tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Intramedullary Spinal Cord Metastases
Authors: T Ijaz, K Jones
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

Figure 1. A 54-year-old woman presented with paresthesias of the arms, occipital headache, and pain in the back of the neck. Neurologic examination revealed evidence of decreased sensitivity to pinprick, temperature, and light touch over the lower part of the left side of the neck, left hemithorax, left arm, left thigh, and left side of the abdomen. A sagittal T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced view (Panel A) shows an enhancing, elongated metastatic lesion (arrow) from small-cell carcinoma of the lung. A magnetic resonance image obtained three months after palliative radiotherapy (Panel B) shows only a faint area of intramedullary enhancement (arrow) . . .
Mechanisms Underlying Very-Low-Frequency RR-Interval Oscillations in Humans
Authors: J. Andrew Taylor, Deborah L. Carr, Christopher W. Myers, Dwain L. Eckberg
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Survival of post–myocardial infarction patients is related inversely to their levels of very-low-frequency (0.003 to 0.03 Hz) RR-interval variability. The physiological basis for such oscillations is unclear. In our study, we used blocking drugs to evaluate potential contributions of sympathetic and vagal mechanisms and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to very-low-frequency RR-interval variability in 10 young healthy subjects. Methods and Results —We recorded RR intervals and arterial pressures during three separate sessions, with the patient in supine and 40 degree upright tilt positions, during 20-minute frequency (0.25 Hz) and tidal volume–controlled breathing after intravenous injections: saline (control), atenolol (0.2 mg/kg, β-adrenergic blockade), atropine sulfate (0.04 mg/kg, parasympathetic blockade), atenolol and atropine (complete autonomic blockade), and enalaprilat (0.02 mg/kg, ACE blockade). We integrated fast Fourier transform RR-interval spectral power at very low (0.003 to 0.03 Hz), low (0.05 to 0.15 Hz), and respiratory (0.2 to 0.3 Hz) frequencies. β-Adrenergic blockade had no significant effect on very-low- or low-frequency RR-interval power but increased respiratory frequency power 2-fold. ACE blockade had no significant effect on low or respiratory frequency RR-interval power but modestly (≈21%) increased very-low-frequency power in the supine (but not upright tilt) position ( P &lt;0.05). The most profound effects were exerted by parasympathetic blockade: Atropine, given alone or with atenolol, abolished nearly all RR-interval variability and decreased very-low-frequency variability by 92%. Conclusions —Although very-low-frequency heart period rhythms are influenced by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, as low and respiratory frequency RR-interval rhythms, they depend primarily on the presence of parasympathetic outflow. Therefore the prognostic value of very-low-frequency heart period oscillations may derive from the fundamental importance of parasympathetic mechanisms in cardiovascular health.
Mumps epidemiology in Germany 2007-11
Authors: A Takla, O Wichmann, C Klinc, W Hautmann, T Rieck, J Koch
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2013)

In Germany, mumps has been notifiable until 2013 only in the five Eastern federal states (EFS) of former East Germany. Due to different immunisation policies until 1990 and varying vaccination coverages thereafter, mumps incidences cannot be extrapolated to the 11 Western federal states (WFS). We studied mumps-related International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) code diagnoses claimed through statutory health insurances between 2007 and 2011 to estimate countrywide mumps incidences in the outpatient sector, and compared them with case numbers from ambulatory notification data. Overall, 32,330 outpatient mumps cases were claimed. Annual incidence ranged between 9.3/100,000 and 11.8/100,000 and showed a significant decreasing trend. Compared with EFS, mumps incidence in WFS was higher and indicated a shift towards older age groups. Notified outpatient case numbers in EFS were 13-fold lower and from voluntary surveillance during an outbreak in the WFS Bavaria 8-fold lower than from insurance data (n=316 versus n=4,217 and n=238 versus 1,995, respectively). Of all notified cases with available information, 75.4% (EFS) and 57.6% (Bavaria) were unvaccinated; 6.8% (EFS) and 19.3% (Bavaria) required hospitalisation. In Germany, mumps is still endemic despite decades of vaccination, with considerable underreporting in the established notification systems.
Cardiovascular Function in Shock
Authors: JOSEPH S. CAREY, ROBERT S. BROWN, PATRICIA A. MOHR, DAVID O. MONSON, SEE TAO YAO, WILLIAM C. SHOEMAKER
Journal: Circulation (1967)

Hemodynamic responses to volume loading with infusion of dextran-40 and myocardial stimulation with isoproterenol in 23 patients in shock from hemorrhage, trauma, or sepsis, and 10 healthy controls were studied. Responses of the control were moderate to dextran and marked to isoproterenol. Shock patients were divided into three groups according to the response of the cardiac index to dextran-40: group I, &gt;50% increase; group II, 15 to 50% increase; group III, &lt;15% increase or a decrease. The central venous pressure of patients who responded to dextran (group I) generally rose moderately and that of those who failed to respond (group III) increased without improvement of cardiac index or stroke index, suggesting myocardial failure. Group II showed cardiac improvement at the expense of marked increase in venous pressure, suggesting relative cardiac insufficiency. Group I failed to respond to isoproterenol infusion, indicating that circulatory failure primarily resulted from failure of venous return. All group III patients responded markedly to isoproterenol. It is concluded that a significant number of patients in shock from hemorrhage, trauma, and sepsis exhibit signs of cardiac insufficiency. The ability of these hearts to respond to isoproterenol suggests that depletion or altered metabolism of endogenous catecholamines in part underlies this insufficiency. Further-more, it is suggested that cardiac insufficiency may contribute to the death of a significant number of patients with severe hemorrhagic and septic shock.
Time for epithelial sensing of vitamin D to step into the limelight
Authors: Nadine Waldschmitt, Mathias Chamaillard
Journal: Gut (2014)

It is becoming increasingly clear that the ‘one microbe-one disease’ paradigm must be reconsidered, because it fails to account for the pathogenesis of several common human illnesses with ever-increasing socioeconomic impacts (such as IBD). Notably, instability within the gut's microbial communities (referred to as dysbiosis) has been linked to loss of gut barrier function in IBD. In particular, IBDs are associated with a greater preponderance of certain Bacteroidetes and a lower abundance of Firmicutes. 1 ,2 Likewise, several targeted approaches in mice have revealed that the major Crohn's disease-predisposing NOD2 gene has a role in protecting against intestinal inflammation afforded by some Bacteroides spp (including B vulgatus ).3 ,4 Remarkably, reciprocal transplantation of faecal microbiota from Nod2 -deficient mice enhanced the vulnerability of control animals to colonic injury.3 In line with reverse genetic studies in mice, subclinical dysbiosis has been observed in healthy, first-degree relatives of patients with Crohn's disease.5 One can therefore reasonably presume that familial similarities in the microbiome are related to similar host genetic compositions.3 ,6 Consistently, twin studies have demonstrated that variations in the host genome may influence the structure and composition of the …
WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOCIATION
Authors: Carlton M. Herman
Journal: JAMA (1952)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In conjunction with the 17th North American Wildlife Conference in Miami, Fla., March 17 to 19, 1952, a number of investigators met informally and officially organized the Wildlife Disease Association. During the previous year a preliminary draft of a statement of scope and purpose had been prepared by Drs. Bell, Cheatum, and Jellison. This was circulated among other members of a committee, and their suggestions were incorporated into the statement where it seemed justified during discussion at the Miami meeting. Wildlife management in North America has attained the status of a recognized profession. As professions go, it is a youthful one, but the responsibilities with which it is charged are heavy. It is asked to manage desirable populations of wildlife species so that they may be at least maintained, and in many instances increased beyond their current numbers. On the other hand, the profession is charged with
Activation of Steroid and Xenobiotic Receptor (SXR, NR1I2) and Its Orthologs in Laboratory, Toxicologic, and Genome Model Species
Authors: Matthew R. Milnes, Adriana Garcia, Emily Grossman, Felix Grün, Jason Shiotsugu, Michelle M. Tabb, Yukio Kawashima, Yoshinao Katsu, Hajime Watanabe, Taisen Iguchi, Bruce Blumberg
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

BackgroundNuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2 (NR1I2), commonly known as steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) in humans, is a key ligand-dependent transcription factor responsible for the regulation of xenobiotic, steroid, and bile acid metabolism. The ligand-binding domain is principally responsible for species-specific activation of NR1I2 in response to xenobiotic exposure.ObjectivesOur objective in this study was to create a common framework for screening NR1I2 orthologs from a variety of model species against environmentally relevant xenobiotics and to evaluate the results in light of using these species as predictors of xenobiotic disposition and for assessment of environmental health risk.MethodsSixteen chimeric fusion plasmid vectors expressing the Gal4 DNA-binding domain and species-specific NR1I2 ligand-binding domain were screened for activation against a spectrum of 27 xenobiotic compounds using a standardized cotransfection receptor activation assay.ResultsNR1I2 orthologs were activated by various ligands in a dose-dependent manner. Closely related species show broadly similar patterns of activation; however, considerable variation to individual compounds exists, even among species varying in only a few amino acid residues.ConclusionsInterspecies variation in NR1I2 activation by various ligands can be screened through the use of in vitro NR1I2 activation assays and should be taken into account when choosing appropriate animal models for assessing environmental health risk.
Complementary and alternative medicine usage in rosacea
Authors: M.A. McAleer, F.C. Powell
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

Journal Article Complementary and alternative medicine usage in rosacea Get access M.A. McAleer, M.A. McAleer The Regional Centre of Dermatology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin D7, Ireland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar F.C. Powell F.C. Powell The Regional Centre of Dermatology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin D7, Ireland Correspondence: F.C. Powell. E‐mail: fpowell@eircom.net Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 158, Issue 5, 1 May 2008, Pages 1139–1141, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08471.x Published: 01 May 2008
Sustained Expression of Naked Plasmid Dna Encoding Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Mice Promotes Liver and Overall Body Growth
Authors: Junwei Yang, Shiping Chen, Leaf Huang, George K. Michalopoulos, Youhua Liu
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

To understand the physiological functions of exogenous hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on normal adult animals, we delivered human HGF gene into mice by a hydrodynamics–based in vivo gene transfection approach using a naked plasmid vector. Systemic administration of naked plasmid containing HGF cDNA driven under cytomegalovirus promoter (pCMV–HGF) by rapid injection via the tail vein produced a remarkable level of human HGF protein in the circulation, beginning to appear at 4 hours and peaking at 12 hours following injection. Tissue distribution studies identified the liver as the organ with the highest level of transgene expression. Through weekly repeated injections of plasmid vector, we achieved sustained, long–term, high levels of exogenous HGF expression in mice for 8 weeks. Increases of more than 31% and 16% in liver and body weights were found, respectively, in the mice that received pCMV–HGF plasmid compared with that given the control vector for 8 weeks. Expression of exogenous HGF in vivo activated mitogen–activated protein kinases and induced proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in normal adult liver and kidneys. These data suggest that systemic administration of naked plasmid vector is a convenient, safe, and highly efficient approach to introduce and maintain exogenous HGF gene expression in vivo in a controllable fashion. Our results also indicate that long–term expression of human HGF in mice markedly activates growth–related signal transduction events, promotes cell proliferation, and leads to liver and overall body growth in whole adult animals.
Simultaneous Dipyridamole/Maximal Subjective Exercise With 99mTc-MIBI SPECT: Improved Diagnostic Yield in Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Jaume Candell-Riera, César Santana-Boado, Joan Castell-Conesa, Santiago Aguadé-Bruix, Montserrat Olona, Jordi Palet, Josefa Cortadellas, Amparo García-Burillo, Jordi Soler-Soler
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1997)
REPORT CXIX. AURICULAR FIBRILLATION: A COMMON CLINICAL CONDITION
Authors: T. Lewis
Journal: BMJ (1909)

IMZDcouwAS 1 AURICULAR FIBRILLkTION.rNov.27,, I99.intermediate metabolites in the urine, the stiffness of the muscles, and other symptoms, lead us to believe that such products of metabolic activity are inefficiently removed from the system.The introduction of more fluid would remedy thin deficiency of excretion, which we hold to be of far greater importance than deficiency of nutrition.Repeated experience contradicts the popular conviction that large quantities of food must be taken in order to "keep up the strength" in contests of this kind.For instance, soldiers bearing heavy clothing and equipment have frequently marched for many hours with no food, provided that a sufficiency of water is available.Experi- ments on animals, too, show that external work can be performed for some days on a water diet only.These facts serve to justify us in advising the consump- tion of little or no solid food during the race; we think
Current Trends in Cigarette Advertising and Marketing
Authors: Ronald M. Davis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1987)

Abstract Because the nation's health is so greatly influenced by cigarette smoking, this report examines current trends in cigarette advertising and marketing. According to the Federal Trade Commission, total cigarette advertising and promotional expenditures reached $2.1 billion in 1984. From 1974 through 1984, total expenditures increased approximately sevenfold, or threefold after adjustment according to the consumer price index. In 1985, cigarette advertising expenditures accounted for 22.3 percent, 7.1 percent, and 0.8 percent of total advertising expenditures in outdoor media, magazines, and newspapers, respectively. When all products and services were ranked according to national advertising expenditures, cigarettes were first in the outdoor media, second in magazines, and third in newspapers. The proportion of total cigarette advertising and promotional expenditures devoted to promotional activities has increased steadily, from 25.5 percent in 1975 to 47.6 percent in 1984. The proportion of expenditures for cigarettes yielding 15 mg or less of "tar" has increased substantially and has consistently exceeded the domestic market share of these cigarettes. The fastest growing markets are discounted cigarettes and brands containing 25 cigarettes per pack. Several advertising campaigns have targeted women, minorities, and blue-collar workers. The study of these marketing trends should assist health officials in identifying and predicting patterns of cigarette use and in developing health promotion programs that counteract the influence of advertising by incorporating similar, effective techniques. (N Engl J Med 1987; 316:725–32.)
Splenic abscess due to Salmonella agona.
Authors: M M Sharr
Journal: BMJ (1972)

serious risk, in our opinion it deserves a more extensive trial.It may represent a new way to induce reniissions in this often fatal condition.We are grateful to Boehringer (Basel) and Dr. Karl Thomae (Biberach a/Riss) for providing us with dipyridamole (Persantin).
Cor Triloculare Biatriatum
Authors: DONALD HEATH
Journal: Circulation (1957)

Cor triloculare biatriatum is a rare form of congenital heart disease that needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of the important group of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease with pulmonary hypertension. The clinical and pathologic features of an example of this disease are reported and discussed in a review of previously reported cases. The small pulmonary blood vessels showed some features of hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease and evidence of an increased bronchial arterial collateral circulation to the lung. An interpretation of these histologic changes relating them to the abnormal pulmonary physiology in cor triloculare biatriatum is suggested.
Systolic Time Intervals in Heart Failure in Man
Authors: ARNOLD M. WEISSLER, WILLARD S. HARRIS, CLYDE D. SCHOENFELD
Journal: Circulation (1968)

The duration of the systolic time intervals in nondigitalized patients with heart failure was determined from simultaneous fast speed recordings of the electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, and carotid arterial pulsation. These were compared with the systolic time intervals corrected for heart rate and sex in 211 normal subjects. The failing left ventricle is characterized by a prolongation in the systolic pre-ejection period and a diminution in the left ventricular ejection time while total electromechanical systole remains relatively unaltered. Both components of the pre-ejection period, the Q-1 interval and the isovolumic contraction time, were prolonged. These alterations in the phases of systole occur in the absence of a measurable change in ventricular depolarization time. The prolongation in the pre-ejection period is well correlated with the reduced stroke volume and cardiac output in heart failure and is independently augmented by high levels of arterial pressure. The abbreviation in left ventricular ejection time is also correlated significantly with the stroke volume and cardiac output. It is postulated that a defect in the mechanical performance of the heart is responsible for the abnormal systolic time intervals in human heart failure.
913-114 Abnormal Cardiac Sympathetic Nervous System in Patients with Coronary Spastic Angina; Assessment with Iodine-123 Metaiodobenzylguanidine Myocardial Scintigraphy
Authors: Yoshito Inobe, Kiyotaka Kugiyama, Hitoshi Sumida, Hiroo Miyagi, Seiji Tomiguchi, Mutsumasa Takahashi, Hirofumi Yasue
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Advanced glycation end products increase retinal vascular endothelial growth factor expression.
Authors: M Lu, M Kuroki, S Amano, M Tolentino, K Keough, I Kim, R Bucala, A P Adamis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are linked with the development of diabetic retinopathy; however, the pathogenic mechanisms are poorly defined. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels are increased in ischemic and nonischemic diabetic retina, and VEGF is required for the development of retinal and iris neovascularization. Moreover, VEGF alone can induce much of the concomitant pathology of diabetic retinopathy. In this study, we found that AGEs increased VEGF mRNA levels in the ganglion, inner nuclear, and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell layers of the rat retina. In vitro, AGEs increased VEGF mRNA and secreted protein in human RPE and bovine vascular smooth muscle cells. The AGE-induced increases in VEGF expression were dose- and time-dependent, inhibited by antioxidants, and additive with hypoxia. Use of an anti-VEGF antibody blocked the capillary endothelial cell proliferation induced by the conditioned media of AGE-treated cells. AGEs may participate in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy through their ability to increase retinal VEGF gene expression.
PHYSICAL DEGENERATION AND SYPHILIS
Authors: R. W. MacKenna
Journal: BMJ (1905)

The role of TNF-α in the control of mycobacterial growth in murine macrophages was studied in vitro. Infection of macrophages from TNF-α gene disrupted (TNF-knockout (KO)) mice with recombinant <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) expressing the vector only (BCG-vector) resulted in logarithmic growth of the intracellular bacilli. Infection with BCG-secreting murine TNF-α (BCG-TNF) led to bacillary killing. Killing of BCG-TNF was associated with rapid accumulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) protein and the production of nitrite. The uncontrolled growth of BCG-vector was associated with low iNOS expression but no nitrite production. Thus, iNOS expression appears to be TNF-α independent but iNOS generation of NO requires TNF-α. In cultures of TNF-KO macrophages infected with BCG-TNF, inhibition of iNOS by aminoguanidine (AMG) abolished the killing of the bacilli. However, the growth of the organisms was still inhibited, suggesting an iNOS-independent TNF-α-mediated growth inhibition. To confirm this, macrophages from iNOS-KO mice were infected with either BCG-vector or BCG-TNF. As expected, no nitrite was detected in the culture medium. TNF-α was detected only when the cells were infected with BCG-TNF. In the iNOS-KO macrophages, the growth of BCG was inhibited only in the BCG-TNF infection. These results suggest that in the absence of iNOS activity, TNF-α stimulates macrophages to control the growth of intracellular BCG. Thus, there appears to be both a TNF-α-dependent-iNOS-dependent killing pathway as well as a TNF-α-dependent-iNOS-independent growth inhibitory pathway for the control of intracellular mycobacteria in murine macrophages.
Today's Teaching Hospitals: Old Stereotypes and New Realities
Authors: PETER W. BUTLER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

Two decades ago teaching hospitals were a relatively small number of large, urban facilities. They were located near medical schools; were recipients of substantial support from local government appropriations and philanthropic donations; were providers of a large volume of ambulatory care to the indigent population; and were the centers for advancing medical research and technology. Since I960, changes in medical education and the socioeconomic environment have resulted in a dramatic increase in the number and types of hospitals that formally participate in medical education. The traditional characterization of teaching hospitals still applies to some institutions, but hospitals newly affiliated with medical schools have very diverse characteristics. Unfortunately, third parties, regulators, and hospitals often attach the term "teaching hospital" to all of these hospitals as if they were a homogeneous set of institutions. Additional discussion and documentation of similarities and differences among teaching hospitals could benefit both hospitals and regulators when health policies are being formulated.
Two-week stimulation or blockade of the sympathetic nervous system in man: Influence on body weight, body composition, and twenty four-hour energy expenditure
Authors: K.J. Acheson, E. Ravussin, D.A. Schoeller, L. Christin, L. Bourquin, P. Baertschi, E. Danforth, E. Jéquier
Journal: Metabolism (1988)