tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Noise and the classical musician.
Authors: D. McBride, F. Gill, D. Proops, M. Harrington, K. Gardiner, C. Attwell
Journal: BMJ (1992)

OBJECTIVES--To test the hypothesis that noise exposure may cause hearing loss in classical musicians. DESIGN--Comparison of hearing levels between two risk groups identified during the study by measuring sound levels. SETTING--Symphony orchestra and occupational health department in the west Midlands. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Hearing level as measured by clinical pure tone audiometry. RESULTS--Trumpet and piccolo players received a noise dose of 160% and 124%, respectively, over mean levels during part of the study. Comparison of the hearing levels of 18 woodwind and brass musicians with 18 string musicians matched for age and sex did not show a significant difference in hearing, the mean difference in the hearing levels at the high (2, 4, and 8 KHz) audiometric frequencies being 1.02 dB (95% confidence interval -2.39 to 4.43). CONCLUSIONS--This study showed that there is a potential for occupational hearing loss in classical orchestral musicians.
Clinical experience with live-attenuated, double-deleted (LADD) listeria monocytogenes targeting mesothelin-expressing tumors
Authors: Dirk G Brockstedt, Dung T Le, Raffit Hassan, Aimee Murphy, John Grous, Thomas W Dubensky, Elizabeth M Jaffee
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2013)

Meeting abstracts Immune-based cancer therapies have demonstrated benefit in multiple clinical trials. The interest in using recombinant bacteria as vaccine vectors for active cancer immunotherapy derives in part from their ability to stimulate multiple innate immune pathways and, at the same time
Evaluating health risks from occupational exposure to pesticides and the regulatory response.
Authors: T J Woodruff, A D Kyle, F Y Bois
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

In this study, we used measurements of occupational exposures to pesticides in agriculture to evaluate health risks and analyzed how the federal regulatory program is addressing these risks. Dose estimates developed by the State of California from measured occupational exposures to 41 pesticides were compared to standard indices of acute toxicity (LD50) and chronic effects (reference dose). Lifetime cancer risks were estimated using cancer potencies. Estimated absorbed daily doses for mixers, loaders, and applicators of pesticides ranged from less than 0.0001% to 48% of the estimated human LD50 values, and doses for 10 of 40 pesticides exceeded 1% of the estimated human LD50 values. Estimated lifetime absorbed daily doses ranged from 0.1% to 114,000% of the reference doses developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and doses for 13 of 25 pesticides were above them. Lifetime cancer risks ranged from 1 per million to 1700 per million, and estimates for 12 of 13 pesticides were above 1 per million. Similar results were obtained for field workers and flaggers. For the pesticides examined, exposures pose greater risks of chronic effects than acute effects. Exposure reduction measures, including use of closed mixing systems and personal protective equipment, significantly reduced exposures. Proposed regulations rely primarily on requirements for personal protective equipment and use restrictions to protect workers. Chronic health risks are not considered in setting these requirements. Reviews of pesticides by the federal pesticide regulatory program have had little effect on occupational risks. Policy strategies that offer immediate protection for workers and that are not dependent on extensive review of individual pesticides should be pursued.
PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS OF BARTHOLIN'S GLAND
Authors: J. Whitlock Gordon
Journal: JAMA (1925)

Tuberculosis has been reported of every organ in the body. But Bartholin's gland seems to have been evaded by the bacillus with great persistence. So far as I am aware, only three cases have been reported to date, two by Nogues<sup>1</sup>in 1906, and one by Lecene<sup>2</sup>in 1909. The condition, therefore seems rare enough to warrant a report in full. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> Mrs. A., aged 24, was seen, Dec. 7, 1923, complaining of a small nodule over the region of Bartholin's gland, which was quite painful and which had a small sinus about the size of a pin point, from which came a thin, watery discharge. The patient also complained secondarily of backache and sterility since her child was born five years before. The family history was negative for tuberculosis. She had had the usual diseases of childhood, whooping cough at 5 years, and measles at
Arthrography of the Knee Joint
Authors: Irwin M. Siegel
Journal: JAMA (1980)

This tidy volume from the Netherlands, written by a radiologist working in close collaboration with the orthopedic department of a state university hospital, reviews in some detail double-contrast arthrography of the knee joint. Discussion is well organized, beginning with a short historical annotation and a clear exposition of technique (the author prefers multiple roentgen views, while fluoroscopic examination seems to be the method used most by American radiologists). There follow chapters devoted to the various components of the knee, each correlating normal variations in gross and roentgen anatomy with the physiology and pathology of the structures in question. Included are not only meniscal lesions, for which arthrography is widely accepted as a diagnostic tool, but also conditions of the patellofemoral joint, cruciate and collateral ligaments, articular cartilage, and other internal structures of the joint for which the technique is not so well known. Arthrography is compared with arthroscopy of the
Split Dose Radiotherapy
Authors: Paul W. Scanlon
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Treatment reactions seen in the course of and after radiotherapy for malignant lesions of the head and neck are among the severest and physically most distressing encountered by the radiotherapist. One of the severest reactions, radioepithelitis or skin reaction, was obviated with the advent of supervoltage equipment, particularly cobalt teletherapy in the mid 1950's. There have been other notable advances toward improved treatment planning and administration. Still, the average patient undergoing modern high-dose fractionated radiotherapy to the upper respiratory and digestive tracts is subject to a most distressing array of treatment side effects. Depending on the size of the treatment portals and the area of mucous membrane encompassed within the treatment area, radiomucositis, essentially a process of cellular death and denudation of the germinative layer of the mucous membranes, ensues about two weeks after radiation is initiated. Initially this radiomucositis is painful only on swallowing or mastication, but later, at
Basal myocardial blood flow is increased but maximal flow is decreased during acute cardiac transplant rejection: A non-invasive quantitative study
Authors: Sammy Y. Chan, Jon Kobashigawa, Lynne W. Stevenson, Erica Brownfield, Richard C. Brunken, Hillel Laks, Heinrich R. Schelbert
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
Violence in America: Guns
Authors: Andrew D. Melnick
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —In<i>JAMA</i>'s June 10,1992, issue, Mr Marwick<sup>1</sup>adequately points out the relationship(s) between illicit drugs and violence. He also makes a credible connection between those involved in drug trafficking and a lost sense of the value of life. I find both of these observations believable and sad, but there remains another more insidious contributing factor to the devaluation of human life that is mentioned nowhere in the June 10 issue's wide analysis of the problem of American violence; violence is often condoned by the most legitimate and upright authority, our government. All of the antagonists that contribute to violence mentioned in<i>JAMA</i>have one thing in common: some degree of illicitness or illogic. It is as though all assailants are led to violence because they have fallen prey to some seedy power. When violence is performed by powers of authority, it carries a much heavier
Open Access to Clinical Trials Data
Authors: Harlan M. Krumholz, Eric D. Peterson
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Well-conducted randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for evaluating the safety and efficacy of medical therapeutics.Yet most often, a single group of individuals who conducted the trial are the only ones who have access to the raw data, conduct the analysis, and publish the study results.This limited access does not typically allow others to replicate the trial findings.Given the time and expense required to conduct an RCT, it is often unlikely that others will independently repeat a similar experiment.Thus, the scientific community and the public often accept the results produced and published by the original research team without an opportunity for reanalysis.][3] In this issue of JAMA, Ebrahim et al 4 report their findings based on a rigorous search of previously published reanalyses of RCTs.Their first surprising and discomforting finding was just how infrequently data reanalysis has occurred in medical research.Searching the literature from 1966 to present, the authors found only 37 reports that met their criteria as an RCT reanalysis.Of these few reanalyses performed, the majority (84%) had overlapping authors from the original report.Thus, reanalyses are not only rare, but the majority that were reported were not fully independent of the original research group.Despite this overlap, Ebrahim et al report that about half of the reanalyses differed in statistical or analytic approaches, a third differed in the definitions or measurements of outcomes, and most important, a third led to interpretations and conclusions different than those in the original article.While the definition of what constituted different trial analyses, study end points, findings, and interpretations is subjective, the authors' general conclusions were consistent with an emerging literature that indicates RCT reanalysis can yield different results and conclusions from those originally published.Even when the original investigators are presenting evidence in different venues it is not always consistent.For example, there is evidence from trials that data presented to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) may differ in important ways from those originally presented at scientific sessions or published in medical journals.Rising et al 5 assessed clinical trial information provided to the FDA and reported a 9% discordance between the conclusions in the report to the FDA and in the published article.Not unexpectedly, all were in the direction favoring the drug.
Consultants who changed my practice: Learning from my mistakes
Authors: C. Essex
Journal: BMJ (1997)

We all make mistakes. If you never make a mistake you never make anything. You learn by your mistakes. How many of us believe those phrases? One day in my first house officer post I was called to the phone. The nursing officer for the surgical wards rang to tell me that Mr X had not signed a consent form for his prostatectomy. I said I would ask him to sign it. “Too late,” she said triumphantly. “He's already on the table.” Then the nursing officer for the theatre came on the ward and berated me at length about how we could be sued if something had gone wrong.

Later, when the consultant arrived …
The pivotal role of the complement system in aging and age-related macular degeneration: Hypothesis re-visited
Authors: Don H. Anderson, Monte J. Radeke, Natasha B. Gallo, Ethan A. Chapin, Patrick T. Johnson, Christy R. Curletti, Lisa S. Hancox, Jane Hu, Jessica N. Ebright, Goldis Malek, Michael A. Hauser, Catherine Bowes Rickman, Dean Bok, Gregory S. Hageman, Lincoln V. Johnson
Journal: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (2009)
P151 V-DimERS Study - Value of D-Dimers in Estimating Risk of Significant Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis: Abstract P151 Table 1.
Authors: C Molugu, G Fisher, B Hirons, D Hughes, S Raftery
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Hypothesis</h3> The risk of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) including Pulmonary Embolism (PE) increases proportionately with the level of d-dimers. <h3>Introduction</h3> The risk of PE/VTE is low when the values of d-dimers are below the reference range (1) (&lt;500 ng/ml in our hospital). There is no clear evidence to suggest that risk of VTE increases proportionately with rising levels of d-dimers. We studied the correlation between the various values of d-dimers and the associated risk of having a PE/VTE. <h3>Methods</h3> Data was collected retrospectively from March 2011 to Feb 2012. For the study we divided the patients into 3 risk groups based on d-dimers. Group1: 500–1000; Group 2: 1000–5000; Group 3: &gt;5000. Each group was analysed by separate individual. Data was collected by selecting only those patients who had definitive scan to investigate for PE/VTE <b>Results </b> See Table When d-dimers are &gt;5000, the risk of PE/VTE is significantly elevated when compared to &lt;5000. (p value &lt;0.0005) When the d-dimers are &gt; 5000, it’s a good predictor of central PE (p value &lt;0.0005) or Proximal DVT (p value &lt;0.0005). <h3>Results</h3> <h3>Conclusion</h3> Our study suggests that when the d-dimers are significantly elevated (&gt;5000) the associated risk of VTE (PE and DVT) is significantly elevated. The risk appears to increase proportionately until the value of 5000 beyond which it increases exponentially. Levels &gt;5000 strongly predicts the likelihood of a central PE or a proximal DVT. Clinicians could use this as an additional indicator to thrombolyse PE’s in absence of confirmatory test. Further validity studies will be required to confirm this. <h3>References</h3> Dr Stein <i>et Al</i>: d-Dimer for the Exclusion of Acute Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism; <i>Ann Intern Med</i>. 2004;140(8):589–602.doi:10.7326/0003–4819–140-8–200404200–00005
Differential diagnosis of mut and cbl methylmalonic aciduria by DNA-mediated gene transfer in primary fibroblasts.
Authors: M F Wilkemeyer, A M Crane, F D Ledley
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Methylmalonic aciduria can be caused by mutations in the gene encoding the methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase apoenzyme (mut) or genes required for the provision of cofactor B12 (cbl). The mut and cbl forms are classically differentiated by somatic cell complementation. We describe a novel method for differential diagnosis of mut and cbl methylmalonic aciduria using DNA-mediated gene transfer of a methylmalonyl CoA mutase cDNA clone. Gene transfer of a functional methylmalonyl CoA mutase cDNA clone into mut fibroblasts reconstitutes holoenzyme activity measured by metabolism of [14C]-propionate in culture. Identical gene transfers into cbl fibroblasts have no effect. This method is used for the differential diagnosis of mut and cbl genotypes in cells from patients with a clinical diagnosis of methylmalonic aciduria and is shown to be a facile, sensitive, and specific method for genetic diagnosis. This work establishes the principle of using DNA-mediated gene transfer to identify the genotype of diseases which can result from mutations at several different genetic loci. This type of differential genotypic diagnosis will be particularly important for establishing the applicability of somatic gene therapy in individual patients.
Noninvasive evaluation of regional myocardial perfusion in 112 patients using a mobile scintillation camera and intravenous nitrogen-13 labeled ammonia.
Authors: W F Walsh, P V Harper, L Resnekov, H Fill
Journal: Circulation (1976)

The short half-life positron emitter 13N, as labeled ammonia (13NH4+), was evaluated as a myocardial imaging agent. Regional myocardial uptake of 13NH4 correlated with the distribution of labeled microspheres in experimental myocardial infarction. Using intravenous 13NH4+, myocardial scintigraphy was performed in 85 cardiac patients and 27 normal subjects. Ninety-five scintigrams were suitable for analysis. Eighteen of 24 normal subjects had homogeneous myocardial images; six had inhomogeneous images attributable to early technical problems. Perfusion defects were observed in the scintigrams of 82% (57/65) of patients with coronary artery disease, being most common in patients with myocardial infarction (27/28). Six sequential studies showed changes in perfusion consistent with the clinical course of each patient. Scintigraphic abnormalities were also observed in 4/6 patients with valvular heart disease. 13NH4+ myocardial scintigraphy is a valid and sensitive method of assessing regional myocardial perfusion and is especially useful for sequential imaging at short intervals.
Assaying estrogenicity by quantitating the expression levels of endogenous estrogen-regulated genes.
Authors: M Jørgensen, B Vendelbo, N E Skakkebaek, H Leffers
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

Scientific evidence suggests that humans and wildlife species may experience adverse health consequences from exposure to environmental chemicals that interact with the endocrine system. Reliable short-term assays are needed to identify hormone-disrupting chemicals. In this study we demonstrate that the estrogenic activity of a chemical can be evaluated by assaying induction or repression of endogenous estrogen-regulated "marker genes" in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. We included four marker genes in the assay--pS2, transforming growth factor beta3 (TGFbeta3), monoamine oxidase A, and [alpha]1-antichymotrypsin--and we evaluated estrogenic activity for 17beta-estradiol (E(2)), diethylstilbestrol, [alpha]-zearalanol, nonylphenol, genistein, methoxychlor, endosulphan, o,p-DDE, bisphenol A, dibutylphthalate, 4-hydroxy tamoxifen, and ICI 182.780. All four marker genes responded strongly to the three high-potency estrogens (E(2), diethylstilbestrol, and [alpha]-zearalanol), whereas the potency of the other chemicals was 10(3)- to 10(6)-fold lower than that of E(2). There were some marker gene-dependent differences in the relative potencies of the tested chemicals. TGFbeta3 was equally sensitive to the three high-potency estrogens, whereas the sensitivity to [alpha]-zearalanol was approximately 10-fold lower than the sensitivity to E(2) and diethylstilbestrol when assayed with the other three marker genes. The potency of nonylphenol was equal to that of genistein when assayed with pS2 and TGFbeta3, but 10- to 100-fold higher/lower with monoamine oxidase A and [alpha]1-antichymotrypsin, respectively. The results are in agreement with results obtained by other methods and suggest that an assay based on endogenous gene expression may offer an attractive alternative to other E-SCREEN methods.
<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Promotes Tumor Growth via Tumor Cell Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling
Authors: Bo Huang, Jie Zhao, Shiqian Shen, Hongxing Li, Kai-Li He, Guan-Xin Shen, Lloyd Mayer, Jay Unkeless, Dong Li, Ye Yuan, Gui-Mei Zhang, Huabao Xiong, Zuo-Hua Feng
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract The contribution of bacterial infection to tumorigenesis is usually ascribed to infection-associated inflammation. An alternate view is that direct interaction of bacteria with tumor cells promotes tumor progression. Here, we show that the microenvironment of large tumors favors bacterial survival, which in turn directly accelerates tumor growth by activating tumor cell Toll-like receptors (TLR). Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) survives in the microenvironment of large but not small tumors, resulting in the promotion of tumor growth. Lm did not affect the percentage of regulatory T cells or myeloid suppressor cells in the tumor. Through TLR2 signaling, Lm activated mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-κB in tumor cells, resulting in the increased production of nitric oxide and interleukin-6 and increased proliferation of tumor cells. All of these effects were abrogated by silencing expression of TLR2, but not TLR4. The interaction of Helicobacter pylori with tumor cells from gastric carcinoma patients resulted in similar effects. These findings provide a new insight into infection-associated tumorigenesis and illustrate the importance of antibiotic therapy to treat tumors with bacterial infiltration. [Cancer Res 2007;67(9):4346–52]
TROPONIN T IDENTIFIES INDIVIDUALS AT HIGHER RISK FOR HEART FAILURE AMONG ALL BLOOD PRESSURE CATEGORIES IN THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK IN COMMUNITIES (ARIC) STUDY
Authors: Yashashwi Pokharel, Wensheng Sun, George Taffet, Salim Virani, James Lemos, Chiadi Ndumele, Thomas Mosley, Ron Hoogeveen, Josef Coresh, Scott Solomon, Gerardo Heiss, Eric Boerwinkle, Biykem Bozkurt, Christie Ballantyne, Vijay Nambi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Medical Specialty Terminology: Pathology, Clinical Cytology and Clinical Pathology
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Allied medical personnel need to know a considerable amount of medical terminology. With this in mind, Young and Barger have designed a book "to meet the needs of a large group of allied medical workers for a source of authoritative information on the medical terminology involved in pathology, cytopathology or cytology, and clinical pathology." The intended audience, apparently, comprises "the majority of skilled and semi-skilled allied medical workers, including nurses, nursing assistants, ward clerks, operating room and admitting or outpatient clinical personnel, medical technologists, medical secretaries, and medical records technicians..." Never have I seen a book as badly adapted to its intended audience as is this. The authors have boiled down several pathology texts, keeping all the polysyllabic words and terms, but explaining very little. Although medical practitioners would probably understand most of it, no concession whatever is made to the probable educational level of the intended readers. For example,
Medicinal Arsenic Poisoning and Lung Cancer
Authors: A. O. Robson, A. M. Jelliffe
Journal: BMJ (1963)

methicillin or cloxacillin destroy these more rapidly than when cultured in broth.Sensitive strains cannot, of course, grow in high concentrations of these penicillins and there- fore cannot be tested under comparable conditions.However, when such strains are pre-induced they too destroy methicillin and cloxacillin more rapidly than organisms cultured in broth.With all four strains of staphylococci used here, whatever method was used for inducing penicillinase, the rate of hydrolysis of methicillin and cloxacillin was a small fraction (1 % or less) of the rate of hydrolysis of benzylpenicillin under comparable condi- tions.So far there is no evidence in these strains of a specific " methicillinase " or " cloxacillinase."We are grateful to Dr. G. T. Stewart and Dr. K. R. Eriksen for sending their methicillinand cloxacillin-resistant strains of Staph.aureus, to Beecham Research Laboratories for gifts of methicillin and cloxacillin, and to Miss J. Ramsay for skilled technical assistance.
Work and Heart Disease
Authors: AMASA B. FORD, HERMAN K. HELLERSTEIN
Journal: Circulation (1958)

Sixty-two factory workers, 36 with heart disease, and 26 healthy control subjects, were studied during a typical day's work. Observations of energy expenditure, pulmonary ventilation, pulse rate and electrocardiogram are reported and analyzed in relation to the type of work, the influence of heart disease, and possible objective evidence of fatigue.