tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Breast Cancer in Men
Authors: Sharon H. Giordano, Aman U. Buzdar, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2002)

Purpose: Breast cancer in men is uncommon; 1500 new cases are diagnosed in the United States yearly. Optimal management of breast cancer in men is unknown because the rarity of the disease precludes large randomized trials. A review of the literature was undertaken with emphasis on articles published over a 10-year period. Data Sources: Articles published between 1942 and 2000 on breast cancer in men were identified by using CancerLit, MEDLINE, and study bibliographies. Study Selection: All retrospective series and studies focusing on the epidemiology, risk factors, genetics, and pathology of breast cancer in men. Data Extraction: Data on the epidemiology, risk factors, genetics, pathology, molecular markers, prognostic factors, therapy, and outcomes of breast cancer in men. Data Synthesis: Carcinoma of the male breast accounts for 0.8% of all breast cancers. Risk factors include testicular disease, benign breast conditions, age, Jewish ancestry, family history, and the Klinefelter syndrome. BRCA2 mutations predispose men to breast cancer and may account for 4% to 14% of all cases. Pathology data were reviewed: 81% of tumors were estrogen receptor positive, 74% were progesterone receptor positive, 37% overexpressed c-erbB-2, 30% overexpressed p53, 79% overexpressed Bcl-2, 51% overexpressed cyclin D1, and 39% overexpressed epidermal growth factor receptor. Prognostic factors include tumor size, histologic grade, and lymph node status; survival is similar to that of breast cancer in women when patients are matched for age and stage. Adjuvant hormonal therapy and chemotherapy, using the same guidelines as for women, are recommended for men. Hormonal therapy is the primary therapy for metastatic disease; chemotherapy should be reserved for hormone-refractory disease. Conclusion: Breast cancer is similar in men and women; however, breast cancer in men is more frequently hormone receptor positive and may be more sensitive to hormonal therapy.
Empiric Diagnosis of Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Authors: Richard E. Chaisson
Journal: JAMA (1987)

To the Editor.—  The Centers for Disease Control have recently modified the case definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to include the empiric diagnosis ofPneumocystis cariniipneumonia (PCP).1In many areas, clinicians are reluctant to make a tissue diagnosis of PCP because doing so may require invasive diagnostic procedures. We believe that PCP should almost always be diagnosed definitively, particularly in patients for whom the diagnosis will establish the presence of AIDS. Diagnosis of PCP does not always require bronchoscopy;Pneumocystiscan be identified in specimens of induced sputum using Giemsa or silver methenamine stains.2,3  We recently evaluated 450 patients believed to have a high probability of PCP on clinical grounds using sputum induction followed by bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy for patients with negative sputum specimens. Two hundred eighty-two (63%) of 450 patients had PCP diagnosed by sputum induction and did not require bronchoscopy. Seventy-seven patients
Three new shRNA expression vectors targeting the CYP3A4 coding sequence to inhibit its expression
Authors: Siyun Xu, Yongsheng Xiao, Li Li, Lushan Yu, Huidi Jiang, Aiming Yu, Su Zeng
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2014)

RNA interference (RNAi) is useful for selective gene silencing. Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), which metabolizes approximately 50% of drugs in clinical use, plays an important role in drug metabolism. In this study, we aimed to develop a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to modulate CYP3A4 expression. Three new shRNAs (S1, S2 and S3) were designed to target the coding sequence (CDS) of CYP3A4, cloned into a shRNA expression vector, and tested in different cells. The mixture of three shRNAs produced optimal reduction (55%) in CYP3A4 CDS-luciferase activity in both CHL and HEK293 cells. Endogenous CYP3A4 expression in HepG2 cells was decreased about 50% at both mRNA and protein level after transfection of the mixture of three shRNAs. In contrast, CYP3A5 gene expression was not altered by the shRNAs, supporting the selectivity of CYP3A4 shRNAs. In addition, HepG2 cells transfected with CYP3A4 shRNAs were less sensitive to Ginkgolic acids, whose toxic metabolites are produced by CYP3A4. These results demonstrate that vector-based shRNAs could modulate CYP3A4 expression in cells through their actions on CYP3A4 CDS, and CYP3A4 shRNAs may be utilized to define the role of CYP3A4 in drug metabolism and toxicity.
The Synaptic Organization of the Brain: An Introduction
Authors: Frank R. Freemon
Journal: JAMA (1975)

A basic axiom of neuroscience states that the axon of neuron A ends synaptically on the soma or dendrites of neuron B, influences local membrane potential, and, in algebraic action with other axonal input, changes the firing rate of B's axon. Recent findings such as dendrodendritic synapses and neurons without axons have clouded this traditional view. <i>Synaptic Organization of the Brain</i>reconciles these new findings with classical neuron theory. Shepherd devotes a separate chapter to spinal cord, retina, olfactory bulb, cerebellum, hippocampus, thalamus, olfactory cortex, and neocortex. For each region of the brain he describes the major neurons, illustrates their synaptic interrelationships, diagrams a "basic circuit," and discusses details of synaptic actions and dendritic properties. For some of these areas, contrary to the classical view, the dendrite rather than the entire neuron is the basic information-processing unit. The dendrite summates synaptic influences on it and, via dendrodendritic synapses, transfers this
Pulse Oximetry During Conscious Sedation
Authors: Jacob Rosenberg
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Recently, a report from the Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association, on the value of pulse oximetry during conscious sedation was published inThe Journal.<sup>1</sup>The Council recommended further research in the area and development of guidelines for monitoring and oxygen therapy by appropriate subspecialty societies. However, guidelines have already been issued by the American Association of Anesthesiologists, by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, and by the British Society of Gastroenterology, but without scientific support. With the introduction of pulse oximetry as a standard of care in anesthesia monitoring, there were no studies to document its efficacy. Only recently, a Danish study of 20802 surgical patients allocated randomly to receive intraoperative monitoring with pulse oximetry was published.<sup>2</sup>The study found, not unexpectedly, that pulse oximetry was associated with a 19-fold increase in the incidence of diagnosed hypoxemia, but most importantly, that pulse oximetry
Abstract 3154: Translation of TRAF1 is regulated by IRES-dependent mechanism and stimulated by vincristine in lymphoid malignancies
Authors: Lin Yang, Lubing Gu, Zhouya Li, Muxiang Zhou
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract TRAF1 is a member of the TRAF family, which plays important roles in signal transduction that mediate cell life and death in the immune response, inflammatory and malignant diseases. It is known that TRAF1 transcription is inducible by various cytokines, but little is known about the regulation of its protein translation. In the present study, we demonstrated that the human TRAF1 mRNA has an unusually long 5’-UTR that contains an IRES regulating TRAF1 protein translation. By performing gene transfection and reporter assays, we revealed that this IRES sequence is located within the 572 nucleotides upstream from the AUG start codon. An element between nucleotides −392 to −322 was essential for the IRES activity. Interestingly, we found that the TRAF1 expression is induced in cancer cells by chemotherapeutic drug vincristine that regulates cytoplasmic localization of PTB protein, which may contribute to the IRES-dependent translation of TRAF1 during vincristine treatment. These results indicate that TRAF1 translation is initiated via the IRES and regulated by vincristine, and suggest that regulation of the IRES-dependent translation of TRAF1 may be involved in effecting the cancer cell response to vincristine treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3154.
The Pharmaceutical Manufacturer and Academic Research
Authors: Francis Boyer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1943)

UNTIL a few years ago, satisfactory cooperation in medical research between a commercial house and an academic research group seemed a definite impossibility. The academic group vividly remembered the pains and disappointments of what Dr. John Stokes calls the scrimmage era of pharmaceutical manufacturing, and eyed commercial houses with invincible distrust, aroused by admittedly distrustdeserving tactics in ultra-distrustful minds. As time went by, however, certain firms gradually expiated the sins of their fathers; and today
Defective biliary excretion of epinephrine metabolites in mutant (TR−) rats: Relation to the pathogenesis of black liver in the dubin-johnson syndrome and corriedale sheep with an analogous excretory defect
Authors: Tsuneo Kitamura, Joseph Alroy, Zenaida Gatmaitan, Masayasu Inoue, Takashi Mikami, Peter Jansen, Irwin M. Arias
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

Dubin-Johnson patients, mutant Corriedale sheep and TR− and EHBR mutant rats have recessively inherited defective bile canalicular secretion of many nonbile acid organic anions. The human and ovine mutants have black livers and lysosomal pigment accumulation. The livers in TR− and EHBR mutant rats are not black, and sparse lysosomal pigment accumulation is seen. Previously, we postulated that the unidentified pigment in the Dubin-Johnson syndrome results from the accumulation of tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan metabolites, such as metanephrine, which are normally secreted in bile as organic anions. We tested this hypothesis in TR− rats. H-epinephrine was injected intravenously; control rats secreted 2.80% ± 0.52% of the injected dose in bile as compared with 0.19% ± 0.07% in TR− rats. From 82% to 90% of biliary radioactivity was due to polar conjugates in control rats and mutant rats. TR− rats retained more of the injected dose in the liver, particularly in lysosomes, and secreted more in urine than did control rats. After feeding control and TR− rats for 4 mo with a rat chow diet supplemented with 4% tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine, the liver did not become grossly black; however, histological and electron microscopic study revealed dense lysosomal pigment accumulation in TR− rats. Intraportal injection of metanephrine resulted in the appearance of black liver in TR− rats that persisted for at least 2 hr and was not associated with pigment accumulation by light or electron microscopic examination. After mating TR− males with EHBR females, all 38 offspring had bilirubinuria, which indicates that TR− and EHBR are allelic mutants. We propose that defective canalicular secretion of anionic metabolites may be responsible for the black lysosomal pigment that accumulates in the Dubin-Johnson syndrome, mutant Corriedale sheep and in TR− rats that were fed a diet enriched in aromatic amino acids. (HEPATOLOGY 1992;15:1154–1159).
[223] LONG TERM RESULTS OF RFA VS SURGICAL RESECTION FOR HCC IN PATIENTS WITH PRESERVED LIVER FUNCTION
Authors: C.M. Cho, H.C. Lee, M.K. Tung, S.W. Jeon, W.Y. Tak, Y.O. Kweon, S.K. Kim, Y.H. Choi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
An Official American Thoracic Society/International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation/Society of Critical Care Medicine/Association of Organ and Procurement Organizations/United Network of Organ Sharing Statement: Ethical and Policy Considerations in Organ Donation after Circulatory Determination of Death
Authors: Cynthia J. Gries, Douglas B. White, Robert D. Truog, James DuBois, Carmen C. Cosio, Sonny Dhanani, Kevin M. Chan, Paul Corris, John Dark, Gerald Fulda, Alexandra K. Glazier, Robert Higgins, Robert Love, David P. Mason, Thomas A. Nakagawa, Ron Shapiro, Sam Shemie, Mary Fran Tracy, John M. Travaline, Maryam Valapour, Lori West, David Zaas, Scott D. Halpern
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<ContentsExecutive SummaryIntroductionMethodsResultsConclusionsReferencesCITING ARTICLES
G-CSF–induced aneuploidy does not affect CD34+ cells and does not require cell division
Authors: Caroline Marmier-Savet, Fabrice Larosa, Faezeh Legrand, Brigitte Witz, Mauricette Michallet, Dana Ranta, Pascale Louvat, Marc Puyraveau, Nicole Raus, Maribel Tavernier, Suzanne Mathieu-Nafissi, Olivier Hequet, Jean-René Pallandre, Franck Vitte, Marie-Agnès Collonge-Rame, Fabienne Pouthier, Jean-Luc Bresson, Eric Deconinck, Pierre Tiberghien, Eric Robinet
Journal: Blood (2010)
Quantitative heel ultrasound variables in powerlifters and controls
Authors: S Jawed, B Horton, T Masud
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2001)

Objective —To compare by cross sectional study the quantitative heel ultrasound (QUS) variables broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and velocity of sound (VOS) in male powerlifters and controls. Methods —Twenty four powerlifters and 21 sedentary male controls were recruited to the study. All the powerlifters were members of the British Drug Free Powerlifting Association and actively competing at the time of the study. A questionnaire was completed by all those entered into the study. This included a history of smoking and an estimation of daily intake of alcohol and calcium. For the powerlifters, the number of years spent training and time spent training each week was also recorded. The QUS variables of all powerlifters and controls were measured using a Cubaclinical II (McCue) ultrasound scanner. Results —The powerlifters had been training for a mean (SEM) of 10.6 (1.6) years and they trained for 6.5 (0.4) hours a week. The powerlifters were non-significantly older and had a significantly higher body mass index (BMI) than the controls. Calcium intake and consumption of alcohol and tobacco were similar in the two groups. The mean BUA in the powerlifters was a significant 9.5% (95% confidence interval 0.7 to 18.3%) higher than the controls (105 v 96 dB/MHZ) and 15.6% (95% confidence interval 6.8 to 24.4%) higher after adjustment using analysis of covariance for age, BMI, and alcohol and tobacco consumption (108 v 93 dB/MHZ). The mean VOS was similar in the two groups, but after adjustment it was significantly higher in the powerlifters (1671 v 1651 m/s, p&lt;0.01). Conclusions —The study shows the ability of heel ultrasound to discriminate between QUS variables in powerlifters and controls. The results indicate that the QUS variables BUA and VOS are significantly higher for powerlifters than for controls.
603 DYNAMIC CONTRAST ENHANCED ULTRASOUND IN MONITORING HCC PATIENTS TREATED WITH SORAFENIB: PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: M.A. Zocco, A. Lupascu, L. Riccardi, A.C. Piscaglia, L. Siciliani, M. Novi, E.C. Lauritano, A. Tortora, G. Gigante, M. Santoro, E. Rinninella, M.E. Ainora, F. Ponziani, M. Pompili, G.L. Rapaccini, A. Gasbarrini
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Changes in HIV Incidence among People Who Inject Drugs in Taiwan following Introduction of a Harm Reduction Program: A Study of Two Cohorts
Authors: Yen-Fang Huang, Jyh-Yuan Yang, Kenrad E. Nelson, Hsu-Sung Kuo, Chin-Yin Lew-Ting, Chin-Hui Yang, Chang-Hsun Chen, Feng-Yee Chang, Hui-Rong Liu
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2014)

Kenrad Nelson and colleagues report on the association between HIV incidence and exposure to a national harm-reduction program among people who inject drugs in Taiwan. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Abstract 1957: MiR-200c can mediate either poor or good outcome in ovarian cancer depending on HuR localization in the cell.
Authors: Silvia Prislei, Enrica Martinelli, Marisa Mariani, Giuseppina Raspaglio, Steven Sieber, Gabriella Ferrandina, Shohreh Shahabi, Giovanni Scambia, Cristiano Ferlini
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in solid malignancies can behave as predictors of either good or poor outcome. This is the case with members of the miR-200 family, which are the primary regulators of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition and have been reported to act as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors in independent studies. Expression of miR-200c was assessed in a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines with inherent or acquired drug-resistance. Luciferase reporter assay and ribonucleic-immuno-precipitation assay was used to in vitro characterise the complexes between miR-200c, HuR and class III β-tubulin (TUBB3). Nanofluidic technology and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the expression of HuR, TUBB3 and miR-200c in 220 ovarian cancer patients. Using such approach, we demonstrated that overexpression of miR-200c in ovarian cancer resulted in poor or good outcome depending on interaction with the RNA binding protein HuR. When the localization of HuR was confined in the nucleus, high expression of miR-200c suppressed class III β-tubulin (TUBB3) expression and resulted in a good prognosis, whereas when HuR occurred in cytoplasm, the same miRNA enhanced TUBB3 expression and produced a poor outcome. Indeed, in an ovarian cancer cell line model, the miR-200c increased HuR binding on TUBB3 mRNA in stressing microenvironmental conditions. This study demonstrated how the prognostic power of a single factor can depend on interactions with additional factors. Through a multidimensional analysis of all components, the actual mechanism(s) underlying the aggressive biological behavior of ovarian cancer can be unraveled, and the prognosis of ovarian cancer patients can be rendered based on rational explanations. Citation Format: Silvia Prislei, Enrica Martinelli, Marisa Mariani, Giuseppina Raspaglio, Steven Sieber, Gabriella Ferrandina, Shohreh Shahabi, Giovanni Scambia, Cristiano Ferlini. MiR-200c can mediate either poor or good outcome in ovarian cancer depending on HuR localization in the cell. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1957. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1957
Combined Task Delegation, Computerized Decision Support, and Feedback Improve Cardiovascular Risk for Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Frits G.W. Cleveringa, Kees J. Gorter, Maureen van den Donk, Guy E.H.M. Rutten
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

The Diabetes Care Protocol combines task delegation (a practice nurse), computerized decision support, and feedback every 3 months. We studied the effect of the Diabetes Care Protocol on A1C and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients in primary care.
Plasma cortisol values after topical application of diflucortolone valerate (0.3%) or clobetasol propionate (0.05%) in psoriatic patients
Authors: K. KECZKES, P. TEASDALE, R.A. WISEMAN, C.J MUGGLESTONE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1978)

A double-blind randomized study to compare the plasma cortisol values at both 9.00 a.m. and 12 midnight following topical application of 10 g daily for 7days of either diflucortolone valerate 0.3% (Nerisone Forte) ointment or clobetasol propionate 0.05% (Dermovate) ointment in 20 hospital in patients suffering from sever psoriasis, showed that clinically both compounds behaved as potent, highly active topical preparations and caused rapid clinical improvement. Difllucortolone valerate 0.3% caused only slight and non-significant depression of mean plasma cortisols. On the other hand clobetasol caused an immediate, persistent and statistically significant depression of the 9.00 a.m. cortisol values, which appeared to recover towards normality only on the third day after therapy had been withdrawn. The difference between these 2 compounds was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). From these observations, it is concluded that diflucortolone valerate 0.3% ointment suppresses adreno-cortical function to a significantly lesser extent than clobetasol propionate 0.05%, ointment.
Interleukin-27 directly induces differentiation in hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Jun Seita, Masayuki Asakawa, Jun Ooehara, Shin-ichiro Takayanagi, Yohei Morita, Nobukazu Watanabe, Koji Fujita, Motoshige Kudo, Junichiro Mizuguchi, Hideo Ema, Hiromitsu Nakauchi, Takayuki Yoshimoto
Journal: Blood (2007)
Gastrointestinal Protein Allergy
Authors: Thomas W. Self
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Stool specimens were examined for precipitating antibodies to milk, soy, and cereal products from 25 children with chronic diarrhea without determined organic cause. Specimens were also obtained from 30 age-matched controls who had no gastrointestinal, respiratory, or allergic symptoms. Results of roentgenographic gastrointestinal examination and absorption studies revealed no abnormalities in 90% of the patients. Malabsorption pattern was present roentgenologically in three patients. Precipitating substances to milk, barley, wheat, rye, oats, fraction 3 of gluten, and soy were present singly or in combination in all of the study patients. All patients responded to elimination of the offending antigen by return to normal bowel habits, weight gain, and elevation of hemoglobin and serum albumin values.
Vascular response to basic fibroblast growth factor when infused onto the normal adventitia or into the injured media of the rat carotid artery.
Authors: P Cuevas, A M Gonzalez, F Carceller, A Baird
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

Immunohistochemical techniques localize basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) in endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the common carotid artery. Thus, we studied the effect in rats of basic FGF infused for 14 days onto the adventitia or into the media in vivo. In untreated rats, the adventitial layer is uniform, and few vessels are observed in cross sections (mean +/- SEM is 0.351 +/- 0.16 capillaries/field at a magnification of x 480). Whereas saline infusion increases the mean number of vasa vasorum to 2.73 +/- 0.011 capillaries/field (p less than 0.01), basic FGF (1 ng/microliter/hr) increases the capillary number to 13.4 +/- 0.67 capillaries/field. The effects are local and restricted to the site of delivery; no cell proliferation is observed even 2 mm from the site of infusion. There is also no evidence of the infiltration of macrophages and monocytes. In an effort to determine the effect of basic FGF in the media, a small longitudinal (1-mm) incision was made in the adventitia, and saline or basic FGF (1 ng/microliter/hr) was infused for 14 days into the arterial wall. Under these conditions, basic FGF is a potent inducer of smooth muscle cell proliferation in the vascular wall as well as of new capillaries. In these instances, however, the capillaries formed are thick-walled. The results support the hypothesis that basic FGF may be contributing to the growth and maintenance of the vasa vasorum and of vascular smooth muscle cells.