tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Deficiency in virion secretion and decreased stability of the hepatitis B virus immune escape mutant G145R
Authors: Tatyana Kalinina, Alicja Iwanski, Hans Will, Martina Sterneck
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Hepatitis B virus with a G145R mutation in the small surface protein is considered the quintessential immune escape mutant because it frequently is found in vaccinated individuals with breakthrough infections and liver transplant recipients under anti–hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) immunoglobulin prophylaxis. Nowadays the prevalence of the variant progressively increases. However, because spread of a virus depends not only on immune pressure but also on the viral phenotype, we investigated the biologic properties of the G145R variant. The G145R mutation was introduced into wild–type (Wt) virus genome by in vitro mutagenesis. After transfection into human hepatoma cells, the DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and viral secretion ability of the mutant were studied. Furthermore, cotransfection studies were performed with the G145R variant and a Wt virus S–protein expressing construct and vice versa. Production and stability of viral messenger RNAs (mRNAs), DNA, and proteins were not affected by the G145R mutation. In contrast, secretion of mutant virions was reduced significantly. Only 20% of virions were found in the medium of G145R variant–transfected cells compared with Wt virus. Furthermore, mutant virions were more sensitive to detergent treatment suggesting a diminished stability. In cotransfection studies, Wt virus S–protein rescued secretion of mutant virions, whereas mutant S–protein had a transdominant negative effect on secretion of Wt virus. Both mechanisms may support persistence of the defective mutant in a mixed population with Wt virus. In conclusion, the significant defect of the G145R mutant for secretion of infectious virions and the diminished stability of mutant virions may limit global spread of the mutant.
A CLINICAL EVALUATION OF TETRAETHYLTHIURAMDISULPHIDE (ANTABUSE) IN THE TREATMENT OF PROBLEM DRINKERS
Authors: KARL M. BOWMAN, ALEXANDER SIMON, C. H. HINE, E. A. MACKLIN, G. H. CROOK, N. BURBRIDGE, KARL HANSON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1951)

The Antabuse treatment of problem drinkers appears to be of definite value in the medical management of certain patients by significantly reducing the amount of time devoted to excessive drinking over a long period. It is more likely to prove of value in those persons showing no evidence of psychotic trends and lesser degrees of neurotic disposition. There is little evidence to indicate that it will bring about a permanent cure so that Antabuse may be discontinued after 6 months of ingestion of the drug when given as outlined. It is of utmost importance to recognize that psychotic reactions may occur while the patient is under Antabuse medication and that serious cardiovascular accidents may occur should the patient consume alcoholic beverages during the course of treatment.
Thrombolysis and Q Wave Versus Non-Q Wave First Acute Myocardial Infarction: A GUSTO-I Substudy
Authors: Alejandro Barbagelata, Robert M Califf, Elena B Sgarbossa, Shaun G Goodman, Amanda L Stebbins, Christopher B Granger, Luis D Suarez, Miguel Borruel, Kathy Gates, Stephen Starr, Galen S Wagner
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1997)
Modern Genetics, Ancient Defenses, and Potential Therapies
Authors: Peter K. Gregersen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

Autoimmunity is the reflection of a basic problem confronting all living organisms — how to defend against foreign invasion while maintaining control of the defending forces. The B-cell and T-cell branches of the immune system can exhibit remarkable specificity for invading microorganisms, can adapt to changing threats, and can provide for long-term immunologic memory. At the same time, autoreactivity of B cells and T cells is present in all normal persons, and a complex set of regulatory mechanisms is required to prevent overt destruction of tissue through autoimmunity. Our current understanding of autoimmunity rests on our knowledge of the immune . . .
Bailliere's clinical gastroenterology: international practice and research: Vol 2 Nutritional support
Authors: R V Heatley
Journal: Gut (1989)

disease, etc) but this is only possible if subspecialists are freed from the burden of managing disorders in which they have little interest or expertise.This may or may not prove to be more expensive, but what is required above all is a change of attitude to the structure of hospital practice and undergraduate and postgraduate training.Meanwhile, buy the book for yourself.
Thoracic Duct Drainage and Low Back Pain
Authors: Isam H. Shehadeh
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Forty-seven recipients of renal allografts from living related donors underwent thoracic duct drainage as an adjunct to immunosuppressive therapy. Ten patients complained of severe low back pain upon cessation of lymphatic drainage. In three of these, the pain was promptly relieved by reinstitution of drainage and could be reproduced at will by reclamping the thoracic duct catheter. This observation is related to the anatomy, innervation, and physiology of the thoracic duct.
MALT1 and the API2-MALT1 fusion act between CD40 and IKK and confer NF-κB-dependent proliferative advantage and resistance against FAS-induced cell death in B cells
Authors: Liza Ho, R. Eric Davis, Béatrice Conne, Richard Chappuis, Margaret Berczy, Paulette Mhawech, Louis M. Staudt, Juerg Schwaller
Journal: Blood (2004)
506. Production of Recombinant Adeno- Associated Virus Type 1 Vector Using a Herpes Simplex Virus Based System
Authors: Wen Kang, Chris Drogemuller, Marina M. Scotti, Guo-jie Ye
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is an attractive vector for use in gene therapy treatment of various diseases. However, attaining high-level of rAAV has so far been proven problematic and the usefulness of rAAV vectors has been limited by the low production yield with current production methods. Previously we reported a highly scalable method for rAAV serotype 2 (AAV-2) production using two recombinant herpes simplex viruses (rHSV). One rHSV (rHSV-rep2cap2) expresses rep and cap of AAV-2 and provides helper function for AAV replication and packaging, and the other rHSV (rHSV-TR-GFP) contains the reporter gene green fluorescent protein (GFP) flanked by the inverted terminal repeats (ITR) of AAV-2. Both rHSV vectors are replication defective in non complementing cell lines because of the deletion of an essential gene. This rHSV-based system markedly increased the yield of rAAV production when compared to other traditional AAV production methods. It is well known that different serotypes of AAV have distinct host ranges and cell type preferences, and AAV vectors pseudo- typed with serotype one capsid have been shown to be particularly useful in transducing muscle cells. Here we report the development and initial characterization of an rHSV based production system for rAAV-1. Using a replication defective rHSV as the backbone, the AAV-2 Rep and AAV-1 Cap genes were engineered into rHSV by homologous recombination to generate the helper virus rHSV- rep2cap1. The ability of this virus to produce rAAV-1 was tested by co-infecting HEK-293 cells with rHSV-rep2cap1 and rHSV-TR- GFP. AAV genome titers determined by real time PCR showed that rAAV-1-GFP was packaged with a similar efficiency as the positive control rAAV-2-GFP. The infectivity of the produced rAAV-1-GFP was also examined and the results showed that rAAV-1-GFP was able to transduce C12 cells at an expected efficiency when compared to that of AAV-2-GFP. Studies are currently underway to evaluate these rAAV-1 vectors for gene delivery in vivo. In conclusion, this study suggests that the rHSV-based rAAV production system has a great potential for large scale rAAV production of various serotypes and this system may be able to generate sufficient quantities of rAAV for preclinical and clinical applications.
Tobacco Litigation&lt;subtitle&gt;Issues for Public Health and Public Policy&lt;/subtitle&gt;
Authors: Stanton A. Glantz
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<i>JAMA</i>made international news in July 1995 when it published a series of 5 articles presenting the first academic analysis of about 10 000 pages of previously secret tobacco industry documents, known as the Brown and Williamson documents.<sup>1-5</sup>These documents demonstrated that, as long ago as the 1960s, the tobacco industry knew nicotine was an addictive drug and smoking caused cancer and other disease, and that it developed a sophisticated legal and public relations strategy to keep this information away from the public, public health authorities, and the courts. An accompanying Editorial<sup>6</sup>identified 14 steps to pursue regarding its opposition to tobacco use, including "All avenues of individual and collective redress... through the judicial system." Fueled in part by publication of the Brown and Williamson documents, there has been an explosion of litigation against the tobacco industry since then. Today the tobacco industry faces a wide variety of
Hepatic venous pressure measurement: An old test as a new prognostic marker in cirrhosis?
Authors: Anastasios Armonis, David Patch, Andrew Burroughs
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

Abbreviations: HVPG, hepatic venous pressure gradient; WHVP, wedge hepatic venous surement of HVPG reliably reflects the degree of portal pressure.hypertension in posthepatitic cirrhosis; thus, direct measure
Neuronal Origin of Human Esthesioneuroblastoma Demonstrated with Anti-Neurofilament Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: John Q. Trojanowski, Virginia Lee, Nan Pillsbury, Suzette Lee
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

INTERMEDIATE filaments are ubiquitous cytoskeletal proteins in mammalian cells. Five classes of intermediate filaments are recognized on the basis of their distinct biochemical properties, and each class is restricted to certain cell types.1 , 2 For example, neurofilaments are intermediate filaments that have been observed only in neurons, including neoplastic neuronal cell populations.1 2 3 Thus, such cytoskeletal elements have the potential for use as markers for specific cell types in neurobiology and pathology.Esthesioneuroblastomas are rare neoplasms that have sometimes been classified as tumors of amine-precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) or neural-crest origin.4 , 5 To evaluate the validity of this histogenetic classification of esthesioneuroblastomas, . . .
Anomalous Origin of One Pulmonary Artery from the Ascending Aorta
Authors: JOHN F. KEANE, DAVID MALTZ, WILLIAM F. BERNHARD, ROBERT D. CORWIN, ALEXANDER S. NADAS
Journal: Circulation (1974)

Six patients with origin of one pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta are presented. Two are alive: a 21-year-old female, unoperated, with bilateral pulmonary vascular obstructive disease (PVO) and a 4-year-old girl who underwent successful correction at age 5 months. In addition, the data are reviewed from previous reports of 44 patients with this anomaly. Among the total of 50 patients, 42 had congestive heart failure in infancy. The right pulmonary artery arose anomalously in 44. A patent ductus arteriosus was present in 38 cases. At cardiac catheterization, pressure in both pulmonary arteries was generally at systemic level and the diagnosis was confirmed by aortography. Histologically, no significant PVO was observed in the majority of 18 infants who died, while significant changes, mainly in the "systemic" lung, were observed in 6 of 10 older children. Twenty-two patients have been operated on with 13 survivors. Anastomosis of the aberrant pulmonary artery to the main pulmonary artery directly or using a graft has been successful in 12 of 18 children. Corrective tive surgery should be performed as early as possible to prevent PVO.
Treatment of Acute Respiratory Acidosis in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Authors: Louis J. Kettel
Journal: JAMA (1971)

In the treatment of 87 episodes of acute respiratory acidosis in 62 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, the basic approach to therapy was maintenance of adequate arterial oxygenation by low-flow controlled oxygen supplementation, with relatively infrequent use of intubation and controlled ventilation. The overall survival rate of 71.3% (62 patients survived episode, 25 died) compares favorably with survival rates of other reported series in which artificial ventilation was emphasized, especially when one considers the severity of the episodes and the nature of the disease.
Epidemiology of Lower-Extremity Amputations in the Indian Health Service, 1982–1987
Authors: Sarah E Valway, Robert W Linkins, Dorothy M Gohdes
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

To describe the LEA experience among IHS diabetic patients.A cross-sectional study of hospital discharges for nontraumatic LEAs from 1982 to 1987 in four IHS areas was conducted.Incidence rates of first LEA in the study period increased with increasing age. Compared with nondiabetic subjects, diabetic patients had increased risks in each age-group, with those between the ages of 15 and 44 yr having a 158-fold increased risk. The average annual age-adjusted incidence rates of all LEAs among diabetic subjects in the Tucson (240.8/10,000) and Phoenix (203.1/10,000) IHS areas were substantially higher than the rates for the U.S. (73.1/10,000), Navajo (74.0/10,000), and the Oklahoma (87.3/10,000) IHS areas.LEA rates varied in different IHS areas. Reasons for these findings need to be evaluated, but may include IHS area differences in preventive health-care practices or risk factors for LEA.
Effects of vasopressin and nicardipine on hemodynamics and liver function in patients with cirrhosis: comparison with vasopressin alone
Authors: Tadashi Iwao, Atsushi Toyonaga, Motoki Ikegami, Kazuhiko Oho, Michihiro Sumino, Munenori Sakaki, Hiroyuki Shigemori, Masafumi Nakayama, Ei Sasaki, Kyuichi Tanikawa
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1993)
Validity of a parental survey for school-based asthma screening
Authors: M.C. Li, M. Dyer, L.T. Clement, K.Y. Kwong, N.B. Maalouf, J. Hanley-Lopez, T. Kimia, K. Feliciano, T.L. Morphew, F.J. Lison, C.A. Jones
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2003)
Chemoimmunotherapy of advanced breast cancer: prolongation of remission and survival with BCG.
Authors: J U Gutterman, J O Cardenas, G R Blumenschein, G Hortobagyi, M A Burgess, R B Livingston, G M Mavligit, E J Freireich, J A Gottlieb, E M Hersh
Journal: BMJ (1976)

Forty-five patients with disseminated breast cancer were given a trial of combination chemotherapy consisting of fluorouracil, adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) and immunotherapy with BCG given by scarification. The results were compared with those in a comparable group of 44 patients treated with FAC alone immediately before the chemoimmunotherapy study. The remission rates (73% and 76% for FAC and FAC-BCG respectively) were similar in both studies. The durations of remission for patients on FAC-BCG (medium 12 months) were longer than remissions achieved for patients given FAC alone (median 8 months) (P = 0.068). The most notable effect of BCG was on survival. Thus 21 out of 34 patients achieving remission on FAC-BCG were alive at the time of the last follow-up examination (median over 22 months) compared with 11 out of 32 patients achieving remission on FAC (median 15 months) (P = 0.01). Twenty-six of the 45 patients given FAC-BCG were alive at the time of the last follow-up examination (median over 22 months) compared with 12 of the 44 patients given FAC (median 15 months) (P = 0.005). Although the apparent benefit of BCG could be explained by a maldistribution of some prognostic factors, the data suggest that further trial of chemoimmunotherapy of breast cancer should be carried out.
Truth Telling: A Cultural or Individual Choice?
Authors: Alessandro Liberati
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Dr Surbone<sup>1</sup>discusses cross-cultural differences in oncologists' "truth telling" when communicating with patients. While the patients described in her article were terminally ill, for the majority of cancer patients the issue of open communication should be addressed well before the terminal stage. In earlier stages full disclosure allows not only for discussion of diagnosis and prognosis but, often, for patient involvement in important decision making. For example, as Surbone points out, patients with early-stage breast cancer are obvious candidates for involvement in decision making since breast-conserving and radical surgeries appear to have equivalent outcomes. Indeed, when given a choice between surgeries, women are willing and able to decide and are almost always satisfied with the outcomes of their choice.<sup>2</sup>Evidence does not support fears that being given a choice is detrimental to patients.<sup>3</sup>In countries such as Italy, where these fears are strong, the
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Mortality: Patient Risk or Physician Practice?
Authors: Arthur J. Hartz
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —In the study by Luft and Romano,<sup>1</sup>equations derived from administrative data predicted mortality as well as equations derived from more costly specially abstracted clinical data in other studies. Notwithstanding their ability to predict outcome, however, equations derived from administrative data have important limitations: the data elements may depend greatly on physician judgment, and the data elements may be a consequence of care rather than a risk factor. For example, the use of internal mammary artery bypass grafts, delays between cardiac catheterization and
Acquired Aortic Stenosis in a Twelve-Year-Old Girl with Xanthomatosis
Authors: Paul Stanley, Claude Chartrand, André Davignon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1965)

WE recently investigated and treated a twelve-year-old girl suffering from a tight supravalvular aortic stenosis related to familial hypercholesterolemia with xanthomatosis. Because of the rare occurrence of this lesion we consider this case worth reporting in detail.Case ReportThe patient was admitted for the 1st time in December, 1962, to Hôpital Sainte-Justine because of "xanthomatosis" and a heart murmur. She presented soft subcutaneous nodules on the heels, toes and elbows, between the fingers and also on the back and on the buttocks that had been noted since the age of 5. Except for slight exertional dyspnea there were no . . .
Prevention of Obesity in Infancy and Early Childhood
Authors: Julie C. Lumeng, Elsie M. Taveras, Leann Birch, Susan Z. Yanovski
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2015)

Addressing the childhood obesity epidemic continues to be a challenge. Given that once obesity develops it is likely to persist, there has been an increasing focus on prevention at earlier stages of the life course. Research to develop and implement effective prevention and intervention strategies in the first 2 years after birth has been limited. In fall 2013, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases convened a multidisciplinary workshop to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the prevention of infant and early childhood obesity and to identify research gaps and opportunities. The questions addressed included (1) "What is known regarding risk for excess weight gain in infancy and early childhood?" (2) "What is known regarding interventions that are promising or have been shown to be efficacious?" and (3) "What are the challenges and opportunities in implementing and evaluating behavioral interventions for parents and other caregivers and their young children?"
Cross-species transplantation tolerance: rat bone marrow-derived cells can contribute to the ligand for negative selection of mouse T cell receptor V beta in chimeras tolerant to xenogeneic antigens (mouse + rat----mouse).
Authors: S T Ildstad, M S Vacchio, P M Markus, M L Hronakes, S M Wren, R J Hodes
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

Mixed xenogeneic bone marrow reconstitution (mouse + rat----mouse) results in stable mixed lymphopoietic chimerism (1-48% rat), long-term survival, and the induction of stable functional donor-specific transplantation tolerance to xenoantigens in vivo. To examine the role of negative selection of potentially xenoreactive T lymphocytes during tolerance induction across a species barrier, mixed xenogeneic chimeras (mouse + rat----mouse) were prepared and analyzed using a mixture of mouse and rat bone marrow cells for relative T cell receptor (TCR)-V beta expression on mouse T cells. In mixed xenogeneic chimeras (B10 mouse + rat----B10 mouse), T cell maturation proceeded normally in the presence of rat bone marrow-derived elements, and functional donor-specific tolerance to rat xenoantigens was present when assessed by mixed lymphocyte reactivity in vitro. V beta 5, which is expressed at high (undeleted) levels in normal B10 mice, was consistently deleted in B10 recipients of Wistar Furth (WF), but not F344 rat bone marrow, whereas the coadministration of either F344 rat or WF rat bone marrow with B10 mouse bone marrow cells resulted in a significant decrease in expression of TCR-V beta 11. Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time that rat bone marrow-derived cells can contribute in a strain-specific manner to the ligand for negative selection of specific mouse TCR-V beta during tolerance induction across a species barrier.
Drug Abuse: More Help Available for Addicted Persons, but Main Problem Continues Unabated
Authors: Timothy F. Kirn
Journal: JAMA (1988)

HIGH ABOVE the grey Genesee River, in a suite atop the Holiday Inn, with the lights of Rochester, NY, in the windows, five men sit reminiscing. The group includes blacks and whites, some Hispanic. For 20 years, they say, they have been closer to one another than most men are to their wives. Twenty years ago, they were all heroin addicts, "street junkies." This night, they are all wearing suits and are fatigued from a long day's work. They have responsible positions and families. Twenty years ago, these men (and one other, now retired to Florida) met in a detoxification center. About the time their stay was up, they began to worry. In those days, to leave meant to return to the street. And that meant returning to drugs. There simply was no help for destitute addicts in the late 1960s. There was one option, give in to the hunger
A New Phenomenon in Color Conversion.
Authors: C. A. Klemer
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Minot, N. D., Aug. 1, 1906. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I wish to make some suggestions in connection with the Stevens' phenomenon, inasmuch as no entirely satisfactory explanation has been given, and with the hope that some element in them will lead to a further understanding of these color changes. I make the following observations on the figures illustrating Dr. George T. Stevens' article inThe JournalA. M. A., July 21, 1906: Fix the eye on one of the red corner blocks in Figure 1, and as the red band disappears the block on which the eye is fixed will be the last to be turned green. While carrying out No. 1 another phenomenon may be obtained, namely, that all the green squares inside the red band may be converted to red. It will be found easy to suppress the red band in Figure 1 if the eye is fixed