tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Association Between Cholesterol Level and Mortality in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Yongmei Liu, Josef Coresh, Joseph A. Eustace, J. Craig Longenecker, Bernard Jaar, Nancy E. Fink, Russell P. Tracy, Neil R. Powe, Michael J. Klag
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Total cholesterol level is inversely associated with mortality in dialysis patients, a group at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This paradox may be explained by systemic inflammation and/or malnutrition, which are associated with lower cholesterol levels and higher mortality.To determine the relationship between cholesterol level and outcome in patients undergoing dialysis, accounting for inflammation and malnutrition.Prospective study of 823 patients enrolled from October 1995 to June 1998 who recently initiated dialysis, from 79 clinics, classified by absence or presence of inflammation and/or malnutrition (defined as serum albumin levels <3.6 mg/dL, C-reactive protein > or =10 mg/L, or interleukin 6 > or =3.09 pg/mL).All-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality.During a median follow-up of 2.4 years, 324 deaths (159 CVD deaths), 153 renal transplantations, and 10 losses to follow-up occurred. Average serum cholesterol level was lower in the presence of inflammation/malnutrition than in its absence. In a Cox model adjusted for age, race, and sex, a 40-mg/dL (1.0-mmol/L) increment in baseline total serum cholesterol level was associated with a decreased risk of all-cause mortality overall (relative hazard [RH], 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87-0.98) and in the presence of inflammation/malnutrition (RH, 0.89; CI, 0.84-0.95). In contrast, serum cholesterol level was associated with an increased risk in the absence of inflammation/malnutrition (RH, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.07-1.63). For CVD mortality, an inverse trend was not statistically significant in the presence of inflammation/malnutrition, and a positive association was evident in the absence of inflammation/malnutrition (RH, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.04-1.89). Further adjustment for traditional CVD risk factors, dialysis modality, comorbidity, and inflammatory markers attenuated the inverse association but strengthened the positive association.The inverse association of total cholesterol level with mortality in dialysis patients is likely due to the cholesterol-lowering effect of systemic inflammation and malnutrition, not to a protective effect of high cholesterol concentrations. These findings support treatment of hypercholesterolemia in this population.
This month's new journals
Authors: J. O. Drife
Journal: BMJ (1997)

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We are often told that 20 000 medical journals are published every year. Presumably we are expected to feel guilty for not having read them. Most doctors use their intelligence and ignore 19 998 of the titles, but publishers still find it profitable to keep starting up new ones. In case you were wondering what you are missing, here is my selection from those that have appeared since the summer holidays.

Journal of the Blindingly Obvious : “We seek,” say the editors, “to publish well designed trials, preferably those which have used large sums of public money, proving …

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Origin and Phylogeny of Chloroplasts Revealed by a Simple Correlation Analysis of Complete Genomes
Authors: K. H. Chu
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2003)

The complete sequenced genomes of chloroplast have provided much information on the origin and evolution of this organelle. In this paper we attempt to use these sequences to test a novel approach for phylogenetic analysis of complete genomes based on correlation analysis of compositional vectors. All protein sequences from 21 complete chloroplast genomes are analyzed in comparison with selected archaea, eubacteria, and eukaryotes. The distance-based analysis shows that the chloroplast genomes are most closely related to cyanobacteria, consistent with the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts. The chloroplast genomes are separated to two major clades corresponding to chlorophytes (green plants) s.l. and rhodophytes (red algae) s.l. The interrelationships among the chloroplasts are largely in agreement with the current understanding on chloroplast evolution. For instance, the analysis places the chloroplasts of two chromophytes (Guillardia and Odontella) within the rhodophyte lineage, supporting secondary endosymbiosis as the source of these chloroplasts. The relationships among the green algae and land plants in our tree also agree with results from traditional phylogenetic analyses. Thus, this study establishes the value of our simple correlation analysis in elucidating the evolutionary relationships among genomes. It is hoped that this approach will provide insights on comparative genome analysis.
Cardiomyocyte Overexpression of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Delays Transition Toward Heart Failure in Response to Pressure Overload by Preserving Calcium Cycling
Authors: Xavier Loyer, Ana Maria Gómez, Paul Milliez, Maria Fernandez-Velasco, Peter Vangheluwe, Laurent Vinet, Dominique Charue, Emilie Vaudin, Wei Zhang, Yannis Sainte-Marie, Estelle Robidel, Isabelle Marty, Bernd Mayer, Frédéric Jaisser, Jean-Jacques Mercadier, Sylvain Richard, Ajay M. Shah, Jean-Pierre Bénitah, Jane-Lise Samuel, Christophe Heymes
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Defects in cardiomyocyte Ca(2+) cycling are a signature feature of heart failure (HF) that occurs in response to sustained hemodynamic overload, and they largely account for contractile dysfunction. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) influences myocyte excitation-contraction coupling through modulation of Ca(2+) cycling, but the potential relevance of this in HF is unknown.We generated a transgenic mouse with conditional, cardiomyocyte-specific NOS1 overexpression (double-transgenic [DT]) and studied cardiac remodeling, myocardial Ca(2+) handling, and contractility in DT and control mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC). After TAC, control mice developed eccentric hypertrophy with evolution toward HF as revealed by a significantly reduced fractional shortening. In contrast, DT mice developed a greater increase in wall thickness (P<0.0001 versus control+TAC) and less left ventricular dilatation than control+TAC mice (P<0.0001 for both end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions). Thus, DT mice displayed concentric hypertrophy with fully preserved fractional shortening (43.7+/-0.6% versus 30.3+/-2.6% in control+TAC mice, P<0.05). Isolated cardiomyocytes from DT+TAC mice had greater shortening, intracellular Ca(2+) transients, and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) load (P<0.05 versus control+TAC for all parameters). These effects could be explained, at least in part, through modulation of phospholamban phosphorylation status.Cardiomyocyte NOS1 may be a useful target against cardiac deterioration during chronic pressure-overload-induced HF through modulation of calcium cycling.
Breast-saving surgery, radiation for early cancer gaining advocates
Authors: William A. Check
Journal: JAMA (1981)

A group of radiation therapists is becoming increasingly active in recommending to women with early breast cancer that they consider undergoing "definitive radiation therapy" in conjunction with breast-conserving surgery, or lumpectomy, instead of modified or radical mastectomy. The rationale, according to Luther W. Brady, MD, chairman of the Department of Radiation Therapy and Nuclear Medicine, Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, is that "current evidence strongly suggests that radiation therapy in the primary local management of stage I and stage II breast cancer can achieve local-regional control rates that are comparable with those obtained by radical or modified radical mastectomy while leaving the patient with two intact and cosmetically acceptable breasts." The acceptance of such breast-saving treatment has become even more important with the increase in detection of breast cancer at an early stage, adds Brady. He cites National Cancer Institute data showing that the proportion of women whose disease was diagnosed
Mandela emphasises importance of preventing vertical transmission of HIV
Authors: P. Sidley
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Former president Nelson Mandela stepped boldly into South Africa's AIDS policy crisis last week ensuring that his would be the voice that carries a rational policy forward—sidestepping president Thabo Mbeki if necessary. He had presented the Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation Human Rights award to Professor James McIntyre and Dr Glenda Gray, both experts in the field of prevention of HIV transmission from pregnant mothers to their babies.

In presenting the award, Mr Mandela said the importance of preventing mother to child transmission was “beyond argument or doubt” in fighting AIDS. He said the argument on fundamental issues around the disease “unfortunately continues to rage in manners that detract attention from what …
A combined respiratory and cutaneous hypersensitivity syndrome induced by work exposure to quaternary amines
Authors: None Bernstein, None Stauder, None Bernstein, None Bernstein
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1994)

The quaternary amine, benzalkonium chloride, has been associated with cutaneous and mucosal delayed hypersensitivity reactions and with paradoxical bronchoconstriction after use of aerosolized asthma medications. Until now, quaternary amines have not been reported to cause occupational asthma. We describe a case of occupational asthma caused by prolonged exposure to a cleaning solution containing benzalkonium chloride in the workplace. Single-blind, placebo-controlled, open-room challenges were performed to determine the specific agent responsible for the patient's symptoms. Pulmonary function and epicutaneous challenge tests were also performed. The patient had positive responses to challenges with a liquid toilet bowl cleaner containing benzalkonium chloride but was unreactive to other agents tested. Removal from the workplace resulted in complete resolution of symptoms. The exact mechanisms responsible for occupational asthma induced by quaternary amines remain unknown; however, this case emphasizes the importance of recognizing reactive chemicals as possible causes. (J ALLERGYCLINIMMUNOL1994;94:257-9.)
Exercise testing in the preoperative evaluation of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma
Authors: K Richter Larsen, UG Svendsen, N Milman, J Brenoe, BN Petersen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

The aim of this study was to evaluate which parameters of preoperative spirometry and cardiopulmonary exercise test are the best predictors of postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Ninety seven patients were prospectively and consecutively examined. All patients had preoperative maximal exercise test and dynamic spirometry. Postoperative complications and causes of death were registered. Logistic regression was used and models explaining the relationship between preoperative variables and postoperative complications and deaths were constructed. We found significant differences in preoperative maximal workload and carbon dioxide output between groups, with and without cardiopulmonary-related complications, but not in spirometry variables. Logistic regression showed maximal workload to be the only predictor of cardiopulmonary complications. Maximal oxygen uptake was predictive of cardiopulmonary deaths. Maximal oxygen uptake and forced expiratory volume were predictive of postoperative complications. A maximal oxygen uptake &lt;50% predicted was associated with high risk of death from cardiopulmonary causes. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that maximal oxygen uptake was correlated to long-term survival, while spirometric variables were not. Exercise testing can be used in the preoperative evaluation of patients with nonmetastatic bronchogenic carcinoma. A combination of the results of variables from spirometry and exercise testing is proposed to be used as a preoperative criterion for operability.
THE EXAMINATION AND SURGERY OF THE UPPER END OF THE ESOPHAGUS..
Authors: HARRIS PEYTON MOSHER
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Owing to its nature and position, the surgery of the esophagus is limited. In many conditions all treatment is simply palliative. The distress caused by interference with the functions of the esophagus, however, is so great that palliative measures are worth while and we should welcome any increase in their efficiency. Until recently the diagnosis of diseases of the esophagus has been made from the patient's history and the general symptoms, supplemented by the findings obtained from passing bougies. The treatment has been along restricted lines, and consisted of the use of bougies, with an occasional operation through the front or the side of the neck on the only accessible part of the esophagus, the upper half. Since the introduction of light-bearing tubes the diagnosis of diseases of the esophagus is no longer made by inference, but by sight and the removal of suspected tissue for the microscope. This paper
Cover picture meant that BMJ had descended to level of tabloid newspapers
Authors: J N Johnson
Journal: BMJ (1998)

EDITOR—It was with deep regret that I saw the cover picture for the issue of 6 June. The issues raised by the Bristol case are matters that have grave implications for the whole of the profession.1 It raised many difficult questions, which the BMA and other professional bodies are seeking to address both in depth and with great urgency. …
135 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TRANSPLANTATION OF HEPATIC LINEAGE CELLS AT VARIOUS DIFFERENTIATION STAGES INTO MICE WITH INDUCED LETHAL LIVER DAMAGE
Authors: R. Kamimura, T. Ishii, M. Kajiwara, K. Fukumitsu, M. Saito, K. Kawano, I. Ikai, K. Yasuchika, S. Uemoto
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
The Aesculapian Calendar
Authors: Samuel Vaisrub
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Hypertension month has zoomed by, and now (at the time of writing) diabetes week is upon us. Soon, cystic fibrosis, multiple sclerosis, and ulcerative colitis will slide into their respective months and weeks, and at the end of winter the hounds of heart disease will be on emphysema's traces to claim their rightful places in the Gregorian, Julian, and lunar calendars.  It isn't only that time flies, but it is becoming so closely linked with disease detection. In fact, so indissoluble is the association that it seems eminently logical to rename months and even to label weeks according to the disease of their dedication.  Why, indeed, stick to January or March, when Janus and Mars are long forgotten? Why hang on to July and August, when Julius Caesar and Octavius Augustus are no longer household names?  The proposed change from the conventional to the Aesculapian calendar can be expected to
Weil's Disease
Authors: K. Robertson
Journal: BMJ (1946)

setback in specific treatment.Sanatoria had expanded in number and developed in scope, both for pulmonary and for non-pulmonary cases.In-Britain the National Tuberculosis Scheme, inaugurated in 1912, had proved its worth.Artificial pneumothorax and other forms of collapse therapy had come into their own, particularly from 1920 onwards, when radio- graphic control became reasonably practicable.Much greater emphasis was being laid upon preventing the disease by reduction of co,ntagion and by insistence on contact examinations.The understanding of the immunology and epidemiology of tuberculous infection had been advanced by the work of Ghon, Opie, Cummins, and many others.
False-Positive Urinary Test for 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid Due to Methocarbamol and Mephenesin Carbamate
Authors: J. C. Honet, T. V. Casey, J. W. Rumyan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

THE urinary excretion product of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, is excreted in excess in the malignant-carcinoid syndrome.1 The qualitative urinary test described by Sjoerdsma, Weissbach and Udenfriend2 is widely used for the determination of this substance. The present report concerns the effects of the ingestion of muscle relaxants on the color reaction obtained in this test.Our experience with the following patient led to the present study.Case ReportL.B., a 25-year-old single man, entered the Albany Veterans Administration Hospital on December 1, 1958, because of nervousness. The history was that of an agitated state of several months' duration during which . . .
Specialists clarify when the benefits of HRT outweigh the risks
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The benefits of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may outweigh the risks if the woman has distressing menopausal symptoms or a premature menopause -- but no evidence exists to support a role for HRT in osteoporosis, heart disease, or Alzheimer's disease. This is the message of a consensus statement issued by a conference held in the United Kingdom this week.

The conference was convened by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh to clarify the use of HRT in clinical practice in response to growing concern about its safety. Results from several major trials published recently, including the million women study (16 August, p 359), have shown …
Class II major histocompatibility complex antigen expression on peripheral blood monocytes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Authors: K R Gardiner, A D Crockard, M I Halliday, B J Rowlands
Journal: Gut (1994)

Macrophage major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen expression is associated with defective antigen presentation to T lymphocytes in animals and is predictive of patient outcome after major trauma or sepsis. In this study, class II antigen (HLA-DR and DQ) expression on peripheral blood monocytes was investigated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in relation to disease activity and outcome. The percentage positivity and fluorescent intensity of expression of HLA-DR and DQ antigens on monocytes were determined in whole blood samples using dual colour immunofluorescence labelling and flow cytometry. Disease activity was assessed using clinical and laboratory indices. There was no significant difference in percentage positivity or fluorescent intensity of class II antigen expression between patients with Crohn's disease, those with ulcerative colitis, and healthy volunteers. The percentage of monocytes displaying HLA-DR positivity was significantly decreased in patients with active ulcerative colitis (active %: 49.5 (5.6); inactive %: 78.9 (6.9); p = 0.01). Data expressed as mean (SEM). In patients requiring surgical resection of diseased bowel, the percentage of monocytes displaying HLA-DR positivity (51.9 (4.0) %) was significantly reduced compared with patients receiving medical treatment alone (81.1 (3.5) %; p < 0.001). Reduced monocyte HLA-DR expression is therefore associated with disease activity and seems to predict outcome in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Physicians and Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Howard C. Taylor
Journal: JAMA (1962)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Is There a Sex Bias in Choosing Editors?
Authors: Kay Dickersin, Lisa Fredman, Katherine M. Flegal, Jane D. Scott, Barbara Crawley
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Context.—Editors, authors, and reviewers are influential in shaping science. The careers of women in public health have received less scrutiny than those of women in medicine and other branches of science. The performance of women as editors, authors, and reviewers in epidemiology has not been previously studied.Objective.—To examine changes over time in the representation of women at the editorial level in US epidemiology journals compared with the proportion of women authors and reviewers.Design and Setting.—Cross-sectional study of 4 US epidemiology journals, American Journal of Epidemiology, Annals of Epidemiology, Epidemiology, and the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly the Journal of Chronic Diseases), for 1982, 1987, 1992, and 1994.Subjects.—Editors, authors, and reviewers for the selected years.Main Outcome Measures.—Sex of editors, authors, and reviewers.Results.—We identified 2415 reports associated with 8005 authors. One of 7 editors in chief was a woman, a position she shared with a man. For all journals, the proportion of editors who were women ranged from 5 (6.5%) of 77 in 1982 to 42 (16.3%) of 258 in 1994. Over all journals and all years, women comprised a higher proportion of authors (28.7% [2225/7743] ) compared with reviewers (26.7% [796/2982]) or editors (12.8% [89/696]).Conclusions.—Fewer women in public health hold editorial positions than are authors and reviewers. The reasons for this important discrepancy, including the possibility of a selection bias favoring men, should be further investigated.
Hexavalent Chromium Cr(VI) Up-Regulates COX-2 Expression through an NFκB/c-Jun/AP-1–Dependent Pathway
Authors: Zhenghong Zuo, Tongjian Cai, Jingxia Li, Dongyun Zhang, Yonghui Yu, Chuanshu Huang
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is recognized as a human carcinogen via inhalation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Cr(VI) causes cancers are not well understood.We evaluated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and the signaling pathway leading to this induction due to Cr(VI) exposure in cultured cells.We used the luciferase reporter assay and Western blotting to determine COX-2 induction by Cr(VI). We used dominant negative mutant, genetic knockout, gene knockdown, and chromatin immunoprecipitation approaches to elucidate the signaling pathway leading to COX-2 induction.We found that Cr(VI) exposure induced COX-2 expression in both normal human bronchial epithelial cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Deletion of IKKβ [inhibitor of transcription factor NFκB (IκB) kinase β; an upstream kinase responsible for nuclear factor κB (NFκB) activation] or overexpression of TAM67 (a dominant-negative mutant of c-Jun) dramatically inhibited the COX-2 induction due to Cr(VI), suggesting that both NFκB and c-Jun/AP-1 pathways were required for Cr(VI)-induced COX-2 expression. Our results show that p65 and c-Jun are two major components involved in NFκB and AP-1 activation, respectively. Moreover, our studies suggest crosstalk between NFκB and c-Jun/AP-1 pathways in cellular response to Cr(VI) exposure for COX-2 induction.We demonstrate for the first time that Cr(VI) is able to induce COX-2 expression via an NFκB/c-Jun/AP-1-dependent pathway. Our results provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms linking Cr(VI) exposure to lung inflammation and carcinogenesis.
Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures
Authors: Amalia Laborde, Fernando Tomasina, Fabrizio Bianchi, Marie-Noel Bruné, Irena Buka, Pietro Comba, Lilian Corra, Liliana Cori, Christin Maria Duffert, Raul Harari, Ivano Iavarone, Melissa A. McDiarmid, Kimberly A. Gray, Peter D. Sly, Agnes Soares, William A. Suk, Philip J. Landrigan
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2014)

Chronic diseases are increasing among children in Latin America.