tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cost and Effectiveness of Hepatitis B Immunization
Authors: David A. Asch
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Letters15 September 1993Cost and Effectiveness of Hepatitis B ImmunizationDavid A. Asch, MDDavid A. Asch, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-6-199309150-00026 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Bloom and colleagues [1] present a careful analysis of the cost-effectiveness of alternative hepatitis B virus immunization strategies. However, the conclusion that various hepatitis B virus screening and vaccination strategies are an inexpensive way to improve the health of the public may be stronger than they imply, at least in the intermediate years of the program.Widespread vaccination reduces not only the chance of vaccinees becoming infected but also the risk for spreading the virus to others. By decreasing the population prevalence of transient or long-term viral carriers, health benefits accrue to those who are not immunized. ...References1. Bloom BS, Hillman AL, Fendrick AM, Schwartz JS. A reappraisal of hepatitis B virus vaccination strategies using cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 118:298-306. Google Scholar2. Anderson RM, May RM. Vaccination and herd immunity to infectious diseases. Nature. 1985; 318:323-9. Google Scholar3. Anderson RM, May RM. Immunisation and herd immunity. Lancet. 1990; 335:641-5. Google Scholar4. Fine PE, Clarkson JA. Individual versus public priorities in the determination of optimal vaccination policies. Am J Epidemiol. 1986; 124:1012-20. Google Scholar5. Hershey JC, Asch DA, Thumasathit T, Meszaros J, Waters VV. The roles of altruism, free riding, and bandwagoning in vaccination decisions. Org Behav Hum Decis Proc. (In press.) Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByThe transmission dynamics of hepatitis B in the UK: a mathematical model for evaluating costs and effectiveness of immunization programmes 15 September 1993Volume 119, Issue 6Page: 536-537KeywordsAdolescentsChildrenHepatitis BHepatitis B virusImmunityInfectious hepatitisPrevention, policy, and public healthVaccines Issue Published: 15 September 1993 CopyrightCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Growth hormone resurrects adult human thymus during HIV-1 infection
Authors: Kiki Tesselaar, Frank Miedema
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

In conditions of severe T cell depletion, such as HIV-1 infection, limited T cell production by the thymus can thwart the immune response, putting individuals at increased risk of infection with opportunistic pathogens. In this issue of the JCI, Napolitano et al. report, in a prospective, randomized study, that treatment of HIV-1–infected adults with growth hormone may reverse thymic atrophy, as reflected by increased de novo thymic T cell production accompanied by increased peripheral T cell production (see the related article beginning on page 1085). While the long-term immunological and clinical benefits of growth hormone treatment remain unclear, the data suggest a way in which to enhance thymopoiesis and peripheral T cell production in immunodeficient individuals.
Abstract LB-293: Circulating tumor cells in peripheral and pulmonary venous blood predict poor long-term survival in surgical resected non-small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Zhidong Liu, Yunsong Li, Chongyu Su, Yi Han, Shaofa Xu
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Background: We tested the hypothesis that the circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in preoperative peripheral blood (PPB) and intraoperative pulmonary venous blood (IPVB) could predict poor long term survival in surgically resected NSCLC patients. Methods: CTCs were separated from the blood using magnetic beads coated by antibody against epithelial-cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) through magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). The CTCs were quantified with fluorescence labeled antibodies against pan-cytokeratin through flow cytometry. CTCs were prospectively quantified in PPB and IPVB in 23 consecutive stage I-IIIA patients with surgically resected NSCLC. Association between CTCs and prognosis of these patients was evaluated after 5-year follow-up. Results: In the NSCLC patients, outcomes were assessed according to levels of CTCs at surgery, and compared with CTCs detected in benign pulmonary diseases, and healthy volunteers, where the mean and 95%CI of CTCs counts were all 5 CTCs/15mL in PPB and &amp;gt;50 CTCs/15mL in IPVB. Univariate Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis showed that CTCs count in PPB or IPVB was an independent risk factor for tumor-free and overall survivals. The high risk group of patients had a shorter median tumor-free survival (22 months vs. &amp;gt;60.0 months, P60 months, P&amp;lt;0.0015). Conclusions: CTCs count in PPB and IPVB was an independent risk factor for tumor-free and overall survival in surgically resected NSCLC patients. Citation Format: Zhidong Liu, Yunsong Li, Chongyu Su, Yi Han, Shaofa Xu. Circulating tumor cells in peripheral and pulmonary venous blood predict poor long-term survival in surgical resected non-small cell lung cancer patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-293. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-293
ADJUSTABLE FIXATION CALIPERS WITH IMMOBILIZED AND ADJUSTABLE PRONGS FOR SKELETON TRACTION
Authors: Irwin E. Siris
Journal: JAMA (1922)

The adjustable fixation calipers with immobilized prongs, illustrated at<i>A</i>, are made of hand forged steel. The lower arms possess a full curve, being readily adjustable to complete closure. The points are very sharp and taper for 1 inch (2.5 cm.) from the shoulder. A thumb set screw is attached to the center of one handle and passes through an opening in a horizontal cross-bar. The grasping portion of the thumb set screw is 1 inch wide and one-half inch (1.3 cm.) long, and is peened on its under surface to prevent its becoming detached and lost. The cross-bar, one-half inch wide, is riveted to the center of the opposite handle and is fenestrated two fifths of its length for the opening and closing of the calipers. For one-half inch on each side of the thumb set screw, the handle is serrated, to facilitate closure. In the application of the
Localization of Der f 2 in the gut and fecal pellets of <i>Dermatophagoides farinae</i>
Authors: K. Y. Jeong, I.‐Y. Lee, H.‐I. Ree, C.‐S. Hong, T.‐S. Yong
Journal: Allergy (2002)

Background: House dust mite derived materials are known to be the most potent agent inducing allergic diseases. Localization of Der f 2 was attempted to specify the sites and concentrations of Der f 2 within the mite, which may indicate the importance of secreted materials and nonexcreted body components as allergen sources. Methods: Serial cryostat sections of embedded live mites and the fecal pellets, collected by brush, were immunoprobed using monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2F38 raised against recombinant (r) Der f 2. Results: Highest concentrations were found in the anterior midgut, implying that this is the site of Der f 2 synthesis and secretion. Digestive material and defecated fecal pellets were also labeled with mAb. Conclusions: Our results show that the major allergen, Der f 2, found in the house dust mite D. farinae is derived from the digestive tract, and is concentrated in the feces.
François Rabelais, M.D.
Authors: William Bickers
Journal: JAMA (1961)

THE VILLAGE OF CHINON nestles on the banks of the Vienne in Touraine, France.  Ancient town very renowned On this rock long has it stood Look down and you see the Vienne Look up and you see the wood.  It is a sunlit afternoon in October, and most of Chinon slumbers peacefully through an afternoon siesta. A few stalwart citizens cast a line into the crystal stream allowing the finny tribe to sniff disdainfully at the bait. On a bench shaded by fifteenth-century plane trees, we sit for an hour and become one in spirit with the heroic past of this little town. Two great personalities of history found their destiny here: Jeanne d'Arc, and the physician, monk, and Renaissance manextraordinaire, Francois Rabelais, M.D.  A rocky eminence dominates the town. Broken battlements and arches of an ancient chateau tell the elegance and grandeur of ages past. At the
TWO CASES OF INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION.Specimen presented and remarks made at a meeting of the Medical Society of the District of Columbia.
Authors: I. S. STONE
Journal: JAMA (1894)

<i>Case 1</i>.—R., colored, age 21, had been sick three weeks with specific pelvic suppuration. She had no symptoms of intestinal obstruction or of nephritis. She had the usual preliminary treatment incidental to laparotomy for pyosalpinx. Salts were administered freely and acted well the day before operation. Her urine was examined on entering the hospital and again the day of operation and pronounced free from albumen. A microscopic examination was not made. The operation was made on June 6 at 10:30a.m.Everything passed off in a satisfactory manner. Intestinal adhesions were not difficult to overcome. The patient was placed in the Trendelenburg posture and every precaution was taken to complete the operation in a thorough and satisfactory manner. The pelvis and lower abdomen was flushed with rather more than the usual care, as quite a large quantity of pus had escaped in the removal of the greatly distended pus sacs.
Reply to S. Yuan et al
Authors: Catherine M. Bollard, Helen E. Heslop, Cliona M. Rooney
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

Yuan and Su 1 highlight several important questions for additional clarification and discussion.Regarding the staging of patients with natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma with active disease who were treated, we report that even patients with advanced stage (eg, bone marrow) disease were included. 2Most of the patients with NK/T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) had experienced failure of both chemotherapy and radiation therapy.The study did not dictate the type of therapy that patients received before cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) therapy.For example, patient 1054 was treated with radiotherapy and cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone before outcomes with the new chemotherapy regimen consisting of dexamethasone, methotrexate, ifosfamide, L-asparaginase, and etoposide were published.Yuan and Su 1 queried the phenotype in the patients with NK/T-cell lymphoma who did not respond to latent membrane protein-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (LMP-CTL) therapy, and in both cases the residual malignant populations were EBER-positive CD3 ϩ CD56 ϩ T cells.As highlighted in the discussion, there are multiple reasons why LMP-CTL therapy might not clear NK/T-cell NHL in vivo.Yuan and Su 1 proposed several potential mechanisms for failure, and current studies are looking at strategies to overcome the immune evasion mechanisms employed by the tumor cells, as well as combining CTL therapies with chemotherapy regimens and targeted therapies.We agree that an important reason for immune escapes is antigen loss, a problem that may be overcome by epitope spreading, which may explain why lack of epitope spreading in some of our patients correlated with lack of tumor response.The authors also question whether LMP-CTLs attack nonmalignant B cells in vivo.We have never observed loss of normal B cells, but there are reports that lymphoblastoid cell lines can activate T cells specific for nonviral autoantigens such as phosphopeptides.These phosphopeptides may only be expressed by activated B cells, and we have not evaluated if activated B cells are selectively eliminated.Yuan and Su 1 also requested additional clarification regarding the cohort treated in remission.All five patients who received LMP-CTL therapy as adjuvant therapy for NK/T-cell NHL maintained a continued complete response of more than 2 years.Of these five patients, four received radiotherapy, while the fifth was treated with systemic chemotherapy only.We hope that our answers to the questions raised by Yuan and Su 1 will aid in the understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms of LMP-CTL therapy for the treatment of patients with refractory Epstein-Barr virus-positive NK/T-cell lymphomas.
Better use of public health facilities in India could improve kala-azar diagnosis, say researchers
Authors: S. Bagcchi
Journal: BMJ (2015)

International experts have urged greater public-private partnership to facilitate the early diagnosis of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) in the Indian state of Bihar to prevent delays in detecting cases and to reduce the transmission of the disease. 

A team of experts led by Jan Boettcher, from the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens at the Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, noted that over 66% of the world’s cases of kala-azar were reported in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. In these countries nearly 147 million people are at risk of contracting kala-azar, and around 40 000 …
Aldosterone Enhances Ischemia-Induced Neovascularization Through Angiotensin II–Dependent Pathway
Authors: Frédéric Michel, Marie-Lory Ambroisine, Micheline Duriez, Claude Delcayre, Bernard I. Levy, Jean-Sébastien Silvestre
Journal: Circulation (2004)

We analyzed the role of aldosterone in ischemia-induced neovascularization and the involvement of angiotensin II (Ang II) signaling in this effect.Ischemia was induced by right femoral artery ligature in mice treated or not with aldosterone (4.5 microg/day), aldosterone plus spironolactone (aldosterone receptor blocker; 20 mg/kg per day), or aldosterone plus valsartan (angiotensin type 1 [AT1] receptor blocker; 20 mg/kg per day). After 21 days, neovascularization was evaluated by microangiography, capillary density measurement, and laser-Doppler perfusion imaging. Protein level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was determined by Western blot analysis in hindlimbs. mRNA levels of renin-angiotensin system components were also assessed by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Angiographic score, capillary number, and foot perfusion were improved in ischemic/nonischemic leg ratio by 1.4-, 1.5-, and 1.4-fold, respectively, in aldosterone-treated mice compared with controls (P<0.05). Aldosterone proangiogenic effect was associated with 2.3-fold increase in VEGF protein content (P<0.05). Treatments with spironolactone or with neutralizing VEGF antibody hampered the proangiogenic effect of aldosterone (P<0.05 versus aldosterone-treated mice). Interestingly, AT1 receptor blockade completely abrogated the aldosterone proangiogenic effect, emphasizing the involvement of Ang II-related pathway in aldosterone-induced vessel growth. In this view, angiotensinogen mRNA content was 2.2-fold increased in aldosterone-treated mice in reference to controls (P<0.05), whereas that of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and AT1 receptor subtype was unaffected. Aldosterone treatment also decreased AT2 mRNA content by 2-fold (P<0.05 versus controls), suggesting that aldosterone may switch the Ang II pathway toward activation of vessel growth.This study shows for the first time that aldosterone increases neovascularization in the setting of ischemia through activation of Ang II signaling.
Abstract 3363: Identification and characterization of stem-like cells in human esophageal epithelial and adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Ronghua Zhao, Elisabeth Ulmer, Luca Quaroni, Alan G. Casson
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify and characterize stem-like cells in human normal esophageal epithelial and adenocarcinoma cell lines. The immortalized esophageal epithelial cell line, Het-1A, and the primary esophageal adenocarcinoma (EADC) cell line, OE33, were first studied by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence using a panel of antibodies to putative stem cell biomarkers which included CD34, CD44, CD44/CD24, CD117/integrin α6, Musashi I, EpiCam, and Oct 4. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was then used to isolate 15% of cells with the highest CD44 staining (CD44high) or reactive oxygen species (ROS) (ROShigh) and 15% of cells with the lowest (including negative) CD44 staining (CD44low) or ROS (ROSlow). Each cell population was further characterized using sphere-forming assays, soft agar clonogenic assays, flow cytometry for ROS, and synchrotron mid-infrared (IR) spectromicroscopy. CD44 positivity was found in 90% of Het-1A and 75% of OE33 cells overall. For both Het-1A and OE33 cell lines, spheroid formation (mean±SD/5000 cells) was significantly higher in cells expressing high levels of CD44 (Het-1A:138.33±2.08 vs. 97.67±1.53, p&amp;lt;0.01; OE33: 150.00±31.19 vs. 100.67±7.02, p=0.056) and low levels of ROS (Het-1A: 149.33±20.43 vs. 92.00±8.89, p=0.011; OE33: 199.67±31.63 vs. 119.33±14.47, p=0.016). Colony formation (mean±SD/1000 cells) was also found to be significantly higher in CD44high (Het-1A: 15.33±4.51 vs. 8.00±1.00, p=0.051; OE33: 92.67±11.02 vs. 18.00±1.73, p&amp;lt;0.01) and ROSlow (Het-1A: 45.00±1.00 vs. 31.67±3.79, p&amp;lt;0.01; OE33: 33.00±5.29 vs. 14.67±5.03, p=0.012) cell populations. Whereas OE33 CD44high cells were found to express consistently lower levels of ROS compared with OE33 CD44low cells (p&amp;lt;0.01), no differences in ROS expression were found in Het-1A cells sorted by CD44 expression. Spectromicroscopic analysis revealed only small non-significant differences between cell populations sorted by CD44 and ROS expression. We conclude that the higher rates of spheroid formation and clonogenicity of Het-1A and OE33 cells expressing high levels of CD44 (CD44high) and low levels of ROS (ROSlow) reflect an enrichment of stem-like cell populations in esophageal cell lines. However, the significant differences in ROS levels between CD44high OE33 cells and CD44high Het-1A cells suggests unique and biologically distinct pathways in stem-like cells derived from normal and malignant esophageal epithelia. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3363.
Richard George Michael (“Mike”) Letcher
Authors: Alison Letcher
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Pioneer of powered prosthetic limbs and fetal heart monitorsDavid Simpson, who was disabled by a war wound, retrained from accountancy to physics to devise solutions for medical problems.In the 1950s, when orthopaedic engineering was in its infancy, he pioneered the design and manufacture of controllable artificial limbs.He designed monitoring
A preliminary report of local alcohol delivery for treatment of restenosis within stented segments after successful coronary angioplasty. The safety study of Local Alcohol and Stent Against Restenosis (LASAR) trial
Authors: Ming W. Liu, Gary S. Roubin, William A. Baxley, Larry S. Dean, Srirum Iyer, J.Michael Parks, Ronald Sutor
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
INJURIES TO THE EYE, AND EXTIRPATION
Authors: A. Prichard
Journal: BMJ (1854)

Svm injuries to the globe of the eye are not unfrequently followed by 2v ous consequenes even to the uninjured .About four yrs ago, I removed the injured globe of th e from a man in whom it had created constant pain, iad had disabled the other eye for nine months.In a very
Aspergillus in the lower respiratory tract of immunocompetent critically ill patients
Authors: Maxime Lugosi, Corinne Alberti, Jean-Ralph Zahar, Maité Garrouste, Virginie Lemiale, Adrien Descorps-Desclère, Jean-Damien Ricard, Dany Goldgran-Tolédano, Yves Cohen, Carole Schwebel, Aurélien Vésin, Jean-François Timsit, Elie Azoulay
Journal: Journal of Infection (2014)
A Case of Stadol Dependence
Authors: William S. Evans
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Stadol (butorphanol tartrate) was introduced in 1978 as a potent synthetic opiate agonist-antagonist indicated for the relief of moderate to severe pain. The official package circular reproduced in the<i>Physician's Desk Reference</i>notes that, "even though Stadol has a low physical dependence liability, care should be taken that individuals who may be prone to drug abuse are closely supervised." Stadol is handled as a nonscheduled drug and only routine security measures are taken with its storage and distribution. A recent case that we treated led us to question the wisdom of this policy. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> The patient was a staff member of our institution who underwent surgical excision of a salivary gland approximately eight months before admission to our service. The patient's postoperative pain was treated with meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol) given in 50-mg doses intramuscularly every six hours for a total of three doses. The
Dose dependent effects of oral progesterone on the oestrogenised postmenopausal endometrium.
Authors: G Lane, N C Siddle, T A Ryder, J Pryse-Davies, R J King, M I Whitehead
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Oral progesterone 100, 200, or 300 mg daily was given for the first 10 days of each calendar month to postmenopausal women also receiving conjugated oestrogens 1.25 mg daily continuously. Endometrial biopsy specimens were taken on the sixth day of the third or subsequent cycle of combined treatment for histological, ultrastructural, and biochemical evaluation. Secretory histological changes were induced within the endometrium in a dose dependent manner, as were progesterone sensitive ultrastructural features such as nucleolar channel systems, giant mitochondria, and subnuclear accumulations of glycogen. Dose response relations were also observed for suppression of DNA synthesis and nuclear oestrogen receptor, and for induction of the activities of oestradiol and isocitric dehydrogenases. Progesterone administered by mouth clearly provokes an end organ response within the endometrium. Suboptimal effects were observed with the lower doses but progesterone 300 mg daily achieved responses approaching and within the physiological range. This dose may therefore be effective as an alternative to synthetic progestogens for therapeutic purposes.
Sudan in winter
Authors: James Owen Drife
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The Khartoum Hilton, last month, was a comfortable pied-a-terre for an external examiner. Downstairs in the business centre I caught up on my emails. The Sunset Lounge had plenty of drinks, all non-alcoholic, and the lobby had a Christmas tree.

I felt surrounded by history. Along the Blue Nile was the palace where General Gordon died. Across the Nile itself were the Madhi's tomb and the Khalifa's house, now a museum, where a smiling guide …
A Survey of Diabetes in West Cornwall
Authors: C. T. Andrews
Journal: BMJ (1957)

MEDIBCLJONL 427In 1953, before vaccination was offered more widely, nine unvaccinated workers from an adjoining laboratory were sharing a refrigerator in the Q fever laboratory, which they repeatedly entered.None developed either clinical or serological evidence of infection.On the other hand, Patient B entered the laboratory for a few seconds and later succumbed to the disease.This effect might be due to chance or individual varia- tion in susceptibility.It is possible, however, that small repeated infections produce an immunity which is not detectable by conventional tests for antibody.The resistance of R. burneti to adverse environmental conditions has allowed its transfer to new hosts by varied and often devious routes.The two infections, which resulted from contamination of the drain-pipe, suggest that the possibilities are not exhausted, but it is fortunate that the circumstances of this particular inci- dent are unlikely to recur frequently.