tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Retinoblastoma and Cancer Genetics
Authors: Fred Gilbert
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

Retinoblastoma, a tumor of the eye that occurs in approximately 1 in 20,000 live-born infants, has proved to be a valuable model for the study of the roles of single genes in the causation of cancer. In this issue of the Journal, Cavenee and colleagues show how recently introduced molecular genetic techniques can be used to predict which people at risk for retinoblastoma are likely to have the tumor.1 About 60 percent of cases of retinoblastoma are sporadic, but the remaining 40 percent are familial, with the predisposition to tumor development transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner. Not every . . .
Chronic Bronchitis: An Introductory Examination of Existing Data
Authors: N. Goodman, R. E. Lane, S. B. Rampling
Journal: BMJ (1953)

We studied the role of sensory experience in the maturation of GABAergic circuits in the rat visual cortex. Between the time at which the eyes first open and the end of the critical period for experience-dependent plasticity, the total GABAergic input converging into layer II/III pyramidal cells increases threefold. We propose that this increase reflects changes in the number of quanta released by presynaptic axons. Here, we show that the developmental increase in GABAergic input is prevented in animals deprived of light since birth but not in animals deprived of light after a period of normal experience. Thus, sensory experience appears to play a permissive role in the maturation of intracortical GABAergic circuits.
Co-author of Wakefield paper on MMR vaccine wins his appeal against decision by GMC to strike him off
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2012)

John Walker-Smith, the retired paediatric gastroenterologist ordered to be struck off the UK medical register with his former colleague Andrew Wakefield in the wake of the MMR vaccine controversy, has won his high court appeal against the ruling.

Mr Justice Mitting said a General Medical Council fitness to practise panel’s ruling in May 2010 that Professor Walker-Smith was guilty of serious professional misconduct was “flawed, in two respects: inadequate and superficial reasoning and, in a number of instances, a wrong conclusion.”

In a lengthy judgment, the judge catalogued a list of errors in the panel’s decision making and called for changes in GMC rules to provide for panels to be chaired by “someone with judicial experience” in weighty cases. “It would be a misfortune if this were to happen again,” he said.

Professor Walker Smith, who retired in 2000, said he was “extremely pleased” with the outcome and relieved the case was now over. “There has been a great …
Normal Response Curve to Exercise of Relative Cardiac Output Measured with Radioiodinated Serum Albumin
Authors: SYLVAN L. WEINBERG, G. RICHARD GROVE, ROBERT E. ZIPF, DAVID C. DANIELS, JAMES P. MURPHY
Journal: Circulation (1959)

A simple, relatively precise, and clinically applicable indirect method of determining relative cardiac output is presented. The principle involved is a modification of the dye-dilution principle and is performed by external monitoring of intravenously injected radioiodinated serum albumin combined with a standard detecting and recording device. This procedure was performed serially before and after a standard Master test, and the results in 19 healthy individuals describe a relative cardiac output exercise response curve for normal individuals. The utilization of cardiac output in the manner presented may add another clinical measurement of cardiac function.
110 Puzzling Cases of Epilepsy
Authors: Colin D Ferrie
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2002)

Schmidt and Schachter's collection of case reports, contributed by authorities from around the world, deals with both children and adults with epilepsy. For those weary of evidence-based medicine it will make a pleasant antidote. The cases are very diverse but there is a set format, always easy to follow. After presentation of the history and findings on examination and other investigations, the diagnosis is revealed along with information on treatment and outcome. The most useful section on each case is the commentary, telling us what the expert learned. In most instances there is a list of useful references.

This is not a textbook of epilepsy and does not claim to be. It will appeal most to clinicians with a particular interest in the subject, including neurophysiologists and epilepsy nurses. A strength of this text is that the case reports often emphasize important issues that are neglected in more conventional works. In addition the reader may be reassured, as I was, to discover that even the greatest epileptologists are frequently puzzled by individual casesand that persistence and attention to detail pay dividends.

I began by describing the book as an antidote to evidence-based medicine. Of course, this is only partly correct. Although much of the information is not based on rigorously controlled studies it contains many gems. I heartily recommend it both for instruction and for entertainment.
Thallium-201 Imaging in Pericardial Effusion
Authors: PASQUALE F. NESTICO, A-HAMID HAKKI, ABDULMASSIH S. ISKANDRIAN, JOEL MORGANROTH
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1986)

A 63-year-old man with acute myocardial infarction underwent thallium-201 imaging at rest one week after the event. The images showed a “halo” of decreased thallium uptake surrounding the heart, consistent with pericardial effusion. A two-dimensional echocardiogram confirmed the presence of pericardial effusion. The presence of a halo of decreased background activity around the heart should be differentiated from attenuation artifacts due to breasts. In contrast to pericardial effusion breast attenuation artifacts do not usually surround the heart in a symmetric fashion, are readily identified by changing the position of the breast and occur almost exclusively in women.
THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Michael Heidelberger, Walther F. Goebel, Oswald T. Avery
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1924)

1. The method for the concentration and purification of the soluble specific substance of Pneumococcus has been improved. 2. Highly purified specific substance of Type II pneumococcus of polysaccharide nature is shown to be recovered essentially unchanged after precipitation by immune serum, by uranyl nitrate, by basic lead acetate, or by safranine. 3. Marked chemical differences are shown to exist between the specific substances of Type II and Type III pneumococcus, although both react as polysaccharides. 4. The weight of evidence is considered to be in favor of the view that the specific substances of Pneumococcus Types II and III are actually polysaccharide derivatives. 5. The immunological significance of the foregoing view is discussed.
MIBG Superscan of Metastatic Paraganglioma Occurring With Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Chester Earl Harrison, Bruce J. Barron
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

A 99mTc MDP bone superscan occurs when osseous activity is extremely intense and genitourinary and soft tissue activity is not identified. A similar phenomenon has been described with metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) in metastatic pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma. We present a case of metastatic paraganglioma resulting in an MIBG superscan. Neuroendocrine bone metastasis alters the biodistribution of MIBG such that the liver, heart, and urinary bladder are not well visualized. Our case occurred in association with neurofibromatosis type 1 and in the absence of an identified primary tumor.
The protective effect of childhood infections
Authors: S. L Johnston
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Papers p 390 

Although infectious diseases are by no means defeated, the past 100 years have seen a dramatic decline in some previously common childhood infections. Many serious viral and bacterial infections can now be prevented or treated by vaccination or antibiotics. In contrast, the prevalence of asthma and atopic disease has increased, particularly during the past 30 years. This increase is certainly not accounted for by a change in genetic risk factors: genetically similar populations in East and West Germany had very different rates of asthma before unification (although former east Germany is now catching up with the west1). In a landmark study of hayfever, hygiene, and household size in 1989 Strachan proposed that improved hygiene was the factor that explained this rise.2

The immunological arguments that underlie this “hygiene” hypothesis can be …
Funding for AIDS treatment critisised GP trends show more women, fewer registrars, and smaller lists Doctors must have the right to whistleblowing BMA seeks amendments to housing bill First report on drug pricing
Authors: L. Beecham
Journal: BMJ (1996)

# Funding for AIDS treatment critisised {#article-title-2}

The BMA and the National Association of Providers of AIDS Care and Treatment (PACT) has criticised the government's decision to reduce the amount of funding for prevention and treating and caring for people with AIDS at a time when caseloads are expected to increase by 5.9%.

PACT says that the cut of £10m will undermine the care of patients, create inequality in treatment, and reduce the availability of proven therapies and the help given to those at highest risk, such as prostitutes. Treatment of other sexually transmitted diseases could also be threatened and more pressure created elsewhere in the health service.

At a joint press conference with the BMA the chairman of PACT, Professor Anthony Pinching, said that the funding had been worked out on the basis that the projected caseload was not as bad as previously estimated. But he claimed that the real workload was still increasing. “We are being asked to do more for less.” The cuts failed to take account of the increased costs of new treatments.

Another member of PACT, Professor Michael Adler, said that the cuts would have a “very profound effect” on Britain's ability to control the spread of HIV. He said that in London, where there was a concentration of AIDS care, two centres were not replacing staff as a result of the cuts.

The Department of Health said that £158m had been provided for the cost of treatment and care this year …
Low–Glycemic Index Diets in the Management of Diabetes
Authors: Jennie Brand-Miller, Susan Hayne, Peter Petocz, Stephen Colagiuri
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

OBJECTIVE—The use of diets with low glycemic index (GI) in the management of diabetes is controversial, with contrasting recommendations around the world. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to determine whether low-GI diets, compared with conventional or high-GI diets, improved overall glycemic control in individuals with diabetes, as assessed by reduced HbA1c or fructosamine levels. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Literature searches identified 14 studies, comprising 356 subjects, that met strict inclusion criteria. All were randomized crossover or parallel experimental design of 12 days’ to 12 months’ duration (mean 10 weeks) with modification of at least two meals per day. Only 10 studies documented differences in postprandial glycemia on the two types of diet. RESULTS—Low-GI diets reduced HbA1c by 0.43% points (CI 0.72–0.13) over and above that produced by high-GI diets. Taking both HbA1c and fructosamine data together and adjusting for baseline differences, glycated proteins were reduced 7.4% (8.8–6.0) more on the low-GI diet than on the high-GI diet. This result was stable and changed little if the data were unadjusted for baseline levels or excluded studies of short duration. Systematically taking out each study from the meta-analysis did not change the CIs. CONCLUSIONS—Choosing low-GI foods in place of conventional or high-GI foods has a small but clinically useful effect on medium-term glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The incremental benefit is similar to that offered by pharmacological agents that also target postprandial hyperglycemia.
Embryonic Exposure to Domoic Acid Increases the Susceptibility of Zebrafish Larvae to the Chemical Convulsant Pentylenetetrazole
Authors: Jessica A. Tiedeken, John S. Ramsdell
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

Domoic acid (DA) is a neurotoxin produced by diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia that targets the limbic system to induce tonic-clonic seizures and memory impairment. In utero DA exposure of mice leads to a reduction in seizure threshold to subsequent DA exposures in mid-postnatal life, and similar studies have shown neurotoxic effects in rats that were delayed until adolescence.We used in ovo microinjection of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to characterize the effect of embryonic exposure of DA on seizure-inducing agents later in life as an alternative species model to screen environmental contaminants that might induce a fetal-originating adult disease.Embryos were microinjected within hours of fertilization to DA concentrations ranging from 0.12 to 1.26 ng/mg egg weight. Seven days later, the larval animals were characterized for sensitivity to the chemical convulsant pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), an agent that is well-defined in laboratory rodents and, more recently, in zebrafish.In ovo DA exposure, most significantly at 0.4 ng/mg, reduces the latency time until first PTZ seizure in larval fish and increases the severity of seizures as determined by seizure stage and movement parameters. The interaction between in ovo DA exposure and PTZ caused seizure behaviors to individually asymptomatic doses of PTZ (1.0 and 1.25 mM) and DA (0.13 and 0.22 ng/mg).These studies demonstrate that in ovo exposure to DA reduces the threshold to chemically induced seizures in larval fish and increases the severity of seizure behavior in a manner that is consistent with in utero studies of laboratory rodents.
Findings From South Korea Provide Insight Into XDR-TB
Authors: Rebecca Voelker
Journal: JAMA (2008)

tee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recommends CBT-I as first-line treatment for people with both primary and secondary chronic insomnia, including chronic hypnotic users (Morgenthaler T et al. Sleep. 2006; 29[11]:1415-1419). CBT-I usually reduces symptoms of chronic insomnia by 50%, according to Michael Perlis, PhD, associate professor of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, and director of its behavioral sleep medicine program. Patients who stick with CBT-I tactics—usually taught in 4 to 8 weekly individual or group sessions—often see symptoms fade by another 25% over the next few months. Treatment gains also last at least 2 years, said Perlis, who conducted a 3-day course to train physicians, psychologists, nurses, and others in CBT-I in Arlington, Va, in October. The University of Rochester Medical Center sponsored the event. One hurdle to broad use of CBT-I is the still small population of trained practitioners. To date, 136 doctorallevel US sleep specialists, including 42 physicians, have received AASM’s certification in behavioral sleep medicine, demonstrating knowledge and skill in CBT-I and other behavioral therapies. The AASM will start certifying master’s level practitioners in psychology, nursing, and other healthrelated fields in CBT-I in 2010 (http: //www.aasmnet.org/BSM.aspx). The nearly 1600 AASM-accredited sleep centers are required to have behavioral services available. Because CBT-I is time intensive for both clinician and patient, some sleep specialists are exploring shorter variants that, if effective, would be more practical in primary care settings. One such approach is a brief behavioral treatment for insomnia devised by researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. It consists of a 45-minute session in the primary care office, plus a booster session 2 weeks later. A master’s level nurse practitioner reviews sleep diaries, suggests ways to regularize daily schedules, advises patients to limit time in bed to time spent asleep, and provides a workbook with further instructions. Sleep quality and efficiency improved significantly more in 17 older adults receiving such help than in a matched control group receiving routine sleep habit advice (Germain A et al. J Clin Sleep Med. 2006;2[4]:403406). Self-directed computerized or Web-based CBT-I programs also are under evaluation, but Perlis remains skeptical about their utility. “CBT-I uses evidence-based methods, delivered in a way the patient finds compelling,” he said, “with a coach to follow up and foster compliance.” “Asking every patient, ‘How are you sleeping?’” he said, “elicits an excellent indicator of overall health. Some patients with insomnia can be managed medically, and some need referral to a sleep specialist. Proper treatment will reduce subsequent morbidity and health care utilization.”
High failure rate in spinal ependymomas with long-term follow-up
Authors: Daniel R. Gomez, Brian T. Missett, William M. Wara, Kathleen R. Lamborn, Michael D. Prados, Susan Chang, Mitchel S. Berger, Daphne A. Haas-Kogan
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2005)

Data on spinal ependymomas are sparse, and prognostic factors remain controversial. The primary aim of this study is to review a historical cohort, with large patient numbers and long follow-up, and provide estimates of time to progression (TTP) and survival after progression. As a secondary aim, we assess the effects of potential prognostic variables. Thirty-seven patients with spinal cord ependymomas received postoperative radiation therapy from 1955 to 2001. The influences of radiation dose, extent of resection, Karnofsky performance score, tumor location, and multifocality were assessed in univariate analyses by using the Cox proportional hazards model. The median follow-up for patients who did not fail was 121 months (range, 8-312 months). Kaplan-Meier estimates of 5-, 10-, and 15-year percentage progression free are 75% ± 7.4%, 50% ± 9.1%, and 46% ± 9.3%, respectively. Median TTP, for those who recurred, is 68 months (range, 2-324 months), with 12 of 21 failures occurring after five years. Of the prognostic factors examined, only greater extent of resection significantly correlated with longer TTP (P = 0.02). Local relapse rates for spinal ependymomas are higher than previously cited, with a large proportion of failures occurring more than five years after diagnosis. Extensive surgical resection correlates with longer time to recurrence, and we thus recommend maximal excision while avoiding surgical morbidity. The overall high rate of recurrence leads us to recommend radiation to doses of 45 to 54 Gy for all patients who do not have gross total resections, and long, close follow-up.
The Role of the Primary Physician in the Health-Care Industry
Authors: Thomas P. Almy
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

Mutual confidence between physician and patient is a large element in the effectiveness and the economy of health care. That confidence is now widely imperiled. Its peril has arisen with the growth of medical technology and its attendant costs. The problem has been magnified by the proliferation of medical specialties. Responsibility for the patient's care is often divided and the involvement of many physicians is only episodic. I submit that a further major cause of this erosion of confidence is that patients have come to regard doctors more as technicians than as counselors and that this change in attitude is . . .
What Does a Deep Molecular Response Signify?
Authors: Julieta Politi, Neil P. Shah
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

Article Tools UNDERSTANDING THE PATHWAY Article Tools OPTIONS & TOOLS Export Citation Track Citation Add To Favorites Rights & Permissions COMPANION ARTICLES No companion articles ARTICLE CITATION DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2013.52.8307 Journal of Clinical Oncology - published online before print December 2, 2013 PMID: 24297955 What Does a Deep Molecular Response Signify? Julieta PolitixJulieta PolitiSearch for articles by this author , Neil P. ShahxNeil P. ShahSearch for articles by this author Show More Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.52.8307 First Page Full Text PDF Figures and Tables © 2013 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
Importance of fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and endoscopic ultrasonography parameters in predicting survival following surgery for esophageal cancer
Authors: J. Omloo, G. Sloof, R. Boellaard, O. Hoekstra, P. Jager, H. van Dullemen, P. Fockens, J. Plukker, J. van Lanschot
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

See also: Commentaire de travail de J. M. T. Omloo et al., pp. 464Endoscopy 2008; 40(06): 544-544DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1306839
Understanding Anesthesia Equipment: Construction, Care and Complications
Authors: Kevin S. Chen
Journal: JAMA (1994)

For the last two decades, Dorsch and Dorsch's<i>Understanding Anesthesia Equipment</i>has been a classic textbook on the subject for most anesthesiologists. Since the previous edition of 1984, tremendous strides have occurred in anesthesia practice. Upon reviewing this newest edition, I find that the authors have managed to preserve their original systematic approach to the subject while highlighting practical clinical situations and current changes. The book has 19 chapters and an index. Chapters 1 to 10 take the reader through a review of the anesthesia delivery system, from gas supplies in chapter 1 to the anesthesia ventilator in chapter 10. Each chapter begins with an explanation of basic scientific units of measure (such as the psig) or a short historical narrative before delving into specific details of the equipment. It usually then ends with a discussion of the limitations and problems of the equipment. Chapter 11, "Controlling Trace Gas Levels,"
Generalized Ostraceous Psoriasis
Authors: Salvador Antonio Arias-Santiago, Ramón Naranjo-Sintes
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

A 47-year-old woman presented to our hospital with a 2-week history of widespread, painful lesions on her trunk and limbs (Panels A and B). Her medical history included hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and a 10-year history of psoriasis that had been treated with corticosteroids, calcipotriene, and methotrexate. Five months before presentation, the patient's psoriasis went into remission, and treatment was discontinued. Physical examination revealed sharply demarcated, erythematous, well-defined limpetlike plaques covered with scales and crust. Laboratory testing revealed hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia. A diagnosis of ostraceous psoriasis was made. The patient was treated with topical petrolatum containing 20% salicylic acid and mometasone furoate . . .
The Weeping Behavior in Anorexic and Bulimic Females
Authors: Barbara Mangweth, Georg Kemmler, Christoph Ebner, Christine De Col, Johannes Kinzl, Wilfried Biebl, Ad Vingerhoets
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1999)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; The aim of the study was to examine the proneness, the functions and triggering situations of weeping in anorexic and bulimic women. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; Participants were 36 anorexic and 31 bulimic female patients and 56 age-matched female controls. All women completed the Questionnaire on Adult Crying. We limited our study to results on ‘crying proneness’, ‘functions of crying’ and ‘determining factors of crying’. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; Bulimic patients reported to have cried significantly more often in the last 4 weeks, to be more likely to cry in situations of distress and to have used weeping significantly more often as a manipulative behavior than control women. Anorexic patients rated their tendency to cry significantly lower and experienced weeping as significantly more negative than controls. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; Compared to control women, anorexic patients associated weeping with negative feelings as opposed to bulimic patients who appeared to use weeping on an intentional basis. These deviations from control women seem to mirror the introvert character of anorexic patients and the extrovert impulsive personality of patients with bulimia nervosa, respectively.