tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Bloom and Fawcett: A Textbook of Histology
Authors: Carroll E. Cross
Journal: JAMA (1995)

Seven decades of medical students have had the pleasant acquaintance of A Textbook of Histology , originally by Maximov and Bloom in 1930 and, since 1962, by Bloom and Fawcett. As in previous editions, the new 12th continues to present a scholarly, comprehensive, lucid, and well-organized description of basic histology that, like a Gothic cathedral, has withstood the test of time. The author introduces the reader to the intricacies of tissue histology from the perspective of classic and electron microscopic morphology.  As much or more than any other discipline of medicine, histology makes abundant use of illustrations and, as with the 19861107-page 11th edition published by WB Saunders, this new 964-page Chapman & Hall edition presents 869 useful and clear figures, several in color and more than 100 new. The quality of the illustrations on semi-glossy paper is good but less stellar than in previous editions.  The book has 35 chapters,
PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS
Authors: David G. Cogan
Journal: JAMA (1962)

Prevention of blindness was the theme of this year's World Health Day, April 8, reminding us that blindness is still with us and that some forms of blindness are preventable. In 1960, some 356,000 persons in the United States and no less than 10,000,000 in the entire world were estimated to be blind. Perhaps one-half of these cases could have been prevented if simple precautions had been taken or standard therapy had been given at the right time. Accidents account for approximately 5% of all blindness. Since many intraocular foreign bodies, lacerations of the globe, and chemical burns of the eye can be avoided by suitable goggles, the National Society for the Prevention of Blindness carries on a continual and vigorous campaign to promote the use of safety glasses in industry and in do-it-yourself projects at home. Glaucoma accounts for approximately 12% of blindness. Primary glaucoma appears in 2 major
Effects of dicarboxylic acids on normal and malignant melanocytes in culture
Authors: F. HU, K. MAH, DINAH J. TERAMURA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1986)

We have shown that dicarboxylic acids (C9 and C12), known competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, are selectively cytotoxic to malignant melanogenic melanocytes but not to normal pigmented cells or to amelanotic or non-melanogenic melanoma cells. The main target of this toxicity appears to be the mitochondria, which become markedly swollen and vacuolated. The mechanism of their action has been thought to be due to interference with oxidoreductases in the mitochondria. However, our results suggest that this cytotoxicity most probably does not result simply from inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes, but is closely related to the melanin biosynthesis pathway.
Review Body's Report: Hospital Medical Staff
Authors: C. M. Miller
Journal: BMJ (1966)

SIR,-While not disputing that all doctors deserve an increase in their remuneration, it is surely quite incredible that a senior regis- trar and consultant, after many years of highly competitive and specialized training involving great personal sacrifice in time and money, and of family and home, constantly on the move and without any security what- ever, should now reap an ultimate reward less than that of the family doctor.This surely is the ultimate negation of personal effort to achieve a specialist position, and the opposite of any premise in industry, com- merce, or any other profession.That a one- year house-surgeon can now go into general practice and earn more than his own hospital chief, a man who took about 15 years to reach this position, must surely mean by even the simplest logic that the death knell of future hospital services has been sounded loud and clear.-Iam, etc., London N. 10.
THE RATE OF HEALING OF ELECTROSURGICAL WOUNDS AS EXPRESSED BY TENSILE STRENGTH
Authors: JOHN D. ELLIS
Journal: JAMA (1931)

The interest in electrosurgery shown during the last decade is due to the development of several valuable electrosurgical knives. The novel features of these knives depend on technical improvements in construction providing for:   A very high frequency oscillating current.  The elimination of the irritating sparking or spark jumps of the older machines, which produced muscle jerking and varying degrees of injury to tissues. Sometimes even charring is produced, which is entirely different from the effect desired.  Facility to modulate the currents very delicately, both in density and in penetration, so as to produce various effects on tissues, ascending a scale in tissue damage from the electrical incision, almost identical in regard to hemostasis and rate of healing with the wound of a scalpel, through grades of dehydration (or desiccation, to employ the term introduced by Clark 1), combined with incision, finally reaching the effect of coagulation.   In all these surgical
Coronary arterial remodeling studied by high-frequency epicardial echocardiography: An early compensatory mechanism in patients with obstructive coronary atherosclerosis
Authors: David D. McPherson, Sara J. Sirna, Loren F. Hiratzka, Linda Thorpe, Mark L. Armstrong, Melvin L. Marcus, Richard E. Kerber
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
Combination Chemotherapy of Childhood Neuroblastoma
Authors: David H. James
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Vincristine sulfate and cyclophosphamide were administered concurrently to nine consecutive children with unresectable neuroblastomas. Objective tumor regression was observed in all nine children and complete remission was obtained in seven. The findings of this study indicate that the concurrent use of vincristine sulfate and cyclophosphamide can produce prolonged, symptom-free survival of some children with neuroblastomas. The findings also indicate that some unresectable neuroblastomas will respond to chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy to an extent that allows complete surgical excision.
Detection of the Carrier State for Classic Hemophilia
Authors: Bruce Bennett, Oscar D. Ratnoff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

Carriers of classic hemophilia may be detected by comparison of levels of antihemophilic factor as measured by clot-promoting assay (i.e., functionally active factor) and by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis (i.e., both functionally active and inactive factor). This technic has detected over 90 per cent of a group of known carriers. In addition, when applied to a group of 18 daughters of known carriers of hemophilia, the technic detected the carrier state in nine of these. In a second group of women, the mothers of hemophilic sons with no family history of the disorder, seven of 10 had evidence of the carrier state. Study of other members of these families suggested that mutation to the abnormal allele occurred on the X chromosome from which either the hemophilic patient or his mother arose.
Retroids in Archaea: Phylogeny and Lateral Origins
Authors: J. S. Rest
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2003)

Until recently, none of the diverse elements bearing reverse transcriptase (retroids) have been known from Archaea. However, in the recently published genomes of the acetate-utilizing archaeal methanogens, Methanosarcina acetivorans and M. mazei, several open reading frames (ORFs) are annotated as reverse transcriptase (RT). These annotations led us to the characterization of a retron and 13 retrointrons, including three twintrons, clustered at seven loci of the M. acetivorans genome, and four retrointrons at two loci of the M. mazei genome. Based on a phylogeny of the RT ORFs, we infer four lateral gene transfers (LGT) of these retroids from Bacteria to Archaea and of retrointron mobility within the Archaea genomes. Our phylogenetic analysis also identifies several novel retrons from GenBank in the bacterial groups Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Cyanobacteria and β-Proteobacteria, as well as in M. acetivorans. The discovery of retrointrons in Archaea as a consequence of LGT from Bacteria suggests that they did not originate in the progenote and parallels the "mitochondrial seed" theory of the origin of spliceosomes. Extending the known phylogenetic distribution of retroids to Archaea is consistent with the view that they have played a significant role in evolution of genomes throughout the tree of life.
Communicating risk: Doctor's recommendation is decision making in uncertain conditions
Authors: R. Fielding
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Communicating risk We as doctors are not aloneEditor-Risk is a crucial part of current medical practice, as clarified in the editorials by Edwards, Godolphin, and Thornton. [1]2][3] It is a subject that we all have to deal with day to day, and knowing that others are grappling with these difficult ideas is refreshing.The debate, however, needs to be widened further.As medical practitioners we are not alone in facing uncertainty and risk.Everyone involved in decision making faces the same problem.Whether it is the risk posed by an Iraqi regime headed by Saddam Hussein, the likelihood of a large meteorite striking the earth, or the chances of an Intercity 125 crashing, everyone is confronted with uncertainty and risk.The debate on risk needs to be taken beyond the confines of medical journals and into the general media, the House of Commons, and school classrooms.Only when the concepts of risk and uncertainty become familiar to the public at large can we as doctors hope to have an informed discussion with people who come to us asking for advice.
THE SEXUAL IDENTITY OF ATHLETES
Authors: Keith L. Moore
Journal: JAMA (1968)

The question of whether certain female athletes are in fact female will certainly arise during medical examinations at the Olympics, even though the obviously doubtful cases will likely remain at home. The rapid advances registered during the last decade in our understanding of sex and its aberrations have resulted in confusion in the minds of some, however, concerning the contribution of various factors (genetic, gonadal, hormonal) towards the sexual identity of an individual.<sup>1</sup>As a result, females have been declared ineligible for athletic competition for no other apparent reason than the presence of an extra chromosome, presumably in the sex chromosome complex. This seems grossly unfair if other criteria of sex conform with the person's social sex. In most individuals the nine components of sexual phenotype (external genital appearance, internal reproductive organs, structure of the gonads, endocrinologic sex, genetic sex, nuclear sex, chromosomal sex, psychological sex, social sex) conform
Alcohol-induced free radicals in mice: Direct toxicants or signaling molecules?
Authors: Ming Yin, Erwin Gäbele, Michael D. Wheeler, Henry Connor, Blair U. Bradford, Anna Dikalova, Ivan Rusyn, Ronald Mason, Ronald G. Thurman
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and free radicals are produced in early alcohol-induced liver injury. Recently, pathology caused by alcohol was blocked nearly completely in tumor necrosis factor α receptor 1 (TNF-R1) knockout mice. With this model, it is now possible to evaluate whether free radicals are directly toxic or act as redox regulators of TNF-α production. Specifically, if free radicals were directly toxic, a parallel decrease in free radicals and pathology in TNF-R1 knockout mice would be predicted. If they only affect TNF-α production, radicals would be expected to remain high while pathology is diminished. Accordingly, free radical production in TNF-R1 knockout mice was studied here. The enteral alcohol delivery model used mice lacking TNF-R1 (p55) and wild-type control C57Bl/6J mice. Animals received a liquid diet continuously with either ethanol or isocaloric maltose-dextrin as control for 4 weeks. Urine ethanol levels fluctuated from 10 to 500 mg/dL in a cyclic pattern in mice receiving ethanol. Ethanol elevated liver:body weight ratios, serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, and pathology scores in wild-type mice. These parameters were blunted nearly completely in TNF-R1 knockout mice. Ethanol treatment increased free radical production in wild-type mice compared with animals fed a high-fat control diet. There were no differences in intensity of free radical signals regardless of the presence or absence of TNF-R1; however, pathology differed markedly between these groups. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that free radicals act as redox signals for TNF-α production and do not directly damage cells in early alcohol-induced hepatic injury.
Salmonella Typhimurium Impedes Innate Immunity with a Mast-Cell-Suppressing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, SptP
Authors: Hae Woong Choi, Rhea Brooking-Dixon, Subham Neupane, Chul-Jin Lee, Edward A. Miao, Herman F. Staats, Soman N. Abraham
Journal: Immunity (2013)
Medicine and the Public Welfare
Authors: None Dawson
Journal: BMJ (1942)

When the war, as now, is passing through an anxious phase we are apt to say, " A plague on reconstruction talk-first win the war."This is anxiety entangling the mind in onetrack thinking.On the contrary, we should at times occupy our minds with fancies free and especially with the future, in order to re-create our minds for their war duties; for in so doing we indirectly assure ourselves there will be a future.And here, in passing, I may remind you that the best psychological treatment is often that which is implicit rather than explicit.War does not so much produce social changes as hasten the fruition of those already in seed or bud, or again bring back to the light of day projects born years previously but later lost in the mists of inertia or political exigency.For 25 years or more the idea has been spreading that the practice of medicine should be occupied not only with those disabled by sickness or accident but also, if not primarily, with the building up of health, and that for this extended purpose our medical services have become too haphazard and incoordinate in their arrangement.In other words, organization has not kept pace with ideas.If the community is to have in its care the health of its citizens as it has their education, the location of health centres and hospitals must, like that of schools, correspond to the distribution and needs of the population.Indeed, it is surely apparent that the rearing and training of a healthy body and the education of its occupant are two processes so interdependent that a system of health centres is as necessary as a system of schools, and when it is recalled that the integration of health is in many of its aspects a matter of education the parallelism becomes closer.
Bias in observational study designs: cross sectional studies
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2015)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The geographical area around a health facility characterizing the population that utilizes some or all of its services – a health facility catchment area (HFCA)-, forms the fundamental basis of estimating reliable population denominator for disease mapping and routine healthcare planning. Consequently, the approaches used to delineate the catchment area have a direct impact on the health of a population. To date, there is no systematic literature review documenting different approaches that have been used to define HFCAs while elucidating the implications on derived population denominators. To fill this gap, we systematically reviewed literature and documented approaches that have been used to define HFCA in sub–Saharan Africa (SSA). Simple to complex approaches have been used to define catchment areas in SSA with varying degrees of complexity and limitations in the last four decades. These approaches are mainly driven by lack of geocoded data on the residential address of care seekers and their care-seeking behaviour. To generate closer-to-reality HFCA, for robust disease mapping and healthcare planning, additional data and innovative approaches balancing between model complexity and routine programmatic use are required.
The mesencephalon as a source of preattentive consciousness
Authors: Francisco Aboitiz, Javier López-Calderón, Vladimir López
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

By themselves, mesencephalic subcortical mechanisms provide a preattentive kind of consciousness, related to stimulus-related, short-latency dopamine release triggered by collicular input. Elaborate forms of consciousness, containing identifiable objects (visual, auditory, tactile, or chemical), imply longer-lasting phenomena that depend on the activation of prosencephalic networks. Nevertheless, the maintenance of these higher-level networks strongly depends on long-lasting mesencephalic dopamine release.
Right and left ventricular compliance in experimental acute and subacute trypanosomal myocarditis
Authors: D. D. MORALES, R. L. WAGNER, W. H. ABELMANN
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1973)

In order to elucidate the dominance of right ventricular failure in South American trypanosomal myocarditis (Chagas's disease), postmortem ventricular pressure—volume relationships were studied in eight C3H mice with acute experimental myocarditis due to Trypanosoma cruzi and in nine healthy control animals, as well as in seven animals with myocarditis in the subacute stage and eight controls. Pressures and volumes of right and left ventricles, isolated at thoracotomy, were measured within 35 min after death during simultaneous infusion of saline into right and left ventricles. Compliance, defined as the slope of the pressure-volume curve (ΔV/ΔP), was plotted against ventricular pressure over the range from 5 to 20 mm Hg. In the normal and myocarditic C3H mice, right ventricular compliance was always greater than left ventricular compliance. Right ventricular distensibility was maximal during the acute stage of myocarditis and decreased subsequently. Left ventricular distensibility remained unchanged during acute myocarditis, but increased significantly in the subacute stage. It is postulated that the dominance of right ventricular failure in Chagas's disease may be the result of a vicious cycle among inflammation and necrosis, increased compliance with dilatation and increased wall tension in the right ventricle, while the left ventricle remains less compliant.
Contamination of the Bay of Fundy—Gulf of Maine area with Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Terphenyls, Chlorinated Dibenzodioxins, and Dibenzofurans
Authors: V. Zitko, O. Hutzinger, P. M. K. Choi
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1972)

The procedure used to determine polychlorina- ted biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs), chlorinated dibenzodioxins, and chlori- nated dibenzofurans is outlined in Table 1.It is based on the cleanup-chromatography of Holden and Marsden (1), modified as described (2).Most PCBs are eluted in fraction I. Fraction II contains some PCBs, p , p'-DDE, and PCTs, whereas hepta- chlor exposide, dieldrin, endrin, p,p'-DDD, and p , p'-DDT are eluted in fraction III.Fractions I and II are further chromatographed on alumina, essentially according to Porter and Burke (3), to determine chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzo- furans.PCTs, hexaand octachlorodibenzodioxin, and octachlorodibenzofuran were quantified by gas chromatography on 3% OV-210 on Chromosorb WAW 60/80 in a 6 ft X 4 mm column at 200°C.A 4% SE-30 column was used to quantify PCBs, chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, 2,3,7, 8-tetra- chlorodibenzodioxin, di-, tri-, and tetrachlorodibenzofuran.Recovery of PCBs and chlorinated hydrocarbon
Angiodysplasia and von willebrand's disease type IIB treated with estrogen/progesterone therapy
Authors: William D. Chey, William L. Hasler, Paula L. Bockenstedt
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1992)

Abstract The association between angiodysplasia and von Willebrand's disease was first reported in 1967. The cases reported to date have involved patients with type I and IIA von Willebrand's disease. We report a patient with type IIB von Willebrand's disease who suffered gastrointestinal bleeding attributable to gastric angiodysplasia. The patient underwent endoscopic electrocautery acutely and has been treated long‐term with estrogen/progesterone therapy. She has suffered no recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding at over 11 months of follow‐up. We suggest hormonal therapy as an alternative to repeated blood product transfusion or extensive surgical resection in patients with von Willebrand's disease and gastrointestinal bleeding from angiodysplasia. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oral Anticoagulant Prescription in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and a Low Risk of Thromboembolism
Authors: Jonathan C. Hsu, Paul S. Chan, Fengming Tang, Thomas M. Maddox, Gregory M. Marcus
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2015)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, with an estimated 1 in 4 lifetime risk in those older than 40 years of age and a projected increase in prevalence to approximately 5.6 million affected individuals in the United States by the year 2050 (1,2). In patients with AF at higher risk for thromboembolism, anticoagulation with warfarin (a vitamin K antagonist) or the newer novel anticoagulants reduces morbidity and mortality (3–6). Because oral anticoagulant use carries a risk of bleeding, including potentially fatal intracranial hemorrhage, anticoagulant treatment is not recommended in AF patients at a particularly low risk for stroke. Specifically, previous AF guidelines recommend against the use of oral anticoagulation in patients under 60 years of age without heart disease or other known risk factors for thromboembolism (7), and more recently updated guidelines do not recommend oral anticoagulation in AF patients without any established risk factor for stroke (8). Although it is well known that appropriate oral anticoagulant prescription in AF patients at risk for stroke outside clinical trial settings falls short of guideline-based expectations (9–12), it is unknown whether young and healthy AF patients with the lowest stroke risk are being treated with oral anticoagulation that may increase bleeding risk without a commensurate reduction in stroke risk. To our knowledge, a real-world evaluation of guideline adhering practice patterns of anticoagulation prescription in AF patients with the lowest stroke risk has never been performed.

We evaluated the prevalence of oral anticoagulant prescription by cardiovascular specialists in a cohort of outpatients using data from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR)’s Practice Innovation and Clinical Excellence (PINNACLE) Registry®. Use of this prospective national registry of cardiovascular care in the United States provides a unique opportunity to examine patterns of oral anticoagulant treatment in routine practice among outpatients as well as clinical predictors of this practice.
Granzyme B Directly and Efficiently Cleaves Several Downstream Caspase Substrates: Implications for CTL-Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Felipe Andrade, Sophie Roy, Donald Nicholson, Nancy Thornberry, Antony Rosen, Livia Casciola-Rosen
Journal: Immunity (1998)

Caspase-mediated proteolysis of downstream substrates is a critical element of the execution pathway common to all forms of apoptosis studied to date. While this caspase-dependent pathway is activated during cytotoxic lymphocyte granule–induced cell death, recent studies have also provided evidence for caspase-independent pathways. However, the mechanisms mediating these additional pathways have not been defined. The current study demonstrates that DNA-PKcs and NuMA are directly and efficiently cleaved by granzyme B in vitro and in vivo, generating unique substrate fragments not observed during other forms of apoptosis. This direct, caspase-independent ability of granzyme B to cleave downstream death substrates constitutes an apoptotic effector mechanism that is insensitive to inhibitors of the signaling or execution components of the endogenous apoptotic cascade.