tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Bradshaw Lecture ON THE BRAIN STRUCTURES CONCERNED IN VISION AND THE VISUAL FIELD: Delivered Before the Royal College of Surgeons of England on Friday, December 10th, 1909
Authors: F. R. Cross
Journal: BMJ (1909)

IN the lower vertebrata a simple brain is formed by enlargement of the anterior end of the spinal cord, and by the widening and division of its central canal to form ventricles. Upon this primitive brain swellings are de- veloped in connexion with the sense of sight and smell.The sense of smell seems first of early importance, probably for selection between nutritious and poisonous foods, or a means of safety.In fishes we find the visual organs well developed, and varying in importance with the necessity in the species for more or less perfect sight, optic lobes and tracts, an optic chiasma and infundibulum, a third, fourth, and lateral ventricles, and corpora geniculata underneath the optic thalamus.These often vary conversely in im- portance with the olfactory region, which is enlarged when smell is the more needed function.In all fish the optic nerves cross quite separately, one above the other, from one eye to the opposite optic lobe, or one nerve may pass through a slit in the opposite one.Amphibians.In amphibians the brain is usually of low type, but rather large.In the proteus, which is practically blind, the optic nerve lobes are scarcely recognizable, but in the frog they are large, and form the broadest part of the brain. Reptilia.In the reptilia the brain is long and narrow, but it has become much increased in size, and is well differentiated, and we get a very definite cerebral cortex.The three mantles of the brain exist as found in mammals:1.The basal pallium, or pyriform; 2. The marginal pallium, or hippocampal; and 3.The neopallium, or higher cortex (brain proper). Birds.The brain in birds is broad and highly developed, en- larged chiefly by the size of-the corpora striata.All the structures upon which sight depends are very well de- veloped.The thalamus and optic lobes are highly organized, and there are even present small temporal and occipital lobes.In birds the optic chiasma is single and complete, and crosses over the infundibulum.The, bundles of fibres from each optic nerve interlace and alternate, but those of each nerve completely decuseate to the opposite side.The optic tracts pass round the optic thalami, and show well-developed geniculate bodies.In birds of prey, where rapid co-ordination between the
T-cell stimulator undergoes diverse testing
Authors: P. Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Fatal heat stroke. Circulating endotoxin and gram-negative sepsis as complications
Authors: C. D. Graber
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Fatal heat stroke occurred in a patient and was complicated by shock, septicemia, anuria, and consumption coagulopathy. The patient also developed endotoxemia, hypocomplementemia, hypoimmunoglobulinemia, and elevated serum lysozyme, which were quantified by immunologic tests. Autopsy findings were consistent with those seen in experimental endotoxic shock and were characterized by numerous fibrin thrombi in arterioles. It may be advisable to perform the Limulus lysate test for the determination of serum endotoxin levels in all cases of heat stroke to obtain new information about the clinical course of such patients and to elucidate the role of circulating endotoxin as a potential fatal mechanism .
Germ line transcription of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus directs production of mu chain without VDJ.
Authors: J Schwaber, B Malone
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Immunoglobulin VDJ recombination is associated with transcriptional activation of the Ig variable region elements. We have previously described a novel Ig mu chain protein and mRNA produced by pre-B cell hybrids from normal and X-linked agammaglobulinemic bone marrow. We have now characterized the mRNA encoding this protein and find that it is composed of a 5' leader sequence spliced to C mu (LS-C mu), lacking the variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene sequences. The leader sequence is encoded by a novel exon 16 kb upstream of the JH locus. Transcription of the germ line heavy chain locus from this LS exon results in transcriptional activation of the JH locus, apparently the initial step in commitment to B lymphoid development. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of normal bone marrow shows that these germ line LS-C mu transcripts are a product of bone marrow pre-B cells. Production of LS-C mu commences a sequential process of transcriptional activation, with concordant translation of Ig rearrangement intermediates, in the process of creating a productive VDJ rearrangement.
Judge attacks South African government's response to AIDS
Authors: A. Ferriman
Journal: BMJ (2000)

During the 13th international AIDS conference in Durban, Judge Edwin Cameron of the High Court in Johannesburg, castigated the South African government for its flirtation with those who claim that AIDS is not caused by HIV, and for its slow response to the epidemic. In his deliberation of the Jonathan Mann memorial lecture, the government was admonished for failing to adopt a program to prevent vertical transmission of HIV infection by providing pregnant women with antiretroviral therapy. Quoting an article by the African intellectual Dr. Mamphela Ramphele, he commented that failure to recognize HIV as the country's utmost priority is an irresponsibility that borders on criminality on the part of the government. Moreover, Cameron called on the pharmaceutical industry and developed countries to take steps to lower the prices of drugs and make them more readily available to poverty stricken countries that are more affected by the epidemic.
Listening to local voices: adapting rapid appraisal to assess health and social needs in general practice
Authors: S A Murray, J Tapson, L Turnbull, J McCallum, A Little
Journal: BMJ (1994)

To explore the use of rapid appraisal in defining the health and social needs of a community and to formulate joint action plans between the residents and service providers.Collection of data by an extended primary care team from three sources: existing documents about the neighbourhood, interviews with a range of informants, and direct observations to build a profile of the community.Council estate of 670 homes in Edinburgh.Perceived problems of the community and suggestions for change.The interviews and focus groups identified six priorities for change, many of which were not health related. These changes have been or are being implemented.An expanded primary care team can use rapid appraisal as a first step in identifying and meeting local health needs. It facilitates a multidisciplinary approach and complements quantitative methods of assessing need.
Effective tumor growth inhibition of MX1 and MDA-MB-231 estrogen receptor negative human breast cancer xenografts by treatment with LHRH antagonist cetrorelix.
Authors: S Seitz, AV Schally, A Papadia, S Glueck, C Calfa, O Ortmann, S Buchholz
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #2137 Introduction&amp;#x2028; Agonists of LHRH are a treatment option in premenopausal women with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. The treatment with those agonists decreases the levels of FSH and LH in the blood and thus reduces the levels of sex hormones. Patients with estrogen receptor negative breast cancers do not benefit from therapy with LHRH agonists. Antagonists of LHRH lower LH, FSH and sex steroid levels but without the initial flare up of FSH and LH. In addition to the endocrine effects, Cetrorelix also shows a direct inhibition of cell growth in LHRH receptor (LHRH-R) positive gynecological cancer in vitro where alterations of FSH, LH and sex hormone levels are clearly excluded. In view of these findings we decided to investigate Cetrorelix on the tumor growth in two estrogen receptor negative but LHRH-R positive breast cancer cell lines.&amp;#x2028; Materials and Methods&amp;#x2028; The mRNA expression of LHRH-R was detected by PCR. For proliferation assays cells were treated with increasing doses of Cetrorelix acetate in 0.5% FBS supplemented RPMI 1640 media. MTS assays were performed after 72h. Fluorescence microscopy using ethidium bromide staining was performed to show cell death. In the in vivo study, nude mice were treated with Cetrorelix pamoate preparation at a dose of 3mg s.c. releasing an estimated 100mg Cetrorelix/day.&amp;#x2028; Results&amp;#x2028; MX1 and MDA-MB-231 estrogen receptor negative human breast cancer cell lines were positive for the expression of mRNA for LHRH-R. The cell proliferation in vitro of MX1 and MDA-MB-231 lines treated with different concentrations of Cetrorelix was significantly inhibited in a dose dependent manner. Time and dose dependent cell death was observed by fluorescence staining. Experimental treatment in vivo with Cetrorelix pamoate preparation reduced a significant inhibition of tumor growth in MX1 xenografts as compared to the Controls after 14 days and the suppression remained significant until the end of the study on day 28. MDA-MB-231 xenografts treated with Cetrorelix also showed a significant inhibition of tumor growth compared to the Control as early as day 7 and the inhibition remained significant until the end of the study on day 28.&amp;#x2028; Conclusion&amp;#x2028; Our results indicate a direct inhibitory effect of Cetrorelix on LHRH-R positive breast cancers. Since LHRH-R are expressed in ER negative breast cancers, these findings suggest a new approach to the treatment of LHRH-R positive breast cancer patients independent of the estrogen receptor status. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 2137.
Abstract 1514: An AC electrokinetic microarray device for isolation of cell circulating free nucleic acid from the blood of cancer patients
Authors: Jennifer Marciniak, Avery Sonnenberg, Laura Rassenti, Emanuela Ghia, George Widhopf, Elaine Skowronski, Sareh Manouchehri, Thomas J. Kipps, Michael J. Heller, David J. Charlot, Rajaram Krishnan
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Circulating cell-free (ccf) DNA is becoming a biomarker of interest for cancer diagnosis and monitoring. The isolation of ccf-DNA from plasma may be used as a “liquid biopsy” and could replace more invasive tissue biopsies for analysis of cancer-related mutations. Conventional methods for isolation of ccf-DNA from plasma are costly, time-consuming, and require a significant amount of sample processing, which could result in loss of important biomarkers. An AC electrokinetic microarray device has been developed to reduce the time and cost needed for sample processing. In an earlier study, this microarray device was used to rapidly (15 minutes) isolate ccf-DNA from 25 μL of unprocessed blood from 15 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients to compare PCR and sequencing results with classical ccf-DNA isolation processes and gold standard isolation of DNA directly from lymphocytes. Our objective now is to determine if there is a correlation between the on-chip fluorescence imaging data of the ccf-DNA with the lymphocyte cell counts. Blood was collected from CLL patients in lithium heparin collection tubes. SYBR Green was added to the CLL blood sample to label the ds-DNA. A 25 μL aliquot of the CLL blood was inserted into the AC electrokinetic microarray device. A 10 kHz sinusoidal waveform was applied at 11 volts peak-to-peak for three minutes without fluid flow. With the field still on, the chip was washed for five minutes with 1x TE at a rate of 100 µL/min to remove other blood components. Once the wash was complete, a fluorescence image was taken for analysis. The white blood cell counts and % lymphocyte data were used to calculate the concentration of lymphocytes in each patient sample, and the fluorescence images were analyzed for average fluorescence in a defined region of interest. The preliminary data shows some correlation between the number of lymphocytes in the patient blood and the fluorescence calculated from the images. It is important to note that while the sample size was small, the data shows promise and calls for a larger study. Citation Format: Jennifer Marciniak, Avery Sonnenberg, Laura Rassenti, Emanuela Ghia, George Widhopf, Elaine Skowronski, Sareh Manouchehri, Thomas J. Kipps, Michael J. Heller, David J. Charlot, Rajaram Krishnan. An AC electrokinetic microarray device for isolation of cell circulating free nucleic acid from the blood of cancer patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1514. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1514
Low Health Literacy
Authors: Rima E. Rudd
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Letters6 December 2011Low Health LiteracyRima E. Rudd, ScD, MSPRima E. Rudd, ScD, MSPFrom Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-11-201112060-00018 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Berkman and colleagues' excellent review of health literacy research (1) omitted a consideration of and comment on the underlying assumptions shaping each of the studies under review from the various studies they evaluated. Many health literacy studies offer no theoretical or logical explanation of the link between literacy skills and health outcomes or justification for studying patients' abilities without due attention to the demand side. As the 2004 Institute of Medicine report Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion(2) indicated, literacy results from an interaction between, for example, a reader and a text or a listener and ...References1. Berkman ND, Sheridan SL, Donahue KE, Halpern DJ, Crotty K. Low health literacy and health outcomes: an updated systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:97-107. [PMID: 21768583] LinkGoogle Scholar2. Institute of Medicine. Report Brief. Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion. Washington, DC: National Academies Pr; 2004. Google Scholar3. Kirsch I, Jungeblut A, Jenkins L, Kolstad A. National Center for Education Statistics. Adult Literacy in America: A First Look at the Results of the National Adult Literacy Survey. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education; 1993. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Rima E. Rudd, ScD, MSPAffiliations: From Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115.Disclosures: None disclosed. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoLow Health Literacy and Health Outcomes: An Updated Systematic Review Nancy D. Berkman , Stacey L. Sheridan , Katrina E. Donahue , David J. Halpern , and Karen Crotty Low Health Literacy Hema Padmanabhan Low Health Literacy Joy C. Burnette Low Health Literacy Lindsay Rosenfeld Low Health Literacy Nancy D. Berkman Metrics Cited byCancer Prevention During Early Adulthood: Highlights From a Meeting of ExpertsHealth Literacy Promotion: Contemporary Conceptualizations and Current Implementations in Canadian Health Librarianship 6 December 2011Volume 155, Issue 11Page: 793-794KeywordsConflicts of interestHealth care providersHealth information technologyLiteracyMorbidityMortalityPrevention, policy, and public health ePublished: 6 December 2011 Issue Published: 6 December 2011 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2011 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
A change of heart
Authors: R. Hubbard
Journal: BMJ (2001)

His birth wasn't straightforward: I was induced because he was late, had an emergency caesarean section for failure to progress, and had a 2300 ml postpartum haemorrhage. “Typical doctor!” the obstetricians chuckled at me, “but he's worth it, isn't he?” I looked over at my baby son. Of course he was worth it. I was exhausted but felt elated and an immense love for him. We named him Will. He was perfect.

Except that he wasn't quite perfect after all. By the age of 6 days he had had his second echocardiogram, and my husband and I were being ushered into the consultant paediatric cardiologist's room. I was told to take a seat and offered a cup of tea. I knew we were about to be the wrong side of …
Noninvasive in vivo fluorescence measurement of airway-surface liquid depth, salt concentration, and pH
Authors: Sujatha Jayaraman, Yuanlin Song, L. Vetrivel, Leena Shankar, A.S. Verkman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

The concentration of salt in the thin layer of fluid at the surface of large airways, the airway-surface liquid (ASL), is believed to be of central importance in airway physiology and in the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis. Invasive sampling methods have yielded a wide range of ASL [NaCl] from 40 to 180 mM. We have developed novel fluorescent probes and microscopy methods to measure ASL thickness, salt concentration, and pH quantitatively in cell-culture models and in the trachea in vivo. By rapid z-scanning confocal microscopy, ASL thickness was 21 ± 4 μm in well-differentiated cultures of bovine tracheal epithelial cells grown on porous supports at an air-liquid interface. By ratio imaging fluorescence microscopy using sodium, chloride, and pH-sensitive fluorescent indicators, ASL [Na+] was 97 ± 5 mM, [Cl–] was 118 ± 3 mM, and pH was 6.94 ± 0.03. In anesthetized mice in which a transparent window was created in the trachea, ASL thickness was 45 ± 5 μm, [Na+] was 115 ± 4 mM, [Cl–] was 140 ± 5 mM, and pH was 6.95 ± 0.05. Similar ASL tonicity and pH were found in cystic fibrosis (CFTR-null) mice. In freshly harvested human bronchi, ASL thickness was 55 ± 5 μm, [Na+] was 103 ± 3 mM, [Cl–] was 92 ± 4 mM, and pH was 6.78 ± 0.2. These results establish by a noninvasive approach the key properties of the ASL and provide direct evidence that the ASL is approximately isotonic and not saltier in cystic fibrosis.
Zosteriform late cutaneous syphilide.
Authors: C. Kodandapani
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Benign late syphilis-that is, cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and skeletal syphilis-occurs in about 10 to 15% of cases.Cutaneous late syphilis usually presents as nodules, ulcerative nodules, or gumma.The nodular syphilides usually occur as solitary or a few asymmetrical indurated papules the configura- tion of which, when multiple, is arciform or circinate.Much more rarely they occur in a zosteriform pattern.The following case report illustrates this rare pattern, which, however, has been described by Gaucher Bizard and Bralez (1915).
Lance Lee Bromley
Authors: R. Stanbridge
Journal: BMJ (2013)

<b>Objective (Background): </b> Amitriptyline (AT) is a standard therapy for postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Our hypothesis was that nortriptyline (NT), a noradrenergic metabolite of AT, may be more effective. <b>Methods: </b> A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of AT versus NT was conducted in 33 patients. <b>Results: </b> Thirty-one patients completed the trial. Twenty-one of 31 (67.7%) had at least a good response to AT or NT, or both. We found no difference with regard to relief of steady, brief, or skin pain by visual analog scales for pain and pain relief; mood; disability; satisfaction; or preference between the two drugs. Intolerable side effects were more common with AT. Most patients (26/33) were not depressed, and most responding showed no change in rating scales for depression despite the occurrence of pain relief. <b>Conclusions: </b> We concluded that this study provides a scientific basis for an analgesic action of NT in PHN because pain relief occurred without an antidepressant effect, and that although there were fewer side effects with NT, AT and NT appear to have a similar analgesic action for most individuals.
Epididymal lesion in tuberculoid leprosy.
Authors: S S Pareek, R C Tandon
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Une observation: lesions de la peau du front, d'une cuisse et du scrotum et masse au niveau de l'epididyme. Les tests de syphilis et de tuberculose donnent des reponses negatives, les tests a la lepromine une reponse tres positive. La biopsie d'epididyme montre de grandes cellules geantes et des cellules epithelioides, sans caseification centrale, ce qui suggere la lepre tuberculoide. Traitement par dapsone et clofazimine
Primary care team of the year
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2015)

General practitioners are said to be demoralised, but this clearly doesn’t apply to those shortlisted for the Primary Care Team award, finds <b>Nigel Hawkes</b>. They show plenty of confidence in the role of general practice, across a wide spectrum that includes two projects focusing on the frail and elderly, one that seeks to cut male suicides, and two to improve access to services.
α-Thalassemia in the American Negro
Authors: Elias Schwartz, Jean Atwater
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

In Italian and Chinese patients with the alpha-thalassemia syndromes the production of alpha-chain of normal hemoglobin is decreased relative to that of beta-chain in reticulocytes. In this study the relative rates of alpha- and beta-chain synthesis were determined in members of three Negro families with alpha-thalassemia. Two of the families had members with hemoglobin H disease and alpha-thalassemia trait, while the mother of several children with alpha-thalassemia trait in the third family was doubly heterozygous for alpha-thalassemia and an alpha-chain mutant. The alpha/beta ratios of globin synthesis in the patients with hemoglobin H disease and alpha-thalassemia trait indicated less severe biochemical defects in the peripheral blood than those previously determined in Italian and Chinese patients. In the third family, there was a heterogeneity of expression of the gene for alpha-thalassemia, including patients with normal red cell indices and synthesis ratios. These findings differ from those previously described in patients with alpha-thalassemia from other racial groups. Hydrops fetalis due to homozygous alpha-thalassemia may not occur in the Negro because of the relatively mild thalassemic defect.
Pulse Wave Velocity Is an Independent Predictor of the Longitudinal Increase in Systolic Blood Pressure and of Incident Hypertension in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Authors: Samer S. Najjar, Angelo Scuteri, Veena Shetty, Jeanette G. Wright, Denis C. Muller, Jerome L. Fleg, Harold P. Spurgeon, Luigi Ferrucci, Edward G. Lakatta
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2008)