tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PM2.5 and mortality in long-term prospective cohort studies: cause-effect or statistical associations?
Authors: J F Gamble
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

Concentrations of ambient PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter) were associated with increased mortality in two prospective cohort studies. In this paper, I assess whether the weight of the evidence supports a causal association. I assumed the study population in each city to have the same exposure; therefore, these are ecologic studies because exposure is at the group level. Health outcome and confounding data are at the individual level. Ambient PM concentrations are inadequate surrogates for personal exposure because they are at the group level and comprise only a small proportion of personal exposure, they change over time, and they constitute only a small proportion of a life span. The strength of association and exposure-response relationships cannot be determined because the ecologic group-level risks of PM2.5 are overestimated 150- to 300-fold based on an analogy with individual-level exposure to inhaled cigarette smoke. Risk estimates may also be high because of confounding from factors such as physical activity and lung function. The evidence is not coherent because the stronger associations are expected to be with morbidity, but instead are with mortality. For example, PM2.5 was associated with mortality but not with measurable reductions in lung function. Biological plausibility is lacking because lifetime exposure of rats to combustion products at concentrations two to three orders of magnitude higher than air pollution levels cause lung overloading but no consistent reduction in survival. Criteria for quantitative risk assessment are not met so the data are not useful for setting air quality standards. The weight of evidence suggests there is no substantive basis for concluding that a cause-effect relationship exists between long-term ambient PM2.5 and increased mortality.
Microalbuminuria, Lipoproteins, and Diabetic Control
Authors: Connie L. Manske
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Letters15 February 1993Microalbuminuria, Lipoproteins, and Diabetic ControlAndrew G. Bostom, MD and Peter W. F. Wilson, MDAndrew G. Bostom, MDSearch for more papers by this author and Peter W. F. Wilson, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-118-4-199302150-00013 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:In their cross-sectional analysis, Ramirez and colleagues [1] provide no data regarding microalbuminuria, nor did the preliminary studies cited by Ramirez and colleagues show either a cross-sectional (their references 30 and 32), or short-term longitudinal (their reference 31) relation between lipoprotein (a) (Lp[a]) level and glycemic control. Categorizing either insulin- or non–insulin-dependent diabetics by the presence or absence of the nephrotic syndrome is insufficient when assessing their Lp(a) levels and the possibly related risk for accelerated atherosclerotic disease.Karadi and colleagues [2], the first to report significantly increased Lp(a) concentrations in association with nephrosis, found no correlation ...References1. Ramirez LC, Arauz-Pacheco C, Lackner C, Albright G, Adams BV, Raskin P. Lipoprotein (a) levels in diabetes mellitus: relationship to metabolic control. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117:42-7. Google Scholar2. Karadi I, Romics L, Palos G, Doman J, Kaszas I, Hesz A, et al. Lp(a) lipoprotein concentration in serum of patients with heavy proteinuria of different origin. Clin Chem. 1989; 35:2121-3. Google Scholar3. Jenkins AJ, Steele JS, Janus ED, Best JD. Increased plasma apolipoprotein (a) levels in IDDM patients with microalbuminuria. Diabetes. 1991; 40:787-90. Google Scholar4. Mogensen CE. Microalbuminuria predicts clinical proteinuria and early mortality in maturity-onset diabetes. N Engl J Med. 1984; 310: 356-60. Google Scholar5. Kannel WB, Stampfer MJ, Castelli WP, Verter J. The prognostic significance of proteinuria: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1984; 108:1347-52. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Andrew G. Bostom, MD; Peter W. F. Wilson, MD PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 February 1993Volume 118, Issue 4Page: 312-313KeywordsApolipoproteinsAttentionHbA1cInsulinLipoproteinsMicroalbuminuriaMortalityProteinsProteinuriaType 2 diabetes ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 February 1993 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Voltage-independent effects of extracellular K+ on the Na+ current and phase 0 of the action potential in isolated cardiac myocytes.
Authors: D W Whalley, D J Wendt, C F Starmer, Y Rudy, A O Grant
Journal: Circulation Research (1994)

A rise in [K+]o, by depolarizing the resting membrane potential and partially inactivating the inward Na+ current (INa), is believed to play a critical role in slowing conduction during myocardial ischemia. In multicellular ventricular preparations, elevation of [K+]o has been suggested to decrease Vmax to a greater extent than expected from membrane depolarization alone. The mechanism of this voltage-independent effect of [K+]o is currently unknown, and its significance in single cardiac cells has not been determined. We have examined the voltage-independent effects of elevated [K+]o on INa and the action potential upstroke in isolated rabbit atrial and ventricular myocytes under voltage- and current-clamp conditions. Superfusate [K+] was varied from 5 mmol/L to 14 or 24 mmol/L, whereas [Na+] was maintained at 150 mmol/L. In cultured atrial cells and excised outside-out patches from freshly isolated atrial and ventricular cells, the amplitude and kinetics of INa were unchanged by elevation of [K+]o. In atrial cells, action potentials elicited from a holding potential of -70 mV had a similar Vmax (114.9 +/- 5.7 versus 112.2 +/- 4.8 V/s, mean +/- SEM, n = 6) and action potential amplitude (115.0 +/- 2.4 versus 113.4 +/- 3.9 mV) in 5 and 24 mmol/L [K+]o. In contrast, in ventricular cells at a holding potential of -70 mV, increasing [K+]o fro 5 to 14 mmol/L decreased Vmax from 161.8 +/- 18.0 to 55.3 +/- 5.0 V/s (n = 7, P &lt; .001) and action potential amplitude from 128.1 +/- 1.3 to 86.6 +/- 5.4 mV (P &lt; .001). This voltage-independent decrease in Vmax and action potential amplitude induced by elevated [K+]o was abolished in the presence of 1 mmol/L Ba2+, suggesting that it is attributable to an increased background K+ conductance. We conclude that elevation of [K+]o to levels expected during ischemia causes a marked voltage-independent depression of Vmax in ventricular cells, which may, in turn, contribute to the slowing of myocardial conduction characteristic of early ischemia.
Fractional allelic loss in non–end-stage cirrhosis: Correlations with hepatocellular carcinoma development during follow-up
Authors: Massimo Roncalli, Paolo Bianchi, Giorgia Ceva Grimaldi, Daniele Ricci, Luigi Laghi, Marco Maggioni, Enrico Opocher, Mauro Borzio, Guido Coggi
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is usually preceded by cirrhosis whose genetic background is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in non-end-stage cirrhosis, the fractional allelic loss (FAL) at loci mostly reported to be altered in HCC and the microsatellite instability (MSI). Twenty cases of cirrhosis were retrospectively selected. Eleven had developed an HCC during the follow-up (HCC-prone group), while 9 remained HCC-free (HCC-free group). Microdissected hepatocellular cirrhotic nodules from basal liver biopsies, were studied at 20 loci (on the chromosomal arms 1p and 1q, 3p, 4q, 6q, 7q, 8p, 13q, and 18q) and with the mononucleotide repeats BAT26 and TGFbIIR . Genetic changes were detected in both groups. Overall, the FAL index was statistically increased in the HCC-prone group (0.213) as compared to the HCC-free group (0.094; P = .044). Allelic loss at chromosomal arms 1p, 4q, 13q, 18q, and concurrent losses at more than 3 loci were confined to the HCC-prone group. In both groups, MSI was never ascertained using BAT26 and TGFbIIR . In conclusion, an increased FAL index and the lack of MSI characterize the non-end-stage cirrhosis of patients undergoing HCC during follow-up. These data emphasize the role of early clonal changes in chronic liver disease, and their potential predictive significance for clinical use.
Zinc or Albendazole Attenuates the Progression of Environmental Enteropathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kelsey N. Ryan, Kevin B. Stephenson, Indi Trehan, Robert J. Shulman, Chrissie Thakwalakwa, Ellen Murray, Kenneth Maleta, Mark J. Manary
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2014)
Combined endoscopic laser therapy and brachytherapy for palliation of oesophageal carcinoma: a pilot study.
Authors: P Renwick, V Whitton, K Moghissi
Journal: Gut (1992)

Palliative treatment for oesophageal malignancy aims to maximise symptom relief with minimal disturbance to the patient. Twenty one patients with oesophageal carcinoma were studied prospectively to assess the combined efficacy of laser and brachytherapy in the palliation of oesophageal carcinoma, 20 were unsuitable for resectional surgery because of tumour extent and one patient underwent the treatment protocol after myocardial infarction, for symptom relief before resection. Two patients died at hospital and the remaining 19 survived from 9 to 455 days (mean 140 days). All patients tolerated the procedure well and improvement in swallowing was noted in 19 who survived the procedure--an improvement that was maintained until their death. However, five patients required oesophageal dilatation after the initial treatment. Results were not affected by the histology of the tumour. In summary, combined endoscopic laser and brachytherapy is effective palliation for oesophageal carcinoma and may be particularly appropriate in those patients with cervical and upper thoracic tumours in whom intubation may be unsatisfactory.
Expression of Atrial and Brain Natriuretic Peptides and Their Genes in Hearts of Patients With Cardiac Amyloidosis
Authors: Genzou Takemura, Yoshiki Takatsu, Kiyoshi Doyama, Hiroshi Itoh, Yoshihiko Saito, Masatoshi Koshiji, Fumitaka Ando, Takako Fujiwara, Kazuwa Nakao, Hisayoshi Fujiwara
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Abstract 12743: The Role of Combined Treatment With Ascorbic Acid and N-Acetylcysteine in Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in High-Risk Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
Authors: Marek Grygier, Magda Janus, Aleksander Araszkiewicz, Jadwiga Kowal, Tatiana Mularek-Kubzdela, Wojciech Seniuk, Anna Olasinska-Wisniewska, Malgorzata Popiel, Maciej Lesiak, Stefan Grajek
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background: Patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are at high-risk of contrast-induced nephropathy. Conflicting evidence suggests that admini...
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION TREATMENT PARADOX: CHARACTERISTICS OF AND FIRST-YEAR EVENTS IN PATIENTS NOT TREATED WITH VITAMIN-K ANTAGONISTS COMPARED TO TREATED PATIENTS. THE GARFIELD REGISTRY
Authors: Jean-Pierre L. Bassand, Sophie Rushton-Smith, A John Camm, Samuel Z. Goldhaber, Shinya Goto, Sylvia Haas, Iris Mueller, Alexander G. Turpie, Ajay Kakkar
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Physical Activity, Change in Biomarkers of Myocardial Stress and Injury, and Subsequent Heart Failure Risk in Older Adults
Authors: Christopher R. deFilippi, James A. de Lemos, Andrew T. Tkaczuk, Robert H. Christenson, Mercedes R. Carnethon, David S. Siscovick, John S. Gottdiener, Stephen L. Seliger
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Residential Radon Exposure and Lung Cancer in Sweden
Authors: Goran Pershagen, Gustav Akerblom, Olav Axelson, Bertil Clavensjo, Lena Damber, Gunilla Desai, Anita Enflo, Frederic Lagarde, Hans Mellander, Magnus Svartengren, Gun Astri Swedjemark
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

Residential radon is the principal source of exposure to ionizing radiation in most countries. To determine the implications for the risk of lung cancer, we performed a nationwide case-control study in Sweden.
"Mind the gap": reflections of an American health maintenance organisation doctor on the new NHS.
Authors: J. E. Sabin
Journal: BMJ (1992)

suggestions I wanted to leave in  United Kingdom. Firstly, a gap between  health care you want and  money you are willing to spend. Secondly, a gap in communication between doctors and patients about  economics of  NHS. Thirdly, a gap between two cultures?described by  new secretary of state for health, Virginia Bottomley, as the world(s) of medicine and management.1 Finally, a gap in medical ethics between old precepts and new circumstances. If you address these gaps effectively  NHS will be a model for  twenty first century. If you do not you will undermine what many of my interviewees called a national treasure.
Risk of severe life threatening asthma and beta agonist type: an example of confounding by severity.
Authors: J E Garrett, S F Lanes, J Kolbe, H H Rea
Journal: Thorax (1996)

A study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that a particular inhaled beta agonist, fenoterol, increases the incidence of severe life threatening asthma.A retrospective cohort was assembled comprising 655 patients with asthma aged 15-55 years who attended a single Auckland hospital for acute asthma between 1 January 1986 and 31 December 1987 (the "index event"). Patients were followed for the occurrence of death from asthma or admission to the intensive care unit for asthma, until death or 31 May 1989. Data on asthma medications and asthma severity were obtained from forms used specifically for managing patients with acute asthma in the emergency department and maintained as part of the hospital record and/or from the hospital record (when patients were admitted).Following the index event 90 admissions to the intensive care unit (ICU) and 15 asthma deaths were identified. Before adjusting for asthma severity, patients using inhaled fenoterol had a greater incidence of severe life threatening asthma than patients using inhaled salbutamol (RR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.4 to 3.1). After controlling for two markers of severe asthma used in previous studies-a hospital admission in the previous year and prescribed oral corticosteroids-the relative risk estimate declined to 1.5 (95% CI 1.0 to 2.3). After controlling further for the number of hospital admissions during the study period, continuous oral corticosteroid use rather than short courses of treatment, severity of the previous attack requiring a hospital visit, and race, fenoterol was not associated with severe life threatening asthma at the time of attendance for a previous hospital visit (RR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.6 to 1.7).Fenoterol is used more often by patients with severe asthma and, after adjusting for differences in baseline risk, it does not increase the risk of severe life threatening asthma.
Recent advances in the treatment of thromboembolic diseases: Venous thromboembolism
Authors: Y.K. Agrawal, Hitesh Vaidya, Hardik Bhatt, Kuntal Manna, Pathik Brahmkshatriya
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2007)

Abstract Venous thromboembolic diseases are the major concern of rising cost of healthcare and are commonest health problem across the globe. Both genetic and acquired risk factors are believed to be strongly linked with these diseases. Commonly encountered problems to the therapy include dose fixing and routine monitoring, yet some serious problems of bleeding also necessitate the immediate need to develop new agents. The review is primarily concerned with the new developments in the treatment of thromboembolic diseases. Therapeutic applications of anticoagulants, antiplatelets, and thrombolytics have been discussed in enough detail. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 27, No. 6, 891–914, 2007
Effect of the Anti-Coronary Club Program on Coronary Heart Disease Risk-Factor Status
Authors: George Christakis
Journal: JAMA (1966)

A group of 814 men at large, 40 to 59 years old, have been placed in a diet relatively rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The study diet has significantly lowered the serum cholesterol levels and maintained these lower levels for periods as long as five years. The study protocol has also been effective in significantly reducing the incidence of obesity and hypertension during the first four years of study participation. Among a control group of 463 men of similar age, the prevalence of these conditions was stable. After the men had participated in the study for four years, the differences between the experimental and control groups in prevelance of these risk factors (obesity, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia) were statistically significant. Accompanying these significant differences, a statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in morbidity from new coronary heart disease.
Fate of herpes simplex virus in lymphocytes from blood and joint effusions of systemic and pauciarticular juvenile chronic arthritis
Authors: P. Hollingworth, D. J. A. Appleford, B. M. Ansell, A. M. Denman
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1983)

The fate of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in the lymphocytes of patients with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) was studied by previously described methods. Lymphocytes isolated from blood and joint effusions of 18 patients with systemic JCA and 11 patients with pauciarticular JCA usually supported viral growth normally.
THE CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE IN DIPHTHERIA
Authors: CHARLES W. EDMUNDS
Journal: JAMA (1928)

The most frequent cause of death today in diphtheria is circulatory collapse; but as to the mechanism the failure of which is responsible for the collapse, there is still no agreement. The pathologic changes that are produced by the toxin have been studied extensively, but even regarding them there still remain some differences of opinion. Since there is no agreement concerning the anatomic changes produced by the poison, how much more likely is it that there should be a divergence of views regarding the part these changes may play in bringing about the failure of the circulation. Practically every part of the vascular system has been blamed for the trouble—heart, vasomotor center, vessels and peripheral nerves. All have been found to be involved by certain workers and, on the other hand, each has been absolved from participation in the difficulty by other experimenters, so that there is no agreement today
Moving to an A1C-Based Diagnosis of Diabetes Has a Different Impact on Prevalence in Different Ethnic Groups
Authors: Dirk L. Christensen, Daniel R. Witte, Lydia Kaduka, Marit E. Jørgensen, Knut Borch-Johnsen, Viswanathan Mohan, Jonathan E. Shaw, Adam G. Tabák, Dorte Vistisen
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

OBJECTIVE To compare screen-detected diabetes prevalence and the degree of diagnostic agreement by ethnicity with the current oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-based and newly proposed A1C-based diagnostic criteria. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Six studies (1999–2009) from Denmark, the U.K., Australia, Greenland, Kenya, and India were tested for the probability of an A1C ≥6.5% among diabetic case subjects based on an OGTT. The difference in probability between centers was analyzed by logistic regression adjusting for relevant confounders. RESULTS Diabetes prevalence was lower with the A1C-based diagnostic criteria in four of six studies. The probability of an A1C ≥6.5% among OGTT-diagnosed case subjects ranged widely (17.0–78.0%) by study center. Differences in diagnostic agreement between ethnic subgroups in the U.K. study were of the same magnitude as between-country comparisons. CONCLUSIONS A shift to an A1C-based diagnosis for diabetes will have substantially different consequences for diabetes prevalence across ethnic groups and populations.
MLL partner genes drive distinct gene expression profiles and genomic alterations in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: an AIEOP study
Authors: M Pigazzi, R Masetti, S Bresolin, A Beghin, A Di Meglio, S Gelain, L Trentin, E Baron, M Giordan, A Zangrando, B Buldini, A Leszl, M C Putti, C Rizzari, F Locatelli, A Pession, G Te Kronnie, G Basso
Journal: Leukemia (2011)
The Effect of Anti-IL-5 Therapy on Esophageal Mastocytosis in Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Authors: I.M. Otani, M. Bhagat, R.O. Newbury, R. Dohil, D.H. Broide, S.S. Aceves
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
A novel form of complete IL-12/IL-23 receptor 1 deficiency with cell surface-expressed nonfunctional receptors
Authors: Claire Fieschi, Marita Bosticardo, Ludovic De Beaucoudrey, Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis, Jacqueline Feinberg, Orchidée Filipe Santos, Jacinta Bustamante, Jacov Levy, Fabio Candotti, Jean Laurent Casanova
Journal: Blood (2004)
Effect of Adenosine Triphosphate–Sensitive Potassium Channel Openers on Lung Preservation
Authors: Tatsuo Fukuse, Toshiki Hirata, Mitsugu Omasa, Hiromi Wada
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) openers have been proven to be involved in ischemic preconditioning, which protects ischemic tissue. However, the effect of KATP openers on ischemia–reperfusion injury of the lungs remains unknown. We investigated whether a KATP opener, pinacidil, can attenuate ischemia–reperfusion injury using an ex vivo rat lung model. Heart–lung blocks were flushed and preserved with phosphate-buffered saline (control group) or with one of the solutions containing pinacidil (pinacidil group) or pinacidil + glibenclamide (a KATP blocker) (glibenclamide group). The control and glibenclamide groups showed significantly higher values with respect to shunt fraction, pulmonary arterial pressure, and peak inspiratory pressure than the pinacidil group. The concentrations of total adenine nucleotides and ATP in the lung after reperfusion became significantly lower in the control and glibenclamide groups than in the fresh group. Lipid peroxidation of the lungs increased significantly in the control and glibenclamide groups after reperfusion. State 3 mitochondrial respiration and State 3/4 ratios of mitochondrial respiration were significantly decreased in the lungs of the control and glibenclamide groups. These findings suggested that KATP openers would maintain the mitochondrial respiratory function during lung preservation, prevent lipid peroxidation after reperfusion, and attenuate ischemia–reperfusion injury.
Testing of an improved ultrasound flowmeter: technical description and results of testing in vitro
Authors: U. Studer, G. Fricke, H. Scheu
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1970)

Journal Article Testing of an improved ultrasound flowmeter: technical description and results of testing in vitro Get access U. Studer, U. Studer From the Medical Policlinic, University of Zurich Medical School Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G. Fricke, G. Fricke From the Medical Policlinic, University of Zurich Medical School Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H. Scheu H. Scheu From the Medical Policlinic, University of Zurich Medical School Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 4, Issue 3, July 1970, Pages 380–387, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/4.3.380 Published: 01 July 1970 Article history Accepted: 29 November 1969 Published: 01 July 1970