tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE COÖRDINATIONS OF THE OCULAR MUSCLES.
Authors: C. M. HOBBY
Journal: JAMA (1896)

When two or more muscles act together for a common purpose, their movements are coördinated; but the term coördination is more commonly applied to the similar, but more complex function, whereby two or more members of the body are acted upon, by the muscles or groups of muscles moving them, to the execution of a common purpose. In this sense the movements may be simultaneous or successive: the objective, instantaneous, consecutive, or continuous. The chain of ideation, will, action, is the same as in a simple voluntary movement, only complicated by the necessity that the different actions should accomplish a single purpose. As certain movements occur from birth, and are therefore called instinctive, it has been supposed that certain other movements which require coordination must also be instinctive; but this is not to be accepted without demonstration. While the limits of this paper do not allow more than a statement
Long-Term Nasogastric Feeding Tube
Authors: Byron V. Whitney
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> This is not new. I used it during my surgical residency at the Pondville Cancer Hospital in Walpole, Mass, in 1958. One patient was fed with the tube for six months without detrimental effect. The tube is illustrated in brief within "Is the Oral Cavity Neglected?" (<i>J Maine Med Assoc</i><b>52</b>:361, 1961).
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase IIa Dose-Finding Study of Vandetanib (ZD6474) in Japanese Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Katsuyuki Kiura, Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Tetsu Shinkai, Kenji Eguchi, Yuichiro Ohe, Nobuyuki Yamamoto, Masahiro Tsuboi, Soichiro Yokota, Takashi Seto, Haiyi Jiang, Kazuto Nishio, Nagahiro Saijo, Masahiro Fukuoka
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2008)
Coverage of the Uninsured and Underinsured
Authors: S A Freedman, B R Klepper, R P Duncan, S P Bell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1988)

Traditionally, Americans have obtained individual and family health insurance coverage in one of three ways. Some have been covered by public programs (Medicaid for the very poor, Medicare for the elderly), and some have paid directly for policies, but by far the largest number of people have obtained health coverage in the form of group insurance provided through their employers. Insurance programs for members of large groups have had the lowest prices. In most cases, however, low prices have not been extended to small employee groups or to individuals. This aspect of health insurance structure has had adverse financial effects . . .
Metabolic syndrome: prevalence, associated factors, and C-reactive protein
Authors: Maria A. Martínez, Juan G. Puig, Marta Mora, Rosa Aragón, Pascual O'Dogherty, José L. Antón, Teresa Sánchez-Villares, José M. Rubio, Javier Rosado, Rosa Torres, Joaquín Marcos, Luis F. Pallardo, José R. Banegas
Journal: Metabolism (2008)
Review: Perioperative statins reduce perioperative MI and AF in statin-naïve patients
Authors: Reitze Rodseth, P.J. Devereaux
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2012)

Source Citation Chopra V, Wesorick DH, Sussman JB, et al. Effect of perioperative statins on death, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, and length of stay: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Surg. 2012;147:181-9. 22351917
Primary health care in Ubon refugee camp.
Authors: J O'Sullivan, G O'Sullivan, S Ebrahim
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Ubon Refugee Camp in -the north-east of Thailand celebrated its fourth anniversarywkh a-brief Buddhist ceremony.In these four years just over 6000 refugees have been resettled in other countries, mainly the United States of America and France.There were then 13 other refugee camps in Thailand populated by Laotian, Cambodian, hill-tribe, and Vietnamese refugees.Ubon camp is one of the largest-an increase of 12 000 in the last year has brought the number of Laotians to nearly 40 000 (though many will tell you privately that there are a few thousand more).Thailand has about 100 000 Laotianrefugees, but their plight has been overshadowed by the more dramatic events surrounding the Vietnamese and Cambodians.Ironically, Ubon Refugee Camp has grown up on the site of a former US Air Force ammunition dump.Thanks to its previous tenants, the terrain is flat, dotted with bunkers, and has excellent tarmac roads.According to their social position, the refugees live in either self-constructed bamboo and grass huts or United Nations-built wooden bams, which each house about 500 people.Some people are able to run businesses such as grocery shops, cafes, and pharmacies.The pharmacies may be particularly dangerous as they are run by unqualified staff and there are virtually no controls on purchasing drugs in Thailand.Most of the refugees keep ducks or hens and have vegetable gardens now that they realise resettlement may be interminably slow.The majority, however, have little to occupy their time.
Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought
Authors: Vincent J. Gagliardi
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Eugenics, the science of improving the human race by better breeding, has influenced American social and political thought since the late 1800's. In an absorbing and factual book the author details its history—from post-Darwinian philosophy that the<i>unfit</i>must be weeded from the human race, to the full development and subsequent decline of eugenics in this country. Whereas the movement might have been a legitimate inquiry into the relative importance of heredity and environment, it became instead a pseudoscience which (1) blindly linked heredity to poverty, crime, feeblemindedness, and insanity, and (2) was a rallying point for racist and anti-immigration propaganda. The author did much of his research at the Eugenics Record Office in Cold Spring Harbor, NY. Founded in 1910, this agency generated voluminous studies on such phenomena as the Jukes family—1,258 members, over half of whom were paupers, criminals, or feebleminded persons. Sociologists, physicians, and politicians used these
Single maintenance and reliever therapy (SMART) of asthma
Authors: H. K. Reddel, K. Y. Yan
Journal: Thorax (2010)

We write to raise some of a number of serious concerns about the recent paper 'Single maintenance and reliever therapy (SMART) of asthma: a critical appraisal'. 1 We believe that it is written in a misleading fashion and contains important errors of fact, presentation and inference.Tabulated data for symptoms, reliever use and exacerbations are presented only for patients randomly assigned to SMART.The lead author had access to the analysis by Bateman et al 2 that included full comparative data, as he wrote an accompanying editorial 3 and cited it in the present paper.It is unscientific, knowing that symptoms and reliever use outcomes are remarkably similar for fixed-dose and SMART, to not present all the data.It is worse then to imply that fixeddose, even at the highest approved and marketed doses, achieved target levels of control in the populations studied.The Cochrane review by Cates and Lasserson, 4 limited to comparisons of SMART compared with inhaled corticosteroid monotherapy, is wrongly invoked to support the contention that SMART does not reduce exacerbations compared with current best practice.Furthermore, the Cochrane authors' conclusions are selectively edited, removing their definition of current best practice and the qualifying phrase 'although results of five large trials are awaiting full publication'.Chapman and his co-authors are clearly aware of these data.Another Cochrane review that did examine SMART compared with fixed-dose combination therapy, concluding that SMART reduces severe exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids but not hospitalisation, is not mentioned. 5uggesting that SMART is proved to be associated with concerning airway inflammation is similarly disingenuous and is inconsistent with key messages constructed by the authors. 6It is misleading to omit to say that eosinophil counts were in the range of control, that there was no difference in the number of patients who would have been eligible, per protocol, for a maintenance dose increase or decrease, and that fixed-dose combination treatment did not achieve greater improvement in any other asthma endpoint despite more than double the inhaled corticosteroid dose.This paper purports to be a critical analysis and is published under 'Review' in the table of contents.The authors could have presented a balanced description of peerreviewed evidence, robustly discussing the pros and cons of different medication regimens in clinical practice, but did not.Misrepresentation of scientific evidence is of grave concern.
Developing and Testing Changes in Delivery of Care
Authors: Donald M. Berwick
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Improving the daily practice of medicine requires making changes in processes of care.In many circumstances, the most powerful way to make such changes is to conduct small, local tests-Plan-Do-Study-Act (PSA) cycles-in which one learns from taking action. Learning in these cycles has much in common with learning from prudent clinical work, in which therapies are initiated under close observation and adjustments are made as data and experience accumulate. For many system improvements, PSA cycles are more appropriate and informative than either formal studies with experimental designs (such as randomized trials) or the mere implementation of changes without reflection or evaluative measurement. Physicians can encourage systemic improvement by endorsing and participating in prudent, local tests of change in their own offices and in the health care organizations in which they work. To do this, they must understand the scientific value and integrity of such small-scale tests.
Abstract 1890: Depletion of Transplanted Pro-Angiogenic Cells by a Suicide Approach Discloses a Crucial Role of Sustained Incorporation for Cardiac Repair after Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Chang-hwan Yoon, Thomas Ziebart, Thomas Trepels, Astrid Wietelsbacher, Thomas Braun, Stefan Stein, Manuel Grez, Christian Ihling, Carmen Urbich, Andreas Zeiher, Stefaine Dimmeler
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Endothelial progenitor cells improve neovascularisation of ischemic tissue by a broad repertoire of potential mechanisms. While initial studies documented that the cells incorporate and differentiate to cardiovascular cells, other studies suggested that short-time paracrine mechanisms mediate the beneficial effects. The question remains to what extent a physical incorporation is contributing to the beneficial effects of cell therapy. Pro-angiogenic cells were cultivated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells under conditions favouring endothelial commitment (“early EPC”) and were transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding thymidine kinase (TK) under the control of constitutively active promoter. TK activates the pro-drug gancyclovir (GV) to induce toxicity in the target cell. Injection of cells in mice after acute myocardial infarction (MI) significantly improved left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) as assessed by MRI and echocardiography up to 4 weeks compared to control mice. However, depletion of the TK-expressing cells by GV treatment at 2 weeks after cell infusion was associated with deterioration of EF measured at 4 weeks (no cells:37 ± 5%;TK-cells:61 ± 5.6%,TK-cells + GV:43 ± 4.6%). Likewise, endsystolic volume was significantly reduced in mice injected with TK-cells but was increased by cell depletion with GV. Consistently, the increased capillary density in TK-cell-treated mice was significantly reduced by GV treatment (lectin + area: TK-cells: 11 ± 2.0, TK-cells+GV: 6.8 ± 2.5, p &lt; 0.05). In order to examine the contribution of lineage-committed cells after MI, we selectively depleted KDR-positive cells by expressing TK under the control of the KDR-promoter. Injection of gancyclovir after 2 weeks in KDR-TK-cell treated mice also resulted in a deterioration of the EF measured at 4 weeks, however, the effect was less pronounced compared to the depletion of all cells by using the constitutively active promoter. Conclusion: Depletion of infused cells 2 weeks after MI induced a decline of EF and capillary density. These data document that infused cells are physically incorporated weeks after transplantation. The contribution of specific cell lineages to the maintenance of functional improvement warrants further investigations.
Maximal killing of lymphoma cells by DNA damage–inducing therapy requires not only the p53 targets Puma and Noxa, but also Bim
Authors: Lina Happo, Mark S. Cragg, Belinda Phipson, Jon M. Haga, Elisa S. Jansen, Marco J. Herold, Grant Dewson, Ewa M. Michalak, Cassandra J. Vandenberg, Gordon K. Smyth, Andreas Strasser, Suzanne Cory, Clare L. Scott
Journal: Blood (2010)
INJURIES TO MUSCLES AND TENDONS
Authors: KEENE O. HALDEMAN
Journal: JAMA (1935)

The accuracy of diagnosis that one associates with fractures is lacking when the injury involves muscles and tendons. The overlapping of the latter structures and their supplementary actions make for confusion in diagnosis, often render treatment illogical and prolong convalescence. It is only by a careful segregation of the distinct clinical entities that real progress can be made. In order to review the clinical picture of these injuries we have analyzed a series of 100 injuries to muscles and tendons, which represents a cross section of private, industrial and clinic practice. We have omitted the injuries to soft parts which resulted from lacerated wounds or compound fractures. In a consideration of the injuries of muscles and tendons, one should employ a classification such as the following, which seems to us logical because it is based on the causative forces, the contributing factors and the relative frequency: Direct trauma. A
Evaluation of early cerebral metabolic, perfusion and microstructural changes in HCV-positive patients: A pilot study
Authors: Joanna Bladowska, Anna Zimny, Brygida Knysz, Krzysztof Małyszczak, Anna Kołtowska, Paweł Szewczyk, Jacek Gąsiorowski, Michał Furdal, Marek J. Sąsiadek
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Myxedema and Coronary Artery Disease—A Comparative Autopsy Study
Authors: ALFRED D. STEINBERG
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

This paper presents the first systematic study relating myxedema to coronary artery disease. It reviews the autopsy records of 38 white women with myxedema and a pathological diagnosis of chronic thyroiditis or thyroid atrophy and fibrosis. There was a statistically significant increase in coronary narrowing in myxedema patients when compared with age-, sex-, and race-specific controls. This increase was entirely related to the marked increase in severity of coronary narrowing in myxedema hypertensive patients when compared with hypertensive controls, despite similar ages, heart weights, and left ventricular thicknesses. Myxedema did not appear to predispose to coronary artery disease in the normotensive group.
Diagnosis and management of lower limb peripheral arterial disease: summary of NICE guidance
Authors: J. Layden, J. Michaels, S. Bermingham, B. Higgins
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Lower limb peripheral arterial disease (referred to as peripheral arterial disease in this summary) is common, affecting 3% to 7% of people in the general population and 20% of people over the age of 75.1 It is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and severely limits people's functional capacity and quality of life. Peripheral arterial disease is often asymptomatic, but when it is symptomatic the most common presentation is intermittent claudication (pain in the legs, buttocks, or thighs brought on by walking and relieved by rest). Critical limb ischaemia is characterised by severely diminished circulation, ischaemic pain, ulceration, tissue loss, and/or gangrene. Owing to rapid changes in diagnostic methods, endovascular treatments, and vascular services, there is considerable uncertainty about the management of people with peripheral arterial disease, with management varying greatly across England and Wales.2 This article summarises some of the most recent recommendations from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on the management of peripheral arterial disease.3 NICE recommendations are based on systematic reviews of the best available evidence and explicit consideration of cost effectiveness. When minimal evidence is available, recommendations are based on the Guideline Development Group's experience and opinion of what constitutes good practice. Evidence levels for the recommendations are given in italic in square brackets. ### Secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with peripheral arterial disease
Safety cabinet for use in laboratory studies on hazardous infectious diseases.
Authors: D A Rutter
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Suppuration of the thyroid occurs as a secondary phenomenon, the primary focus being most commonly in the upper respiratory tract.3The commonest infecting organisms are streptococci, staphylococci, and pneumococci.Gram-negative bacilli rarely cause thyroiditis.In our patient the urinary tract was the probable primary focus of infection.Interestingly, the infecting organism was found in the functional nodule of the thyroid.Although the pathogenesis of this phenomenon is not clear, in acute thyroiditis the infection tends to develop in pre-existing lesions, particularly adenomas.
Increased sensitivity of the arterial chemoreceptor drive in young men with mild hypertension
Authors: A. TRZEBSKI, M. TAFIL, M. ZOLTOWSKI, J. PRZYBYLSKI
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1982)

Ventilatory, airway occlusion pressure, arterial blood pressure and heart rate responses to isocapnic progressive hypoxia and to hypercapnia in high oxygen, both induced by a rebreathing method, were measured in 20 hypertensive male subjects aged 20 to 21 years with a diastolic blood pressure of 13.1 KPa +/- 0.34 SD (98 mmHg +/- 2.6 SD) and in 20 age-matched normotensive male subjects. Ventilatory, airway occlusion pressure and blood pressure response to hypoxia was significantly greater in the hypertensive subjects. Hypoxic ventilatory drive measured as the parameter A denoting the shape of the V1-O2 curve was 28.8 +/- 2.7 SEM (range 7.0 to 44.2) in the normotensive group and 116.1 +/- 10.5 SEM (range: 71.6 to 234.77) in the hypertensive group, the difference being highly significant (P less than 0.001). The magnitude of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) recorded during progressive hypoxia and plotted against either PA. O2 or VI values was significantly greater in the hypertensive group. The difference in ventilatory and circulatory responses to hyperoxic hypercapnia between the two groups of subjects was not significant. There was a significant correlation between the responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in the normotensive subjects (r = 0.56, t = 2.861, P less than 0.01) but no correlation in the hypertensive subjects (r = 0.07). It is concluded that dissociation of the responsiveness of the peripheral and central chemosensitivity, the former being significantly increased and predominant, occurs in early, mild hypertension.
Histologic Examination of the Origin of the Action Potential Characteristically Obtained from the Region Bordering the Atrioventricular Node
Authors: TOYOMI SANO, MINORU TASAKI, TAKIO SHIMAMOTO
Journal: Circulation Research (1959)

In the region of the atrioventricular node a characteristic cell potential was obtained by microelectrode recording in dogs. The resting and action potentials obtained here were small and the latter had a step-like potential before the steepest rise. The site of origin was examined histologically by a special staining technic and was found to be from a cell of the atrioventricular node or a part of the special junctional tissue adjacent to it.
US Congress scrutinises hospitals owned by doctors after patient's death
Authors: DC Nellie Bristol
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The death of an 88 year old woman after an incident in a hospital in Oregon when no doctor was on the premises has renewed scrutiny of specialty hospitals in the United States owned by doctors.

The hospitals have been controversial and are subject to a congressionally imposed moratorium on federal payments for new facilities. The moratorium was extended by six months in a bill signed into law earlier this month by President Bush.

A Congressional committee said that the patient, Helen Wilson, was injected with the painkiller hydromorphone after back surgery at Physicians' Hospital, Portland, and went into cardiac arrest. The nursing staff called the emergency number, 911, to get help when she did not respond …
Case 7-1975
Authors: Sheldon D. Kaufman, Austin L. Vickery
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

Presentation of CaseA 29-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of back pain.He was well until 11 months earlier, when he experienced the abrupt onset of chills, sweats and generalized aching. These symptoms subsided after several days, leaving a dull ache in the mid-portion of the lower back, which was relieved by aspirin. Three months later the pain increased in severity and became almost continuous, with occasional radiation into the left buttock and knee. Intermittent night sweats occurred. Seven months before entry the pain diminished, although it became exacerbated by bending forward, by pressure on the low . . .
Empowering Patients Who Have Specific Learning Disabilities
Authors: Lisa N. Rossignol, Michael K. Paasche-Orlow
Journal: JAMA (2013)

In 1992, the United States enacted the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which required public schools that receive federal dollars to provide free and appropriate public education for all minors, regardless of any form of disability or infirmity.1 One of the hallmarks of the IDEA was the introduction of the Individual Education Program (IEP), which is a legally binding contract between minors, their parents or guardians, and a school. Individual Education Programs outline the ways a child will need to be accommodated to be able to successfully participate in classroom activities and curriculum. The programs �must be designed for one student and must be a truly individualized document.�2
Characteristics of Red Blood Cell Survival from Subjects with Hereditary Elliptocytosis
Authors: MERTON A. QUAIFE, CAROLYN GREGORIUS, RICHARD KELLY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1978)

Hereditary elliptocytosis is an intrinsic red cell abnormality and 12% of elliptocytic individuals demonstrate hemolysis. Using tracer kinetic methodology (51Cr labeled RBC's) the destructive phase of erythropoesis was assessed in two healthy subjects receiving labeled donor red blood cells from individuals with hereditary elliptocytosis. The red blood cell survival time of transfused elliptocytes was significantly decreased in both recipients, with a survival half-time (T½) of 19 days in one recipient and 20 days in the other (n 27 days). Abnormal splenic sequestration was also demonstrated. The decreased survival of transfused cells suggests that caution should be exercised in utilizing patients with hereditary elliptocyosis as donors in blood banking operations even in the absence of evidence of hemolysis.