tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The publisher's view.
Authors: P Saugman
Journal: BMJ (1977)

The advance in our knowledge of clinical medicine and medical research has moved with speed and brought discoveries that even the boldest of a previous generation would have hesitated to predict. Old fields of science have been widened, new opened, while a few have almost disappeared. We have no better record of how any particular medical field has evolved than our books and journals, and, hardly surprisingly, the output of these has been affected by the great expansion in medicine. I should therefore like to deal with the four main categories of medical books in turn before discussing editorial policy.
Xenogeneic skin graft rejection is especially dependent on CD4+ T cells.
Authors: R N Pierson, H J Winn, P S Russell, H Auchincloss
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

B6 mice were treated in vivo with anti-CD4, anti-CD8, or both anti-T cell antibodies together in an effort to prolong xenogeneic compared with allogeneic skin graft survival. Mice treated with anti-CD4 antibody showed prolonged survival of xenogeneic monkey or rabbit skin even after they had rejected whole MHC-disparate allogeneic mouse skin. Furthermore, the addition of cyclosporine was synergistic with the anti-CD4 antibody in prolonging graft survival. These results suggest that the cell-mediated response to xenogeneic antigens is especially dependent on CD4+ lymphocytes, a feature shared by the response to allogeneic minor histocompatibility antigens. In addition, the results suggest a possible approach to clinical immunosuppression for some forms of xenogeneic transplantation.
The IP-10 chemokine binds to a specific cell surface heparan sulfate site shared with platelet factor 4 and inhibits endothelial cell proliferation.
Authors: A D Luster, S M Greenberg, P Leder
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1995)

IP-10 is a member of the chemokine family of cytokines and is induced in a variety of cells in response to interferon gamma and lipopolysaccharide. The self-aggregation common to many chemokines, including IP-10, has hindered the identification of a specific IP-10 receptor. Using an IP-10 alkaline phosphatase fusion protein that fortuitously blocks this self-aggregation, we have identified an IP-10 binding site on a variety of cells including endothelial, epithelial, and hematopoietic cells. This binding site has a Kd of 25 nM, is inhibited by recombinant murine or human IP-10, and is dependent on the presence of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). This conclusion is based on the findings that IP-10 binding to cells is: (a) inhibited by heparin and heparan sulfate; (b) sensitive to a 1 M NaCl wash; (c) eliminated by treatment with heparinase and trypsin; and (d) absent on mutant CHO cells that do not express cell surface HSPG. Platelet factor 4 (PF4), but not IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, RANTES, monocyte inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, or MIP-1 beta, can compete effectively with IP-10 for binding to the cell surface. Furthermore, IP-10 shares with PF4 the ability to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation (IC50 = 150 nM). These studies demonstrate specificity in the interaction of chemokines and HSPG, and they define IP-10 and PF4 as a distinct subset of chemokines sharing an HSPG-binding site and angiostatic properties.
Estrogen and Cognitive Functioning in Women
Authors: Barbara B. Sherwin
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2003)

Research in basic neuroscience has provided biological plausibility for the hypothesis that estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) would protect against cognitive aging in healthy women. The weight of the evidence from randomized controlled trials of estrogen and cognition in women shows that this hormone preferentially protects verbal memory in postmenopausal women, whereas findings from observational studies are less consistent and show a more diffuse effect of estrogen on a range of cognitive functions. There is fairly consistent evidence from epidemiological studies that ERT significantly reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in women. On the other hand, findings from controlled treatment trials of women diagnosed with probable AD failed to show that physiological doses of ERT ameliorate existing deficits in cognitive functioning and/or prevent further deterioration in memory that inevitably occurs in these women over time.
Blood Volume and Bilirubin Production in Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Authors: Joseph R. Bloomer, Paul D. Berk, Herbert L. Bonkowsky, Jeffrey A. Stein, Nathaniel I. Berlin, Donald P. Tschudy
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

Abstract Mean blood volume in 13 patients with acute intermittent porphyria was 80 per cent of normal (p less than 0.01). There was a parallel reduction in both plasma and total red-cell volumes. In seven patients the half-life of 51Cr-labeled red cells ranged from 24 to 32 days. The finding of a reduced red-cell volume without accelerated red-cell destruction indicated that effective erythropoiesis was reduced. Ferrokinetic studies in one patient also demonstrated decreased erythropoiesis (plasma iron turnover was 70 per cent of normal). The bilirubin production rate in six patients was proportional to the circulating red-cell mass (r = 0.84), indicating that there was no increase in the early labeled fraction of bilirubin. In one patient a normal estimate for this fraction was found with the use of glycine-2–14C. These results indicate that ineffective erythropoiesis is not increased in acute intermittent porphyria and also suggest that there is no marked increase in hepatic bilirubin production.
A Rare Tumor of the Esophagus: The Granular Cell Myoblastoma
Authors: Ph. Gertsch, R. Mosimann
Journal: Endoscopy (1980)

In 1931, Abrikossoff described a tumor, usually benign, which only rarely appears in the esophagus. In a 30-year-old man, we found an 8 mm tumor in the distal esophagus; it was removed surgically. We discovered 30 similar cases in the literature. Characteristics and treatment are discussed.
SUMOylation promotes de novo targeting of HP1α to pericentric heterochromatin
Authors: Christèle Maison, Delphine Bailly, Danièle Roche, Rocio Montes de Oca, Aline V Probst, Isabelle Vassias, Florent Dingli, Bérengère Lombard, Damarys Loew, Jean-Pierre Quivy, Geneviève Almouzni
Journal: Nature Genetics (2011)
Early Prediction of Response to Sunitinib After Imatinib Failure by <sup>18</sup>F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in Patients With Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Authors: John O. Prior, Michael Montemurro, Maria-Victoria Orcurto, Olivier Michielin, François Luthi, Jean Benhattar, Louis Guillou, Valérie Elsig, Roger Stupp, Angelika Bischof Delaloye, Serge Leyvraz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

Purpose Positron emission tomography with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) was used to evaluate treatment response in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) after administration of sunitinib, a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, after imatinib failure. Patients and Methods Tumor metabolism was assessed with FDG-PET before and after the first 4 weeks of sunitinib therapy in 23 patients who received one to 12 cycles of sunitinib therapy (4 weeks of 50 mg/d, 2 weeks off). Treatment response was expressed as the percent change in maximal standardized uptake values (SUV). The primary end point of time to tumor progression was compared with early PET results on the basis of traditional Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria. Results Progression-free survival (PFS) was correlated with early FDG-PET metabolic response (P &lt; .0001). Using −25% and +25% thresholds for SUV variations from baseline, early FDG-PET response was stratified in metabolic partial response, metabolically stable disease, or metabolically progressive disease; median PFS rates were 29, 16, and 4 weeks, respectively. Similarly, when a single FDG-PET positive/negative was considered after 4 weeks of sunitinib, the median PFS was 29 weeks for SUVs less than 8 g/mL versus 4 weeks for SUVs of 8 g/mL or greater (P &lt; .0001). None of the patients with metabolically progressive disease subsequently responded according to RECIST criteria. Multivariate analysis showed shorter PFS in patients who had higher residual SUVs (P &lt; .0001), primary resistance to imatinib (P = .024), or nongastric GIST (P = .002), regardless of the mutational status of the KIT and PDGFRA genes. Conclusion Week 4 FDG-PET is useful for early assessment of treatment response and for the prediction of clinical outcome. Thus, it offers opportunities to individualize and optimize patient therapy.
Possible role of bacterial siderophores in inflammation. Iron bound to the Pseudomonas siderophore pyochelin can function as a hydroxyl radical catalyst.
Authors: T J Coffman, C D Cox, B L Edeker, B E Britigan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

Tissue injury has been linked to neutrophil associated hydroxyl radical (.OH) generation, a process that requires an exogenous transition metal catalyst such as iron. In vivo most iron is bound in a noncatalytic form. To obtain iron required for growth, many bacteria secrete iron chelators (siderophores). Since Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are associated with considerable tissue destruction, we examined whether iron bound to the Pseudomonas siderophores pyochelin (PCH) and pyoverdin (PVD) could act as .OH catalysts. Purified PCH and PVD were iron loaded (Fe-PCH, Fe-PVD) and added to a hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase superoxide- (.O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-generating system. Evidence for .OH generation was then sought using two different spin-trapping agents (5.5 dimethyl-pyrroline-1-oxide or N-t-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone), as well as the deoxyribose oxidation assay. Regardless of methodology, .OH generation was detected in the presence of Fe-PCH but not Fe-PVD. Inhibition of the process by catalase and/or SOD suggested .OH formation with Fe-PCH occurred via the Haber-Weiss reaction. Similar results were obtained when stimulated neutrophils were used as the source of .O2- and H2O2. Addition of Fe-PCH but not Fe-PVD to stimulated neutrophils yielded .OH as detected by the above assay systems. Since PCH and PVD bind ferric (Fe3+) but not ferrous (Fe2+) iron, .OH catalysis with Fe-PCH would likely involve .O2(-)-mediated reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ with subsequent release of "free" Fe2+. This was confirmed by measuring formation of the Fe2(+)-ferrozine complex after exposure of Fe-PCH, but not Fe-PVD, to enzymatically generated .O2-. These data show that Fe-PCH, but not Fe-PVD, is capable of catalyzing generation of .OH. Such a process could represent as yet another mechanism of tissue injury at sites of infection with P. aeruginosa.
Suicide and Cocaine-Reply
Authors: Kris Sperry
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>In Reply. —</h3> Although Mr Clarke's letter sheds some light on a few interesting aspects of drug abuse perceptions within the United Kingdom during the early parts of this century, nonetheless the lack of certainty that is conveyed by the literature he cites renders effective scrutiny rather difficult. The legal requirements under which forensic pathologists operate leave little room for speculation within the framework of death certificates or other legal documents, so it is virtually impossible legitimately to sign a death certificate listing the cause as suspected suicide by hypodermic injection of cocaine. If there exists no definitive evidence (in the form of notes, letters, or other communications) that clearly delineates suicidal ideation, vague suggestions by officially designated but inexperienced medical investigators regarding intent merely perpetuate the misconceptions that surround the proper and accurate manner of death certification. The number of cocaine or other illicit drug "suicides" as reflected in
Recurrence of Temporal Arteritis
Authors: Scott Blumberg
Journal: JAMA (1980)

TEMPORAL arteritis is thought to be a self-limited disease of several months' to several years' duration, tending to remit spontaneously or as a result of corticosteroid therapy.<sup>1-4</sup>Previous reports have noted relapses during corticosteroid withdrawal 2 1/2 years after initiation of therapy, and spontaneous reactivations two years after completion of therapy.<sup>1,4,5</sup>However, frequent relapses unrelated to corticosteroid withdrawal were also noted in one long-term study of patients with temporal arteritis, many of whom ultimately required several years of therapy.<sup>5</sup>Thus, smoldering subclinical disease and spontaneous reactivations long after initial recovery from the inflammatory process may be seen in temporal arteritis. In this regard, we describe a patient with a clinical recurrence of temporal arteritis nine years after the initial illness. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> An 83-year-old woman was seen in May 1979 with low-grade fever, extreme lassitude, malaise, 5-kg weight loss, and a new, constant, global headache
Abstract 4468: Tumor vasculature targeting using cell-specific thioaptamer decorated chitosan nanoparticle
Authors: Dahai Jiang, Lingegowda S. Mangala, Hongyu Wang, Sherry Wu, Lokesh G. Rao, Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo, Sunila Pradeep, David E. Volk, Gabriel Lopez-Berestein, Anil K. Sood
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Anti-angiogenesis targeted therapy using RNA interference is a powerful tool to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis Here, we developed chitosan/thioaptamer nanoparticles that are capable of cell-type specific binding and delivery of siRNA into tumor-associated endothelial cells Thioaptamer (TA) was created by partial substitution of oxygen with sulfur on the aptamer phosphate backbone at the 5′dA position to enhance binding affinity and stability A combinatorial DNA aptamer library was established for cell-based selection method known as SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) Endothelial cells isolated from both human ovarian tumors and normal human ovarian tissues were used to screen for selective thioaptamers After 10 cycles of cell-SELEX, two candidates, Endo28 and Endo31 showed highly specific binding to both human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) and vasculature of human ovarian cancer tissue Endo28 decorated chitosan nanoparticles (CH/TA-siRNA) were ∼200 nm, positively charged (22mV), and spherical in shape The incorporation of thioaptamer Endo28 and siRNA to chitosan was confirmed using 1HNMR and PCR CH/TA-siRNA nanoparticles were intact and stable in the presence of serum at 37° C Intravenous administration of CH/TA nanoparticles into mice with HeyA8 ovarian tumors resulted in successful binding of aptamer to endothelial cells as well as delivery of siRNA into tumors TEM7 is a tumor biomarker found on the surface of endothelial cells TEM7 silencing using siRNA reduced endothelial tube formation and migration In orthotopic mouse models of ovarian cancer, murine TEM7 siRNA loaded nanoparticles showed substantial reduction in tumor growth as well as reduced angiogenesis These data have implications for new anti-angiogenesis approaches Citation Format: Dahai Jiang, Lingegowda S. Mangala, Hongyu Wang, Sherry Wu, Lokesh G. Rao, Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo, Sunila Pradeep, David E. Volk, Gabriel Lopez-Berestein, Anil K. Sood. Tumor vasculature targeting using cell-specific thioaptamer decorated chitosan nanoparticle. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4468. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4468
Insect-Borne Transmission of AIDS-Reply
Authors: D. Peter Drotman
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> I am pleased that Dr Blaser agrees with me that mosquitoes do not play a significant role in transmitting AIDS in the United States.<sup>1</sup>Some routes of AIDS transmission have been suggested that are clearly not supported by scientific evidence. Our society is depending on physicians to speak out on this subject and related subjects, because there is great fear of AIDS and because many seem willing to adopt nonproductive strategies of control in the name of public health. Although we physicians may be frustrated in our current inability to treat AIDS definitively, we can educate and comfort those whose chief concern is that of theoretical exposure. Dr Blaser suggests that mosquitoes or other vectors may play a role in transmitting HTLV-III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) in the tropics. Each of the published references Dr Blaser cites (other than his own letter) either does not mention arthropod transmission or
RING+STRING
Authors: Frank Langer, Takashi Kunihara, Klaus Hell, Rene Schramm, Kathrin I. Schmidt, Diana Aicher, Michael Kindermann, Hans-Joachim Schäfers
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Background— Residual/recurrent mitral valve regurgitation is observed in 30% after undersized ring annuloplasty (RING) for ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR). RING addresses primarily annular dilatation but does not correct severe leaflet tethering attributable to papillary muscle (PM) displacement. We proposed adjunctive PM repositioning under transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guidance in the loaded beating heart using a transventricular suture (STRING). Methods and Results— Patients with tenting height ≥10 mm were identified as high-risk patients for repair failure. In these patients (n=30, age 68±11 years, ejection fraction 37±14%), RING (partial, median 29 mm) was combined with the adjunctive STRING-technique. A Teflon-pledgeted 3-0-polytetrafluoroethylene-suture was anchored in the posterior PM via horizontal aortotomy, exteriorized through the aorto-mitral continuity, and tied in the loaded beating heart under TEE guidance. Tenting height (14±2 mm versus 6±1 mm, P &lt;0.001) and tenting area (3.9±0.9 cm 2 versus 1.0±0.2 cm 2 , P &lt;0.001) decreased. The distance between pPM and aorto-mitral continuity decreased (44±4 mm versus 37±3 mm, P &lt;0.001). Survival at 2 years was similar compared with a historical matched control-group (89% versus 73%, P =0.13), whereas freedom from MR&gt;II was higher in the RING+STRING-group (94% versus 71%, P =0.01). End-diastolic (61.7±7.2 mm versus 54.8±9.2 mm, P &lt;0.001) and end-systolic (48.5±8.5 mm versus 42.7±7.8 mm, P =0.002) ventricular diameters decreased in the RING+STRING-group but persisted in the control-group (60.4±7.8 mm versus 58.9±7.5 mm, P =0.38; 47.8±9.6 mm versus 48.3±9.5 mm, P =0.52). During follow-up (median 26 months) only 1 patient of the study-group required reoperation for degenerative MR, while 2 control-group patients underwent reoperation for recurrent functional MR. Conclusions— Our novel approach for IMR attenuates high risk of repair failure in patients with severe leaflet tethering and results in reverse remodeling.
The Emergence of Physician-Owned Specialty Hospitals
Authors: John K. Iglehart
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

This report discusses the heated controversy over the proliferation of physician-owned specialty hospitals, such as cardiac and orthopedic hospitals. The owners of general hospitals argue that specialty hospitals provide services for the most profitable cases and thus have an unfair competitive advantage. Late in 2003, Congress declared an 18-month moratorium on the opening of new specialty hospitals, and it will soon decide whether the moratorium should be lifted or made permanent.
Preferences of Homosexual Men with AIDS for Life-Sustaining Treatment
Authors: Robert Steinbrook, Bernard Lo, Jeffrey Moulton, Glenn Saika, Harry Hollander, Paul A. Volberding
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) raises questions about appropriate care for patients with this incurable and progressive disease. Although individual episodes of infection and malignant disease can be treated, the underlying immune deficit cannot now be reversed. Decisions about whether to undertake life-sustaining treatment, such as mechanical ventilation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, must frequently be made. Because these decisions require value judgments and informed consent as well as technical expertise, they should be made jointly by physicians and patients.1 2 3 The care of patients with AIDS also illustrates the usefulness of advance directives about life-sustaining treatment. Many patients with AIDS become mentally . . .
The Psychological Aspects of the Architectural Environment: A Review
Authors: WILLIAM V. GRIFFIN, JOSEPH H. MAURITZEN, JOYCE V. KASMAR
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1969)

A adequately designed hospital environment is essential to the aim of humanizing psychiatric treatment and making it more effective. The authors cite studies which give some basis for recognizing an environmental influence on behavior but note that there are at present no guidelines to help the psychiatrist who would like to include "the environment" in his treatment plans. They urge interdisciplinary research and collaboration by psychiatrists, architects, and behavioral scientists to fill this gap.
Is Hemophilus influenzae Type b Disease Preventable?
Authors: Joel I. Ward
Journal: JAMA (1985)

Invasive disease caused by<i>Hemophilus influenzae</i>type b (HIB) is recognized as a leading pediatric health problem. This agent is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States and, in addition, causes a wide variety of other serious infections. It is estimated that approximately 20,000 cases of invasive HIB disease occur annually in the United States, affecting one in every 200 children during the first five years of life. This incidence exceeds that of meningococcal disease by several fold and is similar to the peak incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis during the early 1950s. Furthermore, despite the availability of effective antimicrobials, significant morbidity, especially postmeningitic sequelae, and mortality continue. Consequently, there is no debate about the need for an effective vaccine, especially for young infants who are at greatest risk. It has been known for many years that antibody to the capsular polysaccharide of HIB, polyribosylribitol-phosphate (PRP), is protective