tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Glucose Tolerance and Physical Activity in a Mexican Indigenous Population
Authors: Lesile O Schulz, Richard C Weidensee
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

To assess diabetes prevalence and physical activity among an indigenous population in Mexico.A total of 101 adult (mean age = 38 years) Mixtec Indians living on the outskirts of Huajuapan de Leon, Oaxaca, Mexico, volunteered to be measured for height, weight, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and physical activity.According to World Health Organization criteria, 2 women were diabetic and 42 subjects (15 men, 27 women) had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Although the population was generally lean, with a mean +/- SD body mass index (BMI) of 23.0 +/- 2.7 kg/m2 for men (n = 47) and 22.8 +/- 3.0 kg/m2 for women (n = 54), the group with normal glucose tolerance had a significantly lower BMI than those with abnormal glucose tolerance (IGT or diabetes). Men were significantly more physically active than women, and a larger percentage of women (54%) than men (32%) had abnormal glucose tolerance. However, within gender groups, there was not a significant effect of physical activity on status of glucose tolerance.The Mixtec population may be genetically predisposed to non-insulin-dependent diabetes, although their current lifestyle provides a protective effect. Less of a protective effect is seen for females, however. It is expected that further environmental changes impacting energy balance will have the most damaging repercussions for diabetes prevalence among Mixtec women.
Accurate Measurement of Liver, Kidney, and Spleen Volume and Mass by Computerized Axial Tomography
Authors: STEVEN B. HEYMSFIELD
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Computerized axial tomography permits accurate cross-sectional radiographic visualization of visceral organs. Thus, "radiographic area" of an organ slice can be calculated and converted to actual area from a standard grid printed on the roentgenogram. Because the width between slices is known, the volume of an organ slice can be calculated as area times width. Mass of the organ slice is then the product of slice volume and organ density, and entire mass of the organ is the sum of the masses of all the organ slices. The validity of this method was examined in four water-filled balloons, in 12 excised human cadaver organs (six kidneys, three livers, and three spleens), and in two human cadavers while the organs (four kidneys, one liver, and two spleens) remained in situ. Radiographic volume and mass agreed with actual volume and mass within ±3% to 5%, thus confirming the accuracy of this method.
Embolic volume retrieved during native coronary percutaneous coronary intervention with distal protection is far lower than during saphenous vein graft percutaneous coronary intervention regardless of plaque burden
Authors: Arun Kuchela, Gabor Sutsch, William E. Downey, Rany Huynh, Philip A. Seifert, Natalie D. Macon, Campbell Rogers
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Approaches to chemoprevention of lung cancer based on carcinogens in tobacco smoke.
Authors: S S Hecht
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

Chemoprevention may be one way to prevent lung cancer in smokers who are motivated to quit but cannot stop. The approach to chemoprevention of lung cancer described in this article is based on an understanding of the lung carcinogens present in tobacco smoke. The available data indicate that the compounds in cigarette smoke most likely involved in the induction of lung cancer in humans are the complex of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons typified by benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). A large number of compounds are now available that inhibit lung tumorigenesis by B[a]P or NNK in rodents. Inhibition of NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis by phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and inhibition of B[a]P-induced lung carcinogenesis by benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) are discussed as examples. Studies with PEITC in rodents clearly demonstrate that it inhibits NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis by inhibiting the metabolic activation of NNK. Similar changes appear to occur in humans according to data generated in smokers who ate watercress, a source of PEITC. It is likely that mixtures of chemopreventive agents with activity against carcinogens in tobacco smoke, such as NNK and B[a]P, will be useful in chemoprevention of lung cancer in smokers. Furthermore, there is a need to develop suppressing agents for lung cancer that might be applicable in both smokers and ex-smokers.
Variant in the sequence of the LINGO1 gene confers risk of essential tremor
Authors: Hreinn Stefansson, Stacy Steinberg, Hjorvar Petursson, Omar Gustafsson, Iris H Gudjonsdottir, Gudrun A Jonsdottir, Stefan T Palsson, Thorlakur Jonsson, Jona Saemundsdottir, Gyda Bjornsdottir, Yvonne Böttcher, Theodora Thorlacius, Dietrich Haubenberger, Alexander Zimprich, Eduard Auff, Christoph Hotzy, Claudia M Testa, Lisa A Miyatake, Ami R Rosen, Kristleifur Kristleifsson, David Rye, Friedrich Asmus, Ludger Schöls, Martin Dichgans, Finnbogi Jakobsson, John Benedikz, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir, Jeffrey Gulcher, Augustine Kong, Kari Stefansson
Journal: Nature Genetics (2009)
Beyond Helsinki: a vision for global health ethics
Authors: P. A Singer
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The fifth revision of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki, published in October 2000, sets out international standards for conducting medical research with human subjects.1 Revisions of this or any other research ethics code are unlikely to make research more ethical throughout the world, however, without some means of strengthening capacity to promote and implement such standards.

Strengthened capacity in research ethics is needed in both developed and developing countries, though the need is particularly acute in developing countries. A recent Washington Post investigation into research in developing countries revealed “a booming, poorly regulated testing system that is dominated by private interests and that far too often betrays its promises to patients and consumers.”2

Research in developing countries was a flash point of the fifth revision of Helsinki because the declaration retains the requirement that new treatments should be tested against the “best current” treatment. Critics argue that this standard does not allow the testing of low cost, sustainable treatments, such as aspirin for coronary artery disease, which might yield substantial health improvements in developing countries but …
Investigating low thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level
Authors: Anthony P Weetman
Journal: BMJ (2013)

#### Learning points

A 66 year old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease visited her general practitioner with a history of persistent fatigue since a severe chest infection three weeks previously. The infection had responded to antibiotics during a four day hospital admission. Her general practitioner found no physical signs in the chest, although there was a small, multinodular goitre. A measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was requested, and the result was 0.06 mU/L (reference interval 0.4-4.0 mU/L).

The presence of a goitre prompted examination for clinical signs of thyrotoxicosis, but sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, fine tremor, eye signs (lid lag or retraction), and warm palms were absent. A drug history should also be taken: in this setting of a low TSH level, is the patient taking amiodarone or levothyroxine? Less common drug induced causes of a low TSH level are high dose prednisolone, recent treatment with carbimazole, and dopamine infusion.

### Thyroid function tests

Laboratories vary in their testing strategy when a request for thyroid function tests is made.1 Because a serum TSH level within the reference interval excludes primary thyroid disease, and secondary (pituitary or hypothalamic) causes of thyroid dysfunction are uncommon, many laboratories measure only TSH if thyroid function tests are requested. Other laboratories will also measure free thyroxine (FT4) or will …
Epidermal growth factor binding sites on human erythrocytes in donors with different ABO blood groups
Authors: Bernd Engelmann, Udo Schumacher, Ekkehard Haen
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1992)

Abstract Analysis of epidermal growth factor ( 125 J‐EGF) binding to human red cells revealed the presence of two classes of binding sites with apparent equilibrium dissociation constants (app.K d ) in the 10 −10 −10 −9 M and in the 10 −8 M range, respectively. The number of binding sites/cell ranged between 600 and 2,400 for the high‐affinity binding site and between 7,200 and 23,000 for the low‐affinity site. No differences were seen in the apparent K d values for both types of binding sites between red cells obtained from donors with different ABO‐blood groups. An increase in the number of high affinity EGF binding sites was observed in donors with blood group A,‐erythrocytes as compared to red cells taken from donors with blood groups o and B.
INTRADERMAL IMMUNIZATION OF MONKEYS WITH ONE SET OF INJECTIONS OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: C. P. Rhoads
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1930)

1. By means of a single large dose of poliomyelitis virus, distributed at a number of intradermal sites, active immunity has been produced in Macacus rhesus monkeys, as shown by skin neutralization and intracisternal tests. 2. In the small series (four animals) of monkeys so treated, neither abortive nor paralytic signs of experimental poliomyelitis appeared.
IDENTIFICATION OF NON CALCIFIED PLAQUE IN YOUNG DIABETICS: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR EARLY PRIMARY PREVENTION OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IDENTIFIED WITH LOW DOSE CORONARY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY
Authors: Paul M. Madaj, Matthew J. Budoff, Dong Li, John A. Tayek, Ronald P. Karlsberg, Harold L. Karpman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3, and retinoic acid antagonize endothelin-stimulated hypertrophy of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes.
Authors: J Wu, M Garami, T Cheng, D G Gardner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D3 (VD3) and retinoic acid (RA) function as ligands for nuclear receptors which regulate transcription. Though the cardiovascular system is not thought to represent a classical target for these ligands, it is clear that both cardiac myocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells respond to these agents with changes in growth characteristics and gene expression. In this study we demonstrate that each of these ligands suppresses many of the phenotypic correlates of endothelin-induced hypertrophy in a cultured neonatal rat cardiac ventriculocyte model. Each of these agents reduced endothelin-stimulated ANP secretion in a dose-dependent fashion and the two in combination proved to be more effective than either agent used alone (VD3: 49%; RA:52%; VD3 + RA:80% inhibition). RA, at concentrations known to activate the retinoid X receptor, and, to a lesser extent, VD3 effected a reduction in atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and alpha-skeletal actin mRNA levels. Similar inhibition (VD3:30%; RA:33%; VD3 + RA:59% inhibition) was demonstrated when cells transfected with reporter constructs harboring the relevant promoter sequences were treated with VD3 and/or RA for 48 h. These effects were not accompanied by alterations in endothelin-induced c-fos, c-jun, or c-myc gene expression, suggesting either that the inhibitory locus responsible for the reduction in the mRNA levels lies distal to the activation of the immediate early gene response or that the two are not mechanistically coupled. Both VD3 and RA also reduced [3H]leucine incorporation (VD3:30%; RA:33%; VD3 + RA:45% inhibition) in endothelin-stimulated ventriculocytes and, once again, the combination of the two was more effective than either agent used in isolation. Finally, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 abrogated the increase in cell size seen after endothelin treatment. These findings suggest that the liganded vitamin D and retinoid receptors are capable of modulating the hypertrophic process in vitro and that agents acting through these or similar signaling pathways may be of value in probing the molecular mechanisms underlying hypertrophy.
March Hemoglobinuria Associated With Asymptomatic Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Hugh Chaplin
Journal: JAMA (1969)

March hemoglobinuria occurred repeatedly in a 16year-old boy during training for cross-country running. The patient's plasma hemoglobin binding capacity was markedly reduced or absent during the track season, and reduced below normal during the rest of the year, except when he remained sedentary for several days. Results of hematologic studies were normal. He had the history and findings of a congenital heart lesion (most likely a small ventricular septal defect). There is a possible relationship between the patient's hemoglobinuria after exertion and the cardiac lesion.
Identification in rats of a programming window for reproductive tract masculinization, disruption of which leads to hypospadias and cryptorchidism
Authors: Michelle Welsh, Philippa T.K. Saunders, Mark Fisken, Hayley M. Scott, Gary R. Hutchison, Lee B. Smith, Richard M. Sharpe
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Becoming a phenotypic male is ultimately determined by androgen-induced masculinization. Disorders of fetal masculinization, resulting in hypospadias or cryptorchidism, are common, but their cause remains unclear. Together with the adult-onset disorders low sperm count and testicular cancer, they can constitute a testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). Although masculinization is well studied, no unifying concept explains normal male reproductive development and its abnormalities, including TDS. We exposed rat fetuses to either anti-androgens or androgens and showed that masculinization of all reproductive tract tissues was programmed by androgen action during a common fetal programming window. This preceded morphological differentiation, when androgen action was, surprisingly, unnecessary. Only within the programming window did blocking androgen action induce hypospadias and cryptorchidism and altered penile length in male rats, all of which correlated with anogenital distance (AGD). Androgen-driven masculinization of females was also confined to the same programming window. This work has identified in rats a common programming window in which androgen action is essential for normal reproductive tract masculinization and has highlighted that measuring AGD in neonatal humans could provide a noninvasive method to predict neonatal and adult reproductive disorders. Based on the timings in rats, we believe the programming window in humans is likely to be 8-14 weeks of gestation.
Abstract CT234: Dabrafenib stimulates radioiodine uptake in BRAF V600E mutant advanced papillary thyroid cancer
Authors: Stephen M. Rothenberg, David G. McFadden, Edwin L. Palmer, Gilbert H. Daniels, Lori J. Wirth
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Purpose: To determine whether the selective BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib can stimulate radioactive iodine uptake in BRAF V600E mutated advanced papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) that is unable take up iodine. Patients and Methods: Ten patients with unresectable or metastatic PTC were enrolled. All had tumors with a BRAF V600E mutation and complete absence of radioiodine uptake on iodine-131 whole body scan obtained within 14 months of study entry. Each patient received dabrafenib (150 mg twice daily) for 3 weeks followed by thyrotropin alfa-stimulated iodine-131 whole body scan. If new iodine uptake occurred, dabrafenib was continued for an additional two weeks, followed by the administration of a therapeutic dose of iodine-131. Results: All ten patients completed the study. Dabrafenib resulted in new iodine-131 uptake in six of the ten patients. All six were treated with radioioactive iodine, leading to a complete response in one patient, a partial response in a second patient and stable disease in three patients. Four of six treated patients had decreases in serum thyroglobulin. No toxic effects of grade 2 or higher were attributable to dabrafenib. One patient developed a new squamous cell carcinoma of the skin which was successfully excised with clear margins. Conclusion: Dabrafenib produces increases in iodine uptake in patients with iodine-refractory advanced BRAF V600E mutant PTC and is well tolerated. Additional studies to determine efficacy are warranted. Citation Format: Stephen M. Rothenberg, David G. McFadden, Edwin L. Palmer, Gilbert H. Daniels, Lori J. Wirth. Dabrafenib stimulates radioiodine uptake in BRAF V600E mutant advanced papillary thyroid cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr CT234. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-CT234
Chronic Treatment of African-American Type 2 Diabetic Patients With β-Glucosidase Inhibition
Authors: Peter S Johnston, Peter U Feig, Robert F Coniff, Alice Krol, David E Kelley, Arshag D Mooradian
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the long-term efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor miglitol in the treatment of African-American patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 345 African-American type 2 diabetic patients (mean age 55.6 years, BMI 31.9 kg/m2, duration of diabetes 4.9 years, baseline HbA1C 8.7%) treated with either diet alone or sulfonylurea were randomized to 1 year of double-blind treatment with either placebo (n = 117) or miglitol (n = 228) at doses of 50 or 100 mg t.i.d., titrated based on tolerability. The primary efficacy criterion was change from baseline in HbA1C at the 6-month visit. Secondarily efficacy parameters included changes from baseline in plasma glucose and serum insulin (both fasting and 120 min after a standardized test meal), fasting lipids, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Safety and tolerability evaluations were primarily based on reporting of adverse events and symptoms and on periodic laboratory analyses. RESULTS Miglitol treatment was associated with a mean placebo-subtracted reduction in HbA1C from baseline of 1.19% at 6 months. Fasting and 120-min postprandial plasma glucose levels were reduced in parallel to HbA1C, in association with miglitol treatment. Significant reductions versus placebo in 120-min postprandial insulin levels, in LDL cholesterol, and in fasting triglycerides, were also seen in the miglitol group at individual study time points. Softer, more frequent stools and flatulence were significantly more common in the miglitol group. Urinary tract infections, hematuria, and herpes simplex infections were significantly more common in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Miglitol treatment appears to be at least as efficacious in the African-American type 2 population as in the U.S. type 2 population at large, with comparable tolerability. alpha-Glucosidase treatment may be an important therapeutic option in these patients in view of their greater risk for microvascular complications and the accumulating body of evidence that better glucose control reduces the risk of these complications.
"PYOKTANIN" AS AN ANTISEPTIC.
Authors: H. J. Boldt
Journal: JAMA (1991)

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Management of lung cancer.
Authors: M F Muers, R A Haward
Journal: Thorax (1996)

<h3>Objectives:</h3> To analyse the prevalence of lifetime recourse to prostitution (LRP) among men in the general population of Switzerland from a trend and cohort perspective. <h3>Methods:</h3> Using nine repeated representative cross-sectional surveys from 1987 to 2000, age-specific estimates of LRP were computed. Trends and period effect were analysed as the evolution of cross-sectional population estimates within age groups and overall. Cohort analysis relied on cohorts constructed from the 1989 survey and followed in subsequent waves. Age and cohort effects were modelled using logistic regression and non-parametric monotone regression. <h3>Results:</h3> Whereas prevalence for the younger groups was found to be logically lower, there was no consistent increasing or decreasing trend over the years; there was no significant period effect. For the 17–30 year age group, the mean estimate over 1987–2000 was 11.5% (range 8.3 to 12.7%); for the 31–45 year group, the mean was 21.5% (range over 1989–2000 20.3 to 23.0%). Regarding cohort analysis, the prevalence of LRP was found to increase steeply in the youngest ages before reaching a plateau near the age of 40 years. At the age of 43 years, the prevalence was estimated to be 22.6% (95% CI 21.1% to 24.1%). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> The steep increase in the cohort-wise prevalence of LRP in younger ages calls for a concentration of prevention activities in young people. If the plateauing at approximately 40 years of age is not followed by a further increase later in life, which is not known, then consumers of paid sex would be repeat buyers only, a fact that should be taken into account by prevention.