tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Young people and drug misuse
Authors: M. Gifford
Journal: BMJ (1995)

EDITOR,—J Denham Wright and Laurence Pearl highlight the apparently increasing trend for young people to engage in illicit drug misuse.1 There are, however, problems with the methods, analyses, and conclusions of their study. A large generation and ideological gap exists between people who conduct this type of scientific inquiry and those who are the subjects of the research. Unfortunately, this is reflected in the design of the questionnaire, which opens with the …
CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR IN THE ALIMENTARY TRACT
Authors: M.A. Blank, J.M. Polak, S.R. Bloom, A.C. Nieuwenhuijzen Kruseman, LesleyH. Rees, ElizabethA. Linton, G.M. Besser, P.J. Lowry
Journal: The Lancet (1983)
A METHOD FOR DECOLORIZING AND STAINING BLOOD FILMS
Authors: F. W. Lacy
Journal: JAMA (1918)

To the Editor:  —Having to make and examine many blood films in the course of our routine work (1,163 in 1917) we found it somewhat of a problem to make Arneth and differential counts, study the morphology of the cells and look for malaria at the same time, with fair assurance that, if present, the malarial parasite could be found while counting and examining 100 or 200 white cells.  Mr. G. E. Burke, C.E., F.R.M.S., who was my co-worker in the blood laboratory, discovered a quick method of decolorizing the unstained films, which, combined with my staining methods, gave us a specimen, in half of which the red cells had disappeared, but the leukocytes, platelets, nuclei, etc., were brought out sharply, and apparently improved in staining qualities; and the other half of which was as of an ordinary smear, and was used for studying the red cells. Our method gives
COLLABORATION IN MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACY.Read in the Section of Materia Medica and Pharmacy, at the Forty-third Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held in Detroit. Mich.. June. 1892.
Authors: CHARLES RICE
Journal: JAMA (1893)

The new movement of establishing closer and official relations between the two professions of medicine and pharmacy was inaugurated at a time when its desirability, or rather necessity, had become generally recognized. Both professions have many interests in common, and both have to supplement each other by their special knowledge and attainments. Many are the topics—ethical, legal, historical, hygienic, statistical, educational, social, and particularly scientific—which can and will be profitably discussed at joint meetings of representatives of the two professions; and some of these topics may even be said to form burning questions which have hitherto been treated by the medical and pharmaceutical press mostly in an<i>ex parte</i>manner. It is hoped that these may, hereafter, be brought to a solution satisfactory to all. But the discussion of professional topics, or the reading of papers thereon, at the joint annual meetings, does not seem to be sufficient to infuse
Feedback Remodeling of Cardiac Potassium Current Expression
Authors: Ling Xiao, Jiening Xiao, Xiaobin Luo, Huixian Lin, Zhiguo Wang, Stanley Nattel
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Inhibition of individual K(+) currents causes functionally based compensatory increases in other K(+) currents that minimize changes in action potential duration, a phenomenon known as repolarization reserve. The possibility that sustained K(+) channel inhibition may induce remodeling of ion current expression has not been tested. Accordingly, we assessed the effects of sustained inhibition of one K(+) current on various other cardiac ionic currents.Adult canine left ventricular cardiomyocytes were incubated in primary culture and paced at a physiological rate (1 Hz) for 24 hours in the presence or absence of the highly selective rapid delayed-rectifier K(+) current (I(Kr)) blocker dofetilide (5 nmol/L). Sustained dofetilide exposure led to shortened action potential duration and increased repolarization reserve (manifested as a reduced action potential duration-prolonging response to I(Kr) blockade). These repolarization changes were accompanied by increased slow delayed-rectifier (I(Ks)) density, whereas I(Kr), transient-outward (I(to)), inward-rectifier (I(K1)), L-type Ca(2+) (I(CaL)), and late Na(+) current remained unchanged. The mRNA expression corresponding to KvLQT1 and minK (real-time polymerase chain reaction) was unchanged, but their protein expression (Western blot) was increased, suggesting posttranscriptional regulation. To analyze possible mechanisms, we quantified the muscle-specific microRNA subtypes miR-133a and miR-133b, which can posttranscriptionally regulate and repress KvLQT1 protein expression without affecting mRNA expression. The expression levels of miR-133a and miR-133b were significantly decreased in cells cultured in dofetilide compared with control, possibly accounting for KvLQT1 protein upregulation.Sustained reductions in I(Kr) may lead to compensatory upregulation of I(Ks) through posttranscriptional upregulation of underlying subunits, likely mediated (at least partly) by microRNA changes. These results suggest that feedback control of ion channel expression may influence repolarization reserve.
346. The ACE System, a Mammalian Artificial Chromosome Engineering Technology: Delivery and Transgene Expression in Human Adult &amp; Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Sandra L. Vanderbyl, Brent Sullenbarger, Neil MacDonald, Melanie Golembiewski, Carl F. Perez, Harry C. Ledebur Jr, Larry C. Lasky
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

The ACE System is a potent biological engineering system consisting of a mammalian artificial chromosome engineered with multiple site-specific integration sites, expression-optimized shuttle vectors to specifically transfer genes, and a proprietary integrase to catalyze specific incorporation of a payload onto the ACE. ACEs are promising gene delivery vehicles for gene-based cell therapies as they are stably maintained, non-integrating, autonomously replicating, and are easily isolated to high purities by flow sorting. We published the first reports of the transfer and stable transgene expression of a mammalian artificial chromosome into hMSCs and hHSCs (Stem Cells 22:324–33, 2004; Exp Hematol 33:1470–1476, 2005). We will update our progress, including an hMSCs enrichment strategy resulting in stable EPO transgene expression, more than 50 days post EPO-ACE transfer, at levels of 100–200 IU/cell/day. We also report the first successful ACE transfer into human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We quantified the delivery of IdUrd- labeled ACEs to hESCs, via flow cytometry at 24–48 hours post- transfection, a screening technique that utilizes a FITC-conjugated anti-BrdUrd B44 clone antibody that binds to the IdUrd-DNA adduct. We detected IdUrd-labeled ACEs in 13% of the cells 24–48 hours post-transfer. Gene expression studies are underway. The combination of ACEs and the multipotency of adult & embryonic stem cells represent a unique approach for the study of stem cell fate/biology and for the development of novel gene-based cell therapies.
Physical Restraint Use in Nursing Homes—Reply
Authors: Sascha Köpke, Ingrid Mühlhauser, Gabriele Meyer
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
A genome-wide scan identifies mutations in the gene encoding phosphodiesterase 11A4 (PDE11A) in individuals with adrenocortical hyperplasia
Authors: Anelia Horvath, Sosipatros Boikos, Christoforos Giatzakis, Audrey Robinson-White, Lionel Groussin, Kurt J Griffin, Erica Stein, Elizabeth Levine, Georgia Delimpasi, Hui Pin Hsiao, Meg Keil, Sarah Heyerdahl, Ludmila Matyakhina, Rossella Libè, Amato Fratticci, Lawrence S Kirschner, Kevin Cramer, Rolf C Gaillard, Xavier Bertagna, J Aidan Carney, Jérôme Bertherat, Ioannis Bossis, Constantine A Stratakis
Journal: Nature Genetics (2006)
Antihypertensive Treatment and Blood Pressure in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients
Authors: Giuseppe Mancia, Guido Grassi, Alberto Zanchetti
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

International guidelines on hypertension recommend maintaining blood pressure (BP) below 140 mmHg systolic and 90 mmHg diastolic in the general hypertensive population up to the age of 80 years. A more aggressive BP target is recommended when the hypertensive patient has an additional risk for cardiovascular disease, such as if the patient has diabetes, renal disease, or a prior history of cardiovascular disease. In these situations, guidelines encourage decreasing BP below 130/80 mmHg to grant additional cardiovascular protection (1–3).

In the last 2 years, the target BP values recommended by guidelines have been the object of some dissenting views (4,5), based on the argument that these targets are often not supported by evidence from prospective randomized trials (4) and that lowering BP too aggressively may do harm rather than ensuring protection. This article addresses this issue by examining three sets of relevant studies: randomized trials, post hoc analysis of prospective studies, and studies on organ damage. Because of space limitations, the References do not include all single trials mentioned; the reader can refer to a recent document of the European Society of Hypertension for this information (5). This is the case also for the acronym of the trials quoted in Fig. 1.

As shown in Fig. 1 (4,5), there is little question that the target BP values recommended by guidelines are not consistently based on trials that compared an actively treated group with placebo or patients treated with less aggressive target BP. To-date trial evidence supports the recommendation to lower systolic BP below 140 mmHg in grade I uncomplicated low cardiovascular risk hypertensive patients, based on the fact that in most trials that involved these patients (although often their “uncomplicated low-risk hypertension category” was questionable [4]), a reduction in cardiovascular …
Breakthrough: The Quest to Isolate the Gene for Hereditary Breast Cancer
Authors: G. R Sutherland
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Kevin Davies, Michael White Macmillan, £16.99, pp 370 ISBN 0 333 61102 0

Breakthrough chronicles the study of hereditary aspects of breast cancer from the early recognition of its familial clustering to the cloning of the BRCA1 (breast cancer number 1) gene in 1994. It is written by Kevin Davies, the editor of Nature Genetics, where some of the science was published, and Michael White, a science writer and journalist.

I was recently asked as part of a fundraising effort to describe some items of equipment in terms “simple and emotive.” The authors have used this principle in writing Breakthrough. They have admirably simplified some very complex concepts to the point where they should be mostly clear to readers without …
Mechanism of augmentation of the antibody response in vitro by 2-mercaptoethanol in murine lymphocytes. I. 2-Mercaptoethanol-induced stimulation of the uptake of cystine, an essential amino acid.
Authors: H Ohmori, I Yamamoto
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1982)

The mechanism of augmentation of the primary antibody response in vitro by 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) was investigated. By using cystine-free RPMI 1640 medium, it was demonstrated that cyst(e)ine was absolutely required for eliciting the following murine lymphocyte reactions: antibody response to sheep erythrocytes, proliferative response to concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and polyclonal antibody response induced by LPS. The maximal antibody response was attained with 2.5-5 mM cysteine or half-cystine. The serial feeding of fresh cysteine markedly amplified its capacity to support antibody response particularly when cysteine concentration was suboptimal. Such an effect was not observed in the serial addition of cystine. On the other hand, the dose-response curve of cystine was dramatically shifted to lower concentrations by the addition of 2-ME (1 x 10(-5) M), which alone could not elicit the antibody response in the absence of cystine, nor could it augment furthermore the maximal response induced by 2.5 mM half-cystine. Commercially available RPMI 1640 medium contains 0.41 mM half-cystine, which proved to be a suboptimal concentration for eliciting the maximal response. 35S-cystine was incorporated into murine lymphocytes five to six times more slowly than 35S-cysteine. The rate of cystine uptake, however, was accelerated by 2.5-fold in the presence of 1 x 10(-5) M 2-ME. A close correlation was observed between dose-response profiles of 2-ME in augmenting the antibody response and the stimulation of cystine uptake. These results strongly suggest that one of the roles of 2-ME in augmenting the antibody response in vitro is to facilitate the use of cystine contained in RPMI 1640 medium only at a suboptimal concentration.
Newell's list
Authors: Joseph Agassi
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Newell wanted a theory of cognition to abide by some explicit criteria, here called the Newell Test. The test differs from the Turing Test because it is explicit. The Newell Test will include the Turing Test if its characterization of cognition is complete. It is not. Its use here is open-ended: A system that does not pass it well invites improvement.
PREDICTORS OF RECURRENT NEUROLOGIC EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH PATENT FORAMEN OVALE: INSIGHTS FROM THE CLOSURE I TRIAL
Authors: Sammy Elmariah, Anthony Furlan, Mark Reisman, David Burke, Moshe Vardi, Shuqiong Ling, Xiaohua Chen, Laura Mauri
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Opportunity may be more important than profession in serial homicide
Authors: C. Stark
Journal: BMJ (2001)

<h3>Objective</h3> To estimate incidence and prevalence rates of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the city of Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina, using data from a university hospital–based health management organization. <h3>Methods</h3> Global, age-specific, and sex-specific incidence and prevalence rates were calculated for members of the Hospital Italiano Medical Care Program (HIMCP), age ≥ 18 years. Incidence study followed members with continuous affiliation ≥ 1 year from January 2000 to January 2015 until he/she voluntarily left the HIMCP, RA was diagnosed, death, or study finalization. Cases from the Rheumatology Section database, electronic medical records, laboratory database, and pharmacy database were filtered with the 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism criteria. Prevalence was calculated on January 1, 2015, and standardized for CABA. Capture-recapture (C-RC) analysis estimated true population sizes. <h3>Results</h3> In the study period, incidence rates (cases per 100,000 person-yrs) were 18.5 (95% CI 16.7–20.4) overall, 25.2 (95% CI 22.4–28.0) for women, and 8.8 (95% CI 6.8–10.8) for men. Prevalence rates (percentage of RA cases in the sample population) were 0.329 (95% CI 0.298–0.359) overall, 0.464 (95% CI 0.417–0.510) for women, and 0.123 (95% CI 0.093–0.152) for men. Standardized CABA prevalence rate was 0.300 (95% CI 0.292–0.307). C-RC adjusted rates were almost the same as unadjusted rates. <h3>Conclusion</h3> This study’s incidence and prevalence rates are in the lower range of the rates found around the world. Our female to male prevalence ratio was 4:1. Our peak incidence age was in the sixth and seventh decades for both sexes.
Echinocandins for Candidemia in Adults without Neutropenia
Authors: John E. Bennett
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

A 62-year-old man has a bloodstream infection with a candida species other than Candida albicans. Caspofungin, an echinocandin antifungal agent, is recommended. The echinocandins are effective in treating candidemia in patients who do not have neutropenia. Their efficacy in the treatment of deep-tissue infections or in the setting of neutropenia has not been established.
Erectile Dysfunction Severity as a Risk Marker for Cardiovascular Disease Hospitalisation and All-Cause Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Emily Banks, Grace Joshy, Walter P. Abhayaratna, Leonard Kritharides, Peter S. Macdonald, Rosemary J. Korda, John P. Chalmers
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2013)

In a prospective Australian population-based study linking questionnaire data from 2006–2009 with hospitalisation and death data to June 2010 for 95,038 men aged ≥45 years, Banks and colleagues found that more severe erectile dysfunction was associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease.
Impaired Fasting Glucose and Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Authors: David M. Nathan, Mayer B. Davidson, Ralph A. DeFronzo, Robert J. Heine, Robert R. Henry, Richard Pratley, Bernard Zinman
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

Type 2 diabetes is now epidemic. In the U.S., there has been a 61% increase in incidence between 1990 and 2001 (1). There are currently 1.5 million new cases per year, and the prevalence in 2005 was almost 21 million (2). The epidemic has affected developed and developing countries alike, and the worldwide prevalence of diabetes is projected to increase dramatically by 2025 (3). The increase in type 2 diabetes is related to lifestyle changes that have resulted in overweight, obesity, and decreased physical activity levels. These environmental changes, superimposed on genetic predisposition, increase insulin resistance, which, in concert with progressive β-cell failure, results in rising glycemia in the nondiabetic range. In addition to the risk for diabetes, insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion are accompanied by a host of major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors including hypertension and dyslipidemia. Further reduction in insulin secretion over time results in increasing glycemia and the development of diabetes, which in turn is associated with the development of microvascular and cardiovascular complications.

The transition from the early metabolic abnormalities that precede diabetes, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), to diabetes may take many years; however, current estimates indicate that most individuals (perhaps up to 70%) with these pre-diabetic states eventually develop diabetes (4–10). During the pre-diabetic state, the risk of a CVD event is modestly increased (11–22). With the development of diabetes, however, there is a large increase in risk for CVD, as well as for long-term complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, and nervous system. The complications of diabetes, which are the cause of major morbidity and mortality, are related to its duration, chronic level of glycemia, and other risk factors.

Although clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of intensive glycemic and blood pressure control to …
How Do the New Insulin Secretagogues Compare?
Authors: Robert M. Cohen, Barbara A. Ramlo-Halsted
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

The availability of diabetes drugs with new properties in the last several years has prompted excitement about potential new and unique advantages for diabetes care. That has certainly been the case with the new insulin secretagogues, repaglinide and nateglinide, which have earlier onset and shorter duration of action than the sulfonylureas. The niche that insulin secretagogues occupy brings unique challenges to determining their therapeutic role. At present, they are expected to be effective only for a distinct window in the natural history of the disease process, stimulating insulin secretion as it is in the process of waning. One of our challenges is to enlarge that window and to define its limits more clearly as we are working toward near-normal glycemic control. So how, in practice, do the new secretagogues compare with older, more familiar agents that act at the very same sulfonylurea receptor? What criteria determine which patient will benefit more from one class or another? Do the newer agents in fact lead to better glycemic control? Do they fulfill the promise of stimulating insulin secretion while reducing hypoglycemia risk? Is there any reason to think one may offer benefits over another in preserving β-cell function early in the course of type 2 diabetes, leading to prolongation of tight control without requiring insulin? And the question we can’t avoid: Are they worth the extra cost compared with the earlier agents? Several recent reviews provide excellent surveys of the literature on the new insulin secretagogues (1,2). But several of these questions have not been answered and, given the costs and other realities of clinical research, some …
Thyroid Hemiagenesis by I-123 Thyroid Scan with High-Resolution Real-Time Ultrasound Confirmation
Authors: ROBERT G. LECKIE, CALVIN B. DELAPLAIN, JOHN T. WATABE, MARC DARROW
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

I-123 thyroid scans were performed on two female patients who both presented with the history of an enlarged right thyroid lobe on routine physical examination. Both studies showed unilateral uptake of I-123 on the right with no uptake on the left. The differential diagnosis of unilateral uptake includes postsurgical, hyperfunctioning autonomous adenoma, thyroiditis, hemiagenesis, abscess, postirradiation, colloid cyst, or some type of benign or malignant tumor (1). Results of thyroid function tests and iodine 4-hour and 24-hour uptakes were normal. Neither patient had prior thyroid surgery. The ultrasound examinations demonstrated an absent left lobe and a normal right lobe in both cases, therefore making the diagnosis one of hemiagenesis. Various other techniques have been recommended in the past to evaluate unilateral thyroid uptake of radiopharmaceu-tical, including the thyrotropin stimulation test, Tc-99m pertechnetate thyroid angiography, TI-201 scintigraphy, and, more recently, Tc-99m methoxyoisobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) (2,3). Current state-of-art, high-resolution, realtime ultrasound, now widely available, is much less operator dependent than in the past, requiring only minimal expertise to evaluate for the presence of thyroid tissue. Ultrasound, rapid and radiation-free, should be the preferred modality to confirm the diagnosis of the uncommon entity, thyroid hemiagenesis (4).
The Treatment of Persons Exposed to Rabies-Reply
Authors: Lawrence Corey
Journal: JAMA (1975)

In Reply.—  We appreciate Dr Rosefsky's comments regarding the rabies treatment algorithm. It certainly is not our intent to initiate a program to destroy all unvaccinated dogs. On the other hand, it is the intent of the algorithm to provide guidelines for the physician confronted with a patient exposed to a possibly rabid animal, and the first question in the algorithm asks whether a person has been exposed to a possibly rabid animal. If the physician decides the animal could not possibly be rabid, we recommend no treatment.  There are, no doubt, many children licked or nipped by unvaccinated but normally behaving puppies in whom the possibility of rabies is never seriously considered. But if the physician does consider rabies a possibility, we recommend that he decide on the basis outlined in the algorithm whether or not to treat the patient. Because of the morbidity associated with postexposure rabies prophylaxis,