tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Crohn's disease with an unrefined-carbohydrate, fibre-rich diet.
Authors: K W Heaton, J R Thornton, P M Emmett
Journal: BMJ (1979)

Thirty-two patients with Crohn9s disease were treated with a fibre-rich, unrefined-carbohydrate diet in addition to conventional management and followed for a mean of four years and four months. Their clinical course was compared retrospectively with that of 32 matched patients who had received no dietary instruction. Hospital admissions were significantly fewer and shorter in the diet-treated patients, who spent a total of 111 days in hospital compared with 533 days in the non-diet-treated control group. Whereas five of the controls required intestinal operation, only one diet-treated patient needed surgery. This is in strong contrast to general experience with this disease. Treatment with a fibre-rich, unrefined-carbohydrate diet appears to have a favourable effect on the course of Crohn9s disease and does not lead to intestinal obstruction.
BEHAVIOR DIFFERENCES IN MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN MEASURED BY A NEW BEHAVIOR RATING SCALE
Authors: A. A. STRAUSS, NEWELL C. KEPHART
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1940)

The standardization of this scale is not considered to be adequate. The number of cases is too small and the sampling is limited to the high grade moron and borderline levels of intelligence and to children in an institutional environment. It was possible, however, to differentiate two groups of mentally retarded children, the one of which showed evidence of brain damage and the other of which showed no evidence of such damage, by means of this scale. The scale shows the exogenous group to be erratic, uncoordinated, uncontrolled, uninhibited and socially unaccepted. This study suggests that behavior problems occurring in endogenous retarded children are completely apart from the commonly accepted picture of organic behavior. The question of the further differentiation of psychopathic behavior in children is a question for future research.
The Edwin Smith papyrus
Authors: W. Moore
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The ancient Egyptians were a primitive people whose approach to medicine was founded entirely on magic and superstition. Or so the Western world smugly believed until their illusions were shattered by the translation in 1930 of the Edwin Smith papyrus.

The US Egyptologist Edwin Smith (1822–1906) had acquired the 22 page scroll from a dealer in Luxor in 1862, but left it to gather dust while he concentrated on the more exciting business of opening tombs. On his death his daughter gave the unread text to the New York Historical Society, and it was 1920 before the society asked historian James Breasted to translate it. What Breasted discovered …
Britain's Academy of Medical Sciences has been busy in recent months
Authors: P. Lachmann
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—I was pleased to see Minerva's concern about the reality of the Academy of Medical Sciences.1 By her own count, her mention of it raises its media score from 0 to 1. However, she can be reassured that the academy is not a dream.

The academy has had a busy time since its launch last November. It has recruited Dr Jolyon Oxley as its executive secretary …
The Apexcardiogram in Myocardial Asynergy
Authors: FRANCIS J. LANE, JOHN M. CARROLL, HAROLD D. LEVINE, RICHARD GORLIN
Journal: Circulation (1968)

The apexcardiogram was analyzed in 41 patients with an altered pattern of left ventricular contraction. Four types were distinguished: type I, an early sustained systolic bulge which occurred in 12 patients, all of whom had large aneurysms and large enddiastolic volumes; type II, a bulge confined to midsystole which occurred in 13 patients, 11 of whom had some form of ventricular asynergy; type III, a late or end-systolic bulge which occurred in 12 patients, seven of whom had ventricular asynergy; type IV, a prominent spike during diastolic filling which occurred in four patients who had large zones of ventricular asynergy.
Computed Tomography and Ultrasonography To Detect Appendicitis
Authors: Masashi Goto
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2005)

Letters3 May 2005Computed Tomography and Ultrasonography To Detect AppendicitisMasashi Goto, MD, MPHMasashi Goto, MD, MPHFrom Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan 606-8507.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00023 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:According to Terasawa and colleagues' review (1), the overall sensitivity and specificity of CT are 0.94 and 0.95, respectively, and those of ultrasonography are 0.86 and 0.81, respectively. Although the authors concluded that CT was probably more accurate than ultrasonography, they also indicated that all of the included studies in their analysis had verification bias. The only way to avoid this bias is to construct a prospective study in which all patients have the definitive verification procedure. In this instance, the definitive procedure, surgery, is too invasive to apply universally. Fortunately, it is still possible to correct ...References1. Terasawa T, Blackmore CC, Bent S, Kohlwes RJ. Systematic review: computed tomography and ultrasonography to detect acute appendicitis in adults and adolescents. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:537-46. [PMID: 15466771] LinkGoogle Scholar2. Kosinski AS, Barnhart HX. A global sensitivity analysis of performance of a medical diagnostic test when verification bias is present. Stat Med. 2003;22:2711-21. [PMID: 12939781] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan 606-8507.Disclosures: None disclosed. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoSystematic Review: Computed Tomography and Ultrasonography To Detect Acute Appendicitis in Adults and Adolescents Teruhiko Terasawa , C. Craig Blackmore , Stephen Bent , and R. Jeffrey Kohlwes Computed Tomography and Ultrasonography To Detect Appendicitis Teruhiko Terasawa and C. Craig Blackmore Computed Tomography and Ultrasonography To Detect Appendicitis Junaid A. Razzak Computed Tomography and Ultrasonography To Detect Appendicitis Toshiya Shiga , Zen'ichiro Wajima , and Tetsuo Inoue Metrics 3 May 2005Volume 142, Issue 9Page: 799-800KeywordsAppendicitisBehaviorComputed axial tomographyConflicts of interestInformation technologyProspective studiesSpecificitySurgerySystematic reviewsUltrasound imaging ePublished: 3 May 2005 Issue Published: 3 May 2005 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2005 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
The nature of the black–white difference on various psychometric tests: Spearman's hypothesis
Authors: Arthur R. Jensen
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1985)

Abstract Although the black and white populations in the United States differ, on average, by about one standard deviation (equivalent to 15 IQ points) on current IQ tests, they differ by various amounts on different tests. The present study examines the nature of the highly variable black–white difference across diverse tests and indicates the major systematic source of this between-population variation, namely, Spearman's g. Charles Spearman originally suggested in 1927 that the varying magnitude of the mean difference between black and white populations on a variety of mental tests is directly related to the size of the test's loading on g , the general factor common to all complex tests of mental ability. Eleven large-scale studies, each comprising anywhere from 6 to 13 diverse tests, show a significant and substantial correlation between tests' g loadings and the mean black–white difference (expressed in standard score units) on the various tests. Hence, in accord with Spearman's hypothesis, the average black–white difference on diverse mental tests may be interpreted as chiefly a difference in g , rather than as a difference in the more specific sources of test score variance associated with any particular informational content, scholastic knowledge, specific acquired skill, or type of test. The results of recent chronometric studies of relatively simple cognitive tasks suggest that the g factor is related, at least in part, to the speed and efficiency of certain basic information-processing capacities. The consistent relationship of these processing variables to g and to Spearman's hypothesis suggests the hypothesis that the differences between black and white populations in the rate of information processing may account for a part of the average black–white difference on standard IQ tests and their educational and occupational correlates.
Inhibition of antigen-induced acute bronchoconstriction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and mast cell degranulation by a nonanticoagulant heparin: comparison with a low molecular weight heparin.
Authors: T Ahmed, C Campo, M K Abraham, J F Molinari, W M Abraham, D Ashkin, T Syriste, L O Andersson, C M Svahn
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Inhaled heparin prevents antigen-induced bronchoconstriction and inhibits anti-IgE-mediated mast-cell degranulation. We hypothesized that the antiallergic action of heparin may be dependent on molecular weight and related to its nonanticoagulant properties. Therefore, in the present investigation we studied the effects of a nonanticoagulant fraction of heparin (LA-heparin) on antigen-induced bronchoconstriction, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and mast-cell degranulation, and compared its antiallergic activity with that of a low molecular weight heparin (LMW-heparin, fragmin). Specific lung resistance (SRL) was measured in 15 sheep before, immediately after, and serially for as long as 2 h after airway challenge with Ascaris suum antigen, without and after pretreatment with inhaled fractionated heparins at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg. Airway responsiveness was estimated before, and 2 h after antigen as the cumulative provocating dose (PD400) of carbachol in breath units, which increased SRL by 400% (one breath unit was defined as one breath of 1% carbachol solution). LA-heparin caused a dose-dependent inhibition of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction, and a 5-mg/kg nebulized dose caused a 67% inhibition of allergic bronchoconstriction, whereas a 2.5-mg/kg dose was ineffective (20% inhibition). Inhaled fragmin was more potent than LA-heparin, as shown by 84% (2.5 mg/kg) and 82% (5 mg/kg) inhibition of allergic bronchoconstriction. Fragmin (5 mg/kg) also attenuated the postantigen AHR, whereas LA-heparin was ineffective. In vitro, preincubation with both LA-heparin and fragmin inhibited the anti-IgE-induced degranulation of rat peritoneal mast-cells in a dose-dependent fashion. LA-heparin was fourfold more potent than fragmin, with IC50 of 80 and 320 microg/ml, respectively. These data suggest that: (1) fractionated heparins attenuate antigen-induced acute bronchoconstriction, (2) nonanticoagulant fractions mediate the antiallergic activity of inhaled heparin, and (3) antiallergic activity of nonanticoagulant heparin and LMW-heparin may be related to prevention of mast-cell degranulation.
Dicyclomine hydrochloride in infantile colic.
Authors: C P Hwang, B Danielsson
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Dicyclomine hydrochloride in infantile colicDicyclomine hydrochloride is often used to treat infantile colic in Sweden, although in the United Kingdom it is now regarded as being contraindicated in infants aged six months and under.Results from three previous studies suggested its effectiveness.53In these studies, however, the placebo did not taste like dicyclomine (in the most recent study, for instance, cherry syrup was used as the placebo3), and thus whether these studies were blind is not clear, as parents often taste their children's drugs.One aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dicyclomine compared with a placebo with identical smell, taste, colour, and texture.Another goal was to identify factors, such as age and rhythm and amount of crying, that would predict whether treatment would be successful.
In vivo measurement of neutrophil activity in experimental lung inflammation.
Authors: H A Jones, R J Clark, C G Rhodes, J B Schofield, T Krausz, C Haslett
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to quantify 18fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) uptake in rabbits with experimental pneumonitis localized to the right upper lobe. In Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced pneumonia, which causes a profound inflammatory response lasting several days before it resolves, 18FDG uptake was pronounced at 15 h after the onset of inflammation, but by 48 h there was little uptake. In bleomycin injury, which progresses from an acute inflammatory stage to chronic inflammation and scarring, 18FDG uptake detectable by PET persisted for up to 21 d. Autoradiography of histologic sections after intravenous administration of [3H]deoxyglucose 15 h after streptococcal instillation and 2 wk after bleomycin instillation showed that, in both models, deoxyglucose uptake was localized to neutrophils. In the streptococcal model there was little 18FGD signal at 6 h, when major neutrophil migration occurs. At 15 h, [3H]deoxyglucose-labeled neutrophils were present in the airspaces but not in the alveolar septa, suggesting that the deoxyglucose signal reflected a postmigratory neutrophil event, probably the respiratory burst. Thus, PET of 18FDG uptake may provide a novel and readily repeatable, noninvasive approach to the in vivo study of neutrophil activity at otherwise inaccessible sites.
IODINE IN TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: E. A. Peterson
Journal: JAMA (1926)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In discussing "Modern Methods in Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis" (The Journal, March 27, p. 973), the reviewer relegates to the commonplace a book that certainly has value, but particularly condemns the use of iodine in the treatment of tuberculosis, at one fell swoop, relegating it to antiquity. I do not believe that any authentic experiments have ever been done to show that iodine breaks down a lung in a tuberculous animal or in man. Except for the report of some guesses on the part of a few men, iodine has not been said to have any harmful effect in this disease. On the other hand, a discussion of the subject by Ragins in the<i>Bulletin of the Chicago Municipal Tuberculosis Sanitarium</i>will convince one that iodine may have a place in the treatment of tuberculosis, and that its use certainly has more advocates than antagonists.
Editorial: Sports medicine
Authors: L. S. King
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Sports play an important part in American culture. Professional athletes provide much of our total entertainment and millions of spectators watch sporting events—baseball, football, hockey, basketball, golf, tennis, soccer, to name only the major activities. Equally important in our scheme of cultural values, although in a different way, are the amateur sports, particularly among the youth of high school and college age. Sports, as strenuous activities, involve many health hazards. The possibility of physical injury is always present and those who engage in sports deliberately run a calculated risk in order to obtain a beneficial goal. To justify the risks, the benefits must far outweigh the dangers. Sports, suitably engaged in, certainly promote health. "Many concepts of healthful living are involved in sports, including the principles of personal hygiene, physical fitness, first aid, medical and dental care, disease control, emotional health, accident prevention, self-discipline, and worthy use of leisure time."
Acceleration of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator-induced reperfusion and prevention of reocclusion by recombinant antistasin, a selective factor Xa inhibitor, in a canine model of femoral arterial thrombosis.
Authors: M J Mellott, M A Holahan, J J Lynch, G P Vlasuk, C T Dunwiddie
Journal: Circulation Research (1992)

Antistasin is a 119-amino acid protein initially isolated from salivary glands of the Mexican leech, Haementeria officinalis, that exhibits potent anticoagulant properties resulting from selective inhibition of blood coagulation factor Xa. The comparative antithrombotic efficacies of recombinant antistasin (rATS), standard heparin (Hep), and aspirin (ASA) administered adjunctly with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) on thrombolytic reperfusion and reocclusion were determined in a canine model of femoral arterial thrombosis. An occlusive thrombus was formed by insertion of a thrombogenic copper coil into the femoral artery, and blood flow velocity was monitored directly and continuously by Doppler flowmetry. Sixty minutes after occlusion, dogs received an intravenous infusion of either saline (vehicle) or rATS (0.31, 1.25, or 2.5 micrograms/kg/min), intravenous boluses of Hep (100 units/kg + 50 units/kg/hr or 200 units/kg + 150 units/kg/hr), or a single intravenous bolus of ASA (2.0 mg/kg), followed 45 minutes later by tPA (0.8 mg/kg i.v. over 90 minutes). The saline and rATS infusions were discontinued 60 minutes after termination of tPA, and the last Hep boluses were given 105 minutes after termination of tPA. All dogs achieved reperfusion. The time to reperfusion in the ASA group was similar to that in the vehicle group (50 +/- 9 versus 50 +/- 6 minutes, respectively). Reperfusion times were slightly decreased by the low and high doses of Hep (34 +/- 6 and 31 +/- 4 minutes, respectively) and the rATS doses of 0.31 and 1.25 micrograms/kg/min (37 +/- 4 and 36 +/- 5 minutes, respectively). However, the time to reperfusion was dramatically reduced with the 2.5 micrograms/kg/min rATS dose (15 +/- 3 minutes, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Solid Rubber Bandage
Authors: H. A. Martin
Journal: BMJ (1878)

or of the sacro-iliac articulation, and its very essence is the eliciting of pain.Now, I will proceed to demonstrate that peculiar flattening of the buttock, the obliteration of the firrm natal fold, and the alteration of its level, together with the real (not apparent) widening of the hip.To this interesting point my attention was directed by my friend Mr. Herbert Page, who was examining this preparation with me.For this purpose, I remove the syringe from the India-rubber pipe and sub- stitute a vertical glass tube, the joint being full of water which rises to this (indicated) level in the tube.Now, I press the great trochanter inwards, driving the head of the femur into the acetabulum ; see how the fluid rises in the tube.Then I remit pressure; the joint fills again, and the great trochanter is forced outwards.Treatment.-Lastly,we come to the question of treatment of hip- joint disease; but, before discussing it, I would like to demonstrate the effect of' extension and counter-extension upon the preparation.When the limb is brought down (no matter by what means), the intra- articular pressure is increased.The anterior part-of the capsule being renderel tense, the capacity of the joint is diminished.The more the limb is brought down to the straight, the further the head of the femur is forced up into the acetabulum.This I demonstrate by the rise and fall of the water in the vertical tube corresponding to depression and flexion of the femur.
The addition of gemtuzumab ozogamicin to low-dose Ara-C improves remission rate but does not significantly prolong survival in older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia: results from the LRF AML14 and NCRI AML16 pick-a-winner comparison
Authors: A K Burnett, R K Hills, A E Hunter, D Milligan, W J Kell, K Wheatley, J Yin, M F McMullin, H Dignum, D Bowen, N H Russell
Journal: Leukemia (2012)
RESEARCH PROBLEMS OF PHARMACOLOGY.
Authors: TORALD SOLLMANN
Journal: JAMA (1903)

The main object of pharmacology is to supply a basis for rational therapeutics. The entire medical profession has always been in accord as to the desirability of this end, but the methods of pharmacology did not at first secure universal recognition. This prejudice against laboratory experiments has now practically disappeared, partly through the advance of medical education and partly through mutual concessions. The modern physician realizes that rational therapeutics can not be based solely on bedside "experience," with its hastily and imperfectly observed and digested data. The phenomena in question are altogether too complex to be understood by such primitive methods. They need to be studied by the most delicate and profound methods over which modern science disposes. This study constitutes a large part of the research problems of pharmacology. <h3>PRACTICAL PROBLEMS.</h3> These problems, which pharmacology must investigate in regard to every used drug, before rational therapeutics
The Treatment of Sciatica, Brachialgia, and Occipital Headache
Authors: R. Stockman
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1940)

SCTicA-pain in the distribution of the great sciatic nerve- occurs as a symptom in a number of totally different pathological conditions such as pressure on the nerve elements from a pelvic tumour or bony overgrowth in the vertebrae or sacro-iliac and hip joints, in certain spinal cord lesions, or as a result of the action on the nerve fibres of injury or chemical poisons like alcohol and lead, but such cases, although not uncommon, are seldom seen in practice compared with the large number which are due to chronic fibrositis of the muscles and nerves, and it is to the treat- ment of these that the present remarks apply.The essential pathology of fibrositis is now well recogiiised and agreed upon.Under irritation from one source or another the white fibrous tissue of the muscles, nerves, fascie and other fibrous structures undergoes inflammatory hyperplasia in small patches, the affected areas become swollen and cedematous with sero-fibrinous exudation, the fibroblasts proliferate rapidly, numerous minute new bloodvessels appear, and the whole forms a soft, ill-defined, congested little swelling.In the exudate poly- morphonuclear leucocytes are entirely absent, with consequent absence of pus formation.At this soft early stage the small inflamed excrescences may resolve readily under treatment or spontaneously, but more frequently they increase in size from continued proliferation of their connective tissue cells, thereby becoming more fibrous and tougher, the perineurium of the nerve twigs ramifying through them undergoes interstitial inflammation and hypertrophy, and the minute arterioles and veins have their walls greatly thickened.Fibrositic thickenings may also begin insidiously, increasing in size very slowly and gradually and attracting no attention for a long time.On palpation through the skin the larger ones (the size of a small pea to an almond) can be felt as ill-defined swellings along the edges of muscles or in fascia and subcutaneous tissue, but much of the altered tissue is too minute to be detected in this 77 copyright.