tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Stephen Hales, DD, FRS.
Authors: A E Clark-Kennedy
Journal: BMJ (1977)

A year later a strange young man matriculated at Corpus.He was certainly young."We had an old cat, a great favourite of my father's," writes William Stukeley, "and by mother's consent I did rid her of the infirmities of age and made a handsome skeleton which I carried with me to Cambridge.There I turned my mind particularly to physick, and began to make inquisition into anatomy and to dissect all sorts of animals; and saw, too, many philosophical experiments performed by Mr Waller, professor of chemistry and parson at Grantchester, with Mr Stephen Hales, a fellow of the college.""My tutor gave me a room in which to practise my chymical experiments," continues Stukeley."Here I often prepared the pulvis fulminans and surprised the college with an explosion in the night.I also visited the apothecary's shop and exercised a little gratis practice among the poor people that depended on the college.Smith, our joiner, in gratitude promised me his body to dissect when he died which, happening when I was out of college, he expressed much concern that I could not have the benefit of his promise.Mr Rolf, too, had been declared professor of anatomy.He was also curious in the knowledge of botanics; and he and I and Mr Stephen Hales used to go frequently asimpling over the Gogmagog hills and Cherry Hinton moors, armed with candle boxes and Ray's Catalogus in our pockets."Hales and Stukeley also went to the lectures that Vigani gave in Queens' and to his chemical experiments in the "elegant chymical laboratory" that Bentley had built on the fellows' bowling green at Trinity.They also attended Roger Cotes's lectures in astronomy-Hales constructed an orrery; Stukeley drew a picture of it-and used the telescope which had been installed by Newton over Great Gate.Stukeley went down in 1708 to practise as a doctor in Lincoln- shire.Hales, having been ordained priest and taken his BD, was appointed to a country living.So the partnership broke up.But Stukeley's youthful enthusiasm had fired in the older man a serious interest in biology and, "in Teddington's serene retreat for philosophic studies meet," Hales embarked on those extraordinary experiments that led him to become the greatest physiologist since Harvey.No one had yet measured the blood pressure.Hales, his eyes set on how the body works (rather than on how it is made), succeeded in measuring it both in the arteries and in the veins; and made many other observations which have added to our knowledge of the mechanics of the circulation.
Longitudinal Hemodynamic and Clinical Study of Mitral Stenosis
Authors: ALBERT A. DUBIN, HAROLD W. MARCH, KEITH COHN, ARTHUR SELZER
Journal: Circulation (1971)

Forty-two patients with pure mitral stenosis underwent a prospective, longitudinal study with two or more cardiac catheterizations 1 to 10 years apart and without intervening surgical treatment. The majority of patients had not previously had mitral valve surgery; in 16, the period of observation followed valvotomy. Twenty-seven patients showed evidence of progressive obstruction of the mitral valve; 15 showed no change in the calculated mitral valve area. In the group of patients with progressive disease (stenosis or restenosis) there was a consistent clinical and hemodynamic deterioration: 25 of the 27 showed increasing disability. In the nonprogressive group, seven of the 15 showed increasing symptomatology, most often related to the development of atrial fibrillation and a fall in cardiac output. Possible causes for the different course of mitral stenosis in the two groups are reviewed. The probability that trauma due to altered flow patterns through a stenotic valve produces progressive stenosis is suggested.
Activation of dendritic cells by local ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Mona Y. Ali, Christian F. Grimm, Marcus Ritter, Leonhard Mohr, Hans-Peter Allgaier, Robert Weth, Wulf O. Bocher, Katja Endrulat, Hubert E. Blum, Michael Geissler
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2005)
Diagnostic Performance of CMR Imaging Compared With EMB in Patients With Suspected Myocarditis
Authors: Philipp Lurz, Ingo Eitel, Julia Adam, Julia Steiner, Matthias Grothoff, Steffen Desch, Georg Fuernau, Suzanne de Waha, Mahdi Sareban, Christian Luecke, Karin Klingel, Reinhard Kandolf, Gerhard Schuler, Matthias Gutberlet, Holger Thiele
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2012)
Oxidized low density lipoprotein induces apoptosis via generation of reactive oxygen species in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: C Hsieh
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2001)

Objective: Death of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) induced by oxidized LDL (oxLDL) can occur by both necrosis and apoptosis which may contribute to plaque instability and rupture. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces apoptosis in VSMC and is involved in oxLDL action, we tested the hypothesis here that a coupling exists between ROS generation and apoptosis of oxLDL-treated VSMC. Methods: Cultured VSMC from rat aorta were treated with oxLDL, apoptosis and necrosis were distinguished by using FITC-annexin V label and propidium iodide stain, analyzed by flow cytometry. ROS generation of VSMCs was detected by the fluorescence intensity of DCF. Apoptosis was also determined by cleavage of procaspase-3. Results: OxLDL induced apoptosis (3 h) in a dose-dependent manner and reached maximum (with near-basal necrosis) at a concentration of 300 μg/ml. At this and lower (100 μg/ml) concentration, oxLDL, but not native LDL, stimulated ROS production rapidly (≤5 min) and ROS level remained elevated for at least 45 min. Catalase and deferoxamine reduced both oxLDL-induced apoptosis and ROS generation. Superoxide dismutase and benzoic acid neither reduced the oxLDL-induced ROS generation nor inhibited apoptosis. Since oxLDL-induced ROS generation were inhibited by nordihydroguaiaretic acid and rotenone, lipoxygenase and mitochondrial pathways could be involved. In addition, catalase, deferoxamine, and N-acetylcysteine inhibited oxLDL-induced cleavage of procaspase-3 as well. Conclusions: ROS generation and apoptosis are tightly coupled in oxLDL-treated VSMCs. Antioxidants that reduced ROS level inhibited apoptosis, those that did not reduce ROS level were ineffective. Both mitochondrial and lipoxygenase activities may be involved.
From base-rate to cumulative respect
Authors: C. Philip Beaman, Rachel McCloy
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract The tendency to neglect base-rates in judgment under uncertainty may be “notorious,” as Barbey &amp; Sloman (B&amp;S) suggest, but it is neither inevitable (as they document; see also Koehler 1996) nor unique. Here we would like to point out another line of evidence connecting ecological rationality to dual processes, the failure of individuals to appropriately judge cumulative probability.
Painful Questions About Fibromyalgia
Authors: Tom Bohr
Journal: JAMA (1987)

To the Editor.—  It was surprising to see an editorial 1 and review article 2 on fibromyalgia in a prestigious journal such as JAMA , but perhaps some discussion is better than none.  It is not simply contemporary medical prejudices that keep many physicians from using the diagnosis of fibromyalgia. There simply has never been good evidence for it as a syndrome distinct from affective disorders. As Dr Goldenberg admits in his article, it cannot be explained on current pathophysiologic grounds and lacks specific laboratory or other diagnostic tests.  It is argued by Dr Bennett that tender points are an objective abnormality and by Dr Goldenberg that they constitute the gold standard for diagnosis. Reference is made by the latter to the dolorimeter, as if this quasiscientific device supports the existence of anything other than plain old aches and pains. Any medical student knows that using a stethoscope does not take
THU0103 Disease Activity in Male Smokers Has A &gt;10-Fold Amplified Effect on Radiographic Damage in Comparison with Female Non-Smokers in Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: S. Ramiro, A. van Tubergen, R. Landewé, C. Stolwijk, M. Dougados, F. van den Bosch, D. van der Heijde
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> We have shown that disease activity has an effect on radiographic progression over the long-term and that gender and symptom duration are effect modifiers. Smoking has been shown to predict radiographic progression. <h3>Objectives</h3> To investigate whether smoking influenced this longitudinal relationship between disease activity and radiographic damage. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients from the Outcome in AS International Study (OASIS) were followed-up for 12 years, with biannual clinical and radiographic assessments. Two readers independently scored the x-rays according to the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS) and scores were averaged. Disease activity was assessed by the ASDAS-CRP. The relationship between ASDAS and radiographic damage was investigated using generalized estimating equations, with auto-regressive (i.e. adjusted for the 2-year previous mSASSS) models with a 2-year time-lag. Interactions were tested with baseline smoking status and if significant, analyses were repeated in strata. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 127 patients were included (71% males, mean (SD) age 41 (12) years, mean symptom duration 18 (11) years and 82% HLA-B27 positive). Smoking status modified the relationship between disease activity and radiographic damage significantly (p&lt;0.001), and this effect extended to other strata: males (p=0.002) and patients with shorter symptom duration (&lt;18y) (p=0.009); Overall, an increase in one ASDAS-unit led to an increase in 0.72 mSASSS-units per 2 years. In smokers, this value reached 1.94 mSASSS-units and in male smokers 2.15 mSASSS-units (Table). Comparing the magnitude of the effect of ASDAS on mSASSS in smokers vs non-smokers, smokers had a 5.5 fold amplified effect, whereas male smokers had a 13.4 fold amplified effect compared to female non-smokers. Smokers with short symptom duration had a 8.1-fold amplified effect compared to non-smokers with long symptom duration (Figure). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Smoking amplifies the effect of disease activity on radiographic damage (5-fold). This effect is further amplified in male smokers (13.4-fold) in comparison with female non-smokers. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> : None declared <h3>DOI</h3> 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.1958
Lung disease induced by drug addiction.
Authors: M K Benson, A M Bentley
Journal: Thorax (1995)

<h3>Objectives</h3> The aim of this study is to determine the factors that influence individuals' exposure to tobacco smoke in Turkey according to their education level. <h3>Design</h3> Secondary data analysis. <h3>Participants</h3> Altogether, 17 084 individuals aged 15 and over were included in this study. <h3>Settings</h3> Data set of the Turkey Health Survey in 2019. <h3>Methods</h3> Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with individuals' exposure to tobacco smoke. <h3>Primary and secondary outcome measures</h3> The variables age, gender, marital status, general health status, employment status, receipt of psychosocial support and tobacco use were found to be correlated with exposure to tobacco smoke. <h3>Results</h3> The study determined that individuals who are illiterate/unschooled were exposed to tobacco smoke at a rate of 32.61%, primary school graduates at a rate of 34.32%, primary education graduates at a rate of 41.75%, high school graduates at a rate of 41.04% and university graduates at a rate of 40.34%. <h3>Conclusion</h3> As a result of the study, it is emphasised that men, young individuals, individuals with moderate and very good general health status, those who use tobacco, those who are unemployed and those who receive psychosocial support should be targeted. In addition, appropriate strategies for reducing secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure should be developed, taking into account public health strategies for increasing awareness of the adverse health effects of SHS exposure and the determinants of tobacco exposure according to the study.
Hazards and Complications of Dialysis
Authors: John F. Maher, George E. Schreiner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1965)

HEMODIALYSIS has been used more frequently in recent years because of the increased application in acute renal failure, the repetitive use in chronic renal failure and the growing list of dialyzable poisons. In addition, peritoneal dialysis has gained popularity as an alternate technic. A decade ago, when cumbersome and expensive dialyzers were the vogue, the procedure was restricted to a few large medical centers. These centers provided training in the technic and in clinical nephrology. The increased popularity of dialysis has moved the procedure into the small hospital and even into the home1 , 2 at a faster rate than knowledge could . . .
Making dirty water drinkable
Authors: Frank J Leavitt, Mrinalinee Vanarase
Journal: BMJ (2005)

A theme issue by, for, and about Africa Results from Ugandan programme preventing maternal transmission of HIVEditor-Since the efficacy of antiretroviral drugs in preventing HIV transmission from mother to child was first shown, much effort has been devoted in many countries in Africa to implement sustainable regimens. [1]2][3][4] To identify potential reasons affecting uptake we evaluated the five year performance of a programme at St Francis Hospital Nsambya in Kampala, Uganda.The programme included voluntary counselling and confidential HIV testing for pregnant women and administration of antiretroviral prophylaxis in the peripartum period (zidovudine or nevirapine) for HIV positive women.Overall 24 133 women received counselling, 76% (18 384) agreed to be tested, and 2011 (10.9%) were HIV positive; 1341 (66.7% of the HIV positive women) were enrolled in the programme and received antiretroviral drugs.Acceptance of the test increased from 72.7% (9103/12 524) in 2000-2 to 79.9% (9281/11 609) in 2003-4, when a drug access programme became available in the hospital.Acceptance of the test and enrolment in the programme were lower in married or cohabitating women (test acceptance rate 72.9% (7735/10 605)) than single women (78% (860/1106)), indicating that the fear of being identified as HIV positive in the family is still a strong limiting factor and that men could have an important role.Acceptance of the test was lower in women belonging to the local tribe in Kampala (Baganda), probably because of fear of being recognised by hospital health workers.Higher education was associated with a lower prevalence of HIV and a higher enrolment in the programme, confirming that education can have a key role not only in protecting against HIV but also in allowing HIV positive people to benefit from existing measures against the spread of HIV.
Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study: Measuring Diabetic Neuropathy Follow-up Study Results
Authors: Raelene E Maser, Dorothy J Becker, Allan L Drash, Demetrius Ellis, Lewis H Kuller, Douglas A Greene, Trevor J Orchard
Journal: Diabetes Care (1992)

Objective This project evaluated the utility of quantitative sensory techniques in predicting the development of neuropathy for subjects participating in a prospective study. Research Design and Methods Distal symmetric polyneuropathy was evaluated in 77 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus individuals via quantitative sensory testing, nerve conduction studies, and clinical examination. Results Although the specificity and positive predictive value were low for the quantitative sensory techniques as predictors of neuropathy diagnosed on clinical exam ∼2 yr later, the sensitivity for vibratory thresholds was high (100%). Variability over the 2-yr interval was shown on follow-up testing for each of the objective assessment modalities and it was not explained by differences for potential risk factors measured at baseline. Conclusion Despite a cross-sectional relationship between the assessment modalities and clinically overt neuropathy at baseline, these follow-up data suggest that the potential for the objective modalities as predictors of clinically diagnosed neuropathy may be limited.
Microbiota and dietary interactions – an update to the hygiene hypothesis?
Authors: R. Frei, R. P. Lauener, R. Crameri, L. O'Mahony
Journal: Allergy (2012)

Abstract The dramatic increase in the incidence and severity of allergy and asthma has been proposed to be linked with an altered exposure to, and colonization by, micro‐organisms, particularly early in life. However, other lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity are also thought to be important, and it is likely that multiple environmental factors with currently unrecognized interactions contribute to the atopic state. This review will focus on the potential role of microbial metabolites in immunoregulatory functions and highlights the known molecular mechanisms, which may mediate the interactions between diet, microbiota, and protection from allergy and asthma.
FDA is incapable of protecting US “against another Vioxx”
Authors: Jeanne Lenzer
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The distribution of the short (gamma 2S) and long (gamma 2L) subunits of the GABAA receptors in the rat brain has been revealed by light microscopy immunocytochemistry with novel subunit-specific antibodies (anti-gamma 2S and anti-gamma 2L). We have also used other subunit- specific antibodies including anti-gamma 2IL2 (which recognizes both gamma 2S and gamma 2L), anti-alpha 1COOH, and the monoclonal antibody 62–3G1 to beta 2/3 for comparing the regional and cellular distribution of the most abundant GABAA receptor subunits in the rat brain. The distributions of gamma 2S and gamma 2L immunoreactivities are similar throughout the brain although the relative intensity of both signals varies depending on the brain area and neuronal type. In the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and olfactory bulb (particularly mitral, periglomerular, and tufted neurons), gamma 2S was more abundant than gamma 2L. In contrast, the inferior colliculus, medulla, and the cerebellar Purkinje cells displayed more gamma 2L than gamma 2S immunolabeling. An important difference in the distribution of the various subunits was found in cerebellum: gamma 2S and gamma 2L were predominantly localized in the molecular layer, whereas alpha 1 and beta 2/3 were more abundant in the granular layer. In the thalamus, gamma 2L and gamma 2S were less abundant than either alpha 1 or beta 2/3 subunits. The results showed that there is colocalization of gamma 2S and gamma 2L subunits in some brain areas and neuronal types, as well as areas of mismatch. Colocalization and mismatches were also found among alpha 1, beta 2/3, and gamma 2, probably resulting from the heterogeneity in the subunit composition of the GABAA receptors through the brain.
THE COLLEAGUE WHO CHANGED MY LIFE
Authors: N. Conway
Journal: BMJ (1996)

A great doctor died last December. Few, I believe, would disagree with the adjective, except the man himself. Yet Alan Jacobs was not widely known, worked at a measured pace, and, I guess—being merely his awed senior house officer in 1961—probably shunned office. He carried out one major piece of research—on arterial embolism—based characteristically on painstaking clinical observation. It took him 16 years. His secretary joked she lost as many from her life, endlessly retyping what became, when he was 53, his DM thesis. Livingstone published it as a monograph, a notable honour.

A dignified career then, not an electrifying one, yet Jacobs made an impression on me which still …
Tuberculous Peritonitis in Children
Authors: Lee D. Van Antwerp
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1937)

SURPRISINGLY little about tuberculous peritonitis is found in recent literature, and the opinions expressed as to the seriousness of the condition vary considerably. Although the material on which this paper is based is not extensive, it represents the accumulated cases of sixteen years occurring in a state sanatorium for tuberculous children. It is probable that nearly all children in Connecticut diagnosed as having tuberculous peritonitis find their way to this institution provided they survive the waiting period, which varies from
Surgeon is warned for undertaking "adventurous" procedure without consent
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A cardiac surgeon with an international reputation has been given a formal warning by the General Medical Council for undertaking an “adventurous” procedure for which he was not adequately trained and for which he did not obtain informed consent.

Gilles Dreyfus, who has operated on the actor Gerard Depardieu and King Constantine of Greece, was before the GMC over an endoscopically assisted mitral valve repair he performed on a 33 year old man at Harefield Hospital in Uxbridge, London, in 2007.

Professor Dreyfus, who qualified in France, saw the patient at an outpatient clinic a few weeks …
Conditional Gata4 deletion in mice induces bile acid absorption in the proximal small intestine
Authors: E. Beuling, I. M. Kerkhof, G. A. Nicksa, M. J. Giuffrida, J. Haywood, D. J. a. de Kerk, C. M. Piaseckyj, W. T. Pu, T. L. Buchmiller, P. A. Dawson, S. D. Krasinski
Journal: Gut (2010)

Background and aims The transcription factor GATA4 is expressed throughout most of the small intestine except distal ileum, and restricts expression of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), the rate-limiting intestinal bile acid transporter, to distal ileum. The hypothesis was tested that reduction of GATA4 activity in mouse small intestine results in an induction of bile acid transport in proximal small intestine sufficient to restore bile acid absorption and homeostasis after ileocaecal resection (ICR). Methods Bile acid homeostasis was characterised in non-surgical, sham or ICR mice using two recombinant Gata4 models in which Asbt expression is induced to different levels. Results Reduction of intestinal GATA4 activity resulted in an induction of ASBT expression, bile acid absorption and expression of bile acid-responsive genes in proximal small intestine, and a reduction of luminal bile acids in distal small intestine. While faecal bile acid excretion and bile acid pool size remained unchanged, the bile acid pool became more hydrophilic due to a relative increase in tauro-β-muricholate absorption. Furthermore, proximal induction of Asbt in both Gata4 mutant models corrected ICR-associated bile acid malabsorption, reversing the decrease in bile acid pool size and increase in faecal bile acid excretion and hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase expression. Conclusions Reduction of intestinal GATA4 activity induces bile acid absorption in proximal small intestine without inducing major changes in bile acid homeostasis. This induction is sufficient to correct bile acid malabsorption caused by ICR in mice.
An education and counseling program for chronic kidney disease: strategies to improve patient knowledge
Authors: Romina A. Danguilan, Concesa B. Cabanayan-Casasola, Nemma N. Evangelista, Ma Lourdes F. Pelobello, Clarissa D. Equipado, Ma Lorelei Lucio-Tong, Enrique T. Ona
Journal: Kidney International Supplements (2013)
Gain of Interaction with IRS1 by p110α-Helical Domain Mutants Is Crucial for Their Oncogenic Functions
Authors: Yujun Hao, Chao Wang, Bo Cao, Brett M. Hirsch, Jing Song, Sanford D. Markowitz, Rob M. Ewing, David Sedwick, Lili Liu, Weiping Zheng, Zhenghe Wang
Journal: Cancer Cell (2013)