tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Tissue eicosanoids and vascular permeability in rats with chronic biliary obstruction
Authors: Narumi Ohara, Norbert F. Voelke, Shih-Wen Chang
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

Advanced cirrhosis is known to be associated with extrahepatic organ dysfunction, but the mechanism for this cirrhosis complication is largely unknown. We measured tissue albumin leakage in rats with biliary cirrhosis or acute cholestasis and tested the hypothesis that arachidonic acid metabolites contribute to the vascular permeability change. Six weeks after bile duct ligation, rats with biliary cirrhosis exhibited increased extravascular leakage of 125I-albumin in lung (p < 0.001) and kidney (p < 0.01) but not in heart or brain. In contrast, in cholestatic rats 10 days after bile duct ligation, only the kidney albumin leak was significantly increased (p < 0.01). Tissue thromboxane B2 levels, measured with an enzyme immunoassay, were increased in lung, kidney and liver of cirrhotic and cholestatic rats. To determine whether thromboxane A2 contributes to the vascular permeability defects in cirrhosis, we pretreated cirrhotic rats with the thromboxane synthase inhibitor dazoxiben (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally every 8 hr) for 20 hr before assessment of vascular permeability. Dazoxiben blocked the increase in thromboxane B2 level in lung but not in kidney and lowered the lung but not the kidney albumin leak index. In cholestatic rats given a higher dose of dazoxiben (40 mg/kg intraperitoneally every 8 hr) for 20 hr, the kidney thromboxane B2 level but not albumin leak was significantly lowered. We conclude that chronic biliary obstruction in rats leads to increased vascular permeability in selected extrahepatic organs and that thromboxane A2 contributes to the vascular permeability increase in the lung. Whether thromboxane A2 plays a role in renal albumin leakage will require further study.
Lung Reimplantation
Authors: Fikri Alican, James D. Hardy
Journal: JAMA (1963)

ELEVEN YEARS have elapsed since Juvenelle and co-workers<sup>1</sup>reported the first successful reimplantation of the right lung following its removal from a dog. During this period several reports by others<sup>2-6</sup>on the same subject have appeared in the literature. Although the number of long-term survivors in such series of lung reimplantation in the dog have been relatively few, in those survivors the reimplanted lung has been shown to be functioning adequately as an organ of respiration or, at least, to constitute a significant portion of the total area of hematosis. However, as a result of the attempts to demonstrate long-term survival on the reimplanted lung tissue alone, important questions have arisen which will have an intimate bearing upon the technical aspects of lung homotransplantation when the biological barrier is surmounted. Denervation and interruption of the bronchial arterial supply necessarily follow lung reimplantation or transplantation. The effects on
Insulin resistance and hypomagnesaemia.
Authors: J P Sheehan
Journal: BMJ (1982)

As long as the cervix is unfavourable, oxytocin is of doubtful value and the high dosages required may lead to water intoxication.Therefore, systemic or local administration of prostaglandins is preferred.We have obtained excellent results with intravenous infusion of prostaglandin E,,1 and others have reported successes with intracervical instillation of a single dose of 0 5 mg prostaglandin E, sus- pended in viscous gel.2Intravaginal prostaglandin F2e (2-5 mg) gel shortens labour con- siderably without increasing fetal distress or hypertonicity.3Once the membranes have ruptured, however, insertion of a catheter into the extra-amniotic space is technically impossible (A Calder, personal communica- tion), and the results obtained with oral prostaglandin E2 are contradictory.4One new technique that might reduce the risk of infection deserves mention-that is, continuous intravaginal infusion (lavage) of a weak solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone and iodine (Iso-Betadine).This method was originally proposed by Saling,6 and prelimin- ary results are encouraging.
Doctors and Their Feelings: A Pharmacology of Medical Caring
Authors: Richard E. Peschel
Journal: JAMA (1993)

The doctor-patient relationship is one of the most critical components of medical care. Yet it remains one of the most elusive to define clearly and objectively. This book asks an important question: Can the insights and conceptual framework of psychiatry be integrated into family practice medicine to improve the doctor-patient relationship and thus provide better and more comprehensive overall care? In particular, this book addresses the potential use of psychoanalytic techniques and the application of a biopsychosocial model in terms of general systems theory to daily medical practice. At the end of this book the authors assert, "The psychotherapeutic treatments chosen will determine whether the doctors' feelings should be maximally excluded, isolated, or neutralized or whether on the contrary they are the main and most powerful therapeutic agents among the doctors' set of therapeutic 'instruments.'" Unfortunately, the authors have failed to adequately support such a grandiose assertion, and this book
Detection, Prevention and Management of Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Anand P. Panwalker
Journal: JAMA (1987)

This single-authored text was first published in 1972 as a pocket-size manual. Dr Kunin's modest goal then was to provide "a practical guide to supplement materials to be found in more standard texts and the recent literature" dealing with urinary tract infections. The third edition (1979) and this latest book reflect the enormous strides made in the understanding and treatment of urinary tract infections during the past decade. Dr Kunin has almost entirely rewritten several chapters and updated the references. There are new or expanded sections dealing with urinary tract infections in the diabetic patient, renal transplant recipients, the elderly, and homosexual men. Infections caused by<i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Candida albicans</i>are discussed in much greater detail than in the third edition. There is even a discussion of corynebacterial renal infection in fish! The references are current and easy to locate, listed alphabetically at the end of each chapter under
Color realism and color illusions
Authors: Dejan Todorovic
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Abstract As demonstrated by several example displays, color illusions challenge color realism, because they involve a one-to-many reflectance-to-color mapping. Solving this problem by differentiating between veridical and illusory colors corresponding to the same reflectance is hampered because of the lack of an appropriate criterion. However, the difference between veridical and illusory color perception can still be maintained.
Case 60-1961
Authors: Richard C. Cabot, Benjamin Castleman, Betty U. Kibbee
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

Presentation of Case First admission. A sixty-seven-year-old man was admitted to the hospital for elective resection of an abdominal aneurysm. Four months previously the aneurysm was discovered during a routine physical examination. The patient had been asymptomatic except for occasional episodes of aching pain low in the mid-line of the back. The pain was not severe and was usually associated with excessive standing or exercise. Physical examination revealed a well nourished man in no distress. The lungs were normal; the left border of cardiac dullness was at the anterior axillary line in the fifth intercostal space, and a Grade 2 . . .
Stage III pancreatic cancer and the role of irreversible electroporation
Authors: Mohammad Al Efishat, Christopher L Wolfgang, Matthew J Weiss
Journal: BMJ (2015)

About a third of patients with pancreatic cancer present with locally advanced disease that is not amenable to resection. Because these patients have localized disease, conventional ablative therapies (thermal ablation and cryoablation) have the potential to be beneficial, but their use is inherently limited in the pancreas. These limitations could be overcome by irreversible electroporation—a novel, non-thermal ablative method that is gaining popularity for the treatment of many soft tissue tumors, including those of the pancreas. This review summarizes the status of this technique in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Most of the evidence on efficacy and safety is based on non-randomized prospective series, which show that irreversible electroporation may improve overall survival and pain control in locally advanced pancreatic cancer. As experience with this procedure increases, randomized controlled trials are needed to document its efficacy in locally advanced pancreatic cancer more precisely.
Is Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Environmentally Induced?
Authors: Noel Maclaren, Mark Atkinson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) remains an enigmatic disease despite a number of spectacular research discoveries during the past two decades that relate to its underlying genetics and pathogenesis.1 Many investigators are convinced that an environmental factor must be involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder. If so, the inability to identify this factor has been remarkable. The two most compelling pieces of evidence that nurture as well as nature is involved are the facts that only one in every three pairs of identical twins affected by IDDM becomes concordant for the disease and that the incidence of IDDM is increasing. . . .
A Possible Genetic Contribution to the Alexithymia Trait
Authors: Astrid Nøklebye Heiberg, Arvid Heiberg
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1978)

Alexithymic characteristics were studied in 15 monozygotic and 18 like-sex dizygotic healthy young twin pairs in a semistructured interview. Variance analysis showed larger within-pair variances in the dizygotic than in the monozygotic twins. With some reservations, these results point to a genetic influence on the etiology of the alexithymic phenomenon
A blood analogue for the experimental study of flow-related thrombosis at prosthetic heart valves
Authors: J. M O LEWIS, N. MACLEOD
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1983)

It is shown that a flowing mixture of unpasteurised cow's milk, rennet and calcium chloride will deposit solid clot in vitro in the neighbourhood of certain kinds of flow obstruction and hydrodynamic disturbance particularly associated with deposition and thrombus formation in a similar stream of blood. The milk and blood deposits are similar in physical structure, both on a microscopic and a gross scales. For established kinds of artificial heart valves, the growth sequence and developed patterns of milk clotting obtained in vitro with pulsatile flows at physiological rates closely resemble patterns of thrombus reported clinically for valves of the same type in vivo. It appears that these phenomena, for which a tentative explanation is outlined, can form the basis of a convenient and rapid experimental method for evaluating in vitro the effects of design changes on the thrombogenicity of artificial heart valves and other cardiovascular devices in vivo. The milk system also shows promise as an aid in fundamental experimental studies of mechanisms of flow-related thrombosis.
Massive Rectal Bleeding Following Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Biopsy
Authors: E. Brullet, M. C. Guevara, R. Campo, J. Falcóo, J. Puig, A. Prera, J. Prats, J. Del Rosario
Journal: Endoscopy (2000)

Background and Study Aims: Rectal bleeding is frequently seen in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy, but is usually mild and stops spontaneously. We report five cases of life-threatening hemorrhage following this procedure, which were treated successfully by endoscopic injection.
Identification of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2)-progelatinase complex as the third metalloproteinase inhibitor peak in rheumatoid synovial fluid.
Authors: T E Cawston, H F Bigg, I M Clark, B L Hazleman
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1993)

The metalloproteinases are a family of enzymes that can degrade all the components of the extracellular matrix. These potent enzymes are often found in proenzyme forms and require activation before the substrate can be digested. To prevent unlimited connective tissue destruction a number of inhibitors exist to limit their activity. In a previous study it was found that metalloproteinases in proenzyme form and metalloproteinase inhibitors were often present in rheumatoid synovial fluids. Two of these inhibitors were identified in rheumatoid synovial fluid as alpha 2 macroglobulin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), the specific metalloproteinase inhibitor. A third inhibitory peak was unidentified. In the study reported here it was shown that this third inhibitor can be purified using gelatin-Sepharose chromatography and consists of TIMP-2 bound to progelatinase (relative molecular weight 72,000) in a similar way to that found in concentrated connective tissue culture medium. The importance of these proteinase inhibitors in synovial fluid is discussed.
The Alternative Pathway Is Critical for Pathogenic Complement Activation in Endotoxin- and Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Deficient Mice
Authors: Talat H. Malik, Andrea Cortini, Daniele Carassiti, Joseph J. Boyle, Dorian O. Haskard, Marina Botto
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background— The early components of the classical and lectin complement pathways have been shown to protect low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient mice ( Ldlr −/− ) from early atherogenesis. However, the role of the alternative pathway remained unknown, and that was investigated in this study. Methods and Results— Mice lacking factor B ( Bf −/− ), the initiator of the alternative pathway, were crossed with Ldlr −/− mice and studied under different proatherogenic conditions. There was no statistically significant difference in lipid profiles or atherosclerotic lesion development between Bf −/− / Ldlr −/− and Ldlr −/− mice fed a low-fat diet. However, in these groups, administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide led to a significant increase in atherosclerosis only in Ldlr −/− and not in Bf −/− / Ldlr −/− mice, indicating that the alternative pathway is necessary for endotoxin-mediated atherogenesis. Bf −/− / Ldlr −/− mice also had significantly decreased cross-sectional aortic root lesion fraction area and reduced lesion complexity compared with Ldlr −/− animals after a 12-week period of high-fat diet, although this was also accompanied by reduced levels of serum cholesterol. Under both experimental conditions, the atherosclerotic changes in the Bf −/− / Ldlr −/− mice were accompanied by a marked reduction in complement activation in the circulation and in atherosclerotic plaques, with no statistically significant differences in immunoglobulin G deposition or in the serum antibody response to oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Conclusions— These data demonstrate that amplification of complement activation by the alternative pathway in response to lipopolysaccharide or high-fat diet plays a proatherogenic role.
A Predictive Model for Delirium in Hospitalized Elderly Medical Patients Based on Admission Characteristics
Authors: Sharon K. Inouye
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Objective: To prospectively develop and validate a predictive model for the occurrence of new delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients based on characteristics present at admission. Design: Two prospective cohort studies done in tandem. Setting: University teaching hospital. Patients: The development cohort included 107 hospitalized general medical patients 70 years or older who did not have dementia or delirium at admission. The validation cohort included 174 comparable patients. Measurements: Patients were assessed daily for delirium using a standardized, validated instrument. The predictive model developed in the initial cohort was then validated in a separate cohort of patients. Results: Delirium developed in 27 of 107 patients (25%) in the development cohort. Four independent baseline risk factors for delirium were identified using proportional hazards analysis: These included vision impairment (adjusted relative risk, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 10.7); severe illness (relative risk, 3.5; CI, 1.5 to 8.2); cognitive impairment (relative risk, 2.8; CI, 1.2 to 6.7); and a high blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio (relative risk, 2.0; CI, 0.9 to 4.6). A risk stratification system was developed by assigning 1 point for each risk factor present. Rates of delirium for low- (0 points), intermediate- (1 to 2 points), and high-risk (3 to 4 points) groups were 9%, 23%, and 83% (P < 0.0001), respectively. The corresponding rates in the validation cohort, in which 29 of 174 patients (17%) developed delirium, were 3%, 16%, and 32% (P < 0.002). The rates of death or nursing home placement, outcomes potentially related to delirium, were 9%, 16%, and 42% (P = 0.02) in the development cohort and 3%, 14%, and 26% (P = 0.007) in the validation cohort. Conclusions: Delirium among elderly hospitalized patients is common, and a simple predictive model based on four risk factors can be used at admission to identify elderly persons at the greatest risk.
Polycythemia Vera Among Participants of a Nuclear Weapons Test
Authors: Glyn G. Caldwell
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Two cases of polycythemia vera and two cases of suspected polycythemia vera were found among 3,217 nuclear test participants present during the detonation of the nuclear device, "Smoky," on Aug 31, 1957, and traced through December 1981. The observed occurrence of four cases of polycythemia vera in a group this size significantly exceeds that expected. However, the small individual whole-body doses of radiation reported for these four participants makes the association with ionizing radiation tenuous, although this was the only known unusual risk factor.
Metaphor may fill the space created by uncertainty
Authors: J. N. Hardy
Journal: BMJ (2012)

I read Wiggins’s article with interest, 24 hours or so into my third cycle of chemotherapy for metastatic colon cancer.1 Our use of metaphor does seem to follow societial preoccupations—for example, the persistence of seafaring metaphor in common parlance and those of war and combat when used in biomedical practice and so beautifully illustrated by Susan Sontag in …
Patient-Physician Communication: Respect for Culture, Religion, and Autonomy-Reply
Authors: Lorna A. Rhodes
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Dr Fitzgibbons makes several points that trouble us and require clarification. Our article describes a "cultural gap" between Western biomedical providers and our Navajo informants regarding the discussion of negative information, and we conclude that treating all Navajo patients by Western standards is ethically troublesome. However, we do not say that "bad outcomes can be avoided by not speaking of them." In the Navajo view, bad things result from a variety of mechanisms, only one of which is speaking about them. While we do not advise physicians to completely avoid discussions of "sickness, injury, and death" with Navajo patients, we do relay the views of our informants who find explicit and direct discussion of these issues troublesome (a view, by the way, that is not foreign to the Western tradition<sup>1</sup>). As Dr Kazal points out, creative, caring clinicians can together with their patients often devise "culturally sensitive"
Perspectives on cancer prevention
Authors: L. Garfinkel
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1995)

The best way to control cancer is to find means to reduce the risk of cancer. Mr. Garfinkel, the former Vice President for Epidemiology and Statistics and Director of Cancer Prevention for the American Cancer Society, discusses the ongoing research on cancer prevention and suggests that based on the accumulated evidence, authoritative groups must now seriously consider making recommendations about chemopreventive substances to reduce cancer risk.
Ureteral Dynamics: Pathophysiology, Drugs, and Surgical Implications
Authors: Frank Hinman
Journal: JAMA (1972)

This compendium of the excellent experimental work of Boyarsky and his associates over 20 years presents in minute detail the methods and results of experimental studies on the ureter. After a detailed description and critical examination of methods used for study of ureteral activity, the authors cover the basic physiologic mechanisms involved. Their interest in the effects of drugs and n eurohormones is evident in subsequent chapters, where details of neurohistochemistry, pharmacology, and endocrinology are developed from the authors' own experiments. Finally, an attempt is made to relate the findings to clinical problems of diagnosis and solution of pathophysiologic problems. The authors have long felt that mechanisms other than simple stretch account for ureteral peristalsis and proceed to document their experimental findings of trigger zones, nerve pathways, and drugs that act on myoneural junctions. Much of the work has already been published by the authors; perhaps specific references to their
SAP expression in invariant NKT cells is required for cognate help to support B-cell responses
Authors: Cynthia Detre, Marton Keszei, Natividad Garrido-Mesa, Katalin Kis-Toth, Wilson Castro, Amma F. Agyemang, Natacha Veerapen, Gurdyal S. Besra, Michael C. Carroll, George C. Tsokos, Ninghai Wang, Elizabeth A. Leadbetter, Cox Terhorst
Journal: Blood (2012)
Potential mechanisms underlying the associations between liver enzymes and risk for type 2 diabetes
Authors: Chapy Venkatesan, Zobair M. Younossi, Roberto J. Groszmann, Yasuko Iwakiri, Tamar H. Taddei
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

The pathophysiological mechanisms to explain the association between risk of type 2 diabetes and elevated concentrations of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alanineaminotransferase (ALT) remain poorly characterized. We explored the association of liver enzymes with peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance, insulin secretion, insulin clearance, and glucagon concentration. We studied 1,309 nondiabetic individuals from the Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular disease (RISC) study; all had a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with assessment of insulin secretion and hepatic insulin extraction. The hepatic insulin resistance index was calculated in 393 individuals. In both men and women, plasma concentrations of GGT and ALT were inversely related with insulin sensitivity (M/I) (all P < 0.01). Likewise, the hepatic insulin resistance index was positively correlated with both GGT (r = 0.37, P < 0.0001, men; r = 0.36, P < 0.0001, women) and ALT (r = 0.25, P = 0.0005, men; r – 0.18, P = 0.01, women). These associations persisted in multivariable models. Increased GGT and ALT were significantly associated with higher insulin secretion rates and with both reduced endogenous clearance of insulin and hepatic insulin extraction during the OGTT (P = 0.0005 in men; P = 0.003 in women). Plasma fasting glucagon levels increased over ALT quartiles (men, quartile 4 vs. 1 11.2 +/− 5.1 vs. 9.3 +/− 3.8 pmol/L, respectively, P = 0.0002; women, 9.0 +/− 4.3 vs. 7.6 +/− 3.1, P = 0.001). In healthy individuals, increased GGT and ALT were biomarkers of both systemic and hepatic insulin resistance with concomitant increased insulin secretion and decreased hepatic insulin clearance. The novel finding of a positive correlation between ALT and fasting glucagon level concentrations warrants confirmation in type 2 diabetes.
TCT-150 First-in-man Experience with Transendocardial Injections of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy. The MYOCYTE trial
Authors: Ricardo Sanz-Ruiz, Alberto Nuñez Garcia, Jaime Elizaga, Francisco Fdez-Aviles
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)