tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Estrogen plus progestin increased lung cancer mortality but not incidence in postmenopausal women
Authors: Bruce E. Johnson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

Source Citation Chlebowski RT, Schwartz AG, Wakelee H, et al. Oestrogen plus progestin and lung cancer in postmenopausal women (Women’s Health Initiative trial): a post-hoc analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374:1243-51. 19767090
Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic analysis of motion and thickening of the interventricular septum after cardiac surgery.
Authors: T Force, P Bloomfield, J E O'Boyle, D A Pietro, R W Dunlap, S F Khuri, A F Parisi
Journal: Circulation (1983)

Septal and lateral wall motion and septal thickening were evaluated with quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography in 20 patients who underwent cardiac surgery without complications. Postoperative mean ejection fraction (48 +/- 10%) measured by radionuclide ventriculography was unchanged from the preoperative value (45 +/- 8%). Mean postoperative systolic thickening of the septum (33 +/- 15%) was also unchanged from the preoperative value (26 +/- 10%). However, septal endocardial motion as measured by an external frame-of-reference (fixed-axis) system fell from a 22 +/- 10% mean percent shortening (MPS) of septal radii to a postoperative value of -8 +/- 15% (p less than .001). Fixed-axis analysis also led to an increase in MPS of lateral radii: preoperative 16 +/- 5%; postoperative 28 +/- 9% (p less than .001). With an internal frame-of-reference (floating-axis) system, which compensates for the effects of translation and rotation on wall motion, postoperative MPS of septal radii (22 +/- 10%) was unchanged from preoperative MPS (25 +/- 8%; p = NS). Similarly, MPS of lateral wall radii was unchanged (preoperative, 15 +/- 5%; postoperative, 12 +/- 5%; p = NS). Thus systolic translation of the ventricle accounts for abnormal postoperative septal motion seen in a fixed-axis system and can be corrected by a floating-axis system. These data have important implications for the noninvasive evaluation of regional wall motion after cardiac surgery. Systems using a fixed external frame of reference such as radionuclide ventriculography are prone to systematic error. A combination of systolic thickening analysis by two-dimensional echocardiography and analysis of endocardial motion by the floating-axis system is a more appropriate method for evaluating the effects of cardiac surgery on regional left ventricular function.
Recent advances: Sexually transmitted infections
Authors: R. J C Gilson
Journal: BMJ (2001)

See also Editorial by Catchpole

Rates of sexually transmitted diseases are increasing, particularly in people aged between 15 and 25. How best to tackle this increase is unresolved, although several tests have recently been developed that are providing new opportunities for screening, early detection, and prevention of sexually transmitted infections and their complications, particularly for Chlamydia trachomatis , herpes simplex virus, and human papillomavirus. Already these tests are being used in research studies, but their introduction into clinical practice raises complex issues. This articles describes the tests that are now available for the major sexually transmitted infections and discusses the important issues they raise in the management of those diseases.

We selected topics for inclusion by reviewing specialist journals and conference abstracts from 1998 to 2000. We chose areas that were the subject of most research reports and that are having a direct impact on patient care. We performed a search of Medline for the same period, based on keywords related to these topics. Earlier references were among those quoted in the publications retrieved by the systematic search. We have not considered advances in HIV disease and its management.

In the United Kingdom most cases of sexually transmitted infections are treated at genitourinary medicine clinics. Surveillance data from these clinics show that their workload is steadily increasing (fig 1). There has been a noticeable increase in the number of cases of bacterial infections, particularly chlamydia and gonorrhoea since 1995.1

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly diagnosed bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the developed world and a leading cause of pelvic inflammatory disease.2 In 1999, 56 855 patients with uncomplicated chlamydial infection were seen at UK clinics dealing with genitourinary medicine, an increase of 61% since 1996.1 Given the potential for morbidity from ectopic pregnancy and tubal infertility …
Engagement of NKp30 on Vδ1 T cells induces the production of CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 and suppresses HIV-1 replication
Authors: Kelly Hudspeth, Manuela Fogli, Daniel V. Correia, Joanna Mikulak, Alessandra Roberto, Silvia Della Bella, Bruno Silva-Santos, Domenico Mavilio
Journal: Blood (2012)
834. Highly Efficient and Tumor-Selective Gene Delivery in Metastatic Colon Cancer Models Using a Replication-Competent Retrovirus Vector
Authors: Kei Hiraoka, Takahiro Kimura, Christopher Logg, Satoshi Kondo, Noriyuki Kasahara
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Colon cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality in Western countries, and the liver is the most common site of metastasis. Many patients present with unresectable multi-focal metastases, and adjuvant chemotherapy has had limited success.
THE OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF IMMATURE AND SOME FORMS OF ZONULAR CATARACT.
Authors: JOHN E. WEEKS
Journal: JAMA (1895)

In the formation of ordinary senile cataract, the shrinkage of the nuclear portion of the lens, as has been pointed out by Becker, plays an important part. The shrinkage of the peripheral lamellæ does not progress as rapidly as those of the nuclear portion, and, as a result, a process of cleavage between peripheral and nuclear lamellæ is set up. The spaces thus formed are occupied by an emulsion known as the liquor Morgagni, which is composed of granular detritus, fat globules, myeline masses, and the intraocular fluids, and serves to produce the whitish opacities observed. The peripheral fibers themselves usually undergo degenerative changes—become filled with minute fat globules, break up into myeline masses and are sometimes entirely disintegrated. The liquor Morgagni forms between the capsule and the lens fibers, as well as between the lamellæ, serving to render the attachment between the two less intimate. At the earlier moment
Developments in Treatment of Tuberculosis and Other Pulmonary Diseases
Authors: William S. Schwartz
Journal: JAMA (1961)

THIS IS the ninth in a series<sup>1-8</sup>of reports dealing with the progress of cooperative studies in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis, conducted by the Veterans Administration-Armed Forces Study Group. This report consists of findings presented at their 20th Conference held in Memphis, Feb. 6-9, 1961. It departs from previous reports in that the management of certain other pulmonary diseases discussed at the conference is also reported; for this reason the name of the conference was officially changed from "The Conference on the Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis of the Veterans Administration-Armed Forces" to "The Research Conference in Pulmonary Diseases of the Veterans Administration-Armed Forces." While individual authors will not be mentioned, their findings will be summarized along with pertinent comments which occurred during the discussion periods. Contributors included representatives from the cooperating Veterans Administration and Armed Forces hospitals, consultants, and guests. There was an introductory discussion providing a perspective for the
Melkersson's Syndrome
Authors: James M. Streeto, Franklin B. Watters
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

RECURRENT cranial-nerve palsies have been described in such disorders as diabetes mellitus, migraine, demyelinating diseases, aneurysms and myasthenia gravis. A lesser known entity is recurrent paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve, associated with facial edema, first reported by Melkersson1 in 1928. Since that time other reports of this entity have appeared under the eponym of Melkersson's syndrome.2 3 4 Recently, we studied a patient who had suffered 10 well documented episodes of Bell's palsy involving each side of the face and who also gave a history of repeated episodes of facial edema. This case is presented to call attention to this unusual . . .
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF HABITUAL CONSTIPATION.
Authors: ALBERT H. BURR
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Among the great phenomena of nature one of the most interesting is that of the rhythmic action of her forces in obedience to ever constant laws. The cycle of darkness and light that measures a day; of recurring seasons that calendar a year; of ocean's tidal ebb and flow that mark her throbbing pulse: all these are but so many demonstrations of a universal law of rhythm. In our bodies similar laws of periodicity are essential to organic health or even to life itself. Restful sleep must follow wakeful toil in just proportion and at proper intervals. Respiration and circulation are dependent upon ever constant, regulated muscular impulses. The processes of digestion, assimulation and excretion obey this same law of rhythm. So long as these periodic forces are undisturbed in their rhythm by careless or vicious habits of the individual, or by accidental and pathologic changes beyond his control, healthy,
Oocytes matured in vitro achieve high pregnancy rates
Authors: D. Spurgeon
Journal: BMJ (1999)

A Canadian team has achieved high maturation and pregnancy rates with in vitro maturation of oocytes, simplifying the in vitro fertilisation procedure at the same time as reducing costs and avoiding the potential side effects associated with hormonal treatments routinely used to stimulate ovulation.

The group, from McGill University and the Royal Victoria Hospital, both in Montreal, Canada, has reported encouraging results …
Educating Physicians and Treating Patients in the Ambulatory Setting
Authors: Robert H. Brook, Arlene Fink, Jacqueline Kosecoff, Lawrence S. Linn, Wendy Everett Watson, Allyson Ross Davies, Virginia A. Clark, Caren Kamberg, Thomas L. Delbanco
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

We evaluated 15 group practices in general internal medicine in university hospitals with regard to access to and quality of care, patients' satisfaction with that care, and quality of residency education provided. We used these data to speculate about potential changes in ambulatory care programs in university teaching hospitals. All 15 practices participated for 4 years. One third of their patient population had no medical insurance. Practice patients had twice as many chronic illnesses as did the general population, and two fifths of patients stayed at least 2 years in the practice. Few faculty members spent more than 14 hours weekly in the practices, and housestaff worked an average of 4 hours per week. Patient waiting times did not meet ideal standards, but patient satisfaction was higher than in a general population. Compliance with quality of care criteria was not exceptional; for example, 10% of eligible patients received an annual influenza vaccination. Housestaff assigned a relatively low ranking to their educational experience in the practices. We recommend the institution of additional experimental programs in ambulatory care and housestaff education to improve the quality of care in the ambulatory setting.
Book Review Asperger's Disorder (Medical Psychiatry. 40.) Edited by Jeffrey L. Rausch, Maria E. Johnson, and Manuel F. Casanova. 369 pp., illustrated. New York, Informa Healthcare, 2008. $199.95. 978-0-8493-8360-1
Authors: Clarice J. Kestenbaum
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)
Physiological pH. Effects on posthypoxic proximal tubular injury.
Authors: R A Zager, B A Schimpf, D J Gmur
Journal: Circulation Research (1993)

After O2 deprivation, tissue acidosis rapidly self-corrects. This study assessed the effect of this pH correction on the induction, and pathways, of posthypoxic proximal tubular injury. In addition, ways to prevent the resultant injury were explored. Isolated rat proximal tubular segments (PTSs) were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (50/30 or 30/50 minutes) under the following incubation conditions: 1) continuous pH 7.4, 2) continuous pH 6.8, or 3) hypoxia at pH 6.8 and reoxygenation at pH 7.4 (NaHCO3 or Tris base addition). Continuously oxygenated PTSs maintained under these same pH conditions served as controls. Lethal cell injury was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. pH effects on several purported pathways of hypoxia/reoxygenation injury were also assessed (ATP depletion, lipid peroxidation, and membrane deacylation). Acidosis blocked hypoxic LDH release (pH 7.4, 50 +/- 2%; pH 6.8, 6 +/- 1%) without mitigating membrane deacylation or ATP depletion. During reoxygenation, minimal LDH was released (3-5%) if pH was held constant. However, if posthypoxic pH was corrected, immediate (&lt; or = 5 minutes) and marked cell death (e.g., 55 +/- 3% with Tris) occurred. This was dissociated from lipid peroxidation or new deacylation, and it was preceded by a depressed ATP/ADP ratio (suggesting an acidosis-associated defect in hypoxic/posthypoxic cell energetics). Realkalinization injury was not inevitable, since it could be substantially blocked by 1) posthypoxic glycine addition, 2) transient posthypoxic hypothermia, or 3) allowing a 10-minute reoxygenation (cell recovery) period before base addition. Neither mannitol nor graded buffer Ca2+ deletion conferred protection. Acute pH correction caused no injury to continuously oxygenated PTSs. Conclusions are as follows: 1) Posthypoxic "pH shock" causes virtually immediate cell death, not by causing de novo injury but, rather, by removing the cytoprotective effect of acidosis. 2) This injury can be prevented by a variety of methods, indicating a great potential for salvaging severely damaged posthypoxic PTSs.
JAK2 Inhibitors: Not the Next Imatinib But Researchers See Other Possibilities
Authors: Ken Garber
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2009)

The hope that imatinib (Gleevec) would usher in a new age of targeted cancer cures has faded. Eight years after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the drug for treating chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), no other agent targeted against a single cancer-causing defect has approached the success of imatinib, which substantially extended median survival in CML. It is still what all targeted therapies are measured against. Four years ago, myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs), a class of diseases similar to CML, seemed ripe for a similar breakthrough. MPDs involve an excess number of red blood cells or myeloid cells (nonlymphocyte white blood cells) that differentiate and function normally. The three major MPDs — polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET), and myelofibrosis (MF) — lack the abnormally short Philadelphia chromosome that distinguishes CML. Together, they’re more common than CML and affect at least 100,000 people in the U.S. The cause of the MPDs remained a mystery until 2005, when four research groups separately reported a point mutation in the gene for Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) in most MPD patients. The mutation activates the JAK2 protein, which normally transmits proliferation and survival signals to blood cells from cell surface receptors. It leads to sustained signaling, similar to the effect of the bcr – abl fusion protein, a product of the Philadelphia chromosome in CML. Kinases such as JAK2 are straightforward drug targets, and many researchers expected a JAK2 inhibitor to be as effective in MPDs as imatinib is in CML. That expectation has been frustrated. In early trials, JAK2 inhibitors have reduced myelofi brosis symptoms, often substantially, but so far don’t appear to reverse the disease. And the genetics of the MPDs are proving more complex than those of CML. Finding a new imatinib may not have been a realistic goal to begin with. But researchers say that the MPDs are already yielding insights that may prove more fruitful for knowledge of cancer in general, and the ability to treat it, than CML ever could.
Value of Nerve-excitability Measurements in Prognosis of Facial Palsy
Authors: E. D. R. Campbell, R. P. Hickey, K. H. Nixon, A. T. Richardson
Journal: BMJ (1962)

Facial paralysis of lower-motor-neurone origin may be due either to physiological (reversible) block or to degeneration of the facial nerve.The prognosis depends on which has occurred, the chances of full recovery being good in physiological block but poor in degenera, tion.The present study demonstrates how accurately this knowledge may be acquired early in the course of the paralysis by a simple electrodiagnostic test.Historical Note Electrodiagnocis of facial palsies was first described by Duchenne (1872).He distinguished between motor- nerve-excitability tests and those based on local stimula- tion of individual muscles.For stimulation of the facial nerve as it leaves the stylomastoid foramen he recom-
683 ON-TREATMENT HBSAG DECLINE IN HBEAG-NEGATIVE PATIENTS AS A PREDICTOR OF RESPONSE TO PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2A (40KD) THERAPY 3 YEARS POST-TREATMENT: POTENTIAL FOR RESPONSE-GUIDED THERAPY
Authors: M. Brunetto, F. Bonino, G.K.K. Lau, P. Farci, C. Yurdaydin, T. Piratvisuth, S. Hadziyannis, Z.-M. Lu, J. Wu, M. Popescu, P. Marcellin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Tobacco harm reduction: the devil is in the deployment
Authors: G. Hastings, M. d. Andrade, C. Moodie
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The concept of harm reduction in tobacco control is exciting interest among policy makers and industry. <b>Gerard Hastings</b>, <b>Marisa de Andrade</b>, and <b>Crawford Moodie</b> argue that it presents public health with some challenges
Demonstration of a platelet bypass mechanism in the clotting system using an acquired anticoagulant
Authors: B. G. Firkin, P. Booth, L. Hendrix, M. A. Howard
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1978)

Abstract A lupus‐type anticoagulant which causes strong inhibition of the partial thromboplastin time with kaolin (PTTK), the stypven time, and the thrombin generation tests has been investigated. All tests for platelet function were normal, as were all specific coagulation factor assays with the exception of a slightly reduced factor XI in this patient. A diethylaminoethyl‐cellulose‐immunoglobulin (DEAE‐cellulose‐IgG) fractionation of the patient's plasma produced two peaks containing inhibitory activity in the PTTK test. The first of these peaks had a cloudy appearance, suggesting the presence of immunoglobulin aggregates. Studies with IgG aggregates prepared from normal IgG and from the patient's IgG demonstrated that such aggregates were not the cause of inhibition. It was possible to neutralize the inhibitory activity of the purified IgG but not platelet‐poor plasma (PPP) with a rabbit anti‐IgG. The inhibition of the patient's PPP in the thrombin generation, the contact product, and the stypven time tests were corrected by the inclusion in the test system of platelets activated either by aggregation due to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or formalin fixation and washing. These studies lend support to earlier findings that platelets interact at several sites in the coagulation cascade.
PTH-183 The Diagnostic Utility of Endoscopic Duodenal Biopsies for Gastrointestinal Investigation
Authors: N Patel, V J Blackwell, P Patel, M M Walker, H R Williams
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Duodenal biopsies are usually taken at upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to exclude coeliac disease (CD). To date, few studies have investigated overall duodenal pathologies in this group. Serological testing for anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (TTG) should be performed in patients with a diagnosis of lymphocytic duodenosis (LD), which may herald CD. The main objectives of this study were to determine the indications and histological findings for duodenal biopsies in a teaching hospital setting, and the prevalence of LD and new diagnoses of CD in this cohort. <h3>Methods</h3> 1043 patients with duodenal biopsies taken during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in a teaching hospital setting in 24 months (2009–11) were studied retrospectively. Demographics, indications and histological findings were documented. Patients with known CD were excluded from the study; if an individual had more than one biopsy in the time period then only the first biopsy was included. When a specific abnormality was targeted for biopsy this was recorded. For LD patients, TTG results were recorded where available. <h3>Results</h3> The patients’ median age was 60 (range 16–97); 55% were female. Anaemia was the commonest indication for biopsy (in 51% of patients) followed by weight loss and abdominal pain. 76% of biopsies were normal. LD was found in 155 patients (15%), of whom 64% were female. Biopsy appearances of CD with positive TTG were found in 13 patients (1.2%). Documentation of serology was not always available and so the incidence of CD in this population may be underestimated. Crohn’s disease was diagnosed in 3 biopsies (0.29%). Graft versus host disease, drug effect, lymphangiectasia and infection were seen (1 Giardia, 1 atypical mycobacteria, 1 Strongyloides). 70 duodenal biopsies (7%) targeted specific abnormalities, including 6 malignancies (3 adenocarcinoma, 1 carcinoid tumour and 1 lymphoma) and 6 benign polyps including 2 adenomas. Of the 973 non-targeted biopsies, 772 (79%) were normal. There were no statistical differences between positive biopsy results and specific indications. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Whilst the majority of biopsies were normal, significant abnormalities were found in 24% and LD was present in 15%. While important for the diagnosis of CD, duodenal biopsy was also vital for the diagnosis other pathologies including infection, Crohn’s disease, drug effect and tumours. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.