tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Disorders of Glucose Regulation in Adults and Birth Weight
Authors: Isa Al Salmi, Wendy E. Hoy, Srinivas Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan, Zhiqiang Wang, Glenda C. Gobe, Elizabeth L. M. Barr, Jonathan E. Shaw
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

The purpose of this study was to examine the association of birth weight with indexes of glycemia in a population-based survey.A total of 10,788 participants in the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) Study were asked to complete a birth weight questionnaire. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postload glucose (PLG), and A1C were modeled against birth weight. World Health Organization criteria were used to define impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and diabetes.Among 7,157 participants who responded to the questionnaire, 4,502 reported their birth weights, with a mean +/- SD of 3.4 +/- 0.7 kg. FPG, PLG, and A1C were strongly and inversely correlated with birth weight. The odds ratios (95% CI) for high (>90th sex-specific percentile) FPG, PLG, and A1C were 0.83 (0.71-0.96), 0.74 (0.65-0.84), and 0.81 (0.70-0.94), respectively, for a 1-kg increase in birth weight after adjustment for age and sex. In those with low birth weight (LBW), the risks for having IFG, IGT, and diabetes and for all abnormalities combined were increased by 1.75, 2.22, 2.76, and 2.28, respectively, for women and by 1.40, 1.32, 1.98, and 1.49 for men compared with risks for those with normal birth weight. These trends applied across categories of age and BMI.In an affluent Western country with a good adult health profile, birth weight has an inverse relationship with indexes of glycemia, and individuals with LBW were predisposed to higher rates of glycemic dysregulation in adult life. These associations were independent of BMI and of other factors significantly correlated with glycemic dysregulation.
The Nasal Carrier of Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Henry M. Lemon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1947)

IN spite of the large number of accumulated data concerning the beta-hemolytic streptococcus and its effect on the human host, we are still largely unable to control its endemic reservoir and potential epidemic spread. As a result of the tragic mortality following the influenza pandemic of 1918, intensive efforts were carried out during World War II, first in Great Britain and later in this country, to devise means of curbing the spread of hemolytic streptococci and other respiratory infections, particularly among military recruits. These studies approached the problem from many angles, including chemotherapeutic,1 , 2 immunologic3 and environmental means of control.4 In . . .
Deaths, HIV infection, abstinence, and other outcomes in a cohort of injecting drug users followed up for 10 years
Authors: J R Robertson, P J M Ronald, G M Raab, A J Ross, T Parpia
Journal: BMJ (1994)

To trace, follow up, and interview a group of patients known to be injecting drug users in order to establish current drug taking and other features related to drug use over 10 years.Descriptive follow up study of a cohort of injecting drug users established between 1982 and 1985.General practice based patient population study initially, with later tracing of subjects throughout the United Kingdom through NHS Central Registries and current general practitioners.203 injecting drug users recruited up to December 1985.Survival, cause of death, abstinence, or continued drug use; HIV status; and demographic variables.Of the 203 injecting drug users recruited into the study, over half were known to be HIV positive and 42 died of various causes (increasingly AIDS). From the start of follow up in 1990, 163 (91%) of the 180 survivors were traced, of whom 116 (71%) were interviewed. Dramatic changes had occurred in drug taking, with a move away from injecting towards oral drug use. A few patients, however, continued to inject. 90 (78%) of those interviewed had been in prison, of whom 37 (41%) had injected drugs while in prison.The pattern of deaths had changed from being largely due to overdose in the early 1980s to predominantly AIDS related in later years. The reduction in deaths due to overdose may have been connected with but was not always causally related to a new approach by legal, social, and medical services. Drug use continues in a modified form in a large proportion of patients followed up. As a group, drug users require long term support for a multiplicity of problems.
875. Development of Human Skin Gene Therapy for Systemic In Vivo Delivery of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) To Treat Hypertension
Authors: Jean-Philippe Therrien, Christine L. Tock, Jonathan C. Vogel
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Skin is a very attractive organ for targeted gene therapy to systemically deliver therapeutic proteins to treat cancers, skin diseases or systemic diseases. Since skin is a renewable tissue, achieving long-term stable expression of a therapeutic gene requires targeting keratinocytes stem cells (KSC), but specific extracellular markers to isolate living pure KSC populations do not exist. We have therefore developed an in vivo system using a bicistronic retroviral vector expressing the desired therapeutic gene and a linked selectable marker, multi-drug resistant gene (MDR). Topical colchicine treatment can be used to select and enrich for cells expressing the bicistronic vector. As a model to validate our system we have chosen ANP as a therapeutic gene to treat systemic hypertension. ANP is 126 amino acids (aa) peptide hormone synthetized mainly in cardiomyocytes of the heart as an inactive precursor (pro-ANP). Pro-ANP is secreted and converted into an active ANP (28 aa, called α-ANP) by corin receptors located on the cell surface membrane of cardiomyocytes in response to volume expansion and pressure overload. In target tissues, α-ANP induces a signal transduction pathway in a receptor-dependent manner to decrease blood pressure. Infusion of ANP can decrease blood pressure in hypertensive patients and animal models, but stable long-term expression of ANP is required for clinical application. We have now constructed and produced a retroviral vector containing linked ANP and MDR genes with a viral titer 104−105 cfu/ml. Human skin equivalent (HSE) expressing ANP/MDR have been engineered in vitro and are able to differentiate and stratify normally and have normal histology, similar to normal human skin. Prior to colchicine selection, up to 33% and 39% of transduced human fibroblasts and human keratinocytes, respectively, contain and express a functional MDR marker protein. The ANP expression by bioengineered HSE was confirmed by immunofluorescence labeling and by a radio-immuno assay (RIA) specific for ANP. The RIA shows that HSE expressing ANP were able to secrete high levels of ANP, 2 400 pg/ ml/4h, into the culture media. Moreover, cGMP assay suggest that the HSE secretes the desired pro-ANP form rather than the α-ANP form, which have a very short half-life (2 to 5 min) and can be degraded by neutral endopeptidase present in the skin. Taken together, these results suggest that grafting genetically-modified HSE expressing ANP in immunocompromised mice maybe able to produce sufficient ANP, systemically, to decrease blood pressure in the recipient mice.
DEATH DUE TO MASSIVE OVERDOSE OF MEPROBAMATE
Authors: ISADORE KAMIN, DONALD A. SHASKAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1959)

This is the description of a case of acute meprobamate intoxication due to the ingestion of 47.6 grams of the drug with fatal outcome. We wish to emphasize that meprobamate should be used with the same careful consideration that any therapeutic agent deserves.
Radical Treatment of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients with Synchronous Oligometastases: Long-Term Results of a Prospective Phase II Trial (Nct01282450)
Authors: Dirk De Ruysscher, Rinus Wanders, Angela van Baardwijk, Anne-Marie C. Dingemans, Bart Reymen, Ruud Houben, Gerben Bootsma, Cordula Pitz, Linda van Eijsden, Wiel Geraedts, Brigitta G. Baumert, Philippe Lambin
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2012)
The Concept of Diabetes Translation
Authors: Roland G. Hiss
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

The National Commission on Diabetes (NCD) performed a landmark review of diabetes in the U.S. in 1975 (1). Its four-volume 10-part report contained extensive testimony from all aspects of the diabetic community, including scientists, clinicians, patients, and their families. The NCD promoted a concept that was new to the diabetes field: the concept of translation. The NCD recognized that a significant weakness in the nation’s overall approach to diabetes was its failure to “translate” research findings into practice. Scientific knowledge was accumulating through the efforts of many basic and clinical investigators, but the application of this knowledge to all patients with diabetes who might benefit from it was spotty. The NCD initially charged Diabetes Research and Training Centers (DRTCs) with the responsibility of conducting translation with the following citation:Translate the advances in the field of diabetes research with least delay into improved care for the diabetic (sic) in the setting of model patient care demonstration units within the centers and through outreach programs in the regional community.Translation responsibilities were further extended to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1990 with the establishment of the Division of Diabetes Translation, which was created to implement translational programs that had been developed and shown to be effective. Development of such programs (i.e., translational research) remained the principal charge to the demonstration and education divisions of the DRTCs. Long-standing National Institutes of Health guidelines for DRTCs have stated (2):The central purpose of the Demonstration and Education (D&E) Division is to address barriers between what is thought to represent ideal diabetes care reflecting current scientific advances in the understanding of diabetes and what is routinely practiced.This commentary addresses the approach that the Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center (MDRTC) has used to fulfill this charge (3).

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Evidence-based medicine or medicines-based evidence?
Authors: P. DIEPPE
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1998)

The “evidence-based medicine” movement has grown quickly since its introduction to the medical literature a few years ago.1 Although there has been some confusion as to what it is and what it isn’t2 it is impossible to argue against the basic premise that healthcare professionals should have access to the best and most up to date evidence when recommending an intervention for any given patient predicament. The movement has been facilitated by the parallel development of the Cochrane Collaboration, which aims to provide in depth reviews of all randomised controlled clinical trials in any given subject area, thus providing one of the most important information databases to aid the practice of evidence-based medicine.3 The Cochrane Collaboration has grown massively over the four years of its life, and now involves centres worldwide and a database that includes over 1500 reviews4 and material of relevance to almost all aspects of medical practice. The Cochrane database is being used more and more as an aid to rational management.

How far has rheumatology got within this important movement? A review of the 1997 Cochrane database4 suggests that our …
Rat intestinal mucosal responses to a microbial flora and different diets.
Authors: R Sharma, U Schumacher, V Ronaasen, M Coates
Journal: Gut (1995)

The effects of diet on the histochemical composition of intestinal mucosubstances and the morphology of the villi and crypts were investigated by comparing the data of germ free and conventionally maintained rats fed either a purified diet or a commercial diet. The influence of intestinal microflora was evaluated by comparing the germ free rats and those harbouring either a conventional rat flora or a human microbial flora. In both germ free rats and those maintained conventionally, feeding a purified diet resulted in shallower crypts in the small intestine but deeper crypts in the large intestine compared with their counterparts fed on the commercial diet. The preliminary data obtained with association of human flora showed a reduction of the villus height and crypt depth in the small intestine and, to some extent, the amount of neutral mucins in the goblet cells of both small and large intestine and an increase in the amount of sulphated mucins in the large intestine. In rats given the commercial diet the periodic acid Schiff staining for neutral mucins was more intense in the upper crypts of the small intestine than in the lower crypts, and to a lesser extent in the upper crypts of the large intestine. These results provide evidence that the dietary composition, microbial flora, as well as the interactions between the dietary constituents and microbial flora change the mucosal architecture and the mucus composition and therefore alter the functional characteristics of the intestinal tract.
OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS TREATED WITH DUAL OR TRIPLE ORAL ANTITHROMBOTIC THERAPY FOLLOWING ELECTRICAL CARDIOVERSION FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
Authors: Michael Yin-Cheung Tsang, Paul Friedman, Hon-Chi Lee, Naser Ammash, Patricia Pellikka, David Hodge, Roger White, Samuel Asirvatham, Bernard Gersh, Rowlens Melduni
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Pregnancy-associated hyperpigmentation: Longitudinal melanonychia
Authors: Jennifer M. Fryer, Victoria P. Werth
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1992)

A 32-year-old white woman of Ashkenazi extraction (skin type III) had a longitudinal dark brown streak on the nails of her second and third toes on the right foot during her first pregnancy. The pigmented streaks were uniformly dark brown, 1 to 2 mr:n in width, with sharp borders. Pigmentation of the periungual skin (Hutchinson's sign) was present on the cuticle and proximal nail bed and extended to the proximal and one lateral nail fold. During pregnancy, the patient also noted the development of 15 to 20 brown macules on the anterior aspect oiher torso. The longitudinal melanonychia resolved after delivery and the brown macules on her trunk becamelighter but did not resolve completely. During her second pregnancy, the patient again noted the development of dark brown streaks of the nails of her right second and left third fingers that were 2 and 3 mm wide, respectively (Fig. 1), and on several toenails. She also noted darkening of the macules on her trunk, as well as the development of new macules. These changes were noted during the fifth month of pregnancy. Six months after delivery, the pigmented streaks on the fingernails and two toenails had completely resolved and the macules on her trunk became lighter. A biopsy specimen of a macule on the abdomen was obtained 11 months after delivery. On histologic examination, the epidermis showed elongation of the rete and basilar melanocytic hyperplasia and hyperpigmentation.
Abstract 10957: Impact of Early/Late Surgical Treatment on the Outcomes of Patients with Active Infective Endocarditis Complicating Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Shunsuke Funakoshi, Kite Kim, Takeshi Kitai, Natsuhiko Ehara, Atsushi Kobori, Makoto Kinoshita, Shuichiro Kaji, Atsushi Yamamuro, Tomoko Tani, Yukikatsu Okada, Toru Kita, Yutaka Furukawa
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background: The treatment strategy in active infective endocarditis (IE) with cerebral complications still remains unestablished. Methods and results: Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed fo...
Gallium Scan in Recurrent Hodgkin??s Disease in Children
Authors: SAMUEL D J YEH, RICHARD S. BENUA, CHARLOTTE T.C. TAN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1979)

In 18 of 88 children with biopsy proven and previously untreated Hodgkin's disease, recurrence developed during a period from four to 53 months after therapy (median period, 22 months). In 16 patients in whom gallium scans were performed, 21 positive gallium scans were obtained during 26 episodes of recurrence. Abnormalities were noted in half of them during a period from one to 10 months prior to physical, laboratory, radiographic or histologic confirmation of recurrence (median period about 5 months). We have concluded that the gallium scan is very useful in initial workup and is sensitive in detecting early recurrence in children with Hodgkin's disease. Such scans are indicated when there is clinical suspicion of recurrence, when other modalities are unavailable or when the results of other studies are equivocal.
Interpreting self reported limiting long term illness
Authors: G. Cohen, J. Forbes, M. Garraway
Journal: BMJ (1995)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>:To examine the association between self reported limiting long term illness and other dimensions of self reported health. <b>Design</b>:Stratified random sample of general population. <b>Setting</b>:Lothian region, Scotland, in 1993. <b>Subjects</b>:6212 men and women aged 16 and over. <b>Main outcome measures</b>:Limiting long term illness was assessed by the same question as used in the 1991 United Kingdom census. The short form 36 health survey was used to assess other dimensions of health. <b>Results</b>:Rates of limiting long term illness were much higher than reported in the census. Scores on general and physical health scales had strong associations with limiting long term illness, but after adjustment for these associations psychosocial health measures had little influence on limiting long term illness. Being at the lower rather than the upper quartile on the physical functioning scale more than doubled the odds of having limiting long term illness. Reported prevalence of many common illnesses was between two and three times higher among those with limiting long term illness. <b>Conclusions</b>:A positive response to the question used by the census to define limiting long term illness was strongly associated with physical limitations on activity and less strongly influenced by scores on scales of mental and social wellbeing. Socioeconomic effects on limiting long term illness seem largely mediated through measures of general health and physical limitations on health.
Abstract 193: Effect of omega-3 fatty acid and dietary energy restriction on mammary carcinogenesis, circulating biomarkers and molecular regulators in rats.
Authors: Weiqin Jiang, Zongjian Zhu, John N. McGinley, Andrea Manni, Henry J. Thompson
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Available evidence indicates that diets enriched in the ratio of n-3 fatty acids or dietary energy restriction (DER) have a broad range of health-related benefit including prevention of breast cancer. However, the number of studies in the combined effects of these intervention strategies have been investigated is limited. The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of the combination of dietary n-3 and DER on mammary carcinogenesis, on plasma levels of cancer associated growth factors and cytokines and on molecular regulators in mammary carcinomas using a pre-clinical rat model for breast cancer. Female Sprague Dawley rats were injected with 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (50 mg/kg) and 7 days thereafter randomized to four groups (n=30/group), 1) control (dietary n-6/n-3=1:1); 2) high n-3 (dietary n-6/n-3=1:10); 3) 20%DER (dietary n-6/n-3=1:1); 4) high n-3 + 20%DER (dietary n-6/n-3=1:10). Rats were fed a modification of the AIN-93G diet formulation that contained 30% of dietary calories from fat (currently recommended in the US Dietary guidelines). It was observed that mammary cancer incidence, cancer multiplicity and tumor burden were reduced and cancer latency was elongated for the rats in groups 2-4 compared to the rats in group 1, and the significant differences were observed between group 1 (n-6/n-3=1:1) and 4 (n-6/n-3=1:10 + 20%DER). The protective dietary combination of high n-3 and DER was associated with significant reductions in plasma IGF-1, insulin, and leptin and increased adiponectin compared to rats fed the control diet (n-6/n-3=1:1, p&amp;lt;0.01). Carcinomas induced in the protected animals were smaller in mass with altered levels of proteins in the PPAR and mTOR pathways on which plasma insulin had the most impact. This work was supported by grant KG081632 from the Susan G. Komen Foundation. Citation Format: Weiqin Jiang, Zongjian Zhu, John N. McGinley, Andrea Manni, Henry J. Thompson. Effect of omega-3 fatty acid and dietary energy restriction on mammary carcinogenesis, circulating biomarkers and molecular regulators in rats. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 193. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-193
Patient Advocate or Secret Agent?
Authors: Fredrick R. Abrams
Journal: JAMA (1986)

The "doctor knows best" standard of consent to care in England is held to be a possible early warning of changes to come in the United States as patient care is increasingly determined by economics and scarce resources. Political decisions not to pay for certain treatments or not to offer all technologies to all persons should not be disguised as medical decisions by not telling patients of possible therapies. Deception and failure to inform are violations of the physician's fiduciary relationship with the patient.
The role of Smad3 in mediating mouse hepatic stellate cell activation
Authors: Bernd Schnabl, Young O. Kweon, Joshua P. Frederick, Xiao-Fan Wang, Richard A. Rippe, David A. Brenner
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

Transforming growth factor β (TGF–β) is the most potent profibrogenic mediator in liver fibrosis. Although Smad proteins have been identified as intracellular mediators in the TGF–β signaling pathway, the function of individual Smad proteins remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to explore the contribution of Smad3 in mediating TGF–β responses in a model of acute liver injury in vivo and in culture–activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Wild–type, Smad3 heterozygous or Smad3 homozygous knockout mice were treated with a single intragastric administration of CCl 4 . After 72 hours, the induction of hepatic collagen α1(I) and α2(I) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in Smad3 knockout mice was only 42% and 64%, respectively, of the levels induced in wild–type mice. However, smooth muscle α–actin (α–SMA) was expressed at a slightly higher level in livers from knockout mice compared with wild–type mice. In culture–activated HSCs from Smad3 knockout mice, collagen α1(I) mRNA was 73% of wild–type HSCs, but α–SMA expression was the same. HSCs from knockout mice showed a higher proliferation rate than wild–type HSCs. Smad3–deficient HSCs did not form TGF–β1-induced Smad–containing DNA–binding complexes. In conclusion, (1) maximal expression of collagen type I in activated HSCs requires Smad3 in vivo and in culture; (2) Smad3 is not necessary for HSC activation as assessed by α–SMA expression; (3) Smad3 is necessary for inhibition of proliferation of HSCs, which might be TGF–β-dependent; and (4) Smad3 is required for TGF–β1-mediated Smad–containing DNA–binding complex formation in cultured HSCs.
Hepatitis B in Plasma Fractionation Workers
Authors: James S. Taylor
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Between 1968 and 1971, hepatitis B occurred at a plasma fractionation company in 14 employees who had worked in the plasma fractionation area for 18 months or less. Work histories incriminated the early stages of plasma processing as the areas of highest risk. Serologic study at one point (November 1971) showed three individuals with titers positive for hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag), for a total of 1.92% of the 155 workers at risk and from whom blood was drawn. An antibody titer to hepatitis B antigen (anti-HB<sub>s</sub>) of 1:4 or greater was present in 55% to 92% of those workers who had varying degrees of contact with plasma fractionation. The degree of contact correlated directly with the prevalence of antibody in the populations studied. (<i>JAMA</i>230:850-853, 1974)