tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE BEST METHOD OF TEACHING GYNECOLOGY.
Authors: DENSLOW LEWIS
Journal: JAMA (1896)

At the last meeting of theAmerican Medical Associationthere was some discussion relative to the best method of teaching the different branches of medical science. If this subject received attention, as far as gynecology is concerned, I have yet to see a report of what was said. I believe, however, that the usual method of teaching this comparatively new and certainly very important department of medicine fails of its purpose in many instances. The primary object of a medical education is to train the faculties of observation and then to teach the application of peculiar knowledge for the alleviation of distressing symptoms and the relief of the responsible pathologic conditions. The task is most complicated, and it is not surprising that in many instances the student, who, perhaps, has passed a brilliant examination, fails ignominiously when confronted with the exigencies of actual practice. Perhaps the fault is not exclusively
Combination treatment in vitro with Nutlin, a small-molecule antagonist of MDM2, and pegylated interferon-α 2a specifically targets JAK2V617F-positive polycythemia vera cells
Authors: Min Lu, Xiaoli Wang, Yan Li, Joseph Tripodi, Goar Mosoyan, John Mascarenhas, Marina Kremyanskaya, Vesna Najfeld, Ronald Hoffman
Journal: Blood (2012)
Douglas Macdonald McKean
Authors: Peter Jones
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Epidemiologist who showed that smoking caused cancer and heart disease Sir Richard Doll was the world's most distinguished medical epidemiologist.He established his reputation alongside Sir Austin Bradford Hill, showing that cigarette smoking caused lung cancer.He then went on to show it caused bladder and other cancers, and cardiovascular disease.He did seminal work with Richard Peto on the health of doctors and their families, demonstrating an increased incidence of suicide and liver disease.He also carried out major research on the risks and benefits of the contraceptive pill, on low level radiation, and the dietary treatment of gastric ulcers.Doll went to work with Bradford Hill at the Medical Research Council in January 1948.Government statisticians had drawn the MRC's attention to a huge recent increase in lung cancer deaths, and the MRC held a conference to decide whether the increase was real and, if so, whether a cause could be identified.
Hemostasis Variables in Type I Diabetic Patients Without Demonstrable Vascular Complications
Authors: Charbel El Khawand, Jacques Jamart, Julian Donckier, Bernard Chatelain, Edith Lavenne, Maurice Moriau, Martin Buysschaert
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

OBJECTIVE To determine hemostasis variables in type I diabetic patients without clinically demonstrable micro- and macroangiopathy and to relate them to glycemic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fifty patients and 50 comparable control subjects were enrolled in this study. The patients were subdivided in two groups, according to their level of HbA1c (group 1, n = 30, HbA1c ≤ 8% group 2, n = 20, HbA1c &amp;gt; 8%). We determined the platelet count, the platelet aggregation in the spontaneous state and in the presence of ADP or collagen, β-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor (factors VIII:C, VIIIR:Ag, and VIIIR:VW), plasma and urinary fibrinopeptide A, euglobulin lysis time, anticoagulant proteins C and S, and plasma viscosity. RESULTS All coagulation variables were significantly higher in diabetic patients compared with control subjects. Moreover, when the patients were subdivided according to their levels of HbA1c, the hemostatic disturbances appeared significantly more pronounced in the poorly controlled than in the well-controlled subjects. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the existence of a state of hypercoagulability in type I diabetes. This hypercoagulability may be related to poor glycemic control. Our study suggests that the hemostasis disturbances precede demonstrable vascular complications.
Role of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Pulmonary Microvascular Protein Leak in Murine Sepsis
Authors: Le Feng Wang, Milan Patel, Habib Moshref Razavi, Sean Weicker, Mariamma G. Joseph, David G. McCormack, Sanjay Mehta
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

The effects of nitric oxide (NO) from calcium-independent NO synthase (iNOS) on microvascular protein leak in acute lung injury (ALI) are uncertain, possibly because of disparate effects of iNOS-derived NO from different cells. We assessed the contribution of iNOS from inflammatory versus parenchymal cells to pulmonary protein leak in murine cecal ligation and perforation-induced ALI. We studied iNOS+/+, iNOS−/−, and two reciprocally bone marrow-transplanted iNOS chimeric mice groups: + to − (iNOS+/+ donor bone marrow-transplanted into iNOS−/− recipient mice) and − to +. Sepsis-induced ALI was characterized by pulmonary leukocyte infiltration, increased pulmonary iNOS activity, and increased pulmonary microvascular protein leak, as assessed by Evans blue (EB) dye. Despite equal neutrophil infiltration, sepsis-induced EB-protein leak was eliminated in iNOS−/− mice and in − to + iNOS chimeras (parenchymal cell-localized iNOS) but was preserved in + to − chimeric mice (inflammatory cell-localized iNOS). EB-protein leak was also prevented by pretreatment with allopurinol and superoxide dismutase. Microvascular protein leak in sepsis-induced ALI is uniquely dependent on iNOS in inflammatory cells with no obvious contribution of iNOS in pulmonary parenchymal cells. Pulmonary protein leak is also dependent on superoxide, suggesting an effect of peroxynitrite rather than NO itself.
Verapamil diminishes action potential changes during metabolic inhibition by blocking ATP-regulated potassium currents.
Authors: S Kimura, A L Bassett, H Xi, R J Myerburg
Journal: Circulation Research (1992)

Verapamil has beneficial effects on ischemic myocardium, including reduction in electrophysiological derangements, prevention of intracellular K+ loss, and preservation of high-energy phosphates, but the mechanisms underlying these actions are not clear. Recent studies have demonstrated a role of ATP-regulated K+ (KATP) current in action potential shortening and K+ loss during ischemia and metabolic inhibition. Therefore, we studied the effects of verapamil on KATP current in feline ventricular myocytes to test the hypothesis that the drug prevents ischemic electrophysiological disturbances by affecting the KATP channel. Membrane potentials and currents were recorded using standard patch-clamp techniques. During 15-minute superfusion with 1 mM CN-, action potential duration measured at 90% repolarization was reduced from 259 +/- 12 to 98 +/- 15 msec (62% reduction) in the absence of verapamil and from 266 +/- 11 to 183 +/- 16 msec (31% reduction) in the presence of 2 microM verapamil (p less than 0.01). In inside-out membrane patches, the KATP current, activated in the absence of ATP, was significantly suppressed by intracellular application of 2 microM verapamil, but the single-channel conductance was not changed. Verapamil did not change the mean open and closed times of the channel within bursts (e.g., the mean open time was 1.92 +/- 0.18 and 1.82 +/- 0.21 msec in the absence and presence of 2 microM verapamil, respectively), but it shortened the mean lifetime of bursts from 41.1 +/- 3.5 to 24.9 +/- 2.8 msec (p less than 0.01) and prolonged the closed time between bursts from 39.4 +/- 4.6 to 78.5 +/- 5.1 msec (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Neuroscience takes the Nobel Prize
Authors: Irving S. Bengelsdorf
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Although weighing only about 3 lb, the human brain is the most complex mechanism in the universe. Crammed within its relatively small volume of 1.5 L are hundreds of billions of individual neurons, many of which receive tens of thousands of connections from other neurons. Efforts to decipher the architecture and function of these complex neuronal arrangements have intrigued and occupied neuroscientists for years. It is no surprise, therefore, that in Stockholm on Dec 10, three scientists who pioneered in the understanding of the human brain are to share the 1981 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology. Roger Wolcott Sperry, born in Hartford, Conn, in 1913 and who received his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1941, is to receive half of the prize (about $91,000). David Hunter Hubel, born in Windsor, Ontario, in 1926 and who received his MD from McGill University in 1951, and Torsten Nils Wiesel,
A Canadian multicenter study with Zaditen (ketotifen) in the treatment of bronchial asthma in children aged 5 to 17 years
Authors: A RACKHAM, C BROWN, R CHANDRA, P HO, P HOOGERWERF, R KENNEDY, A KNIGHT, H LANGER, J MILNE, D MOOTE
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1989)
Mitochondrial Genome and Nuclear Sequence Data Support Myzostomida As Part of the Annelid Radiation
Authors: C. Bleidorn, I. Eeckhaut, L. Podsiadlowski, N. Schult, D. McHugh, K. M. Halanych, M. C. Milinkovitch, R. Tiedemann
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

The echinoderm symbionts Myzostomida are marine worms that show an enigmatic lophotrochozoan body plan. Historically, their phylogenetic origins were obscured due to disagreement about which morphological features are evolutionarily conserved, but now most morphological evidence points to annelid origins. In contrast, recent phylogenetic analyses using different molecular markers produced variable results regarding the position of myzostomids, but all suggested these worms are not derived annelids. To reexamine this issue, we analyzed data from nuclear genes (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, Myosin II, and Elongation Factor-1α), and a nearly complete myzostomid mitochondrial genome. Here, we show that the molecular data are in agreement with the morphological evidence that myzostomids are part of the annelid radiation. This result is robustly supported by mitochondrial (gene order and sequence data) and nuclear data, as well as by recent ultrastructural investigations. Using Bayes factor comparison, alternative hypotheses are shown to lack support. Thus, myzostomids probably evolved from a segmented ancestor and gained a derived anatomy during their long evolutionary history as echinoderm symbionts.
Comparison of rhinovirus antibody titers in children with asthma exacerbations and species-specific rhinovirus infection
Authors: Jua Iwasaki, Wendy-Anne Smith, Siew-Kim Khoo, Joelene Bizzintino, Guicheng Zhang, Des W. Cox, Ingrid A. Laing, Peter N. Le Souëf, Wayne R. Thomas, Belinda J. Hales
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Molecular radii of probes used in studies of intestinal permeability.
Authors: R T Jenkins, R A Bell
Journal: Gut (1987)

Molecular radii of probes used in studies of intestinal permeability SIR,-Many comments have been made about the usefulness of findings from studies of intestinal permeability in health and disease.The relationship of the observed urinary excretion of orally administered probes to molecular dimension, charge, and permeation pathway also has evoked much discussion. 12It has been suggested that, because of molecular size, smaller probes can cross the epithelial barrier via a transcellular pathway, whereas larger probes can only cross via an intercellular pathway.2L-rhamnose (MW 164 Da) and mannitol (MW 182 Da) belong to the former category and lactulose (MW 342 Da) and 5'Cr-
"Harrowing accounts" show how NHS fails to meet basic standards of care of elderly people
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Ten investigations into complaints about NHS care of elderly people in England have found that pain control, discharge arrangements, communication with patients and their relatives, and nutrition are often highly inadequate.

The health service ombudsman, Ann Abraham, says that her report shows the gulf between the principles and values of the NHS Constitution and the reality of being an older person in the care of the NHS in England. The 10 patients whose cases were looked into endured unnecessary pain, indignity, and distress while in the care of the NHS, she said.

The ombudsman, which deals with complaints against the NHS that cannot be resolved by individual trusts, carried out the 10 investigations that took place in 2009 and 2010. Nine of the 10 patients died during or shortly after the experiences investigated.

The report says …
A Case of Miliary Tuberculosis Simulating Acute Blastic Leukemia
Authors: Emanuel Milder
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Fulminating miliary tuberculosis in a 70-year-old man was mistaken for acute blastic leukemia. The clinical and hematologic findings as well as the necropsy are noted. This case is compared with 21 previously reported similar cases along with a review of the phenomenon of leukemoid reactions. The correct diagnosis is rarely made during life. With the availability of adequate antituberculosis agents it is now essential that clinicians be alerted in the search for a treatable disease, tuberculosis, which masquerades as an essentially untreatable disease, acute leukemia in the adult.
RECURRENT ECZEMA HERPETICUM ASSOCIATED WITH ICHTHYOSIS VULGARIS
Authors: JULIAN VERBOV, D. D. MUNRO, ANN MILLER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1972)

Summary.— Two adult patients with both dominant ichthyosis vulgaris and a past history of atopic eczema, who developed recurrent attacks of eczema herpeticum, are described.
Serum Soluble Heat Shock Protein 60 Is Elevated in Subjects With Atherosclerosis in a General Population
Authors: Qingbo Xu, Georg Schett, Hannes Perschinka, Manuel Mayr, Georg Egger, Friedrich Oberhollenzer, Johann Willeit, Stefan Kiechl, Georg Wick
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Work from our laboratory has proven that increased titers of anti-heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) antibodies are associated with atherosclerosis and that HSP60-reactive T-cells are present in atherosclerotic lesions. Recent studies from others demonstrated that HSP60 directly activates endothelial cells and macrophages. Methods and Results —To explore the possibility that HSP60 exists in the circulation, where it could exert its functions, we performed a population-based study with 826 subjects aged 40 to 79 years. The following items were measured in all participants: serum soluble HSP60 (sHSP60); anti- Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide; anti-HSP65, anti- Chlamydia , and anti- Helicobacter pylori antibodies; and a variety of acute phase reactants (C-reactive protein, α 1 -antitrypsin, and ceruloplasmin) and markers of systemic inflammation. Carotid atherosclerosis was assessed twice (1990 and 1995), and 15 other risk factors were evaluated. Our data show that levels of sHSP60 were significantly elevated in subjects with prevalent/incident carotid atherosclerosis and that these levels were correlated with common carotid artery intima/media thickness. Multiple logistic regression analysis documented these associations as independent of age, sex, and other risk factors. Interestingly, sHSP60 was also correlated with anti-lipopolysaccharide, anti- Chlamydia and anti-HSP60 antibodies, various markers of inflammation, and the presence of chronic infections. The risk of atherosclerosis associated with high sHSP60 levels was amplified when subjects had clinical and/or laboratory evidence of chronic infections. Conclusions —Our data provide the first evidence of a strong correlation between sHSP60 and atherosclerosis, suggesting that sHSP60 may play important roles in activating vascular cells and the immune system during the development of atherosclerosis.
Abstract 1904: Transforming growth factor-beta mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition contributes to <i>in vivo</i> resistance to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Shiou-Der Lin, Tzu-Hsuan Lin, Wen-Chi Feng, Yu-Yun Shao, Ann-Lii Cheng, Chih-Hung Hsu
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor targeting Raf kinase and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, is currently the only approved agent for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the majority of HCC patients are inherently resistant to sorafenib treatment. To study molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance to sorafenib in vivo, we studied immunocompromised mice implanted with xenografts of human HCC cells subcutaneously, and identified tumors that showed primary resistance to sorafenib. Primary cultured cells were established from sorafenib-resistant xenografts, and verified for in vitro and in vivo sensitivity to sorafenib. The differentially expressed genes of the resistant cells versus control cells were analyzed by cDNA microarray. The expressions of candidate markers were confirmed by Western blotting, and their significances were verified by specific pathway inhibitors. A subline of Huh7 cells was established by primary culture from a sorafenib-resistant HCC-xenograft (designated as Huh7.1.SR). Compared to Huh7 cells primarily cultured from HCC-xenograft treated with vehicle alone (designated as Huh7.1.v), Huh7.1.SR had a moderate increase of resistance to sorafenib in vitro, with 50%-inhibitory concentration (IC50) increased from 5 to 10 μM. Subcutaneous xenograft studies confirmed that Huh7.1.SR retained the phenotype of in vivo resistance to sorafenib. The IPA (ingenuity pathway analysis) of differentially expressed genes of Huh7.1.SR versus Huh7.1.v cells revealed several pathway networks centering at transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGFBR), hepatocyte nuclear factors, NOTCH, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and nuclear factor kappa B. Huh7.1.SR had an increased expression of TGF-beta and p-Smad2, indicating that the TGF-beta pathway was activated. Huh7.1.SR cells expressed phenotypic features of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), including higher expression of vimentin, lower expression of E-cadherin, and increased cell migration. The expressions of Slug and Twist, two well-known transcriptional factors of inducing EMT, also increased in Huh7.1.SR cells. Treatment of SD-208, an inhibitor of TGF-beta receptor, partially reversed the phenotypic features of EMT in Huh7.1.SR cells. Moreover, concomitant treatment of SD-208 improved the sensitivity to sorafenib in Huh7.1.SR cells. Our data indicate that activation of TGF-beta signaling pathway is an important mechanism mediating the resistance to sorafenib in HCC in vivo. (The study was supported by the grant NSC 100-2325-B-002-043- from National Science Council of Taiwan) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1904. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1904
TCT-472 Difference In Outcomes After Repeat Percutaneous Coronary Intervention For Sirolimus-eluting Stent Restenosis Lesions With or Without Stent Fracture.
Authors: Yasunari Sakamoto, Toshiya Muramatsu, Reiko Tsukahara, Yoshiaki Ito, Tsuyoshi Sakai, Hiroshi Ishimori, Keisuke Hirano, Masatsugu Nakano, Masahiro Yamawaki, Motoharu Araki, Tamon Kato, Norihiro Kobayashi, Hideyuki Takimura, Shinsuke Mori, Masakazu Tsutsumi, Takuro Takama, Hiroya Takafuji, Takahiro Tokuda
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
1008 HIGH-FAT DIET AND THE RISK FOR NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: A POPULATION BASED-STUDY
Authors: S. Lobello, A. Floreani, A. Bressan, I. Petridis, E. Rosa Rizzotto, O. Di Andrea, R. Testa, M. Marra, L. Salmaso, M. Chiaramonte
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Nonlinear kinetics after high-dose omeprazole caused by saturation of genetically variable CYP2C19
Authors: K L Rost, I Roots
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

Nonlinear kinetics of omeprazole and its metabolites were investigated after treatment with repeated high doses. Extensive metabolizers relating to cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) activity received for 1 week either omeprazole at 40 mg/d (n = 14) or 60 mg/d omeprazole twice daily (n = 8). Five poor metabolizers (PMs) received 40 mg/d for 1 week. Comparison of omeprazole plasma kinetics between extensive metabolizers (EMs) and PMs after 40–mg treatment revealed a dominant role of CYP2C19 over cytochrome P450 3A CYP3A in omeprazole metabolism. Comparing the omeprazole doses of 40 mg and 60 mg in eight EMs on day 7 of treatment showed that CYP2C19–dependent plasma clearance of omeprazole and omeprazole sulfone was reduced from 19.0 to 8.4 L/h ( P &lt; .001) and from 19.8 to 9.2 L/h ( P = .012), respectively. Similarly, formation half–life of 5′–hydroxyomeprazole increased from 0.58 to 1.45 hours ( P = .025) with the higher dose. CYP3A–dependent metabolic routes remained unaffected. Thus, high–dose treatment with omeprazole uncovers saturation kinetics for CYP2C19 pathways in EMs, and CYP3A becomes the predominant enzyme of omeprazole elimination. Moreover, these individuals may be at risk for side effects due to high omeprazole concentrations if high–dose omeprazole treatment is combined with drugs inhibiting CYP3A activity.
Association between alcohol consumption and adult pedestrians who sustain injuries in road traffic accidents.
Authors: S T Irwin, C C Patterson, W H Rutherford
Journal: BMJ (1983)

50 consecutive pedestrians who were victims of road traffic accidents and 50 controls were studied to assess the influence of alcohol in pedestrians involved in accidents and on the severity of the injuries sustained. Details are given of the subjects, methods and results. The results showed that there is a strong positive association between blood alcohol concentrations and road accidents to pedestrians. (Author/TRRL)
Medicine in Vietnam
Authors: Haakon Ragde
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To the Editor.—  Medical assistance to South Vietnam followed in the wake of our increasing participation in military and political affairs of that country. The initial program implemented existing physical facilities and provided physicians for direct patient care. The efforts were modest, improvised, and limited. Vociferous and often inflated claims of war-related human suffering gave impetus to the program, and we rapidly found ourselves involved in a large-scale health effort in an environment for which there is no parallel in the West. We viewed isolated problems through glasses shaped by Western experience, and applied Western solutions outside their demographic, social, and political settings, more often than not aiming at an optimum, when only improvements were realistically feasible. In consequence, much of our effort has been misdirected, and the need for a fundamental change in our approach to health conditions in Vietnam has become obvious.  Chamberlain's article (214:1687, 1970) and
X-ray Machines for Airport Security
Authors: Lawrence E. Holder
Journal: JAMA (1975)

EVER since the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, radiation has conjured up images of grotesque destruction. This probably accounts for much of the emotion and publicity given to the development of nuclear power plants, the air transport of medical and industrial radionuclides, and to the installation of airport "x-ray machines" as a deterrent to sky-jackers. <h3>Principles of Operation</h3> The conventional roentgenographic methods involve projecting a pulse of x-rays through an object and onto a photographic plate (film), an intensifier screen (fluoroscopy), or other recording device, as in xerography. Some of the first roentgenographic devices used for baggage inspection were conventional fluoroscopes in which the inspector observed the x-ray image of the parcel on a fluoroscopic screen. This early type required a relatively intense x-ray beam. Even though passenger and inspector safety could be assured, photographic film subjected to this type of inspection was immediately rendered useless. This led to