tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
P1233 EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF MK-5172 PLUS RIBAVIRIN IN TREATMENT-NAIVE PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS GENOTYPE 1 INFECTION: FINAL RESULTS OF THE C-SPIRIT STUDY
Authors: E. Gane, Z. Ben Ari, L. Mollison, E. Zuckerman, R. Bruck, Y. Baruch, J. Wahl, S. Bhanja, P. Hwang, Y. Zhao, M.N. Robertson
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia and acute pancreatitis.
Authors: M Davies, P S Klimiuk, P H Adams, G A Lumb, D M Large, D C Anderson
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Four families with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia were studied. The probands presented with abdominal pain, which in three was due to acute pancreatitis; in two the condition was life threatening. Serum concentrations of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and immunoassayable parathyroid hormone, urinary calcium excretion, and the rate of renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate were measured; the findings were compared with results in 10 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism matched for serum calcium concentration to establish differences between the diseases. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia should be suspected in patients with hypercalcaemia in whom daily urinary calcium excretion is below 5 mmol (200 mg) provided renal insufficiency, vitamin D deficiency, and ingestion of drugs that reduce calcium excretion have been excluded. Most cases appear to run a benign course, but some may suffer considerable morbidity. Surgical treatment should be reserved for patients with severe complications, when all parathyroid tissue should be removed.
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Assessing the Effects of Rosiglitazone on Echocardiographic Function and Cardiac Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With New York Heart Association Functional Class I or II Heart Failure
Authors: Henry J. Dargie, Per R. Hildebrandt, Günter A.J. Riegger, John J.V. McMurray, Stephen O. McMorn, Jeremy N. Roberts, Andrew Zambanini, John P.H. Wilding
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2007)
Abstract 312: Blockade of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells by inhibiting CSF-1 receptor overcomes tumor regrowth after radiotherapy
Authors: Jingying Xu, Jemima Escamilla, Lily Wu
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Radiotherapy is one of the major frontline treatments for prostate cancer (PCa). However, a large proportion of patients suffer from tumor recurrence after radiotherapy. Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells (TIMs), including CD11b+F4/80+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs), play critical roles in promoting tumoral angiogenesis, tissue remodeling and immunosuppression. Recently several reports suggested that TIMs might play a critical role in mediating tumor regrowth after radiation therapy. Here, we showed that there is enhanced recruitment of both TAMs and MDSCs after 5 days of 3 Gy radiation treatment in subcutaneously implanted RM-1 syngeneic PCa model. Infiltration of two MDSC subsets, CD11b+Gr-1loLy6Chi mononuclear-MDSC (MO-MDSC) and CD11b+Gr-1hiLy6Clo polymorphnuclear-MDSC (PMN-MDSC), are both increased. Although treatment is localized to the tumor site, the effects of radiation are systematic. Dramatic increases of MDSCs and TAMs were also observed in the spleen, lymph nodes and peripheral blood. To better understand the mechanism of enhanced recruitment of myeloid cells to tumors, we performed RT-PCR analysis on tumor tissues for commonly known factors that mediate the recruitment of myeloid cells. Indeed, we found that macrophage colony stimulating factor 1 (M-CSF-1 or CSF-1) increases by 2 fold in irradiated tumors compared to non-irradiated tumors. In vitro migration assays using conditioned medium from irradiated tumor cells increases migration of RAW246.7 macrophages by 4 fold, and this increase is completely blocked by the very selective CSF1R inhibitor, GW2580. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the induction of TAMs and MDSC recruitment to tumors, and the effectiveness of GW2580 in blocking their infiltration. Most importantly, combination therapy using GW2580 with radiation synergistically suppressed tumor growth and recurrence. This data highlights the importance of CSF1/CSF1R signaling in the recruitment of TIMs post-radiation treatment and their significant role in promoting tumor re-growth. Moreover, our data could potentially provide a more effective and durable treatment strategy for PCa patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 312. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-312
A Necessary Role of miR-221 and miR-222 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Neointimal Hyperplasia
Authors: Xiaojun Liu, Yunhui Cheng, Shuo Zhang, Ying Lin, Jian Yang, Chunxiang Zhang
Journal: Circulation Research (2009)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a novel class of endogenous, small, noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression. Functionally, an individual miRNA is as important as a transcription factor because it is able to regulate the expression of its multiple target genes. Recently, miR-221 and miR-222 have been found to play a critical role in cancer cell proliferation. However, their roles in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) biology are currently unknown. In the present study, the time course changes and cellular distribution of miR-221 and miR-222 expression were identified in rat carotid arteries after angioplasty, in which their expression was upregulated and localized in VSMCs in the injured vascular walls. In cultured VSMCs, miR-221 and miR-222 expression was increased by growth stimulators. Knockdown of miR-221 and miR-222 resulted in decreased VSMC proliferation in vitro. Using both gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches, we found that p27(Kip1) and p57(Kip2) were 2 target genes that were involved in miR-221– and miR-222–mediated effect on VSMC growth. Finally, knockdown of miR-221 and miR-222 in rat carotid arteries suppressed VSMC proliferation in vivo and neointimal lesion formation after angioplasty. The results indicate that miR-221 and miR-222 are novel regulators for VSMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia. These findings may also represent promising therapeutic targets in proliferative vascular diseases.
Amputation near the Knee-Joint: And a Clinical History of a Case of New Growth of Tibia
Authors: W. A. Elliston
Journal: BMJ (1871)

Altogether, about thirteen grains of the extract of the Calabar bean had been administered.It was selected by Dr. Morton, and pro- nounced by him pure.Notwithstanding the fatal results of this and some other cases, I am disposed to think, from the experiments of Dr. Watson of this city, and others, that the physiological action of this agent is such as to place its employment in tetanus beyond the pale of empiricism.
Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease in Adults
Authors: Jeffrey S. Greenspoon
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The article "Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease in Adults" by Schwartz et al<sup>1</sup>emphasized the importance and need to define strategies for the prevention of group B streptococcal (GBS) disease in adults. Pregnant patients accounted for 14 (20%) of the 70 cases in adults. The study design used by Schwartz et al would tend to underestimate GBS invasive disease in parturients because intrapartum fever, presumably due to amniotic infection, is sometimes empirically treated without obtaining cultures of blood, amniotic fluid, or urine. These patients would not be identified using their study design, which required a positive culture from a normally sterile site. Parturients colonized with GBS at the time of rupture of membranes or at labor and delivery are at increased risk for endometritis, bacteremia, wound infection, and sepsis compared with noncolonized women. The vaginal infections and prematurity study evaluated 7742 women and determined that 18.6%
"Misconceptions" about AIDS
Authors: J. Stephan Stapczynski
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

Letters1 September 1991"Misconceptions" about AIDSJ. Stephan Stapczynski, MDJ. Stephan Stapczynski, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-115-5-411_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editors: Why students have misconceptions about the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in health care settings is easy to understand (1). The short, tragic history of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic is replete with underappreciation by "the experts" of the potential risks of transmission associated with various body fluids. The number of persons who developed AIDS after receiving a blood transfusion at the start of the epidemic is a case in point.Granich and Mermin (1) criticize the misconception among medical students that HIV could be transmitted through aerosolization of body fluids. Just this past week...References1. GranichMermin RJ. Students' attitudes about AIDS [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:1066. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Check W. When AIDS hits home: HIV infection of health care workers. ACP Observer. 1991 June:13. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40536 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 September 1991Volume 115, Issue 5Page: 411-411KeywordsAIDSBlood transfusionBody fluidsHIVHealth care Issue Published: 1 September 1991 PDF DownloadLoading ...
The Leprosy Question.
Authors: None Ehlers
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Translated from the French in<i>Janus</i>(July and August, 1897). Copenhagen, June 26, 1897. <h3>To the Editor (of Janus):</h3> —I see today with a certain displeasure that three of the publications, as numerous as they are little important, of Dr. Albert S. Ashmead, have been inserted in the sixth issue of your paper (May and June). One of these publications, that entitled "Leprosy Overcome by Isolation in the Middle Ages," is absolutely useless. The author is pleased in this to attribute to me an opinion which I have never professed, vide, that the isolation of the lepers would be useless.<i>One will never find that opinion expressed in my works</i>. I am for isolation according to the Norwegian system, that is, the isolation of the diseased, who are incapable of taking care of and supporting themselves, and whose presence among other persons constitutes a real danger for the well. But
Malnutrition in prisoners admitted to a medical ward in a developing community.
Authors: J O Babashola Olubodun, A E Jaiyesimi, E A Fakoya, O A Olasode
Journal: BMJ (1991)

Subjects, methods, and results Prisoners admitted to our medical ward over one year were examined for malnutrition. Using the criteria of Baker et aP we based the diagnosis on subjective global assessment?that is, including weak? ness, weight loss, skin and hair changes, muscle wasting, oedema, and skin infections (tinea versicolor and scabies)?and objective measurements?includ? ing weight, height, weight as percentage of standard for height, serum albumin concentration, and packed cell volume. Subjects less than 60% of standard weight were considered to be severely malnourished and those 60-90% of standard weight moderately malnourished.4 A serum albumin concentration of 25-30 g/1 was regarded as moderately low and a concentration <25 g/1 as severely low. Sputum was examined for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Appropriate dietary and antituberculous regimens were instituted and the nutritional variables re-evaluated four weeks later. Ten male prisoners were admitted during the year, of whom one died of severe diarrhoea shortly after admission and was therefore excluded. Of the remainder, six were malnourished and three had other diseases. The history in all cases indicated under nutrition and overcrowding in prison. There was lack of financial support and reluctance of relations to identify with the prisoners. The six with malnutrition looked depressed and apathetic. Of these, four had pedal oedema, all had hair changes, and four skin changes and infections. In addition, five had pul? monary tuberculosis, two peripheral neuropathy, and one chronic myeloid leukaemia. The table gives the findings in all nine cases. Three of the malnourished patients had severe and three moderate malnutrition. Serum albumin concentration
Effects of caspase-1 knockout on chronic neural recording quality and longevity: Insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms of the reactive tissue response
Authors: Takashi D.Y. Kozai, Xia Li, Lance M. Bodily, Ellen M. Caparosa, Georgios A. Zenonos, Diane L. Carlisle, Robert M. Friedlander, X. Tracy Cui
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)
STUDIES ON LYMPHOID ACTIVITY
Authors: Waro Nakahara
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1923)

The state of potential immunity to transplanted cancer engendered in mice by an injection of homologous blood may be reversed and converted into a susceptible state by an intraperitoneal injection of olive oil prior to the cancer inoculation. The suppression of resistance is accompanied by the failure of certain cellular reactions known to develop during the establishment of immunity to transplanted cancer.
The Law and Ethics of Medical Research: International Bioethics and Human Rights
Authors: Berna Arda
Journal: BMJ (2005)

M edical research has come a long way since an ethical approach to medicine was first outlined in the Hippocratic oath. It is generally accepted that the principles of beneficence and of doing no harm arose in medical contexts. Respect for people's autonomy is, however, a relatively new principle—one we can trace to the Enlightenment era. This principle is now a crucial one in the routine practice of medicine and in research. Informed consent is accepted as one way to put the principle into practice. If there were no such thing as informed consent, patients' autonomy would not be possible. Recent history has many examples—the Nazis' experiments or the Japanese tests of organisms on prisoners in Manchuria in the 1930s—where ignorance of or blindness to the principle of autonomy was evident. Such abuses represent turning points …
Prenatal diagnoses of sex chromosome conditions
Authors: B. Biesecker
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Papers p 463 

Women who receive a prenatal diagnosis of a chromosome abnormality remember the circumstances precisely. Years later they recall the exact words used to deliver the news, and many regret the manner in which they were told.1 They read between the lines messages that their fetus is no longer worthy of life and that their feelings about the pregnancy are not important. A test result showing that a fetus has a chromosomal difference leaves women and their partners with a permanent and life altering decision whether or not to continue the pregnancy. What do women and their partners need to make a decision that they can accept for the rest of their lives? How can healthcare providers best help them? A paper in this week's journal represents a first attempt at understanding this process (p 463),2 with disturbing results.

Prenatal testing for chromosomal conditions has been offered in industrialised nations since the 1970s. Yet little research has been done on pretest counselling, the communication of abnormal results, their impact on parents' decision making, or the long term outcomes of such decisions. Prenatal genetic counselling is provided by several different healthcare providers, including genetic counsellors, obstetric nurses, obstetricians, and maternal-fetal medicine specialists. In the United States practice is widely variable.3 Often …
South American Leishmaniasis in London
Authors: E. S. Emslie
Journal: BMJ (1962)

~~~~~~~~~~MFMICAL JouWL was uncertain.In view of the scanty infections and the position in the hind-gut in one instance, we think that they are more likely to represent species of Leptomonas or Herpetomonas rather than leptomonad stages of Leishmania.A more detailed account of these and further studies will be published in the near future.
Evaluation of a prison outreach clinic for the diagnosis and prevention of hepatitis C: implications for the national strategy
Authors: C Skipper
Journal: Gut (2003)

<b>Background:</b> Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health problem recognised by the UK National Strategy that proposes that a care pathway for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment be established in all prisons, integrated within managed clinical networks. A prison sentence provides the opportunity to focus on traditionally hard to reach patients. <b>Aims:</b> To evaluate the prevalence of HCV infection in a UK prison cluster and to assess the effectiveness of a prison outreach service for hepatitis C. <b>Subjects:</b> Male prisoners. <b>Methods:</b> A nurse specialist led clinic within a cluster of adult prisons was established, offering health education on hepatitis C, advice on harm minimisation, and HCV testing. Infected prisoners were offered access to a care pathway leading to treatment. Outcome measures were uptake of the service, and diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C. <b>Results:</b> A total of 8.5% of 1618 prisoners accepted testing: 30% had active infection with HCV. Most were ineligible for treatment due to psychiatric illness or did not receive treatment for logistic reasons. Injecting drug use was the major risk factor in all cases. Only 7% of HCV polymerase chain amplification positive inmates received treatment in prison. <b>Conclusion:</b> There is a large pool of HCV infected prisoners at risk of complications, constituting a source of infection during their sentence and after discharge. A prison outreach clinic and care pathway was perceived as effective in delivering health education, reducing the burden on prison and hospital services. It provided an opportunity for intervention but had a limited effect in eradicating HCV in prisoners and it remains unclear how this might be achieved.
Transforming growth factor-β1 regulates platelet-derived growth factor receptor β subunit in human liver fat-storing cells
Authors: Massimo Pinzani, Alessandra Gentilini, Alessandra Caligiuri, Raffaella De Franco, Giulia Pellegrini, Stefano Milani, Fabio Marra, Paolo Gentilini
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Activated liver fat-storing cells (FSC) are known to play a key role in the development of liver fibrosis. An important element in FSC activation process is the increased expression of receptors for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potent mitogen for FSC. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression PDGF-receptor alpha and beta subunits in cultured human FSC and their regulation induced by transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta), a cytokine potentially involved in an autocrine loop. TGF-beta induced a significant increase of the mitogenic effect of PDGF-BB and did not affect the mitogenicity of PDGF-AA and PDGF-AB, suggesting a selective action of the PDGF-receptor-beta subunit. This hypothesis was confirmed by regulation experiments showing selective and time-dependent upregulation of the messenger (m)RNA encoding for the PDGF-receptor-beta subunit and the relative protein induced by TGF-beta. In addition, binding studies showed a parallel increase of PDGF-BB binding sites after incubation of human FSC with TGF-beta. These studies provide evidence for an additional mechanism leading to the perpetuation of FSC activation and proliferation and contribute to a better understanding of the role of TGF-beta and PDGF in the development of liver fibrosis.
Gastrointestinal adaptation to diets of differing fat composition in human volunteers.
Authors: K M Cunningham, J Daly, M Horowitz, N W Read
Journal: Gut (1991)

The effect of a low fat diet (9 MJ) v a high fat diet (19.26 MJ), each consumed separately for four and 14 days, on gastric emptying and mouth to caecum transit time of a high fat test meal and body weight and satiety were examined in groups of 10 and six normal male volunteers. The half time for gastric emptying (t1/2) and the mouth to caecum transit time of a high fat test meal was significantly faster after the high fat diet than the low fat diet when consumed for 14 days (t1/2=98 (80-116) v 147 (88-206) minutes (median (range)), p less than 0.05; mouth to caecum transit time 240 (130-350) v 360 (200-520) minutes, p less than 0.05), but not when consumed for only four days. The mean (SEM) body weight of all subjects significantly increased during the 14 day high fat diet (74.7 (1.3) v 72.7 (1.6) kg, p less than 0.05) but was not influenced during the consumption of the low fat diet. When subjects were given an appetising meal to consume on the day that they had consumed the transit test meal, they ate similar amounts irrespective of their recent dietary history, though the eating rate was significantly slower after the high fat diet (mean (SEM)) 46.7 (1.9) v 71.3 (14.8)/min, p less than 0.05). Maintaining normal subjects on a high or low fat diet for two weeks resulted in a desensitisation or sensitisation respectively of the mechanisms by which nutrients regulate gastrointestinal transit. These findings emphasise the importance of the recent dietary history in the interpretation of gastric emptying and small bowel transit time data.
Academic medicine: time for reinvention: Leadership and money are needed
Authors: A. M Morris
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Editor—Clark and Smith's focus on internal and external funding and leadership is paramount in improving the state of academic medicine.1

Academic health care has deteriorated because academicians are poorly remunerated (compared with their peers) for their academic work, unless they partner with industry. Unfortunately, industry's raison d'etre seems to be the promotion of therapeutics or diagnostics rather than of education for education's sake. Thus all education partnered with industry is potentially tainted by the underlying profit motive.

Additionally, research productivity is important for much of the academic advancement in faculties of medicine and health science. Because there has been a disinvestment from clinical research by government organisations, researchers who wish to proceed through the ranks via research must increasingly rely on industry funds to support their work. Again, all such work is potentially tainted by the profit motive.

Yet the researchers who are able to forge the ties with industry are the educational leaders. Although all faculties of medicine and health science have expert educators and teachers, they often remain small cogs in a larger machine. They deliver well intentioned (and often important) research, curriculums, and teaching encounters but are usually overshadowed by the more powerful and better funded researchers who lead. These leading researchers speak to (and influence) medical students, postgraduate trainees, and practising clinicians. They ascend the academic ranks and make important policy decisions for divisions, departments, faculties, and the community. They are academic medicine.

For academic medicine to revitalise it needs leadership and money. However, the money must be both substantial and independent of industry directives. Similarly, the leadership must consist of that extremely and increasingly rare breed: a visionary who sees research, education, and clinical teaching as equally important, who has been successful at some or all of these, and who has managed to be so without the strong ties that bind many of us to industry.