tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Case of Poisoning by Strychnine
Authors: R. J. Rogers
Journal: BMJ (1865)

time the separation has oceurred, the velocity of the circulation, and the angles formed by divergent branches.When an artery so obstructed is ex- amined, it will appear as if distended with artificial injection, the coats being quite healthy.The plug is firm, distinctly laminated, like the contents of an aneurism; in shape mostly conical, the base di- rected to the stream; smooth; like an ordinary clot in colour; the apex often irregular, lighter in colouir, and possibly identical in structure with fibrinous masses or vegetations, yet undetached.The changes that ultimately occur are chiefly in- fluenced by the size and positioui of the artery ob- structed.If it be the internal carotid artery, by reason of its numerous inosculations with the branches of its fellow, and of the external carotid and the subelavian, the circulation is soon restored.If the embolus and the vessel be not adherent, the force of the circulation may produce dilatation of the vessel behind the ob- struction, and the blood may gradually find its way be- tween the plug and the vessel.In this way, the circulation may be in part restored.If the clot be
Impact of CONSORT extension for cluster randomised trials on quality of reporting and study methodology: review of random sample of 300 trials, 2000-8
Authors: N. M. Ivers, M. Taljaard, S. Dixon, C. Bennett, A. McRae, J. Taleban, Z. Skea, J. C. Brehaut, R. F. Boruch, M. P. Eccles, J. M. Grimshaw, C. Weijer, M. Zwarenstein, A. Donner
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<b>Objective</b> To assess the impact of the 2004 extension of the CONSORT guidelines on the reporting and methodological quality of cluster randomised trials. <b>Design</b> Methodological review of 300 randomly sampled cluster randomised trials. Two reviewers independently abstracted 14 criteria related to quality of reporting and four methodological criteria specific to cluster randomised trials. We compared manuscripts published before CONSORT (2000-4) with those published after CONSORT (2005-8). We also investigated differences by journal impact factor, type of journal, and trial setting. <b>Data sources</b> A validated Medline search strategy. <b>Eligibility criteria for selecting studies</b> Cluster randomised trials published in English language journals, 2000-8. <b>Results</b> There were significant improvements in five of 14 reporting criteria: identification as cluster randomised; justification for cluster randomisation; reporting whether outcome assessments were blind; reporting the number of clusters randomised; and reporting the number of clusters lost to follow-up. No significant improvements were found in adherence to methodological criteria. Trials conducted in clinical rather than non-clinical settings and studies published in medical journals with higher impact factor or general medical journals were more likely to adhere to recommended reporting and methodological criteria overall, but there was no evidence that improvements after publication of the CONSORT extension for cluster trials were more likely in trials conducted in clinical settings nor in trials published in either general medical journals or in higher impact factor journals. <b>Conclusion</b> The quality of reporting of cluster randomised trials improved in only a few aspects since the publication of the extension of CONSORT for cluster randomised trials, and no improvements at all were observed in essential methodological features. Overall, the adherence to reporting and methodological guidelines for cluster randomised trials remains suboptimal, and further efforts are needed to improve both reporting and methodology.
Doctors in US and Europe think work conditions are deteriorating
Authors: R. Watson
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Doctors in Europe and North America have a strong feeling that the conditions in which they work are deteriorating. In particular, they point to financial restrictions, administrative burdens, and interference by non-medical third parties.

In contrast, their colleagues in China, India, and Australia are more positive about the direction medicine is taking. But optimists and pessimists agree that the relationship between doctor and patient is changing because of time constraints and increasing demands from patients who are better informed about their condition and possible treatment.

The findings emerge from the Global Physicians’ Survey, produced by …
Virology and cell biology of the hepatitis C virus life cycle – An update
Authors: Jean Dubuisson, François-Loïc Cosset
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important human pathogen that causes hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It imposes a serious problem to public health in the world as the population of chronically infected HCV patients who are at risk of progressive liver disease is projected to increase significantly in the next decades. However, the arrival of new antiviral molecules is progressively changing the landscape of hepatitis C treatment. The search for new anti-HCV therapies has also been a driving force to better understand how HCV interacts with its host, and major progresses have been made on the various steps of the HCV life cycle. Here, we review the most recent advances in the fast growing knowledge on HCV life cycle and interaction with host factors and pathways.
Course of virologic breakthroughs under long-term lamivudine in HBeAg-negative precore mutant HBV liver disease
Authors: George V. Papatheodoridis, Evangelini Dimou, Andreas Laras, Vassilios Papadimitropoulos, Stephanos J. Hadziyannis
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

We studied the course of virologic breakthroughs detected by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in 32 of 78 patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative precore mutant hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronic liver disease under long-term lamivudine monotherapy. Serum HBV DNA levels were measured every 3 months and on every biochemical breakthrough. YMDD mutants were detected in 30 of the 32 patients with virologic breakthroughs. Among these 32 patients, biochemical remission rate was 44% at 6 months, 21% at 12 months, and 0% at 24 months after the onset of virologic breakthrough. Development of biochemical breakthroughs was associated with a significant increase of serum HBV DNA levels, which exceeded 100,000 copies/mL in 19 of 20 patients (95%) with biochemical breakthroughs and in only 1 of 8 patients (12.5%) remaining in biochemical remission for at least 6 months after the onset of virologic breakthrough (P <.001). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level peaked within 0 to 3 months after the onset of biochemical breakthrough and decreased at 6 months but remained abnormal in all but 2 patients. Follow-up liver histologic lesions in patients with biochemical breakthroughs did not differ from baseline findings, although they were significantly improved in patients remaining in virologic and biochemical remission. In conclusion, the frequent emergence of viral resistance under long-term lamivudine monotherapy in HBeAg-negative precore mutant HBV chronic liver disease is followed by increasing viremia levels culminating in the development of biochemical breakthroughs in most cases. ALT activity peaks close to the onset of biochemical breakthrough, decreasing thereafter but remaining persistently abnormal with fluctuating levels.
Experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis: effect of Thy1.2+ and CD8+ cell depletion.
Authors: M Schuyler, K Gott, B Edwards, K J Nikula
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

We previously demonstrated that recipient CD4+ cells are necessary for expression of adoptive murine experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis (EHP). In contrast, the acute inflammatory response to intratracheal (i.t.) administration of Micropolyspora faeni (direct EHP) is not CD4+ cell dependent (Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994;149:1286-1294). To further characterize the cells responsible for development of pulmonary inflammation in recipient animals, we depleted recipients of either Thy1.2+ or CD8+ cells before transfer of M. faeni-sensitized cultured C3H/HeJ spleen cells and i.t. challenge with M. faeni. We used the same depletion technique to determine the contribution of these cells to the pulmonary response to i.t. M. faeni in animals that did not receive cultured cells (direct EHP). The nature and extent of pulmonary inflammatory changes in these animals were assayed either 4 d after i.t. challenge with M. faeni in adoptive EHP or 2 d after i.t. challenge with M. faeni in direct EHP. We also tested the hypothesis that our previously demonstrated ablation of adoptive EHP caused by administration of anti-CD4 antibody was due to depletion of recipient CD4+ cells by allowing recovery of recipient CD4+ cells of anti-CD4-treated animals before i.t. challenge. In addition, we allowed Thy1.2+ cell recovery of anti-Thy1.2-treated animals before i.t. challenge. Cultured M. faeni-sensitized spleen cells could adoptively transfer EHP to animals treated with an irrelevant antibody or PBS. Depletion of Thy1.2+ but not CD8+ cells ablated the ability of recipient animals to express adoptive EHP. Direct EHP was not affected by depletion of Thy1.2+ or CD8+ cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Recurrent DNMT3A mutations in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: M J Walter, L Ding, D Shen, J Shao, M Grillot, M McLellan, R Fulton, H Schmidt, J Kalicki-Veizer, M O'Laughlin, C Kandoth, J Baty, P Westervelt, J F DiPersio, E R Mardis, R K Wilson, T J Ley, T A Graubert
Journal: Leukemia (2011)
Tamoxifen and Premenopausal Breast Cancer
Authors: Amin U. Haq
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

Letters and Corrections15 December 1988Tamoxifen and Premenopausal Breast CancerAmin U. Haq, MDAmin U. Haq, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-109-12-992_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editor:In his excellent review (1) of tamoxifen in the treatment of breast cancer, Legha concludes that "adjuvant use of tamoxifen in premenopausal women with stage II breast cancer has not been shown to be useful and should be avoided." As the author himself has noted, the Nolvadex Adjuvant Treatment Organization (NATO) and Scottish Cancer Trial Group have shown that the adjuvant use of tamoxifen improved the disease-free and overall survival of premenopausal women (2, 3). The number of premenopausal patients with stage II breast cancer in the Scottish trial was not stated; however, all premenopausal women in...References1. Legha S. Tamoxifen in the treatment of breast cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109:219-28. LinkGoogle Scholar2. . Controlled trial of tamoxifen as single adjuvant agent in management of early breast cancer. Lancet. 1985;1:836-9. MedlineGoogle Scholar3. . Adjuvant tamoxifen in the management of operable breast cancer: the Scottish Trial. Lancet. 1987;2:171-5. MedlineGoogle Scholar4. McGuire W, Horwitz K, Pearson O, and Segaloff A. Current status of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer. Cancer. 1977;39:2934-47. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Consensus conference: adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. JAMA. 1985;254:3461-3. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar1. Glick J. Commentary: meeting highlights: adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. JNCI. 1988;80:471-5. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Amin U. Haq, MDAffiliations: Veterans Administration Medical Center East Orange, NJ 07019 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 December 1988Volume 109, Issue 12 Page: 992-993 Keywords Breast cancer Cancer treatment ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 15 December 1988 PDF downloadLoading ...
Potential human health effects associated with laboratory exposures to Pfiesteria piscicida.
Authors: D E Schmechel, D C Koltai
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

The adverse human health effects associated with the most prolonged and intense exposure known to Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger & Burkholder cultures and toxin(s) are described. In December 1993, a patient presented with acute illness to the Memory Disorders Clinic of the Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center at Duke University Medical Center with significant cognitive deficits 2 weeks after ceasing occupational laboratory exposure on the recommendation of the evaluating primary care physician. The clinical and exposure histories of this patient are presented. The comprehensive neurological examination findings are reviewed, with attention to the patient's neuropsychological evaluation. Six-week follow-up data illustrate the course of symptom resolution with exposure cessation. This case is presented in an effort to contribute to the gradually accruing evidence of potential central nervous system sequelae of Pfiesteria exposure. The case is discussed in the context of additional cases evaluated at Duke University Medical Center and the complicated scientific framework in which such evaluations proceed while definitive surrogate or biological markers are awaited.
Multigene Lentiviral Vectors Based on Differential Splicing and Translational Control
Authors: Yonghong Zhu, Gerold Feuer, Shannon L. Day, Stephen Wrzesinski, Vicente Planelles
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2001)

Lentiviral vectors, so far, have been optimized for the expression of a single open reading frame. Certain practical applications of gene therapy will, however, require expression of multiple genes. The goal of this study was to explore the feasibility of directing expression of two marker genes from a lentiviral vector. We designed two types of multigene lentiviral vectors. First, we used a strategy based on the natural splicing signals of HIV-1, by which multiple mRNAs are generated from a single transcriptional unit. A second strategy was construction of a polycistronic mRNA using a translational cis-acting element, the encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Our studies show that the inclusion of multiple genes in lentiviral vectors does not result in reduction in virus titers or in the loss of ability to infect nondividing cells. We introduced mutations in tat and/or rev to test whether splicing modulates the relative levels of expression of reporter genes. We also developed a truncated version of tat, which is devoid of the apoptosis-associated domain. Inclusion of this tat mutant in a lentiviral vector resulted in the generation of virus with titers similar to those of lentivirus vectors expressing wild-type tat.
Expiratory Asynchrony in Proportional Assist Ventilation
Authors: Hong-Lin Du, Mikiya Ohtsuji, Masaki Shigeta, David C. Chao, Katsunori Sasaki, Yutaka Usuda, Yoshitsugu Yamada
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

One of the proposed advantages of proportional assist ventilation (PAV) has been the automatic synchrony between the end of the patient's inspiratory effort and the ventilator cycle (i.e., expiratory synchrony). However, recent clinical studies have shown a prolonged ventilator inspiratory time or even a “runaway” phenomenon with the normal use of PAV. We hypothesize that control-system delay may account for this, because in reality there is always some degree of delays between control-system's input and output in all ventilators. Computer simulation study to date has not taken into account the potential effect of control-system delay on expiratory synchrony. We therefore created a computer model in which the parameter of control-system delay time was introduced. We found that significant expiratory asynchrony may occur with this more realistic model of PAV. The ventilator flow termination may fall behind the completion of the patient inspiration by as long as 0.33 seconds under the selected simulation conditions. The inspiratory termination delay time is in proportion to the control-system delay time, the respiratory time constant, and the assist gain settings. In conclusion, this model indicates that due to the unavoidable control-system delay in the ventilators, expiratory asynchrony may be an inherent shortcoming associated with PAV.
TRPV4-Mediated Calcium Influx into Human Bronchial Epithelia upon Exposure to Diesel Exhaust Particles
Authors: Jinju Li, Patrick Kanju, Michael Patterson, Wei-Leong Chew, Seung-Hyun Cho, Ian Gilmour, Tim Oliver, Ryohei Yasuda, Andrew Ghio, Sidney A. Simon, Wolfgang Liedtke
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

Human respiratory epithelia function in airway mucociliary clearance and barrier function and have recently been implicated in sensory functions.We investigated a link between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms underlying Ca2+ influx into human airway epithelia elicited by diesel exhaust particles (DEP).Using primary cultures of human respiratory epithelial (HRE) cells, we determined that these cells possess proteolytic signaling machinery, whereby proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) activates Ca2+-permeable TRPV4, which leads to activation of human respiratory disease-enhancing matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), a signaling cascade initiated by diesel exhaust particles (DEP), a globally relevant air pollutant. Moreover, we observed ciliary expression of PAR-2, TRPV4, and phospholipase-Cβ3 in human airway epithelia and their DEP-enhanced protein-protein complex formation. We also found that the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-predisposing TRPV4P19S variant enhances Ca2+ influx and MMP 1 activation, providing mechanistic linkage between man-made air pollution and human airway disease.DEP evoked protracted Ca2+ influx via TRPV4, enhanced by the COPD-predisposing human genetic polymorphism TRPV4P19S. This mechanism reprograms maladaptive inflammatory and extracellular-matrix-remodeling responses in human airways. The novel concept of air pollution-responsive ciliary signal transduction from PAR-2 to TRPV4 in human respiratory epithelia will accelerate rationally targeted therapies, possibly via the inhalatory route.
Association between gold induced skin rash and remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: D Caspi, M Tishler, M Yaron
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1989)

The coincidence of skin eruption and remission induced by gold has not previously been reported. In 50 out of 247 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with gold salts (Solganal) between 1977 and 1987 treatment was stopped owing to adverse reactions. Skin rashes were present in 31 patients, 10 had nephropathy, and nine patients had aphthous stomatitis. All 31 patients who developed skin eruption entered a concomitant clinical and laboratory remission. The remission satisfied the American Rheumatism Association preliminary criteria and was accompanied by a significant decrease of mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate from 43 (SD 13) to 25 (11) mm/h. Disease was exacerbated in 23 patients after three to 60 months. Eight patients are in remission at present, five to 68 months after gold treatment was discontinued. In contrast, no remission was noticed among the 19 patients with nephropathy or stomatitis.
WEIGHING THE EVIDENCE OF HARM WITH PPI+ CLOPIDOGREL VERUS CLOPIDOGREL ALONE FOR SECONDARY PREVENTION OF CAD- META ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED TRIALS AND OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES COMPRISING OVER 50,000 PATIENTS
Authors: Abdul Hakeem, Sabha Bhatti, Kunal Karmali, Florence Rothenberg, Robin H. Vandivier
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Effects of Restrictive Licensing of Handguns on Homicide and Suicide in the District of Columbia
Authors: Colin Loftin, David McDowall, Brian Wiersema, Talbert J. Cottey
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

Whether restricting access to handguns will reduce firearm-related homicides and suicides is currently a matter of intense debate. In 1976 the District of Columbia adopted a law that banned the purchase, sale, transfer, or possession of handguns by civilians. We evaluated the effect of implementing this law on the frequency of homicides and suicides.
Cutaneous metastatic malignant mixed mullerian tumour mimicking cutaneous leiomyosarcoma: a case report
Authors: Y-H. Cho, S-G. Park, S-H. Kim, J-S. Park, M-G. Lee
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2004)

Journal Article Research Snippets Get access British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 151, Issue 3, 1 September 2004, Page 656, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06229.x Published: 01 September 2004
Detection of Novel Germ-line p53 Mutations in Diverse-Cancer-Prone Families Identifiled by Selecting Patients With Childhood Adrencortical Carcinoma
Authors: Y. Sameshima, Y. Tsunematsu, S. Watanabe, T. Tsukamoto, K. Kawa-ha, Y. Hirata, H. Mizoguchi, T. Sugimura, M. Terada, J. Yokota
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1992)

Germ-line p53 mutations appear to be inherited among the members of families diagnosed with Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). The mutations detected in those families to date have been clustered in exon 7 of the p53 gene and, typically, have been single-base substitutions resulting in amino acid changes.Our aim was to define the spectrum of p53 mutations associated with LFS.From seven cancer-prone families identified by selecting members with childhood adrenocortical carcinoma as probands, we chose two families, each of which had two members from whom specimens could be obtained for genetic analysis. To detect germ-line p53 gene mutations in these individuals, we performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis with Taq polymerase and oligonucleotide primers specific for p53 gene sequences. Genomic DNA extracted from fresh tissue samples and paraffin-embedded tumor samples was amplified, denatured, and electrophoresed on neutral polyacrylamide gels. PCR amplification was also carried out using total RNA from adrenocortical carcinoma samples of the proband in family 1. PCR products were purified, subcloned, and sequenced.We detected novel germ-line p53 mutations in affected members of both cancer-prone families. In the proband of family 1, a single-base deletion was detected at the first nucleotide of codon 307 in exon 8 of the p53 gene, resulting in a premature stop codon in exon 10. In family 2, we detected an A to C transversion at the second nucleotide of codon 286 in exon 8, both in DNA isolated from the adrenocortical tumor of the proband and in DNA isolated from the astrocytoma of the proband's father. This single-base substitution resulted in an amino acid substitution of alanine for glutamic acid. Both of these mutations are located outside the highly conserved region of the p53 gene where mutations in patients with LFS have been reported previously.Our results indicate that a wide range of germ-line p53 mutations is inherited in members of diverse-cancer-prone families.