tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pharmacologic Treatment of Pediatric Headaches
Authors: Khalil El-Chammas, Jill Keyes, Nathan Thompson, Jayanthi Vijayakumar, Dorothy Becher, Jeffrey L. Jackson
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2013)

OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of prophylactic headache treatment in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCES PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Clinical Trials, and bibliography of retrieved articles through August 11, 2012. STUDY SELECTION Randomized trials of headache treatment among children and adolescents (&lt;18 years old). INTERVENTION Any placebo-controlled trial or comparisons between 2 or more active medications. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Number of headaches per month. RESULTS Among 21 included trials, there were 13 placebo-controlled and 10 active comparator trials (2 also included placebo). Twenty trials focused on episodic migraines and 1 on chronic daily headaches. Drugs more effective than placebo for episodic migraines (&lt;15 headaches per month) included topiramate (difference in headaches per month, -0.71; 95% CI, -1.19 to -0.24) and trazodone (-0.60; 95% CI, -1.09 to -0.11). Ineffective drugs included clonidine, flunarizine, pizotifen, propranolol, and valproate. A single trial of fluoxetine for chronic daily headaches found it ineffective. Patients given placebo experienced a significant (P = .03) decline in headaches, from 5.6 (95% CI, 4.52-6.77; Q = 8.14 [Cochran Q is a measure of the heterogeneity of the included studies]) to 2.9 headaches per month (95% CI, 1.66-4.08; Q = 4.72). Among the 10 active comparator trials, flunarizine was more effective than piracetam (difference in headaches per month, -2.20; 95% CI, -3.93 to -0.47) but no better than aspirin, dihydroergotamine, or propranolol. Propranolol was compared with valproate as well as behavioral treatment, and 2 studies compared different doses of topiramate; none of these trials showed significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Topiramate and trazodone have limited evidence supporting efficacy for episodic migraines. Placebo was effective in reducing headaches. Other commonly used drugs have no evidence supporting their use in children and adolescents. More research is needed.
Virgin Care to take over services for children and young people in Devon worth 132m
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Private health company Virgin Care is about to secure a £132m (€168m; $205m) contract in southwest England that would extend its reach in providing core NHS care.

The company has been named preferred bidder by NHS Devon and Devon County Council to run integrated NHS and social care services for children and young people over a three year period.

A contract is expected to be awarded in the autumn after further negotiations, enabling Virgin Care to take over 1100 staff—mostly employed by NHS Devon—from 2013.

The company would run services for children with physical, …
Chronological Trend in Blood Lead Levels between 1976 and 1980
Authors: Joseph L. Annest, James L. Pirkle, Diane Makuc, Jane W. Neese, David D. Bayse, Mary Grace Kovar
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

Analysis of a chronological trend in data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey indicated that average blood lead levels in the United States dropped approximately 37 per cent (5.4 micrograms per deciliter) from February 1976 through February 1980. There was no evidence that this trend was due to errors in laboratory measurement or to the design of the survey. The trend was present even after accounting for differences in race, sex, age, region of the country, season, income, and degree of urbanization. Changes in exposure to lead in paint or in the diet are unlikely explanations of the trend. However, the correlation of blood lead levels with the lead level in gasoline was highly significant (P less than 0.001) overall and in population subgroups defined by race, sex, and age. Although strong correlation does not prove cause and effect, the most likely explanation for the fall in blood lead levels is a reduction in the lead content of gasoline during this period.
sPLA2-V inhibits EPCR anticoagulant and antiapoptotic properties by accommodating lysophosphatidylcholine or PAF in the hydrophobic groove
Authors: Jacinto López-Sagaseta, Cristina Puy, Ibai Tamayo, Mikel Allende, Jorge Cerveró, Susana E. Velasco, Charles T. Esmon, Ramón Montes, José Hermida
Journal: Blood (2011)
Calcium absorption in rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: P N Sambrook, G Abeyasekera, B M Ansell, S Foster, J M Gumpel, P A Hill, J Reeve, J C Stevenson
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1985)

Calcium absorption, assessed by a double isotope method, was found to be impaired in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis of recent onset (mean 14.2 months) compared with controls. Circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) were higher than in controls, suggesting a primary malabsorption of calcium in these patients. The reduction in calcium absorption correlated with several measures of disease activity, suggesting that the disease process was responsible for the intestinal defect, but an effect from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents cannot be excluded. A primary reduction in calcium absorption may increase the risk of osteoporosis in women with rheumatoid arthritis.
Ga-67 Citrate Scintigraphy in the Diagnosis of Primary Hepatic Lymphoma
Authors: Yutaka Naoi, Akira Fujikawa, Taiji Tamura, Yukiya Hakozaki, Susumu Matsukuma
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

A 50-year-old man was hospitalized with right upper quadrant pain. An abdominal ultrasound showed multiple tumors in the liver, and metastases were suspected. Abdominal computed tomography showed multiple, low-density tumors with peripheral ringlike enhancement in the liver. Ga-67 imaging showed multiple areas of increased uptake in the liver. A liver biopsy showed malignant lymphoma.
Infection of mice with lactate dehydrogenase—elevating virus destroys the subpopulation of kupffer cells involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis of lactate dehydrogenase and other enzymes
Authors: Martin J. Smit, Anneke M. Duursma, Jan Koudstaal, Machiel J. Hardonk, Joop M. W. Bouma
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

In previous experiments in rats, we have shown that the rapid plasma clearance of a number of clinically important enzymes is due to receptor-mediated endocytosis by Kupffer cells and other resident macrophages. Others have shown that infection of mice with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, a virus that proliferates in macrophages, leads to reduced plasma elimination of these enzymes. This paper integrates these two sets of experiments. Plasma elimination of intravenously injected, radioactively labeled lactate dehydrogenase M4 and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase in mice was shown to be caused in part by uptake in liver, spleen and bone. Uptake of lactate dehydrogenase M4 by these tissues was, to a large extent, saturable and the two dehydrogenases competitively inhibited each other's clearance. These results suggest that, also in mice, these enzymes are partly cleared from plasma by endocytosis by way of a common receptor on cells (probably macrophages) from liver, spleen and bone marrow. Morphometrical data showed that normal mouse liver contains 23 x 10(6) Kupffer cells/cm3. This number was reduced to about 30% of that of controls 24 hr after infection of mice with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus but returned to normal within the next 9 days. The saturable component of uptake of lactate dehydrogenase M4 by liver, spleen and bone had disappeared 24 hr after infection with the virus, and did not return after the Kupffer cell population had recovered. Our findings suggest that lactate dehydrogenase M4 is, to a large extent, removed from the circulation by way of a receptor on a subpopulation of macrophages that is permissive for replication of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ditiocarb Sodium and HIV Infection
Authors: Evan M. Hersh
Journal: JAMA (1991)

In Reply.  —The letter by O'Meara states that disulfiram (Antabuse) is rapidly metabolized to two molecules of diethyldithiocarbamate (ditiocarb) and that disulfiram and ditiocarb  similar in many biologic effects, including the effectiveness in chelation therapy of nickel poisoning and potentiation of hyperbaric oxygen poisoning in rats.  In fact, the cited articles1,2show that (1) the 100% effective nickel chelation antidotal dose of ditiocarb (50 mg/kg) is one fifth of the 70% effective dose of disulfiram (250 mg/kg); and (2) potentiation of hyperbaric oxygen toxicity in the rat (at three times the human maximum tolerated dose) is 2½ times greater for ditiocarb than for disulfiram (87% vs 30% mortality).  The pharmacokinetics of the two drugs are also different. Thus, in contrast to ditiocarb, no detectable serum levels of ditiocarb or its S-methyl ester metabolite can be detected after oral administration of disulfiram (M. Rousseau-Tsangaris, PhD, unpublished data, September 1989).
Personal Exposure to Submicrometer Particles and Heart Rate Variability in Human Subjects
Authors: Chang-Chuan Chan, Kai-Jen Chuang, Guang-Ming Shiao, Lian-Yu Lin
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

We conducted a study on two panels of human subjects--9 young adults and 10 elderly patients with lung function impairments--to evaluate whether submicrometer particulate air pollution was associated with heart rate variability (HRV). We measured these subjects' electrocardiography and personal exposure to number concentrations of submicrometer particles with a size range of 0.02-1 microm (NC0.02-1) continuously during daytime periods. We used linear mixed-effects models to estimate the relationship between NC0.02-1 and log10-transformed HRV, including standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals (r-MSSD), low frequency (LF, 0.04-0.15 Hz), and high frequency (HF, 0.15-0.40 Hz), adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, tobacco exposure, and temperature. For the young panel, a 10,000-particle/cm3) increase in NC0.02-1 with 1-4 hr moving average exposure was associated with 0.68-1.35% decreases in SDNN, 1.85-2.58% decreases in r-MSSD, 1.32-1.61% decreases in LF, and 1.57-2.60% decreases in HF. For the elderly panel, a 10,000-particle/cm3 increase in NC0.02-1 with 1-3 hr moving average exposure was associated with 1.72-3.00% decreases in SDNN, 2.72-4.65% decreases in r-MSSD, 3.34-5.04% decreases in LF, and 3.61-5.61% decreases in HF. In conclusion, exposure to NC0.02-1 was associated with decreases in both time-domain and frequency-domain HRV indices in human subjects.
Serotonin and Acute Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: L. D. Hillis, R. A. Lange
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

Over the past 10 to 15 years, we have gained considerable insight into the pathophysiology of acute ischemic heart disease, and as a result our therapeutic approach has changed substantially. In the 1960s and early 1970s, Prinzmetal's variant angina, an uncommon entity, was shown to result from transient reductions in myocardial oxygen supply, which were due to vasospasm (often superimposed on a fixed stenosis) of an epicardial coronary artery.1 In contrast, the more common forms of acute ischemic heart disease, such as unstable angina and myocardial infarction, were thought to result from excessive myocardial oxygen demand in the setting of . . .
Leukocyte extravasation and vascular permeability are each controlled in vivo by different tyrosine residues of VE-cadherin
Authors: Florian Wessel, Mark Winderlich, Maren Holm, Maike Frye, Ronmy Rivera-Galdos, Matthias Vockel, Ruth Linnepe, Ute Ipe, Anika Stadtmann, Alexander Zarbock, Astrid F Nottebaum, Dietmar Vestweber
Journal: Nature Immunology (2014)
The Evolution of Therapeutic Research in Cancer
Authors: Vincent T. DeVita
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

The purpose of this essay is to focus on some of the difficulties in starting and completing well designed therapeutic experiments in the field of cancer. Failure to appreciate the nature and complexity of therapeutic trials in human beings, I believe, has hindered progress in treatment research and can continue to serve as a roadblock to exploiting current opportunities at a critical time in the history of the effort to control cancer.The backbone of therapeutic experiments is knowledge of the natural history of disease. The effect of the experiment on the natural history of disease is the result observed. . . .
Treatment with anti‐CC chemokine receptor 3 monoclonal antibody or dexamethasone inhibits the migration and differentiation of bone marrow CD34<sup>+</sup> progenitor cells in an allergic mouse model
Authors: S. Ben, X. Li, F. Xu, W. Xu, W. Li, Z. Wu, H. Huang, H. Shi, H. Shen
Journal: Allergy (2008)

Background: The migration and in situ differentiation of CD34 + progenitors contribute to inflammatory eosinophilia in asthma and corticosteroids have been widely used in asthma. However, little is know about whether and how corticosteroids modulate the migration and differentiation of CD34 + progenitors. This study was aimed to investigate the impact of anti‐CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) or dexamethasone on inflammatory eosinophilia in asthma and possible mechanism(s) underlying the action of dexamethasone or anti‐CCR3 on migration and differentiation of CD34 + progenitors in asthmatic context. Methods: Using an asthmatic mouse model, airway inflammation of anti‐CCR3‐ or dexamethasone‐treated mice and that of controls were characterized. And the migration and differentiation of CD34 + progenitor cells were analyzed in vivo , ex vivo or in vitro . Results: Treatment with anti‐CCR3 or dexamethasone significantly inhibited allergen‐induced eosinophilia and CD34 + progenitor cell infiltration in the lung, which was accompanied by lower levels of airway hyper‐responsiveness and mucus production. Moreover, anti‐CCR3 inhibited the eotaxin‐mediated migration and IL‐5/eotaxin‐induced differentiation of CD34 + progenitors in vitro . Dexamethasone was also shown to mitigate eotaxin‐mediated migration and IL‐5 or eotaxin‐promoted differentiation of CD34 + progenitor cells ex vivo , which were associated with the down‐regulation of CCR3 expression on bone marrow progenitor cells. Conclusions: Treatment with anti‐CCR3 or dexamethasone can inhibit the migration and differentiation of CD34 + progenitor cells by regulating the eotaxin/CCR3 axis in asthmatic mice. Our findings provide new insights into understanding the mechanism(s) underlying the action of dexamethasone and CCR3‐mediated signaling in allergic inflammation and aid in the design of new immunotherapy for intervention of human asthma.
Pernicious Anaemia Treated Orally with "Bifacton"
Authors: J. B. Stokes, W. R. Pitney
Journal: BMJ (1958)

The underlying defect in pernicious anaemia is a severe deficiency of intrinsic factor secretion by the glandular epithelium of the fundus and body of the stomach.This results in decreased absorption of dietary vitamin B12 to an amount less than the body requirement.Body stores are utilized and eventually depleted.The serum *Each tablet contains not less than 7.5 "s. of vitamin B,2 and not less than 18 mg. of hog-stomach intrinsic factor concentrate.
Pulmonary disease in patients with Marfan syndrome.
Authors: J R Wood, D Bellamy, A H Child, K M Citron
Journal: Thorax (1984)

Hospital case notes and chest radiographs of 100 patients with Marfan syndrome were investigated for evidence of pulmonary disease. The criteria for inclusion of details of a given patient in the study were the occurrence of Marfan abnormalities in at least two separate body systems (skeletal, cardiovascular, ocular) or in one body system where there was a family history of a classically affected first degree relative. Selection of cases was biased towards those with cardiorespiratory problems by virtue of the hospitals from which the patients were drawn. Forty eight patients underwent cardiac surgery. Eleven patients had a history of spontaneous pneumothorax, which had been recurrent in 10 cases and bilateral in six. Eight had had pneumonia or excessively frequent respiratory infections and two had bronchiectasis. Chest radiographs showed emphysematous bullae in five, upper lobe fibrosis in four, and aspergilloma in two. The cases reviewed together with other published evidence suggest that spontaneous pneumothorax and bullae are causally related to Marfan syndrome. The presence of idiopathic upper lobe fibrosis in four Marfan patients is interesting but provides insufficient evidence to assess possible causality.
PTU-243 Faecal calprotectin (FC) assays: comparison of four assays with clinical correlation
Authors: M Srinivas, R Eyre, R Ellis, S Viney, P Basumani, K Bardhan
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> FC is a marker of GI inflammation. Four commercial ELISA-based assays are available, two polyclonal (Calpro ["C"]), Eurospital ["E"]) and two monoclonal (Buhlmann ["B"], Immunodiagnostik ["I"]). "C" is a manual assay, rest are automated. Automation eases testing. Monoclonal assays are reportedly more accurate. Head-to-head comparison of all four assays is unexplored to the best of our knowledge. <h3>Aim</h3> Pilot study to compare the four assays to help us select one (preferably automated) that best meets our clinical needs: reliably exclude GI inflammation (new patients) and quantify inflammation (known IBD). <h3>Methods</h3> 42 stool samples collected from January to March 2011 were tested. Patients: 18 new (mainly for diarrhoea), 24 follow-up IBD (in remission/chronic active disease/flare). Assay (n): "C" (42), "B" (36), "I" (36), "E" (35). All four assays: 29/42 (sample insufficient in rest to do all 4). Analysis: Blinded to assay details, a single investigator (MS) mapped FC values to inflammation grade (0=nil, 1=mild/possible, 2=severe/definite) based on conventional markers (CRP/imaging/endoscopy/histology) and final diagnosis. Linearity characteristics of each assay was assessed by Excel trendlines. Restricting analysis to the 29 samples tested by all four assays (giving six pairings), inter-assay concordance was determined for each inflammation grade by Kendall co-efficient. p Value &lt;0.02 (Fisher ratio) was deemed significant. <h3>Results</h3> All four assays showed linear characteristics with different gradients, minimum and maximum values (Abstract PTU-243 figure 1). "C" had maximum gradient and highest values while "I" had the lowest levels detectable. Assays "B" and "E" had characteristics in between. Inter-assay concordance (Abstract PTU-243 table 1) was statistically significant in absence of inflammation for all pairings. The highest assay concordance across all grades of inflammation was between monoclonal "I" and polyclonal "C". <h3>Conclusion</h3> In this pilot, assays "I" and "C" had the most favourable characteristics/concordance. If this trend is confirmed by larger numbers, we will adopt the monoclonal assay "I" as it is automated. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared.
Effect of the Timing of Treatment of Port-Wine Stains with the Flash-Lamp–Pumped Pulsed-Dye Laser
Authors: Chantal M.A.M. van der Horst, Petra H.L. Koster, Corianne A.J.M. de Borgie, Patrick M.M. Bossuyt, Martin J.C. van Gemert
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Port-wine stains can be treated with a flash-lamp–pumped pulsed-dye laser, but it is uncertain whether this treatment is more effective if administered early in life, when the skin is thinner and the lesion is smaller.
Total Screening of Blood Donations for Australia (Hepatitis Associated) Antigen and its Antibody
Authors: J. Wallace, G. R. Milne, A. Barr
Journal: BMJ (1972)

During a period of one year all of 105,724 blood donations were tested for Australia (Au) antigen and its antibody by rapid immunoelectro-osmophoresis-86 (1 in 1,229) were positive for antigen and 67 (1 in 1,578) positive for antibody. Second donations by previously negative donors reduce the overall incidence of positives. Men prisoners have a significantly higher incidence of Au antigen (1 in 153) than non-institutionalized men (1 in 803). The latter have a significantly higher incidence of antigen than women (1 in 2,019). Only one antigen-positive donor was incubating acute viral hepatitis. Failure to detect one strong and one weak antigen was responsible for two cases of posttransfusion Au-antigen-positive hepatitis.
Editorial
Authors: CHARLES E. KOSSMANN
Journal: Circulation (1964)

THE ESTABLISHMENT of the first cardiac clinic in the United States at Bellevue Hospital in 1911 1 and an Association of Cardiac Clinics in 19172 in New York City made it possible for the first time to do largescale clinical research on ambulatory patients with heart disease.It was chiefly a bio- metric type of investigation on a special population, the objective of which was to study the natural course of chronic diseases of the heart at the same time that the patients were treated and students instructed in these dis- eases.It became obvious early that a uniform nomenclature and clearly defined criteria for cardiac diagnoses were needed to guarantee that interpretation of phenomena and com- munication of observations would be as exact as possible and free from ambiguity when used by different groups of clinicians.One of the initial steps in this process was the establishment of a system of making a com- prehensive cardiac diagnosis.There is some difference of opinion 2 where the idea of a multirubric diagnosis began, and it is probable that it had multiple origins almost sim- ultaneously.The first published paper on a diagnosis subdivided into etiologic, structur-
The indeterminacy of the beliefs, preferences, and constraints framework
Authors: Daniel John Zizzo
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

The beliefs, preferences, and constraints framework provides a language that economists, and possibly others, may largely share. However, it has got so many levels of indeterminacy that it is otherwise almost meaningless: when no evidence can ever be a problem for scientific construct Z, then there is a problem for Z, for nothing can also be considered supportive of Z.
Neurology’s Stake in Foundational Neuroscience Research
Authors: Walter J. Koroshetz, Story Landis
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2014)

The NIH mission is to seek fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to enhance health, lengthen life, and reduce illness and disability. For over a decade, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) mission statement focused on reducing the burden of illness due to neurologic disorders. While the need for basic research as part of this mission was always implicit, a recently released analysis of NINDS grant applications convinced leadership to make it explicit by adding “advancing fundamental understanding of the nervous system” to the mission statement ( ).
Serum sickness‐like syndrome associated with cefaclor therapy
Authors: F. M. Parra, J. M. Igea, J. A. Martin, M. D. Alonso, A. Lezaun, T. Sainz
Journal: Allergy (1992)

We describe 2 cases of paediatric patients who developed the main clinical features of a serum sickness reaction, while on treatment with cefaclor. A decrease in complement values was observed in both eases. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of such drug adverse reaction.
Speccy-four-eyed-social-misfit-geek
Authors: Des Spence
Journal: BMJ (2007)

My head nodded and then jolted in reflex. Blurry eyed, I glanced at my wife over my copy of the Lancet . Just like the stethoscopes that cling to the necks of junior doctors, the Lancet was my “take me seriously” badge as an aspiring new principal in general practice. “What are you reading?” I asked my wife. “ Harry Potter ,” she replied. I snorted contemptuously and went back to my dry old parchment.

On Saturday Harry Potter and the Ghostly Hallows , the …