tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Two Gentlemen of Tortola
Authors: William C. Gibson
Journal: JAMA (1978)

THE HAUNTING beauty of the British Virgin Islands, located less than 160 km east of Puerto Rico, is well known to yachtsmen. Less well known is the fact that two remarkable physicians of Quaker descent were born on these islands in the 18th century—William Thornton (1759 to 1828) (Fig 1), who was born on Tortola, once "white with cotton" and lush with sugarcane, and John Coakley Lettsom (1744 to 1815) (Fig 2), who first saw the light of day on Tortola's near neighbor, Little Jost Van Dyke Island (cover). <h3>William Thornton</h3> William Thornton, whose life can be summarized more briefly than that of the older and more distinguished practitioner Lettsom, was born in Pleasant Valley, which reaches the coast at Road Town, where Sir Francis Drake is known to have anchored ship. After completing his medical training at Edinburgh, Thornton returned to Tortola to practice medicine briefly before going to
Medical Research Council appoints new head
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Sir Leszek Borysiewicz, who was knighted for his research into developing vaccines, is the new chief executive of the UK Medical Research Council (MRC).

The deputy rector of Imperial College, London, is to take over from the current holder, Colin Blakemore, whose term of office finishes at the end of this month.

“I'm excited by the chance to work across the whole spectrum of biomedical science and to help to make a difference in relation to healthcare for individuals in the UK and globally,” said Professor Borysiewicz.

He joined Imperial College London in 2001 as principal of the faculty of medicine before becoming deputy rector three years later. His research interests are in …
Fate of inhaled monoclonal antibodies after the deposition of aerosolized particles in the respiratory system
Authors: L. Guilleminault, N. Azzopardi, C. Arnoult, J. Sobilo, V. Hervé, J. Montharu, A. Guillon, C. Andres, O. Herault, A. Le Pape, P. Diot, E. Lemarié, G. Paintaud, V. Gouilleux-Gruart, N. Heuzé-Vourc'h
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2014)
Chikungunya in Italy
Authors: Jo Lines
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Globalisation is to blame, not climate change An epidemic of chikungunya virus has recently occurred in Italy, involving more than 190 cases.1The concern is that climate change will bring mosquito borne tropical diseases to Northern Europe, but is this outbreak really the result of global warming?Although such an epidemic is new in Europe, it is probably caused by globalisation rather than climate change.Increased amounts of long distance tourism, travel, and trade mean that organisms that live in and on people or goods have more opportunity to be transported across continents.Chikungunya is an epidemic disease with many similarities to dengue-it causes fever that lasts four to seven days, sometimes with a rash.It is often accompanied by intense arthralgia.2Most infections cause noticeable disease, but haemorrhagic symptoms and other life threatening manifestations are rare.
FDG PET in Lhermitte-Duclos Disease
Authors: Kazumasa Hayasaka, Takashi Nihashi, Shigenari Takebayashi, Masahiko Bundoh
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

A 45-year-old man presented with a headache. The medical history included a partial thyroidectomy, a colon polypectomy, and stomach tumors (all benign adenomas) 34, 2, and 1 year earlier, respectively. CT showed a space-occupying lesion in the left cerebellar hemisphere with calcification. The mass showed a striated pattern of hyperintensity on T2-weighted images. An FDG-PET scan was performed after the intravenous administration of 250 MBq (6.8 mCi) F-18 FDG. The images of the brain showed a hypermetabolic area in the left cerebellar hemisphere. The whole body images showed no abnormal accumulation other than physiologic uptake. A presumptive diagnosis of Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD) was made.
Abstract 4657: MET amplification as a potential therapeutic target in gastric cancer.
Authors: Hisato Kawakami, Isamu Okamoto, Tokuzo Arao, Wataru Okamoto, Kazuko Matsumoto, Hirokazu Taniguchi, Kiyoko Kuwata, Haruka Yamaguchi, Kazuto Nishio, Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Yasuhide Yamada
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Purpose Our aim was to investigate both the prevalence of MET amplification in gastric cancer as well as the potential of this genetic alteration to serve as a therapeutic target in gastric cancer. Experimental Design MET amplification was assessed by initial screening with a PCR-based copy number assay followed by confirmatory FISH analysis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of gastric cancer obtained at surgery. The effects of MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors (MET-TKIs) in gastric cancer cells with or without MET amplification were also examined. Results The median MET copy number in 266 cases of gastric cancer was 1.7, with a range of 0.41 to 21.3. We performed FISH analysis for the 15 cases with the highest MET copy numbers. MET amplification was confirmed in the four assessable cases with a MET copy number of at least 4, whereas MET amplification was not detected in those with a gene copy number of &amp;lt;4. The prevalence of MET amplification was thus 1.5% (4 out of 266 cases). Inhibition of MET by MET-TKIs resulted in the induction of apoptosis accompanied by attenuation of downstream MET signaling in gastric cancer cell lines with MET amplification but not in those without this genetic change. Conclusion MET amplification identifies a small but clinically important subgroup of gastric cancer patients who are likely to respond to MET-TKIs. Furthermore, screening with a PCR-based copy number assay is an efficient way to reduce the number of patients requiring confirmation of MET amplification by FISH analysis. Citation Format: Hisato Kawakami, Isamu Okamoto, Tokuzo Arao, Wataru Okamoto, Kazuko Matsumoto, Hirokazu Taniguchi, Kiyoko Kuwata, Haruka Yamaguchi, Kazuto Nishio, Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Yasuhide Yamada. MET amplification as a potential therapeutic target in gastric cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4657. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4657
Evaluating Pleural Effusions
Authors: Thomas A. Peterman
Journal: JAMA (1984)

PLEURAL effusions are commonly seen in a variety of diseases. Based on the underlying pathophysiological abnormality, these effusions can be divided into transudates and exudates.<sup>1</sup>Transudative effusions develop when there is a change in systemic factors such as an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure or a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure with no change in the pleural surface. Common causes of transudative effusions include congestive heart failure, chronic renal failure, and low protein states. Exudative effusions are caused by an altered permeability of the pleural vessels or by obstruction of lymphatics as is seen in neoplasms, infections, or other inflammatory processes. Physicians use a number of laboratory tests to determine which of these processes is occurring in a particular patient. Light et al<sup>2</sup>have shown that in a select group of patients, transudates and exudates can be separated in the laboratory by measuring the protein and lactate dehydrogenase
Paired kidney transplants to start in the United Kingdom
Authors: Clare Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2006)

A new type of “paired” or “pooled” kidney transplant that is expected to help 40 or 50 patients a year in the United Kingdom will be allowed to go ahead from next September, the Human Tissue Authority announced this week. Patients with a friend or relative prepared to donate a kidney but whose tissue is found to be incompatible will be able to be paired with another couple in the same situation. If the donor in each couple is a match for the patient in the other, the transplant could go ahead. For a pooled donation, there would be a chain of several pairs.

Patients wanting …
The Lymphocyte and the Thymus Gland — Congenital and Hereditary Abnormalities
Authors: Fred S. Rosen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

ALTHOUGH the folklore on susceptibility to infection is ancient and voluminous, it was not until 200 years ago that Sir John Hunter first noted that the blood does not putrefy. About a century later, Pasteur, with his keen experimental mind, tried to assemble data on the subject. He made chickens stand in cold water and was able to show that they were unduly susceptible to a vibrio species, whereas control chickens displayed no such susceptibility. The description of congenital agammaglobulinemia in 1952 was a historic contribution to the understanding of the nature of host resistance. Here for the first time . . .
Phenylketonuria in the General Population
Authors: R. Rodney Howell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

Because phenylketonuria was first recognized among severely retarded persons and their families, the finding of elevated serum phenylalanine concentrations has usually been equated with severe mental retardation. With the advent of the mass screening programs for the detection of hyperphenylalanemia in clinically normal newborn infants, one of the many troublesome questions for which we had no answer was, "Are there large numbers of people in the general population who have high phenylalanine concentrations (that is, with phenylketonuria or PKU) and who are not retarded?" This became an even thornier issue when the frequency of phenylketonuria as detected by the newborn . . .
Meta-Analysis of Low-Glycemic Index Diets in the Management of Diabetes
Authors: Jim Mann
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

In her editorial (1) accompanying the meta-analysis carried out by Brand-Miller et al. (2), Dr. Franz describes the glycemic index as “not the most effective nutrition therapy intervention.” Her conclusion appears principally based on the fact that the reduction in HbA1c by 0.4–0.6% units (a 7.4% …
On Student Unrest
Authors: DONNELL W. BOARDMAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Letters and Comments1 March 1971On Student UnrestDONNELL W. BOARDMAN, M.D.DONNELL W. BOARDMAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-74-3-454_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: For some months I have been of two minds about responding to Dana Farnsworth's contribution to the September 1970 ANNALS ("Student Mental Health and Social Change"). When the December ANNALS arrived with your editorial "Things That Go Bump in the Night," my rebuttal had been on my desk for more than a month.Dr. Farnsworth goes beyond your reaffirmation of much humanity among men. He says that our institutions are designed to eliminate the enumerated evils of Western Civilization at this time in history. The young and the honest know that this is not true. I cannot let such an assertion from on high go unchallenged. Clearly I cannot...Reference1. FARNSWORTH D: Annual discourse—youth in protest. New Eng J Med 282:1235-1240, 1970 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Acton, Mass. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 March 1971Volume 74, Issue 3Page: 454-455KeywordsPsychiatry and mental health ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 March 1971 PDF downloadLoading ...
Association of Exon 19 and 21 EGFR Mutation Patterns with Treatment Outcome after First-Line Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Metastatic Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Victor H.F. Lee, Vicky P.C. Tin, Tim-shing Choy, Ka-on Lam, Cheuk-wai Choi, Lap-ping Chung, Janice W.H. Tsang, Patty P.Y. Ho, Dennis K.C. Leung, Edmond S.K. Ma, Jing Liu, Tony W.H. Shek, Dora L.W. Kwong, To-wai Leung, Maria P. Wong
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2013)
Use of Capillary Blood in Measurement of Arterial Po2
Authors: J. MacIntyre, J. N. Norman, G. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1968)

In this study we investigated the possibility of obtaining accurate values of arterial Po<sub>2</sub> from specimens of capillary blood stored in glass capillary tubes and measured in an oxygen microelectrode. It has been shown that Po<sub>2</sub> measurements made on the Radiometer oxygen microelectrode are as accurate as those made on the macroelectrode and that the storage of blood is as satisfactory in glass capillary tubes as in glass syringes. The important feature in obtaining accurate values for arterial Po<sub>2</sub> is the choice of the capillary bed and its method of preparation for sampling. If the ear lobe is massaged with thurfyl nicotinate (Trafuril) it is possible to obtain values of Po<sub>2</sub> from the capillary blood which are in close agreement with arterial Po<sub>2</sub> in normal, hyperoxic, and shocked vasoconstricted patients.
Self-deception and the desire to believe
Authors: Ariela Lazar
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

This commentary concentrates on two flaws in Mele's account. The first is Mele's attempt to account for self-deception by appealing to a desire to believe, together with an instrumental belief concerning the means of satisfying this desire. Contrary to Mele, it is argued that such an account requires a recognition on the part of agents that their actions instantiate these means. Second, Mele misidentifies the most essential – and flawed – ingredient of the standard approach to self-deception, the agent's desire to form the belief (the belief that is undermined by the evidence). This ingredient is retained in Mele's own account of self-deception.
HISTORY TAKING AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION IN DIGESTIVE DISORDERS
Authors: DAVID RIESMAN
Journal: JAMA (1928)

When a patient comes to a physician for the first time he places on him a heavy responsibility; under certain conditions the heaviest a human being is called on to bear. Two questions, implied or expressed, must be answered if the patient is to be repaid for his confidence and outlay: What ails me? What must I do to be cured? The conscientious physician looks on these questions as a challenge which can be met only by a true diagnosis and clear-cut, helpful advice. Such a diagnosis is a problem in logic, no less rigorous and exacting than a problem in any of the natural sciences. The difference consists in the elusiveness and multiplicity of the medical premises. The physician's end and aim is exactly like that of the astronomer, the mathematician or the physicist—to find the truth. In the study of a case the history is all-important, not only
Effects of ethanol, acetaldehyde and cholesteryl esters on pancreatic lysosomes.
Authors: J S Wilson, M V Apte, M C Thomas, P S Haber, R C Pirola
Journal: Gut (1992)

Recent studies indicate that altered lysosomal function may be involved in the early stages of pancreatic injury. Chronic consumption of ethanol increases rat pancreatic lysosomal fragility. The aim of this study is to determine whether the lysosomal fragility observed after chronic ethanol consumption is mediated by ethanol per se, its oxidative metabolite acetaldehyde or cholesteryl esters (substances which accumulate in the pancreas after ethanol consumption). Pancreatic lysosomes from chow fed rats were incubated for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C with ethanol, acetaldehyde or phosphatidylcholine vesicles containing cholesteryl oleate. Lysosomal stability was then assessed by determination of: (a) Latency--that is, the per cent increase in lysosomal enzyme activity after addition of Triton X-100 and (b) Supernatant activity--that is, the proportion of lysosomal enzyme remaining in the supernatant after resedimentation of lysosomes. Acid phosphatase, N-acetyl glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin B were assayed as lysosomal marker enzymes. Lysosomes incubated with homogenising medium alone or equivalent volumes of phosphatidylcholine vesicles without cholesteryl oleate were used as controls. Cholesteryl oleate at concentrations of 15 and 20 mM increased pancreatic lysosomal fragility as shown by decreased latency and increased supernatant enzyme. In contrast, ethanol (150 mM) and acetaldehyde (5 mM) had no effect on lysosomal stability in vitro. These results suggest that increased pancreatic lysosomal fragility observed with ethanol may be mediated by cholesteryl ester accumulation rather than by ethanol or acetaldehyde.
Cancer chemotherapy and fertility.
Authors: N. F. Perks, A. M. Lower, F. M. Kelsey
Journal: BMJ (1992)

in in vitro fertilisation, but appreciable side effects are unlikely to be so rare.For instance, ovarian hyperstimulation is a known risk despite published advice that it should be preventable.'Adequate information about possible morbidity in assisted conception is not made readily available to potential patients, nor are the hazards apparently sufficiently acknowledged by those who deliver the treatments.Of course, the increasing success of fertility treatments is to be welcomed, but childless couples, in their desperate longing for babies, are only too ready to overlook the possible drawbacks.Fertility specialists therefore have a duty to present comprehensive information about not only the prospects of success but also the risks of assisted conception.
THE FREQUENCY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF A MOVEMENT MANNERISM FOR THE MILITARY PSYCHIATRIST
Authors: L. A. PENNINGTON, R. J. MEARIN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1944)

The frequency and significance of a selected type of movement mannerism, nailbiting, have been studied by the interrogation and observation procedures in a sampling of 2297 white and 150 Negro recruits. (1) Nail-biting, regardless of its frequency and severity, was present in 23.2 per cent. No difference in prevalence was found between volunteers and naval draftees. No significant difference in frequency was apparent between the white and Negro samplings. (2) Statistical measures of central tendency are held to be inadequate means for the determination of the significance of this movement mannerism. The meaning of this and other related patterns of response must always remain the problem of the individual case. (3) For the military psychiatrist it is maintained that the tendency to look upon nail-biting always as an index of psychoneurotic or other psychopathological states is not supported by the facts. The nail-biting mannerism is of value in the military screening examination only if properly interpreted. (4) The important point is the manner in which the recruit reacts to the evidence. If he denies, evades, rationalizes, or expresses in other ways his general instability, the psychiatrist obtains important guides for further investigation. The high frequency is noted with which men, responding in these manners, were held over on other counts for additional neuropsychiatric study. (5) While it is undoubtedly true that nail-biting is always significant within the personality pattern of the individual, this mannerism is far from always an index of abnormality sufficient to disqualify a recruit for basic military training. (6) Nail-biting in adult males may, from one point of view, illustrate the "strangle hold" that childhood habits may come to possess. (7) In the sampling of 2297 recruits roughly one man in every four was a nail-biter. Of the 192 detained for further observation roughly one man in every four exhibited this mannerism.
Expression of Endothelin-1, Endothelin-Converting Enzyme, and Endothelin Receptors in Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Oliver Zolk, Jessika Quattek, Gerhard Sitzler, Thomas Schrader, Georg Nickenig, Petra Schnabel, Kohei Shimada, Masaaki Takahashi, Michael Böhm
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Elevated plasma levels of endothelin (ET)-1 have been reported in association with heart diseases, including heart failure. Furthermore, it has been suggested that ET-1 acts as a local autocrine/paracrine factor with biological activities such as vasoconstriction, mitogenesis, and inotropic effects on the heart. This study investigated alterations of ET-1, ET receptor, and endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE) expression in left ventricular myocardium from patients with end-stage heart failure. Methods and Results —mRNA concentrations of ET A and ET B receptors, prepro-ET-1 (ppET-1), and ECE in left ventricles from nonfailing donors hearts (NF) and from patients with end-stage chronic heart failure (NYHA functional class IV) due to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were compared by use of a competitive reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction technique. There was no significant difference in mRNA expression for ppET-1, ECE-1, and ET A receptors, whereas a significant reduction of ET B -receptor mRNA was observed in DCM hearts. 125 I-labeled ET-1 radioligand binding studies demonstrated a significant downregulation of ET B receptors, whereas ET A -receptor density was increased in membranes from DCM hearts. Phosphoramidon-sensitive ECE activity and immunodetectable amounts of ECE protein in left ventricular membrane preparations did not differ between NF and DCM hearts. Finally, immunoreactive ET-1 concentrations were increased in DCM hearts. Conclusions —The present study demonstrates changes in the ET-receptor expression pattern in favor of the ET A receptor in human end-stage heart failure. Furthermore, activation of the cardiac ET system with increased tissue ET-1 concentrations in the failing myocardium is observed. This is more likely due to decreased clearance than to increased synthesis, because ppET-1 gene expression and ECE activity are unchanged.
Factors influencing the prevalence of asthma among first degree relatives of extrinsic and intrinsic asthmatics.
Authors: B Sibbald, M Turner-Warwick
Journal: Thorax (1979)

The prevalence of asthma, hay fever, and eczema was examined in first degree relatives of extrinsic (atopic) and intrinsic (non-atopic) asthmatics attending the asthma clinics of the Brompton Hospital and the Doncaster Royal Infirmary. In both the Doncaster and Brompton populations the prevalence of asthma, hay fever, and eczema was significantly higher among relatives of extrinsic than among relatives of intrinsic asthmatics. Furthermore, the prevalence of these traits tended to be higher among siblings of extrinsic probands with one or both parents affected than among siblings of probands with neither parent affected. Most importantly, the prevalence of asthma among first degree relatives was positively correlated with the prevalence of hay fever or eczema or both among relatives and with the degree of atopy in the probands. These findings are consistent with the results of previous investigations in which the expression of asthma was shown to depend on a genetic predisposition to the trait as well as exposure to environmental provoking agents. We further suggest that the presence of atopy in genetically predisposed individuals increases the risk of developing asthma.