tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Neutralizing Antibodies Against Previously Encountered Influenza Virus Strains Increase over Time: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Matthew S. Miller, Thomas J. Gardner, Florian Krammer, Lauren C. Aguado, Domenico Tortorella, Christopher F. Basler, Peter Palese
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2013)

Antigenic variation promotes neutralizing antibodies to both seasonal and pandemic influenza A strains in humans.
Points from letters: Simple follow-up system in general practice
Authors: R W Newmark
Journal: BMJ (1976)

4) Teaching and administrative duties.(5) A "flexibility factor," so dear to the hearts of our junior colleagues, should apply equally to consultants.(6) A "continuity factor" could also be brought in for the fact that consultants, whether officially on or off duty, still carry responsibility for patients in their care and expect to be called in if anything goes wrong.The pension scheme would also need to be revised, but this is perhaps a separate matter.
If metacognition exists in other species, how does it develop?
Authors: Ruth Campos, Annette Karmiloff-Smith
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

In this commentary, we raise two issues. First, we argue that in any species, the comparative study of metacognitive abilities must be approached from a developmental perspective and not solely from the adult end state. This makes it possible to explore the trajectories by which different species reach their phenotypic outcome and whether different cognitive systems interact over developmental time. Second, using our research comparing different genetic disorders in humans, we challenge the authors' claim that it is unparsimonious to interpret the same performance in humans and animals in qualitatively different ways, because even the same overt behaviour in different groups of humans can be sustained by different underlying cognitive processes.
JUPITER Clinical Directions — Polling Results
Authors: Patricia Kritek, Edward W. Campion
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

In November 2008, we published the results of the Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00239681),1 along with a new online Clinical Directions interactive feature that allowed readers to vote and comment on two questions related to this major trial. We asked whether the results of JUPITER should change the approach to laboratory screening of apparently healthy adults or the therapeutic use of statins in apparently healthy adults.Over 18 days, 2553 people voted, and the votes were split almost evenly between the two choices. In all, 49% of . . .
Effects of alagebrium, an advanced glycation end‐product breaker, in patients with chronic heart failure: study design and baseline characteristics of the BENEFICIAL trial
Authors: Suzan Willemsen, Jasper W.L. Hartog, Yoran M. Hummel, Jan L. Posma, Leen M. van Wijk, Dirk J. van Veldhuisen, Adriaan A. Voors
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2010)
Lasofoxifene and Cardiovascular Events in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis
Authors: Kristine Ensrud, Andrea LaCroix, John R. Thompson, David D. Thompson, Richard Eastell, David M. Reid, Slobodan Vukicevic, Jane Cauley, Elizabeth Barrett-Connor, Roisin Armstrong, Francine Welty, Steven Cummings
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background— In the Postmenopausal Evaluation and Risk Reduction With Lasofoxifene (PEARL) trial, women assigned to lasofoxifene 0.5 mg/d had a lower risk of major coronary heart disease (CHD) events and stroke, whereas women assigned to lasofoxifene 0.25 mg/d had a lower risk of stroke. Both doses of lasofoxifene increased the risk of venous thromboembolic events. In this report, we provide comprehensive cardiovascular end-point data, including component events comprising the composite end point of major CHD events, and evaluate whether the effect of lasofoxifene 0.5 mg/d is consistent across different categories of CHD risk. Methods and Results— In this study, 8556 women 59 to 80 years of age with osteoporosis received lasofoxifene 0.25 mg/d, lasofoxifene 0.5 mg/d, or placebo for 5 years. Cardiovascular events, including major CHD events, were prespecified secondary end points. Compared with placebo, lasofoxifene 0.5 mg/d reduced the risk of major CHD events 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.50 to 0.93), including the risk of coronary revascularization (hazard ratio, 0.56, 95% confidence interval, 0.32 to 0.98). Reductions in risk of hospitalization for unstable angina (hazard ratio, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.29 to 1.04) and diagnosis of new ischemic heart disease (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.26 to 1.04) nearly reached significance ( P =0.06 for both comparisons). Although both hazard ratios were &lt;1.0, no significant effect of lasofoxifene at 0.5 mg/d was demonstrated for coronary death or nonfatal myocardial infarction. The reduction in CHD events with lasofoxifene 0.25 mg/d was not significant (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.56 to 1.03; P =0.08). The effectiveness of lasofoxifene 0.5 mg/d in reducing CHD events was similar across strata of major cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions— In postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, lasofoxifene 0.5 mg/d for 5 years reduced the risk of CHD events, regardless of the presence or absence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The significant reduction in risk of CHD events with lasofoxifene 0.5 mg/d was due primarily to lower risks of coronary revascularization procedures, hospitalization for unstable angina, and diagnosis of new ischemic heart disease. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00141323.
Myoplasmic [Ca2+] determines myosin phosphorylation in agonist-stimulated swine arterial smooth muscle.
Authors: C M Rembold, R A Murphy
Journal: Circulation Research (1988)

Our objective was to test the hypotheses that 1) myoplasmic [Ca2+] is the primary determinant of crossbridge phosphorylation and that 2) phosphorylation is the primary determinant of crossbridge interactions with the thin filament in swine carotid arterial smooth muscle. We tested these hypotheses by evaluating the relation between aequorin-estimated myoplasmic [Ca2+], myosin light chain phosphorylation, shortening velocity at zero load (V0), and stress at various times after stimulation with histamine, phenylephrine, and depolarization with KCl. Agonist-induced changes in myoplasmic [Ca2+] were associated with predictable changes in myosin phosphorylation. Depolarization required proportionally higher changes in myoplasmic [Ca2+] for a given change in myosin phosphorylation. The relation between phosphorylation and V0 or steady-state stress was invariant with all tested stimuli. This suggests that Ca2+-dependent crossbridge phosphorylation is the primary determinant of the mechanical response.
DEXTROSE THERAPY IN DISEASES OF THE LIVER
Authors: T. L. ALTHAUSEN
Journal: JAMA (1933)

The first clinician to advocate treatment of an hepatic disease with dextrose was A. P. Beddard,<sup>1</sup>in 1908. In 1915, Opie and Alford<sup>2</sup>and, independently, Graham<sup>3</sup>furnished the experimental basis for this therapy by demonstrating that feeding of carbohydrate lessens the susceptibility of rats and dogs to necrosis of the liver caused by chloroform and by phosphorus. Later this was confirmed by Davis and Whipple<sup>4</sup>for chloroform poisoning, while Davis<sup>5</sup>demonstrated the same effect in intoxication by carbon tetrachloride. <h3>THERAPEUTIC ADMINISTRATION OF DEXTROSE</h3> In recent years much interest has been shown in dextrose as a remedy for a variety of disorders of the liver. Experimentally, in addition to its protective influence against hepatic poisons, administration of dextrose has been shown to compensate partially for functional deficiency of the liver induced by Eck fistula<sup>6</sup>and by hepatectomy.<sup>7</sup>In acute intoxications following intraperitoneal injections of
The Risk of Transmission of HIV From Health Care Professional to Patient-Reply
Authors: Barbara Gerbert
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Dr Taylor implies that transmission of HIV to the patients of the Florida dentist may have occurred from patient to patient, rather than from provider to patient. She may be referring to speculation that Dr Acer's dental instruments were, at some time, used on himself or his sexual partners.<sup>1</sup>If this were the case, transmission of HIV may have occurred through improper sterilization and disinfection of instruments. Our study did not propose to determine the actual route of transmission. Our goal was to assess, during a time of tremendous uncertainty, dentists' attitudes and beliefs about the possibility of HIV transmission in dental offices. At the time our survey was conducted (the summer of 1990), few of the dentists we surveyed suggested poor infection control as a route of transmission. Although Taylor and others may favor patient-to-patient transmission as an explanation for the Florida cases, in this instance,
GM-CSF–deficient mice are susceptible to pulmonary group B streptococcal infection
Authors: Ann Marie LeVine, Jacquelyn A. Reed, Kim E. Kurak, Eli Cianciolo, Jeffrey A. Whitsett
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene-targeted mice (GM–/–) cleared group B streptococcus (GBS) from the lungs more slowly than wild-type mice. Expression of GM-CSF in the respiratory epithelium of GM–/– mice improved bacterial clearance to levels greater than that in wild-type GM+/+ mice. Acute aerosolization of GM-CSF to GM+/+ mice significantly enhanced clearance of GBS at 24 hours. GBS infection was associated with increased neutrophilic infiltration in lungs of GM–/– mice, while macrophage infiltrates predominated in wild-type mice, suggesting an abnormality in macrophage clearance of bacteria in the absence of GM-CSF. While phagocytosis of GBS was unaltered, production of superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide was markedly deficient in macrophages from GM–/– mice. Lipid peroxidation, assessed by measuring the isoprostane 8-iso-PGF2α, was decreased in the lungs of GM–/– mice. GM-CSF plays an important role in GBS clearance in vivo, mediated in part by its role in enhancing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production and bacterial killing by alveolar macrophages.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF CUTANEOUS BLOOD (SO CALLED CAPILLARY BLOOD)
Authors: Christen Lundsgaard, Eggert Möller
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1922)

1. A procedure is devised whereby cutaneous blood (so called capillary blood) from a finger-tip can be obtained for gas analyses without coming in contact with the air. 2. Determination was made of the oxygen content of the arterial, cutaneous, and venous blood respectively from a normal resting individual, the arterial and cutaneous blood showing the same oxygen content (97.5 and 96.6 per cent of the total oxygen-combining power of the blood). Venous blood drawn simultaneously was 75 per cent saturated. 3. Using the fact that there is a maximum value for the oxygen-combining power of the blood, we have shown, without doing arterial puncture, that under different conditions (normal and pathological individuals, resting and after exercise) the cutaneous blood and the arterial blood are almost identical as far as the oxygen content is concerned. 4. We think that we are justified in extending the identity, found between the oxygen content of the arterial and cutaneous blood, to other substances in the blood, for instance sugar, salt, uric acid, etc., and also to the reaction of the blood. 5. We are unable to say whether this identity between cutaneous and arterial blood is always true; for example, in a patient with increased venous pressure. 6. In all the experiments we have discarded the first drop of blood, which in some instances was darker than the rest, and always used at least 2 cc. of cutaneous blood. Whether the same results would be obtained with a very small amount of blood, for instance 0.2 to 0.4 cc., we do not know. 7. The experiments show that unless the perfusion of the skin has been extremely great during the experiment, samples of blood obtained from an incision in the skin (of the finger) cannot represent the true capillary blood. The neutral expression cutaneous blood seems therefore for the present preferable to the term capillary blood for samples of blood obtained by cutaneous incisions.
Role of Ca <sup>2+</sup> in Metabolic Inhibition–Induced Norepinephrine Release in Rat Brain Synaptosomes
Authors: Xiao-Jun Du, Alex Bobik, Peter J. Little, Murray D. Esler, Anthony M. Dart
Journal: Circulation Research (1997)

Ischemia and simulated ischemic conditions induce enhanced release of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain and the heart. Although studies with neuronal preparations demonstrated a rise in [Ca 2+ ] i under energy-depleted conditions, such release of NE in the heart appears to be predominantly Ca 2+ independent. Since Ca 2+ overload occurs in ischemia or energy depletion and since a rise in [Ca 2+ ] i triggers exocytosis without membrane depolarization, we tested the possibility, using brain synaptosomes, that increased NE release could be, at least in part, a consequence of raised [Ca 2+ ] i . Brain synaptosomes were incubated with Krebs-Henseleit medium, and ischemia was mimicked by treatment with metabolic inhibitors. NE content in incubation medium (supernatant) and synaptosomes was analyzed chromatographically. Treatment with metabolic inhibitors reduced ATP content by 75% and increased [Ca 2+ ] i by more than fourfold within minutes. Metabolic inhibition elicited NE release, which started within 10 minutes and reached a maximum after 30 minutes, with a corresponding 55% reduction in synaptosomal NE content after 40 minutes. NE release, together with a marked increase in [Ca 2+ ] i , was also induced in energy-depleted synaptosomes by Ca 2+ repletion after incubation with the Ca 2+ -free medium. Effects on NE release of various interventions to prevent Ca 2+ overload were tested. Omission of Ca 2+ from the incubation medium or loading synaptosomes with the Ca 2+ chelator BAPTA-AM (20 and 100 μmol/L) prevented NE release, indicating a Ca 2+ -dependent mechanism. Inhibition of Ca 2+ channels with ω-conotoxin, cadmium, or nifedipine had no effect on NE release during energy depletion. In contrast, nickel and 3,4-dichlorobenzamil, Na + -Ca 2+ exchange inhibitors, dose-dependently inhibited NE release. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that under energy-depleted conditions, Ca 2+ overload in synaptosomes of noradrenergic neurons from the brain is an important mechanism for the enhanced release of NE and that a reversal of Na + -Ca 2+ exchange may be the key pathway leading to intraneuronal Ca 2+ overload.
Severe Vascular Complications in Oxalosis After Bilateral Nephrectomy
Authors: WILLIAM E. BLACKBURN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Oxalosis is a rare metabolic disorder that has no satisfactory modality for long-term therapy. A case of oxalosis with a fulminating vascular syndrome after bilateral nephrectomy is presented. The vascular system had extensive medial oxalate crystal deposition. These acute vascular changes seem to have been precipitated by removal of the kidneys and, therefore, bilateral nephrectomy is contraindicated in patients with oxalosis.
Immunotherapy in Leprosy
Authors: Ramon M. Fusaro
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Binford et al (1982; 247:2283-2292) discussed the state of the art in leprosy. They noticed the failure of transfer factor as a therapeutic tool. Saha et al<sup>1</sup>confirmed the failure of transfer factor, but they also reported the successful treatment of patients with leprosy with repeated whole WBC transfusions and the clearing of pathological, clinical, and histological findings. Earlier in 1972, the same technique<sup>2</sup>was reported in the successful treatment of lepromatous and tuberculoid patients with weekly transfusions of WBCs from normal histocompatible donors. Just recently, Sanchez and colleagues (personal communication, 1982), at the University of Puerto Rico, have duplicated these findings. These results open new avenues for immunologic research in the therapy for leprosy. Is the patient's immune system being temporarily or permanently restored to normal function so that the patient can successfully clear his disease? This and many other questions can and should
Surgery in the Elderly Male
Authors: Victor S. Wojnar
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Major surgery in 400 elderly men presented a special, multidisciplinary problem because of coexisting diseases, decreased physiologic resiliency, psychologic inertia, and unpredictable rehabilitation potential. Well-preserved septuagenarians survived pneumonectomy, octogenarians survived gastric resection, and nonagenarians endured cholecystectomy with complete recovery. Complications were chiefly pulmonary and nutritional, were associated with exhaustion and infection, and were followed by either recovery or hypoxic death from terminal pulmonary insufficiency. Errors in judgment and technique in the preoperative, and/or postoperative periods accounted for most complications. The aged required intensive postoperative nursing care. Their convalescence was slightly prolonged, but surgery did not make existence intolerable. The age limit to human tolerance of any surgical procedure is unknown.
Serum Uric Acid and Cholesterol in Achievement Behavior and Motivation
Authors: Stanislav V. Kasl
Journal: JAMA (1970)

This study examined the possible involvement of serum uric acid and serum cholesterol concentrations in the achievement behavior and achievement motivation of male high school students and recent graduates. It attempted to replicate and extend the existing body of data which has suggestively linked serum uric acid and achievement. The cholesterol data were explored as a possible contrast to the correlates of uric acid. The major findings in this part were (1) uric acid showed a positive association with grades and with over-achievement (grades adjusted for intelligence quotient); (2) uric acid was positively related to performance on aptitude (speed) tests; (3) a positive association was obtained between uric acid and the "slope" measure of achievement motivation (steepness of gradient of attractiveness ratings of occupations in relation to their difficulty), and a negative association between uric acid and test anxiety.
Endosonographic Differentiation of Mucosal and Transmural Nonspecific Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: U. Hildebrandt, J. Kraus, K. W. Ecker, T. Schmid, G. Schüder, G. Feifel
Journal: Endoscopy (1992)

Thirty-seven patients with nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease were examined with an ultrasonic colonoscope and the inflammation classified as mucosal or transmural. Mucosal inflammation was characterized by preservation of the five-layer structure of the wall with thickening of the submucosa. Transmural inflammation was endosonographically defined as sectional interruption or loss of the five-layer structure. In 14 of the 37 patients a colectomy was performed. Examination of 3 of the 14 resected specimens revealed inflammation confined to the mucosa. This was consistent in all three cases with the preoperative endosonographic evaluation. Eleven of the 14 resected specimens showed sectional transmural inflammation. Ultrasonographically all of the 11 patients fulfilled the criterial for transmural inflammation, whereas endoscopic and microscopic signs were consistent with transmural inflammation in 9 of the 11. Endosonography of the colon enables definition of mucosal inflammation thus providing criteria for selection of patient for ileoanal pouch construction.
Whole blood impedance aggregometry for the assessment of platelet function in patients with congestive heart failure (EPCOT Trial)
Authors: V.L. Serebruany, M.E. McKenzie, A.F. Meister, S.Y. Fuzaylov, P.A. Gurbel, D. Atar, W.A. Gattis, C.M. O'Connor
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2002)
Are "armchair socialists" still sitting? Cross sectional study of political affiliation and physical activity
Authors: A. Bauman, J. Gale, K. Milton
Journal: BMJ (2014)

<b>Objective</b> To examine the validity of the concept of left wing “armchair socialists” and whether they sit more and move less than their right wing and centrist counterparts. <b>Design</b> Secondary analysis of Eurobarometer data from 32 European countries. <b>Setting</b> The study emanated from the authors’ sit-stand desks (rather than from their armchairs). <b>Participants</b> Total of 29 193 European adults, of whom 1985 were left wing, 1902 right wing, 17 657 political centrists, and 7649 politically uncommitted. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Self-reported political affiliation, physical activity, and total daily sitting time. <b>Methods</b> Linear models were used to examine the relation between physical activity, sitting time, and reported political affiliation. <b>Results</b> The findings refute the existence of an “armchair socialist”; people at the extremes of both ends of the political spectrum were more physically active, with the right wing reporting 62.2 more weekly minutes of physical activity (95% confidence interval 23.9 to 100.5), and the left wing 57.8 more minutes (20.6 to 95.1) than those in the political centre. People with right wing political affiliations reported 12.8 minutes less time sitting a day (3.8 to 21.9) than the centrists. It is those sitting in the middle (politically) that are moving less, and possibly sitting more, both on the fence and elsewhere, making them a defined at-risk group. <b>Conclusions</b> There is little evidence to support the notion of armchair socialists, as they are more active than the mainstream in the political centre. Encouraging centrists to adopt stronger political views may be an innovative approach to increasing their physical activity, potentially benefiting population health.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Erosive Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Forms of Joint Destruction
Authors: CARL M. PEARSON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Single or multiple destruction of joints arises from many causes, ranging from the acute destructive process (usually monarticular) in septic joint disease to the chronic, slowly evolving destruction of cartilage and adjacent bone that occurs in osteoarthritis. Medical treatment of a few of these conditions (including rheumatoid arthritis) is reasonably satisfactory if it is initiated early. On the other hand, surgical procedures are indicated if physical and X-ray examination of the involved joints discloses the presence of a significant destructive process involving both articular cartilage and bone. Several very satisfactory such operative techniques, including synovectomy (in the relatively early phases) and prosthetic joint replacement, have been recently developed. These are especially favorable in destructive disease of the hip, knee, or small joints of the hand. The various differential diagnostic, radiographic, medical, and surgical procedures are discussed in some detail in this conference.
Penetrating Wounds of the Pericardium or Its Contents
Authors: Robert F. Wilson
Journal: JAMA (1966)

This study emphasizes several factors that were of value in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of a series of 200 patients with penetrating wounds of the pericardium or its contents. Cardiorrhaphy was performed in 187 cases, and pericardicentesis was used mainly as a diagnostic and temporary therapeutic measure. The individual physical signs that make up Beck's triad had limited diagnostic value, but did correlate somewhat with prognosis. Twenty-two deaths were related primarily to bleeding, five to myocardial infarctions from lacerated coronary arteries, and nine to a combination of bleeding, tamponade, and/or infarction. Because of the great importance of bleeding as a cause of death, cardiorrhaphy should be rapidly performed on all patients except those who achieve and maintain normal vital signs after pericardicentesis, with minimal or no blood replacement.