tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Randomised crossover comparison of skin irritation with two transdermal oestradiol patches
Authors: D. Ross, M. Rees, V. Godfree, A. Cooper, D. Hart, C. Kingsland, M. Whitehead
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Transdermal oestradiol patches relieve menopausal symptoms, 1 prevent bone loss, 2 and cause metabolic and direct vascular changes consistent with a reduced risk of arterial disease. 3They may also cause skin irritation at the site of the patch.The first patches contained an alcohol reservoir, oestradiol being released through a semipermeable membrane held against the skin by a ring of adhesive.Subsequent patches have oestradiol dissolved in the adhesive matrix and distributed across the whole patch.Anecdotal and published reports suggest that matrix patches may cause fewer skin reactions than reservoir patches. 4 5We compared the two designs in women with a history of skin irritation at the site of the patch.
Effects of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors on the Inflammatory Response of Endothelial Cells Stimulated by Myeloperoxidase-Modified Low-Density Lipoprotein or Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
Authors: Thierry Roumeguère, Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia, Sajida Babar, Vincent Nuyens, Alexandre Rousseau, Pierre Van Antwerpen, Jean Ducobu, Eric Wespes, Michel Vanhaeverbeek
Journal: European Urology (2009)
Quantifying the mechanisms of domain gain in animal proteins
Authors: Marija Buljan, Adam Frankish, Alex Bateman
Journal: Genome biology (2010)

Abstract Background Protein domains are protein regions that are shared among different proteins and are frequently functionally and structurally independent from the rest of the protein. Novel domain combinations have a major role in evolutionary innovation. However, the relative contributions of the different molecular mechanisms that underlie domain gains in animals are still unknown. By using animal gene phylogenies we were able to identify a set of high confidence domain gain events and by looking at their coding DNA investigate the causative mechanisms. Results Here we show that the major mechanism for gains of new domains in metazoan proteins is likely to be gene fusion through joining of exons from adjacent genes, possibly mediated by non-allelic homologous recombination. Retroposition and insertion of exons into ancestral introns through intronic recombination are, in contrast to previous expectations, only minor contributors to domain gains and have accounted for less than 1% and 10% of high confidence domain gain events, respectively. Additionally, exonization of previously non-coding regions appears to be an important mechanism for addition of disordered segments to proteins. We observe that gene duplication has preceded domain gain in at least 80% of the gain events. Conclusions The interplay of gene duplication and domain gain demonstrates an important mechanism for fast neofunctionalization of genes.
Financing Medical Care in the New Soviet Economy
Authors: Anthony Robbins
Journal: JAMA (1990)

The Soviet Union is undergoing a peaceful—but massive—revolution. Everywhere, old institutions are being challenged, and old beliefs are being rejected. Soviet society is beginning to ferment with entrepreneurial zeal, a thrust toward decentralization and democratization of decision making, and a blossoming of interest in competition and free enterprise as a way of reviving the stagnant economy. The health care sector is no exception.<sup>1</sup>Although the Soviet Union was the first country in the world to guarantee free medical care as a constitutional right to all its citizens,<sup>2</sup>the quality and accessibility of that care are now in question. In the face of deteriorating health status indicators and dissatisfaction among Soviet citizens, restructuring the health care system has been joined to the economic reform. The major goal is to infuse new resources into the system and make it part of the self-supporting economy. This reform initiative has been
Electrocardiogram, Arterial and Central Venous Pressure during Laparoscopy under Local Anaesthesia
Authors: S. Todesco, M. Muraca, S. Glorioso, L. Okolicsanyi
Journal: Endoscopy (1977)

Cardiovascular hazards of laparoscopy performed under local anaesthesia and with room air pneumoperitoneum are not well known. Therefore we have recorded electrocardiogram, arterial blood pressure and central venous pressure in 63 consecutive liver patients undergoing this procedure. Electrocardiographic changes were found in 34 cases, and consisted in transistory tachycardia and bradycardia, ectopic supraventricular and ventricular beats, ST segment depression and flattening of T wave. Blood pressure did not change significantly, but five patients had transitory hypotension during the procedure. Central venous pressure did not vary immediately after inflation, but a significant increase was found during the performance of laparoscopy and it was still observed after deflation. Our findings show that cardiovascular changes during laparoscopy under local anaesthesia are minimal, and that they are probably due to neurogenic factors.
Sore Throat in Children: Its Causation and Incidence
Authors: P. W. Ross, S. M. K. Chisty, J. D. E. Knox
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Beta-haemolytic streptococci were isolated from 35% of 525 children who presented to their family doctors with sore throat. The first 306 were investigated bacteriologically and virologically and beta-haemolytic streptococci were isolated from 30% and viruses from 14.7%. The ages which had the highest incidence of sore throat, for both sexes, were 7, then 6, 8, and 5. Those with tonsils had a higher incidence of beta-haemolytic streptococci than those without, but the presence or absence of tonsils made no difference to the degree of growth of the streptococci.Viruses were isolated predominantly during the winter months, but streptococci, though mostly isolated in winter, were isolated throughout the rest of the year.
CASE OF TETANUS, WITH RECOVERY FOLLOWING OPERATION.
Authors: C. F. STOKES
Journal: JAMA (1905)

The approach of the Fourth of July and the interesting editorial inThe Journal, June 10, on the treatment of tetanus prompt me to submit a brief history of a patient operated on by me in Gouverneur Hospital, New York City, in the fall of 1885. The case was fully reported in a paper read before the Society of the Alumni of Bellevue Hospital shortly afterward, and was, in fact, among that society's earliest papers. It was my belief at that time that tetanus was due to a peculiar type of infection in wounds, and that the result of the infection was an "irritation" to the nerve filaments supplied to the wound, and that this "irritation" was carried through the nerves to the cord, which, in turn, manifested the extent of transmitted "irritation" by the character of the tetanic convulsions developed. The discovery of the tetanus bacillus by Nicolaier in 1884 was not known to me at that time.
Natural history of chronic second-degree atrioventricular nodal block.
Authors: B Strasberg, F Amat-Y-Leon, R C Dhingra, E Palileo, S Swiryn, R Bauernfeind, C Wyndham, K M Rosen
Journal: Circulation (1981)

This report details our experience with documented chronic second-degree atrioventricular (AV) nodal block (proximal to His [H]) in 56 patients. Forty-six men (82%) and 10 women (18%), ages 18-87 years, were studied. Nineteen of the patients (34%) had no organic heart disease (including seven trained athletes) and 37 (66%) had organic heart disease. ECGs in all patients demonstrated episodes of type I second-degree block; five patients also had periods of 2:1 block. Prospective follow-up patients with no organic heart disease (157-2280 days, mean 1395 +/- 636 days) revealed one patient with clear indication for permanent pacing because of bradyarrhythmic symptoms (permanently placed on day 220 of follow-up). Two patients died nonsuddenly. In patients with organic heart disease (prospective follow-up of 60-2950 days, mean 1347 +/- 825 days), pacemakers were implanted in 10 patients, primarily for treatment of congestive heart failure in eight and syncope in two. Sixteen patients died -- three suddenly, seven with congestive heart failure, two of an acute myocardial infarction and four of causes unrelated to cardiac disease. In summary, chronic second-degree AV nodal block has a relatively benign course in patients without organic heart disease. In patients with organic heart disease, prognosis is poor and related to the severity of underlying heart disease.
IS CESAREAN SECTION A RATIONAL METHOD OF TREATMENT IN PLACENTA PREVIA?
Authors: JOHN F. MORAN
Journal: JAMA (1904)

The importance of this subject is not from its frequency, but from the emergency of the situation, which demands early recognition and prompt decision by the physician, in that it involves the lives of both mother and unborn child, and, as regards himself, points of professional honor and conscience. In the complications that confront the obstetrician there is none that is fraught with more danger or attended with greater anxiety than placenta previa, save, perhaps, eclampsia. Its sudden onset, often alarming hemorrhage and consequent anemia, shock, and possible sepsis present a formidable array of difficulties that even in the hands of the most skillful has been attended with a high maternal and fetal mortality. It is true that in recent years, with more definite method of treatment and advances in asepsis and antisepsis, the maternal death rate has been greatly lessened, but the extraordinarily high proportion of infants lost remains
AIDS, Autopsies, and Abandonment-Reply
Authors: Richard M. Ratzan
Journal: JAMA (1989)

In Reply.—  We appreciate the interest shown by those who wrote concerning our work and we hereby reply. Dr Emanuel undercuts his protest that we did not employ his schema for evaluating risk: no needle-stick data support the suggestion that any physician anywhere is likely to stick oneself 5 to 10 times per year. This is not only an unverifiable assumption in the literature, it is a priori preposterous. Such a physician belongs in a different, safer profession, where the practitioners use their feet, not their hands.  Dr Sarewitz takes issue with the equal weight of a procedure for a sick patient and a dead patient. We will not repeat our arguments about the physician-patient relationship and the low risk of contagion (which is not the same as favorable outcome of illness), but the reader is referred to them. Intuitively, we agree that an obligation that is life-saving or life-preserving
Is longevity desirable?
Authors: G. Godber
Journal: BMJ (1991)

rivalry replaces intimate friendship. There is an awesome finality in the ice cold letter of Jung to Freud, dated 6 January 1913.  accede to your wish that we abandon our personal relations, for I never thrust my friendship on anyone. . . . The rest is silence'. To argue whether the letters should or should not have been published is, in the event, sterile. They have been, and a good thing it is too. Apart from the wealth of important historical data they contain, they reveal one inescapable truth?namely, that these two maestros, who between them rocked the well ordered intellectual certainties that prevailed before the first world war, were themselves seemingly untouched by the psychoanalytic process they so ardently advocated. With all the insight they may (or may not) have acquired, they remained as vulnerable, when exposed to the emotional hurly burly of everyday life, as the rest of us.
Early surgery and initial conservative therapy did not differ for outcomes in lobar intracerebral hematomas
Authors: Salvador Cruz-Flores
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

Source Citation Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Rowan EN, et al; STICH II Investigators. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial lobar intracerebral haematomas (STICH II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;382:397-408. 23726393
The site of denervation in achalasia
Authors: S. Cohen, R. Fisher, A. Tuch
Journal: Gut (1972)

Lower oesophageal sphincter supersensitivity to gastrin I and cholinergic stimulation has recently been described in patients with achalasia. To determine the pathogenesis of this finding, the lower oesophageal sphincter was tested to a cholinesterase inhibitor, edrophonium chloride. Edrophonium chloride significantly increased the lower oesophageal sphincter pressure both in normal subjects and in patients with achalasia. The preservation of this response in the presence of denervation supersensitivity suggested intact postganglionic cholinergic nerves and, thus, a preganglionic site of denervation in achalasia.
Abstract 143: CD24 induced miR-21 regulation is mainly mediated through Src, and both (CD24, Src) are post-transcriptionally downregulated by miR-34a
Authors: Santoshi Muppala, Giridhar Mudduluru, Jöerg H. Leupold, Jonathan P. Sleeman, Heike Allgayer
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Cancer is a complex disease and multi step process evolving from malfunctions of complex molecules and their networks which regulate this process. Understanding these networks will be essential to combat cancer. In this study, we focussed on key players in such networks. CD24, Src and miR-21 have been described as adverse prognostic markers in a panel of malignancies. CD24 interacts and co-localizes with Src in lipid rafts. Pdcd4 and miR-34a have been described as tumor suppressor genes which are down regulated in different tumor types. In a series of colon and breast cancer cell lines, we found that CD24 activates Src and inducing the activation of c-Jun and expression of c-Jun and c-Fos. Furthermore, we show here that it regulates the promoter activity of miR-21 and its expression, which leads to inhibition of miR-21 targeted tumor suppressor genes. Similar results were found for constitutively active src. Co-transfection of a CD24 expression construct and an si-RNA silencing of Src showed that CD24 mediated upregulation of miR-21 is mediated through Src. Taken together, our results suggest that CD24 expression upregulates miR-21 in a Src dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that miR-34a targets the CD24- and Src-3′UTR as shown by luciferase assays performed either with wild type or mutated miR-34a seed sequences within these 3′UTRs. MiR-34a post-transcriptional inhibition of CD24 and Src downregulated the activation of c-Jun and expression of c-Jun and c-Fos, inhibited miR-21 promoter activity and expression, and induced the expression of tumor suppressor genes Pdcd4 and PTEN significantly (p=0.05). Furthermore, miR-34a inhibited Src induced colony formation, migration and invasion. Our results revealed complex networking between essential players in the progression of solid tumors especially colorectal cancer. These findings could help to focus new therapeutic approaches to overcome this and further solid cancer entities. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 143. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-143
Effect of oral prednisolone on the bronchoprotective effect of formoterol in patients with persistent asthma
Authors: D.C. Grootendorst, P.J. Sterk, H.G.M. Heijerman
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

Tolerance to the bronchoprotective effects by long-acting β 2 ‐agonists (LAB) in patients with asthma is not prevented by inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). This study examined whether oral prednisolone can restore the bronchoprotective effects of formoterol in 24 patients with persistent asthma already treated with ICS (at least 800 μg budesonide·day −1 or equivalent) and LAB, using a parallel-group design. During a 2‐week run-in period and during the study, patients used formoterol 12 μg twice daily by Turbuhaler ® , instead of their own LAB. At baseline and at the end of 7‐days treatment with oral placebo or prednisolone (30 mg·day −1 ), provocative concentration of histamine causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (PC 20 histamine) was measured on two separate days after randomized single-dose inhalation of placebo (postP) or formoterol (postF). In addition, PC 20 postF was measured 24 h after starting oral treatment. The protective effect by formoterol at baseline and during treatment was calculated as the difference between the logs of PC 20 postP and PC 20 postF. The mean±sem in doubling dose (DD) bronchoprotective effect at baseline was 0.8±0.4 DD in the placebo group and 1.0±0.4 DD in the prednisolone group. At the end of the treatment period, the protective effect changed to 1.0±0.5 DD and 0.8±0.6 DD in the placebo and prednisolone treated groups, respectively. This change was not different between the groups (p&gt;0.4). In conclusion, the bronchoprotective effect by formoterol is not influenced by 1 week prednisolone treatment in patients with asthma who are using regular inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β 2 ‐agonists. These findings indicate that tolerance to long-acting β 2 ‐agonists cannot be restored by oral steroid therapy.
Noninvasive Imaging of Inflammation by Ultrasound Detection of Phagocytosed Microbubbles
Authors: Jonathan R. Lindner, Paul A. Dayton, Matthew P. Coggins, Klaus Ley, Ji Song, Katherine Ferrara, Sanjiv Kaul
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —We have previously shown that microbubbles adhere to leukocytes in regions of inflammation. We hypothesized that these microbubbles are phagocytosed by neutrophils and monocytes and remain acoustically active, permitting their detection in inflamed tissue. Methods and Results —In vitro studies were performed in which activated leukocytes were incubated with albumin or lipid microbubbles and observed under microscopy. Microbubbles attached to the surface of activated neutrophils and monocytes, were phagocytosed, and remained intact for up to 30 minutes. The rate of destruction of the phagocytosed microbubbles on exposure to ultrasound was less ( P ≤0.05) than that of free microbubbles at all acoustic pressures applied. Intravital microscopy and simultaneous ultrasound imaging of the cremaster muscle was performed in 6 mice to determine whether phagocytosed microbubbles could be detected in vivo. Fifteen minutes after intravenous injection of fluorescein-labeled microbubbles, when the blood-pool concentration was negligible, the number of phagocytosed/attached microbubbles within venules was 7-fold greater in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)–treated animals than in control animals ( P &lt;0.01). This increase in retained microbubbles resulted in a 5- to 6-fold-greater ( P &lt;0.01) degree of ultrasound contrast enhancement than in controls. Conclusions —After attaching to activated neutrophils and monocytes, microbubbles are phagocytosed intact. Despite viscoelastic damping, phagocytosed microbubbles remain responsive to ultrasound and can be detected by ultrasound in vivo after clearance of freely circulating microbubbles from the blood pool. Thus, contrast ultrasound has potential for imaging sites of inflammation.
Hyperprolactinemia and Nonpuerperal Mastitis (Duct Ectasia)
Authors: Friedolf Peters
Journal: JAMA (1989)

In 108 patients with nonpuerperal mastitis (inflammatory symptoms of duct ectasia), serum prolactin levels were determined before, during, and after treatment. Twenty-nine patients (26.8%) exhibited transiently elevated prolactin levels during the period of inflammation (mean +/- SD level, 42 +/- 22 micrograms/L) that returned to normal within 4 weeks. Twenty-two patients (20.4%) presented with more severe hyperprolactinemia (78 +/- 56 micrograms/L), and 15 were found to have pituitary microadenomas. In 11 cases, mastitis was the first symptom of hyperprolactinemia. A second group of 83 patients with known hyperprolactinemia and 83 normoprolactinemic controls were interviewed with regard to recent symptoms or past treatment of nonpuerperal mastitis. Sixteen hyperprolactinemic women (19.3%) and none of the controls reported that they had experienced mastitis. We conclude that duct ectasia is due in part to increased prolactin secretion. Thus, nonpuerperal mastitis may be a symptom of hyperprolactinemia. On the other hand, nonpuerperal mastitis may induce transient hyperprolactinemia (neurogenic hyperprolactinemia) of about 3 weeks' duration that is less pronounced than central hyperprolactinemia.
Allele-Specific Chromosome 3p Deletions Occur at an Early Stage in the Pathogenesis of Lung Carcinoma
Authors: Jaclyn Y Hung, Y. Kishimoto, K. Sugio, A. Virmani, D. D. McIntire, J. D. Minna, A. F. Gazdar
Journal: JAMA (1995)

Deletions in the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p) are present in most lung carcinomas.To investigate the role of these chromosome 3p deletions in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung carcinomas.Seven archival, paraffin-embedded, surgically resected lung cancer specimens were studied. Fifty precisely identified malignant and preneoplastic lesions present in bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli were microdissected from stained slides and analyzed for allele loss using polymerase chain reaction-based assays for dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms at three chromosome 3p loci (3p14, 3p21.3, and 3p25).University-based medical center and affiliated hospitals.Samples were analyzed from seven patients who underwent surgical resection with curative intent for non-small cell lung cancer and whose specimens included extensive multifocal areas of preneoplastic lesions (hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, or noninvasive cancer).Lymphocytes from all seven cases were heterozygous (ie, informative) for all three microsatellites analyzed. Six (86%) of seven invasive cancers had loss of heterozygosity at one or more chromosome 3p sites. In the accompanying preneoplastic lesions, loss of heterozygosity was detected in none of two normal bronchioles, 13 (76%) of 17 hyperplasias, six (86%) of seven dysplasias, and four (100%) of four noninvasive cancers. Loss of heterozygosity was detected throughout the respiratory tract, in bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. In 18 (78%) of 23 preneoplastic lesions, the specific alleles lost were identical to those lost in the corresponding carcinomas. The probability of this happening by chance is 5.3 x 10(-3).Deletions in the short arm of chromosome 3 occur at the earliest stage (hyperplasia) in the pathogenesis of lung cancer and involve all regions of the respiratory tract. Allele loss is highly specific, but its mechanism remains unknown. Our findings may be of considerable biologic, prognostic, and clinical significance.
A Mutation of<i>PCDH15</i>among Ashkenazi Jews with the Type 1 Usher Syndrome
Authors: Tamar Ben-Yosef, Seth L. Ness, Anne C. Madeo, Adi Bar-Lev, Jessica H. Wolfman, Zubair M. Ahmed, Robert J. Desnick, Judith P. Willner, Karen B. Avraham, Harry Ostrer, Carole Oddoux, Andrew J. Griffith, Thomas B. Friedman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

The Usher syndrome, the most frequent cause of deafness and concurrent blindness, occurs with increased frequency in Ashkenazi Jews. The authors of this study demonstrated a founder mutation for the most common form of the type 1 Usher syndrome that probably occurred 350 years ago.
Infectious Mononucleosis Complicated by Bilateral Papilloretinal Edema
Authors: John Ashworth, Salvatore A. Motto
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1947)

WITHIN the last decade the literature concerning infectious mononucleosis has often been reviewed by competent authors.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 With each review the analyst has been careful to stress the variety of signs and symptoms manifested in this disease, which is not rare but frequently overlooked. Of all the reports that have been rendered, none has recorded the presence of a complicating transient, bilateral papilloretinal edema in the absence of a clinical picture of meningitis or encephalitis. An adequate description of the clinical picture of this disease, with special emphasis on the cerebral complications, was given by Thelander and Shaw8 in 1941. In . . .