tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Growth charts for babies
Authors: Charlotte M Wright
Journal: BMJ (2005)

New WHO charts are based on breast fed babies from rich and poor countries 

A re the growth charts that we currently use inaccurate? Recent press reports about new growth charts from the World Health Organization imply that they are, particularly for breast fed babies. These charts are an exciting development, but are our current charts really as inadequate as the press would have us believe?

The first widely used growth reference in the United Kingdom was produced nearly 40 years ago,1 followed by the chart from the National Center for Health Statistics in the United States,2 which has been used ever since as WHO's international standard. These established the value of plotting measurements on growth charts in order to properly assess growth and nutritional status. However, problems with their accuracy were recognised 20 years ago; the growth of breast fed and formula fed infants, when plotted on either chart, rose steadily in the first few weeks and then fell by around one centile space (2/3 standard deviation).3 This is possibly because most of the children on whom the charts were based …
1047 KERATIN 19: A KEY ROLE PLAYER IN THE INVASION OF HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS
Authors: O. Govaere, M. Komuta, J. Berkers, B. Spee, C. Janssen, F. de Luca, A. Katoonizadeh, J. Wouters, L.C. van Kempen, A. Durnez, C. Verslype, J. De Kock, V. Rogiers, L.A. van Grunsven, B. Topal, J. Pirenne, H. Vankelecom, F. Nevens, J.J. van den Oord, M. Pinzani, T. Roskams
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Cutoff Values for Normal Anthropometric Variables in Asian Indian Adults
Authors: Chamukuttan Snehalatha, Vijay Viswanathan, Ambady Ramachandran
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

OBJECTIVE—Asian Indians have a high risk of developing glucose intolerance with small increments in their BMI. They generally have high upper-body adiposity, despite having a lean BMI. Therefore, this analysis was performed to find out the normal cutoff values for BMI and upper-body adiposity (waist circumference [WC] or waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) by computing their risk associations with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The risk of diabetes with stratified BMI, WC, or WHR was computed in 10,025 adults aged ≥20 years without a history of diabetes, and they were tested by oral glucose tolerance tests, using World Health Organization criteria. The calculations were performed separately in men and women using diabetes as the dependent variable versus normoglycemia (normal glucose tolerance) in multiple logistic regression analyses. Age-adjusted and stratified BMI, WC, or WHR were used as the independent variables, using the first stratum as the reference category. The upper limit of the stratum above which the risk association became statistically significant (P &amp;lt; 0.05) was considered to be the cutoff for normal values. RESULTS—Normal cutoff values for BMI was 23 kg/m2 for both sexes. Cutoff values for WC were 85 and 80 cm for men and women, respectively; the corresponding WHRs were 0.88 and 0.81, respectively. Optimum sensitivity and specificity obtained from the receiver operator characteristic curve corresponded to these cutoff values. CONCLUSIONS—The cutoff value for normal BMI for men and women was 23 kg/m2. The cutoff values for WC and WHR were lower in women than in men. The values were significantly lower compared with the corresponding values in white populations.
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Attenuates Exogenous Surfactant in Lung-injured Adult Rabbits
Authors: HOLLY CAMPBELL, KAREN BOSMA, ANGELA BRACKENBURY, LYNDA McCAIG, LI-JUAN YAO, RUUD VELDHUIZEN, JAMES LEWIS
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

Exogenous surfactant administration in patients with the acute re-spiratory distress syndrome is currently being evaluated, although resource limitations and the potential expense are existing concerns. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that substances such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) added to exogenous surfactant improved the function of the surfactant. Based on these data, we hypothesized that PEG would augment surfactant function in an adult rabbit model of lung injury induced by lung lavage and mechanical ventilation, and that this would be accomplished by altering surfactant metabolism. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, mean PaO2 , PaCO2 , and peak inspiratory pressures values 3 h after treatment were significantly worse in the surfactant + PEG treatment groups compared with the surfactant alone groups. These effects were observed for two different doses of surfactant tested. Lavage analyses after sacrifice showed that animals given PEG with their surfactant had significantly lower total and large aggregate surfactant pool sizes compared with animals given surfactant alone. We conclude that in this lung injury model, PEG attenuated surfactant responses, suggesting that further preclinical studies are required before testing this approach in humans.
A person based formula for allocating commissioning funds to general practices in England: development of a statistical model
Authors: J. Dixon, P. Smith, H. Gravelle, S. Martin, M. Bardsley, N. Rice, T. Georghiou, M. Dusheiko, J. Billings, M. D. Lorenzo, C. Sanderson
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<b>Objectives</b> To develop a formula for allocating resources for commissioning hospital care to all general practices in England based on the health needs of the people registered in each practice <b>Design</b> Multivariate prospective statistical models were developed in which routinely collected electronic information from 2005-6 and 2006-7 on individuals and the areas in which they lived was used to predict their costs of hospital care in the next year, 2007-8. Data on individuals included all diagnoses recorded at any inpatient admission. Models were developed on a random sample of 5 million people and validated on a second random sample of 5 million people and a third sample of 5 million people drawn from a random sample of practices. <b>Setting</b> All general practices in England as of 1 April 2007. All NHS inpatient admissions and outpatient attendances for individuals registered with a general practice on that date. <b>Subjects</b> All individuals registered with a general practice in England at 1 April 2007. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Power of the statistical models to predict the costs of the individual patient or each practice’s registered population for 2007-8 tested with a range of metrics (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> reported here). Comparisons of predicted costs in 2007-8 with actual costs incurred in the same year were calculated by individual and by practice. <b>Results</b> Models including person level information (age, sex, and ICD-10 codes diagnostic recorded) and a range of area level information (such as socioeconomic deprivation and supply of health facilities) were most predictive of costs. After accounting for person level variables, area level variables added little explanatory power. The best models for resource allocation could predict upwards of 77% of the variation in costs at practice level, and about 12% at the person level. With these models, the predicted costs of about a third of practices would exceed or undershoot the actual costs by 10% or more. Smaller practices were more likely to be in these groups. <b>Conclusions</b> A model was developed that performed well by international standards, and could be used for allocations to practices for commissioning. The best formulas, however, could predict only about 12% of the variation in next year’s costs of most inpatient and outpatient NHS care for each individual. Person-based diagnostic data significantly added to the predictive power of the models.
The Migratory Needle Story.
Authors: Sara A. Kime
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Fort Dodge, Iowa, Nov. 20, 1906. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Noticing your editorial inThe Journal, November 17, I am reminded of a few cases which have fallen under my observation bearing on the subject. In 1885 I reported a case in a contemporary journal which was followed by reports of similar cases from other physicians. The phenomena of migration of sharp objects through the various tissues of the body are not rare, neither are these stories wholly the product of newspaper reporters' imagination, but are abundantly proved by scientific observation. <h3>Case 1.</h3> —A girl, aged 18, came into my office with the following history: Her mother, that morning, in taking hold of her arm for the purpose of waking her, noticed a hardened spot which caused some pain on pressure. The girl herself had never noticed it before. On examining the arm I found a small, hard nodule, slightly pointed,
Induction of diaphragmatic nitric oxide synthase after endotoxin administration in rats: role on diaphragmatic contractile dysfunction.
Authors: J Boczkowski, S Lanone, D Ungureanu-Longrois, G Danialou, T Fournier, M Aubier
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Nitric oxide (NO), a free radical that is negatively inotropic in the heart and skeletal muscle, is produced in large amounts during sepsis by an NO synthase inducible (iNOS) by LPS and/or cytokines. The aim of this study was to examine iNOS induction in the rat diaphragm after Escherichia Coli LPS inoculation (1.6 mg/kg i.p.), and its involvement in diaphragmatic contractile dysfunction. Inducible NOS protein and activity could be detected in the diaphragm as early as 6 h after LPS inoculation. 6 and 12 h after LPS, iNOS was expressed in inflammatory cells infiltrating the perivascular spaces of the diaphragm, whereas 12 and 24 h after LPS it was expressed in skeletal muscle fibers. Inducible NOS was also expressed in the left ventricular myocardium, whereas no expression was observed in the abdominal, intercostal, and peripheral skeletal muscles. Diaphragmatic force was significantly decreased 12 and 24 h after LPS. This decrease was prevented by inhibition of iNOS induction by dexamethasone or by inhibition of iNOS activity by N(G)-methyl-L-arginine. We conclude that iNOS was induced in the diaphragm after E. Coli LPS inoculation in rats, being involved in the decreased muscular force.
A Phase Ib/II open-label study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of MEDI-551 in combination with immunomodulating therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive B cell lymphomas
Authors: Trishna Goswami, Paola Canelos, Radhika Parikh
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts MEDI-551, an IgG1k antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) enhanced anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody (mAb), has a single-agent response rate of 24% (12% with complete remission [CR]) in heavily pretreated patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). MEDI0680 (AMP-514
Does Consent Bias Research?
Authors: Mark A. Rothstein, Abigail B. Shoben
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2013)

Researchers increasingly rely on large data sets of health information, often linked with biological specimens. In recent years, the argument has been made that obtaining informed consent for conducting records-based research is unduly burdensome and results in "consent bias." As a type of selection bias, consent bias is said to exist when the group giving researchers access to their data differs from the group denying access. Therefore, to promote socially beneficial research, it is argued that consent should be unnecessary. After analyzing the biostatistics evidence and bioethics arguments, the article concludes that (1) claims about the amount of consent bias are overstated; (2) commonly used statistical methods usually can account for consent bias; and (3) any residual effects of consent bias are below an acceptable level of imprecision and constitute a reasonable social cost for conducting ethically responsible research.
Pathophysiology of COPD
Authors: M Kelly
Journal: Thorax (2002)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Background</h3> Epidemic waves of COVID-19 strained hospital resources. We describe temporal trends in mortality risk and length of stay in intensive cares units (ICUs) among COVID-19 patients hospitalized through the first three epidemic waves in Canada. <h3>Methods</h3> We used population-based provincial hospitalization data from Ontario and Québec to examine mortality risk and lengths of ICU stay. For each province, adjusted estimates were obtained using marginal standardization of logistic regression models, adjusting for patient-level characteristics and hospital-level determinants. <h3>Results</h3> Using all hospitalizations from Ontario (N=26,541) and Québec (N=23,857), we found that unadjusted in-hospital mortality risks peaked at 31% in the first wave and was lowest at the end of the third wave at 6-7%. This general trend remained after controlling for confounders. The odds of in-hospital mortality in the highest hospital occupancy quintile was 1.2 (95%CI: 1.0-1.4; Ontario) and 1.6 (95%CI: 1.3-1.9; Québec) times that of the lowest quintile. Variants of concerns were associated with an increased in-hospital mortality. Length of ICU stay decreased over time from a mean of 16 days (SD=18) to 15 days (SD=15) in the third wave but were consistently higher in Ontario than Québec by 3-6 days. <h3>Conclusion</h3> In-hospital mortality risks and lengths of ICU stay declined over time in both provinces, despite changing patient demographics, suggesting that new therapeutics and treatment, as well as improved clinical protocols, could have contributed to this reduction. Continuous population-based monitoring of patient outcomes in an evolving epidemic is necessary for health system preparedness and response.
Chemokines and liver inflammation: The battle between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators
Authors: Hartmut Jaeschke
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

rodents, 2,3,9 and formation of pathological lesions in rodents 4,5 tion, suggesting that it inhibits a critical step common to different forms of inflammation.We showed previously and humans, [11][12][13][14] demonstrate that quasiclonal or truly clonal proliferation of hepatocytes leading to lineage clustering is a that a-MSH inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production in cultured macrophages.To determine how a-MSH acts in prototypical pattern.Quasiclonal or fractal proliferation of hepatocytes occurring uniformly throughout the liver allows vivo, we induced acute hepatic inflammation by administering endotoxin (LPS) to mice pretreated with Coryne-rapid replacement of the original tissue pattern (as after partial hepatectomy).In contrast, focal, unevenly distributed, bacterium parvum a-MSH prevented liver inflammation even when given 30 min after LPS administration.To quasiclonal or clonal proliferation of hepatocytes appears to underlie the development of the wide variety of pathological determine the mechanisms of action of a-MSH, we tested its influence on NO, infiltrating inflammatory cells, cyto-nodular lesions that affect the liver.True clonality of some or all of these lesions also provides a cellular pathway that kines, and chemokines.a-MSH inhibited systemic NO production, hepatic neutrophil infiltration, and in-may link neoplasms and preneoplastic precursor cells.Availability of methods of genomic tagging, both experimental (us-creased hepatic mRNA abundance for TNFa, and the neutrophil and monocyte chemokines (KC/IL-8 and ing engineered retroviral constructs) and naturally occurring (from chronic infection with HBV), will ultimately enable a MCP-1).We conclude that a-MSH prevents LPS-induced hepatic inflammation by inhibiting production of che-more complete understanding of hepatocyte lineages and of the genesis of various pathological nodular lesions.moartractant chemokines which then modulate infiltration of inflammatory cells.Thus, a-MSH has an effect very early in the inflammatory cascade.
Culture and hyperculture: Why can't a cetacean be more like a (hu)man?
Authors: Jerome H. Barkow
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

Human hyperculture appears to have been produced by the amplification of the kind of normal culture shared by cetaceans and other animals and presumably by our ancestors. Is there any possibility that cetaceans could be subject to these amplifying processes, which may include: sexual selection; within-group moral behavior; culling of low- cultural-capacity individuals through predation or self-predation; and reciprocal positive feedback between culture and the capacity for culture.
Mimicking Aspects of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Lou Gehrig's Disease in Rats via TDP-43 Overexpression
Authors: Jason B Tatom, David B Wang, Robert D Dayton, Omar Skalli, Michael L Hutton, Dennis W Dickson, Ronald L Klein
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2009)

Since the discovery of neuropathological lesions made of TDP-43 and ubiquitin proteins in cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), there is a burst of effort on finding related familial mutations and developing animal models. We used an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector for human TDP-43 expression targeted to the substantia nigra (SN) of rats. Though TDP-43 was expressed mainly in neuronal nuclei as expected, it was also expressed in the cytoplasm, and dotted along the plasma membrane of neurons. Cytoplasmic staining was both diffuse and granular, indicative of preinclusion lesions, over 4 weeks. Ubiquitin deposited in the cytoplasm, specifically in the TDP-43 group, and staining for microglia was increased dose-dependently by 1-2 logs in the TDP-43 group, while neurons were selectively obliterated. Neuronal death induced by TDP-43 was pyknotic and apoptotic. TDP-43 gene transfer caused loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SN and their axons in the striatum. Behavioral motor dysfunction resulted after TDP-43 gene transfer that was vector dose-dependent and progressive over time. The cytoplasmic expression, ubiquitination, and neurodegeneration mimicked features of the TDP-43 diseases, and the gliosis, apoptosis, and motor impairment may also be relevant to TDP-43 disease forms involving nigrostriatal degeneration.
Biomolecular interactions between human recombinant β-MyHC and cMyBP-Cs implicated in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Jeanne Flavigny, Philippe Robert, Jean-Claude Camelin, Ketty Schwartz, Lucie Carrier, Isabelle Berrebi-Bertrand
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

Objective: Cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyBP-C) is a component of sarcomere that contains at least three putative myosin-binding sites. Mutations in its gene are implicated in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) and most of them are predicted to produce C-terminal truncated cMyBP-Cs. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether cMyBP-C truncated mutants resulting from FHC mutations interact in vitro with human β-MyHC. Methods: Recombinant proteins were produced using the baculovirus/insect cell system, and wild type and three truncated cMyBP-Cs were purified using metal affinity chromatography. The interaction between recombinant proteins was analyzed in real time using biosensor technology on immobilized anti-β-MyHC antibodies. Results: Biomolecular interaction with β-MyHC was detected for both wild type cMyBP-C and a truncated mutant lacking half of the C-terminal C10 domain. In contrast, no interaction with β-MyHC was found for two truncated cMyBP-Cs lacking at least the C5–C9 region. Conclusions: Biosensor technology allows in vitro analysis of the interaction between human β-MyHC and cMyBP-C mutants resulting from FHC mutations. The data show that the interaction depends on the size of the truncation. This suggests that, in the context of FHC, impairment of suitable interaction between β-MyHC and some of the truncated cMyBP-Cs may promote degradation of the truncated proteins and therefore contribute to the development of the disease.
The Fraudulent We
Authors: F. J. Ingelfinger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

If a monarch wishes to say, "We are displeased!," I do not object. There are so few monarehs left. But otherwise the use of "we" when the writer means "I" should be abandoned as archaic, pompous, and even fraudulent.Editorialists and medical authors are particularly enamored of speaking as if they were more than one. Since a single medical author is today as rare (and majestic) as the baldheaded eagle, the use of "we" and "us" in most medical reports is automatically correct. In addition, if an editorial is written jointly, represents the consensus of several parties, or is a . . .
The Treatment of Obesity in an Outpatient Dietetic Unit
Authors: Solomon H. Blondheim, Nathan Kaufmann, Rachel Poznanski
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Obese patients were treated in an outpatient dietetic unit to which they came to eat a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet totaling 1,000 calories. Close physician-patient and dietician-patient relationships built up in this setting, which included a strong element of group therapy as well, provided essential emotional support. The results were encouraging: 73% of the first 62 patients lost 20 lb (9.1 kg) or more.
Immune Response to Dust Mite Allergens among Toxoplasma gondii-seropositive and -seronegative Patients
Authors: E.A. Taketomi, J.F.C. Fernandes, R. Alves, D.O. Miranda, R.O. Resende, J.R. Mineo, S.J. Sung, D.A.O. Silva
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection in the Male
Authors: F. L. Lydon
Journal: BMJ (1945)

refused any of it during the period of chloride deficiency.The estimated intake of sodium chloride per day is shown in Table III.This does not include the salt content of the milk food (Trufood and Prosol).TABLE III.-Case I. Showing Estinmated Sodium Chloride Intake (apart fronm the Salt containied in the Dried Milk) and Plasma Cl Levels during the First Week Date NaCI Intake Blood Chloride (g.) " (mg./I0O c.cm.)
Is congenital secondary erythrocytosis/polycythemia caused by activating mutations within the HIF-2α iron-responsive element?
Authors: Melanie J. Percy, Mayka Sanchez, Sabina Swierczek, Mary Frances McMullin, Mariluz P. Mojica-Henshaw, Martina U. Muckenthaler, Josef T. Prchal, Matthias W. Hentze
Journal: Blood (2007)