tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prescription charges: a tax on the English
Authors: I. Iheanacho
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Not long now: in a little over 16 months the world’s greatest sporting event will be in London. Hosting the Olympic Games is a huge burden for a country. But undeniable too are the benefits, not least the near certain boost to the tally of medals won by the UK’s athletes (or, if you must, “Team GB”).

The happy prospect of victorious competitors draping themselves in the Union Flag doesn’t necessarily chime though with the United Kingdom’s tendency to devolution in other aspects of life. With regard to medical care, …
Carvedilol treatment is as well tolerated as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in patients with chronic heart failure: Results of the CARMEN (Carvedilol ACE inhibitor remodeling mild CHF evaluation) study
Authors: Michel Komajda, Hugo Madeira, Kristian Thygesen, Marco Bobbio, Wybren Jaarsma, Guenther Riegger, Jordi Soler-Soler, Lars Ryden, Per Hildebrandt, Beatrix Lutiger, Willem Remme
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Health Benefits of Sauna Bathing
Authors: Rita F. Redberg
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2015)

23. Siewert C, Siewert H, Winterfeld HJ, Strangfeld D. The behavior of central and peripheral hemodynamics in isometric and dynamic stress in hypertensive patients treatment with regular sauna therapy [in German]. Z Kardiol. 1994;83(9):652-657. 24. Leppaluoto J, TuominenM, Vaananen A, Karpakka J, Vuori J. Some cardiovascular and metabolic effects of repeated sauna bathing. Acta Physiol Scand. 1986;128(1):77-81.
QNet: An Agglomerative Method for the Construction of Phylogenetic Networks from Weighted Quartets
Authors: S. Grunewald, K. Forslund, A. Dress, V. Moulton
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

We present QNet, a method for constructing split networks from weighted quartet trees. QNet can be viewed as a quartet analogue of the distance-based Neighbor-Net (NNet) method for network construction. Just as NNet, QNet works by agglomeratively computing a collection of circular weighted splits of the taxa set which is subsequently represented by a planar split network. To illustrate the applicability of QNet, we apply it to a previously published Salmonella data set. We conclude that QNet can provide a useful alternative to NNet if distance data are not available or a character-based approach is preferred. Moreover, it can be used as an aid for determining when a quartet-based tree-building method may or may not be appropriate for a given data set. QNet is freely available for download.
X-RAY PROTECTION
Authors: LAURISTON S. TAYLOR
Journal: JAMA (1941)

Proposals covering the broader aspects of x-ray and radium protection were adopted by the International Congress of Radiology in 1928, 1931, 1934 and 1937. These have formed a basis of more detailed recommendations by the National Advisory Committee on X-Ray and Radium Protection composed of representatives of the various radiologic and medical societies and the x-ray equipment manufacturers. However, certain types of questions in this matter frequently confront the physician and consequently it may be of value to discuss briefly a few of them.  SHIELDING FROM DIRECT RADIATION  Complete X-Ray Shielding.—  In the deep and superficial therapy rooms it is most desirable in general that the nurse or technician be completely isolated from the patient, since that affords complete protection from both direct and scattered radiation. To realize this practically, the treatment room should be constructed of some completely protective material, and observation by the nurse should be only
Nasal memory T lymphocytes capable of producing IL‐4 in the allergic reaction
Authors: H. B. Hellquist, M. G. Karlsson
Journal: Allergy (1992)

This paper reports the presence of memory T cells in the nasal mucosa of allergic patients. The demonstration of CD4+/CD29+ (CD4+/CD45RO+) T lymphocytes, which are capable of interleukin-4 production, can indicate a complementary cell-mediated regulatory mechanism for mast cell proliferation and IgE synthesis in human nasal allergy. No substantial IgE production can be obtained in the absence of IL-4. Therefore, the existence of IL-4 producing cells on site in the nasal mucosa of allergic subjects probably implies a complementary interaction between cytokines and different immunocompetent nasal cells in the regulation of B cells and IgE synthesis.
PROGNOSTIC IMPACT OF BETA–ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR GENE POLYMORPHISMS ON SECONDARY PREVENTION AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN THE PCI ERA
Authors: Sen Matsumoto, Yasuhiko Sakata, Daisaku Nakatani, Shinichiro Suna, Masaya Usami, Masahiko Hara, Tetsuhisa Kitamura, Hiroshi Sato, Masatsugu Hori, Shinsuke Nanto, Issei Komuro
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a/1b–knockout mice provide insights into hepatic handling of bilirubin, bile acids, and drugs
Authors: Evita van de Steeg, Els Wagenaar, Cornelia M.M. van der Kruijssen, Johanna E.C. Burggraaff, Dirk R. de Waart, Ronald P.J. Oude Elferink, Kathryn E. Kenworthy, Alfred H. Schinkel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are uptake transporters for a broad range of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. To investigate the physiologic and pharmacologic roles of OATPs of the 1A and 1B subfamilies, we generated mice lacking all established and predicted mouse Oatp1a/1b transporters (referred to as Slco1a/1b-/- mice, as SLCO genes encode OATPs). Slco1a/1b-/- mice were viable and fertile but exhibited markedly increased plasma levels of bilirubin conjugated to glucuronide and increased plasma levels of unconjugated bile acids. The unexpected conjugated hyperbilirubinemia indicates that Oatp1a/1b transporters normally mediate extensive hepatic reuptake of glucuronidated bilirubin. We therefore hypothesized that substantial sinusoidal secretion and subsequent Oatp1a/1b-mediated reuptake of glucuronidated compounds can occur in hepatocytes under physiologic conditions. This alters our perspective on normal liver functioning. Slco1a/1b-/- mice also showed drastically decreased hepatic uptake and consequently increased systemic exposure following i.v. or oral administration of the OATP substrate drugs methotrexate and fexofenadine. Importantly, intestinal absorption of oral methotrexate or fexofenadine was not affected in Slco1a/1b-/- mice. Further analysis showed that rifampicin was an effective and specific Oatp1a/1b inhibitor in controlling methotrexate pharmacokinetics. These data indicate that Oatp1a/1b transporters play an essential role in hepatic reuptake of conjugated bilirubin and uptake of unconjugated bile acids and drugs. Slco1a/1b-/- mice will provide excellent tools to study further the role of Oatp1a/1b transporters in physiology and drug disposition.
Systemic vasculitis: epidemiology, classification and environmental factors
Authors: D. G I SCOTT
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2000)

The systemic vasculitides continue to present the practising clinician with many challenges. The spectrum and severity of disease is broad from life or sight threatening fulminant disease to relatively minor skin disease. There has been over the past five years steady progress in our understanding of pathogenesis but still the precise nature of the triggering event or events remains elusive. The aetiology is clearly multifactorial; among the potential influences on disease expression are ethnicity, genes (HLA and others), sex, and environment (ultraviolet light, infections, toxins, drugs, smoking and surgery). There are sufficient differences even within the limited epidemiological data available to suggest that not all these influences work in the same direction in the various described vasculitis syndromes. This editorial will concentrate on recent developments in the classification, epidemiology, and role of environmental factors in pathogenesis.

The classification of vasculitis remains controversial. Although the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) in 1990 produced classification criteria for the major conditions1 and the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference (CHCC) in 1994 developed definitions,2 there are still a number of difficulties. The ACR criteria perform reasonably well when used to compare one type of systemic vasculitis with another; they perform less well when the clinical syndrome is poorly defined, some patients without vasculitis may fulfil ACR criteria for vasculitis.3 The criteria were of course designed for comparing groups of patients (for example, for therapeutic studies) but not for the diagnosis of individual patients and should only be used for that purpose with caution. The CHCC definitions provide the only working definition of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). MPA was not included as a diagnostic category by the ACR and hence the CHCC definition is increasingly being used for classification; again this was not the original purpose but is the best available. A revision of …
Maternal Age and Birth Order of Young IDDM Patients: A study from southern India
Authors: Ambady Ramachandran, Chamukuttan Snehalatha, Annie Joseph, Vijay Viswanathan, Moopil Viswanathan
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

To assess the effects of maternal age and birth order on the risk of IDDM in Asian Indians.Data from a diabetes registry in Madras, India, was used to find IDDM patients diagnosed before 20 yr of age. A questionnaire was used to elicit clinical details of subjects.Children with mothers < or = 24 yr of age had a higher percentage of IDDM. Children with lower birth orders had a higher prevalence of IDDM.The risk of IDDM in children is increased in children with lower birth orders, born of younger mothers.
Genetic Factors in Intestinal Polyposis
Authors: Victor A. McKusick
Journal: JAMA (1962)

At least 6 distinct varieties of hereditary polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract can be identified. The clinical and genetic characteristics are different. In 3 of the 6, the occurrence of extra-alimentary manifestations aids diagnosis. Intestinal polyposis illustrates the usefulness of genetic understanding in the practice of preventive medicine in families.
Phase 1 and pharmacokinetic study of bolus-infusion flavopiridol followed by cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone for acute leukemias
Authors: Judith E. Karp, B. Douglas Smith, Linda S. Resar, Jacqueline M. Greer, Amanda Blackford, Ming Zhao, Dwella Moton-Nelson, Katrina Alino, Mark J. Levis, Steven D. Gore, Biju Joseph, Hetty Carraway, Michael A. McDevitt, Lorena Bagain, Karen Mackey, Janet Briel, L. Austin Doyle, John J. Wright, Michelle A. Rudek
Journal: Blood (2011)
Age As a Risk Factor For Fatal Food-Induced Anaphylaxis: An Analysis Of UK and Australian Fatal Food Anaphylaxis Data
Authors: Paul J. Turner, Vibha Sharma, Mimi L.K. Tang, M. Hazel Gowland, Nigel Harper, Tomaz Garcez, Richard Pumphrey, Robert J. Boyle
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Inflammation and Diabetes
Authors: Carolyn J. Hildreth
Journal: JAMA (2008)

α1-Antitrypsin inhibits inflammation, restores blood glucose to normal levels, and induces immune tolerance to beta islet cells in a type 1 diabetes mouse model (Koulmanda M et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105[42]:16242-16247).
Bone-Grafting without Periosteum
Authors: W. L. Brown
Journal: JAMA (1913)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —InThe Journal, May 17, 1913, p. 1533, Dr. H. G. Wetherill of Denver reports a successful case of bone-grafting without periosteum. In a report of our experimental bone and periosteal transplanting at the Texas State Medical Association the early part of this month, Dr. C. P. Brown and I were able to show conclusively that the periosteum had nothing to do with regeneration of the bone, and advocated at that time not only removing the periosteum from the transplant before it was removed from the tibia, but also taking off the superficial layer of the bone just beneath the periosteum and roughening the transplant with the chisel, in order to increase the osteoblastic-producing surface. In our last patient, operated on April 19, we not only removed the periosteum from the transplant, but also traumatized the surface formerly covered by periosteum. As the osteoblasts do not penetrate the
Pneumococcal serotypes in sputum isolates during acute respiratory illness in Edinburgh.
Authors: G A Gould, G B Rhind, A D Morgan, G Williamson, M A Calder
Journal: Thorax (1987)

During the years 1978-83 serotyping was carried out on all sputum isolates of pneumococci obtained from patients in the chest wards of the City Hospital, Edinburgh. In 402 patients with acute respiratory illness the peak isolation rates occurred from January to April, and the serotype distribution was similar to that seen in previous UK studies, the commonest types being 3, 6, 9, 19, 23, and 8. The overall mortality rate was 8.7%, the serotype distribution in fatal cases reflecting the distribution of the whole group. The presence of mixed infection, predominantly with Haemophilus influenzae, was associated with a lower mortality rate of 3.5%. Nearly all patients (92%) were either elderly or had a chronic underlying disease and only one death occurred in a patient under 70 years who had no pre-existing disease. Of the pneumococcal serotypes isolated from the 292 patients with chronic chest disease, 82% are included in the new 23 valent pneumococcal vaccine and the efficacy of this needs to be assessed further in high risk patients.
Respirators and Tuberculosis
Authors: Scott Barnhart
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Letters1 January 1995Respirators and TuberculosisScott Barnhart and Nancy BeaudetScott BarnhartUniversity of Washington; Seattle, WA 98104Search for more papers by this author and Nancy BeaudetUniversity of Washington; Seattle, WA 98104Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-122-1-199501010-00020 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Nettleman and colleagues [1] have provided an important contribution to the literature on the cost-effectiveness of respirators in preventing transmission of tuberculosis. We are concerned that they present a worst-case scenario and do not assess the use of respirators as part of a hierarchy of industrial hygiene interventions directed at risk reduction. This unfortunately limits the applicability of their results. For example, what if respirators were used for only some health care workers, visits to rooms were limited, reusable negative-pressure cartridge respirators were substituted (cost per use, $0.10 or less), patients were discharged in fewer than 14 ...Reference1. Nettleman MD, Fredrickson M, Good NL, Hunter SA. Tuberculosis control strategies: the cost of particulate respirators. Ann Intern Med. 1994; 121:37-40. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Scott Barnhart; Nancy BeaudetAffiliations: University of Washington; Seattle, WA 98104 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byInstitutional Control Measures for Tuberculosis in the Era of Multiple Drug Resistance 1 January 1995Volume 122, Issue 1Page: 70-71KeywordsEpidemiologyHealth care providersHealth economicsMycobacterium tuberculosisPrevention, policy, and public healthRespiratorsSputumTuberculinTuberculosisUpper respiratory tract infections ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 January 1995 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1995 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Complete Barrett’s excision by stepwise endoscopic resection in short-segment disease: long term outcomes and predictors of stricture
Authors: A. Chung, M. Bourke, L. Hourigan, G. Lim, A. Moss, S. Williams, D. McLeod, S. Fanning, V. Kariyawasam, K. Byth
Journal: Endoscopy (2011)

<b>Background and study aims:</b> Complete Barrett's excision (CBE) of short-segment Barrett's high grade dysplasia (HGD) and early esophageal adenocarcinoma by stepwise endoscopic resection is a precise staging tool, detects covert synchronous disease, and may produce a sustained treatment response. Esophageal stricture is the most commonly reported complication of CBE although risk factors have not yet been clearly defined. <b>Patients and methods:</b> Data were recorded prospectively on patients with limited co-morbidity and age ≤ 80 years undergoing CBE for histologically proven HGD or esophageal adenocarcinoma within ≤ C3M5 segments. Endoscopic resection was performed by standardized protocol every 6 – 8 weeks until CBE was achieved. Esophageal dilation was performed when patients reported dysphagia. Dysphagia scores were recorded at scheduled endoscopic surveillance or by telephone interview. <b>Results:</b> By intention-to-treat analysis, complete eradication of neoplasia and intestinal metaplasia was achieved in 95 % and 82 %, respectively, in 77 patients undergoing a median of 2 resection sessions (interquartile range [IQR] 1 – 3). Esophageal dilation was required in 33 % (median 3 dilations, IQR 1 – 3.5) at median follow-up of 20 months (IQR 6 – 40). Independent risk factors for dilation requirement were the number of mucosal resections at the index procedure (odds ratio [OR] 1.3 per resection, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.0 – 1.9; <i>P</i> = 0.043) and maximal extent of the Barrett's segment (OR 2.2 per cm, 95 %CI 1.2 – 3.9; <i>P</i> = 0.009). <b>Conclusions:</b> Although CBE is highly effective in the treatment of Barrett's HGD and esophageal adenocarcinoma, the risk of post-CBE dysphagia increases with the maximal extent of the Barrett's segment and the number of mucosal resections at the index procedure. These data could be used to inform treatment decisions and identify those patients who may benefit from prophylactic therapies such as dilation.
Hyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar Coma
Authors: M. T. Diamond
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Prevention of Tetanus SIR,-You report (7 November, p. 376) five fatal cases of tetanus which occurred this year.The first patient reported was given anti- biotics and the wound stitched, but no antitoxin was given.The third patient, injured in a car accident, was given antibi- otics but no tetanus antitoxin.Finally, the fifth case, a two-year-old boy who had not been immunized against tetanus, was given tetanus toxoid, but no tetanus antitoxin.So he received no protection against tetanus developing from his lacerated scalp.These people might not have died if they had received tetanus antitoxin.I think the danger of anaphylactic shock developing as a result of A.T.S. has been exaggerated.The present fashion of using only antibiotics and tetanus toxoid in tetanus-prone wounds, -even when the patient is not known to have been previously immunized actively, is not logi- cal, and is unsafe in my opinion.-Iam, etc., J. D. WHITTALL.Rye, Sussex.Uritary Tract Infection SIR,-Dr. A. J. Wing (26 September, p. 753 and 3 October, p. 35) has given an excellent account of the natural history of urinary tract infection and of the poten- tialities of antibacterial therapy.However, in relation to the common and troublesome recurring ascending infections in women, he does less than justice to the value of simple prophylactic measures, mentioning only the
Colorectal Screening after Polypectomy
Authors: Hans F. Otto
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2007)

Letters5 June 2007Colorectal Screening after PolypectomyHans F. Otto, MD, USAFHans F. Otto, MD, USAFFrom Spangdahlem Air Base, Spangdahlem, Germany.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-11-200706050-00014 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:I am a general internist who has now served in 3 major U.S. Air Force commands (continental United States, Pacific, and European commands). Colorectal cancer screening has been a frequently underrecognized and underoptimized surveillance measure at the primary care level. This has been due to the increased operations tempo with active duty, mission requirements, obstacles to retiree health, and access to usable interventions for screening, especially overseas. In the U.S. Air Force, we have limited resources, facilities, and physicians for colorectal cancer screening, but I have never had insurmountable problems in obtaining the interventions needed for initial ...References1. Boolchand V, Olds G, Singh J, Singh P, Chak A, Cooper GS. Colorectal screening after polypectomy: a national survey study of primary care physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:654-9. [PMID: 17088578] LinkGoogle Scholar2. Regula J, Rupinski M, Kraszewska E, Polkowski M, Pachlewski J, Orlowska J, et al. Colonoscopy in colorectal-cancer screening for detection of advanced neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1863-72. [PMID: 17079760] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Hans F. Otto, MD, USAFAffiliations: From Spangdahlem Air Base, Spangdahlem, Germany.Disclosures: None disclosed. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoColorectal Screening after Polypectomy: A National Survey Study of Primary Care Physicians Vikram Boolchand , Gregory Olds , Joseph Singh , Pankaj Singh , Amitabh Chak , and Gregory S. Cooper Colorectal Screening after Polypectomy Vikram Boolchand and Gregory S. Cooper Colorectal Screening after Polypectomy Fadi Antaki Metrics 5 June 2007Volume 146, Issue 11Page: 820KeywordsArmed forcesColonoscopyColorectal cancer screeningConflicts of interestGastroenterology and hepatologyHealth care facilitiesHealth care qualityPolypectomiesPrimary care physiciansSurgeons ePublished: 5 June 2007 Issue Published: 5 June 2007 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2007 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
How to access and process FDA drug approval packages for use in research
Authors: E. H. Turner
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Reporting bias leads to an overestimation of drug efficacy and underestimation of drug harms, but its effects can be mitigated by using unpublished data from drug regulatory agencies.Such data can be useful to clinicians interested in going beyond the product labelling and published literature.By comparing drug regulatory data with the published literature, researchers can uncover reporting bias, and researchers have been advised to use such data in systematic reviews 1 and meta-analyses. 2 The European Medicines Agency has been making clinical trial data available on request since November 2010, 3 and next year, notwithstanding legal challenges, it will expand access by making data publicly available for download from its website. 4 5Unlike, the EMA, the US Food and Drug Administration does not make individual patient data available.However, drug approval packages, also referred to as reviews or summary basis of approval documents, have been available on the FDA website since 1997. 6 7These are filtered summaries of clinical study reports and related documents, written by FDA staff, who may review "pivotal trials" in more depth than other trials.
Disease-Simulation Technics in Rehabilitation Teaching
Authors: John H. Bowker, William L. Kermond, Robert H. Jones
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

IT is generally accepted that the speed and extent of learning are directly related to the amount and type of experience undergone by the student.In medicine, in which most experience is necessarily vicarious, areas do exist in which disease simulation can be effected, providing the student with a more direct experience of the disorder under consideration. These include conditions of sensory deprivation, respiratory insufficiency, neurologic and musculoskeletal abnormality and drug effect.This paper describes the use of disease-simulation technics in introducing small groups of third-year medical students to certain aspects of hemiplegia, lower-extremity amputation and rheumatoid arthritis, three conditions . . .