tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Comment on: Butler et al. A Critical Analysis of the Clinical Use of Incretin-Based Therapies: Are the GLP-1 Therapies Safe? Diabetes Care 2013;36:2118–2125
Authors: Lotte Bjerre Knudsen, Niels C. Berg Nyborg, Claus Bo Svendsen, Niels Vrang, Alan C. Moses
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

In the July issue, Butler et al. (1) published a “point” narrative of a two-part Point-Counterpoint addressing the safety of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. The review contains factual errors and some nontransparent or not fully elucidated statements relating to previously published studies.

Nyborg et al. (2) reported the nonclinical pancreas toxicology data of liraglutide in ∼1,200 animals. Butler et al. refer to these data as treatment being stopped 2 weeks before the evaluation of tissues in nonhuman primates. This is incorrect. All the data reported in Nyborg et al. are from animals killed while on liraglutide treatment. Age was recorded for all animals, and treatment continued for 2 …
Macrophage-specific metalloelastase (MMP-12) truncates and inactivates ELR+ CXC chemokines and generates CCL2, -7, -8, and -13 antagonists: potential role of the macrophage in terminating polymorphonuclear leukocyte influx
Authors: Richard A. Dean, Jennifer H. Cox, Caroline L. Bellac, Alain Doucet, Amanda E. Starr, Christopher M. Overall
Journal: Blood (2008)
Government will still publish hospital standardised mortality ratios despite criticism
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The Department of Health has said it will publish mortality ratios of patients in hospitals in England in the next few weeks despite research indicating that the measures do not help to distinguish between the quality of care provided at different hospitals.

The department has said that the publication of hospital standardised mortality ratios on the NHS Choices website will allow doctors and the public to more easily compare the performance of local services. The site already carries mortality rates for heart surgery and four other procedures, including hip and knee replacements, for every hospital in England.

But a study published online by the BMJ last month (2009;338:b7808, doi:10.1136/bmj.b780) criticised the …
A Colour Atlas of Stroke: Cerebrovascular Disease and Its Management
Authors: Mark A. Young
Journal: JAMA (1989)

Both the neurological neophyte as well as those well acquainted with cerebrovascular disease will welcome the arrival of<i>A Colour Atlas of Stroke: Cerebrovascular Disease and Its Management</i>by Asif Kamal. Published by Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd, Ipswich, England, this splendid volume is a valuable contribution to the neurological and rehabilitation literature. Unique in style, this atlas, which spans 220 visually pleasing pages, is comprised of a collection of 470 logically sequenced captioned color photographs and diagrammatic representations highlighting the prevention, diagnosis, and rehabilitation of stroke. The photographs are supplemented by clinically relevant textual discussions providing the reader with a clear and concise description of cerebrovascular accident and its management. One notable example is its discussion of complications following stroke, in which graphic photos portraying important clinical entities such as pressure sores, spasticity, contractures, and deep-vein thrombosis are supported by text detailing specific preventive strategies. Conveniently divided into 14 chapters,
California Center Pilots Cancer Program for the Underserved
Authors: A. Jacobs-Perkins
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Journal Article California Center Pilots Cancer Program for the Underserved Get access Andree Jacobs-Perkins Andree Jacobs-Perkins Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 16, 15 August 1990, Pages 1314–1315, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.16.1314 Published: 15 August 1990
CASE OF DIFFICULT LABOUR FROM HYDROCEPHALUS
Authors: J. G. Swayne
Journal: BMJ (1854)

ONOW-AL COVUNMCAIIOIiS.on -We tht tw gnmi of opium Ahad be d ouy thre hours; and she dir d to take nothing isle hermout, but asioally a mail portion of ice or of iced water.IMay Ifth.We met again.The vomitinghad entirely cesed; there had been no evacuation from the bowels; the abdomen was much enlarged, but not tender on pressure.She had slept a considerable time.Attempts were agasin made to pass a tube higher up; and Mr. Flower, who thought he had before paed a tube into an open space in the bowel, succeeded in passing a gum elastic catheter into an aperture high up, WIhere it was held tight, like a bougie in a stricture of the urethra.A quantity of warm water wa injected tkrouA the catheter, and retained for some time; it then run out teroug/ the cater colourless.This was repeated with the same result.The opium was ordered to be continued, and the ice and a few spoonfuls of arrow- root to be given.An evaporating lotion was applied to the abdomen.May 21st.I again saw this lady.No alteration had taken place; the opium had been continued; there had been no vomiting.Arrow-root and small quantities of beef-tea had beeni taken; injections had been used three or four times a day without any effect.The abdomen was much the same in size, and not very tender on pressure.The pulse was firm, and the countenance good.It was decided that she should go on with the opium only, and take small quantities of nourishment.Three or four days afterwards, it was suggested that it was possible that the enlarged uterus might compress the rectum in the pelvis; a sponge was therefore introduced into the vagina, and firm pressure was made, assisted by pressre on the fundus uteri through the rectum.The uterus appeared to be raised up by this; but nothing passed afterwards, excepting one day a pasty substance, of the size of a hazel nut, having a slight fecal smell, but this was somewhat doubtful.
THE MODERN TREATMENT OF GUNSHOT WOUNDS IN MILLITARY PRACTICE.
Authors: N. SENN
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Two important causes are destined to bring about a radical change in the treatment of gunshot wounds as practiced in the war of the rebellion and as will be taught and advised in the Spanish-American and future wars: 1, the modifications which the weapon and projectile have undergone since that time; 2, the introduction into general practice of aseptic and antiseptic surgery. The diminution in the caliber of the bullet, the metallic jacket, the substitution of smokeless for black powder, the greater velocity and power of penetration of the missile, are conditions and influences which must necessarily modify the character of wounds inflicted with the modern weapon. Volumes have been written on this subject by writers in all countries in which the old weapon has been abandoned and the new one introduced. Numerous experiments have been made on cadavers and animals for the purpose of studying
Rescue of SCID murine ischemic hindlimbs with pH-modified rhbFGF/Poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) implants
Authors: Yanqiang Zhong, Li Zhang, Amy G. Ding, Anna Shenderova, Gaozhong Zhu, Ping Pei, Ruth R. Chen, Susan R. Mallery, David J. Mooney, Steven P. Schwendeman
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2007)
Steatocystoma multiplex and leuconychia in a child with Alagille syndrome
Authors: None Cambiaghi, None Riva, None Ramaccioni, None Gridelli, None Gelmetti
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

Alagille syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant developmental disorder, characterized by congenital paucity of interlobular bile ducts, peculiar facies, posterior embryotoxon, bone abnormalities, and peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis. Cutaneous involvement in this disorder is quite rare and the association of Alagille syndrome with multiple comedones and cysts has been described only once. Here, we report the clinical and histological findings of a 7-year-old patient affected by Alagille syndrome who presented multiple cystic lesions and comedones reminiscent of steatocystoma multiplex and a congenital total true leuconychia. Although unexplained, the association of this syndrome with a developmental disorder of the pilosebaceous unit may not be fortuitous.
Juvenile pityriasis rubra pilaris associated with hypogammaglobulinaemia and furunculosis
Authors: J. CASTANET, J.PH. LACOUR, C. PERRIN, P. BRUN, J.P. ORTONNE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1994)

Journal Article Juvenile pityriasis rubra pilaris associated with hypogammaglobulinaemia and furunculosis Get access J. CASTANET, J. CASTANET Department of Dermatology, University of Nice, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J.PH. LACOUR, J.PH. LACOUR Department of Dermatology, University of Nice, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C. PERRIN, C. PERRIN Department of Pathology, University of Nice, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. BRUN, P. BRUN Department of Dermatology, University of Nice, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J.P. ORTONNE J.P. ORTONNE Department of Dermatology, University of Nice, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 131, Issue 5, 1 November 1994, Pages 717–719, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb04991.x Published: 01 November 1994 Article history Accepted: 20 January 1994 Published: 01 November 1994
Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in cirrhosis are normalized after liver transplantation
Authors: Manuela Merli, Frida Leonetti, Oliviero Riggio, Valentina Valeriano, Mária Cristina Ribaudo, Fabio Sprati, Giuseppe Tisone, Carlo Umberto Casciani, Livio Capocaccia
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Cirrhosis is often associated with insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. We evaluated if these alterations are restored by liver transplantation (LT). Glucose tolerance (oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT]), peripheral insulin sensitivity (euglycemic insulin clamp technique), glucose oxidation (indirect calorimetry), nonoxidative glucose disposal, and insulin secretion (hyperglycemic clamp technique) were measured in 6 patients (Group 1) before and 6 months after LT, in 12 patients (Group 2) who underwent LT 6 to 30 months previously, and in 6 healthy individuals (controls). In Group 1, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (3.24 +/- 0.37 mg/kg/min) were normalized after LT (8.6 +/- 0.77 mg/kg/min; P <.0001; P = not significant vs. controls). The improved insulin-mediated glucose uptake was the result of a normalization of nonoxidative glucose disposal. Fasting insulin and C-peptide decreased from 24.6 +/- 3.3 microU/mL and 4.37 +/- 0.46 ng/dL, respectively, to 12.7 +/- 1.9 microU/mL and 2.46 +/- 0.5 ng/dL (controls: 10.0 +/- 3 microU/mL and 1.45 +/- 0.34 ng/dL). The glucose-induced increase of insulin concentration, which was higher before LT, showed a significant reduction, although the first phase of beta-cell secretion remained significantly higher compared with that of controls. All these findings were also confirmed in Group 2. The present data indicate that LT normalizes glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in cirrhotic patients through an improvement of both hepatic glucose clearance and the peripheral glucose disposal. The latter effect may be the result of the correction of chronic hyperinsulinemia. An increased first-phase beta-cell insulin secretion in response to high glucose levels persists, suggesting that a memory of previous insulin resistance is maintained.
Protecting travellers from hepatitis A
Authors: G. Webster
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Infection with hepatitis A virus, an RNA virus of the picornoviridae family, remains an important public health problem in many regions of the world and is probably the commonest vaccine-preventable disease in travellers to developing countries. Although the incidence of acute hepatitis A virus infection is falling in developed countries, outbreaks continue to be reported1 and it remains the cause of half the cases of acute viral hepatitis notified in England and Wales. Recent changes in official advice on protective prophylaxis need to be incorporated into the advice clinicians give to travellers who may be at risk of infection.

Hepatitis A infection usually follows oral ingestion of virus, spread by faecal shedding from an infected individual. The high seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis A virus antibodies in developing countries (more than 70% of adults), is largely due to a high rate of asymptomatic infection in childhood. As improved sanitation has led to less childhood infection in developed countries (less than 2% of 5–14 year olds are now seropositive in the United Kingdom2), fewer adults are now naturally immune, so a higher proportion of travellers are at risk of infection while abroad. Although the total number of cases of hepatitis A reported …
Oxygen Prescribing Practices: Measurement of Po2-Reply
Authors: Morton S. Skorodin
Journal: JAMA (1986)

In Reply.—  Drs Crapo and Clausen correctly point out that the Clark electrode yields precise values when tonometered fresh whole blood is used. However, this method is generally not used in clinical practice because it is quite time-consuming. Products for blood gas controls that are currently employed do produce results with wide standard deviation intervals similar to those reported by Dr Crapo. As implied by Drs Crapo and Clausen, it is likely that fresh blood samples taken from patients give somewhat more precise answers than do the controls on the same instruments, but the extent to which this is so is not known.  I agree that, by itself, the lack of precision in methods used to test the Clark electrode is not enough reason to liberalize the criteria for prescribing home oxygen. However, given the favorable risk-benefit ratio of long-term oxygen supplementation, it will ultimately improve the clinical management of
Hajj: infectious disease surveillance and control
Authors: Ziad A Memish, Alimuddin Zumla, Rafat F Alhakeem, Abdullah Assiri, Abdulhafeez Turkestani, Khalid D Al Harby, Mohamed Alyemni, Khalid Dhafar, Philippe Gautret, Maurizio Barbeschi, Brian McCloskey, David Heymann, Abdullah A Al Rabeeah, Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
Journal: The Lancet (2014)

Religious festivals attract a large number of pilgrims from worldwide and are a potential risk for the transmission of infectious diseases between pilgrims, and to the indigenous population. The gathering of a large number of pilgrims could compromise the health system of the host country. The threat to global health security posed by infectious diseases with epidemic potential shows the importance of advanced planning of public health surveillance and response at these religious events. Saudi Arabia has extensive experience of providing health care at mass gatherings acquired through decades of managing millions of pilgrims at the Hajj. In this report, we describe the extensive public health planning, surveillance systems used to monitor public health risks, and health services provided and accessed during Hajj 2012 and Hajj 2013 that together attracted more than 5 million pilgrims from 184 countries. We also describe the recent establishment of the Global Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, a Saudi Government partnership with the WHO Collaborating Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Gulf Co-operation Council states, UK universities, and public health institutions globally.
Lethal injections: no healthcare professionals should be involved
Authors: M. Weaver
Journal: BMJ (2010)

On 15 February the American Board of Anesthesiology, which certifies anaesthetists in the United States, stated that “anesthesiologists may not participate in capital punishment if they wish to be certified” ( BMJ 2010;340:c2432, doi:10.1136/bmj.c2432). To me, a US anaesthetist practising in the United Kingdom but partly US trained, this statement would seem surreal if it were not so necessary. The death penalty is constitutional, and so is the use of a lethal injection to achieve it. 

For years the American Society of Anesthesiologists has followed the American Medical Association’s advice in its clear opposition to physicians’ involvement in capital punishment. The association’s guidelines almost completely limit this involvement to certifying death. This guidance has not prevented some medical and nursing practitioners from taking part in the administration of lethal injections. The precise numbers involved are unknown, as participants are allowed to maintain anonymity. The most recent commentary from the …
Informed Consent for Tests for Prostate Cancer-Reply
Authors: Mark S. Litwin
Journal: JAMA (1995)

In Reply.  —While Dr Marshall correctly points out the morbidity often associated with treatment for localized prostate cancer, he neglects a fundamental finding of our study: general healthrelated quality of life was not discernibly affected in these men, despite the pelvic dysfunctions they may have experienced.  Informed decision making and shared responsibility are clearly the best ways for clinicians to guide patients through uncertain clinical choices. But Marshall's suggested informed consent for DRE and PSA testing would heavy-handedly push patients away from prostate evaluation. His detailed description of the risks, with mere lip service paid to the benefits, would be unfair to patients. As anyone who has lost a relative or friend to prostate cancer can attest, this disease can cause great disability, pain, and distress. 1   Our best defense against prostate cancer is probably early diagnosis. Despite a controversial literature, PSA has been proven highly accurate (91% specific and
The Orphan Nuclear Receptor Constitutive Active/Androstane Receptor Is Essential for Liver Tumor Promotion by Phenobarbital in Mice
Authors: Yukio Yamamoto, Rick Moore, Thomas L. Goldsworthy, Masahiko Negishi, Robert R. Maronpot
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known to progress through a step often called tumor promotion. Phenobarbital (PB) is the prototype of nongenotoxic cacinogens that promote HCC in rodents. The molecular target of PB to elicit the promotion has been the subject of intense investigations over the last 30 years since it was discovered. The nuclear receptor constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR) is activated by PB as well as by various other xenobiotics such as therapeutic drugs and environmental pollutants. CAR activation results in the transcriptional induction of numerous hepatic genes including those that encode xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes such as a set of cytochrome P450s. In addition to PB, many CAR activators are nongenotoxic carcinogens, but the role of CAR in liver tumor promotion remains unexplored. Using Car−/− mice, we have here examined tumor promotion by chronic treatment with PB in drinking water after tumor initiation with a single dose of the genotoxic carcinogen diethylnitrosamine. None of the Car−/− mice developed either eosinophilic foci or advanced liver tumors, whereas all Car+/+ mice developed HCC and/or adenoma by 39 weeks. The results indicate that CAR is the molecular target of promotion by PB and that activation of this receptor is an essential requirement for liver tumor development.
Epidemiology for and with a distrustful community.
Authors: R R Neutra
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1985)

The epidemiology of diseases associated with chemical waste disposal sites has often been delayed for years after the affected community became aware of the exposure. Frequently, this has resulted in an aroused neighborhood community that is distrustful of those public agencies and officials responsible for protecting their health. It is thus important that positive steps be taken to alleviate the antagonism and to involve the community in an active and constructive role in the epidemiology study. This paper presents a case history of such an incident and highlights some of the lessons learned. The first steps were to involve and inform the community. A citizen and industry advisory committee was formed to participate in the work, publish a newsletter, and conduct regular community meetings. The newsletter and the community meetings were used to identify problems and to explain them; to describe uncertainties of a scientific as well as of political or financial nature; to involve community leaders, including those distrustful; to conduct an epidemiologic census and a neighborhood environmental exposure survey. The end results were a defusing of the antagonism toward authorities, complete acceptance by the community of the merit of the report, a higher quality of report than might otherwise have been possible, and the freedom to move toward alleviating the problems of the disposal site.
Avoiding discrimination against disabled people
Authors: R. A F Cox
Journal: BMJ (1996)

The new Disability Discrimination Act is, according to two of its authors, Lord Henley and Mr Alistair Burt, “intended to ensure full and fair access to employment opportunities for disabled people.” There is no doubt that this laudable intent will be greatly welcomed, not only by disabled people but also by all enlightened employers. The ministers went on to say that they wanted the accompanying guidance and code of practice “to help the Courts and Tribunals, employers and service providers interpret the definition.” These guidance notes have since been published, and they signal a contentious time ahead for health professionals.1

The definition of disability within the act is “a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on [a person's] ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.” That is a loose and broad definition that covers physical, sensory, and mental disabilities. No doubt it was intended to be broad but it will lead inevitably to a wide range of interpretation. Those most likely to be called on to define cases of disability, where it is not clearly apparent, will be medical practitioners and usually occupational …
Heroin Deaths—Mystery or Overdose?
Authors: Douglas H. Huber
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Controversy has centered on whether a majority of sudden heroin deaths are true overdoses or whether other mechanisms related to quinine, bacteria, colloids, or anaphylaxis are responsible. A recentJournalarticle reported a sharp increase in deaths in Atlanta attributed to heroin.<sup>1</sup>This increase coincided with an unusually high potency of the heroin available "on the street" at that time. The general trend among the victims, including the more fortunate who survived, was for a lack of any notable acquired tolerance for heroin. The clinical findings supported heroin overdoses as the cause. In this issue ofThe Journal(p 677), Alexander notes that the correlation between Atlanta heroin deaths and heroin potency has continued (correlation coefficient=.665). Perceptively, he observes that increased potency probably reflects increased availability of heroin. The number of users and the frequency of use may increase; therefore, deaths due to causes unrelated to heroin potency might