tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Morphology of the Actinomyces
Authors: J. McFadyean
Journal: BMJ (1889)

gaged in the internal abdominal ring, and actually be the cause of the patient's death.This happened in one of the cases of con- genital hernia which will be described in the next lecture, and in which the herniated intestine could just be drawn as far as the pubic spine.The history of the case states that the hernia was a small bubonocele.Indeed, so far as the observations have gone, they lead to the conclusion that, as concerns the excursion of the 'intestines, no one is exempt from the possibility of hernia.If now we proceed to analyse the cases, we shall find, as might be expected from what has gone before, that the long mesentery of infancy and childhood is associated with a considerable down- ward excursion of the small intestines.BMfore the age of 14 the ileum reaches from one to two inches beyond the right crural arch, a rather shorter distance beyond the spine of the l)ubes, and a yet shorter distance beyond the left crural arch.When the stature of the subjects at the various ages is taken into considerabion, it is clear that the excessive excursion of infancy and childhood tends to diminish with adolescence.In seventy-two indi- viduals whose ages ranged from 16 to 89 years, the excursion of the intestine over the centre of the right crural arch, where it is almost always the greatest, -varied between three inches and nothing, the large excursion being noted in eleven instances, and the small in twelve.In one other case the excursion was four inches, but this was associated with a low attachment of the mesentery, namely, two inches above the base line; and in yet another case the excursion was three and a half inches, the flexura duodeno-jejunalis being three and a half inches above the base line, with a mesentery nine and a half inches.long.Of course, the above only gives the greatest excursion of the in- testines over the centre of the right crutral arch, but with hardly any exceptions the excursion is less over the spines of the pubes and over the left crural arch.It is quite usual to find in adults that the small intestine will pass an inch and a half beyond the right crural arch, an inclh beyond the spine of the pubes, and that it will touch the left crural arch.It is an easy way of representing the downward excursion of the intestines in the adult by fixing a piece of tape or string, seven and a half inches long, to the abdominal wall at the same level as, but an inch to the right of, the umbilicus.The free end of this string passes about the same distance beyond the crural arch and pubic spines *as the intestines ordinarily do.
Atrial fibrillation is associated with a thrombophilic state — the Chin-Shan Community Cardiovascular Cohort Study
Authors: T.-D. Wang, C.-C. Wu, K.-L. Chien, C.-M. Lee, W.-J. Chen, M.-F. Chen, C.-S. Liau, Y.-T. Lee
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Arterial gene transfer of the TGF-β signalling protein Smad3 induces adaptive remodelling following angioplasty: a role for CTGF
Authors: Rishi Kundi, Scott T. Hollenbeck, Dai Yamanouchi, Brad C. Herman, Rachel Edlin, Evan J. Ryer, Chunjie Wang, Shirling Tsai, Bo Liu, K. Craig Kent
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

Although transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is believed to stimulate intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury, its role in remodelling remains unclear. We investigate whether Smad3, a TGF-β signalling protein, might facilitate its effect on remodelling. Using the rat carotid angioplasty model, we assess Smad3 expression following arterial injury. We then test the effect of arterial Smad3 overexpression on the response to injury, and use a conditioned media experimental design to confirm an Smad3-dependent soluble factor that mediates this response. We use small interfering RNA (siRNA) to identify this factor as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). Finally, we attempt to replicate the effect of medial Smad3 overexpression through adventitial application of recombinant CTGF. Injury induced medial expression of Smad3; overexpression of Smad3 caused neointimal thickening and luminal expansion, suggesting adaptive remodelling. Smad3 overexpression, though exclusively medial, caused adventitial changes: myofibroblast transformation, proliferation, and collagen production, all of which are associated with adaptive remodelling. Supporting the hypothesis that Smad3 initiated remodelling and these adventitial changes via a secreted product of medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs), we found that media conditioned by Smad3-expressing recombinant adenoviral vector (AdSmad3)-infected SMCs stimulated adventitial fibroblast transformation, proliferation, and collagen production in vitro. This effect was attenuated by pre-treatment of SMCs with siRNA specific for CTGF, abundantly produced by AdSmad3-infected SMCs, and significantly up-regulated in Smad3-overexpressing arteries. Moreover, periadventitial administration of CTGF replicated the effect of medial Smad3 overexpression on adaptive remodelling and neointimal hyperplasia. Medial gene transfer of Smad3 promotes adaptive remodelling by indirectly influencing the behaviour of adventitial fibroblasts. This arterial cell–cell communication is likely to be mediated by Smad3-dependent production of CTGF.
European ombudsman questions European Medicines Agency over AbbVie redactions
Authors: R. Watson
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The European ombudsman, Emily O’Reilly, has written to the European Medicines Agency asking it to explain by 31 January 2015 the redactions it made in the clinical trial data provided by AbbVie for its best selling drug adalimumab (Humira), used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

The redactions were made as part of the settlement between the agency and the company after AbbVie had gone to court to try to prevent publication of certain clinical trial data.

In her letter O’Reilly acknowledged that “certain redactions may be justified to protect the personal data of patients.” She also accepted that “certain other …
Renal Function, Bisphenol A, and Alkylphenols: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2003–2006)
Authors: Li You, Xiangzhu Zhu, Martha J. Shrubsole, Hong Fan, Jing Chen, Jie Dong, Chuan-Ming Hao, Qi Dai
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

BackgroundUrinary excretion of bisphenol A (BPA) and alkylphenols (APs) was used as a biomarker in most previous studies, but no study has investigated whether urinary excretion of these environmental phenols differed by renal function.ObjectiveWe estimated the association between renal function and urinary excretion of BPA and APs.MethodsAnalyses were conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2006. Renal function was measured as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) calculated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation and by the newly developed Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Regression models were used to calculate geometric means of urinary BPA and APs excretion by eGFR category (≥ 90, 60–90, < 60 mL/min/m2) after adjusting for potential confounding factors.ResultsWhen we used the MDRD Study equation, participants without known renal disease (n = 2,573), 58.2% (n = 1,499) had mildly decreased renal function or undiagnosed chronic kidney disease. The adjusted geometric means for urinary BPA excretion decreased with decreasing levels of eGFR (p for trend = 0.04). The associations appeared primarily in females (p for trend = 0.03). Urinary triclosan excretion decreased with decreasing levels of eGFR (p for trend < 0.01) for both males and females, and the association primarily appeared in participants < 65 years of age. The association between BPA and eGFR was nonsignificant when we used the CKD-EPI equation.ConclusionsUrinary excretion of triclosan, and possibly BPA, decreased with decreasing renal function. The associations might differ by age or sex. Further studies are necessary to replicate our results and understand the mechanism.
Induction of long-lived germinal centers associated with persisting antigen after viral infection.
Authors: M F Bachmann, B Odermatt, H Hengartner, R M Zinkernagel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) induces an early T cell-independent neutralizing lgM response that is followed by a long-lived, T cell-dependent lgG response. We used the specific amplification factor of several 100x of VSV-virions for immunohistology to analyze the localization of VSV-specific B cells at different time points after immunization. At the peak of the IgM response (day 4), VSV-specific B cells were predominantly present in the red pulp and marginal zone but not in the T area. These B cells were mostly stained in the cytoplasm, characterizing them as antibody secreting cells. By day 6 after immunization, germinal centers (GC) containing surface-stained VSV-specific B cells became detectable and were fully established by day 12. At the same time, large VSV-specific B cell aggregates were present in the red pulp. High numbers of VSV-specific GC associated with persisting antigen were present 1 mo after immunization and later, i.e., considerably longer than has been observed for haptens. Some GC, exhibiting follicular dendritic cells and containing VSV-specific, proliferating B cells were still detectable up to 100 d after immunization. Long-lived GC were also observed after immunization with recombinant VSV-glycoprotein in absence of adjuvants. Thus some anti-virally protective (memory) B cells are cycling and locally proliferate in long-lived GC in association with persisting antigen and therefore seem responsible for long-term maintenance of elevated antibody levels. These observations extend earlier studies with carrier hapten antigens in adjuvant depots or complexed with specific IgG; they are the first to show colocalization of antigen and specific memory B cells and to analyze a protective neutralizing antibody response against an acute viral infection.
Peptidergic innervation of human epicardial coronary arteries.
Authors: S Gulbenkian, O Saetrum Opgaard, R Ekman, N Costa Andrade, J Wharton, J M Polak, J Queiroz e Melo, L Edvinsson
Journal: Circulation Research (1993)

The peptidergic innervation of proximal (internal diameter, &gt; 0.8 mm) and distal (internal diameter, &lt; 0.8 mm) regions of human epicardial coronary arteries was investigated by means of immunohistochemical, chromatographic, radioimmunological, and in vitro pharmacological techniques. The use of an antiserum to the general neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 revealed that the proximal part of epicardial arteries possessed a relatively sparse supply of nerve fibers forming a loose network in the adventitia. The perivascular network increased in density as the vessels were followed distally. In both proximal and distal regions, the majority of nerve fibers possessed neuropeptide Y and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibers were very sparse in the proximal region of the arteries and increased in number distally. Only a few scattered vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers were detected in both arterial regions. The use of high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay revealed that the immunoreactive material present in coronary artery extracts closely resembled synthetic peptides. An in vitro pharmacological method demonstrated that neuropeptide Y elicited no detectable response in either proximal or distal arterial segments. In contrast, CGRP, substance P, and VIP all produced a concentration-dependent relaxation of both arterial regions. CGRP and substance P were stronger and more potent than VIP. CGRP and substance P induced a more potent response in distal compared with proximal regions of the arteries. These results suggest that the peptidergic nerves supplying human large epicardial coronary arteries may be predominantly involved in mediating vasodilation.
THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF BIVALIRUDIN AND PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN IIBIIIA INHIBITORS AMONG PATIENTS UNDERGOING CONTEMPORARY PRIMARY PCI: INSIGHTS FROM THE BLUE CROSS BLUE SHIELD OF MICHIGAN CARDIOVASCULAR COLLABORATIVE (BMC2)
Authors: Hitinder S. Gurm, Milan Seth, Mohamad Kenaan, Stanley Chetcuti, Simon Dixon, David Share, Paul Grossman, Mauro Moscucci
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Consultation or Direct Service?
Authors: CHARLES J. RABINER, SEYMOUR SILVERBERG, JOHN W. GALVIN, LEON D. HANKOFF
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1970)

The authors discuss their attempt to establish a community psychiatry program with an emphasis not on direct services but on consultation to administrative personnel of existing agencies. They present their problems with the community and conclude that psychiatric consultation in the kind of situation they describe is accepted only when direct services are already in effect; also, community participation in planning is essential.
Meta-Analysis and Bouillabaisse
Authors: William A. Ghali
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Letters15 September 1996Meta-Analysis and BouillabaisseWilliam A. Ghali, MD, MPH and Warren Y. Hershman, MD, MPHWilliam A. Ghali, MD, MPHBoston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118Search for more papers by this author and Warren Y. Hershman, MD, MPHBoston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-125-6-199609150-00029 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:In his thoughtful editorial on the recent controversy over calcium channel blockers [1], Dr. Messerli correctly points out that the research methods used in two recent studies on this topic [2, 3] are prone to various biases. Although we agree with the general comments made in the editorial, we make three points about the case–control study by Psaty and colleagues [2].Dr. Messerli states that this study may have been subject to selection bias and that hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease may have been more likely to be treated with calcium antagonists than with diuretics. Psaty ...References1. Messerli FH. Case-control study, meta-analysis, and bouillabaisse: putting the calcium antagonist scare into context [Editorial]. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 123:888-9. Google Scholar2. Psaty BM, Heckbert SR, Koepsell TD, Siscovick DS, Raghunathan TE, Weiss NS, et al. The risk of myocardial infarction associated with antihypertensive drug therapies. JAMA. 1995; 274:620-5. Google Scholar3. Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Meyer JV. Nifedipine. Dose-related increase in mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. Circulation. 1995; 92:1326-31. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: William A. Ghali, MD, MPH; Warren Y. Hershman, MD, MPHAffiliations: Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byConflict of Interest in the Debate over Calcium-Channel Antagonists 15 September 1996Volume 125, Issue 6 Page: 518-519 Keywords Calcium Calcium channel blocker Cardiovascular diseases Computers Diuretics Myocardial infarction Patient advocacy Stable coronary artery disease ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 September 1996 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1996 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Chronic Sulfonylurea Therapy Augments Basal and Meal-Stimulated Insulin Secretion While Attenuating Insulin Responses to Sulfonylurea Per Se
Authors: H David McIntyre, Alan Ma, Dominique M Bird, Carol A Patterson, Donald P Cameron
Journal: Diabetes Care (1992)

OBJECTIVE To examine changes in glycemia and insulin secretion in response to SU per se and in response to a standard diet plus OD or TD SU therapy during chronic GP and GB therapy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Randomized (between agents and in order of dosing regimens), prospective, open, crossover study among 14 NIDDM patients to compare glucose, insulin, and C-peptide responses to a standard diet and to 10 mg of oral GP or GB taken without food 1) after 2 wk without therapy, 2) after 4 wk of either GP (n = 7) or GB (n = 7) treatment OD, and 3) after 4 wk of TD therapy with the same agent. Each patient received the same drug for maintenance therapy and for assessment of the response to the drug alone. RESULTS We observed a comparable reduction in overall glycemia with both agents, with more marked postprandial effects for GP. Similar glucose, insulin, and C-peptide profiles for both agents during OD and TD therapy. Augmented insulin secretion in response to meals contrasting with reduced insulinotropic effects of the drugs per se with chronic therapy. CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic equivalence of OD and TD dosing with GP and GB during chronic therapy. In view of the improved insulin secretion in response to nutrient stimuli, the attenuation of responses to SU per se during chronic therapy does not imply impairment of β-cell secretory capacity or represent a therapeutic disadvantage.
On the Observable Transition to Living Matter
Authors: Samanta Pino, Edward N. Trifonov, Ernesto Di Mauro
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2011)

Abstract In recent developments in chemistry and genetic engineering, the humble researcher dealing with the origin of life finds her(him)self in a grey area of tackling something that even does not yet have a clear definition agreed upon. A series of chemical steps is described to be considered as the life–nonlife transition, if one adheres to the minimalistic definition: life is self-reproduction with variations. The fully artificial RNA system chosen for the exploration corresponds sequence-wise to the reconstructed initial triplet repeats, presumably corresponding to the earliest protein-coding molecules. The demonstrated occurrence of the mismatches (variations) in otherwise complementary syntheses (“self-reproduction”), in this RNA system, opens an experimental and conceptual perspective to explore the origin of life (and its definition), on the apparent edge of the origin.
Surgery of the Thyroid Gland
Authors: William Shieber
Journal: JAMA (1975)

This book, the latest in the excellent series<i>Major Problems in Clinical Surgery</i>, is written by various staff members of the Lahey Clinic, with several chapters by Dr. Sedgwick. The book is not designed as an encyclopedic recitation of all known facts about thyroid disease, and therefore is not of particular value to endocrinologists and others who would want such a tome. Rather, it serves as a very good and useful source book for students, residents, and surgeons who require basic background information for the intelligent performance of thyroid surgery. Especially noteworthy are the chapters on thyroid physiology and function tests and on the use of radioisotopes in the diagnosis of thyroid disease. They are concise, well written, and convey a large amount of useful clinical information. The chapter on surgical technique gives a careful, detailed description of the successful technique for thyroidectomy used at the Lahey Clinic. The approach
Regression analysis of recent changes in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the netherlands
Authors: L. Bonneux, C. W N Looman, J. J Barendregt, P. J Van der Maas
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To test whether recent declines in mortality from coronary heart disease were associated with increased mortality from other cardiovascular diseases. <b>Design:</b> Poisson regression analysis of national data on causes of death and hospital discharges. <b>Setting and subjects:</b> Population of the Netherlands, 1969-93. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Annual changes in mortality from coronary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases and annual changes in hospital discharge rates for acute coronary events, stroke, and congestive heart failures. <b>Results:</b> Patterns of cardiovascular mortality changed abruptly in 1987-93. Annual decline in mortality from coronary heart disease increased sharply for women and men: from −1.9% (95% confidence interval −2.2% to −1.6%) and −1.7% (−1.9% to −1.4%) respectively in 1979-86 to −3.1% (−3.5% to −2.6%) and −4.2% (−4.6% to −3.9%) in 1987-93. The longstanding decline in mortality from stroke levelled off: from annual change of −3.3% (−3.7% to −2.8%) and −3.2% (−3.7% to −2.8%) in 1979-86 to −0.1% (−0.7% to 0.4%) and −1.1% (−1.7% to −0.5%) in 1987-93. Mortality from other cardiovascular diseases, however, started to increase: from −2.0% (−2.4% to −1.6%) and −0.2% (−0.5% to 0.2%) in 1979-86 to 1.5% (1.0% to 2.0%) and 1.9% (1.5% to 2.3%) in 1987-93. Hospital discharge rates for acute coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, and stroke increased during 1980-6. During 1987-93 discharge rates for stroke and coronary heart disease stabilised but rates for congestive heart failure increased. <b>Conclusion:</b> Improved management of coronary heart disease seems to have reduced mortality, but some of the gains are lost to deaths from stroke and other cardiovascular diseases. The increasing numbers of patients with coronary heart disease who survive will increase demands on health services for long term care.
Hemodynamic effects of nasal and face mask continuous positive airway pressure.
Authors: P K Montner, E R Greene, G H Murata, D M Stark, M Timms, T W Chick
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Studies of the hemodynamic effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (n-CPAP) in normal subjects have had conflicting results. The largest study (n = 19) found no effect of up to 15 cm H2O on heart rate (HR), cardiac stroke volume (SV), or cardiac index. We hypothesized that n-CPAP, by increasing intrathoracic pressure, should decrease SV and cardiac output (CO) in a dose-dependent fashion in normal subjects. We also hypothesized that mouth position, i.e., open or closed, could affect intrathoracic pressure and thus SV and CO. Six normal subjects were tested with four levels of CPAP (5, 10, 15, and 20 cm H2O) under three mask conditions-face mask and nasal mask with the mouth open (mo) or with the mouth closed (mc). Noninvasive pulsed Doppler measurements of SV and HR were made under each condition. N-CPAP (mc) and face mask CPAP (f-CPAP) resulted in significant dose-dependent decreases of SV-24 +/- 5 ml (21%) and 33 +/- 5 ml (28%), respectively--from baseline to 20 cm H2O (p < 0.05). HR were unchanged and CO significantly decreased with n-CPAP(mc) and with f-CPAP, 1.6 +/- 0.38 L/min (23%) and 2.29 +/- 0.54 L/min (31%), respectively, from baseline to 20 cm H2O (p < 0.05). Esophageal pressure measurements verified increasing intrathoracic pressure with increasing levels of f-CPAP and n-CPAP (mc) but not with n-CPAP (mo). In conclusion, n-CPAP (mc) and f-CPAP resulted in significant and similar dose-dependent decreases in SV and CO.