tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
COMMON COLDS AS A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF CONTAGION FOR LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Eugenia Valentine
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1918)

In two instances of common colds, with no known contact with cases of pneumonia, Pneumococcus Type I was found to be the predominating organism, which strongly suggests that it was the etiological agent in these colds. If this is so, common colds of this type must be looked upon as a possible source of contagion in the development of lobar pneumonia due to the Type I pneumococcus.
Use of Mathematical Modeling to Compare and Predict Hemodynamic Effects Between Hybrid and Surgical Norwood Palliations for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Authors: Tain-Yen Hsia, Daria Cosentino, Chiara Corsini, Giancarlo Pennati, Gabriele Dubini, Francesco Migliavacca
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Combining bilateral pulmonary artery banding with arterial duct stenting, the hybrid approach achieves stage 1 palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome with different flow characteristics than those after the surgical Norwood procedures. Accordingly, we used computational modeling to assess some of these differences, including influence on systemic and cerebral oxygen deliveries.A 3-dimensional computational model of hybrid palliation was developed by the finite volume method, along with models of the Norwood operation with a modified Blalock-Tausig or right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery shunt. Hybrid circulation was modeled with a 7-mm ductal stent and bilateral pulmonary artery banding to a 2-mm diameter. A 3.5-mm conduit was used in the Blalock-Tausig shunt model, whereas a 5-mm conduit was used in the right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery shunt model. Coupled to all the models was an identical hydraulic network that described the entire circulatory system based on pre-stage 2 hemodynamics. This clinically validated multiscale approach predicts flow dynamics, as well as global cardiac output, mixed venous oxygen saturation, and systemic and cerebral oxygen delivery. Compared with either of the Norwood models, the hybrid palliation had higher pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio and lower cardiac output. Total systemic oxygen delivery was markedly reduced in the hybrid palliation (Blalock-Tausig shunt 591, right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery shunt 640, and hybrid 475 mL · min(-1) · m(-2)). Cerebral oxygen delivery was similarly lower in the hybrid palliation.These computational results suggest that the hybrid approach may provide inferior systemic and cerebral oxygen deliveries compared with either of the 2 surgical Norwood procedures before stage 2 palliation.
Arginase activity and CD3ζ expression after major surgery
Authors: Miguel Ángel Palomero Rodríguez, Rósula García Navas, Yolanda Laporta Báez, Jesús de Vicente Sánchez, Jose Carlos Moyano Maza, Jose María Rodríguez López, Maria Pilar Sánchez Conde, Faustino Mollinedo
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2015)
An approach to mechanism-based cancer risk assessment for formaldehyde.
Authors: R B Conolly, M E Andersen
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

The established carcinogenicity of formaldehyde in the rat and suggestive epidemiological evidence that formaldehyde may be a human carcinogen have led to its regulation by U.S. Federal agencies as a probable human carcinogen. These risk assessments have typically been based on tumor data in F344 rats exposed chronically to formaldehyde by inhalation and used the inhaled concentration as a measure of dose and the linearized multistage model (LMS) for dose-response characterization. Low-dose risks estimated with the LMS are thought to be conservative but are also generally acknowledged to be highly uncertain. In this manuscript, we first consider in generic terms how use of chemical-specific data on mechanisms of target tissue dosimetry and the series of tissue responses to the chemical that culminate in tumor formation can lead to more accurate dose-response characterization. A planned mechanism-based risk assessment for formaldehyde is then described. This risk assessment uses data on target tissue dosimetry, size of the target cell population in the rat nasal epithelium, number and size of putative preneoplastic lesions, and tumor incidence. These data establish parameter values for a biologically based, multistage cancer model that is then used to predict cancer risk at low exposure levels. Such work provides insights into the relative roles of formaldehyde-stimulated cell replication and procarcinogenic mutation in tumor formation. Finally, future directions are outlined for research on tissue dosimetry and scaling of the mechanism-based formaldehyde risk model from rats to people.
Conceptions and misconceptions of connectionism
Authors: Ron Sun
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

This commentary examines one aspect of the target article – the comparison of ACT-R with connectionist models. It argues that conceptions of connectionist models should be broadened to cover the whole spectrum of work in this area, especially the so-called hybrid models. Doing so may change drastically ratings of connectionist models, and consequently shed more light on the developing field of cognitive architectures.
Staffing of Emergency Departments
Authors: Thomas J. Weiler
Journal: JAMA (1979)

To the Editor.—  The skills and teamwork employed in this complex task are improved by practice and repetition, which comes only with a large volume of injured patients (240:1723, 1978). Thirty years of contact with and teaching in various trauma programs have convinced me that the crux of this matter lies in that sentence. Yet, the persons who attempt to operate these services, usually as a peripheral segment of a busy inpatient service, persistently ignore the necessity of such personnel in favor of the more traditional and economically more palatable alternative of rotating groups of basically unsupervised residents.  Surely the provision of expert personnel that is available 24 hours a day in the emergency department represents the appropriate staffing of a category 1 emergency department. These people must have at least two years of full-time experience in the triage, resuscitation intubation, and initial evaluation of emergency patients. They must be
Who Shall Study Medicine in the 1980s?
Authors: Alan Blum
Journal: JAMA (1980)

MORE than two thirds of the students who enter college aspiring to a career in medicine decide otherwise by senior year.<sup>1</sup>But can we be certain that those who survive the premedical science initiation rites make more capable and understanding physicians than those who do not? Could not the extreme competitiveness that makes acceptance to medical school an end to itself be excluding a more selfless and compassionate type of doctor? Such questions are worthy of discussion, for the premedical curriculum and medical admissions committee selection procedures appear to be under harsher attack than at any time since Flexner. Indeed, Chapman,<sup>2</sup>describing the premedical sciences as "redundant and stupefying" and "more punitive than enlightening," points out that they have gone unchanged for half a century. And Lewis Thomas goes so far as to suggest that the admissions requirements of medical schools have harmed<i>all</i>of liberal arts education.
75Se-selenomethionine scanning in the diagnosis of tumours of the pancreas and adjacent viscera: The use of the test and its impact on survival
Authors: D. M. McCarthy, P. Brown, R. N. Melmed, J. E. Agnew, I. A. D. Bouchier
Journal: Gut (1972)

The results of pancreatic scanning with <sup>75</sup>Se-selenomethionine in 393 carefully documented patients over a two-year period are presented. On follow up 50 patients had operatively proven malignant tumours in the gland and a further 22 had similar tumours in adjacent organs, clinically mimicking carcinoma of the pancreas and in many cases causing scan abnormalities. Five patients had pancreatic adenomata. Remote tumours rarely affected the scan. Examination of the role of scanning in patients with neoplastic disease revealed that the test was effective in screening and in detection; false negative diagnoses were rare. By contrast, survival following diagnosis was extremely poor with only 8% of pancreatic tumours resectable and 50% metastasized at the time of surgery. Causes of pancreatic dysfunction, other than pancreatitis or carcinoma, which were associated with abnormalities on the scan are described and general aspects of reporting on the scan are discussed. The patterns seen in abnormal scans, while non-specific with regard to aetiology, were anatomically meaningful and useful adjuncts to the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. A normal scan excluded pancreatic cancer with a probability greater than 95%.
Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA): A summary report
Authors: Alessandro Fiocchi, Holger J. Schünemann, Jan Brozek, Patrizia Restani, Kirsten Beyer, Riccardo Troncone, Alberto Martelli, Luigi Terracciano, Sami L. Bahna, Fabienne Rancé, Motohiro Ebisawa, Ralf G. Heine, Amal Assa'ad, Hugh Sampson, Elvira Verduci, G.R. Bouygue, Carlos Baena-Cagnani, Walter Canonica, Richard F. Lockey
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
An update on iron metabolism: Summary of the Fifth International Conference on Disorders of Iron Metabolism
Authors: H L Bonkovsky, P Ponka, B R Bacon, J Drysdale, N D Grace, A S Tavill
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

HHC is the most common inherited metabolic disease among the white population worldwide, with a gene frequency of about 10% and a frequency of homozygosity of about 1 of 250. Many patients harbor a common haplotype of informative markers on chromosome 6p2l.23, suggesting a strong founder effect exerted by a common Celtic ancestor. With the advent of screening tests (serum Tf saturation, fe), many subjects with HHC are being identified before development of cirrhosis or diabetes mellitus, and early detection is important because prompt and vigorous iron reduction prevents development of such complications and assures normal life expectancy. The HIC can be estimated as accurately by specialized magnetic resonance imaging or susceptometric measurements as by chemical measurements on liver biopsy specimens. However, biopsy specimens retain value for showing fibrosis/cirrhosis and dysplastic hepatocytes, both of which increase risks of HCC development. There is growing evidence that iron in the liver plays an important role in non-HHC diseases, such as alcoholic liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, and porphyria cutanea tarda. The complicated, manifold roles of iron in pathogenesis of the latter disorder include enhancement of production and irreversible oxidation of uroporphyrinogen, as well as formation of an inhibitor targeted specifically at hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. The nature of the gene and gene product that are abnormal in HHC remain elusive, despite the intense efforts of several investigative groups. The search has been hampered by a dearth of informative markers in HHC patients in the relevant region of chromosome 6p. Note added in proof: The cloning of a candidate gene, the mutation of which may perhaps cause HLA-linked hemochromatosis, has just been reported (Feder et al: A novel MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis. Nature (Genetics) 1996;399-408). These workers identified a 250-kb region move than three megabases telomeric of the MHC that was identical in 85% of chromosomes of HHC patients. Within this region, they identified a gene related to the MHC class I family, termed HLA-H, containing two missense alterations one of which is predicted to inactivate this class of proteins. 83% of 178 patients were homozygous for this mutation (Cys 282Tyr). This variant was also found on 3.2% of control chromosomes, as would be expected for such a common disorder. Functional studies are awaited with great interest.
Female genital mutilation: whose problem, whose solution?: Mutilation or modification?: Fig 1
Authors: Lois S Bibbings
Journal: BMJ (2006)

EDITOR—Conroy's editorial and the study by Elmusharaf et al contribute to a literature that has often tended to be long on polemic and short on data.1 2 Conroy's recognition that our conceptions of what constitutes female genital mutilation need further thought is long overdue. As I have argued, a coherent response requires both that female genital …
In Charge of Geriatric Care
Authors: MARSHALL B. KAPP
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

Letters and Corrections1 April 1984In Charge of Geriatric CareMARSHALL B. KAPP, J.D., M.P.H.MARSHALL B. KAPP, J.D., M.P.H.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-100-4-620_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In their discussion of geriatric medicine Weksler and associates (1) endorse the concept of an interprofessional team that provides care for the older patient. These authors reject, however, the idea of the patient's personal physician as team leader or case manager. The reasons they cite in terms of relative expertise, demands, and resources are appealing.It is important, however, that this argument not be taken too far. The inappropriateness of the physician as the ideal case manager should not be interpreted to be an excuse for the physician to abdicate a role in the nonmedical aspects of...References1. WEKSLER M, DURMASKIN S, and KODNER D. New goals for education in geriatric medicine. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:856-7. LinkGoogle Scholar2. KAPP M. Promoting the legal rights of older adults: role of the primary care physician. J Leg Med. 1982;3:367-412. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. KAPP M. Geriatrics and the Law: Patient Rights and Professional Responsibilities. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1984. Google Scholar4. ROGERS D. Where does the geriatrician fit? J Am Geriatr Soc. 1983;31:124-5. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: MARSHALL B. KAPP, J.D., M.P.H.Affiliations: Wright State University Dayton, OH 45401 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 April 1984Volume 100, Issue 4Page: 620-620KeywordsGeriatric careGeriatrics ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 April 1984 PDF downloadLoading ...
Safety of Neoral conversion in maintenance renal transplant patients: A one-year, double-blind study
Authors: Daniel C. Brennan, Ralph Barbeito, James Burke, Kenneth Brayman, Stuart Greenstein, Tammy Chang
Journal: Kidney International (1999)

Safety of Neoral conversion in maintenance renal transplant patients: A one-year, double-blind study. <h3>Background</h3> Despite the improved pharmacokinetic characteristics of Neoral, some centers have encountered difficulty with the conversion of some patients from Sandimmune to Neoral and have reported precipitation of toxicity and rejection. <h3>Methods</h3> We conducted a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, multicenter prospective study of stable maintenance renal transplant patients to compare the safety and tolerability of converting from Sandimmune to Neoral (<i>N</i> = 132) versus continuing Sandimmune (<i>N</i> = 130). Patients were studied for one year. The cyclosporine (CsA) dose was adjusted as necessary to maintain site-specific trough whole blood levels. <h3>Results</h3> During the study, dose adjustments were frequent in both groups: 67% Neoral versus 65% Sandimmune patients. At study completion, the mean trough CsA levels were comparable; the dose change-from-baseline did not differ statistically between groups. Fewer Neoral (87.1%) than Sandimmune (95.4%) patients reported adverse events, and serious adverse events were comparable. Adverse events related to CsA were not more common in the Neoral group. Renal function measures also implied comparability of the two treatments. Three Neoral versus five Sandimmune patients experienced acute rejection; two Neoral versus five Sandimmune patients experienced chronic graft dysfunction. Two septic deaths occurred in the Neoral group. No grafts were lost. <h3>Conclusions</h3> With careful monitoring, conversion of maintenance renal transplant patients to Neoral can be safely accomplished.
Necropsies and Midwifery
Authors: H. H. Sturge
Journal: BMJ (1904)

<h3>Background:</h3> Patients with acute rhinosinusitis are frequently encountered in primary care. Although corticosteroids are being increasingly used for symptom control, evidence supporting their use is inconclusive. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of systemic corticosteroid monotherapy for clinically diagnosed, uncomplicated acute rhinosinusitis. <h3>Methods:</h3> We conducted a block-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial at 54 primary care practices (68 family physicians) in the Netherlands between Dec. 30, 2008, and Apr. 28, 2011. Adult patients with clinically diagnosed acute rhinosinusitis were randomly assigned to receive either prednisolone 30 mg/d or placebo for 7 days and asked to complete a symptom diary for 14 days. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients with resolution of facial pain or pressure on day 7. <h3>Results:</h3> Of the 185 patients included in the trial (93 in the treatment group, 92 in the placebo group), 2 withdrew from the study and 9 were excluded from the primary analysis because of incomplete symptom reporting. The remaining 174 patients (88 in the treatment group, 86 in the placebo group) were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. The proportions of patients with resolution of facial pain or pressure on day 7 were 62.5% (55/88) in the prednisolone group and 55.8% (48/86) in the placebo group (absolute risk difference 6.7%, 95% confidence interval −7.9% to 21.2%). The groups were similar with regard to the decrease over time in the proportion of patients with total symptoms (combined symptoms of runny nose, postnasal discharge, nasal congestion, cough and facial pain) and health-related quality of life. Adverse events were mild and did not differ significantly between the groups. <h3>Interpretation:</h3> Systemic corticosteroid monotherapy had no clinically relevant beneficial effects among patients with clinically diagnosed acute rhinosinusitis. Netherlands Trial Register registration no. 1295 (www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/index.asp).
Precision Treatment of Distinct Molecular Subtypes of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma: Ascribing Treatment Based on the Molecular Phenotype
Authors: Kieron Dunleavy, Mark Roschewski, Wyndham H. Wilson
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

Although diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, was once considered to be a single disease, novel insights into its biology have revealed that it is molecularly heterogeneous. Technologies such as gene expression profiling have revealed that DLBCL consists of at least three distinct molecular diseases that have disparate outcomes following standard therapy. These subtypes arise from different stages of B-cell differentiation and are characterized by distinct oncogenic activation mechanisms. This knowledge has led to the investigation of strategies and novel agents that have selective activity within molecular subtypes and sets the stage for an era of precision medicine in DLBCL therapeutics, where therapy can be ascribed based on molecular phenotype. This work offers the chance of improving the curability of DLBCL, particularly in the activated B-cell subtype, where standard approaches are inadequate for a high proportion of patients. See all articles in this CCR Focus section, "Paradigm Shifts in Lymphoma."
Abstract 2122: Androgen decreases proliferation of thyroid cancer cells
Authors: Melanie Elizabeth MacEwan, Timmy O'Connell, Hong Zhao, Codrin Iacob, Nina Suslina, Augustine Moscatello, Edward Shin, Raj Tiwari, Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz, Jan Geliebter
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract The incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States has significantly increased over the past decade, with over 60,220 cases predicted for 2013. While premenopausal women have an approximately four fold higher incidence of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) than men, once diagnosed, PTC in men exhibits increased aggressiveness and results in poorer clinical outcomes. These paradoxical observations led us to investigate the role that androgens and/or androgen receptors play in PTC. Analysis of AR expression in 24 PTC patient tissue samples indicated a 5.97 fold reduction in AR expression compared to matched, normal tissue (P&amp;lt;0.0001). To more fully investigate the function of androgen/AR in thyroid cells in a more controlled experimental system, the AR cDNA (pSG5-AR) was subcloned into the pcDNA3.1+ expression vector and stably transfected into 8505C anaplastic/PTC cells. Addition of DHT to the 8505C-transfected clone, 84E7, resulted in AR translocation into the nucleus and a 48% reduction in proliferation (p=0.01) at 72 hours, as well as a shift in the cell cycle toward G1 arrest during the same time period. Transcription profiling using RNA-Seq and gene ontology analysis revealed significant changes in the process of cell proliferation (p=2.47e-24) possibly due to significant changes in CDK1A/p21 (up 3.42 fold), RhoB (up 50 fold), Jun (down 1.7 fold), SCF (down 3.31 fold) and NFKBIA (up 2.36). Additionally, expression levels of other cell cycle proteins, including CDK6 and multiple MCMs were also significantly reduced when AR was activated by DHT. FKBP5, the immunophilin which negatively regulates proliferation and is thought to play various roles in the neoplastic process, was up-regulated by androgen ∼8 fold and ∼4 fold on the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Collectively, these data provide a molecular basis for the decreased proliferation noted. Further, these data suggest that the expression of androgen/AR in thyroid cells plays a protective, anti-proliferative role in normal thyroid tissue that is lost in neoplastic transformation resulting in dysregulation of cell cycle genes normally under negative AR control. The expression levels of AR, as well as available androgens, may play a role in the etiology of PTC, the differential incidence of the disease, as well as the different clinical presentations and outcomes between women and men. Citation Format: Melanie Elizabeth MacEwan, Timmy O'Connell, Hong Zhao, Codrin Iacob, Nina Suslina, Augustine Moscatello, Edward Shin, Raj Tiwari, Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz, Jan Geliebter. Androgen decreases proliferation of thyroid cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2122. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2122
Immunization in General Practice
Authors: N. R. Butler, P. F. Benson
Journal: BMJ (1965)

to give a reinforcing dose of OPV during the second year, but it is probably safe to leave this until school entry at 5 years, when a reinforcing dose of DT/Vac or DT/Vac/PTAH can be given.At 8 to 12 years the latter is repeated and smallpox revaccination is also undertaken.The schedule is completed with the administration of B.C.G. to tuberculin-negative school children over 12 years of age.
PEGylation of interferon α2 improves lymphatic exposure after subcutaneous and intravenous administration and improves antitumour efficacy against lymphatic breast cancer metastases
Authors: Lisa M. Kaminskas, David B. Ascher, Victoria M. McLeod, Marco J. Herold, Caroline P. Le, Erica K. Sloan, Christopher J.H. Porter
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2013)