tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Low Pyridoxine Diet In Parkinsonism
Authors: Melvin H. Van Woert
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Recently low pyridoxine (vitamin B<sub>6</sub>) diets have been distributed by some pharmaceutical companies to be used in conjunction with levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. Presumably, this dietary recommendation was prompted by the observation that administered pyridoxine neutralizes the therapeutic action of levodopa in patients with parkinsonism.<sup>1</sup>Levodopa is decarboxylated to dopamine by a pyridoxal 5′ phosphate-dependent enzyme. Administration of pyridoxine increases peripheral metabolism of levodopa, thereby reducing the amount of levodopa available for transport into the brain. Although a low pyridoxine diet might be expected to increase the proportion of levodopa reaching the brain, other factors suggest that the use of this diet could be an unwise or even dangerous procedure. After absorption, pyridoxine is converted enzymatically into pyridoxal 5′ phosphate.<sup>2</sup>Pyridoxal 5′ phosphate nonenzymatically reacts at physiological pH with dopamine and levodopa as well as other amino acids to form Schiff bases,
Teaching Psychosomatic Medicine with Special Reference to the Balint Group and the Case Supervision Group
Authors: Hellmuth Freyberger, Lutz Besser
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1982)

In Germany, the Balint group and the case supervision group work represent relevant instruments with regard to teaching psychosomatic medicine to physicians and allied personnel. Following a brief history, we describe the Balint group and the case supervision group setting with special reference to certain well-definable demarcation marks concerning these two group processes. Finally, we present some basic statements with regard to the effectivity of the Balint group work.
Osteoconduction at porous hydroxyapatite with various pore configurations
Authors: Bong-Soon Chang, >>>inits>C.K.>>>fnm>Choon-Ki Lee, Kug-Sun Hong, Hyuk-Joon Youn, Hyun-Seung Ryu, Sung-Soo Chung, Kun-Woo Park
Journal: Biomaterials (2000)
Motivation, self-regulation, and the neurodevelopment of intention sharing
Authors: Peter Mundy
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

Research on the affective and neurodevelopmental correlates of infant joint attention skills support several of the hypotheses raised by Tomasello et al. regarding the development of the capacity to share intention with others. In addition, research and theory suggests that self-awareness and self-regulatory processes may play a role in the development of this vital human ability domain.
A newly developed bipolar-current needle-knife for endoscopic submucosal dissection of large colorectal tumors
Authors: Y. Sano, K. Fu, Y. Saito, T. Doi, M. Hanafusa, S. Fujii, T. Fujimori, A. Ohtsu
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Recently, endoscopic submucosal dissection has been recommended for the treatment of large colorectal tumors. However, the use of this procedure for this indication is not widely accepted because of its technical difficulty and because of the risk of complications [1] [2]. In order to minimize damage to deeper tissues, we have developed a novel endoscopic electrosurgical knife, the “B-Knife” (BSBK21S35/45; Zeon Medical Inc., Tokyo, Japan), that uses a bipolar current system.
Electrical Storm Presages Nonsudden Death
Authors: Derek V. Exner, Sergio L. Pinski, D. George Wyse, Ellen Graham Renfroe, Dean Follmann, Michael Gold, Karen J. Beckman, James Coromilas, Scott Lancaster, Alfred P. Hallstrom
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —Electrical storm, multiple temporally related episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF), is a frequent problem among recipients of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). However, insufficient data exist regarding its prognostic significance. Methods and Results —This analysis includes 457 patients who received an ICD in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) trial and who were followed for 31±13 months. Electrical storm was defined as ≥3 separate episodes of VT/VF within 24 hours. Characteristics and survival of patients surviving electrical storm (n=90), those with VT/VF unrelated to electrical storm (n=184), and the remaining patients (n=183) were compared. The 3 groups differed in terms of ejection fraction, index arrhythmia, revascularization status, and baseline medication use. Survival was evaluated using time-dependent Cox modeling. Electrical storm occurred 9.2±11.5 months after ICD implantation, and most episodes (86%) were due to VT. Electrical storm was a significant risk factor for subsequent death, independent of ejection fraction and other prognostic variables (relative risk [RR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 4.2; P =0.003), but VT/VF unrelated to electrical storm was not (RR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.7; P =0.9). The risk of death was greatest 3 months after electrical storm (RR, 5.4; 95% CI, 2.4 to 12.3; P =0.0001) and diminished beyond this time (RR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.6; P =0.04). Conclusions —Electrical storm is an important, independent marker for subsequent death among ICD recipients, particularly in the first 3 months after its occurrence. However, the development of VT/VF unrelated to electrical storm does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of subsequent death.
MIGRAINIC PSYCHOSES.APROPOS OF TWELVE CASES.
Authors: ALFRED GORDON
Journal: JAMA (1907)

The most recent researches in the domain of physiologic chemistry lead to the view that migraine finds its logical explanation in a pathologic metabolism and that the immediate cause of a migrainic attack lies in auto-intoxication. Whether it is uric acid, as championed by Haig, or special ferment or ptomain, as advocated by Friesser, it is not completely elucidated. The fact is, that in the majority of cases, if not in all, there is an element of gastrointestinal disorder.<i>A priori</i>one can say than an attack of migraine suggests a cerebral poisoning. The headache and other cerebral symptoms observed in a migrainic attack are analogous to the same symptoms in diseases of the meninges and tumors of the brain. It is possible that in migraine the primary cause is of a cerebral nature and the digestive disturbances are brought on by the condition of the brain. Practically speaking, there
Targeting of the chemokine receptor CCR1 suppresses development of acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection
Authors: Wei Gao, Peter S. Topham, Jennifer A. King, Stephen T. Smiley, Vilmos Csizmadia, Bao Lu, Craig J. Gerard, Wayne W. Hancock
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2000)

Although mononuclear cell infiltration is a hallmark of cellular rejection of a vascularized allograft, efforts to inhibit rejection by blocking leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion have proved largely unsuccessful, perhaps in part because of persistent generation of chemokines within rejecting grafts. We now provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence that in vivo blockade of specific chemokine receptors is of therapeutic significance in organ transplantation. Inbred mice with a targeted deletion of the chemokine receptor CCR1 showed significant prolongation of allograft survival in 4 models. First, cardiac allografts across a class II mismatch were rejected by CCR1+/+ recipients but were accepted permanently by CCR1–/– recipients. Second, CCR1–/– mice rejected completely class I– and class II–mismatched BALB/c cardiac allografts more slowly than control mice. Third, levels of cyclosporin A that had marginal effects in CCR1+/+ mice resulted in permanent allograft acceptance in CCR1–/– recipients. These latter allografts showed no sign of chronic rejection 50–200 days after transplantation, and transfer of CD4+ splenic T cells from these mice to naive allograft recipients significantly prolonged allograft survival, whereas cells from CCR1+/+ mice conferred no such benefit. Finally, both CCR1+/+ and CCR1–/– allograft recipients, when treated with a mAb to CD4, showed permanent engraftment, but these allografts showed florid chronic rejection in the former strain and were normal in CCR1–/– mice. We conclude that therapies to block CCR1/ligand interactions may prove useful in preventing acute and chronic rejection clinically.
106 SUSTAINED VIRAL RESPONSE AND SAFETY OF MK-7009 IN CIRRHOTIC TREATMENT-EXPERIENCED PATIENTS WITH GENOTYPE 1 HCV INFECTION WHO HAVE FAILED PREVIOUS PEGYLATED INTERFERON AND RIBAVIRIN TREATMENT
Authors: M. Rodriguez-Torres, A. Stoehr, E. Gane, L. Serfaty, E. Lawitz, M. Bourque, S. Bhanja, R. Barnard, P. Hwang, N. Mobashery
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Central Anticholinergic Syndrome with the Antimalarial Drug Mefloquine
Authors: Rudolf Speich, Alois Haller
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

To the Editor: The neuropsychiatric side effects of the antimalarial drug mefloquine are well documented1,2. They include anxiety, depression, hallucinations, acute psychosis, and seizures. The incidence of these side effects is 1 in 13,000 with prophylactic use and 1 in 250 with therapeutic use2. The mechanism of action is unknown1. A 47-year-old, previously healthy Japanese tourist was admitted to our hospital because of severe falciparum malaria with parasitemia of 24 percent after a trip to Zaire without any antimalarial chemoprophylaxis. Treatment consisted of 750 mg of quinine per day and 450 mg of clindamycin three times . . .
Signaling by ephrinB1 and Eph kinases in platelets promotes Rap1 activation, platelet adhesion, and aggregation via effector pathways that do not require phosphorylation of ephrinB1
Authors: Nicolas Prévost, Donna S. Woulfe, Massimiliano Tognolini, Takako Tanaka, Wenying Jian, Ryan R. Fortna, Hong Jiang, Lawrence F. Brass
Journal: Blood (2003)
Monoclonal antibodies in sepsis.
Authors: M. J. Sheppard, T. W. Kelly
Journal: BMJ (1992)

Inserting a large calibre cannula into a small vein is more likely to cause irritation of the intima, reduces blood flow around the cannula, and increases the risk of thrombophlebitis.Using small gauge catheters in large diameter veins reduces the incidence of thrombophlebitis.7In a controlled trial Khawaja et al showed that 16 gauge and 18 gauge cannulas survived longer than 14 gauge cannulas.5Formation of thrombus is related to the size of the intravascular device, and therefore thrombus due to a small cannula is less likely to impede blood flow.5Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory gel seems to delay the onset of thrombophlebitis related to the cannula and reduces its incidence by half with no difference in bacterial colonisationbetween control and treatment groups.9
SPECT/CT Imaging in 99mTc-PMT Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy to Detect Bone Metastases From Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Yuko Ono, Yuka Yamamoto, Senri Itoh, Hanae Arai, Fumitoshi Aga, Yoshihiro Nishiyama
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

We report a 62-year-old man who presented with pain on the right side of his hip. CT revealed destructive masses in the right femur and left ilium. Histological examination indicated metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma, and further investigations revealed the primary tumor in the liver. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy using 99mTc N-pyrydoxyl-5-methyltryptophan and fused SPECT/CT clearly showed abnormal accumulation in these bone metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma.
Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis: a contagious disease of children.
Authors: M P Glode, R S Daum, D A Goldmann, J Leclair, A Smith
Journal: BMJ (1980)

The families of 126 consecutive patients with Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis were surveyed for secondary invasive H influenzae disease among household contacts. A total of 120 of the families were contacted. In six cases no contact was possible and the medical record was reviewed. Some 555 household contacts were found; 31% (171) were under 5 years of age. A secondary case was defined as a household contact with H influenzae type B isolated from blood or cerebrospinal fluid more than 24 hours, but less than 30 days, after admission to hospital of the index case. Four secondary cases were identified, all in children aged under 5 years. The secondary attack rate in children under 5 years or less in the month after exposure to an index case was thus 2.3%, 800 times the endemic attack rate for H influenzae meningitis. This is a conservative estimate since five additional contact cases were documented, but not included in the secondary attack rate. Young contacts of a child with H influenzae meningitis are thus at significant risk of life-threatening secondary disease.
Meningitis in Epidemic Catarrhal Jaundice
Authors: J. Waring
Journal: BMJ (1943)

The purpose of this article is to record the occurrence of acute lymphocytic meningitis in a case of epidemic catarrhal jaundice and to criticize the terms "epidemic catarrhal jaundice" and "infective hepatitis."It is suggested that the infectious disease described under these names is not of necessity a condition affecting the liver, but is in fact a general virus infection, such as influenza, in which the primary site of invasion is fre- quently the gastro-intestinal tract.The advent of hepat- itis and meningitis should be regarded as an indication of increased invasive power in subjects whose resistance is low.The conception of influenza should be generic and not specific, so that it may include a number of virus dis- eases epidemic in nature which at present have not been identified.The objection to the terms " epidemic catarrhal jaundice" and " infective hepatitis " is that they give a false impression of the disease they represent, because they do not include the diarrhoeal cases, of which there are many, and the simple gastric types, in neither of which jaundice occurs.In support of this view some personal observations are described. A Gastro-intestinal Epidemic in LetchworthDuring the past 15 months there has been prevalent in Letchworth an infectious disease characterized by acute gastro- intestinal disturbance and frequently jaundice, obstructive in type.Three distinct forms have been observed: (1) the diarrhoeal group; (2) the vomiting group; (3) the jaundiced group.These forms have occurred repeatedly in the same household.The diarrhoeal variety has been more commoniy seen.The incubation period has been difficult to assess, but may be short or as long as four weeks.There were no symptoms referable to the upper respiratory tract.The Diarrhoeal Group.-Theonset was abrupt, with diar- rhoea, colic, and tenesmus, some patients vomiting once or twice during the first few hours.Slight general abdominal soreness was present, but there was usually little constitutional disturbance, and fever was mild or absent.The frequent watery motions continued for 1 to 5 days, then ceased
Histological Correlates of Carotid Plaque Surface Morphology on Lumen Contrast Imaging
Authors: J.K. Lovett, P.J. Gallagher, L.J. Hands, J. Walton, P.M. Rothwell
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Carotid angiographic plaque surface morphology is a powerful risk factor for stroke and systemic vascular risk. However, the underlying pathology is unclear, and a better understanding is required both to evaluate other forms of carotid imaging and to develop new treatments. Previous studies comparing angiographic plaque surface morphology with pathology have been small and unblinded, and the vast majority assessed only the crude macroscopic appearance of the plaque. We performed the first large study comparing angiographic surface morphology with detailed histology.Carotid plaque surface morphology was classified as ulcerated, irregular, or smooth on 128 conventional selective carotid artery angiograms from consecutive patients undergoing endarterectomy for severe symptomatic stenosis. Blinded angiographic assessments were compared with 10 histological features recorded on detailed microscopy of the plaque using reproducible semiquantitative scales. Angiographic ulceration was associated with plaque rupture (P=0.001), intraplaque hemorrhage (P=0.001), large lipid core (P=0.005), less fibrous tissue (P=0.003), and increased instability overall (P=0.001). For example, angiographically ulcerated plaques were much more likely than smooth plaques to be ruptured (OR=15.4, 95% CI=2.7 to 87.3, P<0.001), show a large lipid core (OR=26.7, 95% CI=2.6 to 270, P<0.001) or a large hemorrhage (OR=17.0, 95% CI=2.0 to 147, P=0.02). The equivalent odds ratios for angiographically irregular versus smooth plaque were 6.3 (1.3 to 31, P=0.02), 6.7 (1.5 to 30, P=0.008), and 9.2 (1.1 to 77, P=0.02), respectively.In contrast to previous studies based on macroscopic assessment, we found very strong associations between detailed histology and carotid angiographic plaque surface morphology. Plaque surface morphology on carotid angiography is a highly sensitive marker of plaque instability. Studies of the predictive value of MR- and CT-based lumen contrast plaque surface imaging are required.
Sequence of Events Mediating the Effect of Cholera Toxin on Rat Thymocytes
Authors: James M. Boyle, Jerry D. Gardner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

We have found that in rat thymocytes binding of [(125)I]choleragen is followed by cellular accumulation of cyclic 3',5'-AMP which, in turn, is followed by stimulation of amino acid transport. Binding of cholera toxin was complete by 30 min and remained constant for the subsequent 150 min. After stimulation by choleragen, cellular cyclic 3',5'-AMP became maximal by 30 min, after which it declined steadily so that by 90 min of incubation, cellular cyclic nucleotide levels were only 20% of those seen at 30 min. Stimulation of amino acid transport, although detectable by 15 min, did not become maximal until 120 min (by which time cellular cyclic 3',5'-AMP had decreased by more than 80%). We have also used this system to delineate the step at which various pharmacologic agents and hormones act to alter the sequence of events mediating the response of rat thymocytes to cholera toxin. The ability of cycloheximide to abolish choleragen-stimulated amino acid influx without reducing [(125)I]choleragen binding or cellular cyclic 3',5'-AMP suggests that cyclic nucleotide stimulation of amino acid transport includes a step involving protein synthesis.
Diagnosis in a Patient With Acute Diarrhea
Authors: Steven J. Morris
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> We read with interest the article by Satterwhite and DuPont (236:2662,1976), which discussed the management of acute diarrhea. We must object, however, to the algorithm proposed for diagnosis. Following this algorithm, proctoscopy would only be performed if "yes" is the response to the question: "Is patient taking a drug that causes diarrhea?" If there is a negative response to that question, then the workup proceeds without proctoscopy. Proctosigmoidoscopy is an integral part of the workup of any patient with diarrhea, especially if that patient is hospitalized. As stated by the authors, it is of value in detecting drug-induced colitis, but it is also invaluable in detecting infection with<i>Entamoeba histolytica</i>and in evaluating the spectrum of inflammatory bowel disease, radiation colitis, and neoplasms. As any of these may involve acute diarrhea, we feel the algorithm does not allow proctosigmoidoscopy its proper place. If the algorithm is meant
Drug Treatment of Chronic Bronchitis
Authors: J. G. Scadding
Journal: BMJ (1959)

The word " bronchitis " should correctly be applied to a disease characterized by inflammation of the bronchi.It is used accurately in this sense when applied to those conditions usually described as acute bronchitis, in which, often as a direct or indirect result of a respiratory virus infection, inflammatory changes spread down from the upper respiratory tract to the bronchi.In the condition usually described as chronic bronchitis, so common in Great Britain, it is at least doubtful whether the basic abnormality is essentially inflammatory in nature, even though the acute exacerbations of infective origin which commonly punctuate its course cause inflammatory changes leading to permanent damage of the lungs.In such episodes acute inflammation at bronchiolar level may result in purulent bronchiolitis, foci of pneumonia, and small abscesses.These may partly resolve, but may also lead to fibrotic occlusion of bronchioles, to scars due to organization of pneumonic foci, or to atelectasis beyond occluded bronchioles, and destructive emphysema.These changes result in the final clinical picture usually described in this country as " chronic bronchitis and emphysema."It is with the place of drugs in the management of this condition and of episodes of acute bronchitis that this article deals.Some other forms of lung damage with emphysema, notably that associated with pneumoconiosis, present in their later stages problems of clinical management rather similar to those presented by chronic bronchitis and emphysema.The progressive bullous type of emphysema and "primary" emphysema affecting persons without previous bronchitis present some different therapeutic problems, which will not be discussed.Similarly, although wheezy dyspnoea due to reversible airway obstruction ("bronchospasm ") may occur in chronic bronchitis and measures for relief of this symptom will be discussed, the special problems of the treatment of asthma are outside the scope of this article.ACUTE BRONCHITIS Acute bronchitis is most often a consequence of a viral infection, but commonly becomes complicated by added bacterial infection.Sometimes, especially in chronic bronchitic subjects, acute bronchitis appears to
Cigarette smoke selectively enhances viral PAMP– and virus-induced pulmonary innate immune and remodeling responses in mice
Authors: Min-Jong Kang, Chun Geun Lee, Jae-Young Lee, Charles S. Dela Cruz, Zhijian J. Chen, Richard Enelow, Jack A. Elias
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Viral infections have more severe consequences in patients who have been exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) than in those not exposed to CS. For example, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), viruses cause more severe disease exacerbation, heightened inflammation, and accelerated loss of lung function compared with other causes of disease exacerbation. Symptomatology and mortality in influenza-infected smokers is also enhanced. To test the hypothesis that these outcomes are caused by CS-induced alterations in innate immunity, we defined the effects of CS on pathogen-associated molecular pattern–induced (PAMP-induced) pulmonary inflammation and remodeling in mice. CS was found to enhance parenchymal and airway inflammation and apoptosis induced by the viral PAMP poly(I:C). CS and poly(I:C) also induced accelerated emphysema and airway fibrosis. The effects of a combination of CS and poly(I:C) were associated with early induction of type I IFN and IL-18, later induction of IL-12/IL-23 p40 and IFN-γ, and the activation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α). Further analysis using mice lacking specific proteins indicated a role for TLR3-dependent and -independent pathways as well as a pathway or pathways that are dependent on mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), IL-18Rα, IFN-γ, and PKR. Importantly, CS enhanced the effects of influenza but not other agonists of innate immunity in a similar fashion. These studies demonstrate that CS selectively augments the airway and alveolar inflammatory and remodeling responses induced in the murine lung by viral PAMPs and viruses.
FDA rejects over the counter status for emergency contraceptive
Authors: Janice Hopkins Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Family planning groups, women's organisations, obstetricians and gynaecologists, legislators, and national newspapers in the United States protested last week at the Food and Drug Administration's refusal to permit sales over the counter (without a prescription) of an emergency contraceptive.

In making his decision, Dr Steven Galson, acting director of the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, overruled the organisation's own scientific advisory committee and its professional staff.

Many experts said it was an attack on contraception by the anti-abortion Bush administration. But Dr Galson defended …