tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Antimutagenic and mutagenic potentials of Chinese radish.
Authors: W Rojanapo, A Tepsuwan
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

The edible part of fresh Chinese radish was chopped into small pieces, lyophilized, and then extracted sequentially with hexane, chloroform, and methanol. The solvent in each fraction was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure at 50-55 degrees C, and the residue was dissolved in dimethylsufoxide just before being tested for antimutagenicity as well as mutagenicity using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. We found that none of the three fractions exhibited any mutagenicity toward S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 when tested either in the presence or absence of S-9 mix. Interestingly, however, hexane and chloroform extracts could strongly inhibit the mutagenicities of both direct mutagens (e.g., 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide and sodium azide) and indirect mutagens (e.g., aflatoxin B1). In contrast, however, these two fractions did not inhibit the mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene, which is also an indirect mutagen. Both hexane and chloroform extracts could also markedly inhibit the activities of rat liver aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase. The methanol fraction could inhibit neither the mutagenicities of direct or indirect mutagens tested nor the activities of those two rat liver enzymes. Results of the present study demonstrate that Chinese radish may not contain any mutagenic compound but does contain some nonpolar compounds with antimutagenic activity toward both direct and indirect mutagens. In addition, the antimutagenic activity toward aflatoxin B1 may be partly due to the inhibition of enzymes necessary for activation of this mutagen.
Textbook of Physical Diagnosis: History and Examination.
Authors: Mark H. Swartz
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

*The Interviewer's Questions*The Patient's Responses*Caring for Patients in a Culturally Diverse Society*Assessment of Nutritional Status*Putting the History Together*The Physical Examination*The Skin*The Head and Neck*The Eye*The Ear and Nose*The Oral Cavity and Pharynx*The Chest*The Heart*The Peripheral Vascular System*The Breast*The Abdomen*Male Genitalia and Hernias*Female Genitalia*The Musculoskeletal System*The Nervous System*Putting the Examination Together*The Pregnant Patient*The Pediatric Patient*The Geriatric Patient*The Acutely Ill Patient*Diagnostic Reasoning in Physical Diagnosis*The Clinical Record *Epilogue*Appendices Table of Contents for Video Tutorial to Accompany Textbook of Physical Diagnosis: History and Examination, Fourth Edition *Vital Signs*The Head and Neck*Examination of the Lymph Nodes of the Head and Neck*Examination of the Eye*Examination of the Ear and Nose*Examination of the Oral Cavity*Examination of the Thyroid and Supraclavicular Lymph Nodes*The Posterior Chest*Examination of the Lungs*The Anterior Chest*Examination of the Heart and Lungs (Sitting)*Examination of the Carotid Artery and Jugular Venous Pulses*Examination of the Heart and Lungs (Lying)*The Abdomen*The Peripheral Vascular System*Examination of the Pulses of the Lower Extremity*The Male Genitalia*The Rectum*The Nervous and Musculoskeletal Systems*Screening Examinations of the Nervous and Musculoskeletal Systems*The Female Breast*Examination of the Female Breast and Axilla*The Female Genitalia*The Pelvic Examination*The Speculum Examination*The Bimanual Examination*The Rectovaginal Examination
Biocompatible Enzymatic Roller Pens for Direct Writing of Biocatalytic Materials: “Do‐it‐Yourself” Electrochemical Biosensors
Authors: Amay J. Bandodkar, Wenzhao Jia, Julian Ramírez, Joseph Wang
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2015)

The development of enzymatic‐ink‐based roller pens for direct drawing of biocatalytic sensors, in general, and for realizing renewable glucose sensor strips, in particular, is described. The resulting enzymatic‐ink pen allows facile fabrication of high‐quality inexpensive electrochemical biosensors of any design by the user on a wide variety of surfaces having complex textures with minimal user training. Unlike prefabricated sensors, this approach empowers the end user with the ability of “on‐demand” and “on‐site” designing and fabricating of biocatalytic sensors to suit their specific requirement. The resulting devices are thus referred to as “do‐it‐yourself” sensors. The bio­active pens produce highly reproducible biocatalytic traces with minimal edge roughness. The composition of the new enzymatic inks has been optimized for ensuring good biocatalytic activity, electrical conductivity, biocompati­bility, reproducible writing, and surface adherence. The resulting inks are characterized using spectroscopic, viscometric, electrochemical, thermal and microscopic techniques. Applicability to renewable blood glucose testing, epidermal glucose monitoring, and on‐leaf phenol detection are demonstrated in connection to glucose oxidase and tyrosinase‐based carbon inks. The “do‐it‐yourself” renewable glucose sensor strips offer a “fresh,” reproducible, low‐cost biocatalytic sensor surface for each blood test. The ability to directly draw biocatalytic conducting traces even on unconventional surfaces opens up new avenues in various sensing applications in low‐resource settings and holds great promise for diverse healthcare, environmental, and defense domains.
Role of Heteromultimers in the Generation of Myocardial Transient Outward K <sup>+</sup> Currents
Authors: Weinong Guo, Huilin Li, Franck Aimond, David C. Johns, Kenneth J. Rhodes, James S. Trimmer, Jeanne M. Nerbonne
Journal: Circulation Research (2002)

Previous studies have demonstrated a role for Kv4 α subunits in the generation of the fast transient outward K + current, I to,f , in the mammalian myocardium. The experiments here were undertaken to explore the role of homomeric/heteromeric assembly of Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 and of the Kv channel accessory subunit, KChIP2, in the generation of mouse ventricular I to,f . Western blots reveal that the expression of Kv4.2 parallels the regional heterogeneity in I to,f density, whereas Kv4.3 and KChIP2 are uniformly expressed in adult mouse ventricles. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AsODNs) targeted against Kv4.2 or Kv4.3 selectively attenuate I to,f in mouse ventricular cells. Adenoviral-mediated coexpression of Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 in HEK-293 cells and in mouse ventricular myocytes produces transient outward K + currents with properties distinct from those produced on expression of Kv4.2 or Kv4.3 alone, and the gating properties of the heteromeric Kv4.2/Kv4.3 channels in ventricular cells are more similar to native I to,f than are the homomeric Kv4.2 or Kv4.3 channels. Biochemical studies reveal that Kv4.2, Kv4.3, and KChIP2 coimmunoprecipitate from adult mouse ventricles. In addition, most of the Kv4.2 and KChIP2 are associated with Kv4.3 in situ. Taken together, these results demonstrate that functional mouse ventricular I to,f channels are heteromeric, comprising Kv4.2/Kv4.3 α subunits and KChIP2. The results here also suggest that Kv4.2 is the primary determinant of the regional heterogeneity in I to,f expression in adult mouse ventricle.
Exercise induces cardiac dysfunction in both moderate, compensated and severe hypertrophy.
Authors: L Hittinger, T Patrick, T Ihara, N Hasebe, Y T Shen, B Kalthof, R P Shannon, S F Vatner
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND Ventricular hypertrophy begins as a physiological adaptation to cardiac overload but progresses to a pathological state. We examined whether the extent of hypertrophy influenced the response to exercise in terms of its effects on regional and global ventricular function and transmural myocardial blood flow distribution. METHODS AND RESULTS Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy was induced by aortic banding in puppies. The effects of treadmill exercise were compared in sham-operated control dogs (n = 7) and in dogs with moderate LV hypertrophy (47% increase in LV wt/body wt, n = 7) with normal baseline levels of LV systolic and diastolic wall stress and dogs with severe LV hypertrophy (85% increase in LV wt/body wt, n = 18), which exhibited elevated levels of LV systolic wall stress at baseline. The dogs with severe LV hypertrophy were further subdivided into those with either elevated or normal baseline levels of LV end-diastolic pressure and wall stress. The response to exercise in dogs with moderate LV hypertrophy was directionally similar to that of sham-operated control dogs for systemic hemodynamics and global and regional LV function, ie, full and subendocardial wall thickening rose, as did mean and diastolic arterial pressures, shortening fraction, and Vcf. The endocardial/epicardial blood flow ratio did not fall during exercise in these two groups. However, relations comparing either LV shortening, Vcf, or wall thickening with LV systolic wall stress during exercise demonstrated depressed myocardial function in the dogs with moderate LV hypertrophy. In contrast, in dogs with severe LV hypertrophy, exercise reduced LV shortening fraction, Vcf, mean and diastolic arterial pressures, and full and subendocardial wall thickening, and the endocardial/epicardial blood flow ratio fell to 0.73 +/- 0.07. There were no differences observed between the two subgroups with severe LV hypertrophy, but the global and regional wall function responses to exercise were more severely impaired than those in dogs with moderate LV hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS Responses of global and regional LV function and transmural myocardial blood flow distribution to exercise were clearly abnormal in dogs with severe LV hypertrophy with elevated baseline levels of LV systolic wall stress whether or not baseline levels of LV end-diastolic wall stress were elevated. Thus, it required more severe LV hypertrophy as well as elevated levels of LV wall stress to elicit qualitatively abnormal regional and global hemodynamic responses to exercise. However, even with moderate LV hypertrophy, which was well compensated under baseline conditions, qualitatively impaired contraction-afterload relations were observed during the stress of exercise.
Antibiotics in Acne
Authors: Peter E. Pochi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

Antibiotic management of diseases other than infections may arouse a measure of skepticism or anxiety unmitigated by a less than unequivocal demonstration of the efficacy of such treatment. When the disorder is one that may endure for months or years and for which the antibiotic is suppressive rather than curative, there is the added concern of safety from long-term usage.Acne is an example of such a disease, for which systemic antibiotics have been used almost since their introduction into clinical medicine. Tetracycline drugs supplanted earlier use of sulfonamides and penicillin when it became evident that the former were more . . .
Patients are experts in their own field
Authors: I. Kennedy
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The notion of being concerned with the interests of patients is not new. It is as old as medicine. What is new, or relatively new, is the question of how that concern is best dealt with. To put it another way, who is the best judge of a patient's interests? For almost the whole of the history of modern medicine, this question was not asked because the need to ask it was not recognised. A patient's interests were best judged by the patient's doctor. That was part of what a doctor did. Patients knew nothing of clinical matters. How could they be expected to decide what was good for them? Indeed, it was cruel to impose this burden on them.

Times have changed. A better educated population, exposed through a variety of media to the idea of choice and impressed by the language of rights, began to see themselves differently. They were no longer passive receivers of goods and services, grateful for whatever came their way, but consumers with choices who were entitled to expect good quality and to complain if they were not satisfied.

In relationships between professionals and clients, of which the patient-doctor relationship is one example, the accommodation of this change has not been …
Treating inguinal hernias
Authors: A. Kingsnorth
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Open mesh Lichtenstein operation is preferred over laparoscopy 

Inguinal hernias are common; the lifetime risk for men is 27% and for women 3%.1 It has been estimated that worldwide over 20 million repairs of inguinal hernia are carried out each year, the specific operation rates varying between countries from around 100-300 per 100 000 population per year.2 In the United Kingdom some 100 000 inguinal hernias are repaired each year and in the United States 750 000. In the past decade the outcomes for surgery for inguinal hernia have been improved dramatically by the routine use of prosthetic mesh. Laparoscopic surgery has not affected surgery for inguinal hernia appreciably because of the increased costs and the reluctance of general surgeons to learn this complex procedure to correct a minor abnormality. Improvements in the delivery and quality of inguinal hernia surgery in the future will depend on the development of improved prosthetic mesh materials to reduce the incidence of chronic groin pain, which is now higher than recurrence rates. Furthermore, improvements in …
The Use of Dipsticks to Detect Chlamydia in Males
Authors: Thomas A. Bell
Journal: JAMA (1990)

To the Editor.—  Shafer et al1reported the usefulness of urine dipsticks for testing urine samples from males for microscopic pus, the presence of which correlates well with the presence of bothChlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. These results are similar to our own published in 19882but not mentioned by Shafer et al. We found that the 95% confidence interval for the sensitivity of the presence of leukocyte esterase was 78% to 100%; for the specificity it was 73% to 91%; and for the positive predictive value it was 34% to 72%. The results from Shafer et al for a comparable population—68%, 91%, and 49%, respectively—are remarkably close to our estimates. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals seem to be empirically relevant and should be taken seriously in interpretation of results.
Fetal Blood Typing After Sexual Assault
Authors: Richard E. Bisbing
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Physicians caring for victims of alleged sexual assault must work in close cooperation with legal authorities. In addition to medical and psychological aspects of patient care, it is important to consider all feasible methods of gathering evidence. For the victim who is pregnant as a result of sexual assault and requests termination of pregnancy, retrieval and examination of fetal blood for paternity exclusion should be considered. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 15-year-old girl was admitted to the hospital with a pregnancy of 15 weeks' duration; she allegedly had been raped 13 weeks before admission. Termination of pregnancy was requested by the patient and her mother, who had recently learned of the pregnancy and history of sexual assault. Laminaria tents were used for preoperative cervical dilatation, and abortion was carried out by dilatation and evacuation technique (D&amp;E), with the patient under general anesthesia. After rupturing the amniotic sac,
RASSF1C, an Isoform of the Tumor Suppressor RASSF1A, Promotes the Accumulation of β-Catenin by Interacting with βTrCP
Authors: Emilie Estrabaud, Irina Lassot, Guillaume Blot, Erwann Le Rouzic, Valérie Tanchou, Eric Quemeneur, Laurent Daviet, Florence Margottin-Goguet, Richard Benarous
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract The Ras-association domain family 1 (RASSF1) gene has seven different isoforms; isoform A is a tumor-suppressor gene (RASSF1A). The promoter of RASSF1A is inactivated in many cancers, whereas the expression of another major isoform, RASSF1C, is not affected. Here, we show that RASSF1C, but not RASSF1A, interacts with βTrCP. Binding of RASSF1C to βTrCP involves serine 18 and serine 19 of the SS18GYXS19 motif present in RASSF1C but not in RASSF1A. This motif is reminiscent of the canonical phosphorylation motif recognized by βTrCP; however, surprisingly, the association between RASSF1C and βTrCP does not occur via the βTrCP substrate binding domain, the WD40 repeats. Overexpression of RASSF1C, but not of RASSF1A, resulted in accumulation and transcriptional activation of the β-catenin oncogene, due to inhibition of its βTrCP-mediated degradation. Silencing of RASSF1A by small interfering RNA was sufficient for β-catenin to accumulate, whereas silencing of both RASSF1A and RASSF1C had no effect. Thus, RASSF1A and RASSF1C have opposite effects on β-catenin degradation. Our results suggest that RASSF1C expression in the absence of RASSF1A could play a role in tumorigenesis. [Cancer Res 2007;67(3):1054–61]
Lung Volume Measurements as a Surrogate Marker for Patient Response in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Zacariah E. Labby, Samuel G. Armato, James J. Dignam, Christopher Straus, Hedy L. Kindler, Anna K. Nowak
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2013)

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to investigate the continuous changes in three distinct response assessment methods during treatment as a marker of response for patients with mesothelioma. Linear tumor thickness measurements, disease volume measurements, and lung volume measurements (a physiological correlate of disease volumes) were investigated in this study.MethodsSerial computed tomography scans were obtained during the course of clinically standard chemotherapy for 61 patients. For each of the 216 computed tomography scans, the aerated lung volumes were segmented using a fully automated method, and the pleural disease volume was segmented using a semiautomated method. Modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors linear-thickness measurements were acquired clinically. Diseased (ipsilateral) lung volumes were normalized by the respective contralateral lung volumes to account for the differences in inspiration between scans for each patient. Relative changes in each metric from baseline were tracked over the course of follow-up imaging. Survival modeling was performed using Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying covariates.ResultsMedian survival from pretreatment baseline imaging was 12.7 months. A negative correlation was observed between measurements of lung volume and disease volume, and a positive correlation was observed between linear-thickness measurements and disease volume. As continuous numerical parameters, all three response assessment methods were significant imaging biomarkers of patient prognosis in independent survival models.ConclusionsAnalysis of trajectories of linear-thickness measurements, disease volume measurements, and lung volume measurements during chemotherapy for patients with mesothelioma indicates that increasing linear thickness, increasing disease volume, and decreasing lung volume are all significantly and independently associated with poor patient prognosis.
Gene Expression of Antioxidative Enzymes in the Human Heart
Authors: Sabine Dieterich, Ursula Bieligk, Kathrin Beulich, Gerd Hasenfuss, Juergen Prestle
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —An increase in oxidative stress is suggested to be intimately involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure. However, gene expression of enzymes that metabolize reactive oxygen metabolites has not been investigated in the human heart. Methods and Results —Myocardial tissue homogenates of the left ventricular wall from hearts in end-stage failure due to dilated (DCM) or ischemic (ICM) cardiomyopathy (n=12 each), as well as from nonfailing donor hearts (n=12), were analyzed for mRNA levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase by Northern blot analyses. Protein levels of MnSOD, CuZnSOD, and catalase were determined by Western blot or ELISA. MnSOD, CuZnSOD, and GPX mRNA levels were similar in all 3 groups. In contrast, catalase mRNA levels were found to be increased by 123±23% in DCM hearts and by 93±10% in ICM hearts ( P &lt;0.01 each) compared with control hearts. Likewise, catalase protein levels were found to be increased in failing hearts (DCM by 90±10%, ICM by 90±13%; P &lt;0.05 each) compared with control hearts. In addition, the observed upregulation of catalase mRNA and protein in failing hearts was attended by an increased catalase enzyme activity (DCM by 124±16%, ICM by 117±15%; P &lt;0.01 each), whereas MnSOD, CuZnSOD, and GPX enzyme activity levels were unchanged in failing compared with nonfailing myocardium. Conclusions —Increased oxidative stress in human end-stage heart failure may result in a specific upregulation of catalase gene expression as a compensatory mechanism, whereas SOD and GPX gene expression remain unaffected.
Changing Concepts in the Surgery of Cancer
Authors: J. Englebert Dunphy
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1953)

"IN estimating the limitations of surgery we find none except they be set by ourselves. How shall they be set? By conservative judgment opposed to rashness." This estimate of "The Future of Surgery without Limit" was made by David W. Cheever1 in his presidential address to the American Surgical Association before the turn of the century. Sixty-four years later it has a singular applicability to the surgery of cancer.The surgeon of today, as Cheever foresaw, is enabled by virtue of the technical advances of his art to carry out an operation of almost unlimited extent. In dealing with cancer, . . .
Book: The Making of Them: The British Attitude to Children and the Boarding School System
Authors: P. Clarkson
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Nick Duffell Lone Arrow Press, £20, pp 318 ISBN 0 9537904 0 1 Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img> Sending one's children to boarding school has often been perceived as a mark of privilege and the best preparation for high office or worldly success, particularly in Britain. Despite some amelioration of this widely perceived notion in recent years, it is still prevalent. Although there are distinct benefits to those graduating from our public school system, the psychological costs—and their physical, relational, and social concomitants—are rarely acknowledged. Nick Duffell … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Readmissions as a result of adverse drug reactions in older people
Authors: S. Morgan
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Are related to comorbidity, but not advancing age

In the linked retrospective cohort study (doi:10.1136/bmj.a2752), Zhang and colleagues explore which factors known to be associated with admissions for adverse drug events may place older people at an increased risk of readmission.1 Their retrospective study of older Australians showed that readmissions as a result of adverse drug reactions increased over a 13 year period and by 2003 comprised a third of the total admissions for these reactions.2 The mortality rate was 59.3% in first time admissions and 68.1% in recurrent admissions during follow-up (mean 4.2 years (SD 4.3)). 

To study recurrent admissions for adverse drug reactions, all admissions need to be identified and then first admissions must be distinguished from recurrent ones. Zhang and colleagues identified recurrent admissions by scrutinising the 10 year period before the start of the study. Rigorously identifying all admissions is difficult when using retrospective data.

Correct coding of admissions for adverse drug reactions is complex and errors can occur at several stages. Knowledge of …