tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Economic Sanctions and Embargoes
Authors: Ken Freeland
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Letters15 August 2000Economic Sanctions and EmbargoesKen FreelandKen FreelandHoustonians against U.S. Military Involvement; Houston, TX 77004 (Freeland)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-4-200008150-00019 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Morin and Miles (1) do a great service to the medical community and the general public by detailing the ethical issues involved in the imposition of harsh economic sanctions that so clearly affect the health and well-being of target populations, who are always the most vulnerable sectors bearing the brunt.Secretary of State Madeleine Albright's counterpoint editorial (2) claims that Iraq is now importing as much food now as before the Gulf War. Because she does not cite any source for this claim, I regard it as skeptically as I do many other such “statistical” claims by ...References1. Morin K, Miles SH. The health effects of economic sanctions and embargoes: the role of health professionals. Ethics and Human Rights Committee. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:158-61. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Albright MK. Economic sanctions and public health: a view from the Department of State [Editorial]. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:155-7. LinkGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Houstonians against U.S. Military Involvement; Houston, TX 77004 (Freeland) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoEconomic Sanctions and Public Health: A View from the Department of State Madeleine K. Albright The Health Effects of Economic Sanctions and Embargoes: The Role of Health Professionals Karine Morin , Steven H. Miles , and Economic Sanctions and Embargoes David P. Hickey Economic Sanctions and Embargoes Leila Richards Economic Sanctions and Embargoes Soheir A. Morsy Economic Sanctions and Embargoes Anthony F. Kirkpatrick Economic Sanctions and Embargoes Richard Garfield Economic Sanctions and Embargoes Natalia Ganson-Myshkin Economic Sanctions and Embargoes Michèle Barry Economic Sanctions and Embargoes Michael Brumage Metrics 15 August 2000Volume 133, Issue 4Page: 308KeywordsFoodHealth economicsMalnutritionNutritionPopulation statistics ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 August 2000 CopyrightCopyright © 2000 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
The Role of Chronic Alcohol Abuse in the Development of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Adults
Authors: Marc Moss
Journal: JAMA (1996)

To determine the effect of a history of chronic alcohol abuse on the incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and in-hospital mortality.Prospective cohort study.A total of 351 medical and surgical intensive care unit patients with one of seven at-risk diagnoses for the development of ARDS.The development of ARDS and in-hospital mortality.Of the 351 patients enrolled in the study, the incidence of ARDS in patients with a history of alcohol abuse was significantly higher than in patients without a history of alcohol abuse (43% vs 22%) (P < .001; relative risk [RR], 1.98; 95% confidence interval [Cl], 1.32 to 2.85). In patients with sepsis, ARDS developed in 52% of the patients with a prior history of alcohol abuse compared with only 20% in patients without a history of alcohol abuse (P < .001; RR, 2.59; 95% Cl, 1.29 to 5.12). Fifty-one percent (52/102) of the patients who developed ARDS died compared with only 14% (36/249) of patients who did not develop ARDS (P < .001). In the subset of patients who developed ARDS, the in-hospital mortality rate was 65% in patients with a prior history of alcohol abuse. This mortality rate was significantly higher (P = .003) than the mortality rate in patients without a history of alcohol abuse (36%).A prior history of chronic alcohol abuse significantly increases the risk of developing ARDS in critically ill patients with an identified at-risk diagnosis. Our results may be useful in the earlier and more accurate identification of patients at high risk for developing ARDS.
Reframing Gun Violence
Authors: William D. Keen
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Letters15 August 1998Reframing Gun ViolenceWilliam D. Keen, MDWilliam D. Keen, MDSan Diego, CA 92120Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-129-4-199808150-00023 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:What's this? The American College of Physicians is now trying to infringe on my constitutional right to own a firearm [1, 2]? Although the intention is a good one-to reduce death and disability from gunshot wounds-to “medicalize” violent criminal behavior involving a firearm is absurd and destructive. Absurd because the ownership and use of a firearm are not diseases. Destructive because, taken to its logical conclusion, it excuses a criminal act as the result of some uncontrollable physical defect rather than as the result of free choice.If we start thinking of all human behavior as a ...References1. Davidoff F. Reframing gun violence [Editorial]. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 128:234-5. Google Scholar2. Firearm injury prevention. American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 128:236-41. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: San Diego, CA 92120 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 August 1998Volume 129, Issue 4Page: 337KeywordsBehaviorCarbohydratesCardiovascular diseasesDisabilitiesExerciseFatsFirearm injuriesHealth careViolent crime Issue Published: 15 August 1998 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Large-Database Research: Complement to Randomized Trials?
Authors: Jose A. Sacristan
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Letters15 May 1998Large-Database Research: Complement to Randomized Trials?Jose A. Sacristan, MD, Javier Soto, MD, PhD, and Ines Galende, MDJose A. Sacristan, MDSpanish Group for the Study of Methodology in Clinical Research; 28230 Las Rozas, Madrid, SpainSearch for more papers by this author, Javier Soto, MD, PhDSpanish Group for the Study of Methodology in Clinical Research; 28230 Las Rozas, Madrid, SpainSearch for more papers by this author, and Ines Galende, MDSpanish Group for the Study of Methodology in Clinical Research; 28230 Las Rozas, Madrid, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-128-10-199805150-00023 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:We are disappointed by the emphasis that the articles on database research in the supplement published on 15 October 1997 place on sophisticated new mathematical models to control for confounding factors and by the classic commonplace that clinical database studies are “attractive alternatives to randomized trials” [1]. Using large databases to compare therapies remains controversial [2]. By design, databases record observations made in clinical practice. Because treatment decisions are not randomly allocated, any observed therapeutic effect may be due to unrecognized factors affecting the treatment allocation rather than the treatment itself.It is surprising that a supplement ...References1. Hornberger J, Wrone E. When to base clinical policies on observational versus randomized trial data. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 127:(8 pt 2)697-703. Google Scholar2. Byar DP. Problems with using observational databases to compare treatments. Stat Med. 1991; 10:663-6. Google Scholar3. Cross design synthesis: a new strategy for studying medical outcomes? [Editorial] Lancet. 1992; 340:944-6. Google Scholar4. Sacristan JA, Soto J, Galende I. Assessment of effectiveness through the application of randomisation using databases: medicine-based evidence? Med Clin. (Barc) [In press.] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Spanish Group for the Study of Methodology in Clinical Research; 28230 Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byUsing administrative data for epidemiological research: case study to identify persons with periodontitis 15 May 1998Volume 128, Issue 10Page: 875KeywordsComputersComputing systemsDatabasesDrugsEvidence based medicineForecastingMathematical modelsRandomized trialsResearch designTreatment guidelines Issue Published: 15 May 1998 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
History of General Physiology 600 B.C. to A.D. 1900
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1976)

A reprint of considerable interest to historians and physicians is Thomas Hall's<i>History of General Physiology</i>, a paperback reprinting of the 1969 work that originally had the title,<i>Ideas of Life and Matter: Studies in the History of General Biology</i>. The original title was more descriptive and more accurate. Most of the chapters deal each with the ideas of individual philosophers, physicians, or scientists, proceeding in chronological order from 600 BC to AD 1900. The common thread is the attitude toward the nature of life and the relationship between the living and the nonliving. In the modern period, a special emphasis rests on vitalism on the one hand, and chemistry and psychology on the other. The book will be helpful to those who seek an introduction to the individual thinkers who have contributed to biology, especially to aspects of vitalism and the chemical and physical basis of life. The book,
Duty to Warn Third Parties
Authors: Richard E. Brennan
Journal: JAMA (1983)

To the Editor.—  The article entitled Duty to Warn Third Parties was provocative. I would like to comment on one aspect of the article, namely, the citation of the New Jersey case of McIntosh v Milano , 403 A2d, 300 (Law -Div 1979).  I was the defense counsel for the defendant, Dr Milano, in that case. The holding of the reported decision was that a psychiatrist could, under certain circumstances, be held accountable to foreseeable injury to a third party. The facts of the case were that Dr Milano's patient, an adolescent boy, shot and killed his estranged girlfriend. The parents of the deceased girl brought a wrongful death action against Dr Milano, claiming that he knew or should have known that his patient had homicidal tendencies directed toward an identifiable individual, namely, the decedent.  In a scholarly opinion, Judge James Petrella of our Superior Count held that the complaint stated
Confidence intervals and statistical significance: rules of thumb
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Researchers compared the effectiveness of cryotherapy with that of salicylic acid for treating plantar warts. A randomised controlled trial was performed. Participants were eligible if aged 12 years or over. Those randomised to cryotherapy had liquid nitrogen delivered by a healthcare professional, with a maximum of four treatments, 2-3 weeks apart. Participants randomised to 50% salicylic acid (Verrugon) treated themselves daily for a maximum of eight weeks.1 The primary outcome was complete clearance of all plantar warts at 12 weeks, as confirmed by inspection of digital photographs by two assessors who were blind to treatment allocation. Secondary outcomes included patients’ self reported number of days until clearance of plantar warts in the six months after randomisation. The proportion of participants with complete clearance of plantar warts at 12 weeks was higher in the salicylic group (17 of 119 (14.29%) versus 15 of 110 (13.64%); difference 0.65% (95% confidence interval –8.33 to 9.63)). The hazard ratio for self reported time to clearance of plantar warts in the six months after randomisation when salicylic acid was compared with cryotherapy was 0.8 (0.51 to 1.25). Which of the following statements, if any, can be concluded?
Use of thermometers in general practice.
Authors: S. Clarke
Journal: BMJ (1992)

To identify the attitudes of general practitioners towards the use of thermometers in general practice.Postal questionnaire survey.All general practitioners in the catchment area of Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey.145 general practitioners.Answers to questions covering a variety of aspects concerning the use of thermometers in general practice.116 (80%) doctors replied. Seven doctors did not have any method of taking a patient's temperature; up to 12 more doctors did not use their thermometers and 56 doctors used them infrequently, less than once a fortnight. Mercury glass thermometers were most commonly used (80 doctors; 69%), but only 8% of doctors used them correctly. Six doctors failed to clean their thermometers between patients. The study failed to identify the roles of axillary and rectal temperature readings.There is a wide variation in attitudes towards the use of thermometers in general practice.
912 LEUKOCYTE DECLINE PREDICTS SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PEGINTERFERON alfa-2b/RIBAVIRIN TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HCV GENOTYPE 1 INFECTION
Authors: G. Teuber, S. Mauss, D. Hüppe, E. Zehnter, M.P. Manns, T. Dahhan, U. Meyer, T. Witth öft, B. Möller, N. Dikopoulos, J. Brack, D. Hartmann, B. Dreher, M. Bilzer
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Emergency Suprapubic Catheterization
Authors: L. N. Gleeson
Journal: BMJ (1963)

dren over 7 who have life-long nocturnal enuresis.without symptoms of emotional disturbance.We encountered the following snags even then:1.The child slept so heavily that the buzzer failed to wake him.2. The child woke and lay screaming, apparently too frightened to move or turn off the bell, or became too frightened to use the hell after one or two tries.3. The child was difficult about using the
The true cost of health care in Britain
Authors: B Livesley
Journal: BMJ (1994)

It is not often one finds an unbiased, thought provoking programme of quality on television these days, but on Friday 6 May Public Eye came up with just that. Well balanced case reports raised the question of who should pay for long term care. No answers were provided as the investigators showed the practical, emotional, and financial dilemmas resulting from the tightening of the welfare state. The programme clearly identified a gaping hole in the purchaser-provider marketplace of the National Health Service.

Mr Gittins and Mrs Tammadge have been paying for the continuing care of their respective spouses in private accommodation. The key question is, have they been doing it unnecessarily and should the NHS be …
West Nile Viral Encephalitis in an HIV-Positive Woman in New York
Authors: Illya Szilak, Grace Y. Minamoto
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

In the July 29 issue, Kern et al. 1 and Freifeld et al. 2 reach similar conclusions about the efficacy of oral as compared with intravenous antibiotic therapy for febrile patients with neutropenia due to cancer chemotherapy who have a low risk of complications.It is a common mistake to assume that the absence of a statistical difference between two treatments means that they are equivalent.This criticism is of particular importance in a study involving a relatively small patient population, with a low failure rate in each group.In the study by Kern et al., the end point was the rate of treatment success (i.e., recovery without a change in the regimen).Similarly, in the study by Freifeld et al., treatment was considered successful if the patient survived without a change in the regimen.The prognosis is usually good in low-risk patients with fever and neutropenia, particularly when the origin of the fever is unexplained. 3 As Finberg and Talcott note in their accompanying editorial, 4 the end point of these studies should have been the rate of treatment failure, not success.With treatment failure as the end point, neither study appears to have sufficient power to support a definite conclusion.In our opinion, the authors do not provide sufficient data on which to base a conclusion that oral antibiotics are as safe and effective as antibiotics delivered intravenously in low-risk patients with chemotherapyinduced neutropenia.
The Siamese Twins: Proposal for Effecting their Separation
Authors: J. Startin
Journal: BMJ (1869)

Serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were measured in 10 healthy volunteers before and after an intravenous injection of 2 g cefoxitin sodium. Results were compared with in vitro work which demonstrated a positive interference by cefoxitin in the Jaffé reaction, the routine laboratory method of creatinine measurement. The serum creatinine estimation should be delayed until at least 2 hours after cefoxitin administration. The creatinine clearance may appear to be falsely high.
Persistent Fainting after Implantation of a “Curative” Pacemaker
Authors: Sazzli Shahlan Kasim, Michael Hennessy, James Crowley
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

A 64-year-old man had a dizzy spell lasting several minutes, followed by syncope. A loop recorder showed a sinus-node arrest lasting 25 seconds. A dual-chamber pacemaker was implanted. Despite normal pacemaker function, he had numerous confusional episodes during the subsequent days.
Mortality in Medicare Beneficiaries Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in States With and Without Certificate of Need Regulation
Authors: Mary S. Vaughan-Sarrazin
Journal: JAMA (2002)

ContextCertificate of need regulation was designed to control health care costs by preventing health care facilities from expanding unnecessarily. While there have been several studies investigating whether these regulations have affected health care investment, few have evaluated the relationship between certificate of need regulation and quality of care.ObjectiveTo compare risk-adjusted mortality and hospital volumes for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in states with and without certificate of need regulation.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsRetrospective cohort study of 911 407 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older, who underwent CABG surgery between 1994 and 1999 in 1063 US hospitals.Main Outcome MeasuresStates (and the District of Columbia) with continuous (n = 27), none (n = 18), or intermittent (n = 6) certificate of need regulation; mortality (in-hospital or within 30 days of CABG surgery) rates; and mean annual hospital volumes for CABG surgery.ResultsUnadjusted mortality was 5.1% in states without certificate of need regulation compared with 4.4% in states with continuous regulation, and 4.3% in states with intermittent certificate of need regulation (P<.001 for each comparison). Adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, mortality remained higher in states without certificate of need regulation compared with states with continuous certificate of need regulation (odds ratio [OR], 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-1.28; P<.001). Using the same groups for comparison, the mean annual hospital volume for CABG surgery was 84% lower in states without certificate of need regulation (104 vs 191; P<.001) and more patients underwent CABG surgery in low-volume hospitals (<100 procedures annually) (30% vs 10% for states with continuous certificate of need programs; P<.001). Following the repeal of certificate of need regulation in states categorized as intermittent, the percentage of patients undergoing CABG surgery in low-volume hospitals tripled.ConclusionsMortality rates for Medicare patients undergoing CABG surgery were higher in states without certificate of need regulation. Repeal of certificate of need regulations during the study period was associated with declines in hospital volume for CABG surgery.
U.S.-Citizen International Medical Graduates — A Boon for the Workforce?
Authors: N. Lynn Eckhert, Marta van Zanten
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2015)

Nearly 14% of applicants for U.S. residency positions are U.S. citizens who graduated from international medical schools. These graduates enter primary care at much higher rates than U.S. medical graduates, but little is known about their offshore medical programs.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Angiopoietin Chimera With Improved Properties for Therapeutic Angiogenesis
Authors: Andrey Anisimov, Denis Tvorogov, Annamari Alitalo, Veli-Matti Leppänen, Yuri An, Eun Chun Han, Fabrizio Orsenigo, Emília Ilona Gaál, Tanja Holopainen, Young Jun Koh, Tuomas Tammela, Petra Korpisalo, Salla Keskitalo, Michael Jeltsch, Seppo Ylä-Herttuala, Elisabetta Dejana, Gou Young Koh, Chulhee Choi, Pipsa Saharinen, Kari Alitalo
Journal: Circulation (2013)

There is an unmet need for proangiogenic therapeutic molecules for the treatment of tissue ischemia in cardiovascular diseases. However, major inducers of angiogenesis such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF/VEGF-A) have side effects that limit their therapeutic utility in vivo, especially at high concentrations. Angiopoietin-1 has been considered to be a blood vessel stabilization factor that can inhibit the intrinsic property of VEGF to promote vessel leakiness. In this study, we have designed and tested the angiogenic properties of chimeric molecules consisting of receptor-binding parts of VEGF and angiopoietin-1. We aimed at combining the activities of both factors into 1 molecule for easy delivery and expression in target tissues.The VEGF-angiopoietin-1 (VA1) chimeric protein bound to both VEGF receptor-2 and Tie2 and induced the activation of both receptors. Detailed analysis of VA1 versus VEGF revealed differences in the kinetics of VEGF receptor-2 activation and endocytosis, downstream kinase activation, and VE-cadherin internalization. The delivery of a VA1 transgene into mouse skeletal muscle led to increased blood flow and enhanced angiogenesis. VA1 was also very efficient in rescuing ischemic limb perfusion. However, VA1 induced less plasma protein leakage and myeloid inflammatory cell recruitment than VEGF. Furthermore, angioma-like structures associated with VEGF expression were not observed with VA1.The VEGF-angiopoietin-1 chimera is a potent angiogenic factor that triggers a novel mode of VEGF receptor-2 activation, promoting less vessel leakiness, less tissue inflammation, and better perfusion in ischemic muscle than VEGF. These properties of VA1 make it an attractive therapeutic tool.