tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
SPONTANEOUS ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE, A NEW VIRUS DISEASE
Authors: Max Theiler
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1937)

1. The characteristics of a filterable virus obtained from mice found spontaneously paralyzed and showing lesions of encephalomyelitis are described. 2. The course of the disease in mice, following intracerebral inoculation, is briefly as follows: After an incubation period varying from 7 to over 30 days a flaccid paralysis of one of the limbs appears. This paralysis usually spreads rapidly until all four limbs are affected. Young mice are more susceptible than older ones, and very young mice, less than 4 weeks of age, usually die without showing signs of paralysis. 3. Adult mice often show no signs of infection after an intracerebral inoculation of virus. A number of these mice, although showing no signs of paralysis, nevertheless have become infected, a fact which is demonstrated by recovery of the virus from the mice as well as by histopathological studies. 4. Intranasal instillation of the virus is the only other method of producing the infection. This method, however, produces paralysis in only a small percentage of the mice. Following intranasal instillation of the virus, there often develops a slight immunity to a subsequent intracerebral injection of virus. 5. The paralysis in the surviving mice recedes gradually, but a permanent residual paralysis, usually of the hind legs, is almost invariable. Such mice, however, are virus carriers, as the virus can be recovered from the spinal cord for 1 year after infection. 6. Paralyzed mice are immune to a subsequent intracerebral injection of the virus. There is evidence that neutralizing substances are present in the immune mice. A considerable proportion of the mice which have remained well after an intracerebral injection of virus are immune to a second injection. 7. The virus resists the action of 50 per cent glycerine at from 2–4°C. for at least 150 days. It passes all grades of Berkefeld filters with ease. By the use of graded collodion filters, the size of the virus particle has been determined to be probably about 13 to 19 mµ. 8. The virus of mouse encephalomyelitis is not pathogenic for rhesus monkeys. No evidence of immunological relationship with the virus of human poliomyelitis has been obtained. 9. The anatomical basis of the paralysis is an acute necrosis of the ganglion cells of the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Isolated ganglion cells of the cerebrum also undergo necrosis. Following the acute necrosis of the ganglion cells, there is a marked neuronophagia. A perivascular infiltration is observed in the brain and spinal cord.
Role of Anticoagulants in Preventing Embolization From Prosthetic Heart Valves
Authors: Howard L. Gadboys
Journal: JAMA (1967)

In this study, 111 patients, discharged from the hospital after prosthetic heart valve replacement, were followed for evidence of embolization. Ninety-three patients received anticoagulant therapy and five had embolic episodes (5%). In contrast, systemic emboli developed in eight of 18 patients (44%) who were not given anticoagulants. Documented hemorrhagic complications occurred nine times and there were two other suspicious incidents. Prothrombin times during the occurrence of these complications were known in ten instances and were prolonged above therapeutic levels in nine of these cases. There have been eleven late deaths (10%). Precise anticoagulation appears to be of value in reducing thromboembolism from prosthetic valves. However, careful control is necessary to minimize hemorrhagic complications.
Human Leukocyte Antigen–G and Cancer Immunoediting
Authors: Mirjana Urosevic, Reinhard Dummer
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Immunosurveillance is an extrinsic mechanism of cancer suppression that eliminates nascent tumors. However, the selection imposed by immunosurveillance can drive tumor evolution and the emergence of clinically apparent neoplasms. Mechanisms of immune escape acquired by less immunogenic variants during this process, termed immunoediting, may contribute significantly to malignant progression. In this review, we summarize the evidence that up-regulation of the nonclassic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecule HLA-G in tumor cells plays an important role in cancer and immune escape. [Cancer Res 2008;68(3):627–30]
Pulmonary Infiltrates Associated with Leukoagglutinin Transfusion Reactions
Authors: HOWARD N. WARD
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

During the past 3 years four patients have been observed with "noncardiac pulmonary edema" that occurred as a complication of blood transfusion. Typical reactions were characterized by the abrupt onset of chills, fever, tachycardia, a nonproductive cough, and dyspnea. The acute symptoms lasted only several hours; fever and roentgenographically visible pulmonary infiltrates persisted up to 48 hr. In three cases there was a postreaction elevation of eosinophils on differential cell count. X-ray films of the chest showed numerous, nodular, predominately perihilar, and lower lung field infiltrates without cardiac enlargement or pulmonary vascular engorgement. Typing and cross matching reconfirmed red blood cell compatibility in each instance. Sera from the subjects and donors were then studied for the presence of antileukocyte antibodies. Leukoagglutinins were found in the serum of one recipient and two donors. Transient pulmonary infiltrates can be a manifestation of leukoagglutinin transfusion reactions.
Drug Addiction Among Physicians
Authors: Robert C. Green
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Drug addiction among physicians appears to be an occupational hazard, with chronic pain, depression, and the easy availability of drugs major factors leading to addiction. In this study of 46 cases of physician addicts handled by the Virginia State Board of Medicine, meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol) was the most frequent addictive agent. The Virginia disciplinary and therapeutic plan for addicted physicians was effective in successfully rehabilitating and returning to medical practice 72% of the 46 physician addicts reported to the board from 1949 to 1974.
Incorporating considerations of resources use into grading recommendations
Authors: Gordon H Guyatt, Andrew D Oxman, Regina Kunz, Roman Jaeschke, Mark Helfand, Alessandro Liberati, Gunn E Vist, Holger J Schünemann
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Guideline panellists have differing opinions on whether resource use should influence decisions on individual patients. As medical care costs rise, resource use considerations become more compelling, but panellists may find dealing with such considerations challenging
Profit Fever: The Drive to Corporatize Health Care and How to Stop It
Authors: Jerrold P. Schwartz
Journal: JAMA (1996)

In the maelstrom of proposals for health care reform swirling around the nation 2 years ago, Proposition 186 was unique. It was not a bill in Congress or a state legislature, but a referendum on the ballot in California that would have established a single-payer system of health care financing in that state, had it passed. Charles Andrews, author of<i>Profit Fever</i>, was intimately involved in this mass drive for health care as a right and tells its story. The author opens by recounting the history of health care in the United States, from a set of professions to the emergence of corporate health care. The concept of corporate health care is central to the book and is developed at length. The corporations of which Mr Andrews speaks include not only insurance companies and health maintenance organizations (HMOs) but also hospital corporations. He describes how physicians represent fewer and fewer
The Novel IKK2 Inhibitor LY2409881 Potently Synergizes with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Preclinical Models of Lymphoma through the Downregulation of NF-κB
Authors: Changchun Deng, Mark Lipstein, Richard Rodriguez, Xavier O. Jirau Serrano, Christine McIntosh, Wei-Yann Tsai, Andrew S. Wasmuth, Susan Jaken, Owen A. O'Connor
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the pharmacologic activity of a novel inhibitor of IκB kinase β (IKK2), LY2409881, in preclinical models of B- and T-cell lymphoma, as a single agent and in combination with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Experimental Design: The in vitro activity of LY2409881 was determined using an ATP-based growth inhibition assay and flow cytometric assay of apoptosis in lymphoma cell lines. The in vivo activity of LY2409881 was determined using SCID-beige xenograft mouse model. The mechanism of action was determined using immunoblotting, immuofluorescence, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Synergy of LY2409881 with other drugs active in lymphoma was determined by calculating relative risk ratio (RRR) and combination index (CI). Results: LY2409881 inhibited constitutively activated NF-κB, and caused concentration- and time-dependent growth inhibition and apoptosis in lymphoma cells. In models of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the cytotoxicity of LY2409881 correlated with the overall activation status of NF-κB, but not simply in a pattern predicted by the cell-of-origin classification of these cell lines. LY2409881 was safe to mice at three dose levels, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, all of which caused significant inhibition of tumor growth. LY2409881 suppressed the activity of the NF-κB subunit p65 in lymphoma cells treated by the HDAC inhibitor romidepsin, underlying a potential mechanism of the marked synergy observed of these two drugs. Conclusion: Collectively, these data strongly suggest that targeting the NF-κB pathway in combination with romidepsin could represent a novel and potent regimen for the treatment of B- and T-cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res; 21(1); 134–45. ©2014 AACR.
Coronary Artery Narrowing in Coronary Heart Disease: Comparison of Cineangiographic and Necropsy Findings
Authors: ERNEST N. ARNETT
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Of 10 patients with fatal coronary heart disease undergoing coronary angiography 0 to 69 d (average, 21) before necropsy, the amount of narrowing in 61 coronary arteries observed angiographically (diameter reduction) during life by three angiographers was compared with that observed histologically (cross-sectional area) at necropsy. No overestimations of the degree of narrowing were made angiographically. Of 11 coronary arteries or their subdivisions narrowed 0 to 50% in cross-sectional area histologically, none were underestimated angiographically; of eight narrowed 51% to 75% histologically, seven had been underestimated, and of 42 narrowed 76% to 100% histologically, 17 were underestimated angiographically. The coronary atherosclerotic plaquing was diffuse (> 25% cross-sectional area narrowing) in 90% of 467 five-millimetre segments of coronary artery examined (24 cm per patient), and this diffuseness of the atherosclerotic process seems to be the major reason for angiographic underestimation of coronary narrowings.
A man with bilateral loin pain
Authors: M. H. Ashrafi, U. Bhatty, K. Hall, M. Mokete
Journal: BMJ (2013)

A 65 year old man presented with a 12 month history of bilateral flank pain but no fever or lower urinary tract symptoms. Over the preceding 10 years he had had multiple interventions, including extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopic laser stone fragmentation, for cystine renal stones. He had type 2 diabetes and hypertension, and he was also obese.

A plain radiograph showed a large renal pelvic calculus measuring 3.4 cm in the right kidney and a 4.4 cm partial staghorn calculus projected over the left kidney. A dimercaptosuccinic acid scan showed a relative function of 47.5% for the right kidney and 52.5% for the left kidney.

A staged percutaneous nephrolithotomy was performed successfully on the simpler right stone, but postoperatively he developed pain in the right loin. A nephrostogram showed debris partially occluding the right ureter, which resulted in a filling defect; this was thought to be a clot and it later passed. Stone analysis confirmed cystine stones. Three months later a percutaneous nephrolithotomy was undertaken on the left side. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and radiography showed no residual stones.



### 1 What is the most common clinical presentation of renal tract stones?

#### Short answer

Loin pain.

#### Long answer

The presentation of renal tract stones can vary. The classic presentation is sudden onset excruciating loin to groin pain, which causes restlessness and severe distress.

The narrow …
Extracorporeal photochemotherapy: A potentially useful treatment for scleromyxedema
Authors: Michael Berkson, Gerald S. Lazarus, Marie Uberti-Benz, Alain H. Rook
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1991)

Scleromyxedema, a variant of papular mucinosis, is a rare condition that clinically resembles scleroderma. Itis characterized by a lichenoid papular eruption, induration of the skin, and a paraproteinemia of unknown significance. Histologic examination reveals dermal deposition of mucin; proliferation of large, stellate fibroblasts; and fibrosis. Multisystemic manifestations have also been reported. Scleromyxedema is often difficult to treat. One of the most effective therapies is melphalan or a similar alkylating agent but this carries the risk of acute toxicity and malignancy.l-4 We describe a patient who responded to extracorporeal photochemotherapy (photopheresis) after unsuccessful attempts with other treatment.
Inhibition of HIF Prolyl Hydroxylase-2 Blocks Tumor Growth in Mice through the Antiproliferative Activity of TGFβ
Authors: Anne Klotzsche-von Ameln, Antje Muschter, Soulafa Mamlouk, Joanna Kalucka, Ina Prade, Kristin Franke, Maryam Rezaei, David M. Poitz, Georg Breier, Ben Wielockx
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Virtually all solid tumors are dependent on a vascular network to provide them with the right amount of nutrients and oxygen. In that sense, low oxygen tension or hypoxia leads to an adaptive response that is transcriptionally regulated by the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), which are tightly controlled by the HIF prolyl hydroxylases (PHD). In this study, we show that inhibition of the oxygen sensor PHD2 in tumor cells stimulates vessel formation but paradoxically results in a profound reduction of tumor growth. This effect relies on the antiproliferative nature of the TGFβ signaling pathway, in a largely HIF-independent manner. Moreover, our findings reveal that PHD2 has an essential function in controlling the dual nature of TGFβ during tumorigenesis and may offer an alternative opportunity for anticancer therapy.
Organizing Hematoma of the Thigh Multiple Imaging Techniques
Authors: ROYCE E. LOVERN, DAVID A. BOSSE, MICHAEL F. HARTSHORNE, JOHN M. BAUMAN, JEROME L. BILLINGSLEY, BILL F. BYRD, GEORGE D. MOMII, LIDA A. CROOKS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1987)

A chronic, organizing hematoma of the thigh was imaged by multiple techniques. A remote history of trauma was noncontributory. The lesion was located by radiographs. Nuclear medicine studies showed no increased blood supply to the lesion but indicated that it was calcifying and did extend proximally. Ultrasound and CT studies could be variously interpreted to represent either a solid- or a fluid-filled lesion. An angiogram added little useful information. A differential diagnosis of an unexplained traumatic lesion vs a soft tissue tumor was made and surgery was performed. An organizing hematoma was excised.
A Time for Action
Authors: Hugh H. Hussey
Journal: JAMA (1975)

In his presidential address before the 23rd scientific meeting of the International Cardiovascular Society in Boston last June, Allan D. Callow, MD, was mindful of the Quaker adage that one should not speak unless he can improve on silence. In his discourse, to be published in<i>Archives of Surgery</i>,<sup>1</sup>he first paid tribute to the foreign scientists who have contributed substantially to advancement in his field of interest. Second, he gave a brief history of the Society he represents, enumerated its weaknesses, and offered suggestions for its improvement and for that of the North American Chapter. For the latter, he announced the objectives and responsibilities to be concerned "with the improvement of training programs in cardiovascular surgery and the pursuit of excellence in patient care." He implied that the training programs may be found wanting. He took into account the fact that, after long experience in the area of
Management of hypothyroidism in adults
Authors: B. Vaidya, S. H S Pearce
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Hypothyroidism is one of the commonest chronic disorders in Western populations. In the United Kingdom, the annual incidence of primary hypothyroidism in women is 3.5 per 1000 and in men 0.6 per 1000.1 During 2006 12 million prescriptions for levothyroxine (50 μg or 100 μg tablets) were dispensed in England, equivalent to about 1.6 million people taking long term thyroid replacement therapy, about 3% of the population.2 The management of hypothyroidism is generally considered straightforward and is mostly carried out in primary care in the UK. Cross sectional surveys of patients taking levothyroxine have, however, shown that between 40% and 48% are either over-treated or under-treated.3 4 Furthermore, a small but significant proportion of patients continue to feel unwell despite taking levothyroxine.5 This review discusses current approaches in the management of hypothyroidism in adults. #### Sources and selection criteria We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Library databases for the keywords hypothyroidism and thyroxine. We identified further references from the original articles and recent review articles. We studied articles only in the English language, and gave priority to those published in the past 10 years and those reporting randomised controlled trials. #### Summary points
Herniation of the heart
Authors: M. P. Wright, C. Nelson, A. M. Johnson, I. K. R. McMillan
Journal: Thorax (1970)

Five cases of herniation of the heart are described, of varying aetiology and presentation. In one, the pericardial deficiency is congenital. Two are traumatic—one with severe disruption of the rib cage, and one without. Two are post-operative—one early, and one late. Their aetiology, diagnosis and treatment are discussed. If the possibility of herniation is considered, the diagnosis may often be made from a plain chest radiograph. The treatment is operative, and may give relief from a critical circulatory embarrassment.
Acetyl-l-carnitine deficiency as a cause of altered nerve myo-inositol content, Na,K-ATPase activity, and motor conduction velocity in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat
Authors: M.J. Stevens, S.A. Lattimer, E.L. Feldman, E.D. Helton, D.S. Millington, A.A.F. Sima, D.A. Greene
Journal: Metabolism (1996)
Use of Broad-spectrum Antibiotics
Authors: E. T. Knudsen
Journal: BMJ (1970)

B JOURNA sister's desk in a state of asphyxia.Unfortu- nately, despite all attempts at resuscitation, he had a cardiac arrest within ten minutes and failed to recover.Necropsy showed marked mediastinal emphysema, with some subcutaneous emphysema at the site of the operation.There was no possible source of this emphysema except from the wound.It seems most likely that the Yates drain allowed air to be aspirated into the wound on inspiration, particularly when the patient was lying in bed, and that expiration blocked the ends of the corrugated tubes, causing a ball-valve effect.This seems a potential risk of Yates drainage tubing which I think needs to be appreciated by all surgeons.-Iam, etc.,
Small intestinal permeability to sugars in patients with atopic eczema
Authors: S.O. UKABAM, R.J. MANN, B.T. COOPER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

Absorption of lactulose and mannitol was measured in eleven patients with atopic eczema and lactulose/mannitol excretion ratios were calculated. Mean lactulose absorption was increased in the patients with exzema and their excretion ratios were higher than those of controls. There was no correlation between either eczema extent or severity and the excretion ratio. We conclude that small intestinal passive permeability is increased in some patients with atopic eczema.
Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Douglas B. Cines, Alan D. Schreiber
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

We applied a Radio-labeled Coombs antiglobulin test to the diagnosis and management of immune thrombocytopenia in adults and children. This assay substantiated that the majority of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura have increased levels of IgG on their platelets. Platelet-associated C3 was elevated in a subset of these patients, some of whom had normal levels of platelet-associated IgG, thus suggesting a role for C3 in the pathogenesis of the thrombocytopenia. The assay enabled us to anticipate a change in clinical status, establish the presence of immunologic remission after splenectomy and propose several mechanisms by which corticosteroids act. Platelets from a patient with the post-transfusion-purpura syndrome also carried increased IgG, indicating a role for IgG antibody or IgG-containing immune complexes in the destruction of host platelets in this disease. The Radio-labeled Coombs test provides a general means to help diagnose, manage and study immune platelet disorders. (N Engl J Med 300:106–111, 1979)
Griseofulvin-Phenobarbital Interaction in Man
Authors: Sidney Riegelman
Journal: JAMA (1970)

The concept that phenobarbital sodium interferes with metabolism of griseofulvin due to its ability to induce liver enzymes that increase drug metabolism was tested by a random crossover study of six healthy male volunteers who received griseofulvin orally and intravenously, both with and without phenobarbital. The elimination kinetics of griseofulvin for a given subject were identical with or without the administration of phenobarbital; thus, no evidence for enzyme induction was observed. However, the amount of orally administered griseofulvin absorbed with phenobarbital administration fell well below that seen when no phenobarbital was given, implying that phenobarbital reduces absorption of the drug.
Smoking rates fall among Indian men and rise among women, finds study
Authors: C. Travasso
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Although the prevalence of cigarette smoking in India has dropped by over 5% in the past three decades, the number of smokers has increased from about 74.5 million in 1980 to 110.2 million in 2012, said a study published in JAMA .1

The survey said that the prevalence of cigarette smoking among Indian men had fallen from 33.8% in 1980 (95% uncertainty interval 29.2% to 38.6%) to 23.0% in 2012 (20.5% to 25.9%). But among women the prevalence had risen from 3.0% (2.2% to 4.0%) …
Tc-99m MDP Accumulation in Lymphoma
Authors: A. MALPANI, Y. TAKAMIA, C. BEKERMAN, T. BRANDT, S. PINSKY, M. BLEND
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1990)

MALPANI, A. M.D.; TAKAMIA, Y. C.N.M.T*; BEKERMAN, C. M.D.; BRANDT, T. M.D.; PINSKY, S. M.D.; BLEND, M. Ph.D., D.O.Author Information
Poor nutrition is increasing rates of overweight in developing countries
Authors: W. Cui
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The World Health Organization has called on governments to do more to prevent malnutrition passing from one generation to the next by improving food provision and addressing inequality through taxation, legislation, and agricultural, social and trade policies.

In particular, the food industry needs to be encouraged to improve the nutritional quality of its products, for example, by replacing trans fats with healthier fats, by better product labelling, and by adhering to stricter rules on marketing. 

The messages came from the more than 60 experts on the WHO Nutrition Guidance Expert Advisory Group who convened in Geneva this week to look at the increasing double burden of malnutrition posed by under-nutrition and overweight. The group will publish guidance on its findings in May.

Francesco Branca, WHO’s director of nutrition for health and development, said …