tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Youth exposure to e-cigarette advertising on US television soars
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Exposure to television advertisements for electronic cigarettes rose by just over 250% among teenagers in the United States and by 320% among young adults from 2011 to 2013, a new study shows.1

The researchers calculated exposure to e-cigarette advertisements among youths aged 12 to 17 years and young adults aged 18 to 24 years, using data collected by Nielsen NV, which monitors television viewing of US households.

The study was published on 2 June by the journal Pediatrics . Jennifer C Duke of RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, was the …
Plasma protein c activity is enhanced by arsenic but inhibited by fluorescent humic acid associated with blackfoot disease
Authors: Hsin‐Ling Yang, Shu‐Chin Tu, Fung‐Jou Lu, Hui‐Chong Chiu
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1994)

Abstract Blackfoot disease is a peripheral vascular disease causally related to the fluorescent humic acid found in the drinking water of endemic areas in Taiwan. We compared the effects of humic acid (HA) purified from the well water of Blackfoot disease endemic areas with the effects of commercial humic acid (Aldrich) as well as trivalent arsenic (As 2 O 3 ) on protein C activity, which plays an important role in regulation of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Humic acid, either purified from drinking water or obtained commercially, dose‐dependently inhibited both activated protein C activity and the activation of protein C induced by Protac, a snake venom‐derived protein C activator. In contrast to humic acid, arsenic oxide dose‐dependently enhanced both activated protein C activity and the Protac‐stimulated activation of protein C. In the presence of humic acid the enhancement effect of arsenic oxide was completely abolished, resulting in concentration‐dependent inhibition of protein C activity. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that humic acid is a potent protein C inhibitor even in the presence of arsenic, which enhances the protein C activity. Since protein C is a potent anticoagulant and profibrinolytic agent, acquired defects of protein C induced by humic acid might cause a thrombophilic or hypercoagulable state. Whether this is one of the possible mechanisms of humic acid‐induced thrombotic disorders in Blackfoot disease needs to be further characterized. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PREGNANCY FOLLOWING BLALOCK OPERATION FOR TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
Authors: Keith P. Russell
Journal: JAMA (1952)

With the more widespread use and the increasing success of the surgical attacks on congenital cardiac anomalies, it would appear that the problem of management of pregnancy in patients having been so treated would occasionally confront the obstetrician. Correction of pulmonic stenosis in the tetralogy of Fallot by means of the Blalock procedure, the Smith-Potts operation, ablation of patent ductus arteriosus, resection of aortic coarctation, and the newer procedures of valvulotomy all will tend to increase the number of women who may advisedly or inadvisedly seek successful outcome for a subsequent pregnancy. Lund,<sup>1</sup>in reporting on pregnancy with maternal congenital cardiac disease in 1948, correctly predicted that such problems would arise in the near future. He expressed apprehension concerning those patients having surgery for the tetralogy of Fallot and urged that they be considered as serious cardiac risks, with pregnancy being undertaken only with extreme caution under constant observation.
THE FIRST TWO STEPS OF THE INVASION OF HOST CELLS BY BACTERIAL VIRUSES. II
Authors: Alan Garen, Theodore T. Puck
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1951)

At 37 degrees C., the attachment of T1 virus to its host cell in solution containing 10(-3)M CaCl(2) or 10(-2)M NaCl is extremely rapid (in the neighborhood of 100 per cent collision efficiency) and irreversible. At 1 degrees C., the attachment rate is almost equally rapid but largely reversible. If a suboptimal concentration of the necessary ions is employed when T2 virus attaches to host cells, the resulting binding is largely reversible, even at 37 degrees C. Reversible T2 attachment to host cells leaves the cell undamaged and capable of normal reproduction. Irreversible attachment results in death of the cell. Zn(++) exercises a specific inhibitory action on the invasion of E. coli B by T1 virus. The virus can still attach to the host cell at a rate closely approximating the maximum value, but the reaction remains reversible and the cell is protected against permanent damage. The protective action of the Zn against T1 invasion is exerted through an action on the cell, rather than on the virus. Studies of the uptake of radioactive Zn(65) show that cells become completely immune to T1 invasion when, on the average, 4 x 10(7) atoms of Zn have been taken up by each cell. Cells killed by ultraviolet irradiation still bind T1 at the maximum rate, but the reaction is reversible even when taking place at 37 degrees C., in optimum salt concentration. The tryptophane-deficient mutant of T4 bacteriophage requires its specific cofactor for the initial step of attachment to the host cell. These experiments support the picture previously developed that virus invasion of host cells consists in an initial, reversible attachment whose properties are those to be expected from the operation of electrostatic binding forces. The step is followed by an enzymatic transformation which is irreversible, strongly temperature-dependent, and in the case of T1 virus, susceptible to inactivation by ultraviolet radiation. The resistance of mutant cells to specific bacteriophages is of two types, depending on whether the first or second of these steps is blocked.
UMBILICAL GRANULOMATA—WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO TALC GRANULOMA
Authors: D. I. McCALLUM, G. F. M. HALL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1970)

SUMMARY.— The differential diagnosis of umbilical granulomata is discussed. Eighteen cases of talc granuloma of the umbilicus have been examined; 13 were basically pyogenic granulomata and 5 umbilical polyps. It is submitted that treatment of the raw umbilical stump with talc or starch is a practice that should be discontinued and replaced by some application that is both non-irritant and sterile.
Adenoviral gene transfer of ABIN-1 protects mice from TNF/galactosamine-induced acute liver failure and lethality
Authors: Andy Wullaert, Ben Wielockx, Sofie Van Huffel, Veerle Bogaert, Bart De Geest, Peggy Papeleu, Peter Schotte, Karim El Bakkouri, Karen Heyninck, Claude Libert, Rudi Beyaert
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a central role in acute and chronic hepatitis B and C infection and alcoholic liver disease as well as fulminant liver failure. TNF-induced liver failure is characterized by parenchymal cell apoptosis and inflammation leading to liver cell necrosis. The transcription factor NF-κB is believed to mediate at least part of the proinflammatory effects of TNF, and is therefore a favorite drug target. However, NF-κB also suppresses TNF-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis, implicating a potential cytotoxic effect of NF-κB inhibitors in the liver. This dual function of NF-κB emphasizes the need for therapeutics that can inhibit both TNF-induced NF-κB activation and cell death. Here we describe that adenoviral expression of the NF-κB inhibitory protein ABIN-1, but not an IκBα superrepressor (IκBαs), completely prevents lethality in the TNF/D-(+)-galactosamine–induced model of liver failure. Protection was associated with a significant decrease in TNF-induced leukocyte infiltration as well as hepatocyte apoptosis. The differential effects of ABIN-1 and IκBαs suggest a role for an NF-κB independent function of ABIN-1. Indeed, ABIN-1 was found to prevent not only NF-κB activation, but also apoptosis of cultured hepatocytes in response to TNF, explaining its protective effect against TNF-induced liver failure. In conclusion, ABIN-1 has a dual NF-κB inhibitory and anti-apoptotic activity in the liver, which might be of considerable interest for the treatment of inflammatory liver diseases. (HEPATOLOGY 2005;42:381–389.)
Needle Biopsy of the Liver
Authors: R. Terry
Journal: BMJ (1949)

BxnuH 657 host rather than to any direct action of the impurities on penicillin itself.This would explain why the enhancement effect cannot be demonstrated in vitro, and rules out any direct synergistic effect of the impurities on penicillin.We were not able to confirm that the enhancement effect of the impurities caused the higher penicillin blood levels reported by Welch (1947).There are as yet no reliable clinical data to demonstrate that less-pure penicillin (from modern deep culture production) has any therapeutic advantages over pure products.Early favourable reports are based on observations with batches of uncertain penicillin content used in the treatment of venereal diseases, mainly gonorrhoea, which are known to respond even to small doses of penicillin.From the pharmacological point of view all the arguments are in favour of using the purest penicillin.It is better tolerated in high doses by sensitive tissues like those of the central nervous system and eye than are cruder products; it has less often been reported to produce allergic sensitization and it is more stable.SummaryIt has been found that highly purified samples of penicillin G sodium salt were not so effective as less-purified material in protecting mice against infection with Bact.typhosum, but that the difference was not demonstrable with streptococcal infec- tions.A suggestion is advanced that the enhancing effect of " crude " penicillin may be partly due to increased leucocytosis in the peritoneal cavity after injection of the impurities present, and it has been shown that certain colloids do produce this leucocytosis and the " enhancement " of purified penicillin.
Protein-losing Gastroenteropathy
Authors: Leonard Laster
Journal: JAMA (1964)

The balance between the rates of formation and disposition of a protein determines its plasma concentration, and it is now believed that protein disposition, particularly of albumin, takes place largely in the gastrointestinal tract. In 1933, Moschowitz suggested that the hypoproteinemia of an enteric inflammation such as ulcerative colitis was due to excessive protein loss into the gut. Fourteen years later, Citrin et al proved that the hypoalbuminemia seen with giant gastric rugal hypertrophy results from excessive albumin loss into the stomach. That idiopathic hypoproteinemia, a rare condition presenting as edema without obvious cardiac, hepatic, or renal disease, could be similarly explained was not appreciated until 1959 when Gordon demonstrated an abnormal leak of large molecules from the blood into the gastrointestinal tract of patients with this disorder. Since then Jarnum and his colleagues have contributed significantly to our understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical consequences of proteinlosing gastroenteropathy. In
Equine Encephalitis in Massachusetts
Authors: Roy F. Feemster
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1957)

THE 'HE first human infection with one of the viruo A of equine encephalomyelitis was recognized in Massachusetts in the summer of 1938, the virus work having been done by Fothergill, Dingle and Connerley1 (on 1 case) and Webster and Wright2 (on the same case and 4 others) using material from fatal cases furnished to them by Feemster,3 who was carrying on the epidemiologic investigation. The equine viruses had been isolated previously from horses, the western virus by Meyer, Haring and Howitt4 in 1930, the eastern virus by Ten Broeck and his associates5 in 1933, and the Venezuelan virus by . . .
Perspectives in “Electronic Endoscopy”
Authors: K. Knyrim, H. Seidlitz, N. Vakil, M. Classen
Journal: Endoscopy (1990)

Electronic endoscopy has undergone considerable evolution in recent years. Early instruments had poorer resolution than fiberscopes, and distorted colors significantly. The second generation of electronic endoscopes has been considerably improved, and electronic endoscopy is expected to play a major role in endoscopy in the next decade, with its enhanced teaching abilities, permanent image storage, reproduction and retrieval. An important new development has been the development of a high-resolution colonoscope & gastroscope. Electronic endoscopes are now able to produce better resolution than fiberscopes, and the future should bring further improvements in resolution with electronic instruments. A number of problems still remain to be solved with electronic endoscopy. Irregular reflection from secretions, food and blood at short focus (less than 1 cm) results in a loss of resolution, which makes electronic endoscopy particularly difficult when bleeding is brisk. Electronic endoscopes synthesize color from a strobed signal of red, blue and green in a processor. Color is dependent on brightness, and at close focus, excessive brightness in the center of the field results in erratic color reproduction. Images acquired at electronic endoscopy may be digitized for storage and processing in a computer--which, however, is not a straightforward task at the present time. Image processing in electronic endoscopy is still in its early stages, but we anticipate that new developments in early diagnosis, classification and measurement of lesions will take place. Digitized images can also be transmitted via telephone lines, and it will soon be possible to instantaneously send images across the world.
Serial assessment of coronary flow velocity pattern in patients with first acute myocardial infarction: comparison to intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography
Authors: Wolfgang Lepper, Gertjan T. Sieswerda, Andreas Franke, Otto Kamp, Carel C. de Cock, Ernst R. Schwarz, Paolo Voci, Cees A. Visser, Peter Hanrath, Rainer Hoffmann
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Endothelin signalling in arterial smooth muscle is tightly regulated by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2
Authors: Gavin E. Morris, Carl P. Nelson, Nicholas B. Standen, R.A. John Challiss, Jonathon M. Willets
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

Prolonged endothelin (ET) receptor signalling causes vasoconstriction and can lead to hypertension, vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy, and hyperplasia. Usually, G protein-coupled receptor signalling is negatively regulated by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), preventing prolonged or inappropriate signalling. This study investigated whether GRKs regulate ET receptor contractile signalling in adult Wistar rat mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells (MSMCs). ET-1-stimulated phospholipase C (PLC) activity and changes in [Ca2+]i were assessed using confocal microscopy in rat MSMCs transfected with the pleckstrin-homology domain of PLCδ1 (eGFP-PH) and loaded with Fura-Red. ET-1 applications (30 s) stimulated transient concentration-dependent eGFP-PH translocations from plasma membrane to cytoplasm and graded [Ca2+]i increases. ET-1-mediated PLC signalling was blocked by the type A endothelin receptor (ETAR) antagonist, BQ123. To characterize ETAR desensitization, cells were stimulated with a maximally effective concentration of ET-1 (50 nM, 30 s) followed by a variable washout period and a second identical application of ET-1. This brief exposure to ET-1 markedly decreased ETAR responsiveness to re-challenge, and reversal was incomplete even after increasing the time period between agonist challenges to 60 min. To assess GRK involvement in ETAR desensitization, MSMCs were co-transfected with eGFP-PH and catalytically inactive D110A,K220RGRK2, D110A,K220RGRK3, K215RGRK5, or K215RGRK6 constructs. D110A,K220RGRK2 expression significantly attenuated ETAR desensitization, whereas other constructs were ineffective. Small interfering RNA-targeted GRK2 depletion equally attenuated ETAR desensitization. Finally, immunocyotchemical data showed that ETAR activation recruited endogenous GRK2 from cytoplasm to membrane. These studies identify GRK2 as a key regulator of ETAR responsiveness in resistance arteries, highlighting the potential importance of this GRK isoenzyme in regulating vasoconstrictor signalling pathways implicated in vascular disease.
Cardiomyocyte expression of PPARγ leads to cardiac dysfunction in mice
Authors: Ni-Huiping Son, Tae-Sik Park, Haruyo Yamashita, Masayoshi Yokoyama, Lesley A. Huggins, Kazue Okajima, Shunichi Homma, Matthias J. Szabolcs, Li-Shin Huang, Ira J. Goldberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

Three forms of PPARs are expressed in the heart. In animal models, PPARgamma agonist treatment improves lipotoxic cardiomyopathy; however, PPARgamma agonist treatment of humans is associated with peripheral edema and increased heart failure. To directly assess effects of increased PPARgamma on heart function, we created transgenic mice expressing PPARgamma1 in the heart via the cardiac alpha-myosin heavy chain (alpha-MHC) promoter. PPARgamma1-transgenic mice had increased cardiac expression of fatty acid oxidation genes and increased lipoprotein triglyceride (TG) uptake. Unlike in cardiac PPARalpha-transgenic mice, heart glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) mRNA expression and glucose uptake were not decreased. PPARgamma1-transgenic mice developed a dilated cardiomyopathy associated with increased lipid and glycogen stores, distorted architecture of the mitochondrial inner matrix, and disrupted cristae. Thus, while PPARgamma agonists appear to have multiple beneficial effects, their direct actions on the myocardium have the potential to lead to deterioration in heart function.
Hexamethonium Bromide in Duodenal Ulcer
Authors: L. D. W. Scott, A. W. Kay, M. M. O'Hare, J. A. Simpson
Journal: BMJ (1950)

suggestion it is evident that the vascular responses described are fundamental to the peripheral regulation of blood pressure.SummaryBlood-flow changes in human intestine have been detected by means of temperature records from the exposed intestinal tissues of colostomies.Cold stimulus applied to the body surface produces cutaneous vasoconstriction, intestinal vasodilatation, and a temporary rise in blood pressure.Removal of cold stimulus from the surface of the body produces cutaneous vasodilatation, intestinal vasoconstriction, and a temporary fall in-blood pressure.-Procaine hydrochloride infiltrated into the exposed bowel relaxes vasomotor tone and prevents the occurrence of vaso- constriction in response to heat and of vasodilatation in response to cold, although the vasoconstrictor action of intravenous adrenaline or noradrenaline is not affected.It is suggested that the intestinal effects are brought about reflexly through the alterations in blood pressure.I am grateful to
Abstract LB-321: Combination dendritic cell and conventional chemoradiation therapy improves survival for rectal cancer in a murine model.
Authors: Swapnil D. Kachare, Jennifer M. Cayer, F. Melinda Carver, Zachary P. Englert, Kathryn M. Verbanac, Emmanuel E. Zervos, Nasreen A. Vohra
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract The goal of neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer is to downstage or preferably eradicate the tumor prior to resection. Achieving complete pathologic response (CPR) using neoadjuvant chemoradiation is associated with improved overall and disease free survival. The aim of this study was to achieve improved complete pathologic response rates and survival by combining intra-tumoral injection of dendritic cells with conventional therapy. A syngeneic rectal cancer cell line (CT26) was subcutaneously injected into the thigh of immunocompetent Balb/c mice. Mice either received no treatment, conventional chemoradiation (CXRT) (5-fluorouracil + XRT) for 3 weeks, or CXRT plus tumor-lysate pulsed dendritic cells (CXRT/DC). Specific anti-CT26 cytotoxic T cell (CTL) activity was determined using standard chromium release assay. Flow cytometry for immune cell subsets was performed on cells isolated from spleens and tumors. Animals in the control group showed predictable uninhibited growth and all were euthanized due to tumor size. CXRT animals showed improved survival but none achieved complete response. Thirty three percent of the animals in CXRT/DC group exhibited CPR. Median survival for the control, CXRT, and CXRT/DC treated animals was 24, 46.5, 67 days, (p&amp;lt;0.0001). Splenocytes from CXRT/DC treated mice exhibited higher specific anti-CT26 CTL activity (28%) when compared to CXRT (17%), untreated control (11%) and naïve mice (&amp;lt;1%). Flow cytometry demonstrated an increase in regulatory T cells (Tregs), macrophages, granulocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and monocytic MDSCs in tumor bearing animals, (p&amp;lt;0.05). Dendritic cell activity stimulates anti-tumor CTL responses, but may also decrease MDSC and Treg mediated immunosuppression. Addition of dendritic cells to conventional chemoradiation therapy for rectal cancer increases complete pathologic response and thereby survival via immune modulation. Further analysis will allow subset comparisons between treatment groups. Citation Format: Swapnil D. Kachare, Jennifer M. Cayer, F. Melinda Carver, Zachary P. Englert, Kathryn M. Verbanac, Emmanuel E. Zervos, Nasreen A. Vohra. Combination dendritic cell and conventional chemoradiation therapy improves survival for rectal cancer in a murine model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-321. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-321
Levels of salivary IgA in treated and untreated coeliac disease
Authors: T. Wallington, A. B. Ajdukiewicz, A. E. Read, J. V. Jones
Journal: Gut (1972)

Estimations of the concentration of secretory IgA have been performed on 152 specimens of saliva from 46 patients with adult coeliac disease. The results are compared with values observed in 20 normal subjects. The mean salivary IgA concentration was 9 mg% in 36 patients on a normal diet and 7·9 mg% in 21 patients on a gluten-free diet. In 20 normals the mean salivary IgA was 7·1 mg%. Nine patients were studied before and after gluten exclusion. Seven of these showed a marked fall in salivary IgA concentration after gluten was excluded.
LONG-TERM OUTCOME AFTER DEFERRAL OF REVASCULARIZATION IN PATIENTS WITH INTERMEDIATE CORONARY STENOSIS AND GRAY-ZONE FRACTIONAL FLOW RESERVE
Authors: Yasutsugu Shiono, Takashi Kubo, Yousuke Katayama, Tomoko Tohoda, Yuki Nozawa, Mao Yokoyama, Yuichi Ozaki, Makoto Orii, Kunihiro Shimamura, Takashi Yamano, Takashi Tanimoto, Yoshiki Matsuo, Yasushi Ino, Tomoyuki Yamaguchi, Kumiko Hirata, Atsushi Tanaka, Toshio Imanishi, Takashi Akasaka
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)