tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Aspirin Use and Risk of Colorectal Cancer According to BRAF Mutation Status
Authors: Reiko Nishihara, Paul Lochhead, Aya Kuchiba, Seungyoun Jung, Mai Yamauchi, Xiaoyun Liao, Yu Imamura, Zhi Rong Qian, Teppei Morikawa, Molin Wang, Donna Spiegelman, Eunyoung Cho, Edward Giovannucci, Charles S. Fuchs, Andrew T. Chan, Shuji Ogino
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Aspirin use reduces the risk of colorectal carcinoma. Experimental evidence implicates a role of RAF kinases in up-regulation of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2, cyclooxygenase 2), suggesting that BRAF-mutant colonic cells might be less sensitive to the antitumor effects of aspirin than BRAF-wild-type neoplastic cells.To examine whether the association of aspirin intake with colorectal cancer risk differs according to status of tumor BRAF oncogene mutation.We collected biennial questionnaire data on aspirin use and followed up participants in the Nurses' Health Study (from 1980) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (from 1986) until July 1, 2006, for cancer incidence and until January 1, 2012, for cancer mortality. Duplication-method Cox proportional cause-specific hazards regression for competing risks data was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) for colorectal carcinoma incidence according to BRAF mutation status.Incidence of colorectal cancer cases according to tumor BRAF mutation status.Among 127,865 individuals, with 3,165,985 person-years of follow-up, we identified 1226 incident rectal and colon cancers with available molecular data. Compared with nonuse, regular aspirin use was associated with lower BRAF-wild-type cancer risk (multivariable HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.83; age-adjusted incidence rate difference [RD], -9.7; 95% CI, -12.6 to -6.7 per 100,000 person-years). This association was observed irrespective of status of tumor PTGS2 expression or PIK3CA or KRAS mutation. In contrast, regular aspirin use was not associated with a lower risk of BRAF-mutated cancer (multivariable HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.38; age-adjusted, incidence RD, 0.7; 95% CI, -0.3 to 1.7 per 100,000 person-years: P for heterogeneity = .037, between BRAF-wild-type vs BRAF-mutated cancer risks). Compared with no aspirin use, aspirin use of more than 14 tablets per week was associated with a lower risk of BRAF-wild-type cancer (multivariable HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.75; age-adjusted incidence RD, -19.8; 95% CI, -26.3 to -13.3 per 100,000 person-years). The relationship between the number of aspirin tablets per week and colorectal cancer risk differed significantly by BRAF mutation status (P for heterogeneity = .005).Regular aspirin use was associated with lower risk of BRAF-wild-type colorectal cancer but not with BRAF-mutated cancer risk. These findings suggest that BRAF-mutant colon tumor cells may be less sensitive to the effect of aspirin. Given the modest absolute risk difference, further investigations are necessary to determine clinical implications of our findings.
Australia aims to eliminate female genital mutilation
Authors: M. Sweet
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The Australian government has announced a suite of measures aimed at eliminating female genital mutilation, a practice that it has described as “barbaric” and “horrific.”

A joint statement by the prime minister, Julia Gillard, and the health minister, Tanya Plibersek, said that a national summit involving health, legal, and policing experts would be held early next year to raise awareness of the issue.1

The government also announced funding of $A0.5m (£0.3m; €0.4m; $US0.5m) for community awareness and education activities and said that new research and data collection on female genital mutilation would be a priority.

In addition, the attorney general will review current laws to assess whether …
P24 Combating Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics Through Rapid, Accurate and Comprehensive Detection of Respiratory Pathogens Using a Respiratory Multiplex Array: Abstract P24 Table 1
Authors: C Pollock, J McKenna, J O’Neill, R Thapliyal, J Lamont, S McKeown, M Crockard, P Coyle, SP Fitzgerald
Journal: Thorax (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide and one of the greatest causes of mortality in children under 5. Most people develop an acute RTI every year and these are the most common problems dealt with in primary care. RTI symptoms are similar but can be caused by a heterogeneous range of viral and bacterial pathogens. Antibiotics were prescribed in 68% of acute respiratory tract visits and of those, 80% were unnecessary (CDC guidelines, 2001), with acute infection likely to be self-limiting. Repeated and improper use of antibiotics is the primary cause of increasing resistance, decreasing efficacy of these essential drugs. The best way to control resistance is to decrease antibiotic misuse by implementing rapid and accurate diagnosis, facilitating appropriate treatment. A multiplex approach for detection of respiratory pathogens allows comprehensive screening, which is more effective in terms of time and resources compared to traditional methods thus allowing severely infected patients to be treated quickly and appropriately. This study reports the assessment of clinical samples using a respiratory multiplex array in a biochip platform for simultaneous detection of 22 clinically relevant bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens within a single patient sample (Table 1) and comparison against routine diagnostic approaches. <h3>Methods</h3> Residual clinical respiratory samples (n=502) were analysed using a Respiratory Multiplex Array applied to the Evidence Investigator analyser. This technology couples highly stringent multiplex PCR to biochip array technology. Results obtained were compared against routine diagnostic methods and % agreement determined. <h3>Results</h3> A high level of agreement was found between TaqMan based real-time assay and the Respiratory Multiplex Array. In a considerable number of samples, additional pathogens, previously unreported were detected with the Respiratory Multiplex Array. Sample re-testing confirmed that all were positive for the additional pathogens. <h3>Conclusions</h3> These results highlight the relevance of multiplexing for detection of co-infections, enhancing patient care. The British Lung Foundation estimate respiratory illness costs NHS £6.6billion, so there is also potential for significant cost reductions should a system be implemented that allows for rapid and accurate detection of all causative agents of infection to ensure correct treatment.
Effect on Exophthalmos of Various Methods of Treatment of Graves' Disease
Authors: Grant Gwinup
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Patients with both exophthalmos and hyperthyroidism were treated with different modes of therapy for their hyperthyroidism. Propylthiouracil followed by surgery, propylthiouracil followed by radioactive iodine, propylthiouracil alone, and radioactive iodine alone were used. Some of the patients became hypothyroid and were made euthyroid with levothyroxine sodium. Based on the mode of therapy and whether or not hypothyroidism occurred, each patient was assigned to one of seven groups and followed up for 18 months or longer. Careful exophthalmometry was performed at six-week intervals in all patients. Though progression of exophthalmos was noted in all groups, the group that received propylthiouracil demonstrated the greatest progression of exophthalmos. In the group receiving sodium iodide l 131 therapy and in the group treated surgically, the rate of progression of exophthalmos was lessened with the development of hypothyroidism. Since these hypothyroid patients were made euthyroid with supplemental levothyroxine, it appeared that loss of thyroid tissue, rather than the hypothyroidism per se, was responsible for the decrease in progression of the exophthalmos. The continued progression of exophthalmos in the propylthiouracil-treated group may be related to effects of propylthiouracil on the immune system.
Zelen's design
Authors: P. Sedgwick, D. K. Sokol
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A randomised controlled trial incorporating Zelen’s design was used to investigate whether an intervention involving postcards reduced repetitions of deliberate self poisoning. Participants were patients aged over 16 years who presented to a toxicology service with deliberate self poisoning. The intervention consisted of eight postcards sent to the participants over 12 months, combined with standard care. Each postcard was exactly the same and invited patients to contact the toxicology service if there was anything they wished to discuss regarding their self poisoning. The control group received standard care alone. The main outcome measures were the proportion of patients having one or more repeat episodes of deliberate self poisoning and the number of repeat episodes of deliberate self poisoning per person in 12 months. In total, 772 patients were recruited, of whom 378 were randomised to intervention and 394 to control.1

The researchers reported that the postcard intervention did not significantly reduce the proportion of individual repeaters, although it significantly reduced the number of repetitions of deliberate self poisoning per participant over the 12 month study period.

Which of the following statements, if any, are true?

Answer c is true, whereas a and b are false.

The aim of the …
1176 INDUCTION OF UNFAVORABLE ISGS IN THE LIVER OF HCV PATIENTS IS DUE TO HYPER-RESPONSIVENESS TO IFNS AND DOES NOT CORRELATE WITH LOCAL IL-28 EXPRESSION
Authors: M. Trippler, R. Broering, L. Poggenpohl, G. Gerken, J. Schlaak
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Expression of proliferative biomarkers in anal intraepithelial neoplasia of HIV-positive men
Authors: Alexander Kreuter, Maciej Jesse, Anja Potthoff, Norbert H. Brockmeyer, Thilo Gambichler, Markus Stücker, Falk G. Bechara, Herbert Pfister, Ulrike Wieland
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2009)
Calcium Antagonists Coming of Age: Heterogeneous Class Reveals Broad Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Beverly Merz
Journal: JAMA (1987)

CALCIUM ANTAGONISTS are expanding in number, complexity and therapeutic scope. This class of compounds, the first of which were developed as coronary vasodilators, is now being investigated as therapy for disorders ranging from hyperlipidemia to intermittent claudication. And, in the 24 years since the discovery of the first  antagonist, the class has grown to include more than 20 therapeutic compounds.  At a recent international symposium sponsored by the New York Academy of Sciences and the Fondazione Giovanni Lorenzini, 250 basic and clinical investigators spent four days in New York City discussing the pharmacology, physiology, and clinical potential of  antagonists. What emerged was a picture of a heterogeneous group of agents whose specific indications are just beginning to be defined.  Albert Fleckenstein, PhD, recounted early research with  antagonists. Fleckenstein, now professor of physiology, University of Freiberg, West Germany, recalled that he coined the term calcium antagonist in 1964
The Veins: Normal and Abnormal Function
Authors: Edward A. Edwards
Journal: JAMA (1966)

This is a short but valuable monograph on vascular physiology. Dr. Wood addresses himself to the function of the veins of the extremities as capacity vessels, and their ability, through constriction or dilatation, to maintain a useful distribution of blood in the body. The reviewer can recall only one other book in which this function is emphasized, that of Franklin (<i>A Monograph on Veins</i>, Thomas, 1937) who marshalls the considerable evidence especially on visceral veins as depots for blood storage, and mechanisms for the discharge of this blood into the actively circulating blood mass. Venous tone is the basic consideration, and Dr. Wood's observations are presented mainly as venous pressure-volume curves, derived from limb plethysmography distal to graded congesting pressures. Considerable space is devoted to methodology. Much of the book documents physiologic and pharmacologic observations. The veins are constricted by cold or exercise, and in the lower limbs by the
Echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and the anglotensin-converting enzyme-gene in elderly hypertensives
Authors: Wilfred F. Heesen, Frank W. Beltman, Yigal M. Pinto, Pieter A. de Graeff, Wiek H. van Gilst, Andries J. Smit, Johan F. May, Betty Meyboom-de Jong, Kong I. Lie
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Thromboangiitis Obliterans in Women
Authors: Edward A. Edwards
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1950)

IN SO rare a disorder as thromboangiitis obliterans in women, an association with another disease appears noteworthy. This paper presents 6 personally observed cases of the vascular disease in women, 2 of whom showed concomitant rheumatoid arthritis, whereas 1 gave a history of rheumatic fever. This number is admittedly small, but no large groups of cases of thromboangiitis obliterans are available for study. About 35 cases are recorded in the literature,1 2 3 and in some of them the diagnosis appears uncertain. The existence of true Buerger's disease in women is nevertheless sufficiently established, since in several cases, the pathology, as well . . .
Compensation trends of the angulation of first molars: retrospective study of 1 403 malocclusion cases
Authors: Hong Su, Bing Han, Sa Li, Bin Na, Wen Ma, Tian-Min Xu
Journal: International Journal of Oral Science (2014)

We investigated the compensatory trends of mesiodistal angulation of first molars in malocclusion cases. We compared differences in the angulation of first molars in different developmental stages, malocclusion classifications and skeletal patterns. The medical records and lateral cephalogrammes of 1 403 malocclusion cases taken before treatment were measured to evaluate compensation of molar angulation in relation to the skeletal jaw. The cases were stratified by age, Angle classification and skeletal patterns. Differences in the mesiodistal angulation of the first molars were compared among the stratifications. We observed three main phenomena. First, angulation of the upper first molar varied significantly with age and tipped most distally in cases aged <12 years and least distally in cases aged >16 years. The lower first molar did not show such differences. Second, in Angle Class II or skeletal Class II cases, the upper first molar was the most distally tipped, the lower first molar was the most mesially tipped, and opposite angulation compensation was observed in Class III cases. Third, in high-angle cases, the upper and lower first molars were the most distally tipped, and opposite angulation compensation was observed in low-angle cases. These data suggest that the angulation of the molars compensated for various growth patterns and malocclusion types. Hence, awareness of molar angulation compensation would help to adjust occlusal relationships, control anchorage and increase the chances of long-term stability. Examining the angulation of molars could inform orthodontists about the best way to treat malocclusions, according to a large Chinese study. Malocclusion, or misalignment of teeth, has often been classified based on the position of incisors but molars are arguably more important for maintaining strong tooth anchorage. Tian-Min Xu at Peking University in Beijing and co-workers examined medical records and X-rays from 1, 403 malocclusion patients to extract data on molar angles. The data showed that the upper first molar tended to angle towards the back of the mouth in adolescents but angled forwards in adults. The team also found significant relationships between molar angulation and the relative positions of the maxilla and mandible. This unprecedented dataset should help dental practitioners to understand the long-term effects of orthodontic appliances on tooth anchorage and alignment.
Case 15-1980
Authors: Richard C. Cabot, Robert E. Scully, James J. Galdabini, Betty U. McNeely, W. Davies Sohier, Helen R. Fraser
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

Presentation of Case First admission. A 78-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of pain in the chest.There was a long history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and mild congestive heart failure that was treated with digoxin. For several years he had had diabetes, which was controlled by diet alone. Five years before entry hypogammaglobulinemia was detected. Two and a half years before admission he came to the hospital because of the abrupt onset of left facial and arm weakness; a persistent expressive aphasia was present. A quantitative determination of serum immunoglobulins showed that IgG was 160 mg, . . .
Comparison of regional myocardial blood flow measurements with 133Xe and radioactive microspheres in dogs with coronary artery constrictions
Authors: R. R. SCIACCA, M. B. WEISS, D. K. BLOOD, D. L. BRENNAN, P. J. CANNON
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1979)

Journal Article Comparison of regional myocardial blood flow measurements with 133Xe and radioactive microspheres in dogs with coronary artery constrictions Get access ROBERT R. SCIACCA, ROBERT R. SCIACCA From the Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar MELVIN B. WEISS, MELVIN B. WEISS From the Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar DAVID K. BLOOD, DAVID K. BLOOD From the Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar DEBORAH L. BRENNAN, DEBORAH L. BRENNAN From the Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar PAUL J. CANNON PAUL J. CANNON 1 From the Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York 1Address for reprints: Paul J. Cannon, M.D., Department or Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 13, Issue 6, June 1979, Pages 330–337, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/13.6.330 Published: 01 June 1979
Pathological Fracture of the Femoral Neck
Authors: Otto E. Aufranc
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Dr. Joseph S. Barr, Jr.: A 53-year-old white woman was admitted to the Massachusetts General Hospital complaining of severe pain in the right hip. The patient had twisted the right leg in moving to answer the telephone a few hours before admission.  Medical history included a right radical mastectomy four years before admission for grade 2 adenocarcinoma of the breast. More than 80 regional nodes were involved with tumor. She was treated with 4,000 roentgens of high-voltage radiation to the right axilla.  One year before admission the patient had undergone a left radical mastectomy for a scirrhous-type adenocarcinoma. There was evidence of malignancy in 13 regional nodes. Alkaline phosphatase value was 5.3 Bodansky units.  Six months later ureteral colic developed, and retroperitoneal metastases in the right flank were found at the time of open biopsy. The alkaline phosphatase value was 8.4 Bodansky units. The patient was treated with 2,400 R
Anaemia in Infective Hepatitis
Authors: J. N. Hill, W. Hausmann
Journal: BMJ (1943)

MBRITIHN 262~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MIA JOUSTRNAProgress and Treatnient.-Afebrilethroughout.Condition remained unchanged until treatment started.Feb. 16: Treat- ment with glucose by mouth, 5 oz.daily; insulin, 10 units twice daily; tab.ascorbic acid (25 mg.), three tablets thrice daily.Feb. 18: Jaundice greatly decreased.Feb. 20: A faint icteric tinge only could be detected on the conjunctivae.Feb. 22: Jaundice gone; no symptoms.Case III Sudanese female aged 22, admitted Feb. 14, 1943, complaining of jaundice, dyspepsia and continuous nausea for 7 days, and constipation.There was no history of syphilis or of treatment by arsenicals.Condition on A dniission.-Afebrile;moderately severe jaundice; tongue coated; liver dullness normal; spleen not palpable.Bilirubin and bile salts present in urine, and a trace of albumin.Stools clay-coloured.No malarial parasites in blood.White cell count, 8,500 per c.mm.-polymorphs 55%, lymphocytes 40%, large mononuclears 3%, eosinophils 2%.Capillary resistance test normal.Progress and Treatment.-Temperaturerose to 99.2°on evening of Feb. 15 and to 99.8°on evening of the 16th; otherwise afebrile.Feb. 16: condition unchanged.Treatment started: glucose, 5 oz.by mouth daily; insulin, 10 units twice daily; tab.ascorbic acid (25 mg.), three tablets.thricedaily.Feb; 17: Trace of jaundice.Feb. 19: Jaundice nil; no symptoms.Case IV Sudanese male aged 9 years, admitted Feb. 15, 1943, having had jaundice for 7 days, with constipation.There was no history of treatment by arsenicals.Condition on Admission.-Afebrile;moderately severe jaun- dice; no signs of congenital syphilis; tongue coated; liver dullness normal; spleen not patpable.Bilirubin and bile salts present in urine; no albumin.Stools clay-coloured.No malarial parasites present in blood.White cell count, 5,700 per c.mm.-polymorphs 39%, lymphocytes 56%, large mono- nuclears 3%, eosinophils 2%.Capillary resistance test normal.Progress and Treatment.-Afebrilethroughout.Feb. 16: Condition unchanged.Treatment started: glucose by mouth, 2 oz.daily; insulin, 5 units twice daily; tab.ascorbic acid (25 mg.), one tablet thrice daily.Feb. 18: Faint icteric tinge only to be seen on the conjunctivae.Feb. 19: No jaundice; no symptoms.Case V Sudanese female aged 70, admitted Feb. 17, 1943, com- plaining of jaundice for 30 days accompanied by flatulence and nausea.There was no history of syphilis or of treatment by arsenicals.Condition on Admission.-Afebrile;emaciated; intense jaundice; liver dullness normal; gall-bladder and spleen not palpable; nothing abnormal discovered clinically elsewhere.Bilirubin and bile salts present in urine; no albumin.Stools clay-coloured.No malarial parasites in blood.White cell count, 4,800 per c.mm.-polymorphs 61%, lymphocytes 34%, large mononuclears 4%, eosinophils 1%.Capillary resistance test normal.
Long-Term Electrical Stimulation of the Heart for StokesAdams Disease
Authors: A L JOHNSON, G A KLASSEN, M MCGREGOR, A R DOBELL
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Ten patients, between the ages of 39 and 75 years, underwent subcutaneous implantation of an electrode pacemaker for relief of recurrent syncopal episodes of Stokes-Adams disease. Their prolonged course of severe disability on medical therapy is in marked contrast to their new life, free of syncopal attacks, on pacemaker therapy. Experience in the management of these patients has shown that the electrode catheter, introduced intravenously to stimulate the right ventricular endocardium, is the best temporary therapy in a patient with uncontrollable syncopal attacks, and it should be used in all patients undergoing the surgical procedure of implantation. Pacemaker therapy is applicable to patients in sinus rhythm as well as to those in complete heart block. Observations on the effect of heart rate on cardiac output have shown the need of a faster rate in the presence of congestive failure for the maintenance of an adequate cardiac output. The favourable course of patients after implantation of a pacemaker indicates that this is the treatment of choice in Stokes-Adams disease.