tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Increasing Incidence of IDDM in Austrian Children: A nationwide study 1979–1993
Authors: Edith Schober, Ursula Schneider, Thomas Waldhör, Jaako Tuomilehto
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

OBJECTIVE A nationwide population-based study was conducted to assess the insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) incidence in childhood over a 15-year period (1979–1993). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A questionnaire was sent to all Austrian pediatric departments and diabetologists. The secondary data source was based on patient organization lists and hospital administration data. The data from 1979-1987 were collected retrospectively, while from 1988 to 1993 the registration of cases was performed prospectively in the same network. Estimates of probability of ascertainment were calculated according to the capture-recapture method. RESULTS The achieved ascertainment was 94%. The overall annual incidence was 7.9/100,000 person-years in children 0–14 years old. During the observation period, the incidence rose by 2.4% annually. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of childhood IDDM in Austria, a European country with an intermediate risk for IDDM, showed a proportionally similar increase to that of Northern European countries over the past decade. The increase seems to be continuous, following mainly a linear trend with superimposed sudden outbreaks indicating environmental causative factors.
Dermal Exposure to Jet Fuel JP-8 Significantly Contributes to the Production of Urinary Naphthols in Fuel-Cell Maintenance Workers
Authors: Yi-Chun E. Chao, Lawrence L. Kupper, Berrin Serdar, Peter P. Egeghy, Stephen M. Rappaport, Leena A. Nylander-French
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

Jet propulsion fuel 8 (JP-8) is the major jet fuel used worldwide and has been recognized as a major source of chemical exposure, both inhalation and dermal, for fuel-cell maintenance workers. We investigated the contributions of dermal and inhalation exposure to JP-8 to the total body dose of U.S. Air Force fuel-cell maintenance workers using naphthalene as a surrogate for JP-8 exposure. Dermal, breathing zone, and exhaled breath measurements of naphthalene were obtained using tape-strip sampling, passive monitoring, and glass bulbs, respectively. Levels of urinary 1- and 2-naphthols were determined in urine samples and used as biomarkers of JP-8 exposure. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relative contributions of dermal and inhalation exposure to JP-8, and demographic and work-related covariates, to the levels of urinary naphthols. Our results show that both inhalation exposure and smoking significantly contributed to urinary 1-naphthol levels. The contribution of dermal exposure was significantly associated with levels of urinary 2-naphthol but not with urinary 1-naphthol among fuel-cell maintenance workers who wore supplied-air respirators. We conclude that dermal exposure to JP-8 significantly contributes to the systemic dose and affects the levels of urinary naphthalene metabolites. Future work on dermal xenobiotic metabolism and toxicokinetic studies are warranted in order to gain additional knowledge on naphthalene metabolism in the skin and the contribution to systemic exposure.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Ataxia -Telangiectasia
Authors: William B. Reed
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Although the cutaneous aspects of ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) are emphasized in the name, there have been no extensive clinical and histopathological studies of the skin of these patients. The immunologic deficiencies and the minimal thymic activity was first noted by Peterson, Kelly, and Good<sup>56</sup>and confirmed by others.<sup>27,30,65,77</sup>We wish to report the dermatological findings in 22 patients with AT (Table 1). Four of these patients were previously reported in detail by Boder and Sedgwick<sup>12,14</sup>and one by Centerwall and Miller.<sup>22</sup> <h3>Cardinal Features</h3> The cardinal features of AT are progressive cerebellar ataxia beginning in infancy, progressive telangiectasia beginning on the exposed bulbar conjunctiva, tendency to sinopulmonary infections leading to bronchiectasis, apraxia of eye movements simulating ophthalmoplegia, and high familial incidence. Other less striking features are unusual facial and postural attitudes, variable choreoathetoid or ticlike movements, occasional myoclonic jerks, cerebellar speech, drooling, internal strabismus, and growth retardation. Although
ULCER OF THE STOMACH: PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY.EXPERIMENTS IN PRODUCING ARTIFICIAL GASTRIC ULCER AND GENUINE INDUCED PEPTIC ULCER.
Authors: FENTON B. TURCK
Journal: JAMA (1906)

<h3>DEFINITION.</h3> By artificial gastric ulcer is meant ulcer produced by experimental means, as by some local, mechanical or chemical injury; by induced ulcer is meant ulcer produced by more indirect and natural means, such as feeding methods, as presented in this paper. The term peptic is retained on account of long usage. <h3>INTRODUCTION.</h3> Ulcer of the stomach is one of the most important pathologic questions that engage the attention of scientific workers. Clinically, it has led to the investigation of numerous conditions with which it is directly or indirectly associated, such as the local manifestations of pain, hemorrhage, perforation; the secondary results, as adhesions, cicatrices, and contractions; carcinoma formed at the site of the ulcer, and, finally, the systemic conditions of toxemia, lowered vitality, anemia, etc. The pathogenesis of gastric ulcer, however, is what has called forth the best scientific effort. The rôle that cytolysis and autocytolysis play in the
Confidence intervals for the number needed to treat
Authors: D. G Altman
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been associated with a high frequency of arrhythmias. Few studies have analysed the role of reduced lung function in predicting atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV<sub>1</sub>) and risk of first episode of AF in a prospective study. Data from 13,430 males and females without previous myocardial infarction, who participated in the Copenhagen City Heart Study, were analysed. New AF was assessed at re-examination after 5 yrs and by hospital admission for AF during a period of 13 yrs. Multivariate analyses were used with adjustment for cardiopulmonary risk factors. There were 62 new cases of AF at 5-yr follow-up (0.58%) and 290 cases (2.20%) diagnosed at hospitalisations. Risk of new AF at re-examination was 1.8-times higher for FEV<sub>1</sub> between 60–80% of predicted compared with FEV<sub>1</sub> ≥80% after adjustment for sex, age, smoking, blood pressure, diabetes and body mass index. The risk of AF hospitalisation was 1.3-times higher for FEV<sub>1</sub> between 60–80% and 1.8-times higher for FEV<sub>1</sub> &lt;60% compared with FEV<sub>1</sub> ≥80%, when additional adjustment was made for education, treatment with diuretics and chest pain at activity. The authors conclude that reduced lung function is an independent predictor for incident atrial fibrillation.
Multiple Changes of Immunologic Parameters in Prisoners of War
Authors: Dragan Dekaris
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To assess immune reactivity in men just released from a war prisoner camp.Random sample of 29 men from a group of 764 liberated detainees in war prisoner camp in Bosnia, 15 matched healthy control subjects, and pre-war historical control subjects.Report on immune reactivity parameters, such as lymphocyte immunophenotypes, natural killer cell and phagocyte function, serum cytokines, and hormones.Compared with control subjects, detainees had significantly lowered red blood cell count, hemoglobin mass concentration, hematocrit, total serum proteins, and albumin level, while the percentage and count of monocytes and non-segmented neutrophils were increased. Flow cytometry revealed a significant increase in percentage of activated lymphocytes, activated T lymphocytes, Tc/s lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and total HLA-DR lymphocytes. The absolute counts of activated lymphocytes and activated T lymphocytes were also significantly increased. The percentages of naive Th/i lymphocytes and the ratio of CD4:CD8 lymphocytes were decreased. The in vitro natural killer cell cytotoxic activity and phagocytic functions of ingestion and digestion were significantly depressed. Serum interferon, serum cortisol, and prolactin were also significantly lowered. Serum tumor necrosis factor was increased.Alterations in the main parameters of the immune system and depression of important immune effector functions may have resulted from the psychological stress, physical deprivation, and malnutrition experienced by these war camp prisoners during their detainment.
Serum Tocopherol, Cholesterol, and Triglyceride in Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: ESKO A. NIKKILÄ, RISTO PELKONEN
Journal: Circulation (1963)

The plasma tocopherol, cholesterol, and triglyceride were estimated in 175 male survivors of myocardial infarction and in control subjects. The control subjects comprised 214 blood donors (without healthy control) and 70 healthy persons. The coronary group derived from two sources: Group I had had myocardial infarction 4 to 6 weeks before the study; group II was composed of persons who had experienced a myocardial infarction 6 to 30 months before the study. A tocopherol-loading test with 2 Gm. of tocopherol acetate was performed in 101 coronary subjects and in 34 control subjects. The 24-hour plasma tocopherol was estimated after the tocopherol load. Ninety per cent of the young control subjects (20 to 35 years of age) had plasma to-copoherol below 15 mg./L., cholesterol below 290 mg./per 100 ml., triglyceride below 140 mg./100 ml., and 24-hour tocopherol below 24 mg./L. In reference to these concentrations, 53 per cent of the whole coronary group had an elevated plasma tocopherol level, 62 per cent had an elevated serum cholesterol level, and 56 per cent showed hypertriglyceridemia. The 24-hour plasma tocopherol level in normal subjects was exceeded by 77 per cent of the subjects with coronary heart disease. The mean lipid levels were all slightly higher in group I (recent cases) than in group II (old cases). The difference was significant, however, only for triglycerides. The whole coronary group was divided according to age in two subgroups (age below and over 50). No significant difference existed in the two groups. The regression analyses of the lipids showed that none of the lipid measurements appeared to be fully independent variables. A highly significant regression was present for cholesterol versus tocopherol. The relationship between triglyceride and tocopherol was not so striking, although the regression was significant also here except the coronary group II.
Abstract 3613: Methylated PLK2 predicts response to taxanes
Authors: Helen M. Coley, Pritlata Chivers, Nelofer Syed, Tim Crook
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Polo-like-kinases (Plk) are a family of mitotic kinases with close structural similarity but showing functional diversity. Plk2 was originally described as an early response gene as is sometimes referred to as Snk. It has been shown to be a transcriptional target of p53 and activates a G2M checkpoint. Following a screening of a number of taxane resistant ovarian cancer cell lines we saw a close association with down-regulation of PLK2 and the extent of taxane resistance. Methylation analysis including methylation specific PCR (MSP) and pyrosequencing showed heavy methylation of CpG islands in the promoter region. We also saw that when sensitivity to paclitaxel is restored by a process of resistance reversal by growing cells in a drug free environment and this corresponded with upregulation of PLK2. We have also then gone on to look at a range of taxane-resistant breast cancer cell lines and have in many cases seen an association of PLK2 down-regulation with the acquisition of resistance. Translational studies using clinical biopsies and matched serum samples from a total of 43 ovarian cancer patients have indicated that the presence of methylated PLK2 in ovarian cancer tissue at first presentation may predict future relapse on platinum and taxane combination therapy. We also saw an association of presence of methylated PLK2 in either serum or tumour tissue with reduced survival. At present we are examining a series of samples from 40 breast cancer patients in the neo-adjuvant setting treated with taxane containing regimens to look for the association of PLK2 methylation with clinical outcome. We propose that methylated PLK2 is a useful marker of chemoresponse in ovarian and breast cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3613. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3613
Acute Effects of Air Pollution on Pulmonary Function, Airway Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Asthmatic Children
Authors: Ling Liu, Raymond Poon, Li Chen, Anna-Maria Frescura, Paolo Montuschi, Giovanni Ciabattoni, Amanda Wheeler, Robert Dales
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

bacKgrOund: Air pollution is associated with respiratory symptoms, lung function decrements, and hospitalizations.However, there is little information about the influence of air pollution on lung injury.Objective: In this study we investigated acute effects of air pollution on pulmonary function and airway oxidative stress and inflammation in asthmatic children.MethOds: We studied 182 children with asthma, 9-14 years of age, for 4 weeks.Daily ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 ) were monitored from two stations.Once a week we measured spirometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (Fe NO ), and determined thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and 8-isoprostane-two oxidative stress markers-and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in breath condensate.We tested associations using mixed-effects regression models, adjusting for confounding variables.results: Interquartile-range increases in 3-day average SO 2 (5.4 ppb), NO 2 (6.8 ppb), and PM 2.5 (5.4 µg/m 3 ) were associated with decreases in forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity, with changes being -3.1% [95% confidence interval (CI), -5.8 to -0.3], -2.8% (95% CI, -4.8 to -0.8), and -3.0%(95% CI, -4.7 to -1.2), respectively.SO 2 , NO 2 , and PM 2.5 were associated with increases in TBARS, with changes being 36.2%(95% CI, 15.7 to 57.2), 21.8% (95% CI, 8.2 to 36.0), and 24.8% (95% CI, 10.8 to 39.4), respectively.Risk estimates appear to be larger in children not taking corticosteroids than in children taking corticosteroids.O 3 (5.3ppb) was not associated with health end points.Fe NO , 8-isoprostane, and IL-6 were not associated with air pollutants.cOnclusiOn: Air pollution may increase airway oxidative stress and decrease small airway function of asthmatic children.Inhaled corticosteroids may reduce oxidative stress and improve airway function.
Empirical dissociations between rule-based and similarity-based categorization
Authors: Gregory Ashby, Michael B. Casale
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

The target article postulates that rule-based and similarity-based categorization are best described by a unitary process. A number of recent empirical dissociations between rule-based and similarity-based categorization severely challenge this view. Collectively, these new results provide strong evidence that these two types of category learning are mediated by separate systems.
Atu027, a Liposomal Small Interfering RNA Formulation Targeting Protein Kinase N3, Inhibits Cancer Progression
Authors: Manuela Aleku, Petra Schulz, Oliver Keil, Ansgar Santel, Ute Schaeper, Britta Dieckhoff, Oliver Janke, Jens Endruschat, Birgit Durieux, Nadine Röder, Kathrin Löffler, Christian Lange, Melanie Fechtner, Kristin Möpert, Gerald Fisch, Sibylle Dames, Wolfgang Arnold, Karin Jochims, Klaus Giese, Bertram Wiedenmann, Arne Scholz, Jörg Kaufmann
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract We have previously described a small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery system (AtuPLEX) for RNA interference (RNAi) in the vasculature of mice. Here we report preclinical data for Atu027, a siRNA-lipoplex directed against protein kinase N3 (PKN3), currently under development for the treatment of advanced solid cancer. In vitro studies revealed that Atu027-mediated inhibition of PKN3 function in primary endothelial cells impaired tube formation on extracellular matrix and cell migration, but is not essential for proliferation. Systemic administration of Atu027 by repeated bolus injections or infusions in mice, rats, and nonhuman primates results in specific, RNAi-mediated silencing of PKN3 expression. We show the efficacy of Atu027 in orthotopic mouse models for prostate and pancreatic cancers with significant inhibition of tumor growth and lymph node metastasis formation. The tumor vasculature of Atu027-treated animals showed a specific reduction in lymph vessel density but no significant changes in microvascular density. [Cancer Res 2008;68(23):9788–98]
Abstract P3-10-27: <i>Caspase</i> Variant as Prognostic Marker in Patients with Early Breast Cancer
Authors: YS Chae, SJ Lee, JH Jung, HY Park, S-W Lee, WW Kim, SJ Lee, BW Kang
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background: Since apoptosis induced by caspases may play a role in the prognosis of breast cancer, the present study analyzed the polymorphisms of caspase genes and their impact on the survival of 240 patients with early invasive ductal breast cancer. Material and Methods: The genomic DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tumor-free tissue or blood, and 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 5 apoptosis-related genes in the apoptosis pathway determined using a Sequenom MassARRAY system. Results: During the median follow-up of 68.6 (range, 36.3-173.1) months, 43 relapses and 25 deaths occurred. Among the target polymorphisms, the caspase 9 gene polymorphism (CASP9 rs4645978) in a dominant model of the A allele was associated with survival in a log-rank test (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In a multivariate analysis, the GA+AA genotype of CASP9 rs4645978 was significantly correlated with a better disease-free survival (HR = 0.250; 95% CI = 0.075 - 0.840; P = 0.025), while marginally with distant disease-free or overall survival (HR = 0.360 and 0.337; P = 0.118 and 0.158, respectively). No clinicopathologic difference was observed according to the genotypes of this polymorphism. Discussion: The CASP9 rs4645978 was identified as a possible prognostic factor of survival in patients with operated invasive breast cancer. Figures available in online version. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-10-27.
Personal spore sampling and indirect immunofluorescent test for exploration of hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to mould spores
Authors: H. Zwick, W. Popp, O. Braun, T. Wanke, C. Wagner
Journal: Allergy (1991)

Sensitization to mould spores was investigated in six patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, eight patients with idiopathic lung fibrosis, and six healthy controls by immunodiffusion and immunofluorescent testing of personal spore samples. The new technique of personal spore sampling with the Burkard personal volumetric air sampler and indirect immunofluorescent test for detection of spore‐specific IgG and IgM confirmed that five patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis and four with lung fibrosis were actually exposed and sensitized to moulds. Personal spore sampling and subsequent immunofluorescent tests represent sensitive tools for detection of individual mould sensitization and air quality control.
Impact of Atrial Fibrillation on the Clinical Course of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Iacopo Olivotto, Franco Cecchi, Susan A. Casey, Alberto Dolara, Jay H. Traverse, Barry J. Maron
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Clinical impact of atrial fibrillation (AF) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is largely unresolved. Thus, we analyzed the prognostic implications of AF in a large, community-based HCM population assembled from Italian and US cohorts.Occurrence of AF and outcome were assessed in 480 consecutive HCM patients (age at diagnosis, 45+/-20 years; 61% male) who were followed up for 9.1+/-6.4 years. AF occurred in 107 patients (22%; incidence, 2%/y) and was independently predicted by advancing age, congestive symptoms, and increased LA size at diagnosis. Patients with AF had increased risk for HCM-related death (OR, 3.7; P<0.002) because of excess heart failure-related mortality but not sudden, unexpected death. This risk associated with AF was substantially greater in patients with outflow obstruction or with earlier development of AF (</=50 years of age). AF patients were also at increased risk for stroke (OR, 17.7; P=0.0001) and severe functional limitation (OR for NYHA class III or IV, 2.8; P<0.0001). Compared with those with exclusively paroxysmal AF, patients developing chronic AF showed higher combined probability of HCM-related death, functional impairment, and stroke (P<0.0001). In a subgroup of 37 patients with AF (35%), the clinical course was largely benign in the absence of stroke and severe symptoms.In a community-based HCM population, AF (1) was common, with 22% prevalence over 9 years; (2) was associated with substantial risk for heart failure-related mortality, stroke, and severe functional disability, particularly in patients with outflow obstruction, those </=50 years of age, or those developing chronic AF; and (3) was nevertheless compatible with benign outcome in 35% of patients.
The Definition (s) of Anxiety
Authors: Raymond B. Cattell
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> As a clinician, Dr. Sagebiel is entitled to any definition of anxiety that occurs to him, such as "anxiety is the reality expression of an unconscious emotional force." This approach will lead to about as many definitions as there are psychiatrists—probably more. The multivariate experimental approach, on the other hand, leads to a universal definition by all who investigate the field. We have simply taken several hundred alleged and commonly accepted manifestations of anxiety and have found their degree of mutual correlation, both in normal population samples and in clinical samples. We have then applied the method of factor analysis to answer the question, "Are there several anxieties or is there a single, functionally unitary anxiety?" We obtained a clear experimental answer that there is a single general anxiety factor which factor analysis shows to be distinct from the stress response, from a regression pattern, and from
Demonstration of Infection of One Cyst in a Polycystic Liver With Ga-67 Citrate SPECT
Authors: ADIL M. AL-NAHHAS, JIM R. STEEL
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2000)

A 65-year-old man had classic pyrexia of unknown origin. He was known to have polycystic disease of the liver and kidneys, adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus, and Dukes A villous adenoma. Ultrasound and CT confirmed polycystic disease but showed no evidence of infection or secondary deposits in these organs. Planar and SPECT Ga-67 citrate scintigraphy showed a donut sign in the liver suggesting infection in a single cyst. Ultrasound showed this area to correspond to one of the large liver cysts. Aspiration of pus confirmed the site of infection with improvement of pyrexia.