tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pralidoxime Chloride With Atropine in Dimpylate Poisoning
Authors: Frank L. Lyman
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Pralidoxime (Protopam) chloride is a cholinesterase reactivator that has been recommended in the treatment of organic phosphate intoxications. Pralidoxime (2 PAM), however, is contraindicated in carbamate poisoning. It appears to be most effective when used in conjunction with atropine therapy. Dimpylate (Diazinon [Britain]) is an organic phosphate insecticide of intermediate toxicity. Effective against a variety of household pests, it is the most widely used pesticide for roach control. Like other organic phosphate insecticides, it is a cholinesterase inhibitor. A number of published reports state that pralidoxime should not be used in dimpylate poisoning: Although oximes are effective antagonists to many of the cholinesterase inhibitors, there are some such compounds with effects that are either not antagonized by oximes or are made worse by their administration. In this latter group, the effects of Sevin or Diazinon are likely to be enhanced rather than antagonized.<sup>1</sup> In March 1967,
Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
Authors: D. V. Bates
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

Pulmonary EmphysemaThe morphologic appearances of emphysema have now been well defined, and provided the pathologist is aware of the importance of inflating the lungs before they are fixed, it is unlikely that there will be much confusion about the diagnosis. Silverton53 has reviewed methods of fixing the lung in inflation, and Thurlbeck18 has documented the underdiagnosis of emphysema that will result if the lung is examined only in the collapsed state. The frequency of morphologic emphysema in random inflated lungs is high, approaching 50 per cent in men 60 years of age.20 Although some differences of interpretation can be . . .
Estimation of mortality among HIV-infected people on antiretroviral treatment in east Africa: a sampling based approach in an observational, multisite, cohort study
Authors: Elvin H Geng, Thomas A Odeny, Rita E Lyamuya, Alice Nakiwogga-Muwanga, Lameck Diero, Mwebesa Bwana, Winnie Muyindike, Paula Braitstein, Geoffrey R Somi, Andrew Kambugu, Elizabeth A Bukusi, Megan Wenger, Kara K Wools-Kaloustian, David V Glidden, Constantin T Yiannoutsos, Jeffrey N Martin
Journal: The Lancet HIV (2015)
Insulin Availability Among International Diabetes Federation Member Associations: Report of the Task Force on Insulin Distribution
Authors: Larry C Deeb, Meng H Tan, K G M M Alberti
Journal: Diabetes Care (1994)

OBJECTIVE To assess the availability of insulin and diabetes supplies among International Diabetes Federation (IDF) member associations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A mail survey of IDF member associations asked about the following issues: 1) diabetes prevalence and insulin use, 2) availability and cost of insulin and supplies, 3) availability of glycemic monitoring supplies, 4) cost of insulin and supplies to patients, and 5) availability of oral hypoglycemic agents. RESULTS Of 85 member associations, 60 responded. The mean prevalence of diabetes was 3.7%. Of the 39 with a population-based survey data, the prevalence was 3.9%. Insulin use was reported for 19.2% of diabetes patients and, for the 15 with population-based data, the proportion using insulin was 16.1%. Of the respondents, 47 (78%) reported insulin was always available, 11 (18%) reported insulin was available from 25 to 99% of the time, and 2 (Uganda and Tanzania) reported insulin was available &amp;lt;25% of the time. Insulin is free to patients in 39 (65%) of the countries. The average cost of the least expensive insulin was U. S. $9.62 per vial. Fifteen countries imposed a mean 13% customs charge. Disposable syringes were available in 42 (72%) of countries all of the time. Glucose meters were in use in 49 countries: The most common oral agent was glyburide, which was available in 57 countries. CONCLUSIONS Insulin is in reasonable supply in IDF member countries. Cost and customs charges are an impediment to universal access. IDF now can recommend programs based on this data.
Three-Dimensional Time Sequence Roentgenography
Authors: Reuben Hoppenstein
Journal: JAMA (1971)

The first practical three-dimensional (3-D) roentgenographic system has been developed. The technique does not require special eyeglasses or other stereoscopic viewing devices. Three-dimensional roentgenograms produced with this system are recorded on a single sheet of photographic material processed conventionally. The system is used in conjunction with standard roentgenographic equipment and includes a motorized cradle, special cassettes, and an illuminator viewer. Serial roentgenographic images can also be recorded on a single film and can be utilized for dynamic studies such as angiography. For the first time, 3-D laminagraphy can also be performed. The special viewer displays the serial images in a cineroentgenographic manner or as the discrete images necessary for the creation of that dynamic study.
Safety of Subcutaneous Immunotherapy with House Dust Mites in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis in Real World
Authors: Mario Henrique de Almeida Fonseca, Norma de Paula Motta Rubini, Albertina Varandas Capelo, Eliane Miranda da Silva, Fernando Samuel Sion, João Negreiros Tebyriçá, Carlos Alberto Morais-de-Sá
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
The cellular basis of allograft rejection in vivo. II. The nature of memory cells mediating second set heart graft rejection.
Authors: B M Hall, S Dorsch, B Roser
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

An adoptive transfer system was used to study the cellular basis of memory in animals immunized by grafting with major histocompatibility complex incompatible tissue. Memory was characterised by a large (greater than 100 fold) increase in the potency of lymphocytes to precure graft rejection. This increase in potency endured for at least 1 yr after sensitization. The memory cells were shown to be Ig-- small lymphocytes which were long lived and which did not recirculate from blood to lymph in normal recipients although they did home to lymphoid tissue from which they could be recovered several months later. The thymus was not required either for the generation of memory cells or their maintenance. Cells carrying memory for alloantibody synthesis did recirculate normally but alloantibody synthesis was shown not to be required for rejection.
Improved Cholesterol-Related Knowledge and Behavior and Plasma Cholesterol Levels in Adults During the 1980s
Authors: Erica Frank
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To determine whether cholesterol-related knowledge and behavior and plasma cholesterol levels were stable until the inception of large-scale national interventions in the middle to late 1980s, whether they subsequently improved, and whether these levels varied by subgroups.Data were collected from 4173 adults aged 25 through 74 years in the two control cities (San Luis Obispo and Modesto, Calif) of the Stanford Five-City Project. Five separate, community-based surveys were conducted in 1979-1980, 1981-1982, 1983-1984, 1985-1986, and 1989-1990.Cholesterol-related knowledge and behavior and plasma cholesterol levels improved (P = .0001) in both cities after the early 1980s. Those who were more educated, female, older, or nonsmokers had significantly higher knowledge and behavior scores, and those who were younger, more educated, or normotensive had significantly lower plasma cholesterol levels.Improvements in this population's cholesterol-related knowledge and behavior and plasma cholesterol levels began in 1985-1986, suggesting that the extensive cholesterol interventions that began in the middle 1980s in the United States created positive cholesterol-related changes at the community level.
Localist representations are a desirable emergent property of neurologically plausible neural networks
Authors: Colin Martindale
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Page has done connectionist researchers a valuable service in this target article. He points out that connectionist models using localized representations often work as well or better than models using distributed representations. I point out that models using distributed representations are difficult to understand and often lack parsimony and plausibility. In conclusion, I give an example – the case of the missing fundamental in music – that can easily be explained by a model using localist representations but can be explained only with great difficulty and implausibility by a model using distributed representations.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON SUBMUCOUS INJECTIONS OF CREASOTE IN THE TREATMENT OF LARYNGEAL TUBERCULOSIS.
Authors: WALTER F. CHAPPELL
Journal: JAMA (1895)

The employment of remedies by the method of submucous injection has been resorted to in but few affections. This is probably due to the fact that internal medication and topical applications meet most of the indications for medicinal treatment. The pathology of the initial lesion of tubercular disease in mucous membranes is, however, exceptional. Beginning first in the mucosæ, immediately beneath the epithelial layer of cells, the deposits are so effectually protected that, unless ulceration takes place, local applications are of little benefit. In these affections it would therefore seem that measures should be employed that would admit of direct contact between the remedy and the diseased tissues. To effect this, either surgical measures or submucous injections must be employed. By the latter method, lactic acid, menthol, iodoform and boric acid have been given. Some observers have favorably considered lactic acid and menthol, but the other remedies have given only
Expatriate surgeons have helped advance orthopaedic care in Africa
Authors: R. Brueton
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The light suddenly went out, but the window in the wall of the theatre let us see that the un-united femoral shaft fracture was now firmly held by an old fashioned unlocked intramedullary nail, kindly provided by donors. I was spending three weeks at the Africa Inland Church Hospital in Kijabe, Kenya, 50 km northwest of Nairobi. It was 2001, and I was visiting Africa for the first time, before spending two years in Malawi. I had come from the United Kingdom, where I was still working in the NHS as an orthopaedic surgeon.

There was no permanent orthopaedic surgeon in Kijabe—Kenyan or otherwise. Trauma was managed predominantly by visiting US orthopaedic surgeons, who stayed for weeks, months, or occasionally a few years. In their absence, the general surgeons got by.

I had found myself at the sharp end—in a world of compound fractures from road traffic crashes together with untreated and often un-united or malunited fractures. A radius and ulna malunited at three months provided a challenge.

Before …
Government must get tough on alcohol misuse, public health experts warn
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2008)

UK public health specialists are calling for opportunistic screening for alcohol misuse in primary care and in hospitals among a raft of measures designed to curb the rising tide of alcohol related problems. 

The alcohol position statement launched by the Faculty of Public Health and Association of Directors of Public Health at their annual conference in Cardiff this week says that government strategies need to be applied much more robustly and backed up with legislation and regulation where voluntary codes are failing.

It recommends increased duty on alcohol, greater enforcement of drink-drive laws through …
Inspiratory pressure during noninvasive ventilation in stable COPD: help the lungs, but do not forget the heart
Authors: József Lukácsovits, Stefano Nava
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

From the authors :

We would like to thank A.M. Esquinas and co-workers for their interest in our article [1] and the accurate analysis and comments.

Our study was designed to evaluate the changes in respiratory mechanical and cardiovascular parameters during a high intensity mechanical ventilation (Hi-NPPV) lasting 30 min.

Using similar ventilatory settings to those applied by Windisch and co-workers [2, 3] we demonstrated that Hi-NPPV in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients is more effective than low intensity mechanical ventilation (Li-NPPV) at acutely improving gas exchange and reducing the patient's respiratory effort but the high inspiratory positive airway pressure values induced a marked lowering in cardiac output and oxygen transport. The oxygen transport mainly depends on the cardiac output, blood haemoglobin concentration and arterial oxygen saturation. During our trial haemoglobin was likely to be constant and the inspiratory oxygen fraction was set to achieve an arterial oxygen saturation of about 90–92%, …
Congruence between Decisions To Initiate Chiropractic Spinal Manipulation for Low Back Pain and Appropriateness Criteria in North America
Authors: Paul G. Shekelle
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Background: Recent U.S. practice guidelines recommend spinal manipulation for some patients with low back pain. If followed, these guidelines are likely to increase the number of persons referred for chiropractic care. Concerns have been raised about the appropriate use of chiropractic care, but systematic data are lacking. Objective: To determine the appropriateness of chiropractors' decisions to use spinal manipulation for patients with low back pain. Design: Retrospective review of chiropractic office records against present criteria for appropriateness that were developed from a systematic review of the literature and a nine-member panel of chiropractic and medical specialists. Appropriateness criteria reflect the expected balance between risk and benefit. Setting: 131 of 185 (71%) chiropractic offices randomly sampled from sites in the United States and Canada. Patients: 10 randomly selected records of patients presenting with low back pain from each office (1310 patients total). Measurements: Sociodemographic data on patients and chiropractors; use of health care services by patients; assessment of the decision to initiate spinal manipulation as appropriate, uncertain, or inappropriate. Results: Of the 1310 patients who sought chiropractic care for low back pain, 1088 (83%) had spinal manipulation. For 859 of these patients (79%), records contained data sufficient to determine whether care was congruent with appropriateness criteria. Care was classified as appropriate in 46% of cases, uncertain in 25% of cases, and inappropriate in 29% of cases. Patients who did not undergo spinal manipulation were less likely to have a presentation judged appropriate and were more likely to have a presentation judged inappropriate than were patients who did undergo spinal manipulation (P = 0.01). Conclusions: The proportion of chiropractic spinal manipulation judged to be congruent with appropriateness criteria is similar to proportions previously described for medical procedures; thus, the findings provide some reassurance about the appropriate application of chiropractic care. However, more than one quarter of patients were treated for indications that were judged inappropriate. The number of inappropriate decisions to use chiropractic spinal manipulation should be decreased.
The Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Workers' Health Insurance Coverage
Authors: Christine Eibner, Peter S. Hussey, Federico Girosi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Employer-sponsored health insurance is the cornerstone of the U.S. health insurance system. David Blumenthal, among others, has described this system as an "accident of history," and he quotes Uwe Reinhardt, a leading authority on health care economics, as asserting that "If we had to do it over again, no policy analyst would recommend this model."1 Nonetheless, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (the ACA) builds on, rather than eliminates, employer-sponsored insurance. However, because the ACA makes substantial changes to the employer-based system, some wonder whether the employers' role in providing insurance will diminish or disappear over time. . . .
Whole-genome sequencing of quartet families with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Ryan K C Yuen, Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram, Daniele Merico, Susan Walker, Kristiina Tammimies, Ny Hoang, Christina Chrysler, Thomas Nalpathamkalam, Giovanna Pellecchia, Yi Liu, Matthew J Gazzellone, Lia D'Abate, Eric Deneault, Jennifer L Howe, Richard S C Liu, Ann Thompson, Mehdi Zarrei, Mohammed Uddin, Christian R Marshall, Robert H Ring, Lonnie Zwaigenbaum, Peter N Ray, Rosanna Weksberg, Melissa T Carter, Bridget A Fernandez, Wendy Roberts, Peter Szatmari, Stephen W Scherer
Journal: Nature Medicine (2015)
Vesicovaginorectal Fistula on a FDG PET/CT of a Patient With Recurrent Cervical Cancer and End-stage Renal Disease
Authors: Pan-Fu Kao, Chih-Jen Tseng, Jui-Hung Weng, Jong-Kang Lee
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

A 59-year-old woman with recurrent cervical cancer and end-stage renal disease was referred for FDG PET/CT for restaging. The patient had hemodialysis for 4 years and radiotherapy 3 years ago and 1 year ago. The PET/CT scan showed recurrent cervical cancer and intense FDG radioactivity in the urinary bladder, with a small air bubble in both the urinary bladder and the vagina. After supine positioning without voiding, the delayed images showed more air bubbles with less FDG activity in the urinary bladder. The vesicovaginorectal fistula was confirmed by surgery.
Comparative effect sizes in randomised trials from less developed and more developed countries: meta-epidemiological assessment
Authors: O. A. Panagiotou, D. G. Contopoulos-Ioannidis, J. P. A. Ioannidis
Journal: BMJ (2013)

<b>Objective</b> To compare treatment effects from randomised trials conducted in more developed versus less developed countries. <b>Design</b> Meta-epidemiological study. <b>Data sources</b> Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (August 2012). <b>Data extraction</b> Meta-analyses with mortality outcomes including data from at least one randomised trial conducted in a less developed country and one in a more developed country. Relative risk estimates of more versus less developed countries were compared by calculating the relative relative risks for each topic and the summary relative relative risks across all topics. Similar analyses were performed for the primary binary outcome of each topic. <b>Results</b> 139 meta-analyses with mortality outcomes were eligible. No nominally significant differences between more developed and less developed countries were found for 128 (92%) meta-analyses. However, differences were beyond chance in 11 (8%) cases, always showing more favourable treatment effects in trials from less developed countries. The summary relative relative risk was 1.12 (95% confidence interval 1.06 to 1.18; P&lt;0.001; I<sup>2</sup>=0%), suggesting significantly more favourable mortality effects in trials from less developed countries. Results were similar for meta-analyses with nominally significant treatment effects for mortality (1.15), meta-analyses with recent trials (1.14), and when excluding trials from less developed countries that subsequently became more developed (1.12). For the primary binary outcomes (127 meta-analyses), 20 topics had differences in treatment effects beyond chance (more favourable in less developed countries in 15/20 cases). <b>Conclusions</b> Trials from less developed countries in a few cases show significantly more favourable treatment effects than trials in more developed countries and, on average, treatment effects are more favourable in less developed countries. These discrepancies may reflect biases in reporting or study design as well as genuine differences in baseline risk or treatment implementation and should be considers when generalising evidence across different settings.
Case-Control Study of Passive Smoking at Home and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Mario Ciruzzi, Palmira Pramparo, Osvaldo Esteban, Jorge Rozlosnik, Jorge Tartaglione, Blanca Abecasis, Jorge César, Jose De Rosa, Carlos Paterno, Herman Schargrodsky
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Laforin Confers Cancer Resistance to Energy Deprivation–Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Yin Wang, Yan Liu, Cindy Wu, Beth McNally, Yang Liu, Pan Zheng
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

A long-standing but poorly understood observation in experimental cancer therapy is the heterogeneity in cancer susceptibility to energy deprivation. Here, we show that the hexose kinase inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2-dG) preferentially kills cancer cells with defective laforin expression and significantly increases the survival of mice with aggressive lymphoma due to a genetic defect of the laforin-encoding Epm2a gene. Normal cells from Epm2a(-/-) mice also had greatly increased susceptibility to 2-dG. Thus, laforin is a novel regulator for cellular response to energy deprivation and its defects in cancer cells may be targeted for cancer therapy.
ASSOCIATION OF VITAMIN D AND PARATHYROID HORMONE WITH INFARCTION-RELATED ARRHYTHMIA IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Jin Wi, Yong-Ho Lee, Dong-Ho Shin, Jung-Sun Kim, Byeong-Keuk Kim, Young-Guk Ko, Donghoon Choi, Myeong-Ki Hong, Yangsoo Jang
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Job Turnover — A Problem with Employer-Based Health Care
Authors: A L Schorr
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1990)

Many proposals for national health care, including that offered by the Commission on Comprehensive Health Care (the Pepper Commission), are based on pressing or requiring employers to purchase health insurance for their employees. For employees whom this arrangement would not reach — the unemployed, part-time workers, and employees in small businesses that would be exempt from the requirement to provide insurance — such plans typically propose to create a new public fund, expand Medicaid, or both. The Consumer-Choice Health Plan for the 1990s1 , 2 and the Universal Access Program3 are two such plans.In general, the 18 million adult American workers . . .
Targeted Activation of RNA Helicase Retinoic Acid–Inducible Gene-I Induces Proimmunogenic Apoptosis of Human Ovarian Cancer Cells
Authors: Kirsten Kübler, Nadine Gehrke, Soheila Riemann, Volker Böhnert, Thomas Zillinger, Evelyn Hartmann, Martin Pölcher, Christian Rudlowski, Walther Kuhn, Gunther Hartmann, Winfried Barchet
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Most malignant cells are poorly immunogenic and fail to elicit an effective antitumor immune response. In contrast, viral infections of cells are promptly detected and eliminated by the immune system. Viral recognition critically hinges on cytosolic nucleic acid receptors that include the proinflammatory RNA helicase retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I). Here, we show that targeted delivery of RIG-I agonists induced ovarian cancer cells to upregulate HLA class I and to secrete the proinflammatory cytokines CXCL10, CCL5, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and IFN-beta. Ovarian cancer cells stimulated via RIG-I became apoptotic and were readily phagocytosed by monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells, which in turn upregulated HLA class I/II and costimulatory molecules and released CXCL10 and IFN-alpha. Our findings offer proof of principle that mimicking viral infection in ovarian cancer cells triggers an immunogenic form of tumor cell apoptosis that may enhance immunotherapy of ovarian cancer.