tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Genetic Evidence Supports a Major Role for Akt1 in VSMCs During Atherogenesis
Authors: Noemi Rotllan, Amarylis C. Wanschel, Ana Fernández-Hernando, Alessandro G. Salerno, Stefan Offermanns, William C. Sessa, Carlos Fernández-Hernando
Journal: Circulation Research (2015)

Coronary artery disease, the direct result of atherosclerosis, is the most common cause of death in Western societies. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis occurs during the progression of atherosclerosis and in advanced lesions and promotes plaque necrosis, a common feature of high-risk/vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Akt1, a serine/threonine protein kinase, regulates several key endothelial cell and VSMC functions including cell growth, migration, survival, and vascular tone. Although global deficiency of Akt1 results in impaired angiogenesis and massive atherosclerosis, the specific contribution of VSMC Akt1 remains poorly characterized.To investigate the contribution of VSMC Akt1 during atherogenesis and in established atherosclerotic plaques.We generated 2 mouse models in which Akt1 expression can be suppressed specifically in VSCMs before (Apoe(-/-)Akt1(fl/fl)Sm22α(CRE)) and after (Apoe(-/-)Akt1(fl/fl)SM-MHC-CreER(T2E)) the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. This approach allows us to interrogate the role of Akt1 during the initial and late steps of atherogenesis. The absence of Akt1 in VSMCs during the progression of atherosclerosis results in larger atherosclerotic plaques characterized by bigger necrotic core areas, enhanced VSMC apoptosis, and reduced fibrous cap and collagen content. In contrast, VSMC Akt1 inhibition in established atherosclerotic plaques does not influence lesion size but markedly reduces the relative fibrous cap area in plaques and increases VSMC apoptosis.Akt1 expression in VSMCs influences early and late stages of atherosclerosis. The absence of Akt1 in VSMCs induces features of plaque vulnerability including fibrous cap thinning and extensive necrotic core areas. These observations suggest that interventions enhancing Akt1 expression specifically in VSMCs may lessen plaque progression.
A Year of General Practice: Study in Morbidity
Authors: J. Fry
Journal: BMJ (1952)

Coronary air embolism remains a recognised complication of coronary catheterisation despite a strong emphasis on prevention. Current treatment consists of supportive measures with 100% oxygen and analgesia. Recent case reports describe the use of mechanical treatments aimed at dispersing or removing the air embolus with variable success. A case of coronary air embolism causing an acute coronary syndrome is described that was definitively treated with an aspiration system. The effectiveness of the aspiration system in the distal section of an obtuse marginal artery indicates that such dedicated aspiration systems may prove useful in the standard treatment of air embolism.
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON MEDICAL EDUCATION AND HOSPITALS
Authors: RAY LYMAN WILBUR
Journal: JAMA (1935)

All education is undergoing a searching scrutiny. Costs, objectives and methods are being questioned. Procedures that have been taken for granted are now being reviewed, changed and even discarded. There has been much rank growth, producing less fruit than is possible and stifling new shoots with its shade. There is a general idea that neither expenditures nor energy in the training and education of youth can be wisely reduced but that better results must be made and needless waste of funds and of time must be cut out. More interest is being taken in the student and his capacities and needs, and less in maintaining traditions or the sanctity of time-honored processes sustained through the ease with which human habits are established. More is being thought of the relation of education to the kind of civilization that exists or that it is hoped will exist. The profession of medicine requires
Role of Government in Medicine
Authors: Warren W. Binion
Journal: JAMA (1964)

To the Editor:—  In Private Giving and Federal Aid for Medical Education ( JAMA  188 :295 [April 20] 1964) Charles V. Kidd, PhD, states that it is the proper function of government to support medical research and training. Such governmental practices imply inability of the academic community and private enterprise to solve disease problems. Such an assumption cannot be supported by history or common sense.  An assertion is made that the federal government provides funds for research which the American people want.... Have the American people been polled on the choice of private research vs government-supported research? Where do the funds for government-supported research come from? From exactly the same source as private funds—from the people. But with government funds, the inevitable cost of bureaucracy consumes part, and there is the added disadvantage of government control. How can a system be justified which pumps federal funds into an academic community which
Postgraduate Training and the Registrar Grade
Authors: J. Shipman
Journal: BMJ (1971)

contracts.Secondly the widespread lack of effort to engage locum tenents, even in areas where locums are available, shows a fine disregard for the burden on staff in post, patients under care, and the terms and con- ditions of medical staff in general.'There may be some answers to these problems.Management committees might examine, in consultation with regional postgraduate medical organizations, the possibility of in- creasing the number of one-and two-year
Multi-level characterization of human femoral cortices and their underlying osteocyte network reveal trends in quality of young, aged, osteoporotic and antiresorptive-treated bone
Authors: Petar Milovanovic, Elizabeth A. Zimmermann, Christoph Riedel, Annika vom Scheidt, Lydia Herzog, Matthias Krause, Danijela Djonic, Marija Djuric, Klaus Püschel, Michael Amling, Robert O. Ritchie, Björn Busse
Journal: Biomaterials (2015)
Treating Obesity by "Short-Circuiting" the Small Intestine
Authors: Lawrence C. Wood
Journal: JAMA (1963)

LEWIS and associates<sup>1</sup>recently reported on two obese patients in whom surgical "short-circuiting" of the small intestine lowered the serum cholesterol and β-lipoproteins. They commented that both patients experienced significant reduction in weight without troublesome side effects. Although weight loss was not the primary focus of their presentation, a review of the literature indicates that their report was the first detailed description of the long-term beneficial effects of this type of elective surgery. Their experiment was, in fact, so successful in reducing the cholesterol level and curing obesity that others may be encouraged to perform such operations on overweight patients. Lewis et al did not discuss the serious nutritional and metabolic complications which may follow such operations, and which therefore must be taken into consideration if this surgical approach to obesity is to be viewed in proper perspective. The purpose of this communication is to stress these complications, and
Assessing vaccine cold chain storage quality: a cross-sectional study of health facilities in three African countries
Authors: Roy Burstein, Emily A Dansereau, Ruben O Conner, Brendan M DeCenso, Kristen P Delwiche, Anne Gasasira, Annie M Haakenstad, Samuel H Masters, Kelsey A Moore, Thomas Odeny, Emelda A Okiro, Erin Palmisano, Allen Roberts, Santosh Kumar, Michael Hanlon, Herbert C Duber, Emmanuela Gakidou
Journal: The Lancet (2013)
Comparative Effectiveness—of What?
Authors: David Kindig, John Mullahy
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief in Africa: An Evaluation of Outcomes
Authors: Eran Bendavid, Jayanta Bhattacharya
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2009)

Background: Since 2003, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has been the most ambitious initiative to address the global HIV epidemic. However, the effect of PEPFAR on HIV-related outcomes is unknown. Objective: To assess the effect of PEPFAR on HIV-related deaths, the number of people living with HIV, and HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. Design: Comparison of trends before and after the initiation of PEPFAR's activities. Setting: 12 African focus countries and 29 control countries with a generalized HIV epidemic from 1997 to 2007 (451 country-year observations). Intervention: A 5-year, $15 billion program for HIV treatment, prevention, and care that started in late 2003. Measurements: HIV-related deaths, the number of people living with HIV, and HIV prevalence. Results: Between 2004 and 2007, the difference in the annual change in the number of HIV-related deaths was 10.5% lower in the focus countries than in the control countries (P = 0.001). The difference in trends between the groups before 2003 was not significant. The annual growth in the number of people living with HIV was 3.7% slower in the focus countries than in the control countries from 1997 to 2002 (P = 0.05), but during PEPFAR's activities, the difference was no longer significant. The difference in the change in HIV prevalence did not significantly differ throughout the study period. These estimates were stable after sensitivity analysis. Limitation: The selection of the focus countries was not random, which limits the generalizability of the results. Conclusion: After 4 years of PEPFAR activity, HIV-related deaths decreased in sub-Saharan African focus countries compared with control countries, but trends in adult prevalence did not differ. Assessment of epidemiologic effectiveness should be part of PEPFAR's evaluation programs. Primary Funding Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Erythropoietin messenger RNA levels in developing mice and transfer of 125I-erythropoietin by the placenta.
Authors: M J Koury, M C Bondurant, S E Graber, S T Sawyer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

Erythropoietin (EP) mRNA was measured in normal and anemic mice during fetal and postnatal development. Normal fetal livers at 14 d of gestation contained a low level of EP mRNA. By day 19 of gestation, no EP mRNA was detected in normal or anemic fetal livers or normal fetal kidneys, but anemic fetal kidneys had low levels of EP mRNA. Newborn through adult stage mice responded to anemia by accumulating renal and hepatic EP mRNA. However, total liver EP mRNA was considerably less than that of the kidneys. Juvenile animals, 1-4 wk old, were hyperresponsive to anemia in that they produced more EP mRNA than adults. Moreover, nonanemic juveniles had readily measured renal EP mRNA, whereas the adult level was at the lower limit of detection. Because of the very low level of fetal EP mRNA, placental transfer of EP was evaluated. When administered to the pregnant mouse, 125I-EP was transferred in significant amounts to the fetuses. These results indicate that in mice the kidney is the main organ of EP production at all stages of postnatal development and that adult kidney may also play some role in providing EP for fetal erythropoiesis via placental transfer of maternal hormone.
Mast cells in the airway lumen and bronchial mucosa of patients with chronic bronchitis.
Authors: A Pesci, G A Rossi, G Bertorelli, A Aufiero, P Zanon, D Olivieri
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

In order to evaluate the degree of mast cell infiltration and determine their granulation state in the airways of patients with chronic bronchitis, bronchoscopy was performed in 25 chronic bronchitis subjects (10 smokers and 15 ex-smokers) with mucoid sputum production and in seven normal nonsmoking control subjects. Bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsies were examined using histochemical techniques. Subjects with chronic bronchitis had higher numbers of mast cells both in the epithelium (1.22 +/- 1 versus 0.22 +/- 0.2 mast cells per mm) and in the bronchial glands (137.4 +/- 37.9 versus 38 +/- 5.1 mast cells per mm2) than did control subjects (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively), whereas the numbers of mast cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (0.21 +/- 0.1 versus 0.18 +/- 0.1 mast cells percentage, nonsignificant [NS]) and in the lamina propria (87.5 +/- 66.4 versus 87.2 +/- 61.8 mast cells per mm2, NS) were similar in the two groups. In the smoking group of bronchitics an increase in mast cell numbers was observed in epithelium (1.6 +/- 1.3 versus 0.95 +/- 0.7 mast cells per mm, NS), in lamina propria (112.2 +/- 86.5 versus 71.7 +/- 45.7 mast cells per mm2), and in BAL (0.26 +/- 0.21 versus 0.16 +/- 0.17 mast cell percentage of total cells, NS) in comparison with the ex-smoker's group of bronchitics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adrenocortical Insufficiency Related to Oral Contraceptives
Authors: Gopal Das
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Active estrogen and progesterone combinations, administered orally, are now widely used for contraceptive purposes, as well as many other gynecologic disorders. Experimental hypoadrenocorticism occurring among asymptomatic women taking oral contraceptives has been reported by many authors.<sup>1,2</sup>We believe this is a first report of severe clinical adrenocortical insufficiency occurring during therapy with oral contraceptives. <h3>Report of a Case:—</h3> A 19-year-old white female was admitted because of marked weakness, anorexia, and vague abdominal pains of 3 months' duration. Initially the patient had had abdominal cramps which were later associated with progressive weakness, and a 12-lb weight loss over a two-month period. One year ago, a physician prescribed tablets containing ethinyl estradiol and dimethisterone (Oracon) for menorrhagia. At that time blood pressure was 100/60 mm Hg and weight was 121 3/4 pounds. She continued to take the pills until the present admission. On examination she was markedly asthenic
Proposed Leper Law.
Authors: E. S. Goodhue
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Los Angeles, Cal., March 27, 1900. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> InThe Journalof March 17, p. 694, you say, in regard to the proposed leper law: It is a question whether leprosy, which numbers among its victims only a few hundred at most in this country, is a sufficiently threatening danger to warrant or call for the elaborate and expensive provisions of this bill.... Leprosy does not seem to flourish here. New cases that originate among us are rare.... If matters are much worse than here assumed, some such measure as the proposed one may be advisable. While there is no call for excitement or hysterical action in the matter, it does seem to me that the proposed leper law will fill "a long-felt want." Considering the nature of the disease, are not "only a few hundred lepers in this country" a great menace to the health of the country
Alcohol dehydrogenase-specific T-cell responses are associated with alcohol consumption in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis
Authors: Fang Lin, Nicholas J. Taylor, Haibin Su, Xiaohong Huang, Munther J. Hussain, Robin Daniel Abeles, Laura Blackmore, Yunyun Zhou, Mohammad Mashfick Ikbal, Nigel Heaton, Wayel Jassem, Debbie L. Shawcross, Diego Vergani, Yun Ma
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

Patients with alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) have antibodies directed to alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), anti-ADH titers being associated with disease severity and active alcohol consumption. ADH-specific T-cell responses have not been characterized. We aimed to define anti-ADH cellular immune responses and their association with active alcohol consumption and disease severity. Using cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 25 patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis (ARC; 12 were actively drinking or abstinent for <6 months, and 13 were abstinent for >6 months) and hepatic mononuclear cells (HMCs) from 14 patients with ARC who were undergoing transplantation, we investigated T-cell reactivity to 25 overlapping peptides representing the full human ADH protein (beta 1 subunit). ADH-specific peripheral T-cell responses were assessed by the quantification of T-cell proliferation and cytokine production and were correlated with the clinical course. In active alcohol consumers, proliferative T-cell responses targeted ADH31-95 and other discontinuous sequences in the ADH peptide, whereas only one sequence was targeted in abstinents. ADH peptides induced the production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-17. IL-4 production was lower in active drinkers versus abstinents, and IL-17 production was higher. Peptides inducing IFN-γ production outnumbered those inducing T-cell proliferation. The intensity of the predominantly T helper 1 (Th 1) responses directly correlated with disease severity. Similar to PBMCs in abstinents, ADH peptides induced weak T-cell proliferation and a similar level of IL-4 production in HMCs but less vigorous Th 1 and T helper 17 responses.This suggests that Th 1 responses to ADH in ARC are induced by alcohol consumption. A Th 1/T helper 2 imbalance characterizes T-cell responses in active drinkers with ARC, whereas IL-4 production prevails in abstinents. This identifies new targets for immunoregulatory therapies in ALD patients for halting detrimental effector T-cell responses, which may encourage liver fibrogenesis and progression to end-stage liver disease.
Role of Plasma Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal, Mammary, and Bronchial Carcinoma
Authors: D. J. R. Laurence, U. Stevens, R. Bettelheim, D. Darcy, C. Leese, C. Turberville, P. Alexander, E. W. Johns, A. M. Neville
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Our studies have confirmed that raised plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (C.E.A.) occur with many but not all malignant tumours, particularly those of the gastrointestinal tract, breast, and bronchus. However, the incidence of raised values may reach 30% in diseases associated with inflammation or regeneration or both. Consequently, it cannot serve yet as a routine screening test for cancer. Effective surgical therapy results in high plasma C.E.A. levels returning to normal. Subsequent rises appear to develop with tumour recurrence or spread. At present the most useful role for C.E.A. seems to be in monitoring patients during the post-therapeutic followup period. Further basic work is required before C.E.A. can become of routine medical value.
619. Co-Expression of AAV Mediated Angiopoietin-1 and VEGF in Ischemic Hearts Yield Leakage-Resistant Blood Vessels and Better Therapeutic Effect Than VEGF Alone
Authors: Hua Su, Shuji Joho, Yu Huang, Alicia Barcena, Janice Arakawa-Hoyt, William Grossman, Yuet W. Kan
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Top of pageAbstract
Previously, we have shown that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene delivered by adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) into ischemic myocardium could induce neoangiogenesis and improve cardiac function. It has been reported that in the skin of transgenic mice, blood vessels induced by over-expressing VEGF were leaky, whereas blood vessels induced by over-expression of angiopoietin-1 were not. Co-expression of angiopoietin-1 and VEGF had also an additive effect on angiogenesis in addition to producing leakage-resistant vessels. Because of these reports, we investigated whether in ischemic hearts the new blood vessels induced by AAV mediated VEGF gene expression are leaky and if the addition of angiopoietin-1 can prevent the leakiness and improve the therapeutic effect of VEGF. We constructed two AAV vectors, AAV-VEGF and AAV-ang-1 with CMV promoter driving VEGF or angiopoietin-1 gene expression. These two vectors were injected to mouse ischemic hearts individually or together in different ratios. Mice injected with AAV-LacZ vector or HEPES buffer were used as control. Cardiac function was investigated by echocardiogram four weeks after the vector injection. To study the leakiness of blood vessels, Evans blue was injected into the femoral veins after the mice were anesthetized. Hearts were fixed by perfusion with paraformaldehyde and the left ventricles were dissected out. The Evans blue that leaked out from blood vessels was extracted from the hearts with formamide and measured with a spectrophotometer. All the treated groups had better cardiac function than the AAV-LacZ and HEPES buffer injected control groups. AAV-ang-1 injected mice have less leaky blood vessels than AAV-VEGF injected mice, and similar cardiac function as AAV-VEGF injected mice. The mice that received co-injection of AAV-VEGF and AAV-ang-1 in 1:1 ratio showed the best cardiac function among all the animals. Co-injection of AAV-ang-1 and AAV-VEGF also reduced blood vessel leakage cause by AAV-VEGF injection. We conclude that co-expression of angiopoietin-1 with VEGF results in the formation of new blood vessels that are leak resistant, and cardiac function that is better than mediated by AAV-VEGF or AAV-ang-1 alone.
Myasthenia gravis presenting with stridor.
Authors: J. A. Hanson, C. J. Lueck, D. J. Thomas
Journal: Thorax (1996)

The case is described of a 72 year old woman who presented with a two year history of exertional stridor in whom the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis was delayed. Although an uncommon cause, myasthenia gravis should be included in the differential diagnosis of stridor.