tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Multiple representations of space underlying behavior
Authors: Israel Lieblich, Michael A. Arbib
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1982)

Abstract We argue that a map is meaningless unless we have a process for using it. Thus, in this paper, we not only offer the world graph as a representation of relationships among situations the animal has encountered and may encounter again, but we also offer algorithms for how the information encoded in the world graph may be used by the animal in determining its behavior. Each node of the graph encodes a recognizable situation in the animal's world, but a given place may well be encoded in a number of different nodes. Nodes not only require algorithms for the recognition of the situation; they store information about drive reduction associated with the encoded situation. We note that the use of graphs as a basis for exploring some search space is well known in artificial intelligence (AI), but we stress the importance of the animal's exploration of its environment for growing the graph, as distinct from the mathematically described potential nodes frequent in AI search spaces. To explore a number of hypotheses about the way information in the world graph is used to guide the animal's movement, we recall a number of classical experiments on maze exploration by animals, and use them to argue for the nonlocal hypothesis (selection of a path does not depend only upon information about the immediate environment of the animal) and the competing nodes hypothesis (more than one drive may enter into the determination of the animal's behavior at any time). An important feature of the model is that it yields exploration and latent learning without the introduction of an exploratory drive. We also note that the performance exhibited by the model appears to be state-dependent when the animal operates under high drive levels. The drive-interaction matrix is offered as a subject for future research. We complement the presentation of the world graph model, its drive dynamics, and how these are constrained by experiments on maze behavior, with a brief analysis of maps in the brain. We distinguish egocentric maps–which we relate to the many visual systems–from allocentric maps. We offer a somewhat unconventional view of short-term and long-term memory. We examine cooperative computation in somatotopically organized networks, relating this to visually guided behavior in the frog, and to the interaction of colliculus and cortex in the control of eye movements. We examine, but do not advocate, the hypothesis that the hippocampus is a cognitive map. We do stress that if it is a cognitive map, it must be seen as a chart of the local neighborhood, rather than the whole atlas; and we note that the cognitive map hypothesis would lead one to expect the region to exhibit activation of place cells before the animal leaves the previous place.
Authors' reply to Jameson and Breusch
Authors: D. J. W. McMinn, J. Daniel, R. B. C. Treacy, R. D. Riley
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Jameson and Breusch fail to appreciate that the adjusted hazard ratio, indicating higher mortality with cemented total hip replacement (THR), relates to all time points, including the first 60 days, with no indication that this hazard ratio varies over time.1 2 3

We repeatedly emphasised the potential for residual confounding and selection bias.1 Interestingly, when comparing revision rates, the National Joint Registry uses similar survival methods …
Vincristine Must Not Be Administered Intrathecally
Authors: Richard W. Dyke
Journal: JAMA (1982)

To the Editor.—  We have received reports that vincristine sulfate (Oncovin) has been unintentionally administered intrathecally to patients with CNS leukemia. The accidents occurred at a time when intrathecal methotrexate, cytarabine (Ara-C), or both were being given. The patients have died of ascending paralysis. The resulting respiratory failure has occurred despite the use of thorough flushing of the subarachnoid space, the administration of intrathecal adrenal cortical steroids, and intrathecal as well as intravenous folinic acid, along with other intensive supportive care.  We take this means to remind all persons having responsibility for the use of intrathecal drugs in the treatment of leukemic patients that vincristine is now and always has been recommended for intravenous use only and further that its administration intrathecally will be fatal. We have recently added this as an additional reminder in the package insert for this product.
UNIT REACTION STATES IN OCULOGYRIC CRISES
Authors: ALBERT A. ROSNER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1942)

The psychiatric aspects of oculogyric crises occurring in post-encephalitic Parkinsonism are considered as dissociation phenomena. As demonstrated in three representative cases, the symptomatology follows the pattern usually seen in the neuroses and psychoses. Regression, symbolic representation and projection mechanisms in these cases are intimately bound to a motility disorder characteristically affecting the conjugate movements of the eyes. Designation of oculogyric crises as a motility disorder permits a consideration of their psychopathology as paracortical disturbances. The psychopathological configurations that are reactivated en bloc during ocular spasm are discussed as dissociated unit structures possessing definite psychomotor identity. As such, they may be termed unit reaction states. Unit reaction states are represented as physiological dissociations, delineating specific elements of ideation, emotion and motility.
Platelet‐derived growth factor is decreased in patients with myeloproliferative disorders
Authors: Osamu Katoh, Akiro Kimura, Atsushi Kuramoto
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1988)

Abstract Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) has been suggested to play some role in the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis frequently encountered in patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). In this study we measured PDGF activity and PF4 content in circulating platelets of patients with MPD. Both factors were lower than those of normal controls. PDGF activity in patients with myelofibrosis was slightly lower than in those without fibrosis. However, when adjusted to whole blood volume, there was a positive correlation between platelet count and PDGF activity per ml whole blood. Nevertheless, no correlation was found between activity and grade of bone marrow fibrosis. These results may support the idea that an abnormal release of PDGF occurs from platelets or megakaryocytes in the bone marrow environment, resulting in the stimulation of fibroblast proliferation, and hence, the occurrence of myelofibrosis in patients with MPD.
Correction of the molecular defect in B lymphocytes from X-linked agammaglobulinemia by cell fusion.
Authors: J Schwaber, N Koenig, J Girard
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

The X chromosome-linked antibody deficiency disease, X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), results from failure of B lymphoid development. In the minor form of XLA, B lymphoid development terminates at the stage of immature B lymphocytes that produce truncated Ig heavy (H) chains composed of D-J-C(mu/delta), resulting from failure of VH gene rearrangement. Fusion of B cells from a patient with the minor form of XLA with mouse myeloma results in complementation of this defect; hybrid cells produce full-length H chains composed of VH-D-JH-C. The VH gene is of human origin. Complementation occurs independent of retention or loss of the human X (XLA) chromosome in the hybrid cells. These results indicate that the D-JH-C structure of the XLA B cells is fully functional for the subsequent rearrangement of a VH gene element, and that failure of immunoglobulin expression is susceptible to correction.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen Levels in Benign and Malignant Pleural Effusions
Authors: R. A. RITTGERS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

One hundred ninety-one unselected fluid specimens submitted routinely for cytologic examination were assayed to determine whether the measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in pleural effusions is useful in detecting malignancy. The mean ± SD CEA level of 103 benign effusions was 4.1 ± 2.9 ng/ml. Only one benign effusion had a level > 12 ng/ml (18 ng/ml). Benign inflammatory effusions (pneumonia, empyema) had a higher mean CEA activity (6.2 ± 3.4) than effusions caused by congestive heart failure (2.9 ± 1.5) (p < 0.001). Twenty-four (34%) of 70 malignant effusions had a CEA level greater than 12 ng/ml, and 28 (40%) were "positive" by cytologic study. Thirty-eight (54%) were detected by one or both methods. Ten malignant effusions were positive by CEA (> 12 ng/ml) alone. These data suggest that the determination of CEA activity levels, when used in conjunction with other clinical findings, may be useful in detecting malignant pleural effusions.
S5-6: Neoadjuvant Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab Concurrent or Sequential with an Anthracycline-Containing or Concurrent with an Anthracycline-Free Standard Regimen: A Randomized Phase II Study (TRYPHAENA).
Authors: A Schneeweiss, S Chia, T Hickish, V Harvey, A Eniu, R Hegg, C Tausch, J-H Seo, Y-F Tsai, A Ackrill, G Ross, J Cortés
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background: Pertuzumab (P) is a fully humanized investigational monoclonal antibody that binds to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), preventing homo- and heterodimerization of HER2 and other HER family members and inducing antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The NeoSphere study demonstrated significantly increased antitumor activity in the neoadjuvant setting for the combination of P and trastuzumab (H) plus docetaxel (T) compared with HT alone (Gianni et al. SABCS 2010), consistent with the hypothesis of complementary mechanisms of action of P and H. No increase in cardiac risk was observed with the addition of P to H and HT regimens. Anthracyclines have an important role in the treatment of breast cancer and may be especially efficacious in HER2−positive disease. In the TRYPHAENA study, P and H are being administered either sequentially or concurrently with an anthracycline-containing or concurrently with an anthracycline-free standard regimen in order to establish the tolerability profile of these regimens for testing in the adjuvant setting. Methods: Patients with centrally confirmed stage II or III (including locally advanced and inflammatory disease) HER2−positive breast cancer (defined as centrally confirmed HER2 IHC 3+ or FISH/CISH+) were randomized to receive: Study medication: P 840 mg loading dose and 420 mg maintenance; H 8 mg/kg loading dose and 6 mg/kg maintenance; T was given at 75 mg/m2 with dose escalation to 100 mg/m2 if the starting dose was well tolerated (no dose escalation in Arm C); FEC (5-fluorouracil 500 mg/m2, epirubicin 100 mg/m2, and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2) and carboplatin AUC 6. All treatments were given intravenously q3w. The study is ongoing. All patients will receive H for 1 year. The primary endpoint is assessment of the safety and tolerability of neoadjuvant treatment. During neoadjuvant treatment, left ventricular ejection fraction is assessed at Cycles 2, 4, and 6 by echocardiogram or multiple-gated acquisition. Safety data are supervised by a data and safety monitoring board. The key secondary endpoint is the rate of pathological complete response (pCR) defined as absence of invasive disease in the breast at surgery. Tissue specimens at baseline and post-surgery were required for all patients. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00976989. Results: 225 patients have been recruited. No arm has required modification due to safety concerns or to excessive incidence of disease progression. Analysis of the study results is anticipated in Q3 2011. Safety/tolerability and efficacy (pCR) data will be presented. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr S5-6.
Coexistence of lichen planus and bullous pemphigoid.
Authors: G. STINGL, K. HOLUBAR
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1975)

Journal Article Coexistence of lichen planus and bullous pemphigoid: AN IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY Get access G. STINGL, G. STINGL Division of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology (1), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria address: Dr George Stingl, Division of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology (I), Alserstrasse 4, A‐1090 Vienna, Austria. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K. HOLUBAR K. HOLUBAR Division of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology (1), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 93, Issue 3, 1 September 1975, Pages 313–320, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1975.tb06497.x Published: 01 September 1975
Cholesterol in islet dysfunction and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Liam R. Brunham, Janine K. Kruit, C. Bruce Verchere, Michael R. Hayden
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) frequently occurs in the context of abnormalities of plasma lipoproteins. However, a role for elevated levels of plasma cholesterol in the pathogenesis of this disease is not well established. Recent evidence suggests that alterations of plasma and islet cholesterol levels may contribute to islet dysfunction and loss of insulin secretion. A number of genes involved in lipid metabolism have been implicated in T2D. Recently an important role for ABCA1, a cellular cholesterol transporter, has emerged in regulating cholesterol homeostasis and insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. Here we review the impact of cholesterol metabolism on islet function and its potential relationship to T2D.
Mortality in Young Adults following <i>in Utero</i> and Childhood Exposure to Arsenic in Drinking Water
Authors: Allan H. Smith, Guillermo Marshall, Jane Liaw, Yan Yuan, Catterina Ferreccio, Craig Steinmaus
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

Background: Beginning in 1958, the city of Antofagasta in northern Chile was exposed to high arsenic concentrations (870 µg/L) when it switched water sources. The exposure abruptly stopped in 1970 when an arsenic-removal plant commenced operations. A unique exposure scenario like this—with an abrupt start, clear end, and large population (125,000 in 1970), all with essentially the same exposure—is rare in environmental epidemiology. Evidence of increased mortality from lung cancer, bronchiectasis, myocardial infarction, and kidney cancer has been reported among young adults who were in utero or children during the high-exposure period.Objective: We investigated other causes of mortality in Antofagasta among 30- to 49-year-old adults who were in utero or ≤ 18 years of age during the high-exposure period.Methods: We compared mortality data between Antofagasta and the rest of Chile for people 30–49 years of age during 1989–2000. We estimated expected deaths from mortality rates in all of Chile, excluding Region II where Antofagasta is located, and calculated standardized mortality ratios (SMRs).Results: We found evidence of increased mortality from bladder cancer [SMR = 18.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 11.3, 27.4], laryngeal cancer (SMR = 8.1; 95% CI: 3.5, 16.0), liver cancer (SMR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.6, 3.7), and chronic renal disease (SMR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.5, 2.8).Conclusions: Taking together our findings in the present study and previous evidence of increased mortality from other causes of death, we conclude that arsenic in Antofagasta drinking water has resulted in the greatest increases in mortality in adults &lt; 50 years of age ever associated with early-life environmental exposure.
Healthy Habits, Happy Homes
Authors: Jess Haines, Julia McDonald, Ashley O’Brien, Bettylou Sherry, Clement J. Bottino, Marie Evans Schmidt, Elsie M. Taveras
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2013)

Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities exist across risk factors for childhood obesity.To examine the effectiveness of a home-based intervention to improve household routines known to be associated with childhood obesity among a sample of low-income, racial/ethnic minority families with young children.Randomized trial.The intervention was delivered in the families' homes.The study involved 121 families with children aged 2 to 5 years who had a television (TV) in the room where he or she slept; 111 (92%) had 6-month outcome data (55 intervention and 56 control). The mean (SD) age of the children was 4.0 (1.1) years; 45% were overweight/obese. Fifty-two percent of the children were Hispanic, 34% were black, and 14% were white/other. Nearly 60% of the families had household incomes of $20,000 or less.The 6-month intervention promoted 4 household routines, family meals, adequate sleep, limiting TV time, and removing the TV from the child's bedroom, using (1) motivational coaching at home and by phone, (2) mailed educational materials, and (3) text messages. Control subjects were mailed materials focused on child development.Change in parent report of frequency of family meals (times/wk), child sleep duration (hours/d), child weekday and weekend day TV viewing (hours/d), and the presence of a TV in the room where the child slept from baseline to 6 months. A secondary outcome was change in age- and sex-adjusted body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared).Compared with control subjects, intervention participants had increased sleep duration (0.75 hours/d; 95% CI, 0.06 to 1.44; P = .03), greater decreases in TV viewing on weekend days (-1.06 hours/d; 95% CI, -1.97 to -0.15; P = .02), and decreased body mass index (-0.40; 95% CI, -0.79 to 0.00; P = .05). No significant intervention effect was found for the presence of a TV in the room where the child slept or family meal frequency.Our results suggest that promoting household routines, particularly increasing sleep duration and reducing TV viewing, may be an effective approach to reduce body mass index among low-income, racial/ethnic minority children. Longer-term studies are needed to determine maintenance of behavior change.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01565161.
THE TREATMENT OF LARYNGITIS.
Authors: OTTO T. FREER
Journal: JAMA (1901)

It is the intention of this article to describe chiefly the local treatment of acute and chronic laryngitis, and to mention general measures only where they are necessary aids. The first form of acute laryngitis to be considered is the simple catarrhal type of moderate degree. This variety occurs chiefly in adults and, of all forms of laryngitis, is seen oftenest. It does not confine the patients to the house so that most of them are seen in the office or at clinics. The chief symptoms are cough, at times incessant and distressing and varying degrees of hoarseness. The laryngoscopic appearance are the well-known ones of diffuse or localized congestion, especially of the cords. while secretion may be absent, or raised in the form of mucus or muco-pus. Most of these cases run but a short course and recover spontaneously, though the patient may continue to use and even abuse
The great NHS communication breakdown
Authors: P. Davies
Journal: BMJ (2008)

If you want to see why the NHS is a failing organisation consider these selected examples, chosen from a wide field.

A patient of mine had a heart attack in a seaside town and was well treated by the local district general hospital. She arrived back in Halifax, but I have no record of anything that happened in the other town. She eventually came to see me four weeks later, as she was running out of pills. The good work the hospital had done was undone while I struggled to get the information I needed to continue to provide care. Her husband (an active type, fiercely protective, and usefully agitated) phoned the hospital and got them to fax the preliminary discharge letter to me. Apparently someone at the hospital had promised him that this was to have been done some time before the patient’s appointment, but for whatever reason it hadn’t been.

Another patient saw the neurologist for worsening epilepsy. A scan was arranged …
Health care based on priorities is lost in decentralisation
Authors: Aleksandar Dzakula
Journal: BMJ (2005)

A tale of two Germanys Health problems in eastern Germany are clearly related to transitionEditor-The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked the beginning of the end of communism in eastern Europe and in eastern Germany.As McKee and Fister point out, 1 certain constellations of epidemiological and demographic variables characterise the resultant process of political and economic transition: low or even decreasing life expectancy (especially for men) and higher prevalences of alcoholism and obesity.This has happened in the postcommunist Länder (federal states) of eastern Germany.East Germany is different from other east European countries in that its healthcare sector was not deconstructed, with periods of severe dysfunction: it simply adopted the healthcare system of West Germany.Despite this, life expectancy at birth is still lower in eastern Germany than in western Germany, although the difference had diminished at the end of the 1990s. 2 Alcoholic disease is a feature of the typical transition process.The number of people discharged from hospital with alcoholic disease was higher in eastern Germany in 1994 and 1999 than in western Germany. 3 Obesity is another transition related problem and a risk factor for many diseases. 4 The proportion of the population with obesity (body mass index > 29.9) is higher in eastern Germany than in western Germany.This difference has remained for over 10 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall.In the medium term, the situation is set to even out.But it is remarkable that in spite of the same, well equipped (curative) health system, health care does not strongly modify mainly lifestyle linked health effects in a population that is exposed to transition after communism.For eastern Germany, the end of this transition process is in sight.
Intra-arterial Administration of Oral Pentazocine
Authors: Anthony M. Harrison
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> While pentazocine is free of narcotic controls, many reports in the literature have described misuse of the drug, particularly in its parenterally administered form.<sup>1-6</sup>This example of inadvertent intra-arterial injection of a suspension of the orally administered form of pentazocine will undoubtedly be followed by others as pentazocine is more frequently used, and as abuse of all drugs continues to increase. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 23-year-old white male inhalation therapist, employed at another institution, was admitted through the emergency room at 6 AM Feb 20. 1970, with severe, radiating pain in the right arm 12 hours after injecting a 50-mg tablet of pentazocine dissolved in sterile water into the antecubital area. The patient had intended an intravenous injection but immediately after the injection noted pain radiating down the arm followed by blanching and tingling. He soaked the arm in warm water, but the arm and
TCT-629 Real-World Comparison of Clinical Outcomes of Patients who Received New Generation Platinum Chromium Everolimus-Eluting Stent Versus Cobalt Chromium Everolimus-Eluting Stent
Authors: Ruogu Li, Adrian Low, Chi Hang Lee, Mark Chan, Swee Guan Teo, Koo Hui Chan, Mark Richards Arthur, Huay Cheem Tan
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)