tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Lights, Camera, Inaction? Neuroimaging and Disorders of Consciousness
Authors: Joseph J. Fins, Judy Illes
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2008)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgment This response was written by the co-principal authors of “Neuroimaging and Disorders of Consciousness: Envisioning an Ethical Research Agenda” and does not necessarily represent the views of our co-authors or co-signing conference participants. The authors acknowledge the support of the Greenwall Foundation for its sponsorship of the conference. Dr. Fins is a recipient of a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Investigator Award in Health Policy Research and also gratefully acknowledges support from The Charles A. Dana and Buster Foundations. Dr. Illes acknowledges the additional support of NIH/NINDS RO1 NS#045831 and CIHR/INMHA #CNE-85117.
The Physician's Stake in Animal Research
Authors: James B. Wyngaarden
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Practicing physicians of this nation have for years been partners with the biomedical research community, applying the results of research to prevent disease and to treat their patients. Data on the health status of Americans indicate that this partnership has been a fruitful one, leading to consistently improving health throughout the country. An important, but often forgotten, element associated with medicine's success story is the laboratory animal. Virtually every major achievement in medical research during the past century has depended, in one way or another, on the use of animals. We have had many successes, including the polio vaccine, bypass surgery, organ transplants, mood-controlling drugs, and a host of other important accomplishments. Nevertheless, the biomedical research community is being threatened by a small, but determined, segment of society that is opposed to the use of laboratory animals. Physicians and scientists at leading institutions are coming under increasing pressure from "animal
Pentazocine vs Morphine
Authors: J. Weldon Bellville, Byron William Brown
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Cass and associates, after carrying out a controlled study of the analgesic effects of pentazocine and morphine in man (<i>JAMA</i><b>188:</b>112 [April 13] 1964), concluded that "Pentazocine in 40 mg dosage approaches though is not equal to the analgesic effectiveness of morphine sulfate 20 mg." From the data presented in Table 1 of their communication it is possible to calculate total pain relief (<i>Clin Pharmacol Ther</i><b>1:</b>163, 1960), ie, the areas between the time effect curves and baseline shown in their Fig 2. The totals of one-, two-, three-, and four-hour observations are as follows: morphine 20 mg = 7.99, pentazocine 20 mg = 4.11, pentazocine 40 mg = 5.80. When these data are plotted on semi-log paper and extrapolated to an equal effect level it is apparent that the best graphic estimate of an equivalent dose of 20 mg of morphine would be approximately 90 mg of
Demonstration of a Perihepatic Abscess Communicating With a Fistula From the Small Bowel on Hepatobiliary Imaging
Authors: Perry S. Gerard, Vincent Graziano, Howard Finestone, Matthew D. Geller, Joel H. Horovitz
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

Abscess formation after abdominal surgery is not an uncommon complication. It is much less common for a collection to be the result of a fistulous tract from the bowel. We describe a patient who underwent a Tc-99m hepatobiliary (Choletec) scan for the workup of a perihepatic abscess, which confirmed the presence of a fistulous tract from the small bowel to a perihepatic collection.
Recombinant leukocyte interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis B
Authors: M D Geoffrey Dusheiko, Adrian Dibisceglie, Sheila Bowyer, Evelyn Sachs, Marian Ritchie, Barry Schoub, Michael Kew
Journal: Hepatology (1985)

We have investigated the efficacy of a relatively prolonged course of recombinant leukocyte interferon treatment in 14 chronic HBsAg-, HBeAg-, hepatitis B virus DNA- and DNA polymerase-positive carriers. α-Interferon was administered for 9 weeks. Six of 14 treated carriers have a sustained loss of HBeAg, hepatitis B virus DNA and DNA polymerase. Four subsequently lost HBsAg (28.5%). Elevated pretreatment SGPT concentrations, histologic chronic active hepatitis, an exacerbation of chronic hepatitis with an increase in SGPT concentrations in the last weeks of treatment and possibly recent onset of the carrier state was associated with complete inhibition of viral replication. None of 11 matched, untreated HBsAg-, HBeAg-, hepatitis B virus DNA- and DNA polymerase-positive carriers monitored during the same period lost HBsAg. The effect of recombinant leukocyte interferon may require an appropriate host-immune response. The efficacy of recombinant leukocyte interferon therapy is restricted, but it may be of benefit in a proportion of carriers, if these carriers can be precisely identified.
Adenosine causes the release of active renin and angiotensin II in the coronary circulation of patients with essential hypertension
Authors: Agostino Virdis, Lorenzo Ghiadoni, Mario Marzilli, Enrico Orsini, Stefania Favilla, Piero Duranti, Stefano Taddei, Paolo Marraccini, Antonio Salvetti
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1999)
The impact of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor etanercept on the treatment of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Gregory A. Yanik, Vincent T. Ho, John E. Levine, Eric S. White, Thomas Braun, Joseph H. Antin, Joel Whitfield, Joseph Custer, Dawn Jones, James L. M. Ferrara, Kenneth R. Cooke
Journal: Blood (2008)
Intrauterine Contraceptive Device
Authors: Alexander Sedlis
Journal: JAMA (1965)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Does human life begin after fertilization of the ovum or after nidation of the blastocyst? With development of new contraceptive methods, these questions touch legal, moral, and philosophical issues. Although the mode of action of some new birth-control methods (in particular, the intrauterine contraceptive device, IUCD), has not been scientifically established, there is reason to consider when, as well as how, their antifertility effect is exercised. Does the IUCD exert its effect on the unfertilized or the fertilized ovum? If the latter, does the action take place immediately after fertilization, while the ovum is in transit, or after it has entered the endometrial cavity? Does it have an antifertility potential because it acts on the maturing blastocyst, and, if so, does this action take place before or after nidation? The question as to whether the IUCD may affect the zygote as well as the unfertilized ovum requires
Abstract 2028: Co-targeting histone deacetylases and oncogenic BRAF synergistically kills human melanoma cell by caspase-independent cell death.
Authors: Su Tang Guo, Fritz Lai, Chen Chen Jiang, Chun Yan Wang, Margaret Farrelly, Hsin-Yi Tseng, Meng Na Chi, Lei Jin, Peter Hersey, Xu Dong Zhang
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Inherent and acquired resistance of melanomas carrying active mutations in BRAF to mutant BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) remains a major obstacle for curative treatment of the disease. Since both BRAFi and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) kill sensitive melanoma cells by activating the BH3-only protein Bim, we examined whether they cooperate in killing of BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells. We show here that co-treatment with the HDACi SAHA and the BRAFi PLX4720 synergistically kills BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells in vitro, and that the combination of SAHA and the clinically available BRAFi vemurafenib cooperatively inhibits melanoma growth in vivo. Although SAHA plus PLX4720 activated the caspase cascade, the latter did not appear to be indispensable for induction of cell death. Likewise, PLX4720 alone kills sensitive melanoma cells in a caspase-independent manner. Similar to caspases, Bim seemed dispensable for synergistic killing by SAHA and PLX4720. The mechanism by which co-treatment with HDACi and BRAFi kills BRAFV600E melanoma cells remains to be elucidated, but we have found that this is not mediated by receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1), which is essential for induction of programmed necrosis. Regardless, our results suggest that combinations of HDACi and BRAFi may have therapeutic advantages, in that the conventional caspase-dependent, mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic machinery is often suppressed in melanoma cells. Citation Format: Su Tang Guo, Fritz Lai, Chen Chen Jiang, Chun Yan Wang, Margaret Farrelly, Hsin-Yi Tseng, Meng Na Chi, Lei Jin, Peter Hersey, Xu Dong Zhang. Co-targeting histone deacetylases and oncogenic BRAF synergistically kills human melanoma cell by caspase-independent cell death. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2028. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2028
Outcomes of the California Ban on Pharmaceutical Lindane: Clinical and Ecologic Impacts
Authors: Elizabeth H. Humphreys, Sarah Janssen, Ann Heil, Patricia Hiatt, Gina Solomon, Mark D. Miller
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

There are increasing concerns over the presence and implications of pharmaceutical agents in water. In 2002, California banned pharmaceutical use of lindane because of concerns about water quality, as lindane treatment for head lice and scabies was found to be a significant factor adversely affecting wastewater quality.
TBLR1 fuses to retinoid acid receptor α in a variant t(3;17)(q26;q21) translocation of acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Yirui Chen, Shouyun Li, Chunlin Zhou, Chengwen Li, Kun Ru, Qing Rao, Haiyan Xing, Zheng Tian, Kejing Tang, Yingchang Mi, Baohong Wang, Min Wang, Jianxiang Wang
Journal: Blood (2014)
Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators
Authors: Janet M. Torpy, Alison E. Burke, Richard M. Glass
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators P ersons who have cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms) may need an electrical impulse to help restore a normal heart rhythm, particularly if the abnormal rhythm is ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia (rapid but ineffective contractions of the main heart muscle).This can be done from outside the chest (usually in an emergency situation) using defibrillator paddles that deliver an electrical impulse or by an automated external defibrillator (AED), a device now available in many public buildings and airports that can detect and correct dangerous arrhythmias.Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) allow for automated detection of arrhythmias.Automated treatment also occurs, either by delivery of a high-energy electric shock to the heart muscle (called defibrillation or cardioversion) or by a low-energy signal (cardiac pacing) to correct the abnormal rhythm.The April 26, 2006, issue of JAMA includes several articles about ICDs.
F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomographic Imaging in a Patient With Persistent Hiccups
Authors: John D. Nguyen, Kieron Dunleavy, Jorge A. Carrasquillo, Clara C. Chen
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

Twenty-eight days after an allogeneic stem cell transplant for multiple myeloma, a 54-year-old man with grade III graft versus host disease involving the gastrointestinal tract developed persistent hiccups occurring every 5 to 10 seconds except while asleep. Several medications, including chlorpromazine and baclofen, were ineffective. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was negative. During this time, a whole-body F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) scan was performed for restaging of multiple myeloma.
THE ACTION OF A SPECIFIC ENZYME UPON THE DERMAL INFECTION OF RABBITS WITH TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Kenneth Goodner, René Dubos, Oswald T. Avery
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1932)

The action of the enzyme which specifically decomposes the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus has been tested in Type III pneumococcus dermal infections in rabbits. When injected in sufficient amounts, this enzyme is capable of bringing about a favorable and early termination of the experimental disease which ordinarily is fatal in nearly all instances. The results of the present study yield further evidence that the capsular substance is of great importance in pneumococcus infection, since, in so far as known, the only action of which the specific enzyme is capable is that of decomposing the capsular polysaccharide.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Placental Growth Factor in Women With Suspected Preeclampsia
Authors: Lucy C. Chappell, Suzy Duckworth, Paul T. Seed, Melanie Griffin, Jenny Myers, Lucy Mackillop, Nigel Simpson, Jason Waugh, Dilly Anumba, Louise C. Kenny, Christopher W.G. Redman, Andrew H. Shennan
Journal: Circulation (2013)

Background— Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a major contributor to death and disability for pregnant women and their infants. The diagnosis of preeclampsia by using blood pressure and proteinuria is of limited use because they are tertiary, downstream features of the disease. Placental growth factor (PlGF) is an angiogenic factor, a secondary marker of associated placental dysfunction in preeclampsia, with known low plasma concentrations in the disease. Methods and Results— In a prospective multicenter study, we studied the diagnostic accuracy of low plasma PlGF concentration (&lt;5th centile for gestation, Alere Triage assay) in women presenting with suspected preeclampsia between 20 and 35 weeks’ gestation (and up to 41 weeks’ gestation as a secondary analysis). The outcome was delivery for confirmed preeclampsia within 14 days. Of 625 women, 346 (55%) developed confirmed preeclampsia. In 287 women enrolled before 35 weeks’ gestation, PlGF &lt;5th centile had high sensitivity (0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.89–0.99) and negative predictive value (0.98; 0.93–0.995) for preeclampsia within 14 days; specificity was lower (0.55; 0.48–0.61). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for low PlGF (0.87, standard error 0.03) for predicting preeclampsia within 14 days was greater than all other commonly used tests, singly or in combination (range, 0.58–0.76), in women presenting with suspected preeclampsia ( P &lt;0.001 for all comparisons). Conclusions— In women presenting before 35 weeks’ gestation with suspected preeclampsia, low PlGF has high sensitivity and negative predictive value for preeclampsia within 14 days, is better than other currently used tests, and presents an innovative adjunct to management of such women.
Self-Diagnosis of Cataract
Authors: Harvey S. Rusk
Journal: JAMA (1963)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —An early cataract may be recognized subjectively by looking into a microscope with high power or oil immersion, or by holding a hand reading glass before the eye and looking at the red taillight of a car at night. In the darkened refraction room, the cataract may be seen by placing a +10 or +12 sphere before the eye while looking at a small muscle light. Also, a card with a small hole in it held before the eye while looking at a window may show a central cataract. These methods can be used to demonstrate to a patient what his cataract really is. I followed the progress of my own cataracts and made frequent sketches. The eyelashes normally are not seen because they, like the cataract, are out of focus. They can be seen, however, by moving a +10 lens before the eye. In aphakia cells
Illuminating Mitochondrial Function and Dysfunction using Multiphoton Technology
Authors: Joel M. Weinberg, Bruce A. Molitoris
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2009)

Studying differential cell function or dysfunction within the kidney is made difficult by cellular heterogeneity, alterations in regional blood flow, oxygen tension, and interstitial tonicity, resulting in extremely complex anatomic and physiologic arrangements. Creative investigators have developed techniques to reduce this heterogeneity but often with loss or alteration of three-dimensional cellular associations, anatomic and physiologic cell-to-cell interactions, and harsh isolation and experimental conditions. These limitations have made “absolutes” difficult to determine, especially in relation to pathologic processes such as cell type involvement in renal ischemia. In this issue of JASN , Hall et al. 1 use multiphoton microscopy of kidney slices to compare mitochondrial parameters and differential cellular responses to stress. This approach allows them to quantify several key parameters of mitochondrial function and dysfunction in proximal tubular (PT) cells and directly compare different PT segments with each other and with distal tubular (DT) cells of the thick ascending limb (TAL). Because mitochondrial alterations play a central role in normal cell function and in response to injury, the article adds to our previous knowledge about an important area.

To understand the significance and limitations of their contribution, one must first understand what is known about differences between PT and TAL cells. Abundant mitochondria in cortical and outer medullary renal epithelial cells are necessary to meet the ATP demands of sodium transport by high-capacity aerobic metabolism. They compose 33% of the volume of proximal convoluted tubular S1 cells, 39% of the cells in the S2 segment, and 22% of the volume of cells in the proximal straight S3 segment; in the medullary and cortical TAL cells, mitochondria account for 30 to 44% of cell volume.2 Differential tubular cell metabolism is also notable for the absence of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis in the proximal convoluted tubule (S1), …
Observations on NUTRITION IN RELATION TO ANAEMIA
Authors: L. S. P. Davidson, H. W. Fullerton, J. W. Howie, J. M. Croll, J. B. Orr, W. Godden
Journal: BMJ (1933)

Recent advances in haematology clearly indicate that nutrition may play an important part in the production of anaemia.The evidence OI1 which this statement is based is obtained from experimental work on animals and from clinical investigations in human beings.Thus Waddell, Hart, Steeinbock, and Elvehjeml have showni thatX when rats are fed for some weeks on milk alone a hypochromic anaemia invariably develops, while the rate of growth of the animals is-seriously reduced.-.So
The p38 Kinases MKK4 and MKK6 Suppress Metastatic Colonization in Human Ovarian Carcinoma
Authors: Jonathan A. Hickson, Dezheng Huo, Donald J. Vander Griend, Anning Lin, Carrie W. Rinker-Schaeffer, S. Diane Yamada
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Despite considerable efforts to improve early detection of ovarian cancer, the majority of women at time of diagnosis will have metastatic disease. Understanding and targeting the molecular underpinnings of metastasis continues to be the principal challenge in the clinical management of ovarian cancer. Whereas the multistep process of metastasis development has been well established in both clinical and experimental models, the molecular factors and signaling pathways involved in successful colonization of a secondary site by disseminated cancer cells are not well defined. We have previously identified mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 4/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)-activating kinase (MKK4/JNKK1/SEK1, hereafter referred to as MKK4) as a metastasis suppressor protein in ovarian carcinoma. In this study, we elucidate key mechanisms of MKK4-mediated metastasis suppression. Through the use of a kinase-inactive mutant, we show that MKK4 kinase activity is essential for metastasis suppression and prolongation of animal survival. Because MKK4 can activate either of two MAPKs, p38 or JNK, we expressed MKK6 or MKK7, specific activators of these MAPKs, respectively, to delineate which MAPK signaling module was involved in MKK4-mediated metastasis suppression. We observed that MKK6 expression suppressed metastatic colonization whereas MKK7 had no effect. Our finding that MKK4 and MKK6 both suppress metastasis points to the p38 pathway as an important regulatory pathway for metastatic colonization in ovarian cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(4): 2264-70)
Which Left Ventricular Function Is Impaired Earlier in the Evolution of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy?: An echocardiographic study of young type I diabetic patients
Authors: Dimitar C Raev
Journal: Diabetes Care (1994)

OBJECTIVE To determine whether diastolic dysfunction preceded systolic dysfunction in the evolution of diabetic cardiopathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 157 young (mean age 26.6 years) cardiac asymptomatic type 1 diabetic patients and 54 age- and sex-matched healthy (nondiabetic) subjects were studied. The severity of diabetic complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiac autonomic neuropathy) was evaluated by the diabetic complication index (DCl), a sum of individual scores for each complication. Left ventricular (LV) function was studied by M-mode echocardiography. Impaired systolic and diastolic functions were presumed if at least two echocardiographic variables for systolic function (fractional shortening [FS], mean velocity of circumference fiber shortening, and stroke index) and for diastolic function (slope of anterior mitral leaflet in early diastole, isovolumic relaxation time [IRT], and left atrium emptying index) were out of the control range (mean ± 2 SD). RESULTS Diastolic dysfunction was twice as common as systolic dysfunction (27% and 12%, respectively, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Of diabetic patients with systolic dysfunction, 83% had impaired diastolic function, whereas only 30% of diabetic patients with diastolic dysfunction had systolic damage (P &amp;lt; 0.001). On the other hand, only 3 of 157 diabetic patients (1.9%) had systolic dysfunction with preserved diastolic function (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Diastolic dysfunction, represented by the interval from minimal LV dimension to mitral valve opening, was seen in diabetic patients ∼8 years after onset of diabetes and systolic dysfunction represented by FS after ∼18 years. Diastolic dysfunction, represente by 1RT, was found in the presence of mild complications (DCl = 2), and systolic dysfunction, represented by FS, was found in the presence of more severe complications (DCl = 4). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that myocardial damage in patients with diabetes affects diastolic function before systolic function. The intentional assessment of diastolic function is advisable for early detection of LV dysfunction before clinical symptoms appear, with follow-up to detect further deterioration of cardiac status.
Anticoagulant Therapy in Peripheral Vascular Disease
Authors: NELSON W. BARKER
Journal: Circulation (1951)

The anticoagulant drugs, heparin and dicumarol, have been of great value in the prevrention and treatment of peripheral thromboembolic disease. The use of both drugs requires individualization of dosage based on the results of the appropriate tests of their effect on coagulation. The risk of bleeding is very small if heparin and dicumarol are properly used. New anticoagulant drugs are being studied and evaluated clinically in an effort to increase even further the effectiveness and safety of anticoagulant therapy.
Fibroblast RNA and macrophage proteins (including the fibrogenic factor) in experimental silicosis.
Authors: E Kulonen, M Aalto, S Aho, P Lehtinen, M Potila
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

A hypothesis is presented for the action of silica-treated macrophages on protein synthesis in fibroblasts and also a method for the isolation of silica-attached materials in lung tissue. The increased protein synthesis in the fibroblasts is due, at least partly, to an increase in mRNA. Silica prevents the suppressing