tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
An examination of the measurement of flow heterogeneity in striated muscle.
Authors: B R Duling, D H Damon
Journal: Circulation Research (1987)

This review leads us to a number of conclusions and suggestions for further study. First, we find wide differences in the meaning of flow heterogeneity, arising as a result of the different methods used. These differences will have to be reconciled to form a comprehensive view of the role of heterogeneity in determining vascular function. Second, in the future, the meaning of heterogeneity must be clearly defined and related to a particular microvascular component, and it is imperative that the differences in scale of heterogeneity be appreciated when comparing data from various laboratories. These heterogeneities have different implications for function, and failure to distinguish among them leads to confusion. Third, the degree to which perfusion heterogeneity is regulated in the microcirculation remains in doubt. Reports of variations in flow heterogeneity in response to physiological stimuli are for the most part based on highly questionable indirect methods. Fourth, the heterogeneity that can be demonstrated at the capillary level within striated muscle does not appear to be large relative to the capacity for the microcirculation to exchange most diffusible solutes. Thus, the inferences regarding heterogeneity, as evidenced by diffusible indicators, are likely to be the result of different preparations, damage to the preparations, or perhaps large-scale heterogeneities in the tissue. An alternate possibility would be that the heterogeneity occurs at the microvascular level but reflects some other aspect of microcirculatory function, such as length or hematocrit heterogeneities, but not flow heterogeneities. Fifth, flow heterogeneity within microvessels implies important consequences for capillary exchange and tissue oxygenation. Heterogeneities of velocity of a magnitude comparable to those observed by direct visualization of microcirculation can clearly produce reductions in oxygen supply to small tissue regions of a degree that may limit oxygen delivery, and thereby, tissue function. Sixth, flow heterogeneity may also influence capillary hematocrit and/or red cell spacing by producing cell separation at bifurcations and a resultant reduction in mean capillary tube hematocrit. There is as yet no agreement on why and how these hematocrits influence tissue oxygenation and function. Although several hypotheses are advanced to explain the distribution of blood flow and red cells within microcirculation, each lacks a critical experimental test at present.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Hypoglycemia Induced Growth Hormone Secretion in Pituitary Diseases.
Authors: John A. Linfoot
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1966)

s1 May 1966Hypoglycemia Induced Growth Hormone Secretion in Pituitary Diseases.John A. Linfoot, M.D., Joseph F. Garcia, Ph.D., Edward Manougian, M.D., Malcolm Powell, M.D., James Born, M.D., John H. Lawrence, M.D., F.A.C.P.John A. Linfoot, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Joseph F. Garcia, Ph.D.Search for more papers by this author, Edward Manougian, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Malcolm Powell, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, James Born, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, John H. Lawrence, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-64-5-1159_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe availability of a sensitive radio-immunoassay for growth hormone has made it possible to study pituitary function by directly measuring the capacity of the pituitary to release growth hormone in response to hypoglycemia. A sensitive radio-immunoassay was employed in the study of growth hormone levels in patients with various pituitary diseases, including acromegaly (20), chromophobe adenoma (4), Chiari-Frommel syndrome (2), postsurgical hypopituitarism (3), and Cushing's syndrome (4). Similar studies were carried out in normal subjects (4), and patients with breast carcinoma (22) and diabetic retinopathy (7) who had received heavy-particle pituitary irradiation from the 184-in. cyclotron.Modified insulin tolerance tests... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Berkeley, California PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1966Volume 64, Issue 5Page: 1159-1159KeywordsAcromegalyAdenomasBreast cancerDiabetic retinopathyGrowth hormoneHypoglycemiaInsulin Issue Published: 1 May 1966 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Corticosteroid injections improved short-term but not long-term recovery and pain in the greater trochanteric pain syndrome
Authors: Michael Denman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Source Citation Brinks A, van Rijn RM, Willemsen SP, et al. Corticosteroid injections for greater trochanteric pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial in primary care. Ann Fam Med. 2011;9:226-34. 21555750
Drug Therapy for Prehypertension Questioned
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2006)

SOME RESEARCHERS ARE QUESTIONing a claim made by the authors of a recent study that it is feasible to use drug treatment to reduce the risk that patients with prehypertension will progress to hypertension. In that study, the Trial of Preventing Hypertension (TROPHY), participants were randomly assigned to receive an angiotensin II receptor blocker, candesartan (AstraZeneca LP, London, England), or placebo for 2 years. All patients were then given placebo and followed up for an additional 2 years (Julius S et al. N Engl J Med. 2006;354: 1685-1697). At the 2-year mark, there was a major reduction in the number of participants progressing to hypertension in the candesartan group compared with those in the placebo group. At 4 years, the proportion of participants moving into hypertension in the candesartan group was only slightly smaller than that of the placebo group. The authors concluded that “treatment of prehypertension appears to be feasible.” The study was funded, in part, by a grant from AstraZeneca. But now other researchers argue in a pair of editorials published in the November 23 issue of the American Journal of Hypertension that the study was flawed and the study authors’ conclusion is misleading. The emerging debate on how best to treat prehypertension has enormous public health implications. An estimated 70 million individuals in the United States have prehypertension (generally defined as having a systolic blood pressure in the range of 120139 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure in the range of 80-89 mm Hg), with most destined to progress to hypertension, a well-recognized risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. Current guidelines for treating prehypertension recommend lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss, exercise, and sodium restriction. But because adherence to lifestyle modification to prevent hypertension is generally poor, the TROPHY authors hoped that a short-term regimen using an angiotensin II receptor blocker could prevent or delay onset of high blood pressure.
Hematopoietic thymocyte precursors. I. Assay and kinetics of the appearance of progeny.
Authors: J L Kadish, R S Basch
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1976)

A quantitative assay for the hematopoietic precursor of thymocytes has been developed. Using this assay the kinetics of appearance of the progeny of transfused bone marrow and spleen cells in the thymus of irradiated (760 R) mice has been studied. Precursor cells are seven to eightfold more common in bone marrow than in spleen and are absent from peripheral lymph nodes. They decline in number as the animals age. When hematopoietic cells are injected immediately after lethal irradiation only a small number of cells actually enter the gland. Their progeny are not detectable in the thymus for 8-12 days. The time of their detection depends both upon the size of the residual endogenous thymocyte population and the number of progenitor cells injected. Evidence has been presented that excludes thymic injury as the basis for the delay in the appearance of donor type cells and indicates that neither the production of a "homing" signal in the irradiated animal nor the development of precursor cells are limiting factors in the rate of thymic repopulation. These studies indicate that only an exceedingly small number (less than 100) of prothymocytes are required to repopulate the thymus of an irradiated mouse. This restricted number of progenitors must produce the entire repertory of T-cell immunologic responsiveness seen in the first weeks after repopulation.
Hypocholesterolemic effects of mevinolin in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
Authors: D R Illingworth, G J Sexton
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

We have evaluated the hypolipidemic effects of mevinolin, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis in 13 patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Patients were maintained on a low-cholesterol diet and received sequentially increasing doses of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg of mevinolin twice daily for a period of 1 mo on each dose. Plasma concentrations of low density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased by 19.8% on the 5 mg twice daily dose (P less than 0.05 vs. base line), 28.4% on 10 mg of mevinolin twice daily (P less than 0.05 vs. 5 mg twice daily), 35% on 20 mg of mevinolin twice daily (P less than 0.05 vs. 10 mg twice daily), and 37.7% on 40 mg of mevinolin twice daily (not statistically different from 20 mg twice daily). Concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol remained stable on all doses of mevinolin whereas plasma triglyceride levels fell significantly on the 20 mg (-30.7%) and 40 mg (-34.3%) twice daily doses of mevinolin. Mevinolin was well tolerated and all patients completed the study period. Side effects during the period of study were limited to transient insomnia and headaches in two patients, transient increases in alkaline phosphatase in three patients, and a modest but sustained increase in alkaline phosphatase in a fourth patient. These results indicate that mevinolin is an effective hypolipidemic agent in patients with heterozygous FH but that the optimal doses in these patients are greater than those previously reported in normal volunteers. If long-term safety can be satisfactorily established, mevinolin offers considerable promise in the therapy of heterozygous FH.
Skin ulcers and disseminated abscesses are characteristic of Serratia marcescens infection in older patients with chronic granulomatous disease
Authors: Julia C. Friend, Dianne M. Hilligoss, Martha Marquesen, Jean Ulrick, Tyra Estwick, Maria L. Turner, Edward W. Cowen, Victoria Anderson, Steven M. Holland, Harry L. Malech
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
Efficacy and Tolerability of Fixed-Dose (FD) and Adjustable-Dose (AD) Budesonide/Formoterol Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhaler (BUD/FM pMDI) and FD Fluticasone Propionate/Salmeterol Dry Powder Inhaler (FP/SAL DPI) Within Racial Groups
Authors: S.R. Shah, W.W. Busse, J. McElhattan, C.D. O'Brien, M. Goldman
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
Discrepancies in the Radioimmunoassay for Digoxin
Authors: Jordan L. Holtzman
Journal: JAMA (1975)

In recent years, the radioimmunoassay for digoxin has gained widespread acceptance for identifying digoxin intoxication in patients. It is of particular value in those patients who have manifestations of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease as arrhythmias, which are also the signs of digitalis intoxication. Even in the initial studies on the clinical application of this assay, there was a substantial overlap in the digoxin levels observed for the intoxicated and nonintoxicated patients.<sup>1</sup>Several workers have suggested that some of this overlap could be a result of the assay itself not giving the true value for the serum concentration.<sup>2—4</sup>In a recent study, we have found that there is indeed a group of patients for whom the determination of serum digoxin concentrations will give an erroneously low value.<sup>5</sup> In the routine clinical application of the radioimmunoassay, the fraction of labeled drug bound to antibody is compared to a calibration curve
Medical Aid at Hand Wherever Space Shuttle Lands
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1994)

AMERICAN ASTRONAUTS never have faced what the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) calls a TAL—a Transoceanic Abort Landing. But if they ever do, medical help will be available. Such an unscheduled landing would be necessary: If one or more of the space shuttle's three main engines fail during its ascent into orbit. In case of failure of the orbiter's cabin pressurization or a similar major system. Should adverse weather conditions preclude use of the main landing sites at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida or Edwards Air Force Base in California. When some other major emergency arises. Crew members then would try to use one of several sites designated in advance for such a contingency. These include the following: Ben Guerir Air Base (AB), which has a 4200-m runway in the African desert 58 km north of Marrakech, Morocco. Yundum Airport, Banjul, The Gambia, on Africa's Atlantic coast, which
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHANGES IN HEART RATE RECOVERY AFTER CARDIAC REHABILITATION ON CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Siu Han Jo Jo Hai, Pak-Hei Chan, Kelvin Chan, Simon Lam, Chung-Wah Siu, Hee-Hwa Ho, Sheung-Wai Li, Hon-Wah Chan, Stephen Lee, Hung-Fat Tse
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Automobile Drivers and Cerebrovascular Insufficiency
Authors: William J. Foley
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Cerebrovascular insufficiency can cause transient neurologic dysfunction without warning to the patient. As such, this condition can suddenly and seriously impair the ability of a person to drive an automobile. Cerebrovascular insufficiency deserves more attention as a cause of transient driver disability. Physicians have an important role in evaluating driver limitations and should advise patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency not to drive an automobile.
"An Autocratic Manner"
Authors: S. H. F. Howard
Journal: BMJ (1962)

<i>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</i> Distinguishing whether forces resulting from the impingement of central blood flow streams at a curved arterial segment or at the apex of an intracranial bifurcation could be important for the understanding of aneurysm formation. Using finite element models, our purpose was to investigate the hemodynamics related to intracranial saccular aneurysm formation through computer simulations. <i>METHODS:</i> We present two-dimensional finite element models describing several distinct stages of aneurysm formation in both curved and bifurcating arteries. For each model, a description of the numeric solutions and results are presented. <i>RESULTS:</i> Our results suggest that the pressures and shear stresses that develop along the outer (lateral) wall of a curved artery and at the apex of an arterial bifurcation create a hemodynamic state that promotes saccular aneurysm formation. The impingement of the central stream results in greatly increased velocity/pressure gradients and high shear stresses at the apex compared with those in the proximal parent or distal daughter branches. The results also indicate that the maximal pressure generated at the apex of the arterial bifurcation ranges from two to three times the peak luminal pressure in the proximal parent artery. <i>CONCLUSION:</i> These data suggest that, in the absence of any underlying disease process, aneurysm development is a mechanically mediated event. These models offer a plausible hypothesis regarding the initiation, growth, and subsequent rupture of saccular intracranial aneurysms as they relate to the hemodynamics of intracranial arterial blood flow.
Anastomosis of the Internal Mammary Artery to the Distal Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery
Authors: GEORGE E. GREEN, SIMON H. STERTZER, RICHARD B. GORDON, DAVID A. TICE
Journal: Circulation (1970)

Postmortem studies suggest that segments of the left anterior descending coronary artery measuring 1.5 mm are rarely diseased. Bypass grafting to such segments has been performed in 31 patients. Ten patients having internal mammary to left anterior descending anastomosis have angiographically patent grafts 2 to 13 months after operation. Symptoms of angina as well as symptoms of left ventricular failure have been strikingly relieved.
Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Lawrence C. McHenry
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Gilles de la Tourette in 1885 described nine patients with multiple tics. Tourette characterized the condition as the onset of multiple tics in childhood with a fluctuating chronic course associated with verbal tics and echolalia. Coprolalia occurred in about half of his patients. Tourette noticed that his patients did not deteriorate psychologically and that they were able to maintain their sanity despite their affliction. Charcot named the disease after Tourette. Wilson, who translated the classical text of Miege and Fiendel on tics, wrote that he could find no case report of recent times. The authors of this book state that they have collected detailed data on more than 400 patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Their data include genetic, demographic, medical, neurological, developmental, psychological, and social information along with detailed histories of the symptoms and the courses of the patients with and without treatment. Shapiro and his colleagues note
Points from Letters: Unnecessary X-rays?
Authors: T. W. Preston
Journal: BMJ (1970)

refers I did not comment directly on the case for or against a large increase in number, but was concerned with the evi- dence indicating that the Royal Commission had failed to understand the mathematical basis on which they proposed an exponential expansion, and had thus reached a wholly unjustifiable conclusion about the number of doctors necessary.I also drew attention to the implications of an error of this magnitude, which could require perhaps the provision of 10,000 unnecessary doctors in 10 years, a number equivalent to the output of five new medical schools.As this appears a serious matter, one would expect the mathematical errors in this section of the report to have been ac- knowledged and corrected before now, since it must surely be necessary to prepare a new estimate based on less indefensible grounds.If, however, my conclusions are unjustified, it should be an easy matter to refute them.-Iam, etc.,
4th International Conference on Bronchoalveolar Lavage, organized by the European BAL Task Group
Authors: H. Klech
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is today a widely accepted tool both for pulmonary research and for selected clinical purposes [1][2][3].BAL is now used in experimental medicine, in occupational medicine, by infectious disease specialists, by intensive care specialists, and by pulmonary physicians.
Calcium-independent and steroid-resistant nitric oxide synthase activity in human paranasal sinus mucosa
Authors: J.O.N. Lundberg, E. Weitzberg, J. Rinder, A. Rudehill, O. Jansson, N.P. Wiklund, J.M. Lundberg, K. Alving
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1996)

Nitric oxide (NO) is present in the human nasal airways and originates primarily from the paranasal sinuses. Immunohistochemical studies and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in situ hybridization indicate that a type-2 NO synthase (NOS) is constitutively expressed in healthy sinus epithelium. We have further characterized sinus NOS activity by studying the enzymatic conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline in biopsies from sinus mucosa. Maxillary sinus biopsies were obtained from nine healthy subjects during reconstructive facial surgery. In addition, nasal NO concentrations in nine controls were compared with those found in five patients treated with high systemic doses of glucocorticosteroids. Finally, the effects of i.v. L-arginine infusion on nasal cavity NO concentrations were studied in six healthy subjects. Ca(2+)-independent NOS activity was found in all biopsies and was five times higher than Ca(2+)-dependent activity (179 +/- 64 and 36 +/- 17 pmol.g-1.min, respectively). There was no difference in nasal NO levels between controls (344 +/- 21 parts per billion (ppb)) and steroid-treated patients (342 +/- 36 ppb). Nasal NO levels increased up to 35% following i.v. infusion of L-arginine. We conclude that NOS activity in healthy sinus mucosa is predominantly Ca(2+)-independent and this NOS is not downregulated by systemic steroids. Furthermore, L-arginine infusion increases nasal airway NO excretion in vivo, indicating that the substrate concentration is a rate-limiting factor under basal conditions. These findings further support the notion that sinus NOS is identical or very closely related to the type-2 NOS; however, the regulation of expression seems to be fundamentally different from that described previously for this NOS isoform.
Non-lymphoid accessory cells in the cutaneous infiltrate of B cell lymphomas. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study
Authors: N. PIMPINELLI, P. ROMAGNOLI, S. MORETTI, B. GIANNOTTI
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1988)

Journal Article Non‐lymphoid accessory cells in the cutaneous infiltrate of B cell lymphomas. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study Get access N. PIMPINELLI, N. PIMPINELLI Second Dermatological Clinic, Section of Histology ‘Enrico Allara’, University of Florence, Italy Dr Nicola Pimpinelli, Clinica Dermatologica II, Via della Pergola 58, 50121, Firenze, Italy. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. ROMAGNOLI, P. ROMAGNOLI Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Section of Histology ‘Enrico Allara’, University of Florence, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S. MORETTI, S. MORETTI Second Dermatological Clinic, Section of Histology ‘Enrico Allara’, University of Florence, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B. GIANNOTTI B. GIANNOTTI Second Dermatological Clinic, Section of Histology ‘Enrico Allara’, University of Florence, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 118, Issue 3, 1 March 1988, Pages 353–362, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb02428.x Published: 01 March 1988
Defects of metabolism of fatty acids in the sudden infant death syndrome.
Authors: A J Howat, M J Bennett, S Variend, L Shaw, P C Engel
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Two hundred consecutive cases of the sudden infant death syndrome were reviewed for the presence of fat in the liver; 14 showed diffuse panlobular microvesicular fatty change indistinguishable from that found in Reye's syndrome. Samples of frozen liver were available in five of the 14 cases; histochemical analysis showed well preserved cytochrome oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase activity in all five, uncharacteristic of Reye's syndrome. Fatty acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity in the liver was assayed biochemically in two of the same five cases with severe hepatic fatty infiltration; both showed a defect in medium chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity using the substrate octanoyl-coenzyme A. Both cases also showed cerebral oedema in association with fatty infiltration of renal tubules, myocardium, and skeletal muscle, characteristic of Reye's syndrome. It is concluded that diffuse panlobular microvesicular fatty change of the liver in victims of the sudden infant death syndrome, although essentially non-specific, indicates that the state of mitochondrial enzymes should be investigated.