tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Oral toxicity of 1,1-Dichloroethylene in the rat: Effects of sex, age, and fasting
Authors: Melvin E. Andersen, Lawrence J. Jenkins
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1977)

Mortality curves for groups of fasted male rats treated with single, oral doses of 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE, vinylidene chloride) were not monotonically increasing sigmoids, but were complex with maxima or extended plateaus in the region of dose between 100 and 700 mg of 1,1-DCE/kg. The exact shape was a function of the size (age) of the rat used. When groups of rats of various sizes were dosed with 50 mg/kg, mortality and hepatotoxicity were greatest for those groups whose average weight was between 100 and 150 g. Smaller and larger male rats were less susceptible to 1,1-DCE intoxication. The toxicity of 1,1-DCE was less severe in female rats and there was no significant effect of rat size on 1,1-DCE toxicity in females. In rats of both sexes the dose dependence of the hepatotoxic response was complex, possessing a threshold level, a region of precipitous increase, and a plateau, where larger doses were ineffective in increasing hepatotoxicity. The threshold in male rats of 100–150 g occurred near 50 mg/kg, and for females it was closer to 100 mg/kg. Considered in their entirety these data suggest that 1,1-DCE is metabolized to a toxic intermediate via some saturable pathway. Based on the effects of pretreatment with microsomal enzyme inhibitors and activators on 1,1-DCE toxicity in rats of various sizes, it appears that there are at least two microsomal reactions involved in 1,1-DCE metabolism.
<i>Sulla Opportunità ed Efficacia della Cura Chirurgico-Ginecologica nella Nervosi Istirica</i>(<i>e nelle Mentali</i>). [On the Advisability and Efficacy of Surgical-Gynecological Treatment of Hysteria and Mental Alienation.] G. Angelucci and E. Pieraccini, Reggio-Emilia, 1897
Authors: W. H. Happel
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1898)
Endoclip-Assisted Closure of Infected Gastrocutaneous Fistulas: Report of Two Cases
Authors: L. E. Alberti, J. J. Alberti-Flor
Journal: Endoscopy (2005)

A rare complication after the removal of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the presence of a refractory gastrocutaneous fistula, the overall incidence of which has not been reported to date. Usually, after a PEG is removed, the fistula closes within 48 - 72 h. A major reason for gastrocutaneous fistulas remaining open is the presence of fibrosis.
The epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: John W Stanifer, Bocheng Jing, Scott Tolan, Nicole Helmke, Romita Mukerjee, Saraladevi Naicker, Uptal Patel
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2014)

BackgroundAmid rapid urbanisation, the HIV epidemic, and increasing rates of non-communicable diseases, people in sub-Saharan Africa are especially vulnerable to kidney disease. Little is known about the epidemiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in sub-Saharan Africa, so we did a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the epidemiology of the disease.MethodsWe searched Medline, Embase, and WHO Global Health Library databases for all articles published through March 29, 2012, and searched the reference lists of retrieved articles. We independently reviewed each study for quality. We used the inverse-variance random-effects method for meta-analyses of the medium-quality and high-quality data and explored heterogeneity by comparing CKD burdens across countries, settings (urban or rural), comorbid disorders (hypertension, diabetes, HIV), CKD definitions, and time.FindingsOverall, we included 90 studies from 96 sites in the review. Study quality was low, with only 18 (20%) medium-quality studies and three (3%) high-quality studies. We noted moderate heterogeneity between the medium-quality and high-quality studies (n=21; I2=47·11%, p<0·0009). Measurement of urine protein was the most common method of determining the presence of kidney disease (62 [69%] studies), but the Cockcroft-Gault formula (22 [24%] studies) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula (17 [19%] studies) were also used. Most of the studies were done in urban settings (83 [93%] studies) and after the year 2000 (57 [63%] studies), and we detected no significant difference in the prevalence of CKD between urban (12·4%, 95% CI 11–14) and rural (16·5%, 13·8–19·6) settings (p=0·474). The overall prevalence of CKD from the 21 medium-quality and high-quality studies was 13·9% (95% CI 12·2–15·7).InterpretationIn sub-Saharan Africa, CKD is a substantial health burden with risk factors that include communicable and non-communicable diseases. However, poor data quality limits inferences and draws attention to the need for more information and validated measures of kidney function especially in the context of the growing burden of non-communicable diseases.FundingDuke University.
VIII. Obstetrics and Surgery in General Practice
Authors: John G. Walsh
Journal: JAMA (1961)

PERHAPS no field of medical practice today requires as much concentrated effort to keep abreast as does the field of general practice. One reason for this is the lack of a well-defined interpretation of what constitutes general practice. The American Academy of General Practice has conducted comprehensive studies and programs striving to elevate the practice of medicine and surgery as it relates particularly to the general practitioner. The goal is to produce general practitioners, family physicians, who are not competing with specialism, but rather physicians who maintain the same standards of practice in each of the common areas of medicine or surgery concerned. The incentive and the objective of the American Academy of General Practice stem from the deepseated conviction that the family physician is indispensable in our present system of medical practice, and the quality of such a physician is of great concern to the American public and the
Corynebacterium Sepsis in Oncology Patients
Authors: Thomas A. Pearson
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Bacteremia due to a newly described species of<i>Corynebacterium</i>was identified in 12 patients during a two-year period. Infection occurred after a long period of hospitalization, extended granulocytopenia, and treatment with several antibiotics. Breaks in the mucocutaneous surfaces were the origin of infection in eight patients. All patients had evidence of colonization reported by cultures before infection. The invading organism caused death in three patients. Vancomycin hydrochloride was the antibiotic of choice.<i>Corynebacterium</i>is increasingly recognized as a primary cause of morbidity and mortality of patients with tumors. (<i>JAMA</i>238:1737-1740, 1977)
Sulphur bath and mud pack treatment for rheumatoid arthritis at the Dead Sea area.
Authors: S Sukenik, D Buskila, L Neumann, A Kleiner-Baumgarten, S Zimlichman, J Horowitz
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1990)

Forty patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis in a stage of active disease were treated for two weeks at a spa hotel. The patients were divided into four groups of 10. Group I was treated with daily mud packs, group II with daily hot sulphur baths, group III with a combination of mud packs and hot sulphur baths, and group IV served as a control group. The patients were assessed by a rheumatologist who was blinded to the treatment modalities. Statistically significant improvement for a period of up to three months was observed in the three treatment groups in most of the clinical indices. Improvement in the control group was minor in comparison and not statistically significant. No significant improvement was observed in any of the laboratory variables measured. Except for three mild cases of thermal reaction there were no side effects.
Otitis media with effusion ("glue ear")
Authors: A. Farboud, R. Skinner, R. Pratap
Journal: BMJ (2011)

A mother brings her 5 year old son to your practice, concerned about his difficulty hearing her and his poor attentiveness in school. She is worried that his speech is not developing as quickly as his peers’. He recently had severe earache, which resolved when the ear started discharging. He was treated on that occasion with oral antibiotics. On examination the tympanic membrane appears grey with an absent light reflex. #### Otitis media with effusion (“glue ear”) Eighty per cent of children under 10 years old will have had at least one episode of otitis media with effusion (OME) (figure⇓). Bimodal peaks occur at age 2 and 5 years. The condition is often relapsing and remitting: an episode usually lasts for 6-10 weeks. In severe and persistent cases, permanent retraction and atrophy of the tympanic membrane can occur, occasionally leading to retraction pockets and ultimately cholesteatoma. However, the main concern in OME is the associated conductive hearing impairment, and the repercussions this can have for a child’s education and speech and language development. The exact cause of the condition is not clearly understood , but it arises from eustachian tube dysfunction, causing chronically low pressure in the middle ear. This then leads to an inflammatory response in the middle ear mucosa, with production of fluid or “glue.” Appearances of the tympanic membrane. Left to right: normal; otitis media with effusion; cholesteatoma
Induction of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Primary Airway Epithelial Cells from Patients with Asthma by Transforming Growth Factor-β1
Authors: Tillie-Louise Hackett, Stephanie Mary Warner, Dorota Stefanowicz, Furquan Shaheen, Dmitri V. Pechkovsky, Lynne A. Murray, Rochelle Argentieri, Anthony Kicic, Stephen M. Stick, Tony R. Bai, Darryl A. Knight
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2009)

Airway remodeling in asthma is associated with the accumulation of fibroblasts, the primary cell responsible for synthesis and secretion of extracellular matrix proteins. The process by which the number of fibroblasts increases in asthma is poorly understood, but epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may play a significant role.To evaluate whether EMT occurs in primary airway epithelial cells (AECs), the mechanisms involved, and if this process is altered in asthmatic AECs.AECs were obtained from subjects with asthma (n = 8) and normal subjects without asthma (n = 10). Monolayer and air-liquid interface-AEC (ALI-AEC) cultures were treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 (10 ng/ml) for 72 hours and assayed for mesenchymal and epithelial markers using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, confocal microscopy, and immunoblot. The involvement of BMP-7, Smad3, and MAPK-mediated signaling were also evaluated.TGF-beta1-induced EMT in AEC monolayers derived from subjects with asthma and normal donors. EMT was characterized by changes in cell morphology, increased expression of mesenchymal markers EDA-fibronectin, vimentin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and collagen-1, and loss of epithelial markers E-cadherin and zonular occludin-1. Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced signaling with Smad3-inhibiting siRNA or TGF-beta1-neutralizing antibodies prevented and reversed EMT, respectively, whereas BMP-7 had no effect. In ALI-AEC cultures derived from normal subjects, EMT was confined to basally situated cells, whereas in asthmatic ALI-AEC cultures EMT was widespread throughout the epithelium.TGF-beta1 induces EMT in a Smad3-dependent manner in primary AECs. However, in asthmatic-derived ALI-AEC cultures, the number of cells undergoing EMT is greater. These findings support the hypothesis that epithelial repair in asthmatic airways is dysregulated.
Mesoporous silica-supported lipid bilayers (protocells) for DNA cargo delivery to the spinal cord
Authors: Ellen C. Dengler, Juewen Liu, Audra Kerwin, Sergio Torres, Clara M. Olcott, Brandi N. Bowman, Leisha Armijo, Katherine Gentry, Jenny Wilkerson, James Wallace, Xingmao Jiang, Eric C. Carnes, C. Jeffrey Brinker, Erin D. Milligan
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2013)

Amorphous mesoporous silica nanoparticles ('protocells') that support surface lipid bilayers recently characterized in vitro as carrier constructs for small drug and DNA delivery are reported here as highly biocompatible both in vitro and in vivo, involving the brain and spinal cord following spinal delivery into the lumbosacral subarachnoid space (intrathecal; i.t.). Specifically, positively charged, 1, 2-Dioleoyl-3-Trimethylammonium-Propane (DOTAP)–cholesterol (DOTAP:Chol) liposome-formulated protocells revealed stable in vitro cargo release kinetics and cellular interleukin-10 (IL-10) transgene transfection. Recent approaches using synthetic non-viral vector platforms to deliver the pain-suppressive therapeutic transgene, IL-10, to the spinal subarachnoid space have yielded promising results in animal models of peripheral neuropathy, a condition involving aberrant neuronal communication within sensory pathways in the nervous system. Non-viral drug and gene delivery protocell platforms offer potential flexibility because cargo release-rates can be pH-dependent. We report here that i.t. delivery of protocells, with modified chemistry supporting a surface coating of DOTAP:Chol liposomes and containing the IL-10 transgene, results in functional suppression of pain-related behavior in rats for extended periods. This study is the first demonstration that protocell vectors offer amenable and enduring in vivo biological characteristics that can be applied to spinal gene delivery.
Interest Of Specific Ige Measurement For Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose In Unexplained Recurrent Urticaria With Angioedema, Predominantly Nocturnal: About 6 Cases
Authors: J. Renaudin, S. Jacquenet, C. Metz-Favre, E. Baudouin, F. Engel, F. de Blay, D. Moneret-Vautrin
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Abstract LB-4: Mechanisms by which the unfolded protein response/α-Basic-crystallin (CRYAB) regulates VEGF signaling of tumor endothelial cells
Authors: Jun Cai, Qing Ruan, Song Han, Zhijuan Chen, Brian K. Law, Wengou Jiang
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Angiogenesis is an essential component of tumour development and is tightly regulated by a network of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. The tumour cells are known to produce many of the proteins that interact with vascular endothelial cells and drive the angiogenic process. Of the known angiogenic factors, VEGF has been established as a potent inducer of tumor angiogenesis. Like almost all secretory and membrane proteins, VEGF attains its final folded or assembly conformation in ER before making its way to its target organelles or the cell surface. The deleterious tumor microenvironment characterized by progressive hypoxia, nutrient starvation and acidosis results in the ER stress in the tumor vascular endothelial cells, which in turn leads to the unfolded/misfolded VEGF accumulated in the ER. Molecular chaperon proteins counteract the formation of aberrantly folded VEGF and allow its correct folding. One of molecular chaperons is CRYAB. It has been reported that CRYAB contains interactive sequences for VEGF. The misfolded VEGF interacts with BiP (chaperone immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein) causing its release from one or more of the three ER stress sensors [PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring protein-1 (IRE1) and transcription factor 6 (ATF6)], which leads to activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. All three sensor pathways can lead to chaperone induction but the IRE1 and ATF6 pathways are thought to play the major role in up-regulation of CRYAB. Activation of IRE1 generates a mature XBP-1 mRNA by unconventional splicing of XBP-1 pre-mRNA and activated XBP-1 up-regulates CRYAB. Activation of ATF6 results in its translocation to the Golgi apparatus and proteolytic cleavage to yield its cytosolic domain not only for directly up-regulating genes encoding CRYAB and folding catalysts, but also for assisting IRE1-dependent upregulation of CRYAB. An excessively elevated level of CRYAB has been detected in breast carcinomas, correlating with lymph node involvement resulting in metastasis and short term survival. Taken together, it is clear that CRYAB has the potential to a) protect VEGF from intracellular degradation thus maintaining the intracellular pool and b) increase VEGF secretion. Both these actions serve to enhance the autocrine VEGF signaling response which serves as one of strategies adapted by the tumor vasculature to perpetuate aberrant angiogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-4. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-4
Thoracoscopy: assessment of a physician service and comparison of a flexible bronchoscope used as a thoracoscope with a rigid thoracoscope.
Authors: A C Davidson, R J George, C D Sheldon, G Sinha, B Corrin, D M Geddes
Journal: Thorax (1988)

The practicality of physicians performing thoracoscopy for diagnostic purposes was assessed in 30 patients with pleural effusions of unknown cause. A rigid thoracoscope was compared with a fibreoptic bronchoscope used as a flexible thoracoscope and the diagnostic adequacy of biopsy specimens obtained with the two instruments assessed. The two instruments were inserted by a physician in the bronchoscopy suite using local anaesthesia. The procedure proved safe, acceptable, and diagnostically effective. The rigid thoracoscope proved a more satisfactory instrument but the fibreoptic bronchoscope, with minor adaptations, may be used for thoracoscopy.
Immunological and Virological Clues for Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1 and HIV-2
Authors: Steven D. Douglas
Journal: JAMA (1994)

There will be more than 15 million women infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), 3 million HIV-positive infants, and more than 2 million children with pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) worldwide by the year 2000, according to estimated projections.<sup>1</sup>The rate of transmission of HIV-1 from an infected woman to her fetus or infant ranges from 13% to 32% in industrialized countries to 25% to 48% in developing countries.<sup>1</sup>In addition to HIV-1, a second virus causing AIDS, HIV type 2 (HIV-2) has been isolated from individuals from Guinea Bissau, The Gambia, and the Ivory Coast, West Africa. Differing from HIV-1 strains by more than 55% in sequence analysis, HIV-2 may have a different immunopathogenesis than HIV-1. In this issue ofTHE JOURNAL, Adjorlolo et al<sup>2</sup>report perinatal transmission in dually infected women (determined by polymerase chain reaction analysis of leukocytes) from a lower socioeconomic
18 Liverpool consultants reply
Authors: E. Adams, I. Lewis-Jones, Z. Alfirevic, R. MacDonald, F. Dawood, S. Mallaiah, E. Djabatey, D. Parkinson, R. Farquharson, D. Patrick, G. Fowler, M. Turner, D. Hapangama, T. Wauchob, C. Kingsland, A. Weeks, R. Kingston, J. Kirwan
Journal: BMJ (2009)

We have every confidence in the clinical safety of our services. There is no evidence in the trust’s adverse clinical event reporting system to support allegations made in the article by Gornall about poor clinical practices allegedly witnessed by Peter Bousfield.1 Mr Bousfield would have had a duty to report through this system in the course of his practice, …
Model of Associations Between Psychosocial Variables and Health-Outcome Measures of Adolescents with IDDM
Authors: Cindy L Hanson, Scott W Henggeler, George A Burghen
Journal: Diabetes Care (1987)

The purpose of this study was to develop a model that describes the contributions of key psychosocial variables to the health outcome of adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Subjects were 93 adolescents with IDDM and their parents. Health-outcome measures included adherence and metabolic control (HbA1c). Psychosocial variables included adolescent age, chronic life stress, social competence, family relations, and family knowledge about IDDM. Multiple regression analyses showed that adherence (P &amp;lt; .029) and stress (P &amp;lt; .052) were directly related to metabolic control and that knowledge about IDDM (P &amp;lt; .029), family relations (P &amp;lt; .099), and adolescent age (P &amp;lt; .086) had direct effects on adherence. Combined, the independent variables accounted for 14.5% of the variance in predicting HbA1c and 18.5% of the variance in predicting adherence. In general, these findings are consistent with extant theory. The direct link between stress and metabolic control, however, contrasts with the current view that psychosocial variables affect metabolic control indirectly through their influence on adherence behavior. The methodological limitations of the findings are noted, directions for future research are suggested, and the implications for clinical interventions are described.
Imaging of Brain Tumors and Other Lesions Utilizing Tc-99m Phosphates and Tc-99m Pertechnetate
Authors: DONALD S. SCHAUWECKER, ROBERT W. BURT, BRUCE D. RICHMOND
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1982)

The intensity of parenchymal brain lesions was compared using Tc-99m pertechnetate and Tc-99m phosphate. The following conclusions were made: 1. If the Tc-99m phosphate intensity is greater than the intensity of the Tc-99m pertechnetate scan, and the patient is evaluated within four weeks of ictus, the lesion is a CVA (P < .001). 2. If the Tc-99m phosphate intensity is less than or equal to the intensity of the Tc-99m pertechnetate scan, and the patient is evaluated within four weeks of ictus, the parenchymal lesion is not a CVA (P < .001). 3. If the evaluation takes place longer than six weeks after ictus, then no evaluation about the nature of the lesion can be made based upon uptake of Tc-99m phosphate and Tc-99m pertechnetate.
Ambulatory Medical Care for Non-Hispanic Whites, African-Americans, and Mexican-Americans With NIDDM in the U.S
Authors: Catherine C Cowie, Maureen I Harris
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

To assess whether medical care for diabetes is different among non-Hispanic whites, African-Americans, and Mexican-Americans with NIDDM.A questionnaire was administered to a representative U.S. sample of 2,170 noninstitutionalized adults with NIDDM. Information was obtained on physician visits, hyperglycemic therapy, monitoring of glycemic control, screening for and monitoring of complications, and diabetes education.About 90% of subjects had a regular diabetes physician, and the physician visit rate was similar by race (median of four visits per year). African-Americans were more likely to be treated with insulin (51.9%) than non-Hispanic whites (35.9%, P < 0.0001) and Mexican-Americans (46.2%). Among insulin-treated subjects, African-Americans were less likely to use multiple daily insulin injections (35.1 vs. 53.8% of non-Hispanic whites [P < 0.0001] and 50.5% of Mexican-Americans [P = 0.027]) and were less likely to self-monitor their blood glucose at least once per day (14.0 vs. 29.8% of non-Hispanic whites [P < 0.0001] and 29.0% of Mexican-Americans). The rates of visits to specialists for diabetes complications, physician testing of blood glucose, and screening for hypertension, retinopathy, and foot problems were not substantially different among the three race/ethnic groups. A higher proportion of African-Americans (43.3%) than non-Hispanic whites (31.5%, P < 0.0001) and Mexican-Americans (25.6%, P = 0.001) had received patient education; however, the median number of hours of instruction was lower for African-Americans.The frequency of diabetes care is similar among non-Hispanic whites, African-Americans, and Mexican-Americans. The major differences relate to methods of glycemic control and patient education.