tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Antiseptic Treatment of Typhoid.
Authors: W. S. Caldwell
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Freeport, Ill., Dec. 4, 1894. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Dr. John Eliot Woodbridge, of Youngstown, Ohio, has published during the last year, in several medical journals, among them theJournal of the American Medical Association, such a glowing and enthusiastic paper on the treatment of typhoid fever, that, contrary to my conservative habits, I have been lately giving it a trial. The treatment, it seems to me, if not beneficial is absolutely harmful. The first part of his prescription containing podophyllin, calomel, guaiacol, thymol, menthol,eucalyptol, if given to the extent that the author recommends, will certainly have a tendency to weaken the patient and lessen his chances of recovery, unless it acts at the same time as a germ killer and thus lessens the virulence of the disease. In my hands, so far, the remedy has failed to produce that marked change in the temperature curve, that Dr. Woodbridge's charts show
Low Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels Predict Benign Clinical Outcome in Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Nils Kucher, Gert Printzen, Tanja Doernhoefer, Stephan Windecker, Bernhard Meier, Otto Martin Hess
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Background— The role of pro-brain natriuretic peptide (proBNP) for the prediction of clinical outcome has not been examined in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Methods and Results— ProBNP levels were measured in 73 patients with acute PE within 4 hours of admission. Adverse clinical outcome was defined as in-hospital death or the need for at least 1 of the following: cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, pressors, thrombolysis, catheter fragmentation, or surgical embolectomy. In the 53 patients with a benign clinical outcome, proBNP (median 121, range 16 to 34 802 pg/mL) was lower than in 20 patients with adverse clinical outcome (median 4250, range 92 to 49 607 pg/mL; P &lt;0.0001). The negative predictive value of proBNP levels &lt;500 pg/mL to predict adverse clinical outcome was 97% (95% confidence interval 84 to 99). ProBNP remained an independent predictor for adverse clinical outcome (odds ratio 14.6; 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 139.0; P =0.02) after adjusting for severity of PE (submassive/massive), troponin T levels &gt;0.01ng/mL, age &gt;70 years, gender, and history of congestive heart failure. Conclusions— Low proBNP levels predict an uneventful hospital course in patients with acute PE. A proBNP level &lt;500 pg/mL identifies patients who will be potential candidates for an abbreviated hospital length of stay or care on a completely outpatient basis.
Animal models of sepsis and sepsis-induced kidney injury
Authors: Kent Doi, Asada Leelahavanichkul, Peter S.T. Yuen, Robert A. Star
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2009)

Sepsis is characterized by a severe inflammatory response to infection, and its complications, including acute kidney injury, can be fatal. Animal models that correctly mimic human disease are extremely valuable because they hasten the development of clinically useful therapeutics. Too often, however, animal models do not properly mimic human disease. In this Review, we outline a bedside-to-bench-to-bedside approach that has resulted in improved animal models for the study of sepsis - a complex disease for which preventive and therapeutic strategies are unfortunately lacking. We also highlight a few of the promising avenues for therapeutic advances and biomarkers for sepsis and sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Finally, we review how the study of drug targets and biomarkers are affected by and in turn have influenced these evolving animal models.
Management budgets in the NHS.
Authors: P Davies, M Prowle
Journal: BMJ (1984)

being historically based, may not adequately reflect changes in the volume of work that it undertakes.In addition, this approach to budget setting may lead to difficulties when resources need to be shifted between budgets in response to changes in practice. LACK OF INCENTIVEPerhaps the commonest complaint from budget holders is that any savings that they might achieve by good management tend to be lost.Such savings might be swallowed up by more profligate colleagues or taken by the district for use elsewhere.Clearly such an approach does not encourage good management.
Symposium on Research on Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: STUART BONDURANT
Journal: Circulation (1970)

RECENT widely applied advances in the prevention and treatment of arrhythmias have saved the lives of many patients with acute myocardial infarction.It is likely, how- ever, that the full potential of arrhythmia pre- vention has not been realized as yet.Indeed, even with the most effective application of cur- rent knowledge, acute myocardial infarction will remain the chief cause of cardiovascular mortality and a major health problem of our nation and times.During most of the century which elapsed after establishment of the causal association of myocardial ischemia and infarc- tion, we learned little of immediate benefit to the patient.In recent years, the breadth of investigation of myocardial infarction has increased substantially, and a range of disci- plines have been directed toward the problem.For this reason, representatives of some of the key disciplines were invited to interchange infonnation and to identify particular areas that seemed to individual investigators to be most promising for further investigation.A Symposium on Research on Acute Myocardial Infarction was held March 26 to 28, 1969, un-
Becker's naevus: a comparative study between erbium: YAG and Q-switched neodymium:YAG; clinical and histopathological findings
Authors: M.A. Trelles, I. Allones, G.A. Moreno-Arias, M. Velez
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Summary Background Becker's naevus (BN) may represent a distressing cosmetic handicap and a challenging issue regarding treatment. Objectives To compare clinical and histopathological findings of patients with BN treated with two different lasers: an erbium:yttrium–aluminium–garnet (Er:YAG) system vs. a neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser. Patients and methods In this prospective and comparative study we present the clinical and histopathological evolution during a 2‐year follow‐up of 22 patients with BN treated with only one pass of the Er:YAG laser (n = 11) or three treatment sessions with the Q‐switched Nd:YAG system (n = 11). Results Clinical evaluation 2 years after treatment with the Er:YAG laser showed complete clearance (100%) in 54% of the patients (n = 6) and clearance of > 50% in 100% of the subjects. In relation to Nd:YAG laser treatments our results echo those of other authors. Numerous sessions are necessary to get an acceptable clinical clearance rate. Only one patient showed marked clearance (51–99%) after three treatment sessions. Moderate (26–50%) and mild (1–25%) clearance was observed in 45·5% (n = 5) and 27·3% (n = 3) of the patients. Conclusions Both Er:YAG and Nd:YAG are safe tools to treat BN. However, in terms of pigment removal, one pass with Er:YAG is a superior technique to three treatment sessions with the Nd:YAG.
Use of clomifene during early pregnancy and risk of hypospadias: population based case-control study
Authors: Henrik Toft Sørensen, Lars Pedersen, Mette Vinther Skriver, Mette Nørgaard, Bente Nørgård, Elizabeth E Hatch
Journal: BMJ (2004)

ers among the prison population has changed over time.Whatever the case, the data provided here underline the need for more specific research into the phenomenon and causation of reinstitutionalisation.In addition, a professional and public debate is needed on the ethical basis for detaining and "institutionalising" patients with severe mental illness.
Comparison of nicotine chewing-gum and psychological treatments for dependent smokers.
Authors: M Raw, M J Jarvis, C Feyerabend, M A Russell
Journal: BMJ (1980)

The results of using nicotine chewing-gum to treat dependent smokers attending a withdrawal clinic were compared with the results of psychological treatment. At one-year follow-up 26 (38%) out of 69 people who received nicotine gum were abstinent compared with seven (14%) out of 49 who received psychological treatment (p &lt; 0.01). Abstinence was confirmed by the measurement of carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations or expired air carbon monoxide. Blood nicotine concentrations when patients used the gum averaged half the smoking values, and side effects were few. Addiction occurred in only two subjects. Thus nicotine chewing-gum is a useful aid to giving up smoking and is probably acceptable even for people with cardiovascular disease.
Chvostek's Sign and Carpopedal Spasm
Authors: Ganesh Athappan, Venkatesh Kumar Ariyamuthu
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

A 35-year-old man presented with a 2-day history of cramps and paresthesias in the arms, predominantly involving the fingers. He had carpopedal spasm, which was reproducible by inflating a blood-pressure cuff on his arm, and Chvostek's sign.
Downregulation of Gadd45β Expression by Hepatitis C Virus Leads to Defective Cell Cycle Arrest
Authors: Martin R. Higgs, Hervé Lerat, Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Members of the Gadd45 family play central roles in the cellular response to genotoxic stress and have been implicated in several human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinomas. Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major risk factor for the onset and development of primary hepatocellular tumors, although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show a novel link between diminished Gadd45β expression and HCV infection. Inhibited Gadd45β expression was observed in both nontumoral and tumoral tissues from infected individuals, and in cell lines harboring a HCV replicon and the infectious HCV strain JFH1. Decreased Gadd45β expression was confirmed in vivo in a transgenic murine model expressing the entire HCV open reading frame. Mechanistically, hypermethylation of the Gadd45β promoter in the presence of HCV is responsible for this defect. Diminished Gadd45β expression leads to aberrant cell cycle arrest and diminished DNA excision repair. Together, these results provide a novel insight into the mechanisms involved in HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinomas, showing that reduced Gadd45β expression may play a contributory role to this process, and providing evidence that HCV may interfere with epigenetic gene expression by altering promoter methylation. Cancer Res; 70(12); 4901–11. ©2010 AACR.
Genetic regulation of mammary carcinogenesis in the rat by susceptibility and suppressor genes.
Authors: M N Gould, R Zhang
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1991)

Rat strains differ in their susceptibilities to mammary carcinogenesis. Strains such as Wistar-Furth are very susceptible to chemically induced carcinogenesis. This phenotype is controlled by autosomally dominant susceptibility genes. Strains such as the Copenhagen are resistant to spontaneous and induced mammary carcinogenesis. This phenotype is controlled by an autosomal dominant gene termed the mammary carcinoma suppressor (MCS). Strains with intermediate susceptibility such as the F344 carry neither the MCS nor susceptibility genes. Both the MCS and susceptibility genes are chiefly active within the mammary parenchyma. Both genes act at carcinogenesis stages beyond carcinogen metabolism and DNA adduction. The MCS gene completely inhibits both palpable and microcarcinomas. It does not inhibit focal alveolar hyperplasias. Its gene product acts solely within the mammary epithelial cell in which it is produced. We are currently investigating the interactions of various oncogenes and the MCS gene. In addition, efforts are underway to identify and clone this gene.
Platelet-derived growth factor induces cellular growth in cultured chick ventricular myocytes
Authors: Tatsuya Shimizu, Koh-ichiro Kinugawa, Atsushi Yao, Yasuyuki Sugishita, Kazuro Sugishita, Kazumasa Harada, Hiroshi Matsui, Osami Kohmoto, Takashi Serizawa, Toshiyuki Takahashi
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

Objectives: Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates growth in various types of cells, but little is known about its effect on cardiac myocytes. Therefore, we examined whether PDGF had a direct effect on cardiac myocytes and investigated their intracellular signaling pathways. Methods: A primary culture of chick embryonic (Hamburger and Hamilton stage 36) ventricular myocytes was prepared. Cellular growth was estimated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiozol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation assay. The number of PDGF binding sites was measured by binding assay. Induction of c-fos mRNA was analyzed by Northern blot analysis. The binding activity of activator protein (AP)-1 was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) was analyzed by Western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation, and immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured with indo-1 and L-type Ca2+ channel current (ICa) was recorded with the patch clamp technique. Results: PDGF-AB and -BB, but not PDGF-AA, increased viable cell number (5 ng/ml of PDGF-AA, -AB, -BB: 101±4%, 115*±4%, 122*±4%, respectively, n=4, *P<0.05) and DNA synthesis (104±11%, 202*±18%, 295*±25%, respectively, n=4, *P<0.05). Scatchard analysis demonstrated that the maximal number of PDGF-AA, -AB, -BB binding sites was 5±1, 63±12, 126±24 fmol/106 cells, respectively. PDGF-BB provoked induction of c-fos mRNA and increases in binding activity to the AP-1 site. PDGF-BB also induced tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of MAPK. The c-fos induction, the increased AP-1 binding activity and the acceleration of DNA synthesis were all attenuated by genistein (100 μM) or MAPK kinase inhibitor (10 or 50 μM PD98059). Interestingly, protein kinase C inhibitor (250 nM calphostin C) attenuated the increases of AP-1 binding activity to some extent, but did not inhibit the c-fos induction at all. The phosphorylation states of STATs were not significantly affected by PDGF-BB. PDGF-BB did not alter [Ca2+]i or ICa. Conclusions: We conclude that PDGF can exert direct effects on embryonic cardiac myocytes and induce their growth. MAPK cascade may play an important role in the PDGF-induced embryonic myocardial growth.
Routine Chest Radiography after Thoracentesis
Authors: Richard W. Snyder
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Letters15 March 1997Routine Chest Radiography after ThoracentesisRichard W. Snyder, MD, Henry S. Mishel, MD, and Christopher G. Bosse, MDRichard W. Snyder, MDAbington Pulmonary Associates, Ltd., Abington, PA 19001Search for more papers by this author, Henry S. Mishel, MDAbington Pulmonary Associates, Ltd., Abington, PA 19001Search for more papers by this author, and Christopher G. Bosse, MDAbington Pulmonary Associates, Ltd., Abington, PA 19001Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-126-6-199703150-00013 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:We read with interest the recent report by Doyle and associates [1] on the necessity of routine chest radiography after thoracentesis. It was encouraging to see that operator suspicion of pneumothorax was useful in predicting the occurrence of pneumothorax. However, it is noteworthy that one of the nine patients who developed pneumothorax after thoracentesis did not have one of the characteristics (previous thoracic radiation, number of passes with the thoracentesis needle, aspiration of air, or operator suspicion of pneumothorax) noted by Doyle and colleagues to be associated with an increased risk ratio.We are concerned by the ...References1. Doyle JJ, Hnatiuk OW, Torrington KG, Slade AR, Howard RS. Necessity of routine chest roentgenography after thoracentesis. Ann Intern Med. 1996; 124:816-20. Google Scholar2. Sokolowski JW Jr, Burgher LW, Jones FL Jr, Patterson JR, Selecky PA. Guidelines for thoracentesis and needle biopsy of the pleura. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989; 140:257-8. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Richard W. Snyder, MD; Henry S. Mishel, MD; Christopher G. Bosse, MDAffiliations: Abington Pulmonary Associates, Ltd., Abington, PA 19001 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byLimited Utility of Chest Radiograph After Thoracentesis 15 March 1997Volume 126, Issue 6Page: 491KeywordsDiagnostic radiologyMorbidityMortalityRisk ratioThorax ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 March 1997 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1997 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Carcinoma of the Bladder In Situ
Authors: Leopold G. Koss
Journal: JAMA (1969)

To the Editor:—  In a recent summary article on cancer of the urinary bladder (206:1761, 1968) there is a total absence of information on some of the newer developments in the understanding of the natural history of this disease. The concepts of carcinoma in situ of the bladder and the cytologic diagnosis of bladder cancer during the preclinical stages of the disease were ignored. Yet considerable evidence has been presented from this laboratory that sessile nonpapillary carcinoma in situ constitutes a very significant stage in the development of cancer of the bladder, both in hospital populations and in industrial workers.1-4The same lesion often precedes recurrent carcinoma of the bladder following treatment. Such lesions, whether primary or secondary, cannot be accurately identified by cystoscopic examination. Diagnosis rests on cytologic evaluation of the urinary sediment combined with multiple biopsies of the bladder. The aggressive treatment of these lesions may prove
Doing it both ways – experimental practice and heuristic context
Authors: Glenn W. Harrison, E. Elisabet Rutström
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

Psychologists can learn from the procedural conventions of experimental economics. But the rationale for those conventions must be examined and understood lest they become constraints. Field referents and the choice of heuristic, matter for behavior. This theme unites the fields of experimental psychology and experimental economics by the simple fact that the object of study in both cases is the same.
c-myc Repression of <i>TSC2</i> Contributes to Control of Translation Initiation and Myc-Induced Transformation
Authors: Michael J. Ravitz, Li Chen, Mary Lynch, Emmett V. Schmidt
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract The c-myc oncogene plays a key role in cellular growth control, and translation initiation factors are among the transcriptional targets of Myc. Here, we describe a defect in translation initiation control in myc-null cells due to alterations in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Myc loss increased sensitivity to dominant inhibition of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E function. Polysomal profiles of myc−/− cells revealed decreased translation initiation rates, which were accompanied by decreased 40S/60S ribosomal subunit ratios. Because the 40S small ribosomal subunit contains the key regulatory ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), we considered that myc loss might affect expression of components of the mTOR signaling pathway that regulate rpS6 function. Among mTOR signaling components, Myc directly affected transcription of tuberous sclerosis 2 (TSC2), as shown by quantitative mRNA analysis and by Myc binding to its promoter in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Importantly, Myc acted as a strong and direct repressor for TSC2 expression because its loss increased TSC2 mRNA in myc-null and in HL60 shRNA experiments, activation of a mycER construct in myc−/− cells suppressed TSC2 induction in a myc box II–dependent manner, and mycER activation recruited Myc to the TSC2 promoter. The biological significance of the effect of Myc on TSC2 expression was shown by markedly reduced TSC2 mRNA levels in myc-transformed cells, stimulation of S6 kinase activity in myc-null cells by TSC2 siRNA, and decreased Myc-induced soft agar colony formation following retroviral transduction of TSC2. Together, these findings show that regulation of TSC2 can contribute to the effects of Myc on cell proliferation and neoplastic growth. [Cancer Res 2007;67(23):11209–17]
Correction: Buruli Ulcer (M. ulcerans Infection): New Insights, New Hope for Disease Control
Authors: Paul D. R Johnson, Timothy Stinear, Pamela L. C Small, Gerd Pluschke, Richard W Merritt, Francoise Portaels, Kris Huygen, John A Hayman, Kingsley Asiedu
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2005)
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary Cavitation, and Matrix Metalloproteinases
Authors: Catherine W. M. Ong, Paul T. Elkington, Jon S. Friedland
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic infectious disease of global importance, is facing the emergence of drug-resistant strains with few new drugs to treat the infection. Pulmonary cavitation, the hallmark of established disease, is associated with very high bacillary burden. Cavitation may lead to delayed sputum culture conversion, emergence of drug resistance, and transmission of the infection. The host immunological reaction to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is implicated in driving the development of TB cavities. TB is characterized by a matrix-degrading phenotype in which the activity of proteolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is relatively unopposed by the specific tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Proteases, in particular MMPs, secreted from monocyte-derived cells, neutrophils, and stromal cells, are involved in both cell recruitment and tissue damage and may cause cavitation. MMP activity is augmented by proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, is tightly regulated by complex signaling paths, and causes matrix destruction. MMP concentrations are elevated in human TB and are closely associated with clinical and radiological markers of lung tissue destruction. Immunomodulatory therapies targeting MMPs in preclinical and clinical trials are potential adjuncts to TB treatment. Strategies targeting patients with cavitary TB have the potential to improve cure rates and reduce disease transmission.
Reasons for inadequate health care vary
Authors: T. M Jones
Journal: BMJ (2000)

EDITOR—The pharmaceutical industry has not “abandoned the battlefield” in the fight against tropical disease, as discussed by Schull.1 Pharmaceutical companies are still researching and developing new drugs for several diseases and have actively participated in partnership projects in recent years. These projects aim at implementing treatment access programmes in HIV/AIDS and other diseases prevalent in tropical countries, such …