tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Intense Renal Parenchymal Activity ("Hot Kidneys") on Bone Scintigraphy
Authors: M S BERNARD, M HAYWARD, C HAYWARD, L MUNDY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1990)

The bone scintigrams of 600 patients performed over a 12-month period were reviewed. Thirty-six demonstrated abnormalities of the urinary tract of which six cases of intense renal parenchymal activity ("hot kidneys") were found. Two cases were related to treatment with the new antineoplastic agent mitoxantrone. In one patient it was related to treatment with calcitonin. Neither of these associations has been previously reported. Recognized causes of hypercalcemia and recent radiotherapy were present in two patients. No cause could be found in the final patient.
Bush administration issues rule to protect health workers who object to medical procedures
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The US Department of Health and Human Services issued a last minute rule to protect healthcare workers from discrimination if they refuse to participate in medical care to which they have religious or moral objections ( BMJ 2008;337:a1509 and a1889).

Such edicts are called “midnight rules” because they are issued at the last moment before an administration leaves office.

The ruling comes into effect on 18 January, the day before President George Bush leaves office. It covers doctors and nurses who do not want to participate in specific procedures, and many other workers, including those who clean instruments, schedule appointments, or file insurance claim forms.

Press attention has focused on health workers who object to abortions. However, the ruling can apply to health workers who object to providing …
Statistical tests for independent groups: categorical data
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2012)

<h3>Abstract</h3> EEG microstate analysis is a useful approach for studying brain states - nicknamed ‘atoms of thought’ - and their fast transitions in healthy cognition and disease. A key limitation of conventional microstate analysis is that it must be performed at the sensor level, and therefore gives limited anatomical insight into the cortical mechanisms underpinning these states. In this study, we generalise the microstate methodology to be applicable to source-reconstructed electrophysiological data. Using simulations of a neural-mass network model, we first established the validity and robustness of the proposed method. Using MEG resting-state data, we uncovered ten microstates with distinct spatial distributions of cortical activation. Multivariate pattern analysis demonstrated that source-level MEG microstates were associated with distinct functional connectivity patterns. Using a passive auditory paradigm, we further demonstrated that the occurrence probability of MEG microstates were altered by evoked auditory responses, exhibiting a hyperactivity of the microstate including the auditory cortex. Our results support the use of MEG source-level microstates as a data-driven method for investigating brain dynamic activity and connectivity at the millisecond scale.
Sites of Conduction Disease in Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Dhingra Rc, Amat-y-Leon F, Pietras Rj, Wyndham C, Deedwania Pc, Wu D, Denes P, Rosen Km
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

Electrophysiologic studies were done in 32 patients with aortic stenosis. In 24 patients with intact A-V conduction, A-H intervals ranged from 55 to 145 msec and were prolonged in two. Two had split His bundle potentials. The H-V intervals ranged from 25 to 94 msec and were prolonged in 12. The mean H-V interval was 63 +/- 2.6 msec in 12 patients with calcific aortic stenosis compared with 50 +/- 4.9 msec in 12 without calcification (P less than 0.05). The mean H-V in 10 patients with aortic gradients greater than 40 mm Hg was 62 +/- 5.6 msec compared with 47 +/- 3.1 msec in nine with gradients less than 40 (P less than 0.05). In patients with aortic stenosis and A-V block, the site of the block was distal to the His bundle in three and within the His bundle in five. All eight had calcified valves. Aortic stenosis was commonly associated with latent and manifest conduction disease in the His bundle and the trifascicular conduction system. Conduction disease was more extensive with calcified valves and greater valve obstruction.
Multiple Metabolic Hits Converge on CD36 as Novel Mediator of Tubular Epithelial Apoptosis in Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Katalin Susztak, Emilio Ciccone, Peter McCue, Kumar Sharma, Erwin P Böttinger
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2005)

Background Diabetic nephropathy (DNP) is a common complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and the most common cause of kidney failure. While DNP manifests with albuminuria and diabetic glomerulopathy, its progression correlates best with tubular epithelial degeneration (TED) and interstitial fibrosis. However, mechanisms leading to TED in DNP remain poorly understood. Methods and Findings We found that expression of scavenger receptor CD36 coincided with proximal tubular epithelial cell (PTEC) apoptosis and TED specifically in human DNP. High glucose stimulated cell surface expression of CD36 in PTECs. CD36 expression was necessary and sufficient to mediate PTEC apoptosis induced by glycated albumins (AGE-BSA and CML-BSA) and free fatty acid palmitate through sequential activation of src kinase, and proapoptotic p38 MAPK and caspase 3. In contrast, paucity of expression of CD36 in PTECs in diabetic mice with diabetic glomerulopathy was associated with normal tubular epithelium and the absence of tubular apoptosis. Mouse PTECs lacked CD36 and were resistant to AGE-BSA-induced apoptosis. Recombinant expression of CD36 in mouse PTECs conferred susceptibility to AGE-BSA-induced apoptosis. Conclusion Our findings suggest a novel role for CD36 as an essential mediator of proximal tubular apoptosis in human DNP. Because CD36 expression was induced by glucose in PTECs, and because increased CD36 mediated AGE-BSA-, CML-BSA-, and palmitate-induced PTEC apoptosis, we propose a two-step metabolic hit model for TED, a hallmark of progression in DNP.
Lack of association between fibromyalgia and sleep apnoea syndrome.
Authors: B Alvarez Lario, J Teran, J L Alonso, J Alegre, I Arroyo, J L Viejo
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1992)

To determine whether sleep disorders can cause a fibromyalgia syndrome, 30 patients with sleep apnoea syndrome were studied. All presented an important reduction in deep sleep stages (-93.1 (SD 17.9)% of stage IV and -77.2 (45.7)% of stage III) and frequent episodes of wakening ('arousals'), factors which are involved in fibromyalgia. One patient (3%) met the criteria for fibromyalgia; the estimated prevalence of fibromyalgia for patients attending a general medical clinic is 6%. No significant correlation was found between the number of points which were tender upon pressure and the various sleep parameters studied. It is concluded that sleep disorders alone are not able to produce a fibromyalgia syndrome.
The Impact of Monitoring HIV Patients Prior to Treatment in Resource-Poor Settings: Insights from Mathematical Modelling
Authors: Timothy B Hallett, Simon Gregson, Sabada Dube, Geoff P Garnett
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2008)

Background The roll-out of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in developing countries concentrates on finding patients currently in need, but over time many HIV-infected individuals will be identified who will require treatment in the future. We investigated the potential influence of alternative patient management and ART initiation strategies on the impact of ART programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods and Findings We developed a stochastic mathematical model representing disease progression, diagnosis, clinical monitoring, and survival in a cohort of 1,000 hypothetical HIV-infected individuals in Africa. If individuals primarily enter ART programmes when symptomatic, the model predicts that only 25% will start treatment and, on average, 6 life-years will be saved per person treated. If individuals are recruited to programmes while still healthy and are frequently monitored, and CD4+ cell counts are used to help decide when to initiate ART, three times as many are expected to be treated, and average life-years saved among those treated increases to 15. The impact of programmes can be improved further by performing a second CD4+ cell count when the initial value is close to the threshold for starting treatment, maintaining high patient follow-up rates, and prioritising monitoring the oldest (≥ 35 y) and most immune-suppressed patients (CD4+ cell count ≤ 350). Initiating ART at higher CD4+ cell counts than WHO recommends leads to more life-years saved, but disproportionately more years spent on ART. Conclusions The overall impact of ART programmes will be limited if rates of diagnosis are low and individuals enter care too late. Frequently monitoring individuals at all stages of HIV infection and using CD4 cell count information to determine when to start treatment can maximise the impact of ART.
In vivo visualization of angiotensin II- and tubuloglomerular feedback-mediated renal vasoconstriction
Authors: Tokunori Yamamoto, Koichi Hayashi, Hiroto Matsuda, Eiji Kubota, Hiroyoshi Tanaka, Yasuo Ogasawara, Hiroshi Nakamoto, Hiromichi Suzuki, Takao Saruta, Fumihiko Kajiya
Journal: Kidney International (2001)
Night Shift Work and the Risk of Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Akila N. Viswanathan, Susan E. Hankinson, Eva S. Schernhammer
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Melatonin has several oncostatic properties, including possible anti-estrogenic and anti-aromatase activity, and seems to be linked with fat metabolism. Night workers have lower levels of melatonin, which may predispose them to develop cancer. Endometrial cancer risk is influenced significantly by hormonal and metabolic factors; therefore, we hypothesize that night workers may have an increased risk of endometrial cancer. Of the 121,701 women enrolled in a prospective cohort study, 53,487 women provided data on rotating night shift work in 1988 and were followed through on June 1, 2004. A total of 515 women developed medical record–confirmed invasive endometrial cancer. We used Cox regression models to calculate multivariate relative risks (MVRRs), controlling for endometrial cancer risk factors. Women who worked 20+ years of rotating night shifts had a significantly increased risk of endometrial cancer [MVRR, 1.47; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.03–1.14]. In stratified analyses, obese women working rotating night shifts doubled their baseline risk of endometrial cancer (MVRR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.24–3.52) compared with obese women who did no night work, whereas a nonsignificant increase was seen among non-obese women (MVRR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.60–1.92). Women working rotating night shifts for a long duration have a significantly increased risk of endometrial cancer, particularly if they are obese. We speculate that this increased risk is attributable to the effects of melatonin on hormonal and metabolic factors. Our results add to growing literature that suggests women who work at night may benefit from cancer prevention strategies. [Cancer Res 2007;67(21):10618–22]
Goal-Attainment Scaling as a Method for Evaluating Mental Health Programs
Authors: DAVID W. CLINE, DAVID L. ROUZER, DAVID BRANSFORD
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1973)

Goal-attainment scaling, a method for evaluating individual or group treatment programs, involves setting up individualized treatment goals and scoring the attainment of goals from the most successful outcome (+2) to the least successful(–2). Having the therapist and patient construct the scale helps to differentiate problems, structure therapy, and clarify outcomes. Over-optimism about the benefits of therapy may cause problems with score validity; measures for external validation are suggested.
The relationship between gasoline composition and vehicle hydrocarbon emissions: a review of current studies and future research needs.
Authors: D Schuetzle, W O Siegl, T E Jensen, M A Dearth, E W Kaiser, R Gorse, W Kreucher, E Kulik
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

The purpose of this paper is to review current studies concerning the relationship of fuel composition to vehicle engine-out and tail-pipe emissions and to outline future research needed in this area. A number of recent combustion experiments and vehicle studies demonstrated that reformulated gasoline can reduce vehicle engine-out, tail-pipe, running-loss, and evaporative emissions. Some of these studies were extended to understand the fundamental relationships between fuel composition and emissions. To further establish these relationships, it was necessary to develop advanced analytical methods for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of hydrocarbons in fuels and vehicle emissions. The development of real-time techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, laser diode spectroscopy, and atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry were useful in studying the transient behavior of exhaust emissions under various engine operating conditions. Laboratory studies using specific fuels and fuel blends were carried out using pulse flame combustors, single- and multicylinder engines, and vehicle fleets. Chemometric statistical methods were used to analyze the large volumes of emissions data generated from these studies. Models were developed that were able to accurately predict tail-pipe emissions from fuel chemical and physical compositional data. Some of the primary fuel precursors for benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and C2-C4 alkene emissions are described. These studies demonstrated that there is a strong relationship between gasoline composition and tail-pipe emissions.
GMC to revise its ethics advice
Authors: L Beecham
Journal: BMJ (1994)

The General Medical Council in Britain is to revise its advice to doctors on professional conduct and medical ethics by providing guidance that is positive rather than negative. The guidance will also be more explicit and accessible to a wider audience, including the public. Existing guidance is set out in Professional Conduct and Discipline: Fitness to Practise (the “blue book”), in the council's annual report, and in separate advice on, for example, HIV infection, confidentiality, and advertising. But the council's standards committee has been increasingly concerned that these were not widely read nor always …
Starting on the pill.
Authors: C Phillips, M Vessey
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Starting the pill on the first day of a menstrual cycle, starting a new pill on the first day of a cycle, or starting a new pill the day after finishing the old pill eliminates the need for extra precaution contraceptives. A study of 567 women at the Oxfordshire Area Health Authority found that of the women using the first day cycle regimen, only 70 out of 353 reported spotting, amenorrhoea, or heavy period. 31 of 214 starting a new pill immediately after an old reported menstrual complaints. None became pregnant. Of 17 doctors asked their opinion of the new regimen 15 thought it worked well, particularly the immediate changeover routine. Patients liked the regimen because the lack of extra precautions makes it simple and economical.
Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid presenting as multifocal bronchial carcinoid tumour.
Authors: J. E. Clague, M. G. Pearson, A. Sharma, W. Taylor
Journal: Thorax (1991)

A 21 year old man presented with diarrhoea and flushing after meals and later developed miliary shadowing on his chest radiograph. Multifocal bronchial carcinoid tumour was diagnosed initially, but at necropsy metastatic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid was found. Multifocal bronchial carcinoid tumour should not be accepted as a primary diagnosis without first excluding medullary carcinoma of the thyroid because of the need to screen relatives of affected patients.
Education for Self-treatment by Adult Asthmatics
Authors: Lois A. Maiman, Lawrence W. Green, Geoffrey Gibson, Ellen J. MacKenzie
Journal: JAMA (1979)

A prospective experimental design evaluated the ability of a series of educational and motivational interventions to enhance self-treatment by adult asthmatics and to reduce use of emergency department services for asthma attacks. After treatment for an asthma attack, subjects were randomly assigned to the following sequential interventions: (1) reinforcement by interpersonal similarity at the time of the emergency visit, (2) recepit of positive written appeals, and (3) follow-up telephone reinforcement. The asthmatic nurse educator was generally more effective in achieving short-term reduction of emergency department visits. Although the usefulness of the positive written appeal increased when employed by the asthmatic nurse, there were no substantive independent effects of the written message on emergency department use.
A PRELIMINARY NOTE ON SPIROCHAETA PALLIDA AND LIVING TTISSUE-CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: EDNA STEINHARDT
Journal: JAMA (1913)

Having successfully applied Harrison's method of tissue growing<i>in vitro</i>to the cultivation of the virus of vaccinia,<sup>1</sup>we have here tried the same method with the<i>Spirochaeta pallida.</i>In the present experiment the organisms used were from a culture obtained from Dr. Noguchi. He has kept it growing for some length of time and states that it has lost most of its virulence. Hanging-drop preparations were made of small pieces of the testes of the rabbits inoculated with spirochetes, to which rabbit plasma was added. The preparations were incubated at 37 C. (98.0 F.). Before incubation preparations examined in the dark field did not show spirochetes nor did those examined during the first few days of incubation. Evidently very few spirochetes were inoculated. The cells of the testes, however, showed
Low Education: A Risk Factor for Death
Authors: C. David Jenkins
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

From many directions we are reminded of the costs of social deprivation to individuals and society. Poorly educated and occupationally unskilled persons in an industrialized society are among its most deprived in their access to the necessities of life, in the security of their daily lives and in the power to remedy their situation. Since the dawn of modern epidemiology in Great Britain in the 19th century, it has been repeatedly shown that education and occupational status are inversely associated with mortality rates.Despite a century or more of public-health progress against the major killers of former years, including the . . .
Many people who disapprove of abortion nevertheless think it should be legal
Authors: A. Furedi
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Editor—Ross misunderstands the findings of the recent poll on abortion.1 2 There is no contradiction between the finding that 64% of people agree with the statement that “abortion should be made legally available for those who want it” yet just 34% approve of abortion when the woman cannot afford to have a child and 42% approve when she does not want a child for whatever reason.

It is possible to disapprove of abortion while still maintaining that it should …
Control of metabolism and signaling of simple bioactive sphingolipids: Implications in disease
Authors: Patricia Gangoiti, Luz Camacho, Lide Arana, Alberto Ouro, Maria H. Granado, Leyre Brizuela, Josefina Casas, Gemma Fabriás, José Luis Abad, Antonio Delgado, Antonio Gómez-Muñoz
Journal: Progress in Lipid Research (2010)
Apparent selective bile acid malabsorption as a consequence of ileal exclusion: effects on bile acid, cholesterol, and lipoprotein metabolism.
Authors: J E Akerlund, I Bjorkhem, B Angelin, L Liljeqvist, K Einarsson
Journal: Gut (1994)

A new model has been developed to characterise the effect of a standardised ileal exclusion on bile acid, cholesterol, and lipoprotein metabolism in humans. Twelve patients treated by colectomy and ileostomy for ulcerative colitis were studied on two occasions: firstly with a conventional ileostomy and then three months afterwards with an ileal pouch operation with an ileoanal anastomosis and a protective loop ileostomy, excluding on average 95 cm of the distal ileum. The ileostomy contents were collected during 96 hours and the excretion of bile acids and cholesterol was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fasting blood and duodenal bile samples were collected on two consecutive days. After the exclusion of the distal ileum, both cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid excretion in the ileostomy effluent increased four to five times without any change in cholesterol excretion. Serum concentrations of lathosterol (a marker of cholesterol biosynthesis) and 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol (a marker for bile acid biosynthesis) were increased several fold. Plasma concentrations of total VLDL triglycerides were also increased whereas the concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B were decreased. There were no changes in biliary lipid composition or cholesterol saturation of bile. The results show that the exclusion of about 95 cm of distal ileum causes malabsorption of bile acids but apparently not of cholesterol. The bile acid malabsorption leads to increased synthesis of both bile acids and cholesterol in the liver. It is suggested that bile acids can regulate cholesterol synthesis by a mechanism independent of the effect of bile acids on cholesterol absorption. The enhanced demand for cholesterol also leads to a decrease in plasma LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B concentrations. The malabsorption of bile acids did not affect biliary lipid composition or cholesterol saturations of VLDL triglycerides.
DIETETICS OF OBSTETRICS.
Authors: C. S. BACON
Journal: JAMA (1899)

The problems of dietetics in pregnancy concern the questions relating to the quantity and quality of food necessary in normal cases for the best condition of mother and fetus, the best arrangement of meal times, the possibility of modifying the development of the child by diet so as to make spontaneous labor possible in cases of slight degree of pelvic contraction or easier in all cases, the possibility of determining the sex of the child by dieting the mother, and also the proper regulation of the diet in pathologic conditions, such as emesis or hyperemesis gravidarum, and in kidney diseases. During labor the question of diet is important only when it is very protracted or with weak or sick patients. During childbed the physician has to consider not only what food is necessary for the mother, both in normal and pathologic conditions, but also the effect of diet on the
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition reduces elevated C-reactive protein in patients with angiographic coronary artery disease
Authors: Chloe A. Allen Maycock, Joseph B. Muhlestein, Benjamin D. Horne, Robert R. Pearson, Tami L. Bair, Tobin H. Lim, Heath U. Jones, Sandra P. Reyna, Stephanie V. Moore, Dale G. Renlund, Jeffrey L. Anderson
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Abstract 13815: Association Between Eye Vasculature Alterations and Renal Damage in Essential Hypertension: illuminating Inflammatory Activation In Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Vasiliki Katsi, Ioannis Skiadas, Georgios Souretis, Dimitris Tsartsalis, Dimitrios Tousoulis, Charalampos Vlachopoulos, Constantinos Tsioufis, Christodoulos Stefanadis, Ioannis Kallikazaros
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Introduction: In the ongoing debate about metabolic syndrome (MS), it is still unresolved whether it is a marker or a mechanism. Hypothesis: We sought to unravel the mystery of the interrelationshi...