tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Severe Coagulopathy as a Consequence of Smoking Crack Cocaine Laced with Rodenticide
Authors: Saiqua A. Waien, Don Hayes, James M. Leonardo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

To the Editor: We wish to report the development of a severe coagulopathy in a patient who smoked “crack” cocaine mixed with brodifacoum, a rodenticide. The patient, a 37-year-old man, presented to an emergency room with epistaxis of several hours' duration. He had elevated prothrombin and activated partial-thromboplastin times and a normal platelet count. After nasal packing, he was transferred to our facility, and the following laboratory values were obtained: a prothrombin time of 65.8 seconds (normal range, 9.7 to 12.5), an international normalized ratio of 5.8, an activated partial-thromboplastin time of 46.4 seconds (normal range, 21.0 to 30.6), a . . .
Y2K: the moment of truth.
Authors: R Chepesiuk
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

It remains to be seen whether the world will move in time to fix the Y2K bug, or whether computers around the world will shut down when the clock strikes midnight on 31 December 1999. Y2K could have a serious impact on environmental facilities, particularly given the extent to which computer software and microchips are now involved in pollution control and environmental monitoring and protection systems.
Quantifying ultra-rare pre-leukemic clones via targeted error-corrected sequencing
Authors: A L Young, T N Wong, A E O Hughes, S E Heath, T J Ley, D C Link, T E Druley
Journal: Leukemia (2015)

The quantification of rare clonal and subclonal populations from a heterogeneous DNA sample has multiple clinical and research applications for the study and treatment of leukemia. Specifically, in the hematopoietic compartment, recent reports demonstrate the presence of subclonal variation in normal and malignant hematopoiesis,1,2 and leukemia is now recognized as an oligoclonal disease.3 Currently, clonal heterogeneity in leukemia is studied using next-generation sequencing (NGS) targeting subclone-specific mutations. With this method, detecting mutations at 2–5% variant allele fraction (VAF) requires costly and time-intensive deep resequencing and identifying lower frequency variants is impractical regardless of sequencing depth. Recently, various methods have been developed to circumvent the error rate of NGS.4, 5 These methods tag individual DNA molecules with unique oligonucleotide indexes, which enable error correction after sequencing.
Pulmonary Disease and Hair-Spray Polymers
Authors: Robert P. Giovacchini
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Since 1958, when a possible relationship between lung disease and hair-spray inhalation was suggested,<sup>1</sup>a large and controversial body of literature has been devoted to this subject.<sup>2-5</sup>In a previous article inThe Journal,<sup>6</sup>considerable doubt was expressed as to the existence of hair-spray "thesaurosis" as a clinical entity. The authors were unable to experimentally reproduce characterizable thesaurosis lesions using stringent exposure conditions in animals. The periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining of tissue, purported to demonstrate hair-spray polymers specifically, was shown to be completely useless as a diagnostic tool. More important, a large number of well-established clinical conditions were shown to exhibit histological changes indistinguishable from those asserted to exist in thesaurosis; these included sarcoidosis, zirconium and beryllium toxicity, and infections with<i>Histoplasma capsulatum, Treponema pallidum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, and<i>M leprae</i>. Schepers<sup>7</sup>also has clearly demonstrated the presence of intracytoplasmic PAS-positive granules identical to those supposedly present
Bullying in schools: doctors' responsibilities
Authors: J. Dawkins
Journal: BMJ (1995)

media images on the mental health of children.'1 12 Children of different ages have very different capacities for understanding media violence, and adults' perceptions of what is violent may not agree with children's.Developmental factors, including the degree of attachment to parenting adults, ability to control aggression, cognitive ability, and moral development are particularly relevant to how children experience, understand, and process media violence.'3The advent of videos depicting the mutilation, torture, and dismemberment of humans and the violation and degradation of women has called into question the validity of studies done with more conventional images.4Concem about possible adverse effects led to the Video Recordings Act 1984 and to the penalties for supplying unclassified videos to young people being stiffened in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994.Technological advances, including satellite and cable television, interactive computer games, and the information superhighway, give children easier access to a wide range of violent images, with less prospect of effective censorship.The need is therefore to consider how best to protect and educate children.Parents need more objective information about the content of films to supervise their children better.They also need education courses about the media and should participate in decisions about the appropriate classification of films and videos.'4Media studies is now a part of the national curriculum for English, albeit a marginal one, and more systematic, coordinated provision of such studies is needed.Training in non-violent methods of resolving conflict is effective in reducing aggression in young children, and these techniques deserve wider promulgation.'105Some people argue that horror films can offer a form of vicarious training in coping with fear and that they are little more than a contemporary form of fairy tale, which explains their popularity.Although most children can learn to dis- tinguish fiction from fact quite early and many enjoy a feeling of fear, which they know will be resolved by a "happy" ending, in fiction, factual violence and horror may be more frightening as the end is unpredictable and uncontrollable.Research findings on this, however, are equivocal and inconsistent (D Buckingham, unpublished literature review).
Small-Cell Carcinomas of the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Review
Authors: Baruch Brenner, Laura H. Tang, David S. Klimstra, David P. Kelsen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

Purpose To improve our understanding of the entity of small-cell carcinoma (SmCC) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Methods A MEDLINE search was done, using the terms “small cell carcinoma” or “oat cell carcinoma” combined with “gastrointestinal” or with any of the GI sites, for the period 1970 to 2003. The 138 eligible reports identified in this way were reviewed for clinical data. Results To date, approximately 544 cases of GI SmCC have been reported. The disease represents 0.1% to 1% of all GI malignancies, with the esophagus being the most common primary site. A majority of patients present with overt distant metastases. Systemic symptoms are common; ectopic hormonal secretion may occur. By light microscopy, GI SmCCs are essentially indistinguishable from primary pulmonary SmCC. The presence of non-SmCC components is common. Data from molecular analysis of the disease has identified some similarities to pulmonary SmCC. Chemotherapy represents the main treatment option, with modest impact on survival. In locoregional disease, the literature suggests that treatment be initiated using chemoradiotherapy and then, if metastatic disease is still excluded, surgical resection be considered. The disease is highly aggressive, and survival is in the range of several weeks for untreated patients and of 6 to 12 months for those receiving therapy. Conclusion SmCC of the GI tract is a rare and lethal disease. Although there are many similarities to pulmonary SmCC, some differences between the two entities are suggested. While chemotherapy can achieve significant palliation, surgery may have a potential impact on long-term survival of patients with locoregional disease.
Abstract 5452: Functional genome-wide approach identifies genes associated with chemotherapeutic susceptibility in individuals of African descent
Authors: Heather E. Wheeler, Amy L. Stark, Lidija K. Gorsic, Eric R. Gamazon, Nancy J. Cox, M. Eileen Dolan
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Chemotherapeutic agents are used in the treatment of many cancers, yet variable resistance and toxicities among individuals limit successful outcomes. Several studies have indicated outcome differences associated with ancestry among patients with various cancer types. We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from Yoruba (YRI; n = 176) and African American (ASW; n = 83) populations and identified SNP predictors of cellular susceptibility to cisplatin, carboplatin, capecitabine and ara-C. To account for population structure in African American population, we incorporated local ancestry information into our association model. We found that chemotherapeutic susceptibility SNPs in the YRI are enriched for expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs, p&amp;lt;10-3). Most of these are trans eQTLs and thus simply examining the region directly surrounding a SNP that associates with a phenotype of interest for possible functional genes is inadequate. Traditional GWAS that test single markers are powered to detect SNP associations with relatively strong effects, but are unable to detect multiple smaller effects working together. Using a novel functional gene-based genome-wide association approach, we identified 10, 13, and 1 suggestive candidate genes for association with cytarabine-, carboplatin-, and cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity, respectively (p≤10-4) in ASW. Functional GWAS in the YRI resulted in the genome-wide significant association of 234 genes with cisplatin IC50, 81 genes with 5’-deoxyfluorouridine AUC, 64 genes with carboplatin IC50 and 13 genes with cytarabine AUC (p&amp;lt;10-6). Our genome-wide SNP- and gene-based approaches that incorporate local ancestry information can be used to elucidate genes functionally contributing to a wide range of phenotypes in African American populations. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5452. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5452
Staphylococcus epidermidis: An Increasing Cause of Infection in Patients with Granulocytopenia
Authors: JAMES C. WADE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Staphylococcus epidermidis, a major component of the skin flora, is usually considered a contaminant when recovered from diagnostic cultures. Since 1974 infections caused by gram-negative bacilli and S. aureus occurring among patients with granulocytopenic cancer have remained constant; infections due to S. epidermidis occurring before 1977 at a rate of 2.0 per 1000 days of hospitalization of patients with acute leukemia, increased to 14.6 per 1000 days in 1979. All S. epidermidis infections before 1977 originated from skin sites; since 1977 the respiratory tract and alimentary canal have become the predominant sites of origin. Predisposing factors for infection were profound granulocytopenia (less than 100/µL), a diagnosis of acute leukemia, and an oral nonabsorbable antibiotic regimen lacking vancomycin. The increased incidence of infection was not related to a nosocomial source or the more frequent use of long-term indwelling catheters. Methicillin resistance among isolates was common (40%). Intravenous vancomycin therapy provided the best therapeutic results. Diagnostic cultures positive for S. epidermidis in the setting of infection and profound granulocytopenia warrant appropriate antibiotic therapy.
FOXQ1 Is Overexpressed in Colorectal Cancer and Enhances Tumorigenicity and Tumor Growth
Authors: Hiroyasu Kaneda, Tokuzo Arao, Kaoru Tanaka, Daisuke Tamura, Keiichi Aomatsu, Kanae Kudo, Kazuko Sakai, Marco A. De Velasco, Kazuko Matsumoto, Yoshihiko Fujita, Yasuhide Yamada, Junji Tsurutani, Isamu Okamoto, Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Kazuto Nishio
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Forkhead box Q1 (FOXQ1) is a member of the forkhead transcription factor family, and it has recently been proposed to participate in gastric acid secretion and mucin gene expression in mice. However, the role of FOXQ1 in humans and especially in cancer cells remains unknown. We found that FOXQ1 mRNA is overexpressed in clinical specimens of colorectal cancer (CRC; 28-fold/colonic mucosa). A microarray analysis revealed that the knockdown of FOXQ1 using small interfering RNA resulted in a decrease in p21CIP1/WAF1 expression, and a reporter assay and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that p21 was one of the target genes of FOXQ1. Stable FOXQ1-overexpressing cells (H1299/FOXQ1) exhibited elevated levels of p21 expression and inhibition of apoptosis induced by doxorubicin or camptothecin. Although cellular proliferation was decreased in H1299/FOXQ1 cells in vitro, H1299/FOXQ1 cells significantly increased tumorigenicity [enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP): 2/15, FOXQ1: 7/15] and enhanced tumor growth (437 ± 301 versus 1735 ± 769 mm3, P &amp;lt; 0.001) in vivo. Meanwhile, stable p21 knockdown of H1299/FOXQ1 cells increased tumor growth, suggesting that FOXQ1 promotes tumor growth independent of p21. Microarray analysis of H1299/EGFP and H1299/FOXQ1 revealed that FOXQ1 overexpression upregulated several genes that have positive roles for tumor growth, including VEGFA, WNT3A, RSPO2, and BCL11A. CD31 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining of the tumor specimens showed that FOXQ1 overexpression mediated the angiogenic and antiapoptotic effect in vivo. In conclusion, FOXQ1 is overexpressed in CRC and enhances tumorigenicity and tumor growth presumably through its angiogenic and antiapoptotic effects. Our findings show that FOXQ1 is a new member of the cancer-related FOX family. Cancer Res; 70(5); 2053–63
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE EYE.
Authors: WILLIAM M. SWEET
Journal: JAMA (1902)

Injury of the eyeball from the penetration of foreign bodies has become more frequent during the past decade, as a result of the increased number of laborers engaged in the metal industries, and, to some extent, probably owing to the substitution of steel, with its hard, granular and easily fractured structure, for the tough and fibrous wrought iron previously used in manufactures. The majority of bodies entering the eye are of iron or steel, but occasionally small shot, copper, pieces of glass or coal strike the ball with sufficient force to penetrate into the interior. When the eye is struck by a piece of metal, the size of the particle, its shape and the force with which it travels affect the character of the injury to the structures of the globe. A large piece of metal may cause serious injury from contusion, or may penetrate the cornea and lens, without
Low high density lipoprotein level is associated with increased restenosis rate after coronary angioplasty.
Authors: P K Shah, J Amin
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND To determine the relation of post-percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) restenosis to serum lipid fractions and to circulating levels of endogenous tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and its rapid inhibitor (PAI-1), 68 patients with coronary artery disease who underwent a successful PTCA were studied. METHODS AND RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 9 months (range, 7-11 months), 28 (41%) patients developed restenosis. A low high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level was independently and strongly related to both the risk of restenosis (p less than 0.001) and to the time of restenosis (p = 0.03). The mean HDL cholesterol level was 33 +/- 12 mg% in the restenosis group compared with 45 +/- 12 mg% in the nonrestenosis group (p less than 0.001). Restenosis developed in 22 of 34 (64%) patients with an HDL cholesterol less than or equal to 40 mg% compared with six of 34 (17%) patients with an HDL cholesterol greater than 40 mg% (p less than 0.002). The only other variable that was significantly related to restenosis was a low PAI-1 level (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The strong relation between a low HDL cholesterol level and the risk of restenosis suggests that lipid fractions could be important in the pathogenesis and prevention of restenosis.
Sarcoidosis
Authors: Edwin L. Kendig, R. Lowell Peacock, Samuel Ryburn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

ALTHOUGH interest in sarcoidosis has greatly increased in the past two decades, the etiology remains obscure. It seems important, therefore, to report the following cases occurring in siblings under fifteen years of age, a condition which, as far as we can determine, has not previously been noted. A summary of the clinical data in these 3 cases is presented in Table 1.Case ReportsCase 1. J.L., a 13-year-old Negro, was admitted to Dooley Hospital on December 20, 1955. Four months previously he had complained of pain and decreasing vision in the left eye. Small nodules appeared on the face and . . .
Novel function of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 as a negative regulator of Niemann-Pick C2 protein
Authors: Yoshihide Yamanashi, Tappei Takada, Jun-Ichi Shoda, Hiroshi Suzuki
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

The hepatic expression of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), which is a key molecule in intestinal cholesterol absorption, is high in humans. In addition to NPC1L1, Niemann-Pick C2 (NPC2), a secretory cholesterol-binding protein involved in intracellular cholesterol trafficking and the stimulation of biliary cholesterol secretion, is also expressed in the liver. In this study, we examined the molecular interaction and functional association between NPC1L1 and NPC2. In vitro studies with adenovirus-based or plasmid-mediated gene transfer systems revealed that NPC1L1 negatively regulated the protein expression and secretion of NPC2 without affecting the level of NPC2 messenger RNA. Experiments with small interfering RNA against NPC1L1 confirmed the endogenous association of these proteins. In addition, endocytosed NPC2 could compensate for the reduction of NPC2 in NPC1L1-overexpressing cells, and this demonstrated that the posttranscriptional regulation of NPC2 was dependent on a novel ability of NPC1L1 to inhibit the maturation of NPC2 and accelerate the degradation of NPC2 during its maturation. Furthermore, to confirm the physiological relevance of NPC1L1-mediated regulation, we analyzed human liver specimens and found a negative correlation between the protein levels of hepatic NPC1L1 and hepatic NPC2.NPC1L1 down-regulates the expression and secretion of NPC2 by inhibiting its maturation and accelerating its degradation. NPC2 functions as a regulator of intracellular cholesterol trafficking and biliary cholesterol secretion; therefore, in addition to its role in cholesterol re-uptake from the bile by hepatocytes, hepatic NPC1L1 may control cholesterol homeostasis via the down-regulation of NPC2.
Prospective randomised trial of early cytotoxic therapy for recurrent colorectal carcinoma detected by serum CEA.
Authors: K R Hine, P W Dykes
Journal: Gut (1984)

Of 663 patients treated with radical surgery for colorectal cancer, 52 showed a progressive rise in serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) with no other evidence of recurrent disease and were randomised in a prospective study of chemotherapy. Twenty six patients in the treatment group received 5FU and methyl CCNU from the time of randomisation and the remaining 26 controls were given further therapy only if there were clinical indications. All patients were followed for five years or until their death and all but one (control) developed clinical evidence of recurrence. Overall there was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to disease free interval and survival. Whereas the rise in CEA in controls was generally progressive, marked inflections on the CEA curves were seen in the majority of patients receiving early treatment. Eight of 26 treated patients showed a fall in CEA of greater than 20% two months after starting therapy. These patients had a median disease free interval of 90 weeks and a median survival of 107 weeks, these figures being longer than those of treated patients who did not show a fall in CEA and control patients. The serum CEA therefore appeared to give important prognostic information in patients receiving cytotoxic treatment. Early therapy was generally well tolerated.
Caution with the use of cyclosporin in pregnancy
Authors: R Dor
Journal: Gut (2003)

Caution with the use of cyclosporin in pregnancyWe read the article by Alstead and Nelson-Piercy with great interest. 1 We report a case (submitted for publication) of a woman with fulminant ulcerative colitis in the 29th week of pregnancy.Her disease was refractory to steroids, but she refused to have cyclosporin whilst pregnant.She therefore underwent an emergency Caesarean section and was given intravenous cyclosporin post-operatively.After 48 hours of treatment she developed severe hypertension with hypertensive encephalopathy and seizures.Although cyclosporin has been considered to be safe for both mother and foetus, we would like to highlight concerns that it is associated with potentially life threatening side effects.As a result, patients must be counselled thoroughly about the potential morbidity associated with this treatment and monitored closely.We agree with Dr Alstead in that cyclosporin should be used with extreme caution in pregnancy and the postnatal period.
Bacteremia Caused by Campylobacter-like Organisms in Two Male Homosexuals
Authors: Jacyr Pasternak, Ricardo Bolivar, Roy L. Hopfer, Victor Fainstein, Karen Mills, Adan Rios, Gerald P. Bodey, Cynthia L. Fennell, Patricia A. Totten, Walter E. Stamm
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

Bacteremia caused by newly described Campylobacter-like organisms occurred in two immunosuppressed homosexual patients with tuberculosis. Although these organisms grow well in aerobic bottles using a radiometric blood culture system, they are not readily seen in gram-stained smears and are easily missed if routine subculture methods are used. Microscopic examination of wet preparations and subculture to brucella agar base supplemented with 10% sheep blood and incubated in microaerophilic conditions are useful for identification and isolation. The recovery of Campylobacter-like organisms from the blood suggests that these organisms, formerly known only to be associated with proctocolitis or asymptomatic rectal infection in homosexual men, can also cause systemic infection in these patients.
Research on Humans Published in JAMA
Authors: George J. Hill
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I am chairman of our hospital's bioethics committee and a past chairman of our hospital and medical school's institutional review board (IRB) (the committee that oversees research on human subjects). I am therefore interested in current research practices related to human subjects and in the practice of scientific journals that report research performed on humans. Three articles in the May 15, 1987, issue of<i>JAMA</i>raise questions in my mind about the adequacy of review by IRBs. In two of the articles I do not find mention of IRB review, while in the third article "no consent" was deemed necessary by the IRB. Research described by Bartholomew et al<sup>1</sup>was performed outside the United States, where IRB standards may be different from those inside the country. The research was a collaborative effort of foreign organizations and the US National Cancer Institute. It used blood specimens that