tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Breath of life: the evolution of oxygen therapy
Authors: C Grainge
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2004)

Between 1771 and 1772 the Swedish pharmacist Karl Scheele did a series of experiments with mercuric oxide and potassium nitrate.On heating the two he obtained a gas that caused candles to burn more brightly.He did not, however, rush to publication.By the time the observation was published, in 1777, Scheele had been overtaken by the English theologian-chemist Joseph Priestley.Working independently in 1774, Priestley had heated mercuric oxide and obtained what he described as 'dephlogisticated air'-an experiment reported in 1775.The gas discovered by Scheele and Priestley was oxygen-the agent ubiquitous in modern medicine. PHLOGISTON THEORYPriestley's nomenclature was derived from the 'phlogiston' theory-the chemical wisdom of the time.This theory stated that fires released their phlogiston or combustible components into the atmosphere.By gently heating a burnt substance such as mercuric oxide, Priestley believed he was removing phlogiston from the atmosphere into the mercury, so purifying the air.Hence the term dephlogisticated air, which he describes inhaling in his Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air: 1 'The feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of common air; but I fancied that my breast felt peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards.Who can tell but that, in time, this pure air may become a fashionable article in luxury.Hitherto only two mice and myself have had the privilege of breathing it.'
THE ELECTRO-CAUTERY SNARE AS AN EXCISING AGENT IN DISEASES OF THE NOSE AND THROAT.
Authors: HANAU W. LOEB
Journal: JAMA (1896)

drug, but this rapidly subsides and leaves a sense of comfort.It has been my custom to dress the ear daily, or not later than every other day, and in no in- stance of chronic suppurative otitis media have I had any but the most gratifying results in its use.In acute suppurative otitis media I have found that in any strength it seems to aggravate the disease.The great- est objection raised to the use of the drug comes from the patient, who complains of its odor.Even weak solutions of the drug unquestionably give rise to an all-pervading and pungent smell that is more pene- trating than that of iodoform.This objection, particularly in the application of the drug to the ear, may readily be overcome by closing the external meatus with a small piece of absorbent cotton.In conclusion then, I have no hesitation in recommending the fur- ther clinic use of ortho-chloro-phenol in the belief that it will prove a valuable addition to the pharmacopeia of the rhinologist and aurist, and prove itself worthy of the fullest confidence, especially in those cases where the commonly resorted to medicaments have not only failed to relieve the patient, but have disappointed the expectations of the surgeon.
Learning disability task force criticises draft mental health bill
Authors: D. Singh
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The first annual report of the government appointed learning disability task force, published last week, is critical of the government on a number of counts but is most scathing on the draft mental health bill.

The task force's criticisms of the bill are twofold. It opposes the bill's inclusion of learning disability in the category of “mental disorder” for the purposes of compulsory treatment, and it brings ministers to task for not increasing the involvement of people with learning disabilities in consultation on the bill.

The report says: “We think it is …
Reducing High Blood Cholesterol Level With Drugs
Authors: Kevin A. Schulman
Journal: JAMA (1990)

We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of pharmacologic treatment of high blood cholesterol levels. Agents modeled were cholestyramine, colestipol, gemfibrozil, lovastatin, niacin, and probucol. Pharmacologic effectiveness was estimated from reported studies. Cost estimates reflect societal resource consumption. Annual costs for therapy ranged from $327 (niacin) to $1881 (lovastatin, 80 mg/d). Niacin was the most efficient agent for reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, having an average cost over 5 years of $139 per percent reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Lovastatin (20 mg/d) was also efficient ($177 per percent reduction). Cholestyramine was least efficient at $347. For high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, niacin was most efficient, at $116 per percent increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, followed by gemfibrozil at $271. Analyses combining low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol effects suggest that niacin and lovastatin (20 mg/d) were most efficient for reducing cardiovascular risk.
A Transdiagnostic Internet-Based Maintenance Treatment Enhances the Stability of Outcome after Inpatient Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: David Ebert, Torsten Tarnowski, Mario Gollwitzer, Bernhard Sieland, Matthias Berking
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2013)

&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; High relapse rates following acute treatment for common mental health disorders support the importance of developing maintenance phase interventions. Internet-based interventions have been effective for a broad range of mental disorders, but less is known about their potential to enhance long-term outcomes of traditional face-to-face therapy. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to evaluate a transdiagnostic Internet-based maintenance treatment (TIMT) with the purpose of fostering long-term effects of inpatient psychotherapy. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Method:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; In this pragmatic randomized controlled trial, a sample of 400 inpatients with affective, neurotic, and/or behavioral disorders was assigned to either 12 weeks of TIMT + treatment as usual (TAU) or to TAU-only following hospital discharge. TIMT consists of a self-management module, asynchronous patient-coach communication, online patient support group, and online-based monitoring of psychopathological symptoms. Self-ratings of psychopathological symptoms were conducted at the beginning of inpatient treatment (t1), at discharge from inpatient treatment/start of TIMT (t2), and at 3-month (t3) and 12-month follow-ups (t4). &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; The TIMT + TAU group was superior to the TAU-only group with regard to differences in change of general psychopathological symptom severity from discharge to 3- and 12-month follow-up. Moreover, participants of the TIMT + TAU group showed less frequent symptom deteriorations and were more often in remission/recovery than controls. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; TIMT effectively enhances long-term outcome of inpatient psychotherapy.
Studies on the Regulation of Secretion in Clara Cells with Evidence for Chemical Nonautonomic Mediation of the Secretory Response to Increased Ventilation in Rat Lungs
Authors: Gloria D. Massaro, Ceferina Amado, Linda Clerch, Donald Massaro
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1982)

Using electron microscopy and morphometric methods to assess secretion, we previously found that two times tidal volume ventilation of isolated perfused rat lung stimulates secretion by bronchiolar Clara cells; this effect is not prevented by β-adrenergic blockade (J. Clin. Invest. 1981. 67: 345-351.). In this study we used the isolated perfused rat lung and the anesthetized mechanically ventilated rat, to further study the mechanism by which large tidal volumes stimulate secretion by Clara cells. With the perfused lung we found (a) α-adrenergic inhibition did not block the secretory effect of ventilation at two times normal tidal volume; (b) indomethacin completely blocked the secretory action of two times tidal volume ventilation; (c) medium previously used to perfuse lungs ventilated at two times tidal volume, but not medium previously used to ventilate lungs at normal tidal volume, stimulated secretion by Clara cells when used to perfuse fresh lungs ventilated at tidal volume; (d) addition of prostacyclin to the fresh perfusate increased secretion by Clara cells of lungs ventilated at normal tidal volume. In anesthetized mechanically ventilated rats, sighs stimulated secretion by Clara cells; this increased secretion was inhibited by indomethacin but not by cholinergic blockade (bilateral vagotomy). These studies indicate that increased volume ventilation stimulates secretion by Clara cells in vivo and in vitro; they provide evidence that chemical nonadrenergic, noncholinergic mechanisms are involved in this secretion, and that prostaglandins may be the chemical messenger coupling the mechanico-secretory events.
Oversupply of Screening Mammography Units: Why Should Internists Care?
Authors: Alvin I. Mushlin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

Editorials1 October 1990Oversupply of Screening Mammography Units: Why Should Internists Care?Alvin I. Mushlin, MD, ScMAlvin I. Mushlin, MD, ScMSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-113-7-489 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptFundamental to the efficiency of a free enterprise system is the notion that supply should rise only to the extent justified by the demand for goods and services. Some segments of our system, however, do not abide by the rules of the marketplace and require other means to guarantee that a reasonable balance exists. Medical care is such an exception. For example, because medical care is, to an important extent, paid for by third parties and not directly by individual patients, consumers are less concerned about cost. Further, patients are usually not in a position, by themselves, to determine the...References1. ShainRoemer MM. Hospital costs related to the supply of beds. Modern Hospital. 1959;92:71-4. MedlineGoogle Scholar2. BrownKesslerRueter MLF. Is the supply of mammography machines outstripping need and demand? An economic analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:547-52. LinkGoogle Scholar3. Mushlin A. Diagnostic tests in breast cancer: clinical strategies based on diagnostic probabilities. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:79-85. LinkGoogle Scholar4. Mushlin A. The use of diagnostic tests for screening and evaluating breast lesions. Recommendations for the Health and Public Policy Committee, American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 1985; 103:143-6. LinkGoogle Scholar5. Eddy D. Screening for breast cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111: 389-99. LinkGoogle Scholar6. McGuire L. Screening for breast cancer [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111:858-9. LinkGoogle Scholar7. New screening guidelines spark controversy. Internal Medicine News. 1989;22:1. Google Scholar8. . Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: An Assessment of the Effectiveness of 169 Interventions. Report of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams &Wilkins; 1989:39-46. Google Scholar9. FoxBaumKlosTsou SJDC. Breast cancer screening: the underuse of mammography. Radiology. 1985;156:607-11. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar10. BainesMcFarlaneMiller CDA. Sensitivity and specificity of first screen mammography in 15 NBSS centres. Can Assoc Radiol J. 1988;39:273-6. MedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642 Nextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byGeographic Disparities in Mammography Capacity in the South: A Longitudinal Assessment of Supply and Demand 1 October 1990Volume 113, Issue 7Page: 489-490KeywordsMammography Issue Published: 1 October 1990 PDF downloadLoading ...
The Art of Living … The Art of Medicine. The Wit and Wisdom of Life and Medicine: A Physician's Perspective
Authors: Geno J. Merli
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2004)

Medical Writings: Book Notes7 December 2004The Art of Living … The Art of Medicine. The Wit and Wisdom of Life and Medicine: A Physician's PerspectiveGeno J. Merli, MDGeno J. Merli, MDFrom Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00037 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail The Art of Living … The Art of Medicine. The Wit and Wisdom of Life and Medicine: A Physician's Perspective Rosenow ED. 140 pages. British Columbia, Canada: Trafford Publishing; 2003. $16.95. ISBN 1412002621. Order at www.trafford.com.Field of medicine: Art of medicine.Format: Softcover book.Audience: Physicians, house officers, and medical students.Purpose: To provide physicians and medical students with a collection of pearls of wisdom and humorous quotes that will help them better appreciate the art of medicine and, more important, the art of living.Content: The book consists of 14 chapters. Each one opens with either a famous ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 7 December 2004Volume 141, Issue 11Page: 900KeywordsForecastingSoftware tools ePublished: 7 December 2004 Issue Published: 7 December 2004 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2004 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Intervertebral Disk Lesions as Cause of Sciatica
Authors: J. S. Barr
Journal: BMJ (1938)

stockinet vest, the bony prominences, such as the iliac crest, being well padded with adhesive felt, known as elephant plaster. ConclusionBriefly, therefore, the treatment of an acute severe sciatica should be complete rest in bed, with local anodyne liniments and cataplasma kaolini, and sometimes local heat by infra-red rays.Analgesic drugs must be given, such as aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine tablets, with or without codeine or opium, and even morphine or heroin injections may be required for a few days.Sleep may be obtained by the use of 7{ grains of medinal with two veganin tablets.Massage must never be used in the acute stage.Later in the more chronic stage massage may help, and galvanism, diathermy, or local heat should be tried.If these fail, massive injection of the nerve or epidural injection by novocain and saline, and extension by weights attached to anklets, with counter-extension at the axilla, should be tried.If these give only temporary relief, it may be advisable to fix a plaster from the axillae to the trochanters so that the patient may be able to get about and attend to a certain amount of business.
Effect of hypoxia on lung fluid balance in ferrets.
Authors: P White, J T Sylvester, R L Humphrey, T Permutt, S Permutt, R Brower
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

To determine how hypoxia may alter determinants of pulmonary transvascular fluid flux, adult male ferrets were exposed to either room air (C) or hypoxia (H; FIO2 = 0.12) for 24 h. After anesthesia and ventilation with C or H, the mean pulmonary artery pressures were 18.4 +/- 2.2 (SEM) and 27.3 +/- 2.9 mm Hg, respectively (p < 0.025). The right lung was then removed for gravimetric analysis of lung water and the left lung was blood-perfused (approximately 142 ml/kg/min) and continuously weighed for 15 min at left atrial pressures of 20, 25, and 30 mm Hg. Filtration coefficient (Kf) was estimated from the slopes of the relationships of rate of weight gain versus change in vascular pressure over the last 5 min of each interval. Extravascular lung water/blood-free dry lung weight for C and H were 2.95 +/- 0.06 (SEM) and 3.53 +/- 0.09 ml/g, respectively (p < 0.01). Kf for C and H were 0.0645 +/- 0.0190 (SEM) and 0.0662 +/- 0.0085 ml/min/mm Hg/100 g, respectively (NS). In a second group of experiments, in which lungs were removed from ferrets after 24 h exposures to C or H, protein reflection coefficients (sigma) were estimated by comparing the increases in perfusate hematocrit and protein concentrations during edema formation. Reflection coefficients for albumin were 0.64 +/- 0.03 (SEM) and 0.39 +/- 0.07 with C and H, respectively (p < 0.01). The sigma values for IgG and IgM were not affected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Experimental allergic conjunctivitis in inbred guinea pig strains with high respectively low bronchial allergic reactivity
Authors: L. Lundberg, C. Bertelsen, A. Zavaro, Z. Samra, D. Sompolinsky
Journal: Allergy (1987)

Inbred guinea pigs selected for high (IMM/S) respectively low (IMM/R) responsiveness to ovalbumin (OA) as measured by induced respiratory anaphylaxis, were investigated for atopic immune responses of their conjunctival mucosa. IMM/S animals sensitized either by inhalation of OA, or by instillation of antigen into the conjunctival sac, developed regularly an acute ocular inflammatory response to topical (conjunctival) challenge with the allergen. A minimum of 1 μg OA dropped repeatedly into the conjunctival sac was enough for both ocular and systemic sensitization of the animals, but the minimal dose of effective challenge was considerably higher. In IMM/R animals, ocular hypersensitivity was not achieved by inhalation of OA, but after topical administration of the antigen some of the IMM/R strains could be challenged to ocular anaphylactic responses of the same intensity as observed in IMM/S animals. The conjunctivae of both IMM/S and IMM/R animals could be sensitized passively by intraperitoneal injection of guinea pig sera containing homocytotropic antibodies to OA, but topical administration of such sera had no effect.
Sarcolemmal sodium permeability and contractile force of guinea pig papillary muscle: effects of germitrine.
Authors: P Honerjäger, M Reiter
Journal: Circulation Research (1977)

The action potential of guinea pig papillary muscle exposed to the ceveratrum alkaloid germitrine (2 mugM) is followed by a long-lasting after-depolarization (maximal amplitude, 8 mV; half-time of decay, 32 seconds; total duration, approximately 75 seconds). This after-depolarization interrupts the terminal phase of repolarization. During repetitive stimulation (0.1-1.0 Hz; 80 nM germitrine) the after-depolarizations that follow consecutive action potentials are summed, causing persistent depolarization of up to 10 mV. The after-depolarization is reversibly abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX). Test contractions evoked at various times during or after the germitrine-induced after-depolarization reveal a phase during which the ability of the muscle to develop force is transiently increased. This positive inotropic influence reaches its maximum 1 minute after the conditioning stimulus and thereafter decays with a half-time 4.8 times longer than the half-time of decay of the after depolarization. It is reversibly abolished by TTX and augmented by dihydro-ouabain (DHO). We conclude: Germitrine induces an after-depolarization by prolonging dramatically the Na permeability component which is mediated by the fast Na channels and normally restricted to the first few milliseconds of the action potential. The germitrine-induced selective and persistent increase of sarcolemmal sodium permeability (PNA) causes a positive inotropic effect, probably because intracellularly accumulating Na ions exchange for extracellular Ca ions.
Abstract 4200: Translation initiation factor eIF3b expression and its role in cancer cell growth and metastases
Authors: Hong Wang, Xuejiao Wang, Yuanbin Ru, Mark R. Conaway, Jeffery S. Kieft, Dan Theodorescu
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The initiation of translation in eukaryotes is promoted by multi-protein eukaryotic initiation factor complexes (eIFs). While several eIF subunits are overexpressed in cancer, very few have been conclusively implicated as drivers of human cancer phenotypes. Through a transcriptomic analysis of human bladder cancer our studies suggested that eIF3b, considered to be the major scaffolding subunit within the eIF3 complex, is elevated compared to normal urothelium. We went on to functionally evaluate eIF3b in human bladder cancer by siRNA depletion in UMUC3 and lul2 human bladder cancer lines. This reveled that expression of eIF3b was important for anchorage dependent and independent cell growth and G1 to S cell cycle transition. Depletion of eIF3b also inhibited cell migration in vitro and this was associated with disruption of actin cytoskeleton organization and focal adhesion formation through integrin [[Unsupported Character - Symbol Font &amp;#61537;]]5, which in turn decreased FAK phosphorylation and downstream Akt phosphorylation. We also observed the similar results from PC3 prostate cancer cells. In vivo, UMUC3 and lul2 cells depleted of eIF3b formed smaller tumors that grew more slowly following subcutaneous inoculation and these cells formed fewer lung metastases following intravenous inoculation. This data provides the first demonstration of a causal role of eIF3b in human cancer cell phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4200. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4200