tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Underrecognition of Dementia by Caregivers Cuts Across Cultures
Authors: Lydia H. Greiner
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The article by Dr Ross and colleagues<sup>1</sup>indicates that 21% of family informants failed to recognize memory problems in noninstitutionalized elderly Japanese-American men who were subsequently found to have dementia. This high prevalence of unrecognized dementia is disturbing given that recognition of a problem is the first step in appropriately caring for a patient. We suspected that a significant percentage of professional caregivers also would fail to recognize dementia. Furthermore, we were concerned that caregivers might label some nondemented older adults as demented. We investigated these issues in 678 white Catholic sisters of European ancestry who are participants in the Nun Study, a longitudinal study of aging and Alzheimer disease.<sup>2-4</sup>Each year, participants complete a standard battery of tests to assess cognitive function and identify dementia. In addition, each sister agreed to donate her brain at death for neuropathologic evaluation. As described elsewhere,<sup>3</sup>clinical
First aid in motor sport: (video). Motorsport Safety Fund, PO Box 239, West Malling, Kent ME19 4BL, UK. (pound10.00 including post and packing.)
Authors: Paul McCrory
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2001)

This video is designed to cover first aid practices in motor sport. The authors claim that it is aimed at giving everyone involved in all disciplines of motor sport a basic understanding of first aid. Having watched the video through twice, I remain unclear as to whether this aim is actually achieved.

Clearly in a 13 minute video, one cannot hope to cover first aid in any detail. Therefore people who watch the video need to be familiar with first aid beforehand. Why would you then watch such a video? Perhaps as a quick update of the issues before a sporting event. I would think for most first aiders this information is almost too basic and would suspect that they may gain little from the exercise.

The problem is that the video concentrates primarily on the basics of first aid—that is, the “ABC” approach as well as other issues of hypothermia, burns, and so forth which are covered in a very superficial …
The Spread of Chloroquine-Resistant Malaria in Africa
Authors: John S. Moran
Journal: JAMA (1989)

Spreading from 2 countries in 1978 to at least 29 in 1988, chloroquine-resistant<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>malaria has become a significant concern for travelers to Africa. The spread of chloroquine resistance has been documented by sporadic case reports and by isolated population surveys, which do not always completely reflect the risk of infection for travelers using chloroquine prophylaxis. Surveillance of Peace Corps volunteers in West Africa indicates that as of January 1, 1989,<i>P falciparum</i>malaria resistant to chloroquine prophylaxis had spread as far west as Liberia, with only limited risk in Sierra Leone and to the north and west of Sierra Leone. Monitoring the incidence of malaria in highly exposed expatriates provides early warning of the emergence of drug-resistant<i>P falciparum</i>malaria and can provide data to guide recommendations for travelers. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1989;262:245-248)
Mucosal Biopsy of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Charles B. Clayman
Journal: JAMA (1979)

The author has presented an extensive atlas of the microscopic appearance of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract from the stomach to the rectum. He compares and contrasts biopsy specimens from these sites in health and nonneoplastic disease. The emphasis is on the histopathological characteristics of the tissues and cells. Variations of pattern are cited, which represent the manner that etiology is developed. Correlation with clinical aspects of the lesions described is limited perhaps to retain emphasis on description of microscopic findings and to avoid overexpansion of the text. This represents no disadvantage to the expert but causes the student to seek this information elsewhere. Regrettably, the numerous photomicrographs are all black and white, which tend to make more difficult visualization of some of the fine material. However, the cost of the book would probably have been multiplied considerably were color to have been used. The volume provides a thorough
Acute Reductions in Blood Flow and Shear Stress Induce Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-A Expression in Baboon Prosthetic Grafts
Authors: Larry W. Kraiss, Randolph L. Geary, Erney J.R. Mattsson, Selina Vergel, Y.P. Tina Au, Alexander W. Clowes
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

Abrupt reductions in fluid shear stress induce subendothelial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to proliferate in experimental prosthetic grafts. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), an important SMC mitogen, is expressed by cultured endothelial cells and modulated by shear stress. We hypothesized that this growth factor would be modulated by changes in shear stress in vivo. Bilateral aortoiliac prosthetic grafts were implanted into five baboons. High flow was generated by construction of femoral arteriovenous fistulas on both sides. Two months later, one of the fistulas was ligated, reducing shear stress in the upstream graft by 78±6%. Four days after fistula ligation, all grafts were removed and analyzed. As previously reported, SMC proliferation in low-flow grafts exceeded that in high-flow grafts, although the neointimal area was similar. mRNA levels for PDGF-A were significantly increased in low-flow grafts compared with high-flow grafts. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies localized the increased PDGF-A mRNA and protein to the luminal endothelium and subjacent SMCs. Abrupt reductions in blood flow and fluid shear stress may induce accelerated neointimal thickening by a PDGF-A–mediated mechanism, since endothelial expression of this gene is temporally and anatomically associated with neointimal SMC proliferation.
Clinical Ecogenetics
Authors: John J. Mulvihill
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

The report of colon cancer in a family in Utah in this week's issue of the Journal 1 brings up the question, What is a "cancer family"? Since one in four Americans has cancer in a lifetime, most readers will have some relatives with cancer, and some, by chance, will have many. In two surveys with imperfect sampling techniques, 6 per cent and 1.5 per cent of persons without cancer said that they had three or more relatives with the disease.2 , 3 Among 200 consecutive patients in an adult oncology clinic, 50 per cent reported having at least one first-degree relative with . . .
Effects of the Circadian Rhythm Gene Period 1 (<i>Per1</i>) on Psychosocial Stress-Induced Alcohol Drinking
Authors: Li Dong, Ainhoa Bilbao, Manfred Laucht, Richard Henriksson, Tatjana Yakovleva, Monika Ridinger, Sylvane Desrivieres, Toni-Kim Clarke, Anbarasu Lourdusamy, Michael N. Smolka, Sven Cichon, Dorothea Blomeyer, Jens Treutlein, Stephanie Perreau-Lenz, Stephanie Witt, Fernando Leonardi-Essmann, Norbert Wodarz, Peter Zill, Michael Soyka, Urs Albrecht, Marcella Rietschel, Mark Lathrop, Georgy Bakalkin, Rainer Spanagel, Gunter Schumann
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2011)

Circadian and stress-response systems mediate environmental changes that affect alcohol drinking. Psychosocial stress is an environmental risk factor for alcohol abuse. Circadian rhythm gene period 1 (Per1) is targeted by stress hormones and is transcriptionally activated in corticotropin releasing factor-expressing cells. The authors hypothesized that Per1 is involved in integrating stress response and circadian rhythmicity and explored its relevance to alcohol drinking.In mice, the effects of stress on ethanol intake in mPer1-mutant and wild-type mice were assessed. In humans, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in hPer1 were tested for association with alcohol drinking behavior in 273 adolescents and an adult case-control sample of 1,006 alcohol-dependent patients and 1,178 comparison subjects. In vitro experiments were conducted to measure genotype-specific expression and transcription factor binding to hPer1.The mPer1-mutant mice showed enhanced alcohol consumption in response to social defeat stress relative to their wild-type littermates. An association with the frequency of heavy drinking in adolescents with the hPer1 promoter SNP rs3027172 and with psychosocial adversity was found. There was significant interaction between the rs3027172 genotype and psychosocial adversity on this drinking measure. In a confirmatory analysis, association of hPer1 rs3027172 with alcohol dependence was shown. Cortisol-induced transcriptional activation of hPer1 was reduced in human B-lymphoblastoid cells carrying the risk genotype of rs3027172. Binding affinity of the transcription factor Snail1 to the risk allele of the hPer1 SNP rs3027172 was also reduced.The findings indicate that the hPer1 gene regulates alcohol drinking behavior during stressful conditions and provide evidence for underlying neurobiological mechanisms.
TUBERCULOSIS OF SPLEEN WITH POLYCYTHEMIA AND SPLENOMEGALY IMPROVED BY TREATMENT WITH RADIUM AND BENZENE
Authors: George Douglas Head
Journal: JAMA (1924)

An opportunity to observe the effect of radium exposures over the spleen in a case of polycythemia and splenomegaly over a series of years in repeated exacerbations of the disease does not often present itself. The case reported here was observed from Jan. 26, 1917, to Sept. 10, 1923, in four distinct attacks, during which the polycythemic state became much aggravated. In three of these exacerbations, radium exposures over the spleen with or without the administration of benzene produced a profound improvement in the blood within three months following the use of the radium. The case is reported for this reason and its scientific importance. <h3>History.</h3> —Mrs. V., aged 49, mother of four children, two living and two that died at delivery (twins), was examined, Jan. 26, 1917. Her mother had died of carcinoma of the stomach, and one sister had died of carcinoma of the uterus; two sisters were
The Internist's World According to Garp
Authors: Frederick A. Paola, Tariq Malik
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

Letters15 May 1992The Internist's World According to GarpFrederick A. Paola, MD, JD, Tariq Malik, MD, MPHFrederick A. Paola, MD, JDSearch for more papers by this author, Tariq Malik, MD, MPHSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-116-10-879 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editors:"It's like trying to make the dead come alive," he said. "No, no, that's not right—it's more like trying to keep everyone alive, forever. Even the ones who must die in the end. They're the most important to keep alive."—John Irving, The World According to Garp (1)T.S. Garp was talking about literature, though he might just as well have been talking about modern medicine.All too often, patients with a quality of life falling "below the threshold considered minimal"—that is, patients characterized by "extreme physical debilitation and a complete loss of sensory and intellectual activity"...References1. Irving J. The World According To Garp. New York; E.P. Dutton; 1978. Google Scholar2. JonsenSieglerWinslade AMV. Clinical Ethics. New York: MacMillan; 1982. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 May 1992Volume 116, Issue 10Page: 879-879KeywordsQuality of life Issue Published: 15 May 1992 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Suppression of Thyroid Radioiodine Uptake by Various Doses of Stable Iodide
Authors: Elliot Sternthal, Leslie Lipworth, Bruce Stanley, Cynthia Abreau, Shih-Lieh Fang, Lewis E. Braverman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

We studied the effect of various doses of sodium iodide on thyroid radioiodine uptake in euthyroid volunteers by giving single doses of 10, 30, 50, and 100 mg and then daily doses of 10, 15, 30, 50, or 100 mg for 12 days thereafter. All single doses above 10 mg suppressed 24-hour thyroid uptake of 123I to 0.7 to 1.5 per cent. Continued daily administration of 15 mg of iodide or more resulted in values consistently below 2 per cent. A small but statistically significant fall in serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and a rise in serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations were observed after eight and 12 days of iodide treatment. These data suggest that the thyroid uptake of radio-active iodine can be markedly suppressed by single-dose administration of 30 mg of stable iodide and that suppression can be maintained with daily doses of at least 15 mg. This study provides guidelines for stable iodide prophylaxis in the event of exposure to radio-active iodine. (N Engl J Med. 1980; 303:1083–8.)
Atrial natriuretic peptides in pathophysiological diseases
Authors: D Vesely
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2001)

Time for primary review 32 days. 

Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) consist of a family of peptides which are synthesized and then stored as three different prohormones (i.e., 126 amino acid [a.a.] atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 108 a.a. brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and 126 a.a. C-natriuretic peptide prohormones (CNP) prohormones) [1]. The present review will concentrate on atrial peptides and especially on the natriuretic peptides originating from the ANP prohormone in pathophysiological conditions. There are several excellent recent reviews on the biochemistry and molecular biology of the natriuretic peptides [2,3] and their physiology [4–6] so these aspects will not be reviewed in detail in the present review.

### 2.1 Cerebrovascular disease — molecular biology of natriuretic peptides

To understand which of the atrial natriuretic peptides may be associated with cerebrovascular accidents (i.e., strokes) [7,8] and other cardiovascular disease states, it is necessary to briefly review the molecular biology of how the respective atrial natriuretic peptides are synthesized. The gene encoding for the synthesis of atrial natriuretic peptide preprohormone consists of three exons (coding) sequences separated by two intron (intervening) sequences (Fig. 1) [9–12]. Exon 1 encodes the signal peptide which is cleaved from the preprohormone (152 a.a.) in the endoplasmic reticulum to form a prohormone of 126 a.a., which is the storage form of the various atrial peptide hormones within tissues [11–13]. Exon 1 also encodes for the first 16 amino acids of this prohormone [9–12] which after proteolytic processing of the ANP prohormone is also the first 16 a.a. of a peptide hormone named long acting natriuretic peptide (LANP) (Fig. 1). Exon 3 encodes for the terminal tyrosine (i.e., a.a. 126 of the ANP prohormone) in humans and 3 a.a. (Try-Arg-Arg) in rat, mouse, rabbit, and cow [9–13]. Exon 2 encodes for the rest of the prohormone (i.e., a.a. 17–125 in humans) [9–13].



Fig. 1 
Structure of … 



* Tel.: +1-813-972-7624; fax: +1-813-972-7623 vesely.david_l{at}tampa.va.gov
Regulation of the anti-Sm autoantibody response in systemic lupus erythematosus mice by monoclonal anti-Sm antibodies.
Authors: R A Eisenberg, D S Pisetsky, S Y Craven, J P Grudier, M A O'Donnell, P L Cohen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

The administration of certain monoclonal anti-Sm antibodies (2G7, 7.13) induced most MRL/lpr mice to become anti-Sm positive by 5 mo of age, although other anti-Sm monoclonals (Y2, Y12) suppressed the spontaneous response. Positive anti-Sm antibody enhancement occurred efficiently only in MRL/lpr mice and not in other systemic lupus erythematosus mice that have little spontaneous anti-Sm production. The enhancement by anti-Sm antibodies was specific for the anti-Sm response. The mechanism of the passive antibody enhancement was apparently not isotype- or idiotype-related. The fine specificity of the anti-Sm monoclonal antibody may be essential to its enhancing or suppressing effects, since both enhancing monoclonals recognized only the D Sm polypeptide, whereas both suppressing monoclonals saw the D and the B polypeptides. Furthermore, analysis of serial bleeds from unmanipulated MRL mice that developed anti-Sm positivity showed that the D specificity almost always appeared first. We hypothesize, therefore, that those animals in which an anti-Sm response is initiated by D-specific B-cell clones can become serologically positive with the aid of a positive feedback loop. In contrast, animals in which the initial specificity is for both B and D peptides would be prevented from developing a full anti-Sm response.
Combined inhalation of nitric oxide and oxygen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Authors: M Yoshida, O Taguchi, E C Gabazza, T Kobayashi, T Yamakami, H Kobayashi, K Maruyama, T Shima
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to reduce the mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and to improve PaO2 in patients with acute respiratory failure undergoing oxygen (O2) therapy. However, inhaled NO reduced pulmonary hypertension without improving PaO2 in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study was intended to compare the hemodynamic and gas exchange responses during inhalation of NO or O2 with those observed during the combined inhalation of NO and O2 in 10 spontaneously breathing COPD patients. Hemodynamic and blood gas parameters were measured after breathing: (1) room air; (2) NO added to room air; (3) O2 (1 L/min); or (4) NO and O2. During inhalation of 2 ppm NO added to room air, the mPAP (23.1 +/- 2.5 versus 20.6 +/- 2.2 mm Hg) and the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) (434 +/- 70 versus 378 +/- 50 dyne s/cm5) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those measured with room air. However, the values of PaO2 did not improve. The combined inhalation of NO and O2 was associated not only with a significant (p < 0.05) decrease of mPAP (21.4 +/- 2.3 versus 19.7 +/- 1.8 mm Hg) and PVR (431 +/- 72 versus 370 +/- 44 dyne s/cm5), but also with a remarkable improvement (p < 0.05) in the values of PaO2 (91.4 +/- 6.6 versus 111.5 +/- 7.8 mm Hg) as compared with values obtained during the inhalation of O2 alone. These findings suggest that combined therapy with NO and O2 may constitute an alternative approach to treating patients with COPD and pulmonary hypertension.
FURTHER EXPERIENCES WITH THE USE OF SODIUM DIPHENYL HYDANTOINATE IN THE TREATMENT OF CONVULSIVE DISORDERS
Authors: H. HOUSTON MERRITT, TRACY J. PUTNAM
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1940)

In 227 of 267 patients previously refractory to other forms of therapy, sodium diphenyl hydantoinate has been found to be an effective, non-sedative and relatively non-toxic means of controlling or reducing convulsive seizures over periods varying from two months to two years. A more prolonged study on a larger series of cases is necessary to establish its place in the treatment of patients with convulsive seizures.
Psychiatric patient awarded compensation after doctors failed to detain him
Authors: C. Zinn
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Doctors have warned that a controversial court decision, awarding a psychotic killer compensation from a hospital and from psychiatric registrar for negligently failing to detain him, could lead to chaos in the health system.

The Australian Medical Association warned that the move by New South Wales's Supreme Court to award the man $A300 000 (£124 200;$195 200; €179 500) after stabbing his brother's fiancee in a rage set a dangerous precedent. The New South Wales health department is appealing against Justice Michael Adams's ruling, which found that the Hunter Area …
"LAUGHTER AND HEALTH"
Authors: James J. Walsh
Journal: JAMA (1928)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Thank you for making my latest book, "Laughter and Health," the subject of a leading editorial. Thank you too for soaking it. I expect that most reviewers will do so. Before I wrote it I asked Colonel Garrison at the Surgeon General's Library if there was a book on the subject and he told me there was not, though there were numbers on the physiology and psychology of laughter. Knowing that I was writing a first book on the subject, whatever knowledge I have of the history of medicine was not likely to make me think that a first book on any subject would escape severe criticism on the part of reviewers. That is the way of reviewers. Usually the first thing they say of a new idea is that the author does not know what he is talking about and then that what he has to
RHEUMATIC FEVER AND AMYLOID DEGENERATION
Authors: J. M. Beattie
Journal: BMJ (1906)

and constant of these is that it becomes deposited in an ilnsoluble form on standing for a longer or shorter time.This insoluble dysalbumose, as it has been called, is generally to be found in a specimen that has stood for some weeks.I have by me a bottle of urine which I filtered quite clear twelve months ago, and which now contains a dense deposit.This deposit may take place very rapidly; in my first case it sometimes took place in the patient's bladder, and consequently the urine looked like milk wihen voided.This change is apparently of the same iature as the coagulation by heat.
PROGNOSIS OF HEART FAILURE IN ADULTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Authors: A.C. Zomer, I. Vaartjes, E.T. van der Velde, T.C. Konings, L.J. Wagenaar, W.F. Heesen, F.L.J. Eerens, L.H.B. Baur, D.E. Grobbee, B.J.M. Mulder
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Letter: Endotoxic shock after transhepatic cholangiography.
Authors: A P Ross
Journal: BMJ (1973)

in a viable ipregnancy, provided that maternal efficiency remained constant.The only way to resolve these questions is to make an effort to inspect all spontaneously aborted fetuses and to record any malforma- tions found.Mothers are very willing to keep products of conception, and sihould be asked to do so if bleeding occurs early in prgenancy.Sadly their medical attendants often fail to show any interest in the fetus once it is aborted.We have received several fetuses with obvious neural tube defects that had not been medically diagnosed, or whose state had not been recorded in the notes.Before these questions are resolved there is no way of testing the hypothesis put forward by Dr. Roberts and Mrs. Lloyd.There is, however, an alternative possible
Epidural Glucocorticoid Injections in Patients with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Authors: Gunnar B.J. Andersson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

Epidural injections are common. An estimated 10 million to 11 million injections (2.2 million in the Medicare population) are administered annually in the United States.1 Although many injections are used for indications other than spinal stenosis, epidural injections have become almost an expected part of a comprehensive nonoperative treatment protocol in patients with this condition. Yet, evidence to support this practice is incomplete and conflicting.24 In a January 2013 review and recommendation statement, the North American Spine Society2 concluded that "there is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation for or against the efficacy of transforaminal epidural steroid injections in . . .