tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effective Retinal Diagnosis: The Easy Way to Learn Ophthalmoscopy, Part 1: Introduction to Retinal Findings, Part 2: Disorders of the Optic Disc, Part 3: Hypertension
Authors: Jay I. Perlman
Journal: JAMA (1997)

This video series is billed as a "unique guide to basic ophthalmoscopy." Part 1,<i>Introduction to Retinal Findings</i>, is about 23 minutes long and presents (1) correct ophthalmoscopic technique, (2) an overview of the optic disc, retinal vessels and background, and macula, (3) common abnormalities, and (4) common normal variants. Part 2,<i>Disorders of the Optic Disc</i>(21 minutes), describes optic disc anomalies in more detail. Part 3,<i>Hypertension</i>(15 minutes), describes the various presenting signs of hypertensive retinopathy. Parts 4A and 4B, a two-part series on the retinal findings seen in diabetes mellitus was not available for review. In addition to the prices given above, the five-video package is priced at $1495. Medical Media Systems intends to publish seven additional videos on basic ophthalmoscopy. The videos are designed to demonstrate the actual findings that one would view when performing direct ophthalmoscopy on a patient. When necessary, illustrations relate the
Ciprofloxacin in general practice
Authors: P M W Donaldson, A P Palleti, M P Carroll
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Organisation's projections suggest that 1 in every 1000 people in India will be infected by 2000.2An Indian news magazine recently highlighted the problem of cross border trafficking by prostitutes from Nepal.' Commercial sex is an important route of transmission of HIV in Asian countries.At the heart of this problem is the complacency shown by the central government in New Delhi.It is astonishing that, while the numbers of cases of HIV infection and AIDS are rising, the programme budget remains underspent.'There is no coherent national strategy on conducting safe sex campaigns.Government departments shy away from giving explicit information about the spread of HIV.Campaigns through leaflets will have no role in rural areas owing to low literacy rates.But it is not too late to reverse the rising number of cases.Satellite television is now reaching the most remote parts of India.Both the government and voluntary organisations should be keen on using this in their fight against HIV infection and AIDS.
Gram-Negative Sepsis: Another Piece of the Mosaic
Authors: William R. Harlan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

When the natural defenses of the body are suddenly overpowered by sepsis, it is not surprising that complex vascular and metabolic alterations ensue. What is perhaps unexpected is the relative specificity of the responses in gram-negative septicemia that have been revealed by our increasing ability to identify and sort out the multiple physiologic aberrations that compose the mosaic of gram-negative sepsis. Many of the vascular, metabolic and hematologic alterations are attributable to endotoxin, a lipopolysaccharide characteristically present in gram-negative organisms. Although the prominent clinical findings are shock, tissue anoxia and disseminated intravascular coagulation, various subtle features contribute to the picture. . . .
Maturational changes in left and right ventricular electromechanical intervals in the newborn lamb
Authors: T. A. RIEMENSCHNEIDER, H. D. RUTTENBERG, F. H. ADAMS
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1978)

Electromechanical intervals of right and left ventricles were examined in newborn lambs (9 hours to 42 days). The electromechanical interval of the left ventricle did not change with maturation, while that of the right ventricle became progressively longer, resulting in an increasing ventricular mechanical asynchrony. We postulate that the pattern of developing mechanical asyn-chrony described may occur secondary to postnatal changes in ventricular morphology.
Cancer morbidity in ulcerative colitis.
Authors: P Prior, S N Gyde, J C Macartney, H Thompson, J A Waterhouse, R N Allan
Journal: Gut (1982)

Cancer morbidity at all sites has been studied in a series of 676 patients with ulcerative colitis under long-term review, of whom more than two-thirds had extensive disease, and the level and pattern of risk over time examined. Age-, sex-, and site-specific incidence rates were used to compute the number of cancers that might have been expected to occur. A highly significant excess of cancers was observed overall but the excess was due entirely to cancers of the digestive system. In women there was no excess or deficit of cancers outside the digestive system. In men there was a small deficit of cancers of the respiratory system. An overall 11-fold excess colorectal cancer risk was found in the series compared with that in a relevant general population after patient-years at risk had been corrected for surgical resection and patients with colorectal cancer at their first referral had been corrected for surgical resection and patients with colorectal cancer at their first referral had been excluded. When these data were expressed in an actuarial form the cumulative probability of developing colorectal cancer in the series was 8% (3.5-13%) at 25 years, after the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis had been established. The relative risk of developing colorectal cancer was highest in those patients developing colitis before the age of 30 years, and the relative risk fell as the age at diagnosis of their colitis increased. The pattern of risk of colorectal cancer over time suggests that there is an association between cancer and colitis in susceptible individuals and that the level of risk is related to age at onset of colitis.
FDG-PET Imaging in Patients With Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumor
Authors: William Moore, Evan Freiberg, Muath Bishawi, Micheal S. Halbreiner, Robert Matthews, Daniel Baram, Thomas V. Bilfinger
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

This study aimed to assess the imaging findings in patients with pathologically proven carcinoid tumors and determine if SUV can help to differentiate typical from atypical (more aggressive) pulmonary carcinoid tumors.A retrospective review of patients with a biopsy-proven diagnosis of a pulmonary carcinoid tumor at our institution from 2002 to 2010 that had a preoperative PET scan was performed after institutional review board approval was obtained. PET results, including SUV uptake and location, were recorded as well as all data from pathology reports. Carcinoids were considered to be more aggressive if they showed pathological diagnosis consistent with atypical carcinoid, lymph node invasion, poor histological grade (poorly differentiated), or evidence of systemic metastases. Atypical carcinoid pathology consisted of focal necrosis or a higher mitotic index (2-10 per square millimeter) with features of nests, trabeculae, pleomorphic cells, or dense hyperchromasia. SUV uptake was then evaluated and compared between the typical and atypical carcinoid groups using nonparametric statistical methods.We identified 29 patients from 2002 to 2010 at our institution with a pathological diagnosis of pulmonary carcinoid. Twenty-three were histopathologically typical, and the other 6 showed atypia. Mean (SD) nodule size was 2.4 (1.3) cm in the typical group versus 5.0 (3.2) cm in the atypical group (P = 0.065). Mean (SD) SUV uptake in the typical carcinoid group was 2.7 (1.6) and in the atypical group the SUV was 8.1 (4.1) (P < 0.01). A cutoff SUV of 6 or greater is predictive of malignancy (odds ratio, 23.6; P < 0.01), as well as a nodule size of 3.5 cm or greater (odds ratio, 5.1; P = 0.024).Preoperative PET imaging result is frequently positive in carcinoid tumors, and the biological behavior correlates well with SUV; however, size is not as strong of a predictor of malignancy. Size of 3.5 cm or greater and SUV of 6 or greater have a predictive value of greater than 95% for malignant histology.
Response to Ostberg and Hurel
Authors: Naomi Mitsuhashi, Tomio Onuma, Ryuzo Kawamori
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

We appreciate the interest of Ostberg and Hurel (1) in our article (2) and the opportunity to clarify the point raised.

As we described in conclusions in our article, intima-media thickness (IMT) may have become thicker after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), because one cannot establish temporal sequence with cross-sectional data. We measured IMT of 15 patients before the CABG procedure (mean IMT ± SD 1.44 ± 0.14 mm) and IMT of 5 patients within 3–6 months after CABG (1.56 ± 0.07 mm). IMT was not significantly different between these two groups ( P = 0.62). Even if we had excluded the latter 5 patients’ measured IMT after CABG, IMT would have been still significantly greater in the 15 CABG patients’ measured IMT before CABG than in the controls drawn from the diabetic patients (1.44 ± 0.14 vs. 1.07 ± 0.07 mm, P < 0.05). And there is no conclusive proof that CABG itself has an effect …
Hypertension: Principles and Practice
Authors: Raymond R. Townsend
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2006)

Medical Writings: Book Notes3 January 2006Hypertension: Principles and PracticeRaymond R. Townsend, MDRaymond R. Townsend, MDFrom the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-144-1-200601030-00022 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Battegay EJ, Lip GYH, Bakris GL, eds. 821 pages. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis; 2005. $199.95. ISBN 0824728556. Order at www.tandf.co.uk/books/.Field of medicine: Internal medicine, cardiology, nephrology, endocrinology, and primary care.Format: Hardcover book.Audience: Internists, primary care practitioners, cardiologists, nephrologists, endocrinologists, and internal medicine and family practice residents.Purpose: To provide a clinically oriented approach to high blood pressure care that is concise, yet thorough and practical.Content: The text consists of 52 chapters and is divided into 5 sections: history, epidemiology, and definitions; mechanisms; clinical aspects; treatment; and secondary hypertension.Highlights: Eighty-eight authors, representing several continents, grace ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 3 January 2006Volume 144, Issue 1Page: 72KeywordsAntihypertensive drug therapyClinical epidemiologyEndocrinologyHypertensionNephrologyNursesPrimary hypertensionSecondary hypertensionSoftware toolsThoracic surgery ePublished: 3 January 2006 Issue Published: 3 January 2006 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2006 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Intestinal mucosal alterations in experimental cirrhosis in the rat: Role of oxygen free radicals
Authors: Anup Ramachandran, Ramamoorthy Prabhu, Simmy Thomas, Jayasree Basivi Reddy, Anna Pulimood, Kunissery A. Balasubramanian
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

Cirrhosis is associated with altered gastrointestinal function, and bacterial translocation from the gut plays an important role in the etiology of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) seen in this condition. Although alterations in gut motility and intestinal permeability are recognized in cirrhosis, the intestinal damage at the cellular and subcellular levels is not well understood. This study looked at the mucosal alterations in experimental cirrhosis and the role of oxygen free radicals in this process. It was shown that cirrhosis results in oxidative stress in the intestine, as seen by increased xanthine oxidase (XO) activity and altered antioxidant status. Cirrhosis also affects enterocyte mitochondrial function, as assessed by respiratory control ratio, swelling, and calcium flux. Increased lipid peroxidation of the brush border membranes (BBMs) was seen along with altered intestinal transport. In conclusion, this study shows that intestinal mucosal alterations are seen in experimental cirrhosis and are possibly mediated by oxidative stress.
Transverse Myelopathy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: ALEXANDER A. ANDRIANAKOS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Three cases of transverse myelopathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus were reported, and 23 similar cases previously reported were reviewed. A diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus was made in only 60% before the onset of transverse myelopathy. The time of onset of myelopathy was randomly distributed during the disease. The most common presenting neurologic symptom was numbness, or weakness of the legs, or both. A unique association between the acute stage of transverse myelopathy and marked reduction of cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration was observed. Thirteen patients died, 9 had permanent neurologic deficits, and only 4 recovered nearly normal function. Eight patients had Ischemic necrosis of the spinal cord at postmortem examination, and vascular lesions were found in the spinal cord of 3 additional patients. The value of steroid treatment was uncertain. Patients who were started on steroid therapy within 24 hours of the onset of myelopathy may have benefited.
Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: E. Rey
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Papers p 812 

Gestational diabetes mellitus is a concept that arouses considerable controversy. It is defined as “carbohydrate intolerance of varying degrees of severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy.”1 Rather than predicting the development of diabetes later in life, as proposed originally,2 the main purpose of identifying gestational diabetes is to detect women at risk of adverse perinatal outcomes, such as macrosomia, neonatal metabolic abnormalities, birth trauma, and caesarean section.1 3 4 Evidence of the effectiveness of universal screening for gestational diabetes on these outcomes is still lacking.5 However, recent randomised studies indicate that women who are intensively managed can achieve near normal rates of macrosomia and neonatal hypoglycaemia.5–7

Those who do not favour screening for gestational diabetes claim, among other things, that the current screening and diagnostic strategies are cumbersome. In this issue of the BMJ Perucchini et al propose a protocol which could counter this argument: they suggest using a fasting glucose value as a screen for gestational diabetes (p812).8 This protocol …
Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves glucose oxidation and spares lean body mass: Comparison to hypocaloric high-carbohydrate diet
Authors: P.M. Piatti, L.D. Monti, Fulvio Magni, Isabella Fermo, L. Baruffaldi, R. Nasser, G. Santambrogio, M.C. Librenti, M. Galli-Kienle, A.E. Pontiroli, G. Pozza
Journal: Metabolism (1994)
Hypertension, Serum Angiotensinogen, and Molecular Variants of the Angiotensinogen Gene Among Nigerians
Authors: Charles Rotimi, Richard Cooper, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Linda Morrison, Modupe Ladipo, Duane Tewksbury, Ryk Ward
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background We evaluated the association among the M235T and T174M variants of the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene, plasma AGT, and hypertension status in a sample of Nigerians. Methods and Results Participants were selected from the extremes of the blood pressure distribution obtained from the population survey of 2509 men and women aged 25 to 74 years. Cases (hypertensive subjects) were individuals who had high blood pressure or were taking antihypertensive medication, and control subjects were individuals with low blood pressure who had never taken antihypertensive medication. We found a significant association between the M235T variant and plasma AGT level. Hypertensive subjects had higher plasma AGT levels compared with control subjects. The allele frequencies of the two variants were similar in the hypertensive patients and the control subjects. Conclusions The consistent relationships observed between the M235T variant and the protein product and between plasma level of the protein and hypertension status in different ethnic groups provide some evidence for a biochemical mechanism linking DNA variation in the renin-angiotensin system with the hypertension phenotype.
War Wounds of Limbs: Surgical Management
Authors: R N Villar
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Robin M Coupland Butterworth-Heinemann, £30, pp 101 ISBN 0-7506-1491-9

War Wounds of Limbs is an excellent book and had me riveted for the best part of three hours. It is very much a sign of the times: civilian surgeons such as the author can gain huge experience of treating wounds, which often surpasses that of their military counterparts.

The International Committee of the Red Cross has undertaken intensive work over the past 12 years, placing at least 25 separate teams worldwide …
Plasma Prolactin Activity in Inappropriate Lactation
Authors: I. A. Forsyth, G. M. Besser, C. R. W. Edwards, L. Francis, R. P. Myres
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Using a bioassay dependent on the development of a lactogenic response in rabbit mammary tissue cultured in vitro, prolactin distinct from immunoreactive growth hormone has been found in the plasma of patients of both sexes with inappropriate lactation with and without evidence of pituitary tumours. It has also been found in one patient with primary hypothyroidism and galactorrhoea, and in another during chlorpromazine therapy, but not in nine patients with gynaecomastia without galactorrhoea. Plasma prolactin levels were examined in seven patients during oral glucose tolerance tests: no change occurred in the four patients with pituitary tumours, but the levels were suppressed in the three patients with normal pituitary fossae. Prolactin appears to be a distinct pituitary hormone in man, as in animals, and also to be aetiologically related to states of inappropriate lactation.
CDC will explore kidney failure epidemic among agricultural workers
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has launched three new studies to examine a lethal epidemic of kidney failure that has killed agricultural workers along Central America’s Pacific coast and in regions of Sri Lanka, India, and Egypt.

Chronic kidney disease of unknown origin, or CKDu, has crept up on health authorities in the affected countries, affecting many poor rural communities far from research centers. India’s epidemic, concentrated in the Uddanam region of Andhra Pradesh, emerged after research into typical forms of chronic kidney disease had found large numbers of young men with the disease who had neither diabetes nor hypertension—the usual precursors of kidney failure.

But the largest affected region is western Central America, where at least 20 000 men of working age are believed to …
Immunoreactive Corticotrophin Levels in Adrenocortical Insufficiency
Authors: G. M. Besser, D. R. Cullen, W. J. Irvine, J. G. Ratcliffe, J. Landon
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Plasma concentrations of immunoreactive corticotrophin (ACTH) have been determined in 14 patients with untreated Addison9s disease and in 42 patients with secondary adrenocortical insufficiency. Basal morning plasma ACTH levels were markedly raised in those with Addison9s disease but were either in the normal range or undetectable in the group with secondary adrenocortical insufficiency. In the group with Addison9s disease circulating ACTH values showed a definite nyctohemeral rhythm, a pronounced rise in response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, and an immediate fall following the intravenous injection of corticosteroids, with a half-life of between 13·5 and 44·2 minutes. When assays were performed with antisera directed against the portion of the ACTH molecule responsible for corticosteroidogenesis (the N-terminal portion) the apparent ACTH concentrations were lower than with antisera directed against the non-steroidogenic (C-terminal) portion of the molecule. This emphasizes that different antisera may give different apparent hormone concentrations, and that the ranges of values obtained in normal and abnormal states must be established for each antiserum.
915-77 Big ET-1-lnfusion in Man Causes Only Renal ET-1-Release but Potent and Long-lasting Systemic, Pulmonary, Renal and Splanchnic Vasoconstriction
Authors: Gunvor Ahlborg, Astrid Ottosson-Seeberger, Anette Hemsém, Jan M. Lundberg
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Targeting Inflammation Using Salsalate in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Effects on Flow-Mediated Dilation (TINSAL-FMD)
Authors: Allison B. Goldfine, J. Stewart Buck, Cyrus Desouza, Vivian Fonseca, Yii-Der Ida Chen, Steven E. Shoelson, Kathleen A. Jablonski, Mark A. Creager
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

OBJECTIVE To test whether inhibiting inflammation with salsalate improves endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted an ancillary study to the National Institutes of Health–sponsored, multicenter, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of salsalate in targeting inflammation to improve glycemia in patients with T2D. Flow-mediated, endothelium-dependent dilation (FMD) and endothelium-independent, nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD) of the brachial artery were assessed at baseline and 3 and 6 months following randomization to either salsalate 3.5 g/day or placebo. The primary end point was change in FMD at 6 months. RESULTS A total of 88 participants were enrolled in the study, and data after randomization were available for 75. Patients in the treatment and control groups had similar ages (56 years), BMI (33 kg/m2), sex (64% male), ethnicity, current treatment, and baseline HbA1c (7.7% [61 mmol/mol]). In patients treated with salsalate versus placebo, HbA1c was reduced by 0.46% (5.0 mmol/mol; P &amp;lt; 0.001), fasting glucose by 16.1 mg/dL (P &amp;lt; 0.001), and white blood cell count by 430 cells/µL (P &amp;lt; 0.02). There was no difference in the mean change in either FMD (0.70% [95% CI −0.86 to 2.25%]; P = 0.38) or NMD (−0.59% [95% CI −2.70 to 1.51%]; P = 0.57) between the groups treated with salsalate and placebo at 6 months. Total and LDL cholesterol were 11 and 16 mg/dL higher, respectively, and urinary albumin was 2.0 µg/mg creatinine higher in the patients treated with salsalate compared with those treated with placebo (all P &amp;lt; 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Salsalate does not change FMD in peripheral conduit arteries in patients with T2D despite lowering HbA1c. This finding suggests that salsalate does not have an effect on vascular inflammation, inflammation does not cause endothelial dysfunction in T2D, or confounding effects of salsalate mitigate favorable effects on endothelial function.