tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
US "Bad Ad" campaign leads to just five warning letters in its first year
Authors: J. Lenzer
Journal: BMJ (2011)

A scheme to reduce false and misleading advertising by drug manufacturers is drawing praise and criticism.

In May 2010, the US Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research launched a “Bad Ad” programme with the goal of “encouraging health care professionals to recognize and report suspected untruthful or misleading drug promotions.”

During the first year of the programme’s operation, the number of reports received by FDA tripled from an average of 104 reports per year to 328 reports. Healthcare professionals submitted 188 reports, consumers submitted 116, and 24 came from individuals working for industry.

To date, the agency has issued five warning letters asking companies to stop making their false or misleading claims.

The drugs were advertised in direct mailings to healthcare providers, on websites, …
Cataract Extraction Rates and Insurance Status
Authors: Thomas C. Prager
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The article by Dr Goldzweig and colleagues<sup>1</sup>and the accompanying Editorial by Dr Obstbaum<sup>2</sup>address the utility of assessing patients' functional status relative to their lifestyle, but standardized patient input into the treatment decision deserves more emphasis. Shared decision making based on patient preferences is 1 mechanism suggested to document the need for therapy or surgery and to improve the quality of the decision. It has been shown than physicians are often incorrect when trying to guess patients' preferences,<sup>3</sup>and there is convincing evidence that physicians and patients evaluate the usefulness of therapy differently. In the absence of a validated questionaire, the results of the patient-physician decision are not uniform, as indicated by the fact that regional rates of cataract surgery have been shown to vary significantly.
Lesion of the Lungs, Chest Wall, and Ribs
Authors: Tsung-Yi Kuo
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>History:</h3> A 26-year-old man, a non-smoker, was admitted to the Veterans Administration Hospital, Dayton, Ohio, in May 1943 with complaints of nonproductive cough for 14 months, 13-kg (28-lb) weight loss over a nine-month period, pain in the left lower area of the chest, and fever. Physical examination disclosed a well-developed, fairly well-nourished white man who appeared moderately ill. Many teeth were carious. Tenderness, soft-tissue swelling, fistula, and dullness on percussion were noted over the left lower area of the chest wall. Tuberculin skin test was negative; smears and cultures of sputum and bronchial washings were negative for tubercle bacilli and fungi. Results of laboratory studies were within normal limits except for moderate leukocytosis. A posteroanterior chest roentgenogram (Fig 1) was obtained on admission. A roentgenogram of the lower left area of the rib cage was also obtained (Fig 2). <h3>Diagnosis</h3> Actinomycosis of lung, pleura, and ribs. <h3>Comment</h3> Figure 1 shows
Effects of Pegorgotein on Neurologic Outcome of Patients With Severe Head Injury
Authors: Byron Young
Journal: JAMA (1996)

To evaluate outcome of patients with severe closed head injury treated with pegorgotein, a scavenger of oxygen-derived free radicals.Randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled, third-party-blind, multicenter trial, with a blinded, multicenter follow-up protocol.Twenty-nine centers in the United States.A total of 463 patients with severe closed head injury and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or less after resuscitation and stabilization.Patients received a single intravenous dose of placebo, 10 000 U/kg of pegorgotein, or 20 000 U/kg of pegorgotein within 8 hours after injury.The primary endpoint was the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score at 3 months after brain injury with GOS data trichotomized into good, fair, or poor outcome. Secondary efficacy endpoints included the Disability Rating Scale (DRS) and mortality. A secondary analysis was performed using GOS scores dichotomized into favorable and unfavorable outcomes. In a follow-up protocol at 6 months, GOS and DRS scores were again determined.Of 463 patients randomized, 162 received placebo; 149, pegorgotein 10 000 U/kg; and 152, pegorgotein 20 000 U/kg. Treatment groups were comparable with respect to demographic characteristics, mechanism of injury, and time to treatment. Pegorgotein was well tolerated at both dose levels. At month 3, the trichotomized analysis found no significant statistical difference in neurologic outcome between the pegorgotein and the placebo groups. Although differences were not statistically significant, there were more favorable outcomes and no increase in the number of deaths or vegetative states among the patients given pegorgotein, more subjects had good or favorable outcomes with the 10 000-U/kg dose than with the 20 000-U/kg dose or placebo, and less disability was observed with the 10 000-U/kg dose than with either the 20 000-U/kg dose or placebo. No differences in mortality rate or cause of death were found between the 10 000-U/kg and placebo groups at either month 3 or month 6. The only statistically significant difference between the groups was a decreased incidence of adult respiratory distress syndrome in the 10 000-U/kg group as compared with the placebo group (P<.015).In this clinical trial of 463 patients with severe head injury, no statistically significant difference in neurologic outcome or mortality was observed between patients treated with pegorgotein and those receiving placebo.
The direct and indirect action of inhaled agents on the lung and its circulation: lessons for clinical science.
Authors: T Higenbottam, T Siddons, E Demoncheaux
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

Inhalation of particles, gases, and vapors from environmental pollution results in a number of localized and general responses by the lungs. In this article we report investigations performed in humans that have enabled the identification of these specific processes in response to inhaled materials. We also offer insights that could help generalize environmental inhaled pollutants and potential means of studying them in humans. Three specific areas are covered: impact of denervation of the lungs and airway inflammation on the acute defense mechanism of the lungs to inhaled "irritants," differential uptake of inhaled particles into separate regions of the lungs, and the effect of inhaled nitric oxide on pulmonary vasculature and gas exchange. The inhalation of nitric oxide reflects the potential of inhaled pollutants to influence gas exchange, especially in patients with established lung disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Detection of ALK-Positive Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancers on Cytological Specimens: High Accuracy of Immunocytochemistry with the 5A4 Clone
Authors: Spasenija Savic, Beata Bode, Joachim Diebold, Ivo Tosoni, Audrey Barascud, Betty Baschiera, Bruno Grilli, Michelle Herzog, Ellen Obermann, Lukas Bubendorf
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2013)
Survey of the sputum cytology service in England and Wales.
Authors: N C Oswald, K F Hinson, G Canti, O A Husain, D J Girling, R Tall, R J Stephens, W Fox
Journal: Thorax (1975)

Of the 231 laboratories carrying out sputum cytology in England and Wales, information on the staffing, laboratory procedures, workload, records, and results for the year 1971 was obtained from 228 (98.7%) by means of a questionnaire, which was completed in 1973 in 81% of the laboratories and at the end of 1972 in the remainder. At the time the questionnaire was completed, the number of laboratories per region offering a service ranged from 6 to 25. Most of the processing of specimens was done by technicians and non-medical screeners (technicians without recognized qualifications) and most of the microscopy by pathologists and technicians. Papanicolaou and/or haematoxylin and eosin stains were used in 97% of the laboratories. During 1971, the number of specimens tested per laboratory ranged from 9 to 6000. A median of 381 specimens and 165 patients were tested per laboratory. Almost all specimens were submitted by hospitals and chest clinics and only 1% by general practitioners. An estimated median of 6.5% of all cytological specimens were sputum, most of the remainder being cervical smears. Laboratories varied greatly in their positive (0%-24%) and doubtful positive (0%-27%) rates. An estimated 63 000 patients had their sputum tested in 1971, and about 6300 had positive reports, rather less than one-quarter of all patients diagnosed as having lung cancer in England and Wales in 1971. The cost of the service was estimated to be of the order of pound375 000 at 1974 prices; that is, pound2.50 per specimen or pound6.00 per patient tested. An improved service might best be provided by district general hospital laboratories testing at least 1000 specimens per year so that a high level of accuracy in reporting could be assurred. A large proportion of the microscopy might be done by non-medical graduates and technicians under the supervision of pathologists.
The Early Diagnosis of Minimal Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: I. D. Bobrowitz, Ralph E. Dwork
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1946)

THERE are numerous vital reasons that indicate the importance of diagnosing tuberculosis in the minimal stage. The results of sanatorium treatment and follow-up analyses many years after discharge have uniformly shown the following constant and unequivocal advantages for minimal cases in comparison with advanced tuberculosis.1 2 3 4 The percentage of arrested or healed cases is highest, and the time required to obtain an arrest of the disease much the shortest in minimal cases. This group also has the smallest incidence of instability. Collapse measures are infrequent and when used are less extensive, with complications, morbidity and mortality thereby reduced. The sputum is . . .
Benign Bone Lesions Simulating Metastases on Tc-99m Diphosphonate Imaging
Authors: DIANE C. SWEENEY, JULIANNE S. GREENBERG, JOHN G. McAFEE, EUGENE R. JACOBS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

A 30-year-old man with cutaneous malignant melanoma was referred for a search of skeletal metastases. Bone imaging demonstrated two abnormal areas of Tc-99m MDP accumulation, suggestive of metastatic disease. On follow-up plain radiographs, two different benign entities accounted for the scintigraphic abnormalities. One was a right cervical rib with pseudoarthrosis and probable partial fusion to the first rib, and the other was a nonossifying fibroma (fibroxanthoma) of the right tibia. This case emphasizes the importance of plain film correlation of abnormal findings on skeletal images.
Pulse Characteristics of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and of the Femoral Artery Distal to It
Authors: EMBREE H. BLACKARD
Journal: Circulation (1958)

The advent of successful surgical treatment of abdominal aneurysm has increased the importance of detection and diagnosis of these lesions. The author has studied the pulse characteristics of abdominal aortic aneurysm and the distal femoral artery, and reports his results.
Predominance and characteristics of Burkitt lymphoma among children with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in northeastern Brazil
Authors: JT Sandlund, T Fonseca, T Leimig, L Verissimo, R Ribeiro, V Lira, CW Berard, J Sixbey, WM Crist, L Mao, G Chen, C-H Pui, M Heim, F Pedrosa
Journal: Leukemia (1997)
Cancer Risk and Estrogen Use in the Menopause
Authors: Kenneth J. Ryan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

A cancer-inducing role for endogenous estrogens has been confounded by increased evidence of human female breast and endometrial cancer after the menopause when estrogen production is decreasing. The endocrine change occurring after the menopause is a shift from estradiol-17-Beta of ovarian origin to estrone synthesized in the periphery. Reports have indicated that a risk of endometrial cancer is considerably higher in menopausal women and up to 5 times higher in women taking estrogen. Thromboembolism, coronary disease and stroke are estrogen-related risks which appear age and dose-dependent. When the putative cancer risk is added to these risks, estrogens become agents which should be used with care. Risks such as prior thromboembolic events, migraine headaches, a family history of cancer or excessive smoking should be considered as contraindications to estrogen use. All these factors contribute to the need for more research and knowledge in the area of the altered hormonal state of the untreated menopause.
Anemia in Low-Income Children
Authors: Paul M. Fleiss
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —It was encouraging to read the article entitled "Declining Prevalence of Anemia Among Low-Income Children in the United States" by Yip et al<sup>1</sup>in the Sept 25, 1987, issue of<i>JAMA</i>. The findings are probably the result of improvements in childhood iron nutrition. One possible reason for better iron nutrition for children is the increasing incidence of breast-feeding in the United States. Breast-feeding increased from about 20% of new mothers in 1975 to over 50% in 1985. Breastfeeding helps to prevent anemia by providing optimal amounts of iron and trace elements for absorption, by reducing the number of gastrointestinal hemorrhages (because breast milk does not contain foreign protein and other substances that cause gastrointestinal hemorrhage), and by reducing the number of infections during a critical period of growth.
Essential National Health Research
Authors: J R Evans
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1990)

The Commission on Health Research for Development, an independent international initiative, was launched in 1987 to study the status, effect, and needs of research on the health problems of developing countries. The commission has now released its final report, Health Research: Essential Link to Equity in Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).Among the commission's key findings is the fact that although the problems of developing countries are the focus of only 5 percent of the world's expenditure on health research, those countries suffer 93 percent of the burden of premature mortality, as measured in potential years of life . . .
Recognition of Syphilis-Reply
Authors: Yehudi M. Felman
Journal: JAMA (1982)

In Reply.—  Dr Rodney, on the basis of a paper read at the Association of American Physicians, which to my knowledge has not been published, seems to denigrate the entire concept of CME as being of little value in improving clinical skills. I strongly disagree. I believe that CME is effective in improving clinical skills. Its adoption by the American Medical Association as well as by every leading medical specialty organization in this country for their members demonstrates that most authorities in the area of medical education feel that CME for practicing physicians is of great value.  I also strongly disagree with the concept advanced by Dr Rodney that certain knowledge areas are too important to be tested by multiple choice alone. Dr Rodney should be aware that cardiac life support training as an area for which compulsory yearly demonstration of skills is required is gradually being dropped from many
Treatment of Medically Intractable Mental Disease by Limited Frontal Leucotomy — Justifiable?
Authors: William H. Sweet
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

Abstract During the past two decades intracranial surgery for intractable mental disease has evolved in the direction of greater precision in and the making of smaller lesions. The most experience has been with bilateral stereotactically produced lesions of a few milliliters' volume in the white matter related to the limbic system. These have been placed just above the anterior half of the corpus callosum in the fibers deep to the gyrus cinguli or in the fibers below the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles or in both areas. Such operations have nearly eliminated the sequelae of the earlier much more extensive lobotomies. Critical and thorough evaluations in Great Britain of relatively small numbers of patients operated on compared with retrospectively matched controls not operated on have revealed superior results in the leucotomized groups. The mental disorders most clearly responding to this surgery appear to be those characterized by stereotypy of an excessive and futile emotional response — i.e., phobias, anxieties, obsessions, depressions and the affective component (when present) of schizophrenia. (N Engl J Med 289:1117–1125, 1973)
Fat-reduced diet in the symptomatic treatment of small bowel disease: Metabolic studies in patients with Crohn's disease and in other patients subjected to ileal resection
Authors: H. Andersson, B. Isaksson, B. Sjogren
Journal: Gut (1974)

Thirteen patients suffering from Crohn9s disease or subjected to small bowel resection were studied under metabolic ward conditions for an average of 32 days. Most of these patients had chronic, severe diarrhoea and varying degrees of steatorrhoea. All were studied at two levels of fat intake, 100 g and 40 g daily. After the introduction of the low-fat diet, there was a marked reduction in the faecal excretion of water and sodium in most patients and 10 of them passed solid faeces. Two other subjects improved only after the addition of cholestyramine. In one patient with an ileostomy, no improvement occurred. On the low-fat diet, there was a positive balance of nitrogen and potassium in many cases. Faecal fat excretion decreased, but there was no change in the fractional absorption of fat. The most gratifying improvement was seen in patients with a functioning gallbladder. Previous resection of the colon seemed to limit the reduction of faecal water and sodium excretion which followed the reduction in fat intake. A fat-reduced diet is recommended in the symptomatic therapy of chronic diarrhoea in patients suffering from diseases of the ileum.
Abstract 2623: Induction of Bmf and Bim in Vorinostat-induced apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Silvia Xargay-Torrent, Gael Roue, Monica Lopez-Guerra, Elias Campo, Dolors Colomer
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an incurable B-cell neoplasm harboring the t(11;14)(q13;q32) which leads to the overexpression of cyclin D1, with the consequent cell cycle deregulation. Usually, MCL is characterized by bad prognosis and an aggressive course of the disease. Current therapies have shown limited efficacy. Recently, Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (HDACis) have been successfully introduced for the treatment of several cancers, including hematological malignancies. Accordingly, tumor suppressor genes are frequently epigenetically silenced in these entities, due to histone deacetylation in their promoters. Therefore, our purposes were to evaluate the antitumoral properties of the HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (Vorinostat; Merck &amp; Co) in MCL, and to describe the molecular mechanisms involved in HDACi signaling in this disorder. METHODS: MCL cell lines and primary MCL cells were used. HDAC activity was measured using a colorimetric HDAC Assay Kit. Flow cytometry was used to determine sensitivity to Vorinostat through measurement of AnnexinV binding, and to analyze apoptosis features. Vorinostat anti-tumoral signaling was evaluated by RQ-PCR determination of gene transcription, western blot analysis and acetyl Histone H4 ChIP assays. RESULTS: Vorinostat exhibited a heterogeneous cytotoxic effect among MCL cell lines, with a median LD50 of 6.6 μM after 24-hour incubation. Nevertheless, cytotoxicity increased notably after 48h of exposure to the drug with LD50 ranging from 0.4 to 5.3 μM. Interestingly, 7 out of the 10 MCL primary samples tested were extremely sensitive to the compound (with a median LD50 of 2.2 μM after 24-hour incubation). Vorinostat increases the acetylation of H3 and H4 histones, as well as inhibits global HDAC activity in just 1 hour of incubation. The drug notably decreases cyclin D1 protein levels while induces upregulation of the proapoptotic BH3-only proteins Bmf and Bim, triggering the mitochondria-dependent cell death and activation of the caspases cascade. Acetyl Histone H4 ChIP assays showed that Vorinostat increases acetylation of BMF and BIM gene promoters, consequently up regulating Bim and Bmf mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that Vorinostat could define a new and attractive therapeutic approach for the treatment of MCL. We identify BMF and BIM as possible crucial target genes of HDAC inhibitors in MCL cells, promoting the induction of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. GRANTS: This work is supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación SAF 06-8850; S. X-T is a fellow from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (FPU predoctoral fellowship). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2623.
The Choice of Drugs for Schizophrenia
Authors: John M. Davis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Schizophrenia is a serious chronic illness that requires lifelong medication. In some patients, the illness is refractory to even highly effective medications such as clozapine, and these patients desperately need more effective treatment regimens. Less dopamine is blocked with clozapine than with other antipsychotic medications, and adding more potent dopamine-blocking drugs, such as risperidone, to clozapine may achieve better efficacy. Three randomized, controlled trials examined the strategy of adding risperidone to clozapine for patients whose illness is refractory to treatment with clozapine alone. In this issue of the Journal, Honer et al.1 report the results of a trial supported by . . .
257 Inhibition of histamine (HI), leukotriene C4/D4 (LT), and thromboxane (TX) release from human (HU) and guinea-pig (GP) lung by CI-949
Authors: Richard L. Adolphson, James C. Chestnut, Paul J. Kuipers, David O. Thueson, Clifford D. Wright, Mary Carol Conroy
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1988)
Torsion of the gall bladder
Authors: R. K. Greenwood
Journal: Gut (1963)

Background/Aim: Management of scaphoid trauma includes imaging with repeated X-rays whose interpretation is difficult and often ambivalent. The aim of the study was to propose a fast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol permitting exclusion of traumatic lesions of the scaphoid bone in children, which would avoid unnecessary immobilization and irradiation in negative cases. Patients and Methods: Two pediatric radiologists retrospectively reviewed the X-rays and MRIs of 45 children with clinical suspicion of scaphoid trauma. X-Rays and MRI sequences [short tau inversion recovery (STIR), T1] were scored as: 0 (negative) or 1 (equivocal or positive). X-ray results were compared to those of MRI and interobserver reliability was measured for both methods. Results: MRI was shown to be more reliable than X-ray in excluding pediatric traumatic scaphoid lesions. X-Ray results differed significantly between the two readers (p=0.0001), and the interobserver reliability was low (κ=0.529). For MRI interpretation, there was no significant difference between the two readers9 assessments. The interobserver reliability was high (κ=0.9544) and only in one case was there discordance. Absence of scaphoid trauma was confirmed on MRI in 18 out of 45 patients. For these patients, immobilization was reconsidered and no follow-up X-ray was performed. Conclusion: Early MRI is useful in the management of pediatric scaphoid trauma. A short MRI protocol consisting of a STIR and a T1 sequence is sufficient for differentiating positive from negative cases and gives a good negative predictive value for exclusion of a traumatic scaphoid lesion.