tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Sudden Death Syndrome
Authors: Millard Bass
Journal: JAMA (1979)

To the Editor.—  Standfast et al (241:1121, 1979) make one assumption concerning their study on sudden infant death with which I do not agree. They assume that the primary diagnosis of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), as stated in the death certificate, represented the last word before they embarked on an epidemiologic investigation of SIDS. The authors equate the term  on a death certificate with the phrase no disease detected by both clinician and pathologist. It may be true that all infants died of SIDS in the upstate New York study, but one must be cautious when applying statistical methods to a weak diagnosis.  The fundamental question in an epidemiologic study on SIDS concerns how data are obtained and to what rigors they are subjected. Since the diagnosis of SIDS is based on exclusion of other disorders, a review of all available data in each infant death, by a panel
Onychodystrophy in congenital linear porokeratosis
Authors: H-H. Chen, Y-H. Liao
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Journal Article Onychodystrophy in congenital linear porokeratosis Get access H‐H. Chen, H‐H. Chen Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung‐Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Y‐H. Liao Y‐H. Liao Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung‐Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan Yi‐Hua Liao. E‐mail: flora0007@sinamail.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 147, Issue 6, 1 December 2002, Pages 1272–1273, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.05000_7.x Published: 01 December 2002
Improving the coaching and mentoring of IMGs
Authors: R. Rao
Journal: BMJ (2014)

With both parents being staff and associate specialist doctors, since the early 1960s I witnessed the trials and tribulations experienced by the first immigrants working in the NHS.1 Not only did they face stark career choices, they often worked in shortage specialties such as geriatrics and psychiatry, sometimes with a lifetime of feeling that the NHS could have served them better. …
A human claudin-1-derived peptide inhibits hepatitis C virus entry
Authors: Youhui Si, Shufeng Liu, Xiuying Liu, Jana L. Jacobs, Min Cheng, Yuqiang Niu, Qi Jin, Tianyi Wang, Wei Yang
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry is a complicated process that requires multiple host factors, such as CD81, scavenger receptor BI, claudin-1 (CLDN1), and occludin. The interaction of virus and cellular entry factors represents a promising target for novel anti-HCV drug development. In this study, we sought to identify peptide inhibitors for HCV entry by screening a library of overlapping peptides covering the four above-mentioned entry factors. An 18-amino acid peptide (designated as CL58) that was derived from the CLDN1 intracellular and first transmembrane region inhibited both de novo and established HCV infection in vitro. Unlike previously reported peptides corresponding to CLDN1 extracellular loops, CL58 did not alter the normal distribution of CLDN1 and was not cytotoxic in vitro at concentrations nearly 100-fold higher than the effective antiviral dose. The inhibitory effect of CL58 appeared to occur at a late step during viral entry, presumably after initial binding. Finally, overexpressed CL58 was able to interact with HCV envelope proteins.We identified a novel CLDN1-derived peptide that inhibits HCV entry at a postbinding step. The findings expand our knowledge of the roles that CLDN1 play in HCV entry and highlight the potential for developing a new class of inhibitors targeting the viral entry process.
The glutathione-S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1) null genotype and increased neutrophil response to low-level ozone (0.06 ppm)
Authors: Neil E. Alexis, John C. Lay, Haibo Zhou, Chong S. Kim, Michelle L. Hernandez, Howard Kehrl, Milan J. Hazucha, Robert B. Devlin, David Diaz-Sanchez, David B. Peden
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Cardiac Rhythm Disturbances: A Step-by-Step Approach
Authors: Raphael F. Smith
Journal: JAMA (1984)

This book meets the criteria for a successful textbook—it is accurate, lucid, and complete. Each topic is presented in a straightforward manner with an economy of words that has enabled the authors to cover this broad subject in 287 pages. The text and illustrations are grouped into four sections: "Supraventricular Rhythms and A-V Dissociation," "Heart Block and Other Bradyarrhythmias," "Ventricular Arrhythmias and Tachycardias With Wide QRS Complexes," and "Parasystole, Concealed Conduction, Pacemakers, and Miscellaneous Arrhythmias." Diagrams are clear and relevant to the material discussed. Each section is followed by a collection of ECGs that serve as additional examples of the rhythms discussed in the text. The ECGs are of good technical quality and many are annotated, which is also helpful in understanding the mechanisms and salient features of the rhythm. Some knowledge of electrocardiography and basic cardiac electrophysiology is required to make the most effective use of this book. I
Mortality in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients After Amputations Performed From 1990 to 1995
Authors: Nicholas Tentolouris, Sameer Al-Sabbagh, Michael G. Walker, Andrew J.M. Boulton, Edward B. Jude
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

OBJECTIVE—To compare survival rates after first amputation between patients with and without diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AAND METHODS—We performed a retrospective study of all nontraumatic amputations performed at our center in the years 1990–1995 in patients with (n = 100) and without (n = 151) diabetes. Survival status was assessed from the first amputation until 31 December 2001. RESULTS—Altogether, 61% of the patients with and 54.3% of those without diabetes died 5.2 (4.5–5.8) and 5.3 (4.7–5.9) [mean (95% CI)] years after the first amputation, respectively (P = 0.80). Survival was not different between patients with and without diabetes after controlling for the level (major versus minor) (P = 0.67) or the cause (ischemia versus infection) of amputation (P = 0.72). No sex differences were found for survival in either study group. Independent predictors of mortality in the diabetic group were duration of diabetes (P = 0.05), history of stroke (P = 0.02), and serum creatinine level (P &amp;lt; 0.0001), while in the nondiabetic group independent predictors were history of stroke (P = 0.04), serum creatinine level (P = 0.005), and higher white blood cell count (P = 0.02). The peak incidence of amputations was observed in the decade of 67–76 years of age in both groups. Major amputations were more common among nondiabetic patients in all age-groups. Median hospital stay and postoperative complications were comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS—All-cause mortality is high after an amputation in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Mortality rates, hospital stay, and postoperative complications are not different between diabetic and nondiabetic amputees. No modifiable factors, with the exception of nephropathy, were found to improve survival in amputees. Peripheral vascular disease and neuropathy are the main cause of amputations; prevention, therefore, of these complications is warranted to prevent amputations and the subsequent high mortality.
Educating Patients About HIV
Authors: Joseph R. Thurn, Kent Crossley, Karen Willenbring
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Physicians should play a major role in patient education. Primary care physicians, however, may express little interest in educating patients about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).<sup>1</sup>Although there is some information on the provision of education about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by general practitioners in Britain, there are few data in this regard about their colleagues in the United States. As part of a telephone survey of primary care physicians in Minnesota (in family medicine, general practice, and internal medicine), we asked questions designed to investigate this issue. A survey of short-answer, open-ended questions was administered to people from a random selection of offices. Small offices were considered to have one to five physicians and large offices to have more than five physicians. Responses were obtained from representatives of 83.4% (141/169) of physicians' offices contacted. Most nonresponses (15 of 28) occurred because a person able to respond
Accuracy of Fecal Immunochemical Tests for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Jeffrey K. Lee, Elizabeth G. Liles, Stephen Bent, Theodore R. Levin, Douglas A. Corley
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

Background: Performance characteristics of fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) to screen for colorectal cancer (CRC) have been inconsistent. Purpose: To synthesize data about the diagnostic accuracy of FITs for CRC and identify factors affecting its performance characteristics. Data Sources: Online databases, including MEDLINE and EMBASE, and bibliographies of included studies from 1996 to 2013. Study Selection: All studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of FITs for CRC in asymptomatic, average-risk adults. Data Extraction: Two reviewers independently extracted data and critiqued study quality. Data Synthesis: Nineteen eligible studies were included and meta-analyzed. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of FITs for CRC were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.86), 0.94 (CI, 0.92 to 0.95), 13.10 (CI, 10.49 to 16.35), 0.23 (CI, 0.15 to 0.33), respectively, with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 95% (CI, 93% to 97%). There was substantial heterogeneity between studies in both the pooled sensitivity and specificity estimates. Stratifying by cutoff value for a positive test result or removal of discontinued FIT brands resulted in homogeneous sensitivity estimates. Sensitivity for CRC improved with lower assay cutoff values for a positive test result (for example, 0.89 [CI, 0.80 to 0.95] at a cutoff value less than 20 µg/g vs. 0.70 [CI, 0.55 to 0.81] at cutoff values of 20 to 50 µg/g) but with a corresponding decrease in specificity. A single-sample FIT had similar sensitivity and specificity as several samples, independent of FIT brand. Limitations: Only English-language articles were included. Lack of data prevented complete subgroup analyses by FIT brand. Conclusion: Fecal immunochemical tests are moderately sensitive, are highly specific, and have high overall diagnostic accuracy for detecting CRC. Diagnostic performance of FITs depends on the cutoff value for a positive test result. Primary Funding Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and National Cancer Institute.
Assessment of thallium-201 redistribution versus glucose uptake as predictors of viability after coronary occlusion and reperfusion.
Authors: J A Melin, W Wijns, A Keyeux, O Gurné, M Cogneau, C Michel, A Bol, A Robert, A Charlier, H Pouleur
Journal: Circulation (1988)

Both 201Tl redistribution and persistent glucose uptake have been proposed as markers of viability after reperfusion. In the present study, they have been compared in the same open-chest canine preparation of occlusion and reperfusion. Ten fasting dogs were subjected to 2 hr of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and 4 hr of reperfusion. Myocardial blood flow was determined by a microsphere technique 100 min after occlusion and 3 hr after reperfusion. 201Tl was injected intravenously 20 min before reperfusion. Serial biopsy samples were obtained from ischemic and normal areas. 18F-2-deoxyglucose, a tracer of exogenous glucose uptake, was injected 3 hr after reperfusion. Thirty minutes before the animals were killed, simultaneous blood samples were taken from the femoral artery and the regional coronary veins draining the reperfused and the remote areas. Dogs were killed 4 hr after reperfusion was established. Area at risk was assessed by dye injection in vivo and area of necrosis by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, with confirmation by electron microscopy. Immediately after death, endocardial and epicardial samples were taken from regions characterized as risk regions, areas of necrosis, areas of patchy necrosis, and normal areas. These samples were counted in a scintillation well counter. Four hours after reperfusion, in ischemic myocardium (TTC positive) the relative 201Tl gradient between ischemic and normal regions was 26 +/- 13%, whereas in necrotic samples, this gradient was 71 +/- 26%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Design of Therapeutic Trials: a Critical Analysis with Illustrations, Particularly from the Field of Psychotropic Drugs or: Why no one Can Ever Do a Proper Drug Trial
Authors: R.G. Priest
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1973)

I wish to cast doubt on the notion that it is ever possible to carry out a drug trial that meets methodological requirements in a watertight way in view of various constraints that are often incompatible with one another. I propose to demonstrate plausible reasons for keeping the drug trial small, but to highlight the paradox that by doing so, one may miss important side effects. I wish to emphasize the importance of the base population from which patients are selected for drug trials; does this population represent a fair example of that for which the drug is likely to be used? These views are illustrated by the author.
Issue in statistical strategy in case‐control study
Authors: Xiang‐Yong Li, Min‐Jun Bai, Lin‐Jun Chen, Jian‐Liang Xu, Zhi‐Huan Lin, Xing Li, Yan‐Fang Xing
Journal: Hepatology (2014)

Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report. Author names in bold designate shared co‐first authorship. To the Editor: We read with great interest the article by Aleksandrova and colleagues in Hepatology,1 which gave us a new view of biomarkers of inflammation and hyperinsulinemia as predictors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among the general population. Indeed, inflammation biomarkers presented promising predictive capability in malignant disease, according to mounting evidence including our studies.2 However, the population epidemic characteristics were not parallel among the groups. This study utilized risk‐set sampling to identify the control group with paired factors including matched sex, age, date of blood collection, fasting status, time of the day at blood collection, menopausal status, and exogenous hormone use at blood donation. However, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were included as matching characteristics. It is widely accepted that chronic HBV or HCV infection is a major causes of HCC.3 Thus, it might be more appropriate to include HBV and HCV infection in paired parameters. As a result, patients in the HCC group and the control group presented different status of HBV/HCV infection, which might lead to the different incidence rates of HCC among the population. The authors used a multivariable study to exclude the influence of the epidemic bias on their targets and reached acceptable results. However, the unparalleled patient characteristics might limit the practical value of this study. In summary, as suggested by Aleksandrova and colleagues,1 higher circulating concentrations of interleukin‐6, C‐reactive protein, C‐peptide, non–high–molecular weight adiponectin, and glutamate dehydrogenase were potentially associated with higher risk of HCC. Further study is needed to identify their value in practical usage.
TGF-β Signaling, Tumor Suppression, and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: James R. Downing
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

The emergence of a single cancer cell is an extremely complex process that depends not only on the escape of a normal cell from growth-control mechanisms but also on the ability of the abnormal cell to bypass the numerous molecular checkpoints that control its propagation. Among these barriers against abnormal cells is a diverse family of proteins called tumor suppressors, one of which is transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). This polypeptide initiates a signaling pathway that suppresses the early development of cancer cells in a number of different cell lineages.TGF-β exists in three versions, or isoforms: TGF-β1, β2, and . . .
Patient-Physican Communication
Authors: Wendy Levinson
Journal: JAMA (2011)

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Colorimetric Determination Of Effective Dialysis Area Of Artificial Kidney
Authors: Josef Erben
Journal: JAMA (1967)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In an artificial kidney not all of the area of the cellophane tubing takes part in the dialysis. It is important to know what the effective dialysis area is of a specific artificial kidney. Evans blue dye added to the dialyzing fluid of an artificial kidney stains the cellophane on contact (5 ml of 1% Evans blue per 100 liters). Removal and drying of the cellophane from the dialyzer provides a permanent colorimetric record that indicates where supporting structures blocked the cellophane. The faults in the support, whether ridges, foam, or screens, are demonstrated ( perhaps they are correctable), and the percentage of area available for dialysis can be calculated (Fig 1). When Evans blue has been added to the bloodstream of an artificial kidney, the cellophane not colored in a certain area reveals permanently the places through which no blood would flow. Total compression of the cellophane
Determinants of the Proinflammatory Action of Ambient Particulate Matter in Immortalized Murine Macrophages
Authors: Cecilia Guastadisegni, Frank J. Kelly, Flemming R. Cassee, Miriam E. Gerlofs-Nijland, Nicole A.H. Janssen, Roberta Pozzi, Bert Brunekreef, Thomas Sandström, Ian Mudway
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

Proximity to traffic-related pollution has been associated with poor respiratory health in adults and children.We wished to test the hypothesis that particulate matter (PM) from high-traffic sites would display an enhanced capacity to elicit inflammation.We examined the inflammatory potential of coarse [2.5-10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5-10))] and fine [0.1-2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(0.1-2.5))] PM collected from nine sites throughout Europe with contrasting traffic contributions. We incubated murine monocytic-macrophagic RAW264.7 cells with PM samples from these sites (20 or 60 µg/cm²) and quantified their capacity to stimulate the release of arachidonic acid (AA) or the production of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) as measures of their inflammatory potential. Responses were then related to PM composition: metals, hydrocarbons, anions/cations, and endotoxin content.Inflammatory responses to ambient PM varied markedly on an equal mass basis, with PM(2.5-10) displaying the largest signals and contrasts among sites. Notably, we found no evidence of enhanced inflammatory potential at high-traffic sites and observed some of the largest responses at sites distant from traffic. Correlation analyses indicated that much of the sample-to-sample contrast in the proinflammatory response was related to the content of endotoxin and transition metals (especially iron and copper) in PM(2.5-10). Use of the metal chelator diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid inhibited AA release, whereas recombinant endotoxin-neutralizing protein partially inhibited TNFα production, demonstrating that different PM components triggered inflammatory responses through separate pathways.We found no evidence that PM collected from sites in close proximity to traffic sources displayed enhanced proinflammatory activity in RAW264.7 cells.
Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Validation Study of the CellSearch System
Authors: Sabine Riethdorf, Herbert Fritsche, Volkmar Müller, Thomas Rau, Christian Schindlbeck, Brigitte Rack, Wolfgang Janni, Cornelia Coith, Katrin Beck, Fritz Jänicke, Summer Jackson, Terrie Gornet, Massimo Cristofanilli, Klaus Pantel
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: The CellSearch system (Veridex, Warren, NJ) is designed to enrich and enumerate circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from peripheral blood. Here, we validated the analytic performance of this system for clinical use in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Experimental Design: This prospective multicenter study conducted at three independent laboratories involved samples from 92 patients with metastatic breast cancer. Intra- and inter-assay variability using controls containing defined numbers of cells (average, 50 and 1,000, respectively), cell stability based on varying storage and shipment conditions, recovery precision from samples spiked with 4 to 12 tumor cells, inter-instrument variability, and positivity of samples from metastatic breast cancer patients were tested. Results: Intra- and inter-assay precision for two sites were high: All eight positive controls analyzed in the same run and &amp;gt;95% of the run to run control values (n = 299) were within the specified ranges. Recovery rate of spiked samples averaged between 80% and 82%. CTCs were detected in ∼70% of metastatic breast cancer patients. CTC values of identical samples processed either immediately after blood drawing or after storage for 24, 48, or 72 h at room temperature or at 4°C did not differ significantly. Shipment of samples had no influence on CTC values. When analyzing identical samples in different centers, inter-instrument accordance was high. Conclusions: The CellSearch system enables the reliable detection of CTCs in blood and is suitable for the routine assessment of metastatic breast cancer patients in the clinical laboratory. Blood samples should be shipped at room temperature and CTC counts are stable for at least 72 h.