tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Alterations in glutathione homeostasis in mutant Eisai hyperbilirubinemic rats
Authors: S C Lu, J Cai, J Kuhlenkamp, W Sun, H Takikawa, O Takenaka, T Horie, J Yi, N Kaplowitz
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

Eisai hyperbilirubinemic rats (EHBR) are mutant Sprague–Dawley rats that exhibit impaired biliary organic anion and reduced glutathione (GSH) secretion. In addition, liver GSH levels are twice that of age– matched controls. The mechanisms for the defect in biliary GSH secretion and the increase in cell GSH are not fully understood. We previously showed that canalicular membrane–enriched vesicles isolated from EHBR livers exhibited normal GSH transport. In the present study, we examined the steady–state rat canalicular reduced glutathione transporter (RcGshT) messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels, as well as the mechanisms for the increase in cell GSH. Both Northern and Western blot analyses of EHBR livers showed nearly identical RcGshT mRNA and polypeptide levels, respectively, as compared with controls. Treatment with phenobarbital, which increased steady–state RcGshT mRNA by five– to sixfold, RcGshT polypeptide, and biliary GSH secretion by onefold in controls, had a smaller effect on steady–state RcGshT–mRNA level in EHBR (by 1.5–fold) and did not increase RcGshT polypeptide or biliary GSH secretion. In examining possible mechanisms for increased liver GSH, both cysteine level and gamma–glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) activity were significantly higher than controls, while the activity of GSH synthetase was unchanged. Northern and Western blot analyses also showed increased steady–state GCS heavy subunit (GCS–HS) mRNA and polypeptide levels, respectively. In addition to liver, GSH levels in kidney, duodenal, jejunal, and ileal mucosa of EHBR were 200% to 300% of age–matched control rats. GCS activity was also increased in kidney cytosol of EHBR. Thus, the defect in biliary GSH secretion in EHBR most likely is either at the posttranslational level of RcGshT or in the inhibition exerted by retained endogenous organic anions. In addition, there is a widespread up–regulation of GSH synthesis capacity in the tissues of EHBR.
Cardiovascular Mortality and Exposure to Airborne Fine Particulate Matter and Cigarette Smoke
Authors: C. Arden Pope, Richard T. Burnett, Daniel Krewski, Michael Jerrett, Yuanli Shi, Eugenia E. Calle, Michael J. Thun
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Fine particulate matter exposure from both ambient air pollution and secondhand cigarette smoke has been associated with larger risks of cardiovascular mortality than would be expected on the basis of linear extrapolations of the relative risks from active smoking. This study directly assessed the shape of the exposure-response relationship between cardiovascular mortality and fine particulates from cigarette smoke and ambient air pollution.Prospective cohort data for >1 million adults were collected by the American Cancer Society as part of the Cancer Prevention Study II in 1982. Cox proportional hazards regression models that included variables for increments of cigarette smoking and variables to control for education, marital status, body mass, alcohol consumption, occupational exposures, and diet were used to describe the mortality experience of the cohort. Adjusted relative risks of mortality were plotted against estimated average daily dose of fine particulate matter from cigarette smoke along with comparison estimates for secondhand cigarette smoke and air pollution. There were substantially increased cardiovascular mortality risks at very low levels of active cigarette smoking and smaller but significant excess risks even at the much lower exposure levels associated with secondhand cigarette smoke and ambient air pollution.Relatively low levels of fine particulate exposure from either air pollution or secondhand cigarette smoke are sufficient to induce adverse biological responses increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. The exposure-response relationship between cardiovascular disease mortality and fine particulate matter is relatively steep at low levels of exposure and flattens out at higher exposures.
A LEG HOLDER.
Authors: EDWARD S. STEVENS
Journal: JAMA (1907)

In operating in rectal cases, or on the pelvis through the vagina, the assistance afforded by the ordinary leg— holders is considerable even when one has trained assistants at hand. The leg-holders of Kelly and Robb drag too much on the neck. I have tried to shift the drag to the shoulders by passing a sash-like band from each shoulder to the opposite side under the arm, but this produces too much pressure on the chest and interferes more or less with the breathing. I have had made, therefore, an arrangement of canvas bands which shifts all the weight to the shoulders and leaves the chest free. It can be made easily by the nurse at a nominal cost. A band is made about three inches wide for each side. They are arranged to buckle over the shoulders and under the axillæ quite loosely. Between the shoulders they are
AN IMPROVED PNEUMATIC SIGMOIDOSCOPE
Authors: J. Rawson Pennington
Journal: JAMA (1923)

This instrument is composed of two tubes—principal and auxiliary. It is made in three lengths, 8, 10 and 14 inches to the angle, and is ¾ and ⅝ inches in diameter. The proximal end of the principal tube is bent at an angle of about 22 degrees to permit the auxiliary tube, which contains the light carrier, to emerge from it independent of the window or obturator. This bending of the principal tube does not interfere with the perspective, yet permits the lamp to be carried through the auxiliary tube, and along the inside of the sigmoidoscope to its distal end, while either the obturator or the window is in position. It is made air tight by means of a ground plug which contains a glass window, and a tube to which may be attached an inflating bulb for distending the intestine with air. The instrument has the standard scale
Setting up a cessation service
Authors: Penny Spice
Journal: BMJ (2004)

In 1998, when the UK government announced the introduction of smoking cessation services throughout the NHS, few such services already existed. In most areas, therefore, the services had to be set up quickly and from scratch. This article reflects on some of the difficulties and challenges experienced in establishing and maintaining a cessation service, the Nottingham “New Leaf” service.

Nottingham has a population of about 650 000—and therefore about 200 000 smokers. If (as expected from national data) 30% of these were to make a quit attempt in the same year, and all sought help from the cessation service, the demand would be overwhelming. In the event, however, initial demand rose fairly slowly. Some of the reasons for this slow start were:

As a result, one of the major pressures in the early months was not the level of demand but the political pressure to meet high quit rate targets set by government.

View this table:

Reasons for increasing use of New Leaf service



Demand soon rose, however, as a result of various influences, such as the service's feedback of performance results to primary care teams. Although variable, the service currently deals each month with about 200 smokers who agree to set a quit date, of whom half are not smoking four weeks later.



Numbers of …
FIBROMA OF THE TRACHEA
Authors: J. B. Horgan
Journal: BMJ (1918)

is a specific in its action on Schistosonmum haematobium as it is in its action on the Leisliman-Donovan body (Leislhmaniasis).The following is an account of a case treated by Dr. Nicola Malouf, now practising in Khartoum, with his notes.It is interesting because not only does it in a short account give the typical course of the progress of vesical billiarziosis under treatment with antimony tartrate, but it shiows that, with due care, the remedy may be administered witlhout the necessity of the patient lying in bed for a montlh, or, in fact, without his having to go to bed at all.In point of fact the case was treated in the out-patient room of a private practice.The patient was detained for a short time after the injection at the surgery, and lay down on his bed for the rest of the day of injection at home.He went about his business in tlle interval as usual.Abbashur Musa, a native of Wad Medani, 20 years old, a cultivator, visited Dongola in the years 1912-13, and returned with blood in his urine.His urine was nearly half blood and half urine at the time injections commenced; it was never clear.A sample was sent on August 13th, 1918, to the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories, Khartoum, and heavy infec- tion with ova of Schistosomnun haematobisum reported.The patient had tried many medicines, especially extract of male fern, but without any effect whatever.He had had no previous disease, and complained of nothing except his urine and of some swelling and pain in the right testicle which he attributed to the same disease.Method of Treatment.A stock solution of tartar emetic.gr. 1 in each 20 niinims of distilled water, was prepared, and each 20 minims of this was mixed with 30 miniims of sterilized normal saline solution before injection.The antimony tartrate solution was always injected into the right median cephalic vein.The treatmenit was begun on August
The internet--friend or foe?
Authors: J Bentham
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Most of us feel at least a little apprehensive when a patient or parent begins: “I was looking on the internet, and I found…” Experience has shown that information fished from cyberspace has often been inaccurate or alarmist, but one recent patient challenged our scepticism. What follows is a mother's account of a correct internet diagnosis.

“I was worried about Andrew's thirst and couldn't understand how he could consume so much liquid, so I used the …
Experimental Investigations into the Possibility of Differentiating Early from Invasive Carcinoma of the Stomach by Means of Ultrasound
Authors: N. Heyder, H. Kaarmann, J. Giedl
Journal: Endoscopy (1987)

Using high-resolution ultrasound such as is employed, for example, in endoscopic ultrasonography, the walls of hollow organs are visualized as layered structures. The correlation of these "acoustic layers" with the histological layers, is of particular interest for the staging of early malignant lesions. Both clinically and experimentally, we made an attempt to determine the extent to which, at a transducer frequency of 7 MHz, such a correlation is possible. Our investigations show that, although reflection phenomena can mimic and "overlap" anatomical layers, the important boundary between the submucosa and the muscularis propria is principially identifiable.
Doctor in trouble--a service committee hearing
Authors: S. Cembrowicz
Journal: BMJ (1996)

The mistake was absurdly simple, caused great mischief, and was none of my doing. One Saturday night I was called to an inner city probation hostel to see an ex-athlete with a chronic tear to a thigh muscle. The patient complained of much pain and said that he was already taking paracetamol and “di-something” but was vague and unhelpful about the details.

Medication is locked away at the hostel as the misuse of drugs (such as diazepam, dihydroco-deine, and even diamorphine) is widespread. The warden produced the paracetamol and cephradine from a cluttered safe, so I prescribed the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (Voltarol), having supplied a dose from my bag.

Three days later the surgery received a furious telephone call. The patient claimed that I had attempted to kill him by giving him a double dose of diclofenac (Voltarol) and promised legal action. He had previously been prescribed diclofenac in hospital and had …
Impact of Metabolic Syndrome on the Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina Pectoris
Authors: Şeref Kul, Huseyin Uyarel, Mehmet Gul, Okkes Taha Kucukdagli, Ahmet Bacaksiz, Ercan Erdogan, Ahmet Ekmekci, Omer Goktekin
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Abstract 3691: Selective depletion of mutant p53 by isothiocyanates and its structure-activity relationships
Authors: Fung-Lung Chung, Anthony Di Pasqua, Xiantao Wang, Suhda Govind, Charles Hong, Lixin Mi, Tomita York, Rebbecca Covington Woodrick
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract It has been shown that isothiocyanates (ITCs), derived from hydrolysis of glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables via Lossen rearrangement by myrosinase, induce apoptosis in cancer cells. We here demonstrate that certain naturally-occurring ITCs selectively deplete mutant p53, but not the wild type, and do so via a post-transcriptional mechanism. Direct p53 binding and the sequential conformational changes appears to be one of the mechanisms by which mutant p53 is depleted. Structure-activity relationship studies (SARs) using naturally-occurring and synthetic ITCs show that depletion is influenced by the structure of the ITC side chain moiety. Consistent with the gain of function by mutant p53, we show that cells with p53 mutations are more sensitive to the cytotoxicity of phenethylisothiocyanate (PEITC) than are those with the wild type. Furthermore, 2,2-diphenylethyl ITC, a synthetic ITC and one of the most potent depletors of mutant p53 studied, induces apoptosis to the greatest extent in breast cancer cells with mutant p53 status. Collectively, this study shows that mutant p53 depletion may be an important novel target for cancer chemoprevention and therapy by natural and synthetic ITCs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3691. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3691
A systematic review of the effects of screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test, Hemoccult
Authors: B. Towler, L. Irwig, P. Glasziou, J. Kewenter, D. Weller, C. Silagy
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> : To review effectiveness of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal occult blood test, Hemoccult, and to consider benefits and harms of screening. <b>Design</b> : Systematic review of trials of Hemoccult screening, with meta-analysis of results from the randomised controlled trials. <b>Subjects</b> : Four randomised controlled trials and two non-randomised trials of about 330 000 and 113 000 people respectively aged ≥ years in five countries. <b>Main outcome measures</b> : Meta-analysis of effects of screening on mortality from colorectal cancer. <b>Results</b> : Quality of trial design was generally high, and screening resulted in a favourable shift in the stage distribution of colorectal cancers in the screening groups. Meta-analysis of mortality results from the four randomised controlled trials showed that those allocated to screening had a reduction in mortality from colorectal cancer of 16% (relative risk 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.77 to 0.93)). When adjusted for attendance for screening, this reduction was 23% (relative risk 0.77 (0.57 to 0.89)) for people actually screened. If a biennial Hemoccult screening programme were offered to 10 000 people and about two thirds attended for at least one Hemoccult test, 8.5 (3.6 to 13.5) deaths from colorectal cancer would be prevented over a period of 10 years. <b>Conclusion</b> : Although benefits of screening are likely to outweigh harms for populations at high risk of colorectal cancer, more information is needed about the harmful effects of screening, the community9s responses to screening, and costs of screening for different healthcare systems before widespread screening can be recommended.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF IMMUNITY IN TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Max B. Lurie
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1939)

1. The fate of bacilli of reinfection at the portal of entry and in metastatic foci, and also the associated host responses, are essentially similar in rabbits and guinea pigs. 2. However, in the guinea pig tubercle bacilli of reinfection are more effectively fixed at the portal of entry than in the rabbit. 3. The guinea pig fixes at the site of reinfection unrelated substances, such as trypan blue and agar particles, more effectively than the rabbit. 4. At the site of a local non-specific inflammation precipitins from the circulating blood accumulate in higher concentration in tuberculous guinea pigs than in tuberculous rabbits. 5. These differing fixing capacities of the two species are associated with differences of extracellular character in the inflammation resulting from reinfection. (a) In the guinea pig, whose tissues are highly sensitized and greatly injured by the tubercle bacillus, the lymphatics adjoining the site of reinfection become thrombosed. In the rabbit whose tissues are moderately sensitized and less injured by the tubercle bacillus the corresponding lymphatics remain open. (b) In the guinea pig the fibrinous network at the site of inflammation forms a fine sieve-like structure. In the rabbit this network forms a coarse sieve-like barrier. 6. In rabbits and guinea pigs primarily infected, the destruction of tubercle bacilli takes place first and most extensively at the portal of entry. At this time they are less effectively destroyed in the nearest metastatic foci. Simultaneously they are still growing without hinderance in such foci in remote internal organs. 7. The cell-free body fluids of normal animals support the growth of tubercle bacilli in vivo. The body fluids of tuberculous animals under the same conditions are bacteriostatic for this microorganism. 8. Tubercle bacilli often multiply by preliminary subdivision into non-acid-fast granules, from which the acid-fast rods sprout. This confirms the work of Kahn.
Seasonal allergic rhinitis - a review of current therapy
Authors: V ALERIE J. LUND
Journal: Allergy (1996)

Lund VJ. Seasonal allergic rhinitis — a review of current therapy. Allergy 1996: 51 (suppl 28): 5–7. ©Munksgaard 1996. Epidemiological studies in many countries strongly suggest an increase in the prevalence of seasonal allergic rhinitis, particularly in urban communities. The mechanisms of allergic rhinitis have been the subject of much research, elucidating symptomatology and improving the focus of therapeutic strategies. Ideally, avoidance of the offending allergen may be undertaken but is often incompatible with normal activity. Thus, active therapy is usually required, selected from a range of pharmacologic agents. Choice is determined by the severity of the symptoms, the age and individual circumstances of the patients, and may vary considerably from country to country. The menu will primarily include rapid onset, oral non-sedating H1 antihistamines, topical nasal steroids and topical sodium cromoglycate to the nose, eyes or both. These medications may be given alone or in combination, usually under the direction of the primary care physician, and should be commenced in advance of exposure to the seasonal allergen. If this proves ineffective, specialist referral should be made for further management.
Acute B viral hepatitis becomes fulminant after infection with hepatitis A virus.
Authors: M Piazza, V Guadagnino, R Orlando, L Picciotto
Journal: BMJ (1982)

ciable respiratory distress.She had tachycardia but no signs of heart failure.She was referred to a general hospital, where her condition deteriorated rapidly.Two full blood pictures showed a white cell count of 1-9 X 109/1 (1900/mm3) with complete absence of neutrophils.Haemoglobin concentra- tion and platelet count were normal.Bone marrow biopsy disclosed a notable absence of all myeloid cells, consistent with severe drug-induced agranulo- cytosis.Mianserin was stopped but she continued to receive salbutamol and aminophylline.She was reverse barrier-nursed and treated with parenteral antibiotics.No localised infection was found.Her prognosis was poor but she improved slowly and her blood count was normal within three weeks.After this episode her depressive symptoms persisted and her deficit in cognitive function was much more severe.
Septic Endocarditis and Parenteral Feeding
Authors: John F. Greene
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Doctors Alderson and Bernhardt attributed the<i>Candida</i>endocarditis of the tricuspid valve to antibiotic therapy and the trauma of the central venous pressure (CVP) catheter (224:517, 1973). Perhaps an important factor not stressed was the use of the catheter for parenteral feeding. In the past 18 months we have seen, at autopsy, four patients with endocarditis of the tricuspid valve associated with the CVP catheter. In two of the patients, the valve lesions were destructive and heavily infected with gram-positive cocci, one of which was documented by culture to be<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The other two cases had bland thrombotic vegetative lesions without significant valve damage. The catheters in the two infected cases were used for parenteral feedings, while in those patients with bland vegetations, the catheters were used only to monitor the CVP. Becker et al<sup>1</sup>reported three cases of endocarditis of the right heart associated
TCTAP A-075 High-Flow Continuous Hemodiafiltration (HF-CHDF) During CAG and PCI/PPI for Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study
Authors: Naofumi Oyamada, Ichiro Hamanaka, Hiroaki Fujie, Kinzo Ueda
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2015)
Changes of serum hepatitis B virus DNA and aminotransferase levels during the course of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children
Authors: Ping-Ing Lee, Mei-Hwei Chang, Chin-Yun Lee, Hong-Yuan Hsu, Juei-San Chen, Pei-Jer Chen, Ding-Shinn Chen
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

During a follow-up period of 3.2 +/- 1.6 (1 to 8.6) yr, 1,087 serum specimens from 230 HBsAg carrier children were tested for hepatitis B virus markers. Dividing the serum specimens into four groups according to the status of HBeAg and hepatitis B virus DNA, the frequency of abnormally elevated ALT levels in serum was in the following order: HBeAg(+)/hepatitis B virus DNA(-) serum (60%), HBeAg(-)/hepatitis B virus DNA(+) serum (53%), HBeAg(+)/hepatitis B virus DNA(+) serum (41%), HBeAg(-)/hepatitis B virus DNA(-) serum (11%). Analysis of the data before HBeAg clearance showed that both a high serum ALT level and a low serum hepatitis B virus DNA level correlated with an imminent clearance of HBeAg. Approximately two thirds of children with serum ALT levels higher than 100 IU/L cleared HBeAg within the following year. Clearance of HBeAg occurred within the following year in 65% (13 of 20) of cases with serum hepatitis B virus DNA level less than or equal to 1,000 pg/ml, in contrast to 19% (30 of 157) of those with serum hepatitis B virus DNA level greater than 1,000 pg/ml. Among 53 children who lost HBeAg and hepatitis B virus DNA during follow-up, only nine cases did not have an identified period of abnormal serum ALT levels. For the remaining 44 children, abnormal serum ALT levels fell to normal with clearance of both HBeAg and hepatitis B virus DNA in 33 children but remained elevated in the remaining 11 cases after seroconversion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)