tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Bronchodilator Effects of Carbuterol and Ephedrine
Authors: Thekkumkattil D. James
Journal: JAMA (1979)

The bronchodilator effect of carbuterol hydrochloride, a new adrenergic agonist, was compared with that of ephedrine sulfate in 12 patients with bronchial asthma. A 2-mg dosage of carbuterol hydrochloride, three times daily, was used in comparison with a 25-mg dosage of ephedrine sulfate, three times daily. The drugs were orally administered for ten-day periods in a double-blind, randomized manner. After carbuterol therapy, the mean increases in forced expiratory volume in one second and midmaximal expiratory flow rate were significantly greater in a four-hour period than those noticed with ephedrine. A decrease in bronchodilator response to both drugs was noticed on the tenth day. No side effects were noticed with carbuterol at the aforementioned dosage. The results of our study indicate that carbuterol is a safer and more effective bronchodilator than ephedrine.
A quantitative systematic review of ondansetron in treatment of established postoperative nausea and vomiting
Authors: M. R Tramer, R A. Moore, D J. M Reynolds, H. J McQuay
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To test the evidence for a dose-response with ondansetron for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting and to establish whether differences in efficacy between doses are of clinical relevance. <b>Design:</b> Quantitative systematic review of published randomised controlled trials. <b>Data sources:</b> Seven trials from 1991 to January 1996 retrieved from a systematic literature search (Medline, reference lists, hand searching of anaesthetic journals, manufacturer9s database); no restriction on language. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Estimation of efficacy (incidence of complete control of further nausea and vomiting) by using odds ratios and the "number needed to treat" method for early (within 6 hours of administration) and late (within 24 hours) periods. <b>Results:</b> Four placebo controlled trials with 1043 patients studied intravenous ondansetron 1 mg, 4 mg, or 8 mg. All doses were more efficacious than placebo in preventing further episodes of nausea or vomiting. For combined data, the point estimates for the number needed to treat were between 3.1 (8 mg) and 3.8 (1 mg) for early efficacy and between 4.1 (8 mg) and 4.8 (1 mg) for late efficacy, without significant differences between doses. No difference was found between ondansetron and droperidol in two trials with 129 patients or between ondansetron and metoclopramide in one trial with 80 patients. <b>Conclusions:</b> Further nausea and vomiting could be prevented with ondansetron compared with placebo in 25% of patients who had nausea or vomiting (number needed to treat, about 4). There was no evidence of a clinically relevant dose-response between 1 mg and 8 mg or a difference between ondansetron and either droperidol or metoclopramide in a limited dataset. A false impression of ondansetron9s efficacy may arise because a quarter of all relevant published reports are duplicates, and reporting of study results is uncritical. <h3>Key messages</h3> Little information exists on the efficacy of anti-emetic interventions in patients with established postoperative nausea and vomiting To evaluate the effectiveness of ondansetron in this setting we conducted a quantitative systematic review of all relevant published randomised controlled trials Four trials (1043 patients) compared intravenous ondansetron 1 mg, 4 mg, or 8 mg with placebo, two trials (129 patients) compared ondansetron with droperidol, and one trial (80 patients) compared ondansetron with metoclopramide All three tested doses of ondansetron were more efficacious than placebo. There was no evidence of a clinically relevant dose-response between 1 mg and 8 mg (number needed to treat to prevent further nausea or vomiting was about 4), or a difference between ondansetron and either droperidol or metoclopramide. Stopping further postoperative nausea and vomiting in 25% of the patients may be the best that can be achieved currently
Left Atrial Chamber and Appendage Function After Internal Atrial Defibrillation: A Prospective and Serial Transesophageal Echocardiographic Study
Authors: Heyder Omran, Werner Jung, Rami Rabahieh, Rainer Schimpf, Christian Wolpert, Andreas Hagendorff, Wolfgang Fehske, Berndt Lüderitz
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1997)
Genes, genes, genes
Authors: G. Watts
Journal: BMJ (2003)

To the Medical Research Council, currently enjoying the warmth of celebrations marking the 50th anniversary of Crick and Watson's discovery of the double helix at an MRC laboratory, last week's report by the House of Commons science and technology committee must have felt like a bucket of ice cold water. Tempered only by a few nods of approval, the report is scathing about many of the MRC's practices and procedures.

The committee, chaired by Dr Ian Gibson MP, has maintained its reputation for bluntness. It claims to have heard of “significant disquiet about the policies and performance of the MRC from individual researchers and organisations.” It accuses the council of poor financial planning and management and of introducing “misguided strategies for its research support.”

The MPs' final conclusion is no less outspoken: “[The MRC] has been guilty of inconsistent and inadequate communication which has hampered our ability to assess [its] performance and misled its research community. Combined, these have harmed the reputation of the organisation and caused great resentment among and inconvenience to the research community it is meant to be supporting.”

The MRC has responded to the report with what it describes as deep disappointment. “The language was a shock,” said the MRC's chief executive, George Radda. “I expected some …
Adenosine reverses a preestablished CCl4-induced micronodular cirrhosis through enhancing collagenolytic activity and stimulating hepatocyte cell proliferation in rats
Authors: Rolando Hernández-Muñoz, Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz, Juan A. Suárez-Cuenca, Cristina Trejo-Solís, Verónica López, Lourdes Sánchez-Sevilla, Lucía Yáñez, Victoria Chagoya De Sánchez
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

Cirrhosis is one of the most common causes of mortality worldwide, because hepatic dysfunction constitutes a potentially lethal condition. Having demonstrated the hepatoprotective effect of adenosine against CCl 4 -induced cirrhosis, the present study was aimed at assessing adenosine's effect on an already-established micronodular cirrhosis. Chronic administration of CCl 4 (10 weeks) induced a cirrhotic state, characterized by increased liver fibronectin and collagen types I and III content, enhanced expression of α-1 (I) collagen mRNA, portal hypertension, and liver dysfunction. After CCl 4 discontinuation (5 weeks), increased persitance of α-1 (I) collagen mRNA expression and deposition, enhanced proline incorporation into collagen and prolyl hydroxylase activity evidenced active fibrogenesis. Several weeks after CCl 4 withdrawal, deposited collagen showed an enhanced type I/III ratio, which was associated with deficient collagenolytic activity in cirrhotic livers. Liver expression of some metalloproteinases (MMPs) and of tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) also indicated decreased collagen breakdown in cirrhotic livers. Parameters indicative of oxidative stress (mainly protein oxidation) were persistently augmented. These events were coincident with diminished regenerative capacity of the cirrhotic liver. Intraperitoneal adenosine administration to CCl 4 -induced cirrhotic rats blocked active fibrogenesis and increased the collagen degradation (most probably by decreasing liver TIMPs levels), normalizing collagen-type ratios. In addition, the nucleoside promoted an effective hepatocyte's proliferation in the cirrhotic liver and accelerated normalization of parameters indicative of liver function and oxidative stress. Thus, adenosine readily reversed an experimental cirrhosis through stimulating liver collagenolytic and proliferative capacities, as well as by accelerating functional recovery.
Studies of Human Adipose Tissue in Culture III INFLUENCE OF INSULIN AND MEDIUM GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION ON CELLULAR METABOLISM
Authors: Ulf Smith
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

Explants of human adipose tissue were maintained in culture for 1 wk in different glucose concentrations with or without the addition of insulin. After this period of time the explants were carefully washed and then subjected to short-term incubations in the same glucose concentration and in the absence of insulin. With this experimental design the influence of long-term exposure to insulin and different glucose concentrations on adipose tissue metabolism could be studied.
Aplastic Anemia and Sulindac
Authors: Leslie Bennett, Ralph Schlossman, Jeanne Rosenthal, Jean Daniel Balzora, Allen J. Bennett, Fred Rosner
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

Letters and Corrections1 June 1980Aplastic Anemia and SulindacLESLIE BENNETT, M.D., RALPH SCHLOSSMAN, M.D., JEANNE ROSENTHAL, M.D., JEAN DANIEL BALZORA, M.D., ALLEN J. BENNETT, M.D., FRED ROSNER, M.D.LESLIE BENNETT, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, RALPH SCHLOSSMAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, JEANNE ROSENTHAL, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, JEAN DANIEL BALZORA, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, ALLEN J. BENNETT, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, FRED ROSNER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-92-6-874_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Miller (1) has reported a case of aplastic anemia apparently related to sulindac therapy. We recently saw a 62-year-old woman with pancytopenia associated with sulindac therapy.The patient's severe rheumatoid arthritis had become refractory to salicylate therapy 2 years earlier, and she was given Ibuprofen followed by naproxen. The latter was discontinued after 8 months, and sulindac, 400 mg daily, was begun, with marked symptomatic improvement. Three months later the patient noted increasing shortness of breath, fatigability, and palpitations. She was not using any other medication.Physical examination showed generalized pallor. Several ecchymoses were present over the...Reference1. MILLER J. Marrow aplasia and sulindac. Ann Intern Med. 1980;92:129. Letter. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: LESLIE BENNETT, M.D.; RALPH SCHLOSSMAN, M.D.; JEANNE ROSENTHAL, M.D.; JEAN DANIEL BALZORA, M.D.; ALLEN J. BENNETT, M.D.; FRED ROSNER, M.D. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited bySGranulocytosis and a Sulindac OverdoseGARY E. GROSS, M.D.Agranulocytosis and sulindacAnti-inflammatory analgesics and drugs used in rheumatism and goutEXTRAPYRAMIDAL REACTIONS DUE TO DOMPERIDONESULINDAC-INDUCED BONE MARROW TOXICITY 1 June 1980Volume 92, Issue 6Page: 874-874KeywordsAplastic anemiaDyspneaIbuprofenRheumatoid arthritisSalicylates ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 June 1980 PDF downloadLoading ...
Rules is Rules
Authors: Robert D. Orr
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2006)

"Rules is Rules." The American Journal of Bioethics, 6(3), pp. 40–41 Notes 1. I realize the concept of community consent is debatable, but in our rural area without major concern about racial or socioeconomic discrimination, this theoretical concern does not seem to negate the potential good which could come from such a study.
Behavioral Health Insurance Parity: Does Oregon's Experience Presage the National Experience With the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act?
Authors: K. John McConnell, Samuel H.N. Gast, M. Susan Ridgely, Neal Wallace, Natalie Jacuzzi, Traci Rieckmann, Bentson H. McFarland, Dennis McCarty
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2011)

The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 prohibits commercial group health plans from imposing spending and visit limitations for mental health and substance abuse services that are not imposed on medical-surgical services. The act also restricts the use of managed care tools that apply to behavioral health benefits in ways that differ from how they apply to medical-surgical benefits. The only precedent for this approach is Oregon's state parity law, which was implemented in 2007. The goal of this study was to estimate the effect of Oregon's parity law on expenditures for mental health and substance abuse treatment services.The authors compared expenditures for commercially insured individuals in four Oregon health plans from 2005 through 2008 and a matched group of commercially insured individuals in Oregon who were exempt from parity. Using a difference-in-differences analysis, the authors analyzed the effect of comprehensive parity on spending for mental health and substance abuse services.Increases in spending on mental health and substance abuse services after implementation of Oregon's parity law were almost entirely the result of a general trend observed among individuals with and without parity. Expenditures per enrollee for mental health and substance abuse services attributable to parity were positive, but they did not differ significantly from zero in any of the four plans.Behavioral health insurance parity rules that place restrictions on how plans manage mental health and substance abuse services can improve insurance protections without substantial increases in total costs.
THE EFFECT OF SALVARSAN UPON THE HEART IN DOGS
Authors: J. Auer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1911)

The intravenous infusion of 0.5 per cent. acid "606" causes a weakening of the heart which is usually fatal. The intravenous infusion of 0.5 per cent. alkaline "606" causes no marked apparent effect upon the heart, but its factors of safety may be so reduced in some instances that a slight extra strain produces fibrillation and death.
Reactive perforating collagenosis
Authors: B. K. H. NAIR, P. A. SAROJINI, A. M. BASHEER, C. H. K. NAIR
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1974)

Five cases of reactive perforating collagenosis (RPC) are reported. Four of these cases were in a father and his three children. This is the first reported instance of RPC occurring in more than one generation. The clinical and histological features of the disease are described and compared with other disorders showing perforating skin lesions, such as Kyrle's disease, perforating folliculitis and elastosis perforans serpiginosa. Evidence is presented to show that RPC is a genetically determined disorder with an inherited predisposition to an unusual skin reaction to superficial trauma.
Excessive Perinatal Mortality in a Small Town Associated with Evidence of Toxoplasmosis
Authors: J. S. Robertson
Journal: BMJ (1960)

The small town of Barton on Humber in North Lincolnshire district England experienced a stillbirth rate of 59.6 for the years 1956 1957 and 1958.  During the same 3 year period the neighboring town of Brigg had a stillbirth rate of 9.0 and the surrounding rural district had a rate of 28.1.  The differences in numbers of stillbirths occurring in these districts were statistically significant.  This discussion describes the investigations made to determine the cause of the excess of stillbirths experienced in Barton on Humber.  As it was already apparent by the end of 1957 that the excessive mortality in Barton was unlikely to be due to chance a preliminary survey was begun.  The county medical officer of health arranged for the midwives to complete a questionnaire focusing on all stillbirths and early neonatal deaths occurring in the 3 county districts.  From the questionnaires it soon became evident that the fetus was either malformed or macerated in almost 2/3 of all stillbirths in the area suggesting that the factors responsible must be nonobstetric and that an inquiry must consider possible genetic and environmental influences if it was to be successful.  19 women who were residents of Barton on Humber and had stillborn babies during 1956 1957 and 1958 were identified and traced.  For each of these women 2 control mothers of live babies born in the same months were selected.  A questionnaire was designed to obtain information regarding past obstetric history consanguinity between parents occupation of father details of work outside the home illnesses during pregnancy dental treatment anesthetics x rays medical treatment recreational habits contact with animals and details of the pregnancy under review.  In only 3 of the 19 stillbirths is it possible to state the cause with any certainty.  In 1 case the fetal heart stopped after the mother was injured in a fall at the 27th week of pregnancy.  In another patient the transverse lie of the fetus was due to a large fibromyoma which filled the placenta and to which a low lying placenta was adherent.  In a 3rd case there was a placent previa and the cord encircled the babys neck.  The most notable difference between the 2 groups of mothers was in respect of toxoplasma dye test titres.  As stillbirth may be caused by toxoplasmosis either primarily as a result of the infection or secondarily as a result of obstetric difficulty due to hydrocephaly or malpresentation the finding of a significant excess of toxoplasma dye test titres of mothers of stillbirths supported by a relatively high incidence of hydrocephaly suggests that toxoplasmosis may have caused a proportion of these stillbirths.  There was a significantly higher incidence of cytoplasm modifying antibody to Toxoplasma gondii in the women whose babies had been stillborn when compared with the other mothers.
Heterogeneity of <i>TMPRSS2</i> Gene Rearrangements in Multifocal Prostate Adenocarcinoma: Molecular Evidence for an Independent Group of Diseases
Authors: Rohit Mehra, Bo Han, Scott A. Tomlins, Lei Wang, Anjana Menon, Matthew J. Wasco, Ronglai Shen, James E. Montie, Arul M. Chinnaiyan, Rajal B. Shah
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Recurrent gene fusions between the androgen-regulated gene TMPRSS2 and the ETS family transcription factors ERG, ETV1, and ETV4 have been identified in the majority of prostate adenocarcinomas (PCA). PCA is often multifocal with histologic heterogeneity of different tumor foci. As TMPRSS2 is a common 5′ partner of ETS gene fusions, we monitored TMPRSS2 rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to study the origin and molecular basis of multifocal PCA heterogeneity. TMPRSS2 rearrangement was evaluated by FISH on a tissue microarray representing 93 multifocal PCAs from 43 radical prostatectomy resections. Overall, 70% (30 of 43) of the cases showed TMPRSS2 rearrangement, including 63% through deletion (loss of the 3′ TMPRSS2 signal), 27% through translocation (split of 5′ and 3′ TMPRSS2 signals), and 10% through both mechanisms in different tumor foci. Of the 30 TMPRSS2 rearranged cases, 30% showed concordance in all tumor foci, whereas 70% were discordant in at least one focus. In TMPRSS2 rearranged cases, the largest (index) tumor was rearranged 83% of the time. Pathologic stage, size, or Gleason grade of the multifocal PCA did not correlate with overall TMPRSS2 rearrangement. Our results suggest that multifocal PCA is a heterogeneous group of diseases arising from multiple, independent clonal expansions. Understanding this molecular heterogeneity is critical to the future development and utility of diagnostic and prognostic PCA biomarkers. [Cancer Res 2007;67(17):7991–5]
The “problem” junior: whose problem is it?
Authors: Yvonne Steinert
Journal: BMJ (2008)

When working with "problem" learners, clinical teachers often feel at a loss as to how to tackle the difficulties. This article offers guidance on how to do this #### Summary points Clinical teachers often work with junior doctors whom they find challenging or "difficult." However, we all view learners' problems differently, and whether we label a junior doctor as a "problem" doctor depends on many factors. Some of us may have encountered junior doctors like Dr James and Dr Roberts (see box 1) and perceived them as challenging or difficult; others may not. This article describes an approach to identifying, diagnosing, and working with problem learners1 2 that has been used successfully in our setting. #### Box 1 Case scenario ##### Dr James ##### Dr Roberts
Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes in the Senegalese Population Is Linked to HLA-DQ and Not TAP and LMP Genes
Authors: M Chauffert, A Cissé, D Chevenne, J F You, S Michel, F Trivin
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

To investigate the frequency of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and large multifunctional protease (LMP) alleles and their role in the susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, in comparison with the well-known HLA-DQ alleles susceptibility, in Senegalese subjects.Three loci in the TAP/LMP region were analyzed in 92 type 1 diabetic subjects and 117 nondiabetic control subjects by means of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).No association was found between the studied polymorphisms of TAP1, TAP2, and LMP2 and type 1 diabetes in the Senegalese population, in contrast to the HLA-DQA1 and DQB1 genes, which were associated with type 1 diabetes.Diabetogenic genes in the class II HLA region are located near the DQA1 and DQB1 loci rather than the TAP and LMP loci.
Abstract 5370: PTEN loss confers BRAF inhibitor resistance to melanoma cells through the suppression of BIM expression
Authors: Kim H. Paraiso, Vito Rebecca, Inna V. Fedorenko, Yun Xiang, Elizabeth Wood, Alexander R. Anderson, Vernon K. Sondak, Ethan V. Abel, John M. Koomen, Jane L. Messina, Keiran S.M Smalley
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract The current study has addressed the role of PTEN loss in intrinsic resistance to the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720. Immunohistochemical staining of a tissue array covering all stages of melanocytic neoplasia (n=147) revealed PTEN expression to be lost in &amp;gt;10% of all melanoma cases. Although PTEN status did not predict for sensitivity to the growth inhibitory effects of PLX4720, it was predictive for apoptosis, with little cell death observed in melanomas lacking PTEN expression (PTEN-). Mechanistically, PLX4720 was found to stimulate AKT signaling in the PTEN- but not the PTEN+ cell lines. Liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC-MRM) was performed to identify differences in apoptosis signaling between the two cell line groups. PLX4720 treatment significantly increased BIM expression in the PTEN+ (&amp;gt;14-fold) compared to the PTEN- cell lines (4-fold). A role for PTEN in the regulation of PLX4720-mediated BIM expression was confirmed by siRNA knockdown of PTEN and through re-introduction of PTEN into cells that were PTEN-. Further studies showed that siRNA knockdown of BIM significantly blunted the apoptotic response in PTEN+ melanoma cells. Dual treatment of PTEN- cells with PLX4720 and a PI3K inhibitor enhanced both BIM expression and the level of apoptosis. The importance of rebound PI3K/AKT signaling in BRAF inhibitor resistance was confirmed in 3D organotypic cell culture and long-term colony formation assays. In conclusion, we have shown for the first time that loss of PTEN contributes to intrinsic BRAF inhibitor resistance via the suppression of BIM-mediated apoptosis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5370. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5370
Comparison of the Yield of Different Diagnostic Procedures for Cellular Differentiation and Genetic Profiling of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Amr S. Albanna, Goulnar Kasymjanova, Chantal Robitaille, Victor Cohen, Guilherme Brandao, Carmela Pepe, David Small, Jason Agulnik
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2014)