tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Distribution Indicates Diverse Functions of Simple Sequence Repeats in Mycoplasma Genomes
Authors: Jan Mrázek
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) composed of extensive tandem iterations of a single nucleotide or a short oligonucleotide are rare in most bacterial genomes, but they are common among Mycoplasma. Some of these repeats act as contingency loci in association with families of surface antigens. By contraction or expansion during replication, these SSRs increase genetic variance of the population and facilitate avoidance of the immune response of the host. Occurrence and distribution of SSRs are analyzed in complete genomes of 11 Mycoplasma and 3 related Mollicutes in order to gain insights into functional and evolutionary diversity of the SSRs in Mycoplasma. The results revealed an unexpected variety of SSRs with respect to their distribution and composition and suggest that it is unlikely that all SSRs function as contingency loci or recombination hot spots. Various types of SSRs are most abundant in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, whereas Mycoplasma penetrans, Mycoplasma mobile, and Mycoplasma synoviae do not contain unusually long SSRs. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma pulmonis feature abundant short adenine and thymine runs periodically spaced at 11 and 12 bp, respectively, which likely affect the supercoiling propensities of the DNA molecule. Physiological roles of long adenine and thymine runs in M. hyopneumoniae appear independent of location upstream or downstream of genes, unlike contingency loci that are typically located in protein-coding regions or upstream regulatory regions. Comparisons among 3 M. hyopneumoniae strains suggest that the adenine and thymine runs are rarely involved in genome rearrangements. The results indicate that the SSRs in the Mycoplasma genomes play diverse roles, including modulating gene expression as contingency loci, facilitating genome rearrangements via recombination, affecting protein structure and possibly protein–protein interactions, and contributing to the organization of the DNA molecule in the cell.
THE DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN MILD DISCRETE SMALLPOX AND CHICKEN-POX.
Authors: FREDERICK LEAVITT
Journal: JAMA (1901)

There are probably no other diseases, surely no other contagious diseases, so commonly mistaken one for the other as is the case in smallpox and chicken-pox. The error is seldom made of calling chicken-pox anything else than what it is, while some physicians are loth to acknowledge smallpox by its right name. They prefer instead to call it pustular syphilis, acne, bromism, chicken-pox; they go out of their way, seemingly, for names like Cuban itch, Philippino rash, yaw, etc. It is quite remarkable how persistent we have been that smallpox must be something else. It would look as though the profession had fairly forgotten about the discrete form of this disease. Physicians, as well as laymen, may have pictured in their minds the repulsive confluent or hemorrhagic variety to the exclusion of the milder kind. Discrete smallpox is sometimes so extremely light, that medical men who have formed their conceptions
Activation of prostaglandin E2 EP1 receptor increases arteriolar tone and blood pressure in mice with type 2 diabetes
Authors: I. Rutkai, A. Feher, N. Erdei, D. Henrion, Z. Papp, I. Edes, A. Koller, G. Kaley, Z. Bagi
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

AimsType 2 diabetes mellitus is frequently associated with hypertension, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. We tested the hypothesis that activation of type 1 prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor (EP1) increases skeletal muscle arteriolar tone and blood pressure in mice with type 2 diabetes.
A Four-Year Study of the Occurrence of Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci in 64 School Children
Authors: David Cornfeld, John P. Hubbard
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

AN epidemiologic study of streptococcal infection among 1000 children, attending three Philadelphia public schools, was conducted from October, 1955, through May, 1959. It offered an opportunity for a cohort investigation of the occurrence of streptococci in the children who participated in the study through the four years. Data on the entire group have been presented, in cross-sectional fashion, in previous papers.1 2 3 These indicated a low incidence of respiratory infections accompanied by throat cultures positive for streptococci, despite a relatively high carrier rate for beta-hemolytic streptococci. The group of children with streptococcal infection could not be distinguished from the children with . . .
Pentazocine— A New Nonaddicting Analgesic
Authors: Max Sadove, Reuben C. Balagot, Faustino N. Pecora
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Pentazocine is a new nonaddicting analgesic derived from the benzomorphan nucleus. A preliminary single-blind study carried out postoperatively on 185 male patients was performed to determine analgesic effects and side actions, especially concerning respiratory function. Analgesia was recorded within 20 minutes of intramuscular injection of 20-, 30-, and 40-mg doses, and this persisted for three hours at an optimal level. Side effects noted most frequently were drowsiness, mild respiratory depression, and moderate deviations in blood pressure, but none of these was considered hazardous. The absence in pentazocine of nalophine hydrochloride-like psychic effects and morphine-like addiction suggests that this substance may be a valuable aid for the control of severe pain.
Psychoneuroendocrinology of Stress and Emotions: Issues for Future Research
Authors: A.J.J.M. Vingerhoets, J. Assies
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1991)

It is stated that much psychoneuroendocrinological research is carried out that lacks a theoretical framework and therefore adds little to our current knowledge. Therefore, five research issues have been presented which need further exploration: (1) the temporal relation between subjective and biological stress responses; (2) the question of the psycho-biological specificity; (3) the relationship between endocrine responses to acute and to chronic stressors; (4) the relationship between endocrine activity and susceptibility to disease, and (5) the mediating and moderating effects of personal factors (coping, personality, and task performance) on psychobiological responses. It is argued that the study of these issues will increase our understanding of the stress phenomenon.
Endosonography-Guided Fine-Needle Biopsy of Indurated Pancreatic Lesions Using an Automated Biopsy Device
Authors: K. F. Binmoeller, H. C. Jabusch, H. Seifert, N. Soehendra
Journal: Endoscopy (1997)

Background and Study Aims: We have designed and evaluated a prototype automated spring-loaded biopsy needle for endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)-guided tissue sampling of indurated lesions in which sampling using conventional aspiration needles has failed.
Carcinoma and Colitis
Authors: Donald J. Fleischli
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Dr. Donald J. Fleischli: This 43-year-old woman was in good health until six months before admission to the hospital when she became intermittently constipated. Three months later her constipation was accompanied by crampy pain in the lower part of the abdomen. The pain became severe and was accompanied by vomiting. When admitted to a nearby hospital, she was unable to move her bowels. Shortly after admission, however, profuse diarrhea spontaneously developed with relief of obstructive symptoms. Findings from physical examination and routine laboratory studies were within normal limits. A barium enema was performed at that hospital (Figure). <h3>Discussion</h3> Dr. Laurence L. Robbins: Dr. Tomchik, what do you see to account for her problems? Dr. Frederick S. Tomchik: There is an eccentric, partially constricting lesion in the sigmoid colon. It is somewhat sessile and has a central area of ulceration as well as shelf-like edges which suggest tumor. Carcinoma causing partial
CD3/CD46-mediated generation of IL-10-secreting T cells is defective in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: G. Le Friec, J. Cardone, A. Cope, C. Kemper
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

<h3>Background and objectives</h3> Control of effector T cell responses to foreign and self-antigens through interleukin (IL)-10-producing Th1 cells and adaptive IL-10<sup>+</sup>Tregs is vital for limiting immune pathology during infection and for preventing autoimmunity. However, the mechanisms that regulate their production remain incompletely understood. CD46 is the receptor for the C3b/C4b components of complement. The authors have previously demonstrated that activation of human CD4 T cells through the T-cell receptor and the complement regulator CD46 induces Tr1 like IL-10-producing Tregs. The authors set out to study factors that regulate the generation of IL-10 producing Tregs during normal immune homeostasis and to determine whether this pathway is defective in chronic inflammatory disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis. <h3>Materials and methods</h3> CD4 T lymphocytes were purified from PBMC of normal donors or PBMC and synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and JIA patients using CD4 MicroBeads prior to activation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD46 mAb in the presence or absence of increasing concentrations of IL-2. After 36 h cytokine production was determined using the Th1/Th2 cytokine bead array. Cells were stained using the IFNγ and IL-10 cytokine secretion assay kits in combination and IFNγ<sup>+</sup>, IFNγ<sup>+</sup>/IL-10<sup>+</sup> and IL-10<sup>+</sup> cells isolated via cell sorting. Supernatants from cultures of these cells were then tested for their capacity to suppress proliferation of freshly purified T cells. Approval for this study was obtained from the Local Ethics Review Committee. <h3>Results</h3> IL-10-secreting T cells are derived from populations of differentiating Th1 effector T cells as they also secrete IFNγ. The authors observed that the cytokine expression profile of CD3/CD46-activated T cells is heavily influenced by the amount of IL-2 present during activation. Thus, in the presence of low IL-2, CD3/CD46-activation induces strong IFNγ-secretion and a proinflammatory effector phenotype. High IL-2 induces a ‘switch’ from IFNγ<sup>+</sup> T cells, via an IFNγ<sup>+</sup>/IL-10<sup>+</sup> state, to an IL-10<sup>+</sup> phenotype. CD46-induced IFNγ<sup>+</sup>/IL-10<sup>+</sup> and IL-10<sup>+</sup> cells are suppressive. By contrast, analysis of T cell populations from patients with inflammatory arthritis such as RA and JIA reveals that progression to the IL-10<sup>+</sup> state is blocked even in the presence of high exogenous IL-2. In addition, CD3/CD46-activated T cells produce 20–30 times more IFN-γ than IL-10. <h3>Conclusions</h3> CD46 activation during T cell response initiation supports IFNγ secretion to combat infection while expansion of the effector response provides high IL-2 and the signal to switch to IL-10 production and resolution of the immune response. This regulatory switch appears to be defective in chronic inflammatory disease.
1100-61 Effect of a 600 mg clopidogrel loading dose on platelet function in patients undergoing coronary stenting
Authors: Dominick J Angiolillo, Antonio Fernández-Ortiz, Esther Bernardo, Celia Ramirez, Manel Sabate, Rosana Hernández-Antolín, Javier Escaned, Fernando Alfonso, Camino Bañuelos, Raul Moreno, Carlos Macaya
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Myocardial contrast echocardiography: Comparison of sensitivity and specificity of FSO69 vs. thallium-201 in detecting myocardial ischemia and heterogeneous perfusion
Authors: David R. Richards, Percy J. Colon, Mario F. Meza, Sameh Mobarek, Carlos A. Moreno, R.Wayne Barbee, Susan Revall, James V. Connaughton, Stanton E. Shuler, Joseph P. Murgo, Jorge Cheirif
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Isoprenoids determine Th1/Th2 fate in pathogenic T cells, providing a mechanism of modulation of autoimmunity by atorvastatin
Authors: Shannon E. Dunn, Sawsan Youssef, Matthew J. Goldstein, Thomas Prod'homme, Martin S. Weber, Scott S. Zamvil, Lawrence Steinman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2006)

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl–coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase is a critical enzyme in the mevalonate pathway that regulates the biosynthesis of cholesterol as well as isoprenoids that mediate the membrane association of certain GTPases. Blockade of this enzyme by atorvastatin (AT) inhibits the destructive proinflammatory T helper cell (Th)1 response during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and may be beneficial in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases. Here we present evidence linking specific isoprenoid intermediates of the mevalonate pathway to signaling pathways that regulate T cell autoimmunity. We demonstrate that the isoprenoid geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate (GGPP) mediates proliferation, whereas both GGPP and its precursor, farnesyl-PP, regulate the Th1 differentiation of myelin-reactive T cells. Depletion of these isoprenoid intermediates in vivo via oral AT administration hindered these T cell responses by decreasing geranylgeranylated RhoA and farnesylated Ras at the plasma membrane. This was associated with reduced extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 phosphorylation and DNA binding of their cotarget c-fos in response to T cell receptor activation. Inhibition of ERK and p38 mimicked the effects of AT and induced a Th2 cytokine shift. Thus, by connecting isoprenoid availability to regulation of Th1/Th2 fate, we have elucidated a mechanism by which AT may suppress Th1-mediated central nervous system autoimmune disease.
RENAL COLIC IN CASES OF RENAL AND URETERAL STONE
Authors: HENRY H. MORTON
Journal: JAMA (1922)

One of the most common, best known and most suggestive symptoms of renal or ureteral calculus is undoubtedly the sharp, lancinating pain which has been termed renal colic. With this particular sympton in mind, it is our purpose to review the cases of patients with renal and ureteral stone who have been admitted to and treated in the urologic department of the Long Island College Hospital during 1921, to determine, if possible, how far, if at all, temporary measures or procrastination on the part of physician or patient is justifiable after this symptom is encountered. That attacks of colic may be associated with conditions other than kidney or ureteral stone is, of course, a well established fact, and is mentioned only to convey the impression that colic is not in any way absolutely pathognomonic of stone. The ptosed kidney with its kinking ureter, plugs of pus from the suppurating parenchyma,
Clinical Manifestations of Disseminated Infection Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae Are Linked to Differences in Bactericidal Reactivity of Infecting Strains
Authors: PETER A. RICE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1981)

Twenty-nine patients with disseminated gonococcal infection were classified into two clinical groups at the time of hospitalization: 13 with suppurative arthritis and 16 with only tenosynovitis, dermatitis, or both. Patients with suppurative arthritis had significantly less tenosynovitis and dermatitis (p < 0.02). Strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from the two groups of patients were each repetitively tested in a bactericidal assay using fresh frozen sera obtained from 10 normal human volunteers. Although strains causing disseminated gonococcal infection in general are serum resistant, those isolated from patients with suppurative arthritis were significantly less resistant (p < 0.01) than those isolated from patients with only tenosynovitis and dermatitis. Differences in strains as reflected by variation in resistance to normal human sera may cause these strains to produce diverse clinical manifestations.
Response to Letter Regarding Article “Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis: Implications for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement”
Authors: Sachin S. Goel, Shikhar Agarwal, E. Murat Tuzcu, Stephen G. Ellis, Tarique Zaman, Neil Patel, Olcay Aksoy, William J. Stewart, Brian P. Griffin, Samir R. Kapadia, Lars G. Svensson, Navkaranbir Bajaj, Lee Joseph
Journal: Circulation (2012)
378 COMPARATIVE MORPHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF FIBROSIS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) VERSUS CHRONIC HEPATITIS C (CHC) LIVER BIOPSIES: IMPLICATION FOR FIBROSIS ASSESSMENT BY NON INVASIVE METHODS
Authors: N. Sturm, A. Cheveau, P. Arvers, V. Leroy, J.P. Zarski
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Giant axonal neuropathy–associated gigaxonin mutations impair intermediate filament protein degradation
Authors: Saleemulla Mahammad, S.N. Prasanna Murthy, Alessandro Didonna, Boris Grin, Eitan Israeli, Rodolphe Perrot, Pascale Bomont, Jean-Pierre Julien, Edward Kuczmarski, Puneet Opal, Robert D. Goldman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is an early-onset neurological disorder caused by mutations in the GAN gene (encoding for gigaxonin), which is predicted to be an E3 ligase adaptor. In GAN, aggregates of intermediate filaments (IFs) represent the main pathological feature detected in neurons and other cell types, including patients' dermal fibroblasts. The molecular mechanism by which these mutations cause IFs to aggregate is unknown. Using fibroblasts from patients and normal individuals, as well as Gan-/- mice, we demonstrated that gigaxonin was responsible for the degradation of vimentin IFs. Gigaxonin was similarly involved in the degradation of peripherin and neurofilament IF proteins in neurons. Furthermore, proteasome inhibition by MG-132 reversed the clearance of IF proteins in cells overexpressing gigaxonin, demonstrating the involvement of the proteasomal degradation pathway. Together, these findings identify gigaxonin as a major factor in the degradation of cytoskeletal IFs and provide an explanation for IF aggregate accumulation, the subcellular hallmark of this devastating human disease.
The Biology of the Immune Response
Authors: Henry N. Claman
Journal: JAMA (1992)

THE IMMUNE system is composed of a large and complex set of elements that are widely distributed. It is designed to protect against foreign pathogens while not responding adversely to self-components. Thus, it must distinguish "self" from "not self." This distinction is made by an elaborate, specific recognition system that, ultimately, is composed of receptors on T and B lymphocytes—the only immunologically specific components of the immune apparatus. The immune system also has nonspecific effector mechanisms that usually amplify the specific functions. These nonspecific features include mononuclear phagocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and the complement system. The immune system has several interesting characteristics. <h3>Specificity</h3> Immune reactions distinguish between non-cross-reacting antigens. Specificity is mediated through the antigen-specific receptors on the surfaces of T and B lymphocytes and through antibodies. <h3>Memory</h3> The immunologic response to an antigenic stimulus usually leaves the immune system changed. Ordinarily, a second administration of antigen results in an anamnestic,
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Ureter: Prognostic Factors Influencing Progression and Survival
Authors: Jan Lehmann, Henrik Suttmann, Iva Kovač, Markus Hack, Jörn Kamradt, Stefan Siemer, Bernd Wullich, Ulrike Zwergel, Michael Stöckle
Journal: European Urology (2006)
Erysipelas Complicating Pregnancy.
Authors: R. R. Kime
Journal: JAMA (1889)

years, part of the time in the northwest portion of the State known as the Panhandle, and the last five and one-half years in Lampasas.I have treated four cases of bites from poisonous reptiles.My practice and acquaintance extend over a re¬ gion of from fifteen to twenty miles in either di¬ rection from town.Two of my cases were in the
Haemoglobinopathies and Anaesthesia
Authors: L. R. Davis
Journal: BMJ (1970)

SIR,-Your leading article on Crohn's Disease and its Consequences (11 April p. 65) says "Psychological factors are gener- ally held not to be aetiologically important" and cites to support such a "generally held" view but one reference, and that to an article which has been much criticised on account of its methodology.Dare I suggest that such selectivity if practised by psychiatrists would quite prop- erly call down the wrath of medical science?To redress the balance I draw your atten- tion to a few recent articles giving the opposite view.'-'-I am, etc.,
Evidence for Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Gene Therapy for Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome in Preclinical Models
Authors: Francesco Marangoni, Marita Bosticardo, Sabine Charrier, Elena Draghici, Michela Locci, Samantha Scaramuzza, Cristina Panaroni, Maurilio Ponzoni, Francesca Sanvito, Claudio Doglioni, Marie Liabeuf, Bernard Gjata, Marie Montus, Katherine Siminovitch, Alessandro Aiuti, Luigi Naldini, Loïc Dupré, Maria Grazia Roncarolo, Anne Galy, Anna Villa
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2009)

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) is a life-threatening X-linked disease characterized by immunodeficiency, thrombocytopenia, autoimmunity, and malignancies. Gene therapy could represent a therapeutic option for patients lacking a suitable bone marrow (BM) donor. In this study, we analyzed the long-term outcome of WAS gene therapy mediated by a clinically compatible lentiviral vector (LV) in a large cohort of was(null) mice. We demonstrated stable and full donor engraftment and Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASP) expression in various hematopoietic lineages, up to 12 months after gene therapy. Importantly, we observed a selective advantage for T and B lymphocytes expressing transgenic WASP. T-cell receptor (TCR)-driven T-cell activation, as well as B-cell's ability to migrate in response to CXCL13, was fully restored. Safety was evaluated throughout the long-term follow-up of primary and secondary recipients of WAS gene therapy. WAS gene therapy did not affect the lifespan of treated animals. Both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tumors arose, but we excluded the association with gene therapy in all cases. Demonstration of long-term efficacy and safety of WAS gene therapy mediated by a clinically applicable LV is a key step toward the implementation of a gene therapy clinical trial for WAS.
Role of Acute HIV Infection in Driving HIV Transmission: Implications for HIV Treatment as Prevention
Authors: Laith J. Abu-Raddad
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2015)

Using simulated cohorts that account for previously unmeasured bias, Steve Bellan and colleagues provide new estimates of the duration and relative infectivity of the HIV-1 acute phase based on data from the retrospective cohort of serodiscordant couples in Rakai, Uganda.Not many issues have been debated in the HIV community more than the role of acute HIV infection in driving HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [1].Acute infection refers broadly to the first stage of progression following onset of infection during which, for several weeks, HIV viral load peaks at high levels (up to 10 7 virions/ml of plasma), before leveling off at the viral set point for several years [2].The debate is well beyond being an academic debate; the impact of different HIV prevention strategies is contingent on the role of acute infection in the epidemic.A large role for acute infection may erode some of the utility of antiretroviral treatment as prevention (TasP), the most promising HIV prevention intervention in our time [3].TasP is a costly investment in HIV prevention.For it to be impactful and cost-effective, HIVinfected persons must be diagnosed early in their infection and linked to care and treatment.Despite promising developments [4], it is difficult in practice in resource-poor settings to identify and treat newly infected persons within the short duration of acute infection.If acute infection drives a large fraction of HIV transmissions, TasP may not curtail transmission chains as desired.This brings a critical question: how much of HIV transmission in SSA is driven by infected persons in their acute infection?In a research article published this week in