tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cancer Incidence and Survival in Patients 65 Years of Age and Older
Authors: A. Baranovsky, M. H. Myers
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1986)

The impact of cancer on persons 65 years of age and older has been assessed by examining incidence rates and survival rates. For all cancers combined, the incidence rate shown in Table 4 for males 65 and older (2,468.2 per 100,000) is four times the age-adjusted rate for males 45 to 64 years of age (586.7). For elderly females, the incidence rate is twice that for females aged 45 to 64 (1,401.1 versus 609.7). Ratios of incidence rates for older versus younger males are about four to five for cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, pancreas, and urinary bladder, and for leukemia; about three for cancers of the lung and kidney, and for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas; and 10 for cancer of the prostate. For females, the corresponding ratios are similar to those for males, although a little lower for cancers of the colon, rectum, and urinary bladder, and for leukemia, and a little higher for cancers of the stomach and pancreas. The ratios for breast, uterine cervix, uterine corpus, ovary, and lung are less than two. The relative survival rates for patients 65 and older are for many cancer sites only a few percentage points lower than rates for those 45 to 64 years of age (Table 5), suggesting that patients in this age group fare only a little worse than younger patients in escaping the effects of cancer once it has been diagnosed. Exceptions are cancer of the urinary bladder and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas for both men and women and cancers of the uterine cervix, uterine corpus, ovary, and kidney for women. For these sites, the survival rates for older patients are considerably lower than for their younger counterparts. For female breast cancer patients, there was no difference in the five-year relative survival rate for those 65 and older compared with those 45 to 64.
Comparison of risks from outdoor and indoor exposure to toxic chemicals.
Authors: L A Wallace
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1991)

Environmental Protection Agency TEAM (Total Exposure Assessment Measurement) Studies have measured exposures of about 800 persons to 25 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and exposures of about 300 persons to 32 pesticides. These persons were selected to represent more than 1 million residents of industrial manufacturing cities such as Bayonne and Elizabeth, New Jersey, and Los Angeles, California; cities with light industry, such as Greensboro, North Carolina, and Baltimore, Maryland; rural areas such as Devils Lake, North Dakota; and cities with high pesticide use such as Jacksonville, Florida, as well as low-to-moderate pesticide use such as Springfield, Massachusetts. The TEAM data provide an opportunity to estimate the risks from airborne exposure to a number of suspected carcinogens for a substantial number of persons residing in a wide variety of urban, suburban, and rural areas. Because all of the TEAM Studies measured outdoor concentrations near the homes of the participants, it is possible to apportion the risks between outdoor and indoor sources. Upper-bound lifetime risks of cancer are calculated for both indoor and outdoor sources of 12 VOCs and about 23 pesticides measured in the TEAM Studies. These risk calculations are supplemented by calculations based on other studies for some additional pollutants, including radon and environmental tobacco smoke. The relationship of these upper-bound risk estimates to
Clinical Experience with [111ln] Indium Chloride Scanning in Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: HUSSEIN M. ABDEL DAYEM, JOHN BREEN, EUGENE V. LESLIE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1978)

Forty-eight patients were scanned with 111In-chloride in an attempt to identify the cause of fever. Fifteen true positive scans, 30 true negatives, and 3 false negatives were found. Of the 15 true positives, 7 cases of abdominal or pelvic abscess, and 8 cases of alcoholic hepatitis were detected. The 3 false negatives included: 1) an abscess in the anterior abdominal wall; 2) an abscess in the right upper quadrant at the site of a necrotic gallbladder; and 3) a tuberculous abscess of the lumbar spine. Examples from the different categories, pitfalls in interpretation and advantages and disadvantages of scanning with 111In-chloride will be presented. These studies indicate that 111In-chloride is a safe, reliable scanning agent for abscesses below the diaphragm especially in patients who cannot undergo adequate bowel preparation.
SOME UNUSUAL OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS.
Authors: WILLIAM ZENTMAYER
Journal: JAMA (1907)

<h3>OPTIC ATROPHY.</h3> The first anatomic demonstration of the pressure effects on the optic nerve of sclerosed vessels at the base of the brain was made by Michel<sup>1</sup>in 1877. This case is unique inasmuch as the resulting ocular disturbance was bilateral choked disc which Michel explained by assuming pressure on the lymph spaces of the optic nerve. From time to time since the publication of this case others have appeared in literature, but it remained for Otto<sup>2</sup>in 1893 to present a large enough series of cases to permit of conclusions being drawn as to the nature of the gross and minute anatomic changes and of their possible clinical manifestations. In 11 of this group of 20 autopsies there were more or less marked changes in the form of the optic nerve consisting of a flattening and a subsequent atrophy of the nerve fibers, primarily centrally situated but
Thermal dye double indicator dilution measurement of lung water in man: comparison with gravimetric measurements.
Authors: F G Mihm, T W Feeley, S W Jamieson
Journal: Thorax (1987)

The thermal dye double indicator dilution technique for estimating lung water was compared with gravimetric analyses in nine human subjects who were organ donors. As observed in animal studies, the thermal dye measurement of extravascular thermal volume (EVTV) consistently overestimated gravimetric extravascular lung water (EVLW), the mean (SEM) difference being 3.43 (0.59) ml/kg. In eight of the nine subjects the EVTV -3.43 ml/kg would yield an estimate of EVLW that would be from 3.23 ml/kg under to 3.37 ml/kg over the actual value EVLW at the 95% confidence limits. Reproducibility, assessed with the standard error of the mean percentage, suggested that a 15% change in EVTV can be reliably detected with repeated measurements. One subject was excluded from analysis because the EVTV measurement grossly underestimated its actual EVLW. This error was associated with regional injury observed on gross examination of the lung. Experimental and clinical evidence suggest that the thermal dye measurement provides a reliable estimate of lung water in diffuse pulmonary oedema states.
Major Clinical Response to a BRAF Inhibitor in a Patient With a <i>BRAF</i> L597R–Mutated Melanoma
Authors: Philippe Bahadoran, Maryline Allegra, Florence Le Duff, Elodie Long-Mira, Paul Hofman, Damien Giacchero, Thierry Passeron, Jean-Philippe Lacour, Robert Ballotti
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

Case ReportA 68-year-old woman (patient 1) was diagnosed in October 2010 with a melanoma of the back of the superficial spreading melanoma subtype, with a Breslow thickness of 1.1 mm.Ulceration and mitoses were not observed.In June 2011, she developed right axillary lymph node metastases that were treated by surgery.In September 2011, the patient developed multiple subcutaneous and pulmonary metastases.A muta-tion analysis showed no BRAF mutation at position V600 and no NRAS mutations at positions G12 and Q61.Treatment with dacarbazine failed to stop the progression of the subcutaneous and pulmonary metastases.After obtaining informed consent from this patient as well as two additional patients, we isolated melanoma cells from lymph node metastases and studied the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway in these cells.Used as a control, stem-cell factor induced strong ERK activation in human melanocytes.We observed ERK activation in the cells from patient 2 (BRAF V600E) but no activation in cells from patient 3 (BRAF V600V; Fig 1A ; NHM, normal human melanocytes; NT, no treatment; p-ERK, phosphorylated-ERK; SCF, stem cell factor).Notably, the cells from patient 1 also showed robust ERK activation, although e324
Abstract 3617: Fat intake after prostate cancer diagnosis and risk of lethal prostate cancer and total mortality.
Authors: Stacey A. Kenfield, Erin L. Richman, Howard D. Sesso, Jing Ma, Meir J. Stampfer, Jorge E. Chavarro
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Context and Objective: Although prostate cancer is the 2nd leading cause of cancer death in the US, few studies have evaluated the effect of diet after diagnosis on prostate cancer progression and all-cause mortality. We examined fat intake after prostate cancer diagnosis in relation to risk of lethal prostate cancer and all-cause mortality. Methods: This was a prospective study of 1,019 men diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1982 and 2000 in the Physicians’ Health Study. Men completed a dietary food frequency questionnaire a median of 5.1 years after diagnosis. We examined post-diagnostic intake of saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fats, as well as animal and vegetable fats. Cases were confirmed by medical record review. The main outcomes were lethal prostate cancer, defined as prostate cancer-specific death or metastasis to bone, and all-cause mortality. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the relative risk of lethal prostate cancer and all-cause mortality. Models were adjusted for age at diagnosis, time since diagnosis, clinical T-stage, Gleason Score, prostate cancer treatment, BMI, smoking status, intake of alcohol and protein, total calories, and other fats. Results: We observed 87 lethal prostate cancer events and 395 total deaths over a median follow-up after diagnosis of 13.9 years. There was a suggestion of a positive relation between saturated fat intake and lethal prostate cancer that failed to reach statistical significance. The hazard ratio (HR) for lethal prostate cancer associated with a 5% increase in energy from saturated fat was 1.97 (0.89, 4.36; p=0.10). In addition, saturated fat intake after diagnosis was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR per 5% energy: 1.49; 95%CI: 1.02, 2.16; p=0.04) while vegetable fat was associated with reduced risk of all-cause mortality (HR per 10% energy: 0.63; 95%CI; 0.46, 0.88; p=0.007). Conclusions: Among men diagnosed with prostate cancer, replacing calories from carbohydrates with saturated fat after diagnosis may increase risk of all-cause mortality, while replacing calories from carbohydrates with vegetable fat may reduce risk of all-cause mortality. Citation Format: Stacey A. Kenfield, Erin L. Richman, Howard D. Sesso, Jing Ma, Meir J. Stampfer, Jorge E. Chavarro. Fat intake after prostate cancer diagnosis and risk of lethal prostate cancer and total mortality. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3617. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3617
Molecular electrostatic potentials: an effective tool for the elucidation of biochemical phenomena.
Authors: P Politzer, P R Laurence, K Jayasuriya
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1985)

The electrostatic potential V(r) that is created in the space around a molecule by its nuclei and electrons (treated as static distributions of charge) is a very useful property for analyzing and predicting molecular reactive behavior. It is rigorously defined and can be determined experimentally as well as computationally. The potential has been particularly useful as an indicator of the sites or regions of a molecule to which an approaching electrophile is initially attracted, and it has also been applied successfully to the study of interactions that involve a certain optimum relative orientation of the reactants, such as between a drug and its cellular receptor. A variety of methods for calculating V(r) is available, at different levels of rigor. For large biologically active molecules, multipole expansions and superposition of potentials computed for subunits have been found to be effective. A large number of chemical and biochemical systems and processes have now been studied in terms of electrostatic potentials. Three examples of such applications are surveyed in this paper. These deal with: (a) reactive properties of nucleic acids, including their component bases; (b) biological recognition processes, including drug-receptors and enzyme-substrate interactions; and (c) chemical carcinogenesis, referring specifically to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated olefins and their epoxides. For each of these areas, examples of the use of electrostatic potentials in elucidating structure-activity patterns are given.
Discovery of recurrent t(6;7)(p25.3;q32.3) translocations in ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphomas by massively parallel genomic sequencing
Authors: Andrew L. Feldman, Ahmet Dogan, David I. Smith, Mark E. Law, Stephen M. Ansell, Sarah H. Johnson, Julie C. Porcher, Nazan Özsan, Eric D. Wieben, Bruce W. Eckloff, George Vasmatzis
Journal: Blood (2010)
Content of advertisements for junior doctors: is there sufficient detail?
Authors: C L I. Clark
Journal: BMJ (1995)

To determine whether employers follow BMA guidelines on advertisements when advertising for junior doctors.Survey of advertisements for junior doctors in the BMJ's classified advertisements supplement from 12 March to 14 May 1994.300 advertisements for substantive posts for junior doctors.Compliance with BMA guidelines, compared by grade, specialty, and employer (trust or regional health authority); observation of any useful information not included in the guidelines.Only eight advertisements included all the recommended information. Amount of information given was related to grade, specialty, or employer in only one respect: advertisements for basic trainees were more likely than those for higher specialist trainees to include information on pay and hours of work (P < 0.001).Advertisements for junior doctors in the BMJ do not comply with BMA guidelines and often contain little useful information for potential applicants.
283 Silencing of caspase-8 in murine hepatocellular carcinoma is correlated with CPG methylation of an essential caspase-8 promoter element
Authors: C. Liedtke, N.H. Zschemisch, A. Cohrs, J. Borlack, M.P. Manns, C. Trautwein
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
Renal blood flow in malignant disease of the liver
Authors: M. C. Kew, C. A. Limbrick, R. R. Varma, S. Sherlock
Journal: Gut (1972)

Although functional renal failure has been reported in patients with malignant disease of the liver, renal haemodynamics and function have not been investigated. Renal and intrarenal blood flow was measured using the <sup>133</sup>Xenon washout technique and creatinine clearances by the standard method in 14 patients with a variety of primary and secondary tumours of the liver in the absence of cirrhosis and without evidence of renal disease. In 11 patients renal and outer cortical blood flow was reduced and this was sometimes accompanied by a reduction in glomerular filtration rate. The pattern of renal circulatory changes was similar to that seen in renal dysfunction associated with hepatic cirrhosis. Possible causes of these disturbances and their significance in relation to the aetiology of functional renal failure in liver disease are discussed.
Doctoring deprived areas
Authors: A. Hastings, M. Rao
Journal: BMJ (2001)

In December Dr Matthew Lukwiya died from Ebola virus infection contracted in Gulu Hospital, in Uganda, where he worked. What made his death notable was that he was not a young doctor forcibly seconded to a rural area by the ministry of health. He had chosen to work in the same isolated hospital for 15 years in spite of opportunities to pursue a lucrative career abroad.1 In the United Kingdom doctors are not required to make sacrifices of a comparable magnitude, but there are many examples of dedicated general practitioners who choose to defy the “inverse care law” and work in unpopular areas afflicted by multiple deprivation. However, it is not possible to provide an effective service for the whole population with exceptional people, and there is growing evidence of an impending, critical shortfall in general practitioners to work in deprived areas.2

In their examination of the general practitioner labour market in the United Kingdom Young and Leese have shown that the supply of general practitioners in a given area reflects differences in local living and working environments and that the difficulties are greatest in deprived urban areas.3 Some deprived areas face overwhelming difficulty in recruitment—for example, mining valleys in south Wales—whereas deprived areas in smaller cities face fewer difficulties.

Although the British government has made a commitment …
One week's anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment for duodenal ulcer.
Authors: R P Logan, P A Gummett, J J Misiewicz, Q N Karim, M M Walker, J H Baron
Journal: Gut (1994)

This open study tested whether eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) heals duodenal ulcers as well as decreasing recurrence. H pylori was detected in patients with endoscopic duodenal ulcers by histology, CLO-test, culture, and 13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT). Tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (120 mg) and amoxycillin (500 mg) each four times daily, were given for seven days, with 400 mg metronidazole five times a day on days 5-7. The 13C-UBT was repeated immediately after treatment and endoscopy repeated within 21 days. After treatment unhealed ulcers were reinspected one month later and healed ulcers followed up by 13C-UBT alone for 12 months. Of 45 patients, 44 were available for follow up. Mean pretreatment excess delta 13CO2 excretion was 25.6 per mil, which fell to 2.4 per mil immediately after finishing treatment, indicating clearance of H pylori in every patient. At the second endoscopy (median interval 20 days from start of treatment) 33 of 44 (75%) duodenal ulcers had healed. Ten of the remaining 11 duodenal ulcers were smaller and those 10 healed in the next two weeks with no further treatment. Two patients9 ulcers that initially healed with clearance of H pylori recurred three weeks later (both had metronidazole resistant H pylori). H pylori was eradicated in 28 of 44 (64%) patients (13C-UBT negative for median follow up 10.2 months). Overall 41 of 43 (93%, 95% confidence intervals 81%-99%) duodenal ulcers were healed at one month. This study suggests that one week of anti-H pylori triple treatment is effective in healing duodenal ulcers.
The left ventricle affects the duration of right ventricular ejection
Authors: S. Yamaguchi, K. S Li, H. Harasawa, D. Zhu, W. P Santamore
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1993)

The aim was to determine if rapid changes in left ventricular pressure can acutely alter right ventricular systolic pressure and thus influence the length of right ventricular ejection.The experiments were performed in six open chest anaesthetised dogs, weight 18-25.5 kg. Left and right ventricular pressures and pulmonary blood flow were recorded continuously as left ventricular pressure was abruptly decreased by opening a shunt in systole. From these data, the pressure and flow changes and the duration of right ventricular ejection were determined.Opening the left ventricular shunt caused left ventricular pressure to fall from 94.1(SD 10.5) to 62.6(11.3) mm Hg (p < 0.01), right ventricular pressure to fall from 30.3(4.6) to 27.0(3.6) mm Hg (p < 0.01), and pulmonary flow to fall from 69.5(14.2) to 57.5(13.9) ml.s-1. The duration of right ventricular ejection, determined from pulmonary flow, also decreased from 192.7(22.7) to 157.2(18.7) ms (p < 0.05) and was significantly related to the length of left ventricular systole. Time between end diastole and peak negative dP/dt decreased for both left and right ventricle. Left and right ventricular time intervals were related before (r = 0.99) and after (r = 0.75) opening the shunt.The duration of right ventricular ejection was decreased by a sudden decrease in left ventricular afterload and was significantly related to the length of left ventricular systole. The duration of right ventricular ejection may be coupled with left ventricular contraction through ventricular interdependence.
Left atrial myxomas in childhood: Presentation with emboli--diagnosis by ultrasonics
Authors: R. B. Pridie
Journal: Thorax (1972)

Three children with left atrial myxomas are described. All suffered major arterial occlusion with consequent permanent morbidity before the diagnosis was made and the tumour removed. Each child had had previous small embolic phenomena. In two, the diagnosis was made by ultrasound. In any child who has had an arterial embolus without obvious cause, a left atrial myxoma should be considered and looked for by an ultrasonic mitral echogram.
Controversial Beliefs About Diabetes and its Care
Authors: Robert M Anderson, Michael B Donnelly, Wayne K Davis
Journal: Diabetes Care (1992)

Objective The purpose of this study was to identify specific beliefs that differentiate health-care professionals whose attitudes toward diabetes agreed most strongly with a group of national diabetes experts from those whose attitudes disagreed most strongly. Research Design and Methods The sample for this study included 271 physicians, 834 nurses, and 546 dietitians who completed a Diabetes Attitudes Survey. The sample included specialists in diabetes care and nonspecialists. Controversial beliefs about diabetes and its care were determined by comparing the beliefs of the 10% of the sample whose attitudes were most concordant (with the national panel) with the beliefs of the 10% of the sample whose attitudes were the most discordant. Ten beliefs met the criteria for being defined as controversial. Results The most controversial beliefs concerned whether the patient or the physician should be the primary decision maker in diabetes care, the meaning of patient noncompliance, and the seriousness of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The 10% of the sample with the most discordant attitudes contained a disproportionately large number of physicians, nonspecialists in diabetes, and health-care professionals who had been in practice longer than the other members of the sample. Conclusions This study identifies some important differences in beliefs between younger health-care professionals who specialize in diabetes and older nonspecialists. Such beliefs should be addressed in continuing education programs with the aim being to foster the widespread adoption of a contemporary approach to diabetes care.
Endoscopic bougienage for a recurrent esophageal web using a small-caliber-tip transparent hood
Authors: S. Itaba, K. Nakamura, H. Akiho, R. Takayanagi
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

Cervical esophageal web is a postcricoid thin membrane causing mechanical dysphagia [1]. Though Savary-Gilliard dilatation, balloon dilatation, or surgical myectomy have been reported as effective for dilation of an esophageal web [1] [2] [3], there is no standard procedure for dilatation of this condition. We describe a patient with recurrent esophageal web who underwent repeated bougienage with a small-caliber-tip transparent hood (ST hood, DH-15GR or DH-16CR, Fujinon Corp) ([Fig. 1 a, b]).