tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The UK flu vaccine shortage—who is at fault?
Authors: John Watkins
Journal: BMJ (2005)

I t is a very British thing to do: when people complain, someone must be at fault. Recently the health secretary, Patricia Hewitt, suggested that general practitioners might have been giving flu vaccine to the “worried well” rather than to those patients who are most at risk and thus recommended for vaccination, resulting in a shortage. The suggestion led GPs' leaders to defend their profession and to blame the shortage on heightened public awareness of avian flu and the threat of a human pandemic, increasing public demand for the vaccine, which has outstripped supply. The debate has now moved on to the issue of whether GPs and the government ordered enough vaccine from the suppliers to ensure that all those recommended for vaccination received it (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4456876.stm), as well as the issue of some vital doses being not only given to the worried well but also siphoned off by private companies as perks for their employees.

> Between 2000 and 2005 the amount of …
Kveim Revisited, Reassessed
Authors: D. Geraint James
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

ON the hypothesis that sarcoidosis, like lymphogranuloma, might be a virus disease, Williams and Nickerson1 employed a skin test for its diagnosis. A piece of skin sarcoid tissue, suspended in six times its volume of physiologic saline, was sterilized by heat, and 0.05 ml of this material was injected intradermally into each of four patients with suspected sarcoidosis and four normal control subjects. Within 24 hours a firm red papule was observed in the first group, and was still present a week later, whereas such a reaction was not observed in the control group. The histology of these papules was . . .
Imaging of neck lumps
Authors: P. Bradley, N. Beasley, I. Au-Yong
Journal: BMJ (2014)

#### Learning points A 47 year old man presented to his primary care physician with a six month history of a left sided sore throat, ipsilateral otalgia, and a six week history of a left sided neck mass. He had never smoked and drank less than 5 units of alcohol a week. He was referred urgently to an otolaryngologist with suspected cancer. Head and neck cancer has traditionally been associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption, although increasing numbers of patients are being diagnosed with tumours that are positive for human papillomavirus group 16 (HPV-16).1 2 Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck can arise from any mucosal surface in the upper aerodigestive tract. Any patient presenting with “red flag” signs and symptoms (box 1) should be urgently referred to a head and neck service for suspected cancer (a two week wait pathway in the UK). Disease can be rapidly progressive, so timely diagnosis and treatment is crucial. #### Box 1: Red flag signs and symptoms for cancer of the head and neck3
Sleep and Puberty: Who Wakes the Bugler?
Authors: Arleen B. Rifkind
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

The study of sleep has intensified during the past decade with the development of sophisticated technics that have permitted the accumulation of a large body of data, particularly relating to electrophysiologic events. It is becoming increasingly evident that sleep is a very active state in terms not only of rapid changes in physiologic responses but also of hormonal activity. Plasma levels of growth hormone undergo episodic spurts temporally related to the deep-sleep phase of the sleep cycle and independent of other factors known to regulate growth-hormone secretion such as fatty acids, glucose or insulin.1 , 2 Boyar et al., elsewhere in this . . .
Demonstration of protein AA in subcutaneous fat tissue obtained by fine needle biopsy.
Authors: P Westermark, B Stenkvist, J B Natvig, E Olding-Stenkvist
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1979)

Polarisation microscopy of material obtained by fine needle biopsy of subcutaneous tissue and stained with Congo red is a simple and reliable method for the diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis. It cannot, however, be used to differentiate histologically between different forms of amyloidosis. In the present study extracts of material obtained by fine needle biopsy of subcutaneous fat tissue from 13 patients were examined by double immunodiffusion with an antiserum against protein AA, a unique protein which forms a major part of the fibrils in secondary amyloidosis. Five of the patients showed amyloid deposits round the fat cells by conventional microscopy. In 3 of these, all with rheumatoid arthritis, protein AA was detected. Eight patients without amyloidosis and 2 with myelomatosis and amyloidosis showed no reaction with antiprotein AA antiserum. Thus the material obtained by fine needle biopsy of subcutaneous tissue could be used not only for the histological diagnosis of amyloidosis but also for a classification of systemic amyloidosis into secondary or primary based on the type of amyloid fibril protein involved.
Differential resolution of inflammation and recovery after renal ischemia–reperfusion injury in Brown Norway compared with Sprague Dawley rats
Authors: David Sáenz-Morales, Elisa Conde, Ignacio Blanco-Sánchez, Belen Ponte, Elia Aguado-Fraile, Gonzalo de las Casas, Maria García-Martos, Laura Alegre, Maria M. Escribese, Ana Molina, Carmen Santiuste, Fernando Liaño, Maria-Laura García-Bermejo
Journal: Kidney International (2010)
Recognition of human insulin in vitro by T cells from subjects treated with animal insulins.
Authors: L J Nell, V J Virta, J W Thomas
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

Structurally defined proteins and peptides have provided considerable information about the specificity and regulation of immune responses in inbred animals. Many diabetics require therapy with insulin; therefore, we used this defined protein as a model antigen to investigate immune responses in the outbred human population. In this report, we examine human T cell recognition of antigenic determinants on various insulins. A group of 25 subjects was selected from over 200 diabetics because of the magnitude of their in vitro responses. 13 of the 25 had significant T cell responses to human insulin despite treatment with only beef/pork insulin mixtures. This autoimmunity may be attributed to crossreactivity of lymphocytes highly reactive to "foreign" epitopes on therapeutic insulins. Alternatively, identical determinants shared by human and animal insulins may be recognized. By employing additional insulins not used therapeutically and isolated A and B chains, several potential mechanisms for lymphocyte autoreactivity to human insulin were demonstrated. Some epitopes are conformational and require recognition of an intact molecule, whereas other epitopes may arise from antigen processing at the cellular level. Studies using zinc-free insulins suggest that zinc-induced alterations of the molecular surface may result in some shared reactivities between animal and human insulin. Furthermore, T cell reactivity against "foreign" epitopes is more complex than anticipated from differences in amino acid sequence. The response patterns of many subjects indicate that the A-chain loop associates with the N-terminal B chain to form a complex determinant. This determinant is recognized more often than individual amino acids. We conclude that insulin therapy generates polyclonal T cell responses directed at multiple epitopes on the molecule. Many of these epitopes are not identified by amino acid exchanges and their presence on human insulin leads to apparent autoimmunity.
Abnormal skeletal muscle oxidative capacity after lung transplantation by 31P-MRS.
Authors: A B Evans, A J Al-Himyary, M I Hrovat, P Pappagianopoulos, J C Wain, L C Ginns, D M Systrom
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Although lung transplantation improves exercise capacity by removal of a ventilatory limitation, recipients' postoperative maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) remains markedly abnormal. To determine if abnormal skeletal muscle oxidative capacity contributes to this impaired aerobic capacity, nine lung transplant recipients and eight healthy volunteers performed incremental quadriceps exercise to exhaustion with simultaneous measurements of pulmonary gas exchange, minute ventilation, blood lactate, and quadriceps muscle pH and phosphorylation potential by 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS). Five to 38 mo after lung transplantation, peak VO2 was decreased compared with that of normal control subjects (6.7 +/- 0.4 versus 12.3 +/- 1.0 ml/min/kg, p < 0.001), even after accounting for differences in age and lean body weight. Neither ventilation, arterial O2 saturation nor mild anemia could account for the decrease in aerobic capacity. Quadriceps muscle intracellular pH (pH(i)) was more acidic at rest (7.07 +/- 0.01 versus 7.12 +/- 0.01 units, p < 0.05) and fell during exercise from baseline values at a lower metabolic rate (282 +/- 21 versus 577 +/- 52 ml/min, p < 0.001). Regressions for pH(i) versus VO2, phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate ratio (PCr/Pi) versus VO2, and blood lactate versus pH(i) were not different. Among transplant recipients, the metabolic rate at which pH(i) fell correlated closely with VO2max (r = 0.87, p < 0.01). The persistent decrease in VO2max after lung transplantation may be related to abnormalities of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity.
Lung cancer in patients with bullous disease.
Authors: J J Zulueta, S M Bloom, M I Rozansky, A C White
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

There have been sporadic reports in the literature of an association between bullous disease of the lung and lung cancer; however, we believe that this clinical association is not well recognized. We present six cases in which bullous disease of the lung and lung cancer coexisted, and review the available literature on the topic. Five of the patients were males, the mean age of presentation was 42 yr (range: 32 to 62 yr), and all of the patients were smokers. Histologically the tumors in all six patients were non-small-cell carcinomas. The significantly younger age of these patients with lung cancer and bullous disease as compared with those reported in the literature with lung cancer but without bullous disease suggests that the association between these two processes is more than just coincidental. The utility of plain radiography and computerized tomography (CT) of the chest in screening patients with bullous disease for lung cancer is discussed.
Isolation of oval cells from Long-Evans Cinnamon rats and their transformation into hepatocytesin vivo in the rat liver
Authors: O Yasui, N Miura, K Terada, Y Kawarada, K Koyama, T Sugiyama
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

ABSTRACT Oval cells function as compensatory cells in severe liver injury and are thought to be equivalent to liver stem/progenitor cells. We isolated oval cells from the liver of Long–Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats by isopyknic centrifugation in a Percoll gradient. The cells were gamma–glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP)–positive, alpha–fetoprotein–positive, and cytokeratin (CK) 18– and CK 19–positive, but albumin–negative in the cells. When oval cells were transplanted to the liver, they were transformed into hepatocytes. To evaluate albumin biosynthesis, we transplanted oval cells into the liver of Nagase analbuminemic and LEC double mutant rats. The albumin level in the serum of transplanted rats was increased and maintained for up to 10 weeks. These results indicated that the oval cells isolated from LEC rats can differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo .
Use of yttrium 90 in persistent synovitis of the knee. II. Direct comparison of yttrium colloid resin and yttrium citrate.
Authors: J M Gumpel, H E Farran, E D Williams
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1974)

The choice of radiocolloid for intra-articular therapy depends largely on factors of efficacy and safety.The fl-emission from yttrium 90 (90 Y) has a satisfactory
Reduced expression of human mismatch repair genes in adult T-cell leukemia
Authors: Hiroaki Morimoto, Junichi Tsukada, Yoshihiko Kominato, Yoshiya Tanaka
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2005)

In this study, we investigated the expression of six human DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, human MutS homologues 2 (hMSH2), 3 (hMSH3), and 6 (hMSH6), human MutL homologue 1 (hMLH1), human post-meiotic segregations 1 (hPMS1) and 2 (hPMS2), in primary leukemic cells obtained from 11 patients with acute-type adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) by using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In contrast to normal peripheral lymphocytes, all primary ATL samples had reduced or loss of expression of two or more MMR genes, and the expression of several MMR genes was simultaneously suppressed in each ATL patient. Abnormal expression of hMSH2, hMSH3, hMSH6, hMLH1, and hPMS1 was observed more frequently than that of hPMS2. In particular, expression of hMSH2 and hPMS1 was reduced in all cases. Western blot analysis further showed reduced expression of both hMSH2 and hPMS1 proteins in all five cases examined. In three out of the 5 cases, both of the two proteins were undetectable. Interestingly, methylation-specific PCR indicated methylation of hPMS1 promoter in all of four ATL cases examined. hPMS1 expression, but not hMSH2 expression, was restored by treatment with a DNA demethylation agent, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, suggesting that methylation plays a crucial role in inhibition of the hPMS1 gene expression in ATL. Our results demonstrate that defect of both human MutS and human MutL systems in primary ATL cells. Am. J. Hematol. 78:100–107, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mechanism of intestinal absorption. Effect of clonidine on rabbit ileal villus and crypt cells.
Authors: U Sundaram
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

In intact tissue studies, intestinal absorptogogues stimulate NaCl absorption that occurs via the dual operation of Na:H and Cl:HCO3 exchanges on the brush border membrane (BBM) of villus cells. To determine the cellular mechanism of action of an intestinal absorptogogue, the effect of clonidine was determined on Na:H and Cl:HCO3 exchange in rabbit ileal villus and crypt cells. Using 2,7-bis(carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxy-fluorescein we have previously shown that recovery from an acid load occurs via Na:H exchange, whereas recovery from an alkaline load occurs via Cl:HCO3 exchange in both cells. In villus cells, the rate of recovery from a propionate-induced alkaline load was not altered by clonidine. However, clonidine stimulated recovery from an acid load induced by NH4Cl, Na removal, or amiloride. These data suggest that clonidine stimulates Na:H exchange in villus cells. In crypt cells, the rate of recovery from a propionate-induced alkaline load was also not altered by clonidine. However, in crypt cells, unlike the villus cells, clonidine inhibited recovery from an acid load induced by NH4Cl, Na removal, or amiloride. These data suggest that clonidine inhibits Na:H exchange in crypt cells. Stimulation of Na:H exchange on the BBM of villus cells would be expected to stimulate coupled NaCl absorption (which occurs by coupling of Na:H and Cl:HCO3 exchange). Inhibition of Na:H in crypt cells, known to be present only on the basolateral membrane, will acidify the cell and may inhibit Cl:HCO3 exchange on the BBM, resulting in the inhibition of HCO3 secretion.
The Occurrence of Certain Multiple Primary Cancers in Females.
Authors: Bruce S. Schoenberg
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

s1 May 1968The Occurrence of Certain Multiple Primary Cancers in Females.Bruce S. Schoenberg, B.A., Richard A. Greenberg, Ph.D., Henry Eisenberg, M.D.Bruce S. Schoenberg, B.A.Search for more papers by this author, Richard A. Greenberg, Ph.D.Search for more papers by this author, Henry Eisenberg, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-68-5-1193_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThis study was designed to ascertain whether a woman with a single primary cancer of the breast or genital organs has an increased, decreased, or unchanged risk of developing a second primary cancer of the genital organs or digestive system. The investigation dealt with 19,394 female patients of known age with cancer of the breast and 18,317 female patients of known age with cancer of the genital organs. These patients were admitted to a Connecticut hospital for their cancers between the years 1935 and 1962, inclusive. Survival experience was converted to person-years of observation, and the expected number of second... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Bruce S. Schoenberg, B.A.; Richard A. Greenberg, Ph.D.; Henry Eisenberg, M.D.Affiliations: New Haven and Hartford, Connecticut PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byMale Breast CancerMale breast cancer.A natural history studyCancer in the male breastMetachronous Double Primary Cancer after Treatment of Breast Cancer 1 May 1968Volume 68, Issue 5Page: 1193-1193KeywordsBreast cancerDigestive systemGenital anatomy ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1968 PDF downloadLoading ...
Activation of intracellular signaling by hepatitis B and C viruses: C-viral core is the most potent signal inducer
Authors: Naoya Kato, Hideo Yoshida, Suzane Kioko Ono-nita, Jun Kato, Tadashi Goto, Motoyuki Otsuka, Keng-hsin Lan, Kouji Matsushima, Yasushi Shiratori, Masao Omata
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

To clarify the effects of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on hepatocytes, we analyzed and compared the induction of intracellular signals by HCV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) proteins. We examined the influence of 7 HCV (core, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B) and 4 HBV (precore, core, polymerase, and X) proteins on 5 well-defined intracellular signaling pathways associated with cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis by use of a reporter assay. Viral protein-expression vectors were cotransfected into mammalian cells with reporter vectors having a luciferase gene driven by the following inducible cis -enhancer elements: the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element, the serum response element (SRE), and the binding sites for nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), activator protein 1 (AP-1), and serum response factor (SRF). In addition, the activation of signals by HCV proteins was examined in a reporter plasmid having a natural interleukin-8 (IL-8) promoter upstream of a luciferase gene. Of 11 HCV and HBV proteins, HCV core had the strongest influence on intracellular signals, especially NF-κB-, AP-1-, and SRE-associated pathways. HCV core’s activation level exceeded that of HBV X protein, a well-characterized transactivator of these signals. Moreover, HCV core activated the IL-8 promoter through NF-κB and AP-1. For the other proteins, HCV NS4B showed signal activation, but signals were activated at a lesser extent. The luciferase reporter assay, a recently introduced technique, helped in the elucidation of molecular events underlying the inflammatory and proliferation process in the liver induced by HCV.
Hepatic Abscess
Authors: Martin E. Morin
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Two adults had the hypovascular nature of their hepatic abscesses ascertained by total body opacification. In one, total body opacification identified the hypovascular nature of the lesion, facilitating its differentiation from vascular hepatoma. In the other, the clinical diagnosis was acute cholecystitis with empyema of the gallbladder, and the liver was normal to inspection and palpation at celiotomy. Total body opacification may be helpful in the examination of abdominal masses.
NEGLECTED OPPORTUNITIES FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY
Authors: E. L. BISHOP
Journal: JAMA (1930)

It is a common impression, even among public health workers, that epidemiology is a highly specialized science concerned primarily with the control of acute epidemics. There is, too, the impression that sound epidemiologic observations are possible only to the highly trained specialists and, hence, workers situated in the most strategic position for epidemiologic observations are neglecting vital opportunities for critical study. It is time, therefore, to revise both misconceptions, for history clearly shows each idea to be a misconception. Certainly in the field of public health physicians must concern themselves with the causes and conditions of health as well as with the causes of disease. In other words, we must be both positive and negative in our point of view and hence must study the factors that produce health in addition to the etiology of disease. Moreover, the field of inquiry into the endemic expression of disease must be widely
Maple syrup urine disease caused by a partial deletion in the inner E2 core domain of the branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex due to aberrant splicing. A single base deletion at a 5'-splice donor site of an intron of the E2 gene disrupts the consensus sequence in this region.
Authors: H Mitsubuchi, Y Nobukuni, I Akaboshi, Y Indo, F Endo, I Matsuda
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

We have studied the molecular bases of maple syrup urine disease by analyzing the activity, subunit structure, mRNA sequence, and the genome of the affected enzyme. The branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) activity in the patient was 4.2-4.5% of the control level. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the E2 subunit of BCKDH (Mr 52,000) was absent and another protein band with an Mr of 49,000 was present. We amplified the cDNA of the E2 subunit obtained from the patient's cell using the polymerase chain reaction method, then sequenced the amplified cDNA, in which a 78-bp deletion was identified. The consanguineous parents and a sister had two species of mRNA; the one corresponding to the normal E2 subunit and the other with a 78-bp deletion, whereas findings in a brother were normal. The molecular size of the translation products as deduced from the abnormal mRNA sequence was compatible with an abnormal protein band (Mr 49,000) detected in the patient's cells by immunoblot analysis. Analysis of genomic DNA of BCKDH-E2 subunit revealed that the 78-bp deletion in the mRNA was caused by an exon skipping due to a single base deletion in the 5'-splice donor site. As a result of the mutation, part of the inner E2 core domain was omitted. The specified region of the inner E2 core domain was highly homologous to the region of the E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. These observations imply the biological importance of the region in the inner E2 core domain of BCKDH to maintain normal function of the activity.
Why on earth do we grow old?
Authors: B. Dixon
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Adamn fool question, you say? Not at all. Aging is a very rum business, for at least two reasons. It does not seem to be strictly necessary, and we might well have expected the process to be eliminated during evolution.

On the first count, it is a telling fact that not all creatures manifest the changes and deteriorations that we term aging. Even among the simplest organisms there are anomalous exceptions. Consider brewers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. They look much the same and their biochemistry and genetics are very similar. Yet the one grows old, as we do, while …