tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Identification of Pasteurella tularensis by Immunofluorescence
Authors: John D. White
Journal: JAMA (1965)

TULAREMIA is a sporadic disease in man. Its diagnosis may be difficult, particularly when the disease manifests itself in an atypical form or has been modified by antibiotic therapy. The most satisfactory method for positive diagnosis is bacteriologic culture.<i>Pasteurella tularensis</i>is cytotropic with fastidious growth requirements and, thus, special media and some degree of microbiological skill are needed to ensure recovery of the organisms in culture. In addition, there is a definite danger of infection for the personnel in the laboratory. Therefore, an accurate and rapid method for the identification of<i>P tularensis</i>that is not dependent upon the culture of viable organisms would be of considerable value. The technique for identifying antigens by fluorescent-tagged antibodies was introduced by Coons and Kaplan,<sup>1</sup>and after some technical modifications has been used in many areas of research and clinical application. The reviews of Coons,<sup>2</sup>Cherry and co-workers,<sup>3</sup>Beutner,
Yttrium-90 Time-of-Flight PET/CT Is Superior to Bremsstrahlung SPECT/CT for Postradioembolization Imaging of Microsphere Biodistribution
Authors: Yung Hsiang Kao, Eik Hock Tan, Chee Eng Ng, Soon Whatt Goh
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2011)

Yttrium-90 (Y-90) has internal pair production that can be imaged by PET/CT. Y-90 PET/CT has better spatial resolution than bremsstrahlung SPECT/CT, and it is possible to use Y-90 PET/CT for accurate postradioembolization imaging of hepatic microsphere biodistribution. Y-90 time-of-flight PET/CT represents the current state-of-the-art in postradioembolization imaging. We present a case of Y-90 time-of-flight PET/CT scan performed after Y-90 selective internal radiation therapy in a 62-year-old man, depicting hepatic microsphere biodistribution in high resolution.
Adenoviral Gene Transfer With Soluble Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors Impairs Angiogenesis and Perfusion in a Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia
Authors: Johannes Jacobi, Betty Y.Y. Tam, Grace Wu, Jana Hoffman, John P. Cooke, Calvin J. Kuo
Journal: Circulation (2004)

The purpose of the current study was to examine the contribution of endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to ischemia-induced angiogenesis and perfusion.C57BL/6J mice (n=28) were subjected to unilateral hindlimb ischemia after intravenous injection of recombinant adenoviruses (10(9) plaque-forming units) encoding the ligand-binding ectodomain of VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1/Ad Flt1), VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2/Ad Flk1-Fc), a control murine IgG2alpha Fc fragment (Ad Fc), or vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline). Hindlimb perfusion was assessed by both laser Doppler and fluorescent microsphere injection 10 days after surgery. The role of endogenous VEGF in ischemia-induced angiogenesis and arteriogenesis was measured by capillary density and microangiography, respectively. Adenoviral gene transfer with soluble VEGFRs significantly attenuated hindlimb perfusion as assessed by laser Doppler and microsphere analysis (P<0.05). Furthermore, soluble VEGFRs significantly reduced ischemia-induced angiogenesis and collateral growth and inhibited histological recovery of muscle tissue. Adverse events consistent with ongoing vascular insufficiency such as limb necrosis or gangrene were observed only in animals expressing soluble VEGFRs and not in control animals.Systemic, soluble receptor-mediated VEGF inhibition indicates an essential role for endogenous VEGF during postischemic angiogenesis and hindlimb perfusion.
Fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Kitsada Wudhikarn, Magarida Silverman
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2011)

A 36-year-old man who presented to a local hospital with dyspnea on exertion was found to have pancytopenia and circulating blast. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy revealed the diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) was immediately started, and he was transferred to university hospital for further management. Upon arrival, his mental status declined. In addition, he developed motor aphasia, right facial palsy, and right hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging and angiography of the brain showed acute cerebral ischemia and acute left middle cerebral artery thrombosis (Image 1A, arrow). Laboratory investigation demonstrated thrombocytopenia (platelet 50,000/mL), prolonged prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time (INR 1.5, PTT 46 sec), hypofibrinogenemia (137 mg/dL), and elevated fibrin degradation product (>80 mcg/mL) consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Heparin was initiated and ATRA was continued. He subsequently developed severe abdominal pain and distension. Comprehensive metabolic panel revealed transaminitis and lactic acidosis (3.5 meq/L). Compute tomography of chest, abdomen, and pelvis demonstrated massive hepatosplenic infarction (Image 1B) and acute intramural aortic thrombus (Image 1C,D, arrow). His condition continued to deteriorate, despite the intensive managements, and he eventually died in the next 36 hours. Image 1 APL is a distinct entity of acute myeloblastic leukemia. Most patients are characterized by a balanced reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17 which results in the fusion of promyelocytic leukemia gene and retinoic acid receptor alpha [1]. With the introduction of ATRA and arsenic trioxide, the treatment outcome has significantly improved over the past decade. Despite the available novel treatments, early mortality has been persistently reported up to 10-15% of the patients from hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications secondary to disseminated intravascular coagulation [2, 3].
Driven to distraction
Authors: H. Cole
Journal: BMJ (2003)

One day, I met Derek by chance in the village. He was an acquaintance whom I had met over village activities—the plant sales in aid of the church, and a mutual interest in carpentry that led to a village exhibition. Just odd occasions, and this was no exception. Except that this time I was shaken by his response to my routine query: “How are you?”

“Not too bad, but I've just started a course of radiotherapy.”

Further …
Cerebral Pseudotumor or Intracranial Hypertension of Unknown Cause
Authors: Charles W. Elkins, Frank J. Rack
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1951)

INCREASED intracranial pressure as measured by spinal puncture or ventricular tap may be the result of any one of several conditions. The more common causes are excessive secretion of the choroid, obstruction secondary to congenital defects, neoplasm or inflammation and deficient function of the spinal-fluid-absorptive mechanism. Masses within the cranium, such as abscess, neoplasm and the hematomas, subdural, extradural and intracortical, also result in intracranial increased tension. Tension may be raised by brain edema secondary to trauma, thrombosis of durai sinuses, hypertensive states and brain-stem compression due to herniation of the temporal cortex through the incisura of the tentorium. Finally, . . .
Infectious Hepatitis
Authors: Saul Krugman
Journal: JAMA (1960)

The effect of gamma globulin in the prevention of infectious hepatitis was studied in four controlled trials in an institution where the disease was highly endemic. In the first trial a single dose of 0.01 ml. per pound of body weight was followed by a two and one-half-fold reduction in incidence of hepatitis with jaundice in a group of patients, predominantly children. When the same dose was given simultaneously to adult hospital attendants, it was ineffective. In the second and third trials inoculation of 0.06 ml. of gamma globulin per pound of body weight was followed by a tenfold and thirtyfold reduced incidence of overt jaundice. In a fourth trial a small group of newly admitted patients was studied intensively for subclinical infection. Under the conditions of this trial clinically inapparent hepatitis occurred in spite of gamma globulin. The ratio of subclinical anicteric hepatitis to overt jaundice was 12:1.
Codeine Intoxication Associated with Ultrarapid CYP2D6 Metabolism
Authors: Yvan Gasche, Youssef Daali, Marc Fathi, Alberto Chiappe, Silvia Cottini, Pierre Dayer, Jules Desmeules
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Life-threatening opioid intoxication developed in a patient after he was given small doses of codeine for the treatment of a cough associated with bilateral pneumonia.Codeine is bioactivated by CYP2D6 into morphine, which then undergoes further glucuronidation.CYP2D6 genotyping showed that the patient had three or more functional alleles, a finding consistent with ultrarapid metabolism of codeine.We attribute the toxicity to this genotype, in combination with inhibition of CYP3A4 activity by other medications and a transient reduction in renal function.
[716] EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID IMPROVES STEATOHEPATITIS IN NEWLY ESTABLISHED MICE MODEL OF NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS
Authors: H. Ishii, S. Ohshima, Y. Anezaki, T. Dohmen, E. Kataoka, W. Sato, K. Yoneyama, T. Shibuya, I. Yamada, T. Goto, M. Iizuka, A. Suzuki, S. Watanabe, Y. Horie
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Nonmedical Use of Butorphanol and Diphenhydramine
Authors: W. Marvin Davis
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Among patients seen in recent months at the clinical service of a community mental health center, five young male patients (aged 14 to 19 years) gave a current or recent history of nonmedical parenteral use of a drug combination consisting of butorphanol and diphenhydramine hydrochloride. They described their intravenous (IV) drug self-administration practice as being of wide occurrence among young persons of east-central Mississippi. From multiple-dose (10-mL) vials of each drug, 1.5 mL of each solution (butorphanol, 2 mg/mL; diphenhydramine hydrochloride, 50 mg/mL) was mixed in a syringe and injected. Several such doses were commonly taken in succession until the desired state is achieved. For most patients, the first injection produced an "unusual sensation" in the abdomen. A second or third injection was usually required (ie, 6 to 9 mg of butorphanol with 150 to 225 mg of diphenhydramine hydrochloride). As tolerance developed, patients reported, it was
Evaluation of pathways for the cellular uptake of high density lipoprotein cholesterol esters in rabbits.
Authors: D I Goldberg, W F Beltz, R C Pittman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Cholesterol esters (CE) formed in HDL by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase are thought to mediate the return of cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues to the liver for excretion or reutilization. Several pathways may be involved in that process. Tracer kinetics were used to estimate the contributions of the various pathways to cellular uptake of HDL CE in rabbits. Tracers of HDL CE, HDL apo A-I, LDL apo B, and VLDL CE were simultaneously injected intravenously. Plasma decays were followed for 24 h in 4 lipoprotein pools: HDL without apo E, HDL with apo E, LDL, and VLDL. Kinetic analysis of the resulting plasma decay curves revealed that the preponderance of plasma CE (greater than 90%) originated in the HDL fraction. About 70% of HDL CE were cleared from plasma after transfer to LDL and VLDL, 20% were cleared directly from the HDL pool without HDL particle uptake ("selective" uptake), and 10% were cleared in HDL particles (including particles containing apo E). Since rabbits have about four times the plasma cholesterol ester transfer activity of man, and since the transfer pathway must compete with the selective uptake pathway, these results make it likely that selective uptake plays a substantial role in humans in the clearance of HDL CE.
Immunotherapy and Asthma
Authors: Louis Tuft
Journal: JAMA (1989)

To the Editor.—  In the July 22/29 issue of JAMA are two articles and one editorial relating to the alarming increase in mortality rates from asthma noted in various countries, including the United States. In the article by Ratto et al, 1 entitled Are Intravenous Corticosteroids Required in Status Asthmaticus? it was concluded that  methylprednisolone is safe and effective in the treatment of status asthmaticus. The 77 patients described also inhaled β-agonists (Alupent), aminophylline, and oral theophylline as needed. In the accompanying editorial, entitled Step Care for Asthma, Dr Bone 2 writes, Despite recent advances in the therapy for bronchial asthma, the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease are increasing, with concomitant increases in the sale of bronchodilator medications. The article by Kirn 3 in Medical News & Perspectives was entitled Asthma Mortality Rate Raises Questions, Emphasizes Need to Determine Facts of Situation. The conclusions reached by all
Adaptive Hypersensitivity to Estrogen
Authors: Richard J. Santen, Robert X. Song, Zhenguo Zhang, Wei Yue, Rakesh Kumar
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Clinical observations demonstrate that women with breast cancer often respond to subsequent endocrine manipulation after resistance to initial hormonal therapy develops. As a mechanistic explanation for these findings, we hypothesized that human breast tumors can adapt in response to the pressure exerted by endocrine therapy with development of hypersensitivity to estradiol. To understand the signaling pathways responsible, we examined estrogenic stimulation of cell proliferation in a model system and provided in vitro and in vivo evidence that long-term deprivation of estradiol (LTED) causes adaptive hypersensitivity. Even though the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) is markedly up-regulated in LTED cells, the enhanced responses to estradiol do not appear to involve mechanisms acting at the level of transcription of estrogen-regulated genes. We found that ERalpha co-opts a classical growth factor pathway and induces rapid nongenomic effects that are enhanced in LTED cells. Estradiol binds to cell membrane-associated ERs, physically associates with the adaptor protein Shc, and induces its phosphorylation. In turn, Shc binds Grb2 and Sos, which result in the rapid activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. These nongenomic effects of estradiol produced biological effects, as evidenced by Elk-1 activation and by morphological changes in cell membranes. The mechanistic pathways involved in adaptive hypersensitivity suggest that inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase pathways might prevent the development of adaptive hypersensitivity and allow more prolonged efficacy of endocrine therapies.
CD133+ and CD133− Glioblastoma-Derived Cancer Stem Cells Show Differential Growth Characteristics and Molecular Profiles
Authors: Dagmar Beier, Peter Hau, Martin Proescholdt, Annette Lohmeier, Jörg Wischhusen, Peter J. Oefner, Ludwig Aigner, Alexander Brawanski, Ulrich Bogdahn, Christoph P. Beier
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Although glioblastomas show the same histologic phenotype, biological hallmarks such as growth and differentiation properties vary considerably between individual cases. To investigate whether different subtypes of glioblastomas might originate from different cells of origin, we cultured tumor cells from 22 glioblastomas under medium conditions favoring the growth of neural and cancer stem cells (CSC). Secondary glioblastoma (n = 7)–derived cells did not show any growth in the medium used, suggesting the absence of neural stem cell–like tumor cells. In contrast, 11/15 primary glioblastomas contained a significant CD133+ subpopulation that displayed neurosphere-like, nonadherent growth and asymmetrical cell divisions yielding cells expressing markers characteristic for all three neural lineages. Four of 15 cell lines derived from primary glioblastomas grew adherently in vitro and were driven by CD133− tumor cells that fulfilled stem cell criteria. Both subtypes were similarly tumorigenic in nude mice in vivo. Clinically, CD133− glioblastomas were characterized by a lower proliferation index, whereas glial fibrillary acidic protein staining was similar. GeneArray analysis revealed 117 genes to be differentially expressed by these two subtypes. Together, our data provide first evidence that CD133+ CSC maintain only a subset of primary glioblastomas. The remainder stems from previously unknown CD133− tumor cells with apparent stem cell–like properties but distinct molecular profiles and growth characteristics in vitro and in vivo. [Cancer Res 2007;67(9):4010–5]
Defective Wnt-dependent cerebellar midline fusion in a mouse model of Joubert syndrome
Authors: Madeline A Lancaster, Dipika J Gopal, Joon Kim, Sahar N Saleem, Jennifer L Silhavy, Carrie M Louie, Bryan E Thacker, Yuko Williams, Maha S Zaki, Joseph G Gleeson
Journal: Nature Medicine (2011)
New Therapeutic Approaches to Mendelian Disorders
Authors: Harry C. Dietz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Thanks to the power of a method to identify etiologic mutations (and hence “causative” genes) in mendelian disease, the molecular mechanisms that give rise to many such diseases are now known. This knowledge has fueled new therapeutic approaches, which are reviewed in this article, the third in the Genomic Medicine series.
Resection of a Solitary Pulmonary Metastasis from Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Misdiagnosed as a Bronchocele: Usefulness of 18F-Choline and 18F-FDG PET/CT
Authors: Jérémie Calais, David Lussato, Jean Menard, Eric De Kerviler, Pierre Mongiat-Artus, Yves Castier, Pascal Merlet
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2014)
B.C.G. vaccination of children against leprosy: first results of a trial in Uganda.
Authors: J. A. Brown, M. M. Stone
Journal: BMJ (1966)

Parathyroid hormone and calcium were measured in plasma taken from pregnant women at term and from the umbilical veins of their infants at birth. Three assays were used to measure parathyroid hormone, a cytochemical bioassay of bioactivity and two immunoradiometric assays, one specific for the amino terminus, the other specific for the carboxy terminus of the parathyroid hormone molecule. Plasma calcium was significantly higher in the infants than in the mothers. Maternal parathyroid hormone bioactivity and the amino terminus were both slightly raised, but the carboxy terminus value was normal; these findings supported the view that late pregnancy is a time of mild physiological hyperparathyroidism. In the infants, the amino terminus was undetectable and the carboxy terminus was either undetectable or towards the lower end of the normal range: bioactivity of parathyroid hormone was considerably raised and was related to the gradient of calcium across the placenta. This suggests that the parathyroid glands are not suppressed during fetal life and that they may play an important part in the maintenance of high fetal plasma calcium concentrations.
Nicotine chewing gum in general practice: effect of follow up appointments.
Authors: A Marshall, M Raw
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Two hundred smokers who were judged by their general practitioner to be motivated to stop smoking were allocated to one of two groups. All were offered an initial appointment at which they were advised to stop smoking and offered nicotine gum. One group then received no further appointments. The other was offered four further appointments over three months. Both groups were followed up at six and 12 months. At one year follow up 15.5% overall had stopped smoking, 14% in the low and 17% in the high contact group. This is better than most results so far reported for nicotine chewing gum in general practice, suggesting that general practitioners can use it to good effect. We compare this result with others achieved in general practice.
TCT-19 Predictors of Target Vessel Revascularization after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Lessons from HORIZONS-AMI
Authors: Sorin Brener, Roxana Mehran, Konstanze Ertelt, Philippe Genereux, Ke Xu, Bernhard Witzenbichler, Gregg W. Stone
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Factors in Student Choice of General or Specialty Practice
Authors: Mary A. Monk, Milton Terris
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

THE increasing trend toward specialization among medical graduates has been well documented by Weiskotten and Altenderfer.1 Only 41 per cent of the graduates of American medical colleges in 1915 were found to be limiting their practice to a specialty a decade after graduation, as compared with 74 per cent of the graduates in 1945.1 , 2 Recently, the Massachusetts Academy of General Practice conducted a survey of 830 students in the three medical schools in Boston and 158 interns and residents in hospitals in the State. Of the first-year medical students, 44 per cent intended to enter general practice, 48 per cent . . .
Obstetric practice and outcome of pregnancy in Cardiff residents 1965-73.
Authors: I Chalmers, J E Zlosnik, K A Johns, H Campbell
Journal: BMJ (1976)

Trends in management and outcome of pregnancy in Cardiff residents from 1965 to 1973 were reviewed. The mean age and parity of parturients fell. Hospital delivery became almost universal, monitoring the fetus during pregnancy was introduced, and induction and acceleration of labour became commonplace. These developments were not associated with any striking change in either the total perinatal death rate or the timing or cause of perinatal death. Possibly a real change in perinatal mortality between 1965 and 1973 was masked by random fluctuation of small numbers, or possibly factors peculiar to the Cardiff population prevented a decrease in perinatal mortality that would otherwise have resulted from improved medical care. Only by large-scale randomised trials can the true value of induction and other medical developments be assessed.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Among Aerobic Gram-negative Bacilli in Intensive Care Units in 5 European Countries
Authors: Håkan Hanberger
Journal: JAMA (1999)

Surveillance of antibiotic resistance is especially important in intensive care units (ICUs) because the infection rates are much higher there than in other hospital wards and most epidemics with multiresistant bacteria originate in ICUs.To evaluate the incidence of decreased antibiotic susceptibility among aerobic gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients in ICUs.Consecutive specimens collected on clinical indications from ICU patients were cultured and tested. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for amikacin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, piperacillin, and piperacillin-tazobactam were determined using E test.Eighteen hospitals in Belgium, 40 in France, 20 in Portugal, 30 in Spain, and 10 in Sweden.A total of 9166 gram-negative strains were initially isolated from 7308 patients between June 1994 and June 1995.The incidence of decreased susceptibility, defined as the sum of resistant and intermediate categories with use of the minimum inhibitory concentration break points recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.The most frequently isolated organisms were Enterobacteriaceae (59%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24%). The main sources were respiratory tract (42%), urine (26%), blood (14%), abdomen (11%), and skin and soft tissue (7%). Decreased antibiotic susceptibility across all species and drugs was highest in Portuguese ICUs followed by French, Spanish, Belgian, and Swedish ICUs. The highest incidence of resistance was seen in all countries among P aeruginosa (up to 37% resistant to ciprofloxacin in Portuguese ICUs and 46% resistant to gentamicin in French ICUs), Enterobacter species, Acinetobacter species, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and in Portugal and France among Klebsiella species.The high incidence of reduced antibiotic susceptibility among gram-negative bacteria in these ICUs suggests that more effective strategies are needed to control the selection and spread of resistant organisms.