tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Incidence of and survival from oligodendroglioma in Denmark, 1943–2002
Authors: Malene Schjønning Nielsen, Helle Collatz Christensen, Michael Kosteljanetz, Christoffer Johansen
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2008)

We established the nationwide, population-based incidence of oligodendroglioma in Denmark during 59 years of monitoring and compared the overall survival of patients with oligodendroglial tumors during the periods 1943-1977 and 1978-2002. On the basis of reports in the Danish Cancer Registry, 1,304 cases of oligodendroglioma were included in the study. We calculated sex- and age-specific incidence rates in 5-year age intervals and for 5-year calendar periods. Overall survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. In the period 1943-2002, the incidence rate of oligodendroglioma was less than 1 case per 100,000 person-years, but varied somewhat when viewed across isolated periods. Comparison of the incidence rate before and after the introduction of CT scanning did not reveal a significant difference in the incidence rate. The median survival increased from 1.4 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-1.6) to 3.4 years (95% CI, 2.6-4.2) during the period of study. The overall incidence of oligodendroglioma showed a relatively stable pattern over nearly 60 years of monitoring. Overall survival improved significantly during the study period, which could partly be due to improved diagnostic methods and treatment options.
Difference in Clonality as a Tool for Differential Diagnosis of Primary Versus Secondary Lung Neoplasms
Authors: Giovanni Leuzzi, Alfredo Cesario, Maria Letizia Vita, Anna Mariantonia Parisi, Gianluigi Petrone, Maurizio Martini, Guido Rindi, Pierluigi Granone
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2012)
Late Lessons from Early Warnings: Toward Realism and Precaution with Endocrine-Disrupting Substances
Authors: David Gee
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

The histories of selected public and environmental hazards, from the first scientifically based early warnings about potential harm to the subsequent precautionary and preventive measures, have been reviewed by the European Environment Agency. This article relates the "late lessons" from these early warnings to the current debates on the application of the precautionary principle to the hazards posed by endocrine-disrupting substances (EDSs). Here, I summarize some of the definitional and interpretative issues that arise. These issues include the contingent nature of knowledge; the definitions of precaution, prevention, risk, uncertainty, and ignorance; the use of differential levels of proof; and the nature and main direction of the methodological and cultural biases within the environmental health sciences. It is argued that scientific methods need to reflect better the realities of multicausality, mixtures, timing of dose, and system dynamics, which characterize the exposures and impacts of EDSs. This improved science could provide a more robust basis for the wider and wise use of the precautionary principle in the assessment and management of the threats posed by EDSs. The evaluation of such scientific evidence requires assessments that also account for multicausal reality. Two of the often used, and sometimes misused, Bradford Hill "criteria," consistency and temporality, are critically reviewed in light of multicausality, thereby illustrating the need to review all of the criteria in light of 40 years of progress in science and policymaking.
The Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Symptom Assessment Form (MPN-SAF): International Prospective Validation and Reliability Trial in 402 patients
Authors: Robyn Scherber, Amylou C. Dueck, Peter Johansson, Tiziano Barbui, Giovanni Barosi, Alessandro M. Vannucchi, Francesco Passamonti, Bjorn Andreasson, Maria L. Ferarri, Alessandro Rambaldi, Jan Samuelsson, Gunnar Birgegard, Ayalew Tefferi, Claire N. Harrison, Deepti Radia, Ruben A. Mesa
Journal: Blood (2011)
Subspecies diversity in bacteriocin production by intestinal<i>Lactobacillus salivarius</i>strains
Authors: Eileen F. O’ Shea, Paula M. O’ Connor, Emma J. Raftis, Paul W. O’ Toole, Catherine Stanton, Paul D. Cotter, R. Paul Ross, Colin Hill
Journal: Gut Microbes (2012)

A recent comparative genomic hybridization study in our laboratory revealed considerable plasticity within the bacteriocin locus of gastrointestinal strains of Lactobacillus salivarius. Most notably, these analyses led to the identification of two novel unmodified bacteriocins, salivaricin L and salivaricin T, produced by the neonatal isolate L. salivarius DPC6488 with immunity, regulatory and export systems analogous to those of abp118, a two-component bacteriocin produced by the well characterized reference strain L. salivarius UCC118. In this addendum we discuss the intraspecific diversity of our seven bacteriocin-producing L. salivarius isolates on a genome-wide level, and more specifically, with respect to their salivaricin loci.
B3-05: Meta-analysis comparing docetaxel and vinca-alkaloids in the first-line treatment of NSCLC. Comparison of results based on individual patient data, study report data, and published data
Authors: S Laporte, M Buyse, N Baroux, F Fossella, F V V Georgoulias, J.L. Pujol, K Kubota, A Monnier, S Kudoh, J.Y. Douillard
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Reassure pregnant women over swine flu vaccine, health officials urge
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2009)

England’s Department of Health has urged GPs to reassure pregnant women who are worried about being vaccinated against swine flu.

In a letter to GPs and practice nurses David Salisbury, director of immunisation, says, “It is critical that clinicians are well placed to offer appropriate reassurance to pregnant women, their families, and friends. We recognise that a few recent media stories have caused anxiety and apprehension in some pregnant women about receiving the swine flu vaccine.”

Dr Salisbury states, “There is good and increasing evidence that pregnant women are at higher risk of the serious consequences of swine flu. This evidence suggests that pregnant women are more likely to develop serious complications from swine flu, and the World Health Organization has stated that 7-10% of all hospitalised patients with swine flu are pregnant women in their second …
THE HOSPITAL'S FUNCTION IN MEDICAL EDUCATION
Authors: N. P. COLWELL
Journal: JAMA (1927)

The surprisingly rapid development of hospitals during the last twenty-five years is only a parallel to the marvelous improvements made during the same period in medical schools and medical education. Indeed, the developments of the medical school and the hospital were interdependent. When the medical course consisted of only two sessions of lectures of six months each, with or without the preliminary experience with a preceptor, the student had very little time for hospital work even if the medical school he was attending had access to a hospital. A review of the early announcements of medical schools shows that few of them had access to hospitals. Even when they had such access, clinics were not held with any regularity and, with one or two possible exceptions, students were not permitted to enter the sacred walls of the hospital. In the announcement of only one medical school, as far back as
Management of people with diabetes wanting to fast during Ramadan
Authors: E. Hui, V. Bravis, M. Hassanein, W. Hanif, R. Malik, T. A. Chowdhury, M. Suliman, D. Devendra
Journal: BMJ (2010)

#### Summary points

The holy month of Ramadan is one of five main pillars of being a Muslim. Most Muslims are passionate about fasting during this month. Although the Koran exempts sick people from the duty of fasting,1 2 many Muslims with diabetes may not perceive themselves as sick and are keen to fast. A large epidemiological study of Muslims with diabetes in 13 Muslim countries (n=12 914)—the EPIDIAR study—showed that 43% of patients with type 1 and 79% of those with type 2 diabetes fasted during Ramadan.3

As the month of Ramadan follows the lunar calendar, the fasting month is brought forward by about 10 days each year, which means that over time the season in which Ramadan falls changes. For the next decade Ramadan will fall in the summer in the northern hemisphere. As daylight hours vary considerably between summer and winter months in non-equatorial countries, the length of the fast (which lasts from dawn to sunset) increases in the summer (to about 16-20 hours). People with diabetes who fast are at risk of adverse events, and the risks may increase with longer fasting periods. We review the evidence for optimum management of diabetic patients who wish to fast …
Reversible Heart Block in Acute Leukemia
Authors: Lawrence C. Maguire
Journal: JAMA (1978)

INVOLVEMENT of the heart or pericardium in leukemia is a common finding in postmortem studies, with an incidence varying between 30% and 37%.<sup>1</sup>Despite this high frequency, little morbidity or mortality is usually produced. Pericarditis, cardiomegaly, congestive heart failure, or ECG changes develop only occasionally. The ECG changes, including tachycardia, ST-T wave, and voltage changes are usually of a nonspecific nature<sup>2-4</sup>and asymptomatic. Heart block has rarely been reported and is usually not symptomatic.<sup>4-7</sup>However, high-grade heart block may be fatal if untreated.<sup>5,6</sup>The cases reported by Blotner and Sosman<sup>1</sup>in 1944 and by Habel<sup>7</sup>in 1973 suggest that it may respond to radiotherapy. We report the case of an adult with erythroleukemia in whom symptomatic seconddegree heart block developed, which responded promptly to a single dose of radiation and ultimately had all evidence of conduction system disturbance resolve. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A
770. Selective Elimination of Alloreactive GVHD-Mediating Donor T Cells by Ex Vivo sFasL Treatment
Authors: Osnat Bohana-Kashtan, Hyam I. Levitsky, Curt I. Civin
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), the major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation, is mediated mainly by donor T cells. However, when all or most T cells are removed from donor allografts in an attempt to prevent GVHD, problems with graft failure, reduced immune reconstitution, and tumor relapse have emerged. Our goal was to develop a clinically applicable strategy to selectively deplete from the donor allograft the anti-recipient T cells that mediate GVHD, without ablating the remainder of the T cells that mediate immune responses against tumor antigens and infectious agents. Previous work done in our lab, using mouse models, has shown that recombinant human soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) can efficiently delete alloreactive donor T cells during their activation in response to irradiated recipient cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). This ex vivo sFasL treatment abrogated GVHD while sparing donor T cells with anti-tumor reactivity (Georgantas et al, submitted). The present work was performed in a human model system, in order to extend our work toward clinical application. In our human model system, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs: 1st party; responder cells) from a given human donor were activated in vitro in response to irradiated PBMCs from a second donor (2nd party; stimulator cells), in the presence (or absence) of sFasL. Analyses of day 1–7 MLR cultures showed that recipient alloantigen-activated responder (donor) T cells began to up-regulate Fas expression on day 2 and that indirect (non-specific) activation of the 2nd party stimulator cells was detectable by day 5. Based on these findings, the sFasL treatment was limited to 2–3 days. Secondary MLRs, performed on cells harvested after the 2–3-day sFasL treatment during the first MLR, showed a marked depletion of anti-2nd party alloreactivity, but preservation of competence to different non-alloreactive antigens, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), and 3rd party stimulator cells. In addition, sFasL treatment efficiently deleted or prevented the development of CD25+CFSEhigh, CD25+CFSElow, and CD25−CFSElow subsets of activated responder cells.
PHA-Stimulated Production of IL-13 by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) Correlates with Higher IgE Levels and Lower FEV1 in Asthmatic Children and Their Non-Asthmatic Siblings
Authors: C BLAIR, J MOY, L THOMAS, A LANDAY, B YU
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2008)
Coronary Artery Stenosis After Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Accessory Atrioventricular Pathways in Children With Ebstein’s Malformation
Authors: Harald Bertram, Regina Bökenkamp, Matthias Peuster, Gerd Hausdorf, Thomas Paul
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —Complications concerning the coronary arteries that are directly related to radiofrequency catheter ablation procedures have not been reported in children. Coronary artery lesions, however, have been demonstrated after the endocardial application of radiofrequency current in young animals. Methods and Results —Two boys with Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve developed clinically asymptomatic coronary artery stenosis after radiofrequency catheter ablation of right-sided accessory atrioventricular pathways with standard catheter technology. Conclusions —The complication of coronary artery stenosis demonstrates a substantial risk after right atrial free wall radiofrequency current application in children. The risk of late coronary alterations should be considered when the use of catheter ablation procedures to young patients is proposed.
Alcohol screening in primary care
Authors: E. P Whitlock
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Behind the numbers 

What should primary care doctors do about screening for alcohol problems? Beich and colleagues (p 590) seem to have provided the answer: Nothing. Some will consider their results authoritative and conclude these activities are ineffective in general practice. But as with all systematic reviews and meta-analyses, there can be devils in the details.

Beich et al have addressed a clinically important question: “How effective is screening in general practice for identifying drinkers who can and do benefit from brief intervention?” The most trustworthy answer would come from a randomized controlled trial of screening and brief intervention compared with no systematic screening or intervention, but no such studies exist.1 The results of such a trial would provide a direct measurement of the number needed to screen (NNS) to benefit one patient.2 In the absence of studies evaluating such direct evidence, reviewers are forced to examine and link separate bodies of evidence (Is the screening test accurate? How effective is the intervention?). With the …
More help is needed to treat mental health problems in military personnel, say MPs
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

UK MPs have asked the Ministry of Defence how it intends to support the increasing number of servicemen and women who seek help for mental health problems, saying that more resources are essential.

In its latest report the House of Commons Defence Committee said that armed force personnel as a whole had a similar rate of mental health problems to that of the general population—about 20%.1 But those in combat roles, reservists, and those who spend a longer time on the front line were twice as likely to have post-traumatic stress disorder than were civilians (6-7% v 3-4%)—a situation that the ministry does not understand or know how to deal with, said MPs. Armed service personnel were also more likely than the general population to seek …
A Critical Analysis of the Resource-Based Relative Value Scale
Authors: James V. Maloney
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>Background.</h3> —There is a general perception that procedural medical services are reimbursed at an inappropriately greater rate than cognitive services. By congressional mandate, the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) has been directed to establish a Medicare fee schedule to shift funding under a budgetneutral assumption from procedural to cognitive services. To provide a rational basis for this change, Hsiao et al (Harvard-Hsiao) developed a resource-based relative value scale (RBRVS) that equates the value of a service to the resources necessary to generate the service. <h3>Methods.</h3> —Instead of focusing on relative values and fee schedules ("price-per-unit-service"), the present study employs the standard commercial/industrial method of determining reimbursement rate (income divided by hours of labor) for 15 medical and surgical specialties. Data from independent sources are used to determine income and hours of professional effort for each of the specialties studied. Harvard-Hsiao and HCFA predicted the percent change in income for each of the specialties under the initial RBRVS and the HCFA fee schedule. The predicted income was then employed in this study to recompute reimbursement rates under the newly proposed payment systems. <h3>Results: Current Payment System.</h3> —Average annual incomes for medical and surgical specialties are $124500 and $176600, respectively, a 42% difference (<i>P</i>=.03). Average weekly work hours (nominal hours, as adjusted for overtime) for medical and surgical specialties are 70.6 and 87.8, respectively (<i>P</i>=.005). Average hourly reimbursement rates for medical ($33.90) and surgical ($38.80) specialties are not substantially different (<i>P</i>, not significant). The difference in annual income is explained by the 17.2 hours per week of additional work hours by surgeons. The erroneous perception that procedurists are reimbursed at a higher rate than cognitive practitioners likely arises from differences in billing methods by which surgeons shift charges for cognitive work hours to the 18% of their time spent in the operating room. <h3>Results: Proposed RBRVS and HCFA Payment System.</h3> —The income of all specialties is equalized about a mean of $132 500 (±$21 400 [1 SD]) by varying reimbursement rates in such a way that the effect of working hours is fully discounted. Reimbursement rates under the proposed payment system make no recognition of the hours of professional effort, postgraduate specialty training, or putative differences in the nature of the physician's work. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —The RBRVS, and the HCFA fee schedule to the extent that it is based on that scale, are inappropriate bases for the reform of the physician reimbursement system. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1991;266:3453-3458)
Intra-epidermal neutrophilic IgA dermatosis with colitis
Authors: S. WRIGHT, T. PHILLIPS, J. RYAN, I.M. LEIGH
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1989)

We report the association of an intra-epidermal blistering disease of the skin with colitis. Both the skin and large bowel epithelium were infiltrated by neutrophils and eosinophils, and showed intra-epithelial deposition of IgA in an intercellular pattern. The colitis and the blisters responded well to treatment with dapsone.
Low-level shRNA Cytotoxicity Can Contribute to MYC-induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Adult Mice
Authors: Shelly Beer, David I Bellovin, Joyce S Lee, Kimberly Komatsubara, Lora S Wang, Huishan Koh, Kathleen Börner, Theresa A Storm, Corrine R Davis, Mark A Kay, Dean W Felsher, Dirk Grimm
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2009)

Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) have emerged as a novel therapeutic modality, but there is increasing concern over nonspecific effects in vivo. Here, we used viral vectors to express shRNAs against endogenous p53 in livers of conditional MYC-transgenic mice. As expected, the shRNAs silenced hepatic p53 and accelerated liver tumorigenesis when MYC was concurrently expressed. Surprisingly, various irrelevant control shRNAs similarly induced a rapid onset of tumorigenesis, comparable to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), a potent carcinogen. We found that even marginal shRNA doses can already trigger histologically detectable hepatoxicity and increased hepatocyte apoptosis. Moreover, we noted that shRNA expression globally dysregulated hepatic microRNA (miRNA) expression, and that shRNA levels and activity further increased in the presence of MYC. In MYC-expressing transgenic mice, the marginal shRNA-induced liver injury sufficed to further stimulate hepatocellular division that was in turn associated with markedly increased expression of the mitotic cyclin B1. Hence, even at low doses, shRNAs can cause low-level hepatoxicity that can facilitate the ability of the MYC oncogene to induce liver tumorigenesis. Our data warrant caution regarding the possible carcinogenic potential of shRNAs when used as clinical agent, particularly in circumstances where tissues are genetically predisposed to cellular transformation and proliferation.
Monoamine- and Histamine-Synthesizing Enzymes and Neurotransmitters Within Neurons of Adult Human Cardiac Ganglia
Authors: Sanjay Singh, Patricia I. Johnson, Adil Javed, Thackery S. Gray, Vassyl A. Lonchyna, Robert D. Wurster
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Cardiac ganglia were originally thought to contain only cholinergic neurons relaying parasympathetic information from preganglionic brain stem neurons to the heart. Accumulating evidence, however, suggests that cardiac ganglia contain a heterogeneous population of neurons that synthesize or respond to several different neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Reports regarding monoamine and histamine synthesis and neurotransmission within cardiac ganglia, however, present conflicting information or are limited in number. Furthermore, very few studies have examined the neurochemistry of adult human cardiac ganglia. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to determine whether monoamine- and histamine-synthesizing enzymes and neurotransmitters exist within neurons of adult human cardiac ganglia. Methods and Results —Human heart tissue containing cardiac ganglia was obtained during autopsies of patients without cardiovascular pathology. Avidin-biotin complex immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrate tyrosine hydroxylase, l -dopa decarboxylase, dopamine β-hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine- N -methyltransferase, tryptophan hydroxylase, and histidine decarboxylase immunoreactivity within neurons of cardiac ganglia. Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine immunoreactivity was also found in ganglionic neurons. Omission or preadsorption of primary antibodies from the antisera and subsequent incubation with cardiac ganglia abolished specific staining in all cases examined. Conclusions —Our results suggest that neurons within cardiac ganglia contain enzymes involved in the synthesis of monoamines and histamine and that they contain dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine immunoreactivity. Our findings suggest a putative role for monoamine and histamine neurotransmission within adult human cardiac ganglia. Additional, functional evidence will be necessary to evaluate what the physiological role of monoamines and histamine may be in neural control of the adult human heart.
THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH AND ALTERNATING CURRENT INTERFERENCE
Authors: N. G. Lethlean, W. S. Malcolm
Journal: BMJ (1931)

_~~~~~[EIA 'IORA present timle in view of its forthcoming association with the school.It is not yet possible to say when the. doors of the British Post-Graduate Hospital and Medical School will be opened to students,.but the decisions of the Government and of the London County CouIncil to treat the establish-, ment of a post-graduate institution as an indispensable health service, and of the Governing Body of the school to appoint a dean forthwith, are welcome indications that a project which has for so many years been under dis- cussion is now about to be realized.
Impact on the quality of life of the addition of topical ocular anti-allergic therapy to existing systemic and/or nasal therapy in a population of allergic rhinitis patients using RQLQ and ACQLQ questionnaires
Authors: W. Storms, M. Beck, S. Kimura, T. Westbrook, W. Berger, S. Galant
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2005)