tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Masking, Blinding, and Peer Review
Authors: Frederic C. McDuffie
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Letters15 July 1998Masking, Blinding, and Peer ReviewFrederic C. McDuffie, MDFrederic C. McDuffie, MDPiedmont Rheumatology Consultants, PC; Atlanta, GA 30309-1476Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-129-2-199807150-00035 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Dr. Davidoff's discussion of the pros and cons of anonymous peer review for manuscripts [1] reminded me of my own experience in this area. From the 1950s through the 1970s, when I was actively engaged in bench research, I was frequently asked to review scientific manuscripts. I put a lot of time and intellectual effort into these reviews, often going to the library and reading relevant references. I felt a certain disappointment that these efforts were not acknowledged except for the inclusion of my name in the annual list of reviewers. I know that some of these ...References1. Davidoff F. Masking, blinding, and peer review: the blind leading the blinded. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 128:66-8. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Piedmont Rheumatology Consultants, PC; Atlanta, GA 30309-1476 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 July 1998Volume 129, Issue 2Page: 165KeywordsClinical laboratoriesConflicts of interestLibrariesPeer reviewResearch laboratories Issue Published: 15 July 1998 CopyrightCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Human Infection with Edwardsieila tarda
Authors: GEORGE W. JORDAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

Edwardsiella tarda, a recently recognized member of the Enterobacteriaceae, has been isolated in the United States and 14 foreign countries and from both cold- and warm-blooded animals. Although the organism has been well characterized bacteriologically, little is known about its role in producing disease in man. A case of liver abscess and septicemia due to E. tarda and the clinical information on eight cases of mild diarrhea or wound infection in which the organism was isolated are reported. In tests on isolates obtained in four cases, the organism was sensitive to antibiotics commonly used in treating infections with gram-negative organisms, including salmonellae. A review of other cases of infection with E. tarda reported to date indicates that this organism is capable of producing disease patterns similar to those caused by salmonellae. The isolation of E. tarda should be regarded as significant if the patient manifests clinical features similar to those described for salmonellosis.
Letter from Chicago: No bed of roses
Authors: G. Dunea
Journal: BMJ (1981)

During the religious strife of the eighth century the Byzantine iconoclast emperors destroyed the icons of the church and persecuted image worship with a zeal that was frequently mollified by nothing less than a plateful of noses.The founder of the dynasty, Leo the Isaurian, had been an obscure itinerant pedlar, who was driving his donkey to the market when a soothsayer promised him the Roman Empire on condition that he should abolish the worship of idols.His son, Constantine V, may well have been a most capable emperor, yet posterity has painted him as a monster; and we read that, while one may excuse the infant for the pollution of his baptismal font (which later earned him the surname Copronymus), one can hardly forgive the adult, whose "lust confounded the eternal distinction of sex and species" and whose "reign was a long butchery of whatever was most noble, or holy, or innocent."' Medical iconoclastsIn modern times the iconoclasts have become less fearsome, but their tribe has proliferated, and their zeal has remained undaunted.And now, since "iconoclasm has become a public fashion" and "the position of the doctor is no longer as unassail- able or deific as in the past," we find Mrs Cynthia S Smith, publisher of Medical/Mrs, joining the ranks of the medical iconoclasts by writing about the "bitter disillusionment, aching loneliness, and degrading loss of respect" of Doctors' Wives, and the cruel, shockingly egotistical and irresponsible insensitivity of their husbands-"For we either strike down our idols or reduce them to the approachable category of mere men."2Mrs Smith excludes from her analysis the dermatologists, anaesthetists, radiologists, pathologists, ophthalmologists, and academic physicians, who "lead orderly programmed, nine-to- five lives" and rarely develop "the arrogant pomposity of the God complex."But the others are in for a rough analysis, for they Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
Apparent Right Midlung Mass in a Dyspneic Man
Authors: Richard D. Mountain
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>History</h3> A 61-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with a ten-day history of increasing dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, fatigue, and increasing peripheral edema. His history indicated long-standing congestive cardiomyopathy and chronic atrial fibrillation. The patient had a 50-pack-year smoking history but no notable occupational exposures. Current medications included digoxin, furosemide, and warfarin sodium; however, the patient had a history of medical noncompliance. His physical examination showed a BP of 92/66 mm Hg, an irregularly irregular pulse rate of 120 beats per minute, elevated jugular venous pressure, bibasilar rales, a prominent third heart sound, and symmetrical pitting edema of the knees. A gated blood pool cardiac scan showed a left ventricular ejection fraction of 21%. Posteroanterior (Fig 1) and lateral (Fig 2) roentgenograms of the chest were obtained. <h3>Diagnosis</h3> "Pseudotumor" (interlobar effusion) of the superior accessory fissure, right lower lobe. The admission posteroanterior chest roentgenogram (Fig 1) showed cardiomegaly, bilateral
Access to antiretrovirals still too scarce in many countries
Authors: John Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The gap between the number of people who need antiretroviral drugs for HIV and those who receive them, especially in poor nations, is still too large and set to grow, a report on global access to antiretrovirals has warned.

The report says that, at the end of 2005, the number of people in low and middle income countries receiving antiretrovirals was estimated at 1.3 million, or 20% of those eligible, up from only 400 000 (7%) two years earlier.

But access to antiretroviral drugs remains too low in many countries. In Mozambique, only 9% of 216 000 eligible people are being treated. The figures for Zimbabwe and the Democratic Republic …
Campaigns Focus on Helmets as Safety Experts Warn Bicycle Riders to Use—and Preserve—Heads
Authors: Marsha F. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1992)

RIDING A BICYCLE is good for your health—if you don't fall off. This truism has led to the increasing development of products aimed at avoiding unexpected descent or, when the inevitable occurs, minimizing damage as flesh meets cement. At the same time, the type of "safety first" thinking that has made seat belts and special child restraint seats obligatory in cars, along with (in nearly every state) protective headgear for those riding motorcycles, has trickled down to self-propelled vehicles from the tricycle to the tandem. "Wear your bike helmet" is the battle cry of this new crusade against yet another form of traffic violence. In 1991, 196 000 head injuries related to bicycles were reported by the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), part of the Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC. This system, which monitors a variety of product or activity areas that may be related to injuries, comprises
Steroidogenesis in the Mammalian Testis
Authors: JAMES P. PRESLOCK
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1980)

THE MAMMALIAN testis has long been known to synthesize androgens, primarily testosterone, from several steroidal and nonsteroidal precursors. Some of the precursors that are converted to testosterone include acetate (1), cholesterol (2), pregnenolone1 (3, 4), and progesterone (5). The primary site for the synthesis of testosterone within the mammalian testis is the interstitial cells of Leydig, which are specialized cells located in the angular spaces between seminiferous tubules (6). Histochemical procedures indicate that androgens are also synthesized and secreted to some degree by the Sertoli cells and specific germinal cells within the seminiferous tubules, with the Leydig cells being the most efficient testicular components for the synthesis of androgens (6). The Leydig cell contains an extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi complex, lipid droplets, and numerous lysosomes, all indicative of an actively synthesizing cell (6). The synthesis of androgens involves a complex process in which two-carbon acetate precursors are linked together. This sequence of events initially involves the formation of cholesterol, a 27-carbon intermediate sterol, with mevalonic acid, farnesyl-pyrophosphate, squalene, and lanosterol identified as precursors of cholesterol (Fig. 1). The conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone is accomplished by cholesterol esterase, an enzyme that is under the regulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary. This conversion involves the removal of a six-carbon side chain from the C-17 of cholesterol, converting it to pregnenolone.
Novel diagnostic assays for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Authors: Adam Cuker, Ann H. Rux, Jillian L. Hinds, May Dela Cruz, Serge V. Yarovoi, Isola A. M. Brown, Wei Yang, Barbara A. Konkle, Gowthami M. Arepally, Stephen P. Watson, Douglas B. Cines, Bruce S. Sachais
Journal: Blood (2013)
Health spokesmen disagree on how hospital closures should be managed
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The health spokesmen for the three main political parties clashed over the best way to manage changes in health services when they took part in a debate on 22 April.

Health secretary Andy Burnham defended decisions made by Labour in recent years to close some hospital maternity, children’s, and emergency departments to allow the same departments in hospitals nearby to specialise. The decisions had all been very difficult, he admitted, and affected his own constituents in Manchester.

When the shadow health secretary Andrew Lansley promised to put a stop to further changes should the Conservatives win power in May Mr Burnham accused him of …
Abstract 4673A: DAPK-mediated phosphorylation of HSF1 enhances apoptosis level upon TNF in colorectal carcinoma cells
Authors: Natalya Benderska, Tilman Rau, Jelena Ivanovska, Saritha Chakilam, Muktheshwar Gandesiri, Elisabeth Ziesche, Abbas Agaimy, Jan Schulze-Luehrmann, Luitpold Distel, Thomas Fischer, Heinrich Sticht, Regine Schneider-Stock
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Objectives: Tumor necrosis factor ≤ (TNF) is an inflammatory cytokine, which is released upon different stimuli, including irradiation. Recently it has been shown, that the Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) mediates TNF-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells [1]. Here, we aimed to identify new DAPK binding partners and to characterize the functional role of novel protein interaction complexes during TNF-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Methods/Results: HCT116 colorectal cancer cells were cultured for 6 to 48 hours in either normal or TNF-conditioned medium. For phosphopeptide microarray (PPM) whole cell lysates were incubated on peptide platforms with radioactive-labeled P33. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin V staining and caspase 3 cleavage in Western Blotting. PPM analysis revealed heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) as a new potential substrate of DAPK phosphorylation under TNF-stimulation. DAPK Co-IP, co-immunofluorescence (Co-IF), and mass spectrometry showed that DAPK interacts with HSF1 after TNF-treatment. Phosphorylation on serine residues of HSF1 is necessary for HSF1 nuclear translocation and the initiation of transcription of its target genes. Among them, Ser 230 is part of a consensus phosphorylation motif for DAPK. Maximal level of pHSF1Ser230 was observed at the time point where massive apoptosis was induced. Co-IF microscopy confirmed enrichment of pHSF1Ser230 in the nucleus already after 24 hours of TNF-stimulation. EMSA and Chromatin-IP revealed that pHSF1Ser230 binds to the heat shock response element in the DAPK promoter region and enhances its transcriptional activity. Exogenous over-expression of HSF1 protein led to a significant increase in mRNA DAPK levels and consequently to an enforcement of apoptosis. As expected, DAPK knockdown cells did not show any variation in pHSF1Ser230 level, supporting again that DAPK is an important mediator of the TNF-driven signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells. The significance of the DAPK/pHSF1Ser230 interaction for response prediction was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining on tissue microarrays of colorectal cancer before and after radiotherapy. Conclusion: Our data show a novel functional interaction between HSF1 and DAPK under TNF-stress and highlight a positive feedback mechanism in DAPK-regulation. These results help to understand cell death pathways in response to radiotherapy. [1].Bajbouj K.et al., Am J Pathol. (2009) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4673A. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4673A
Randomized crossover study of gemfibrozil versus lovastatin in familial combined hyperlipidemia: Additive effects of combination treatment on lipid regulation
Authors: Daniel Zambón, Emilio Ros, Camino Rodriguez-Villar, Juan Carlos Laguna, Manual Vázquez, Carolina Sanllehy, Elena Casals, Josep M. Sol, Gonzalo Hernández
Journal: Metabolism (1999)
Compassion's Way: A Doctor's Quest into the Soul of Medicine
Authors: S. A Pai
Journal: BMJ (2003)

What goes into the making of a good doctor? Most teachers and mentors stress intelligence and diligence. Yet they tend to ignore compassion, which is equally important. Ralph Crawshaw believes that our present medical education “leaves too many young people bereft of compassionate imagination and altruistic ideals.”

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Ralph Crawshaw

Medi-Ed Press, $38.50, pp 648 www.Medi-Edpress.com/ ISBN 0 936741 15 5

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Crawshaw–a psychiatrist, humanist, thinker, movie critic, knight errant, and world traveller–addresses both doctors and patients. The theme of …

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Management of Septic Arthritis-Reply
Authors: George Ho
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Lotman's comments warrant no response from any physician who has successfully treated acute septic arthritis without surgical intervention. In response to Dr Mylotte's letter, we are not sure what his concerns about our observations are. We have provided data indicating that the prolonged persistence of viable bacteria in an infected joint portends an unfavorable outcome. We share with him the concern that underlying joint disease, defects in local or systemic host defenses, and bacterial organisms per se are important variables that may contribute to the poor outcome of therapy for septic arthritis. In general, one cannot alter the status of the patient's underlying joint disease, defects in host defense, or the type of microorganism at the time of diagnosis of joint infection. However, avoiding delay in diagnosis and instituting therapy aimed at achieving synovial fluid sterility as rapidly as possible can favorably influence the treatment outcome. The
Interaction of “supplementary” scintigraphic indicators of ischemia and stress electrocardiography in the diagnosis of multivessel coronary disease
Authors: Behxhet Canhasi, Michael Dae, Elias Botvinick, Peter Lanzer, Norberto Schechtmann, Donald Faulkner, William O'connell, Nelson Schiller
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1985)
Reducing motor vehicle crash deaths and injuries in newly motorising countries
Authors: B. O'Neill
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The United States was the first country to experience deaths and injuries from motor vehicle crashes in large numbers. As other countries motorised, they, too, experienced large numbers of crash deaths and injuries. Early efforts to address this problem were based largely on guesswork, with the principal focus on educating motorists. This simplistic and narrow approach continued for decades, even though the numbers of crash deaths and injuries continued to grow.1

In the 1960s a public health approach to the problem emerged in the United States and other motorised countries. Under this new approach, the available prevention options greatly expanded, and the effectiveness of countermeasures was scientifically evaluated before widespread adoption. This emphasis on evaluation was important because the earlier efforts continued for decades without evaluation, and when some of these programmes were eventually evaluated there was no evidence of effectiveness.2

Today motor vehicle crashes are causing substantial numbers of deaths in countries that are relatively new to motorisation.3 A key question is how these countries can avoid the many unnecessary deaths and serious injuries that occurred in today's motorised countries during the decades that motor vehicle use was rapidly expanding, ineffective countermeasures were in place, and potentially effective countermeasures were being ignored.

#### Summary points

One consequence of the rapid growth in motor vehicle use in many countries is increasing numbers of crash deaths and injuries

To reduce this toll, countries need to adopt a broad array of research based measures

Despite being widely advocated as essential safety programmes, driver education or training programmes have not been found to reduce motor vehicle crashes

Almost all of the demonstrable gains produced by changing road user behaviour have resulted from properly enforced traffic safety laws

In many less motorised countries a disparate mix of road users share the roads, and so …
Important Differences in Mode of Death Between Men and Women With Heart Failure Who Would Qualify for a Primary Prevention Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator
Authors: Robert W. Rho, Kristen K. Patton, Jeanne E. Poole, John G. Cleland, Ramin Shadman, Inder Anand, Aldo Pietro Maggioni, Peter E. Carson, Karl Swedberg, Wayne C. Levy
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Whether sex differences in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) benefit exist remains unanswered. We evaluated sex differences in mode of death among a large cohort of ambulatory heart failure patients who meet criteria for a primary prevention ICD.Patients from 5 trials or registries were included if they met American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Heart Rhythm Society guideline criteria for implantation of a primary prevention ICD. We investigated the potential sex differences in total deaths and total deaths by mode of death. The relationship between the estimated total mortality and mode of death by percentage of total mortality was also analyzed by sex. The Seattle Heart Failure Model was used to estimate total mortality in this analysis. A total of 8337 patients (1685 [20%] women) met inclusion criteria. One-year mortality was 10.8±0.3%. In women, the age-adjusted all-cause mortality was 24% lower (hazard ratio [HR], 0.76; confidence interval [CI], 0.68-0.85; P<0.0001), the risk of sudden death was 31% lower (HR, 0.69; CI, 0.58-0.83; P<0.0001), but no significant difference in pump failure death was observed. Throughout a range of total mortality risk, women had a 20% lower all-cause mortality (HR, 0.80; CI, 0.71-0.89; P<0.001) and 29% fewer deaths that were sudden (HR, 0.71; CI, 0.59-0.86;P<0.001) compared with men.Women with heart failure have a lower mortality than men, and fewer of those deaths are sudden throughout a spectrum of all-cause mortality risk. These data provide a plausible reason for and thus support the possibility that sex differences in ICD benefit may exist.
"TOXICITY OF HUMAN PLASMA"
Authors: Lawrence Sophian
Journal: JAMA (1942)

To the Editor:—  In your editorial Toxicity of Human Plasma (The Journal, September 19) reference is made to the case of severe reaction to lyophilized plasma reported by Polayes and Squillace ( ibid. , March 28, p. 1050) and to work on dermal reactions to single type plasma performed by Levine and State ( Science  96 :68 [July 17] 1942). The former authors attributed the reaction in their case to a fairly high titer of isoagglutinins in the plasma, and the latter believed the principal cause of skin sensitivity was the agglutinogen content.  Two objections may be raised to your summary of the suggested dangers. First, Levine and State's observations refer only to reactions of urticarial type, and no instance is reported of the important and really dangerous hemolytic reactions. Second, your last sentence, since a negative skin test precludes the possibility of intravenous plasma shock, includes one assumption and one error; the
Effects of Antioxidants in Diabetes-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Glomeruli of Diabetic Rats
Authors: Daisuke Koya, Kazuyuki Hayashi, Munehiro Kitada, Atsunori Kashiwagi, Ryuichi Kikkawa, Masakazu Haneda
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2003)

Numerous reports have demonstrated that oxidative stress induced by diabetes plays an important role in the development and progression of diabetic vascular complications including nephropathy. Indeed, there is emerging evidence that the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a direct consequence of hyperglycemia. Biomarkers for oxidative damage to DNA, lipids, and proteins are also supporting the concept of increased oxidative stress in diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. However, there is an unanswered question: When does oxidative stress as a pathogenetic event occur in the process of diabetic nephropathy? To answer this question, glomerular ROS was imaged with the use of 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). The image of DCF fluorescence was strong in glomeruli from diabetic rats as compared with that of glomeruli from nondiabetic control rats. mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was also determined because oxidative stress definitely refers to the situation of an imbalance between the production of ROS and antioxidant defense. The mRNA expression of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 2 wk after the induction of diabetes was not significantly different from that in control rats. Alternatively, mRNA and protein expression of HO-1 was strongly induced by 16-fold in diabetic glomeruli after the induction of diabetes. Antioxidant treatment with either vitamin E or probucol almost completely normalized HO-1 overexpression in diabetic glomeruli, supporting the existence of oxidative stress in the glomeruli of early diabetes. Furthermore, It has reported that antioxidant treatment with vitamin E, probucol, alpha-lipoic acid, or taurine normalized diabetes-induced not only renal dysfunction such as albuminuria and glomerular hypertension but also glomerular pathologies. In summary, oxidative stress by diabetes could play a crucial role in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy, and antioxidant treatment could be a potential therapeutic procedure for diabetic nephropathy.