tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Clinical Trials with Bephenium Hydroxynaphthoate Against Hookworm in Ceylon
Authors: L. G. Goodwin, L. G. Jayewardene, O. D. Standen
Journal: BMJ (1958)

<h3>Background and importance</h3> ABP 215 (MVASI) is the first approved biosimilar to Avastin (bevacizumab reference product, RP). ABP 215 presents an alternative and effective treatment option. ABP 215 is administered intravenously after dilution in an infusion bag and confers its action by binding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and preventing its interaction with VEGF receptors on endothelial cells, resulting in angiogenesis inhibition. Extended physicochemical stability under in use conditions is valuable to enable administration flexibility by ensuring efficacy during handling conditions not covered by standard stability studies. <h3>Aim and objectives</h3> The aim of the study was to evaluate the physicochemical stability of ABP 215 after dilution, storage and infusion during potentially worst case handling conditions. <h3>Material and methods</h3> Low and high dose ABP 215 solutions were prepared in polyvinyl chloride and polyolefin intravenous (IV) bags. Prepared bags were stored at 2–8°C for 35 days and then stored at 30°C for 2 days, followed by IV infusion simulation. Stability indicating assays were selected to assess product quality on initial dilution into the IV bags, at prespecified time points during the 2–8°C refrigerated storage, 30°C storage, and prior and following the infusion. Stability indicating assays were selected to assess drug product quality. Size variants were assessed via size exclusion chromatography. Fragmentation was assessed via reduced capillary electrophoresis. Charge heterogeneity was assessed via cation exchange chromatography. Subvisible particle formation trends were assessed via subvisible particle testing and potential visible proteinaceous particle formation trends were assessed via visual inspection. Protein concentration was monitored for changes. Product quality consistency was evaluated via potency measurements. <h3>Results</h3> After dilution, storage and infusion, ABP 215 solutions showed no changes outside of product acceptance criteria in molecular size or charge variants, fragmentation, particulate formation, protein concentration or potency. <h3>Conclusion and relevance</h3> Across the evaluated worst case handling conditions, a robust set of stability indicating assays showed that ABP 215 product quality and activity remained within the product acceptance ranges over the examined extended storage. <h3>References and/or acknowledgements</h3> <h3>Conflict of interest</h3> Corporate sponsored research or other substantive relationships: All authors are employees and stockholders of Amgen Inc.
Parametric statistical tests for two related groups: numerical data
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Researchers investigated whether Ginkgo biloba was effective in treating tinnitus.1 A double blind placebo controlled trial study design was used. The intervention was 12 weeks’ treatment with 50 mg Ginkgo biloba extract LI 1370 three times daily or placebo. Participants were 978 healthy people (489 matched pairs) aged 18-70 years with comparatively stable tinnitus. Pairs were matched for sex, age (within 10 years), and duration of tinnitus (within five years). Within each matched pair, one participant was allocated at random to the intervention and the other to placebo.

The main outcome measures included assessment of how loud and troublesome tinnitus was before and after treatment. The loudness and troublesome nature of tinnitus were rated on a six point and a five point scale, respectively. Assessment was made by mail and telephone. For each participant the change from baseline to end of treatment (12 weeks minus baseline) in each outcome measure was recorded. Distributional assumptions of normality in the outcome measures were verified. Paired data were compared between treatment groups.

There was no significant difference between the treatment groups (intervention minus placebo) in change over 12 weeks from baseline in loudness (mean −0.05 (standard deviation 1.48), 95% confidence interval −2.00 to 0.11; P >0.05) or troublesome nature (−0.10 (1.32), −0.24 to 0.04; P >0.05) of tinnitus. The researchers concluded that 50 mg Ginkgo biloba extract LI 1370 given three times daily for 12 weeks was no more effective than placebo in treating tinnitus.

Which one of the following statistical tests would most likely have been used to …
Inhibition of NF?B in activated rat hepatic stellate cells by proteasome inhibitors and an I?B super-repressor
Authors: Claus Hellerbrand, Christian Jobin, Yuji Iimuro, Laura Licato, Balfour R. Sartor, David A. Brenner
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

The hepatic stellate cell (HSC), following a fibrogenic stimulus, is transformed from a quiescent to an activated cell. Cytokines induce NFκB activity in activated but not in quiescent HSCs with subsequent expression of NFκB-responsive genes, such as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and interleukin (IL)-6. We investigated the effect of proteasome inhibitors and an IκB super-repressor on the cytokine mediated activation of NFκB, ICAM-1, and IL-6 in activated HSCs. Culture-activated HSCs were stimulated with IL-1β or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in the presence or absence of proteasome inhibitors, ALLN or MG-132, or after infection with an adenovirus expressing the IκB super-repressor (Ad5IκB) or β-galactosidase (Ad5LacZ) as a control. NFκB activity was evaluated by immunofluorescence and by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The steady state level of cytoplasmic IκB protein was measured by Western Blot. ICAM-1 and IL-6 expression was measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Proteasome inhibitors, which block the degradation of IκB, and the Ad5IκB, which provides an exogenous nondegradable IκB, block the stimulation of NFκB activity by TNFα and IL-1β in activated HSCs. These reagents block the subsequent nuclear translocation of p65 NFκB and induction of ICAM-1 and IL-6 by cytokines. The specificities of the proteasome inhibitors and the IκB super-repressor are demonstrated by their failure to block c-Jun N-terminal kinase induction by cytokines. Cytokine-induced stimulation of NFκB, ICAM-1, and IL-6 is blocked by proteasome inhibitors and Ad5IκB in activated HSCs. Inhibition of IκBα degradation is a potential target for anti-inflammatory therapy in the liver and might influence the activation process of HSCs following fibrotic stimuli.
Effect of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on preschool child mortality in southern Nepal: community-based, cluster-randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: James M Tielsch, Subarna K Khatry, Rebecca J Stoltzfus, Joanne Katz, Steven C LeClerq, Ramesh Adhikari, Luke C Mullany, Shardaram Shresta, Robert E Black
Journal: The Lancet (2006)
The moral questions of war
Authors: R. Smith
Journal: BMJ (2003)

“Morality,” said Gandhi, “is contraband in war.” It may come down to nothing more than kill or be killed, maim or be maimed. But war constantly throws up moral questions.

Some argue that war can never be morally justified, and Benjamin Franklin, one of America's founding fathers, believed: “There never was a good war or a bad peace.” International law accepts the notion of a just war, but it's worth remembering the seven conditions of such a war. The cause must be just. A lawful authority must decide to resort to force. The intention of the war must accord …
Lipids are required for the development of <scp>B</scp>razil nut allergy: the role of mouse and human i<scp>NKT</scp> cells
Authors: L. Mirotti, E. Florsheim, L. Rundqvist, G. Larsson, F. Spinozzi, M. Leite‐de‐Moraes, M. Russo, M. Alcocer
Journal: Allergy (2012)

Abstract Background Lipids are required for mice sensitization to B er e 1, B razil nut major allergen. Here, we characterized different lipid fractions extracted from B razil nuts and the lipid‐binding ability of B er e 1. Further, we determined their in vivo ability to induce B er‐specific anaphylactic antibodies and the role of invariant natural killer T (i NKT ) cells in this process. Methods Wild‐type ( WT ) and i NKT cell‐deficient mice were sensitized with B er e 1 and specific lipid fractions, and anaphylactic antibodies were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis ( PCA ). The lipid‐binding characteristic of B er e 1 ( B er) was established by using fluorescent probes and 15 N ‐labeled NMR . In vitro production of IL ‐4 was determined in B er/lipid C ‐stimulated mouse i NKT cells and human T ‐cell lines containing NKT s primed with CD 1d+ C 1 R transfectants by flow cytometry and ELISA , respectively. Results Only one specific lipid fraction (lipid C ), containing neutral and common phospholipids, induced B er anaphylactic antibodies in mice. B er e 1 has a lipid‐binding site, and our results indicated an interaction between B er e 1 and lipid C . i NKT ‐deficient mice produced lower levels of anaphylactic antibodies than WT mice. In vitro , B er/lipid C ‐stimulated murine i NKT cells produced IL ‐4 but not IFN ‐gamma. Human T ‐cell lines derived from nut‐allergic patients produced IL ‐4 to B er/lipid C in a CD 1d− and dose‐dependent manner. Conclusion Lipid fraction C from B razil nut presents an essential adjuvant activity to B er e 1 sensitization, and i NKT cells play a critical role in the development of B razil nut‐allergic response.
Ineffective Use of Psychoactive Drugs Methadone Treatment Is No Exception
Authors: James R. Cooper
Journal: JAMA (1992)

The provision of ineffective methadone doses and the premature termination of methadone maintenance treatment have been well-recognized problems for many years in the treatment of opioid addiction. In 1980, 41% of the approximately 64 000 patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment had their dosages stabilized at less than 40 mg/d. Concern over the clinical implications of these treatment data was See also p 253. a major reason my colleagues and I at the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) in 1983 asked a group of drug abuse researchers and clinicians to review the wealth of drug abuse treatment research data compiled over the previous 15 years.<sup>1</sup>The issue of appropriate methadone dose was reviewed in detail. The review resulted in a consensus that the dose of methadone should be individualized for each patient and that, for the majority, the most effective dose is between 50 and 100 mg. Furthermore, the
855 DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF BETA-BLOCKERS ON SURVIVAL AND PARACENTESIS INDUCED CIRCULATORY DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS AND REFRACTORY ASCITES
Authors: T. Sersté, C. Francoz, C. Melot, F. Durand, P.E. Rautou, D. Valla, R. Moreau, D. Lebrec
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Authors: Thomas K. Pettus
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the Nov 15, 1985, issue of<i>JAMA</i>, Drs Sangal and Dimitrijevic<sup>1</sup>describe a case of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). The subtitle of their article is "Successful Treatment With Pancuronium." While we recognize the presumed activity of neuromuscular blockade in this case, the inclusion of propranolol and diazepam in the treatment regimen should not be overlooked (eg, 0.5 mg of propranolol hydrochloride intravenously every two to four hours; 4 mg of diazepam intravenously every two to four hours). Feibel and Schiffer, in an often-cited report,<sup>2</sup>describe the elevation of plasma and urine catecholamine levels in NMS. They reasonably infer both a sympathetic contribution to the pathogenesis of the syndrome, as well as an application for β-adrenergic blockage in its treatment. In addition, although not a commonly chosen therapy for NMS, diazepam is reported to have been effective in multiple cases.<sup>3,4</sup> In the case
PET/CT and MRI of Chondroid Lipoma of the Deltoid Muscle
Authors: Eduardo Escobar, Ba D. Nguyen, Otis C. Colvin
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2014)

Chondroid lipoma is an uncommon benign tumor of mesenchymal origin characterized by the presence of adipose tissue and chondroid matrix. Its imaging features have been reported with radiography, ultrasonography, CT, and MRI. Because this lesion may be mistaken histologically for myxoid liposarcoma and myxoid chondrosarcoma, it is of value, through this presentation, to raise the awareness of this benign tumor, which may demonstrate prominent 18F-FDG avidity on PET/CT imaging. The authors present a case of a 52-year-old male patient with a 6-month history of painless chondroid lipoma of the left shoulder.
Strongyloides stercoralis Autoinfection
Authors: Mark S. Stern
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To the Editor.—  A case of asymptomatic Strongyloides stercoralis autoinfection with marked eosinophilia appeared in a patient absent from endemic areas for 23 years.  Report of a Case.—  A 37-year-old Puerto Rican man had departed from Puerto Rico at age 14 years, and has lived continuously in New York city since. On admission, he admitted to heavy alcohol consumption and complained of vomiting, weakness, icterus, and increasing abdominal girth. Abnormal physical findings included a liver palpable 7 cm below the right costal margin, and pedal edema (2+) bilaterally. The white blood cell count (WBC) was 8,200/cu mm, with 84% neutrophils, 14% lymphocytes, 2% monocytes, and no eosinophils. The patient was treated with fluids intravenously and all laboratory data returned to normal. A liver biopsy revealed cirrhosis and alcoholic hepatitis.  The patient became asymptomatic and afebrile and was given a seven-day course of ampicillin (250 mg by mouth every six hours)
Changes in plasma noradrenaline concentration following sympathetic stimulation by gradual tilting
Authors: T. ROSENTHAL, M. BIRCH, B. OSIKOWSKA, P. S. SEVER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1978)

Journal Article Changes in plasma noradrenaline concentration following sympathetic stimulation by gradual tilting Get access T. ROSENTHAL, T. ROSENTHAL From the Department of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. BIRCH, M. BIRCH From the Department of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B. OSIKOWSKA, B. OSIKOWSKA From the Department of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar P. S. SEVER P. S. SEVER 1 From the Department of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, London 1Address for reprints: Dr P. S. Sever, Department of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, London W2. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 12, Issue 3, March 1978, Pages 144–147, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/12.3.144 Published: 01 March 1978
Autoimmune phenomena in bronchial asthma with special reference to aspirin intolerance.
Authors: A Szczeklik, E Nizankowska, A Serafin, A Dyczek, M Duplaga, J Musial
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

We assessed the autoimmune status of 185 adult patients with bronchial asthma and 46 healthy subjects of similar sex and age. The patients were divided into groups with: (1) aspirin-induced asthma (AIA) (n = 80); (2) intrinsic asthma with good aspirin tolerance (n = 46); and (3) atopic asthma (n = 59). Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) at a titer of > or = 1:40 were present in the serum of 55% of the patients with AIA, 41% of those with intrinsic asthma, 39% of those with atopic asthma, and 11% of the healthy subjects, with the difference between each patient group and the healthy subjects being statistically significant (p < 0.05). The fluorescence staining pattern of ANA on Hep-2 cells was mainly speckled, but the precise antigen specificity of the antibodies could not be identified with reference sera against extractable nuclear antigens. None of the subjects exhibited anti-double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (anti-ds-DNA) or anti-neurtrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Positive ANA were associated with signs of complement activation, the presence of rheumatoid factor, and circulating immune complexes. Clinical signs of autoimmunity, evidenced by rheumatic symptoms, cold sensitivity, and Raynaud's phenomenon, were more common among the patients who tested positively for ANA. The assessment of autoimmunity may help in better characterizing patients with asthma and understanding various symptoms of the disease. Any causal relationship between asthma and autoimmunity remains to be established.
CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc had better discrimination than CHADS<sub>2</sub>for predicting risk for thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation
Authors: John A. Cairns
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Source Citation Olesen JB, Lip GY, Hansen ML, et al. Validation of risk stratification schemes for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2011;342:d124. 21282258
Maternal, Child Health Needs Noted by Two Major National Study Groups
Authors: Jody W. Zylke
Journal: JAMA (1989)

THE NUMBER, 38000, is almost incomprehensible, in the way that large numbers can be. But it only takes one of those 38 000 to portray the tragedy. One tiny baby with huge dark eyes, dwarfed by tubes, wires, and machinery; one of 38000 who will die before their first birthday. Remarkable progress has been made in reducing infant mortality since the turn of the century, from 100 deaths per 1000 live births in 1915 to 10 per 1000 in 1987 (<i>Pediatrics</i>. 1988;82:817-827). However, since 1980, the rate of decline in infant mortality has slowed. In addition, a large discrepancy exists between rates for different subgroups of the population. (The rate for blacks is twice that for whites, for example.) These worrisome trends are at least partly the result of inadequate prenatal care. It is widely agreed that prenatal care is effective in preventing low birth weight. It is also cost-effective.
Legionella pneumophila-induced NF- B- and MAPK-dependent cytokine release by lung epithelial cells
Authors: B. Schmeck, P. D. N'Guessan, M. Ollomang, J. Lorenz, J. Zahlten, B. Opitz, A. Flieger, N. Suttorp, S. Hippenstiel
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2006)

<i>Legionella pneumophila</i> causes community-acquired pneumonia with high mortality, but little is known about its interaction with the alveolar epithelium. The aim of this study was to investigate whether <i>L. pneumophila</i> infection of lung epithelial cells (A549) resulted in pro-inflammatory activation. <i>L. pneumophila</i> infection induced liberation of interleukin (IL)-2, -4, -6, -8 and -17, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, interferon-γ and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, but not of IL-5, -7, -10, -12 (p70) or -13 or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The present study focused on IL-8 and found induction by <i>L. pneumophila</i> strains 130b, Philadelphia 1, Corby and, to a lesser extent, JR32. Knockout of <i>dotA</i>, a central gene involved in type IVB secretion, did not alter IL-8 induction, whereas lack of flagellin significantly reduced IL-8 release by Legionella. Moreover, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was activated and kinase inhibition reduced secretion of induced cytokines, with the exception of IL-2 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. In contrast, inhibition of the MAPK kinase 1/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway only reduced the expression of a few cytokines. <i>L. pneumophila</i> also induced binding of nuclear factor-κB subunit RelA/p65 and RNA polymerase II to the <i>il8</i> promoter, and a specific inhibitor of the inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB complex dose-dependently lowered IL-8 expression. Taken together, <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase- and nuclear factor-κB/RelA pathway-dependent expression of a complex pattern of cytokines by human alveolar epithelial cells, presumably contributing to the immune response in legionellosis.
Bromocriptine induced impotence in Parkinson's disease.
Authors: L Cleeves, L J Findley
Journal: BMJ (1987)

immune haemolytic anaemia in a patient treated with chlorpropamide; in vitro testing showed cross reactivity with glibenclamide and related compounds.Immune haemolysis in vivo caused by glibenclamide, however, does not seem to have been reported before.The mechanism of haemolysis was compatible with the cephaline type, as a Coombs test gave a positive result with both anti-IgG and anti-C3 and anti-C4.This result is caused by a non-specific binding of serum proteins, including IgG and complement, to a damaged or altered erythrocyte surface.The antiglobulin test may give a positive result for many months, as was seen in our patient.Selective IgA deficiency is the most common form of dysgammaglobulin- aemia and is, for unknown reasons, often associated with immunological disorders.4Whether the IgA deficiency and the drug induced haemolytic anaemia in our patient were connected was uncertain.We are grateful to Hoechst Pharmaceuticals for generous supplies of glibenclamide and to Dr S M Wood, of the Department of Health and Social Security, for valuable information.
COLOR BLINDNESS IN INDUSTRY
Authors: ARCHIBALD EASTWOOD CHACE
Journal: JAMA (1926)

After seven years' experience in supervising the examination of applicants for hazardous occupations, and a careful study of the literature, I am attempting here to present most of the known facts, and some of the problems still to be worked out, in the field of color blindness. In train, yard and engine service on railways, in certain marine occupations, and to a less extent in other industries, color blindness is a hazard which has not received the thoughtful and accurate consideration which safety demands. Our navy, the Public Health Service, and especially European railway surgeons, have called attention to the insufficiency of methods in common use for detecting this defect, yet the safety of employees and the traveling public is still too often entrusted to incompetent examiners armed with improper apparatus. A knowledge of the physics of light and the physiology of color perception is taken for granted. Attention is
Rationing Influenza Vaccine
Authors: Thomas H. Lee
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

It was two days after the presidential election and only a week after the Red Sox won the World Series, but all anyone could talk about at my Boston hospital was influenza shots. I saw 12 outpatients and 1 inpatient that Thursday morning, and all but one asked whether they could get the influenza vaccine.I told them all no. Our hospital, which logged more than 200,000 outpatient visits for primary care last year, had only 2000 doses for primary care patients, and there was no way we could come close to covering all our patients who were part of . . .