tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Dermatitis from Army Spectacles
Authors: W. O. G. Taylor, A. G. Fergusson, W. R. G. Atkins
Journal: BMJ (1945)

BRITISH which these minute intercellular formations play ?Can one doubt that in various pathological affections of the brain as a whole, and of the cerebral cortex in particular, these delicate intercellular structures are the first to be exposed to disease, being the most vulnerable?Of special interest are these data from the point of view of pathological changes of the brain in the so-called " functional diseases" of the nervous system.Obviously, in various " functional diseases," and also in many cases of psychosis, where we are not in a position to identify definite changes in cellular structure, one must assume first ot all an affection of these intercellular connexions.The examina- tion of these amazingly fine and diverse structural formations of the cortex presents us with more problems, the resolving of which is one of the chief tasks of modern neurology and neuro- physiology.The work of the research staff of the Moscow Brain Institute is dedicated to the study of these questions. SummaryThe classical method of Pavlov in conditioned reflexes enriches considerably our knowledge and understanding of the part which the cortex plays in the most differentiated nervous activity and of the connexion of the cortex with the functions of the inner organs.The novel method of bio-electrical currents, and the exploration of the finest morphological structures of the cortex and its intercellular connexions, open new ways and opportunities for establishing the laws governing the fundamental morphophysiological mechanism of the complicated activity of the cerebral cortex.
Diabetes study shows nothing new, says journal editor
Authors: Janice Hopkins Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Vivian Fonseca, the editor of Diabetes Care , told the BMJ that he was surprised by the media's interest in a study that says that rosiglitazone (Avandia) and pioglitazone (Actos) doubled the risk of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes ( Diabetes Care 2007;30:2148-53 doi: 10.2337/dc07-0141).

The authors said that although drugs in the thiazolidinedione class were known to increase the risk of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes, the magnitude of the risk had not been evaluated. They used teleoanalysis to look at results …
Attitudes of a multiracial antenatal population to HIV screening
Authors: W M Buckett, M H Conlon, D M Luesley, F G Lawton
Journal: BMJ (1988)

The issue of consent to screening for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is crucial yet consent should be fully informed and not simple acquiescence.  Like Dr Gisselback and others (23 January p 288) we conducted a survey among our patients--a multiracial antenatal clinic population a particularly important group in view of recent suggestions that antenatal screening should be used to establish prevalence data.  299 consecutive 1st time attenders to our antenatal clinic were asked to complete a simple questionnaire with the aid of an interpreter if necessary.  The inquiry encompassed not only their knowledge of and attitudes to screening for HIV infection but also other aspects of screening in pregnancy and what action or actions should be taken should a test be positive (see table).  176 (59%) completed questionnaires were returned the response rate being 50% (53/107) among the Asian population and 65% (123/192) among the white and Afro-Caribbean population.  Altogether 11% of responders thought that the clinic population should not be screened whereas 35% did not know; 34% said that they themselves would not wish to be screened and 29% did not know.  If screening were to be introduced 85% of responders wanted to be informed and 87% wanted to  the result (see table).  The prevalence of dont know answers throughout the questionnaire was significantly higher among the Asian sample.  We also noted that 59% of our responders stated that they would request a termination of pregnancy if they were found to be positive on testing and this were known to affect the fetus while 16% would still request a termination if the fetal effect were uncertain.  The recent information campaign has clearly not reached our ethnic minority groups to an extent where they and we can feel confident about introducing screening with informed consent and our findings emphasize the need to develop information and counseling services.  (full text)
Psychosocial Reactions of Persons with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: STUART E. NICHOLS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

The psychosocial impact of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) on patients follows the situational distress model of crisis, transitional state, and deficiency state. Repeated crises in AIDS modify this reaction, and patients may experience a final adjustment, the preparation for death. Additional psychosocial problems are caused by the intensified prejudice against homosexual men and drug addicts. Society itself has been disrupted by the new information about sexual behavior that has been brought to light by AIDS, indicating that primitive sexual taboos still influence modern society. Understanding the various psychosocial reactions to AIDS offers opportunities for social progress and personal growth.
Vascular injury augments adrenergic neurotransmission.
Authors: R C Candipan, P T Hsiun, R Pratt, J P Cooke
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND We have observed persistent desensitization to exogenous norepinephrine after balloon injury. We postulated that this desensitization may be due to a local increase in the release of neuronal norepinephrine. METHODS AND RESULTS New Zealand White rabbits underwent left iliac artery angioplasty; 4 weeks later, both iliac arteries were harvested. Maximal response to exogenous norepinephrine was reduced in injured compared with noninjured vessels (12.3 +/- 1.0 g versus 10.3 +/- 1.5 g; n = 7, P = .056). By contrast, response to electrical stimulation (to induce neuronal norepinephrine release) was significantly greater in injured tissues (36 +/- 7% versus 14 +/- 3%; values expressed as percent of maximal contraction to exogenous norepinephrine; P = .025). Direct measurement of tissue norepinephrine revealed a threefold increase 4 weeks after injury (1236 +/- 410 versus 466 +/- 97 pg/mg; injured versus noninjured). To determine if desensitization to exogenous norepinephrine was due to a persistent increase in neuronal norepinephrine release, the experiments were repeated after chemical sympatholysis using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (65 mg/kg). To determine if activation of vascular angiotensin II contributed to facilitation of adrenergic neurotransmission, other animals received ramipril (RAM; 1 mg/kg per day). Both treatments were initiated 7 days before angioplasty. In the 6-OHDA group there was no evidence of desensitization, judged by maximal response to exogenous norepinephrine (7.5 +/- 0.6 versus 7.5 +/- 0.8, noninjured versus injured). Similar results were obtained in RAM animals (9.9 +/- 0.8 versus 9.6 +/- 1.2, noninjured versus injured). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate enhanced adrenergic neurotransmission after balloon injury. The facilitation of adrenergic neurotransmission may be due to increased local concentrations of angiotensin II and is associated with desensitization to exogenous norepinephrine.
Selective elimination diet based on skin testing has suboptimal efficacy for adult eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: Javier Molina-Infante, Elisa Martin-Noguerol, Manuela Alvarado-Arenas, Sergio L. Porcel-Carreño, Soledad Jimenez-Timon, Francisco Javier Hernandez-Arbeiza
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Responsiveness and interpretation of a quality of life questionnaire specific to upper gastrointestinal disorders
Authors: Christine de la Loge, Elyse Trudeau, Patrick Marquis, Dennis A. Revicki, Anne M. Rentz, Vincenzo Stanghellini, Nicholas J. Talley, Peter Kahrilas, Jan Tack, Dominique Dubois
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2004)
Differentiation of Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer PC-3 Cells Is Associated with Increased Nuclear Factor-κB Activity
Authors: Daniel Floryk, Eliezer Huberman
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Recently, we have reported that inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors, such as mycophenolic acid (MPA), induce the differentiation of PC-3 cells, which are derived from a human androgen-independent prostate cancer, into cells with a phenotype resembling maturing prostate secretory cells. Here, we describe such differentiation induced by the histone deacetylase inhibitor tributyrin. The maturation was defined by cytoplasmic vacuole production and induction of CD10, CD46, CD55, GRP78, keratin 17, and zinc-α-2-glycoprotein. To identify additional genes associated with tributyrin-induced PC-3 cell differentiation and to gain some insight into the mechanism that underlies this differentiation, we have, by means of microarray analyses, compared tributyrin-induced gene expression patterns with those of MPA, which initiates PC-3 cell differentiation by a dissimilar mode of action. We suggested that genes induced by both tributyrin and MPA would be most likely associated with differentiation rather than with the unique action of each particular inducer. Our results indicated that tributyrin or MPA induced the expression of a large number of common genes, including genes known or assumed to be NF-κB dependent. The NF-κB dependency of a group of these genes, which included the PC-3 cell differentiation marker keratin 17, was confirmed by using two common NF-κB activation inhibitors, Bay11-082 and TMB-8, and p65 subunit of NF-κB complex specific small interfering RNA. Taken together, our results implicate both NF-κB–dependent and NF-κB–independent genes in the processes leading to PC-3 cell differentiation induced by tributyrin and MPA. (Cancer Res 2005; 65(24): 11588-96)
Pertussis Toxins, Other Antigens Become Likely Targets for Genetic Engineering
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1990)

GENETICALLY engineered pertussis vaccines have yet to be fully tested clinically. But early human, animal, and in vitro studies indicate effectiveness in reducing toxic effects due to<i>Bordetella pertussis</i>. "These are the vaccines of the future, no question," says Rino Rappuoli, PhD, Sclavo Research Center, Siena, Italy, who spoke at the Sixth International Symposium on Pertussis that was held at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. The licensed pertussis vaccines consist of inactivated whole cells of the organism. Although highly effective, they have been associated with neurologic complications. While the evidence continues to mount that these complications are extremely rare, if they occur at all, it has affected the public's acceptance of pertussis immunization. This led to the development, originally in Japan, of acellular vaccines containing only purified and chemically inactivated portions of the bacterium. These have been tested in the field, most recently in Sweden (<i>JAMA</i>. 1988;259:2057-2059). Unfortunately,
Drug Treatment of Hypertension in the Elderly
Authors: Jorge T. Insua
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Purpose: A meta-analysis of the effect of antihypertensive drug treatment on mortality and morbidity in elderly patients. Data sources: A literature search of published articles from January 1980 to February 1992. Study selection: Randomized controlled trials of drug treatment of hypertension with end points for elderly patients reported separately. Data extraction: Mortality or morbidity end points or both in patients older than 59 years were pooled by determination of typical odds ratio. A meta-regression was used to study heterogeneity. Results: Nine major trials with 15 559 patients older than 59 years were identified. Death rates in the control group varied between 2.7% and 77.2%; stroke and coronary mortality increased with the severity-of-illness rank (P < 0.001). Overall, treated patients had an approximately 12% reduction in all-cause mortality (odds ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.97; 953 events compared with 1069 events, P = 0.009). There was a 36% reduction in stroke mortality (odds ratio, 0.64; CI, 0.49 to 0.82; 94 events compared with 149 events, P < 0.001) and a 25% reduction in coronary heart disease mortality (odds ratio, 0.75; CI, 0.64 to 0.88; 263 events compared with 350 events, P < 0.001). Coronary morbidity was reduced 15% (odds ratio, 0.85; CI, 0.73 to 0.99; 325 events compared with 379 events, P = 0.036), and stroke morbidity was reduced 35% (odds ratio, 0.65; CI, 0.55 to 0.76; 247 events compared with 382 events, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Overall, treatment of hypertension in elderly patients produces a significant benefit in total mortality and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, this benefit may be reduced in the oldest age groups.
Myocardial Contractile Response to Nitric Oxide and cGMP
Authors: Puneet Mohan, Dirk L. Brutsaert, Walter J. Paulus, Stanislas U. Sys
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background Cardiac endothelium releases a number of factors that may modulate performance of underlying cardiac muscle. Nitric oxide (NO), which accounts for the biological activity of the vascular endothelium-derived relaxing factor and relaxes vascular smooth muscle by elevating intracellular cGMP, may be involved in this cardiac modulation. Methods and Results We examined the myocardial contractile effects of the NO-releasing nitrovasodilators sodium nitroprusside (SNP), 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1), and S -nitroso- N -acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP); of a cGMP analogue, 8-bromo-cGMP; and of the cGMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitor zaprinast in isolated cat papillary muscle. Modulation of these effects by endocardial endothelium (EE) and by cholinergic and adrenergic stimulation was also investigated. Concentration-response curves with addition of NO-releasing nitrovasodilators (SNP, SIN-1, SNAP) and 8-bromo-cGMP resulted in a biphasic inotropic response. Although administration of low concentrations induced a positive inotropic effect, higher concentrations induced a negative inotropic effect. Both NO-induced positive and negative inotropic effects were attenuated by methylene blue, suggesting a role for cGMP. The response to high concentrations of 8-bromo-cGMP was shifted to the right in muscles with damaged EE, whereas cholinergic stimulation shifted the curve leftward. Zaprinast caused a monophasic concentration-dependent positive inotropic effect; damaging the EE shifted the terminal portion of the curve upward. Concomitant cholinergic or adrenergic stimulation modified the response to zaprinast into a negative inotropic response. Conclusions NO and cGMP induced a concentration-dependent biphasic contractile response. The myocardial contractile effects of NO and cGMP were modulated by the status of EE and by concomitant cholinergic or adrenergic stimulation.
Reactions to Urographic Contrast Media
Authors: David M. Witten
Journal: JAMA (1975)

THE INTRAVASCULAR injection of iodinated contrast media for excretory urography, angiography, and other diagnostic purposes results in undesired side effects or "reactions" in a small but substantial proportion of patients. When severe, such reactions constitute a well-recognized hazard to the patient, and as a result, their prediction, recognition, and management are of prime importance to every physician who uses these studies for diagnostic purposes. <h3>Etiology and Pathogenesis</h3> In spite of the fact that a large body of clinical and experimental data has accumulated during the nearly 50 years since intravenous contrast media were first introduced into clinical medicine, the cause of reactions remains obscure. Since many of the signs and symptoms of reactions are identical to those produced by known allergens (such as hives, mucocutaneous edema, and bronchospasm), it has been the traditional belief that most, if not all, are the result of classical antigen-antibody interactions. This concept has been
ENHANCED BODY CONSCIOUSNESS TRAINING SYSTEM: A TOOL SERVING THE PROMOTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Authors: Menia Kazaki, Nikos Malliaropoulos, Kostas Epaminontidis
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

It is since the mid 80's that exercise and various forms of physical activity have been receiving both gradual interest and growth in the modern world as accumulating data have been demonstrating their relation to the prevention of and rehabilitation from several health conditions. In addition, the concern of establishing health related quality of life in our inactive, disease threatened societies has received great dimensions. Accordingly, the need to disseminate information, increase participation and adherence while avoiding injury as much as possible has become imperative and accurately expressed in the words of R.E. Sallis who stated that we must begin to merge the fitness industry with the health care industry if we are going to improve world health. E.B.C. is a training system that emerged out of the aforementioned facts and aims at fighting inactivity, promoting safety during exercise and everyday living, relieving stress and pain and thus promoting health in a general, pleiotropic way. E.B.C. is a carefully selected, creative, multidimensional application of the various, known elements that should underpin every exercise/physical activity regimen but are usually not. According to E.B.C. acquiring partial and total body consciousness enhances performance, technique, adaptations, injury prevention, stress management and finally retainability. E.B.C. is designed to precede all various modes of traditional and contemporary exercise but also to safely induce activity after rehabilitation. Through elaborated guidance and instruction the joints of the body are mobilized, realized and manipulated with special attention to movement patterns that exhibit low levels of consciousness and/or adequate problems. Physical execution is always accompanied by information on body construction and function as well as injury prevention. Mental support, continuous assiduity and emotional well-being are also provided. The fields of sports'n'exercise medicine, physiotherapy and health'n'fitness are reflected in the system and are continually supporting, adjusting, progressing and updating it in order to increase its effectiveness upon public health.
Radioisotopic Assessment of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Richard W. Myers, Robert E. Goldstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

Assessment of acute myocardial necrosis in the patient with a suggestive clinical history is an important and sometimes challenging clinical problem. Immediate and long-term management often depends critically on whether or not the patient is thought to have sustained irreversible loss of myocardium. Furthermore, several promising therapeutic approaches have recently been introduced that may attenuate or eliminate permanent myocardial damage resulting from an ischemic episode.1 Evaluation of any of these therapeutic measures ultimately requires quantitative assessment of myocardial necrosis in relation to the antecedent ischemic insult. At present, myocardial necrosis is quantitated by electrocardiographic and enzymatic evidence of myocardial damage. . . .
Semiautomatic macroencapsulation of large numbers of porcine hepatocytes by coextrusion with a solution of AN69 polymer
Authors: J. Honiger, R. Sarkis, M. Baudrimont, R. Delelo, N. Chafai, S. Benoist, K. Sarkis, P. Balladur, J. Capeau, B. Nordlinger
Journal: Biomaterials (2000)
How to transform care?
Authors: T. Jackson
Journal: BMJ (2015)

With just a few weeks to go to the UK general election, the two main political parties have been slugging it out over who will pay more for the NHS. In his weekly Election Watch column (doi:10.1136/bmj.h2009) The BMJ ’s news reporter, Gareth Iacobucci, unpicks the financial pledges made by Labour and the Conservatives. And in a one-off Observations column the chief executive of the NHS Confederation, Rob Webster, seeks to cut through the political row and conflicting messages to spell out the things that are needed from the government financially to support the NHS in the next parliament (doi:10.1136/bmj.h1978). “It’s time to bring clarity on what is needed in the NHS,” writes Webster. “The money is one challenge, transforming care is an even greater …
A sensitive and cost-effective intravascular ultrasound model to study anti-restenosis strategies in vivo
Authors: Gary S. Mintz, Roxana Mehran, Mun K. Hong, Jeffrey J. Popma, Augusto D. Pichard, Lowell F. Satier, Kenneth M. Kent, N.V. Dat, Martin B. Leon
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Spontaneous Closure of an Atrial Septal Defect
Authors: Gerald C. Timmis
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Serial hemodynamic and angiocardiographic studies demonstrated the spontaneous closure of an atrial septal defect in a 3-year-9-month-old white boy, the presence of which was confirmed in the second year of life. A possible myocarditis in the first year of life was considered to be potentially instrumental in the closure of this defect. Although similar observations have been made by others, to our knowledge this is the first such case, particularly at this age, reported in the literature.
A Potential Synergistic Anticancer Effect of Paclitaxel and Amifostine on Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Donghai Dai, Anna M. Holmes, Tan Nguyen, Suzy Davies, Daniel P. Theele, Claire Verschraegen, Kimberly K. Leslie
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Although paclitaxel is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents, its usefulness is still limited in advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer. Amifostine protection of normal tissues against the side effects of chemotherapeutic agents has been clinically proven in cancer patients; however, its application in endometrial cancer has not been fully evaluated. We have investigated the use of paclitaxel and amifostine in controlling the growth of poorly differentiated endometrial cancer cells, Hec50co, in vitro and in vivo. Our studies show that amifostine had direct anticancer effects on endometrial cancer cells in vitro by arresting the cell cycle at the G1 phase and inducing apoptosis. Amifostine also inhibited s.c. tumor growth in athymic mice. Paclitaxel IC50 value was reduced from 14 to 2 nmol/L with pretreatment of a single dose of 178 micromol/L of amifostine for 72 hours. Amifostine also synergized with paclitaxel in the arrest of the cell cycle at the G2-M phase and in the induction of apoptosis. This two-drug regimen inhibited s.c. tumor growth as well as improved mouse survival significantly more than paclitaxel alone. Amifostine also significantly improved paclitaxel-induced cytotoxic effects on peripheral blood profiles. Our studies show that amifostine has direct anticancer effects on endometrial cancer. Our data have also shown a potential anticancer synergy between amifostine and paclitaxel in vitro and in vivo, whereas amifostine maintained a protective role in peripheral blood profiles. The dual specificity of amifostine action should be further investigated.
Intramural Metastasis of Esophageal Carcinoma to the Reconstructed Gastric Tube Detected by FDG PET/CT
Authors: Kaori Nishida, Chio Okuyama, Takao Kubota, Shigenori Matsushima, Minori Oda, Kentaro Akazawa, Tsunehiko Nishimura
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

A 66-year-old man with esophageal cancer underwent subtotal esophagectomy with reconstruction by retrosternal gastric tube substitution. The postoperative tumor staging was T3N0M0. Follow-up FDG PET/CT was performed about 6 months postoperatively and focal abnormal FDG uptake was seen in the intraluminal reconstructed gastric tube. Gastrointestinal endoscopy identified a small submucosal lesion in the reconstructed gastric tube and biopsy demonstrated squamous cell carcinoma, compatible with metastasis from esophageal carcinoma.