia facilitated this transfusion, which may be the underlying mechanism of neonatal erythrocythaemia or transient tachypnoea of the newborn.
The Whole Pediatrician Catalog: A Compendium of Clues to Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Susie Reitz
Journal: JAMA (1980)

A note of caution—volume 2 of<i>The Whole Pediatrician Catalog</i>is not, repeat not, a remake and has a new author (Stockman) as well. But those who liked the first will not be disappointed in this sequel. Retaining the flavor of the original, volume 2 is similarly organized, with a new chapter on the kidney added to the original 20. Browsing through this catalog one finds a delightful assortment of clinical tools. Selections are grouped attractively although not arranged ideally for reference. This problem is partially overcome by a complete index as well as bold headlines and readable charts and diagrams. Sections discuss most major systems, with the selectivity of a catalog not the thoroughness of a textbook, but, as a clue book rather than a core text, this book excels. To illustrate the range of volume 2, one section provides a complete list of causes of hypoglycemia in the
Risk for Distant Recurrence of Breast Cancer Detected by Mammography Screening or Other Methods
Authors: Heikki Joensuu, Tiina Lehtimäki, Kaija Holli, Liisa Elomaa, Taina Turpeenniemi-Hujanen, Vesa Kataja, Ahti Anttila, Mikael Lundin, Jorma Isola, Johan Lundin
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Selection of systemic adjuvant therapies for women diagnosed as having breast cancer is based on risk estimations for cancer recurrence. In such estimations, tumors detected by mammography screening are considered to be associated with a similar risk of recurrence as tumors of similar size found by other methods.To compare the risk of recurrence and survival among women with cancerous tumors detected by mammography screening compared with other methods (outside of screening).Retrospective study comparing clinical, histopathological, and biological features of cancerous tumors detected by mammography screening compared with tumors detected outside of screening. Women diagnosed as having breast cancer in 1991 or 1992 were identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry (n = 2842). The median follow-up time was 9.5 years. Cancer biological variables were analyzed from tumor tissue microarrays using immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization and included ERBB2, TP53, and MK167 expression and ERBB2 amplification data.Univariate and multivariate analyses of potential risk factors for distant recurrence of breast cancer and 10-year survival.Of the 1983 women with unilateral invasive breast cancer, data on tumor diameter were available for 1918 women. Women with cancerous tumors detected by mammography screening had better estimated 10-year distant disease-free survival than women with tumors found outside of screening (tumor size of < or =10 mm [n = 386] 92% vs 85% [P =.04]; 11-20 mm [n = 808] 88% vs 76% [P<.001]; 21-30 mm [n = 409] 86% vs 63% [P =.008]; >30 mm [n = 315] 68% vs 50% [P =.12], respectively). In a Cox multivariate model that included cancer biological factors, the relative hazard ratio for distant recurrence among women with tumors detected outside of screening (HR, 1.90; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-3.11) was significantly higher than among women with tumors detected by mammography screening (P =.01). Breast cancer diagnosis by mammography screening was an independent prognostic variable reducing the relative HR for distant recurrence. This effect was equal to or greater than the effect of 1-cm decrease in tumor diameter (HR, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.31).Cancerous tumors detected by mammography screening are associated with a better prognosis than tumors of similar size found outside of screening. The risk of distant metastases is overestimated for women diagnosed as having cancer by mammography screening unless the method of detection is taken into account in risk estimations.
Biology and the Future of Man
Authors: E. James Potchen
Journal: JAMA (1970)

What is basic science? How does it relate to modern medicine? More important, how can priorities in scientific endeavor affect the future of man? In an effort to answer these questions, the National Academy of Science, through its Committee on Science and Public Policy, undertook a massive statement-ofthe-arts survey which is condensed in this book. Dr. Handler, the current Academy president, edited contributions from 175 of the most illustrious names in American bioscience. Although the book is remarkably comprehensive, the interests of the chosen experts are apparent through the omission of other material that equally competent experts would have considered important. Some aspects of basic science are covered in too great a depth to be comprehended by those unfamiliar with the field, whereas others are covered too superficially to provide useful material. The overall quality of the presentation is superb and, as best I can judge, the material is accurate.
Azoles, a48 llylamines and drug metabolism
Authors: D.J. BACK, J.F. TJIA, S.M. ABEL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1992)

Four antifungal drugs, the azoles ketoconazole, itraconazole and fluconazole, and the allylamine terbinafine, were studied for their effects on the metabolism of cyclosporin A (CyA) and cortisol by human liver microsomes in vitro (n = 3). Ketoconazole produced marked inhibition of CyA hydroxylase (to metabolites M17 and M1) with IC50 and Ki values of 0.24 +/- 0.01 and 0.022 +/- 0.004 microM, respectively. On the basis of the IC50, itraconazole was 10 times less potent (IC50 of 2.2 +/- 0.2 microM), and fluconazole and terbinafine were each above 100 microM. No kinetic parameters were calculated for terbinafine because of the lack of inhibitory effects. Ketoconazole was the most potent inhibitor of cortisol metabolism (to 6 beta-hydroxycortisol, IC50 = 0.6 microM). Itraconazole produced marked inhibition of cortisol metabolism (IC50 = 2.4 microM), but fluconazole and terbinafine had little effect. These data confirm that ketoconazole is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P-450-IIIA4, and this has clinical relevance. Although the inhibition with fluconazole was much less than with itraconazole at equimolar concentrations, it should be noted that in-vivo plasma concentrations of fluconazole are much greater than that of itraconazole. Clinical interactions of CyA with both fluconazole and itraconazole have been reported; in contrast to these azoles, terbinafine does not have the same interaction potential.
Discussion: Treatment of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis
Authors: P J Mease
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

### Why does it occasionally happen, with some medications and individuals, that there is a significant effect of treatment on the joints but not the skin, and vice versa?

Mease : Although most often we see a significant correlation between joint and skin response with current systemic treatments, it is true that there is sometimes a disconnect. A variety of factors lie behind this phenomenon. Even though cellular and cytokine activation profiles are very similar in the joint and the skin, there are still some important differences. Some key cellular elements present in the joint, such as fibroblasts, chondrocytes, and osteoclasts are not present or have a lesser role in the skin, just as keratinocytes are not active in joints. There are likely subtly different quantities of cytokines in the two compartments. Vascularisation may be different; drug penetrance of the compartment may be different. Thus, it stands to reason that there may be differential sensitivities to medication effect.

### Why is there such a discrepancy between dermatologists’ and rheumatologists’ recommendations regarding periodic liver biopsies to monitor the hepatic safety of methotrexate?

Mease : It is not uncommon to observe a dermatologist recommending liver biopsy, especially in the USA, to monitor the effects of methotrexate after every 1500 mg of use. Rheumatologists virtually never do so, unless there is a specific indication, such as persistently elevated liver function tests or other signs of liver toxicity. Part of this stems from case series of psoriasis patients, in whom there appears to be a greater chance for progression from one stage of hepatotoxicity to the next when serial liver biopsy studies are done in patients on methotrexate, as distinct from studies of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), in whom progression of liver grade is much less common. It is not entirely clear whether this discrepancy is related to lack of comparability of studies or differences in potential for hepatic toxicity related to the underlying diseases. Because of the concern about methotrexate hepatotoxicity in patients with psoriasis, there may be a greater interest in using antitumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents and other biologicals as monotherapy, rather …
Regulation of B cell homeostasis and activation by the tumor suppressor gene CYLD
Authors: Nadine Hövelmeyer, F. Thomas Wunderlich, Ramin Massoumi, Charlotte G. Jakobsen, Jian Song, Marcus A. Wörns, Carsten Merkwirth, Andrew Kovalenko, Monique Aumailley, Dennis Strand, Jens C. Brüning, Peter R. Galle, David Wallach, Reinhard Fässler, Ari Waisman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2007)

B cell homeostasis is regulated by multiple signaling processes, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), BAFF-, and B cell receptor signaling. Conditional disruption of genes involved in these pathways has shed light on the mechanisms governing signaling from the cell surface to the nucleus. We describe a novel mouse strain that expresses solely and excessively a naturally occurring splice variant of CYLD (CYLDex7/8 mice), which is a deubiquitinating enzyme that is integral to NF-κB signaling. This shorter CYLD protein lacks the TRAF2 and NEMO binding sites present in full-length CYLD. A dramatic expansion of mature B lymphocyte populations in all peripheral lymphoid organs occurs in this strain. The B lymphocytes themselves exhibit prolonged survival and manifest a variety of signaling disarrangements that do not occur in mice with a complete deletion of CYLD. Although both the full-length and the mutant CYLD are able to interact with Bcl-3, a predominant nuclear accumulation of Bcl-3 occurs in the CYLD mutant B cells. More dramatic, however, is the accumulation of the NF-κB proteins p100 and RelB in CYLDex7/8 B cells, which, presumably in combination with nuclear Bcl-3, results in increased levels of Bcl-2 expression. These findings suggest that CYLD can both positively and negatively regulate signal transduction and homeostasis of B cells in vivo, depending on the expression of CYLD splice variants.
Minimal morphological criteria for defining bone marrow dysplasia: a basis for clinical implementation of WHO classification of myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: M G Della Porta, E Travaglino, E Boveri, M Ponzoni, L Malcovati, E Papaemmanuil, G M Rigolin, C Pascutto, G Croci, U Gianelli, R Milani, I Ambaglio, C Elena, M Ubezio, M C Da Via’, E Bono, D Pietra, F Quaglia, R Bastia, V Ferretti, A Cuneo, E Morra, P J Campbell, A Orazi, R Invernizzi, M Cazzola
Journal: Leukemia (2014)
Proteomic remodelling of mitochondrial oxidative pathways in pressure overload-induced heart failure
Authors: Heiko Bugger, Michael Schwarzer, Dong Chen, Andrea Schrepper, Paulo A. Amorim, Maria Schoepe, T. Dung Nguyen, Friedrich W. Mohr, Oleh Khalimonchuk, Bart C. Weimer, Torsten Doenst
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

Impairment in mitochondrial energetics is a common observation in animal models of heart failure, the underlying mechanisms of which remain incompletely understood. It was our objective to investigate whether changes in mitochondrial protein levels may explain impairment in mitochondrial oxidative capacity in pressure overload-induced heart failure.Twenty weeks following aortic constriction, Sprague-Dawley rats developed contractile dysfunction with clinical signs of heart failure. Comparative mitochondrial proteomics using label-free proteome expression analysis (LC-MS/MS) revealed decreased mitochondrial abundance of fatty acid oxidation proteins (six of 11 proteins detected), increased levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase subunits, and upregulation of two tricarboxylic acid cycle proteins. Regulation of mitochondrial electron transport chain subunits was variable, with downregulation of 53% of proteins and upregulation of 25% of proteins. Mitochondrial state 3 respiration was markedly decreased independent of the substrate used (palmitoyl-carnitine -65%, pyruvate -75%, glutamate -75%, dinitrophenol -82%; all P < 0.05), associated with impaired mitochondrial cristae morphology in failing hearts. Perfusion of isolated working failing hearts showed markedly reduced oleate (-68%; P < 0.05) and glucose oxidation (-64%; P < 0.05).Pressure overload-induced heart failure is characterized by a substantial defect in cardiac oxidative capacity, at least in part due to a mitochondrial defect downstream of substrate-specific pathways. Numerous changes in mitochondrial protein levels have been detected, and the contribution of these to oxidative defects and impaired cardiac energetics in failing hearts is discussed.
Colloid Osmotic Pressure in Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Authors: J. D. Baum, D. Harris
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Measurements were made of total proteins, albumin, and colloid osmotic pressure on cord blood samples from 15 infants with erythroblastosis fetalis (six of whom were hydropic) and from 151 non-rhesus non-hydropic control infants. The erythroblastotic infants had levels of total protein and albumin which fell within the normal range for gestational age, but their colloid osmotic pressures were abnormally low. It seems that low colloid osmotic pressure may provide a reasonable explanation for the occurrence of hydrops fetalis.