tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory action of acetylcholine on potassium uptake of the sinus node
Authors: E. MUSSO, M. VASSALLE
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1975)

The effect of endogenously released and exogenously administered acetylcholine on potassium uptake was studied in the sinus node of the guinea pig under different conditions. The results suggest the following conclusions : (1) acetylcholine is released in small amounts in the sinus node perfused in vitro and more so during electrical stimulation; (2) when the muscarinic receptors are blocked, an inhibitory action of endogenously-released acetylcholine on potassium uptake is revealed; (3) the inhibition requires small concentrations of acetylcholine, for 10-5 mol/1 eserine, by preventing acetylcholine hydrolysis, turns the inhibition into a stimulation of potassium uptake; and (4) the inhibitory action of acetylcholine on potassium uptake can be reproduced by administering small amounts of exogenous acetylcholine.
Lupus-like syndrome induced by methyldopa.
Authors: A Dupont, R Six
Journal: BMJ (1982)

tion, would facilitate the swallowing of air into the stomach.This may have been further exacerbated by the use of both a tight-fitting oxygen mask in the ambulance and a nebuliser on arrival at hospital.'Watts HD.Lesions brought on by vomiting: the effect of hiatus hernia on the site of injury.
EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE ON PLASMA FATTY ACIDS*
Authors: M. S. Raben, C. H. Hollenberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1959)

Administration of growth hormone to animals has been found to reduce fat stores (1, 2), to increase liver fat (3,4) and to cause ketosis (5) and a de- pression of respiratory quotient (6, 7).The in- crease in mobilization and metabolism of fat im- plied by these findings has been thought to con- tribute either in an auxiliary or in an essential way to the anabolic stimulus induced by growth hor- mone.
Failures of the therapeutic chain as a cause of drug ineffectiveness
Authors: A. Figueras
Journal: BMJ (2003)

trial.The National Cancer Institute has launched the national lung screening trial, a controlled study of 50 000 people that randomises participants to chest screening by computed tomography or x ray and uses mortality as an end point.It is the right way to address this issue, but it could take a decade to produce an answer.How should patients, especially those who smoke, be advised in the meantime?After providing counselling for nicotine dependence doctors could suggest that patients enrol in the national lung screening trial or similar trials.If patients simply want to get scanned, doctors should take the time to discuss the pros and cons.Doctors without financial conflicts of interest are best positioned to give balanced informed consent.As patients' fiduciary, doctors should tell patients in explicit terms that such screening has no proved benefit and that serious risks could outweigh benefits (if there are any).Patients should understand that the stakes are high.
Anaesthesia in Minor Surgery
Authors: J. H. T. Challis
Journal: BMJ (1937)

Under this heading it would be possible to discuss every type of anaesthesia, past and present.Obviously this would serve no useful purpose, so it is proposed to limit the remarks to a definition of the ideal and then give the advantages and disadvantages of a few of those anaes- thetics in constant use for this type of surgery.The definition is covered by the following six require- ments: (1) That the anaesthetic is safe. ( 2 That the patient should not be hindered from continuing his work up to the time of the anaesthesia. (3)That the necessary depth of anaesthesia be induced for the successful per- fot mance of the particular operation. (4)That the
Dietary folate protects against the development of macroscopic colonic neoplasia in a dose responsive manner in rats.
Authors: Y I Kim, R N Salomon, F Graeme-Cook, S W Choi, D E Smith, G E Dallal, J B Mason
Journal: Gut (1996)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Diminished folate status is associated with enhanced colorectal carcinogenesis. This study investigated the potential chemopreventive role of dietary folate in the dimethylhydrazine colorectal cancer model. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing either 0, 2 (daily dietary requirement), 8 or 40 mg folate/kg diet for 20 weeks. After five weeks of diet, rats were injected with dimethyl-hydrazine (44 mg/kg) weekly for 15 weeks. Fifteen weeks after the first injection of dimethylhydrazine, all rats were killed. Folate status was determined, and the entire colorectum from each rat was analysed for macroscopic and microscopic neoplasms. RESULTS: Plasma and colonic folate concentrations correlated directly with dietary folate levels (p &lt; 0.005). The incidence of microscopic neoplasms was similar among the four groups. However, the incidence and the average number of macroscopic tumours per rat decreased progressively with increasing dietary folate levels up to 8 mg/kg diet (p &lt; 0.05). In the strongly procarcinogenic milieu used in this study, folate supplementation at 20 times the basal requirement was associated with rates of macroscopic tumour development that were intermediate, and not statistically distinct, from rates observed at either 0 or 8 mg/kg diet. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that in this rat model, (a) increasing dietary folate up to four times the basal requirement leads to a progressive reduction in the evolution of macroscopic neoplasms from microscopic foci; and (b) folate supplementation beyond four times the requirement does not convey further benefit.
Olive, grass or both? Molecular diagnosis for the allergen immunotherapy selection in polysensitized pollinic patients
Authors: C. Moreno, J. L. Justicia, J. Quiralte, Á. Moreno‐Ancillo, A. Iglesias‐Cadarso, M. Torrecillas, N. Labarta, M. A. García, I. Dávila
Journal: Allergy (2014)

Abstract Background Grass and olive are the most frequently pollens that induce seasonal allergic rhinitis in Spain. Cross‐reactivity due to panallergens shared by them and overlapping pollination complicates the recognition of allergy‐causing agents, making it difficult to identify the most appropriate allergen immunotherapy ( AIT ) to use. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitization pattern to major grass and olive pollen allergens using component‐resolved diagnostics in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis ( SAR ) and positive skin prick test to grass and olive pollens and evaluate how knowledge of the sensitization patterns might influence AIT prescription. Methods After informed written consent, a total of 1263 patients were recruited. A serum determination of specific IgE levels to Ole e 1 and Phl p 1 + 5 was performed to all patients. A comparison was made before and after obtaining the specific IgE results, and differences in diagnosis were stated. Results At the 0.35 kU/l cut‐off point, 71.2% of patients were positive to Ole e 1 and Phl p 1 + 5, 14% were positive only to Phl p 1 + 5 and 12% were positive only to Ole e 1. Based on available clinical data and skin prick test results, 922 (73%) patients would have been indicated for a mixture of grass and olive pollens for AIT. In 56.8% of patients, there was non‐coincidence in the composition of AIT that would be selected before and after investigators received the in vitro data. Conclusion The diagnostic accuracy of the recombinant allergen‐specific IgE test could help to improve the selection of specific‐allergen immunotherapy in polysensitized patients.
Atrial Linear Ablations in Pigs
Authors: Lior Gepstein, Gal Hayam, Shlomo Shpun, David Cohen, Shlomo A. Ben-Haim
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Generation of long and continuous linear ablations is required in a growing number of atrial arrhythmias. However, deployment and assessment of these lesions may be difficult, and there are few data regarding their short- and long-term effects on atrial electrophysiology and pathology.A nonfluoroscopic mapping and navigation technique was used to generate 3-dimensional (3D) electroanatomic maps of the right atrium in 8 pigs. The catheter was then used to deliver sequential radiofrequency (RF) applications (power output gradually increased until 80% reduction in the amplitude of the unipolar electrogram) to generate a continuous lesion between the superior and inferior venae cavae. The animals were remapped 4 weeks after ablation during septal pacing. Lesion continuity was confirmed in all cases by the following criteria: (1) activation maps indicating conduction block [significant disparities in activation times (52.0+/-16.0 ms) and opposite orientation of the activation wave front on opposing sides of the lesion], (2) evidence of double potentials (interspike time difference of 52.3+/-17.1 ms), and (3) low peak-to-peak amplitude of the bipolar electrograms (0.7+/-0.6 mV) along the lesion. At autopsy, all lesions were continuous and transmural, averaged 50.5+/-6.7 mm, and were characterized histologically by transmural fibrosis throughout the length of the lesion.Long linear atrial ablation, created by sequential RF applications (using unipolar amplitude attenuation as the end point for energy delivery), results in long-term continuous and transmural lesions. Lesion continuity is associated with evidence of conduction block in the 3D activation maps and the presence of double potentials and low electrogram amplitude along the lesion.
Unusual Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Authors: A. Leach, B. W. Lewis
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Management of Acute SalicylatePoisoning SIR,-Unexpected sudden death has been a recognized feature of acute salicylate poisoning, and it still occurs.An early acidosis is the cause.Would not a blood pH done in casualty probably be life-saving ?The result can be obtained in 15 minutes- far quicker than the plasma-salicylate level.-I am, etc.,
COMPARATIVE OUTCOMES OF PERICARDIOCENTESIS VERSUS SURGICAL PERICARDIOTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND PERICARDIAL EFFUSION IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Chad Joseph Zack, Paul Hermany, James McClurken, T. Sloane Guy, Howard Cohen, Crystal Gadegbeku, Alfred Bove, Riyaz Bashir
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Abstract P3-06-16: The difference of molecular subtypes and prognosis after surgery for breast cancer patients with each blood types
Authors: N Kondo, T Fujita, M Sawaki, M Hattori, A Horio, N GONDO, A Idota, M Ichikawa, H Iwata
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract (Introduction) ABO blood type has been associated with various malignancies, including pancreatic and stomach cancer. However the correlation between blood type and hormone receptor (ER/PR), HER2/neu, patient outcomes remains largely unexplored in patients with breast cancer. (Methods)This study involved retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with primary breast cancer stages I-III at Aichi Cancer Hospital between January 2004 and December 2011. Among 1944 breast cancer patients, the relationships between ABO blood type and clinicopathological findings, outcomes were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and c2 analysis were utilized for data summary and comparisons. (Results) Of 1944 patients, 723 (37%), 577 (29%), 446 (23%), 198 (11%) were blood type A, O, B, AB respectively. This distribution is similar to that reported previously for general Japanese population. 327 (16.8%) patients were ductal carcinoma in situ and 1617 (83.2%) were invasive cancer, and there were no significant differences in this distribution based on each blood types. Among 1617 invasive breast cancer patients, we did not observe significant associations between blood type and pathological T stage or pathological N stage. However, patients with blood type O had lower rate of Luminal type (68.2%) compared blood type A, B, AB (73.5%, 75.2% and 76.0%, respectively (P = 0.03). The blood type O had higher rate of Tripe Negative type (13.7%) compared blood type A, B, AB (10.6%, 9.9% and 8.4%, respectively (P = 0.04). No other statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics among the four blood type groups were noted. No significant differences were observed in type of treatment (endcrine therapy, chemotherapy and anti-HER2 therapy) in each breast cancer subtypes among four blood type groups. Compared to women with blood type A, there was no significant difference in disease free survival among the for blood type O [hazard ratio (HR) 1.754; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.735-2.731], blood type B (HR 0.978; 95% CI 0.724-1.542.), blood type AB (HR 1.235; 95% CI 0.694-2.864). For patients with blood type O, this difference did not reach statistical significance, although a trend toward worse prognosis of the patients with blood type O status was seen. (Conclusion) The blood type O had lower rate of Luminal type and higher rate of Tripe Negative type compared other blood types. No significant differences were observed in disease-free survival according to ABO blood types. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P3-06-16.
FALSE POSITIVE REACTION TO THE PIPEROXAN HYDROCHLORIDE TEST FOR PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
Authors: Alfred Soffer
Journal: JAMA (1952)

The classical clinical picture of intermittent episodes of hypertension produced by pheochromocytoma is well documented.<sup>1</sup>It is now established that these tumors are more often associated with sustained hypertension and that this clinical state may simulate that of essential or malignant hypertension.<sup>2</sup>In the latter cases piperoxan (benodaine®) hydrochloride as utilized in the test introduced by Goldenberg, Snyder, and Aranow in 1947, has proved to be of continuous diagnostic value.<sup>3</sup>Goldenberg and Aranow stated in 1950 that in the several thousand tests performed in this country and in Great Britain no proved false positive results have been reported.<sup>4</sup>They question the diagnosis of renal hypertension in a case presented by Taliaferro, Adams, and Haag.<sup>5</sup>Palmer and Loofbourow have stated, "We know of two cases misdiagnosed, i. e., false positives."<sup>6</sup>More recently (1951) Shapiro and his associates reported the specificity of this test as evidenced
Author's reply to Cottrell
Authors: G. Taubes
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Cottrell cites a World Sugar Research Organisation report claiming that world consumption of caloric sweeteners (such as sucrose and high fructose corn syrup) has been static for decades.1 These data are difficult to reconcile with International Sugar Organisation reports that world sugar consumption rose between 2001 and 2011—by an average of 2.2% yearly, nearly twice the population growth rate.2

Such trends can …
Topical sodium cromoglycate in the management of atopic eczema—a controlled trial
Authors: MRIN ARIYANAYAGAM, T.J.G. BARLOW, PAMELA GRAHAM, S.P. HALL-SMITH, J.M. HARRIS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

A double-blind, group comparison trial of a topical cream containing 4% sodium cromoglycate (SCG) was undertaken in forty-six patients with chronic atopic eczema. A statistically significant improvement was seen after 9 weeks in the actively treated patients compared with the placebo group. However, in general, no benefit was observed in severe eczema, perhaps due in some part to the seemingly late onset of action of SCG. Measurement of total serum IgE before and after the trial showed an increase in levels which was apparently unrelated to treatment with SCG or placebo or to a change in severity of the eczema. The amount of SCG in the urine was small and very variable, indicating low percutaneous absorption. The calculated bioavailability ranged from 0.01% to 2.75% of the applied dose. These results together with follow-up studies suggest that topical SCG as a long-term measure may be useful in the management of mild or moderately severe eczema, reducing the frequency of acute exacerbations.
Interaction between neuronal nitric oxide synthase and inhibitory G protein activity in heart rate regulation in conscious mice.
Authors: P Jumrussirikul, J Dinerman, T M Dawson, V L Dawson, U Ekelund, D Georgakopoulos, L P Schramm, H Calkins, S H Snyder, J M Hare, R D Berger
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Nitric oxide (NO) synthesized within mammalian sinoatrial cells has been shown to participate in cholinergic control of heart rate (HR). However, it is not known whether NO synthesized within neurons plays a role in HR regulation. HR dynamics were measured in 24 wild-type (WT) mice and 24 mice in which the gene for neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) was absent (nNOS-/- mice). Mean HR and HR variability were compared in subsets of these animals at baseline, after parasympathetic blockade with atropine (0.5 mg/kg i.p.), after beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol (1 mg/kg i.p.), and after combined autonomic blockade. Other animals underwent pressor challenge with phenylephrine (3 mg/kg i.p.) after beta-adrenergic blockade to test for a baroreflex-mediated cardioinhibitory response. The latter experiments were then repeated after inactivation of inhibitory G proteins with pertussis toxin (PTX) (30 microgram/kg i.p.). At baseline, nNOS-/- mice had higher mean HR (711+/-8 vs. 650+/-8 bpm, P = 0.0004) and lower HR variance (424+/-70 vs. 1,112+/-174 bpm2, P = 0.001) compared with WT mice. In nNOS-/- mice, atropine administration led to a much smaller change in mean HR (-2+/-9 vs. 49+/-5 bpm, P = 0.0008) and in HR variance (64+/-24 vs. -903+/-295 bpm2, P = 0.02) than in WT mice. In contrast, propranolol administration and combined autonomic blockade led to similar changes in mean HR between the two groups. After beta-adrenergic blockade, phenylephrine injection elicited a fall in mean HR and rise in HR variance in WT mice that was partially attenuated after treatment with PTX. The response to pressor challenge in nNOS-/- mice before PTX administration was similar to that in WT mice. However, PTX-treated nNOS-/- mice had a dramatically attenuated response to phenylephrine. These findings suggest that the absence of nNOS activity leads to reduced baseline parasympathetic tone, but does not prevent baroreflex-mediated cardioinhibition unless inhibitory G proteins are also inactivated. Thus, neuronally derived NO and cardiac inhibitory G protein activity serve as parallel pathways to mediate autonomic slowing of heart rate in the mouse.
Adrenal Venography as a Diagnostic Aid in Adrenocortical Assessment.
Authors: A. James Blair
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

s1 May 1968Adrenal Venography as a Diagnostic Aid in Adrenocortical Assessment.A. James Blair Jr., M.D., F.A.C.P., Jose E. Yanez, M.D., Stewart R. Reuter, M.D.A. James Blair Jr., M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, Jose E. Yanez, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Stewart R. Reuter, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-68-5-1143_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptA radiologic technique that would permit adequate and dependable visualization of the adrenal gland has long been sought. The recently established technique of adrenal venography would seem to fulfill these requirements; furthermore, it is safe, easily performed, and yields valuable information that cannot be obtained otherwise without surgical intervention. During the past year we have performed this procedure on 45 patients.The procedure was most helpful in the delineation of adrenocortical hyperplasia and tumors. We have demonstrated bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia in a case of hyperadrenocorticism that did not show adequate suppression during dexamethasone administration. Conversely, we have been able to... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: A. James BlairJr., M.D., F.A.C.P.; Jose E. Yanez, M.D.; Stewart R. Reuter, M.D.Affiliations: Eloise, Michigan PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1968Volume 68, Issue 5Page: 1143-1143KeywordsAdrenal glands ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1968 PDF downloadLoading ...
Out-of-hours work in chemical pathology
Authors: D N Baron, T R Tickner, A J Green
Journal: BMJ (1976)

immunity was found in our subsequent studies involving other groups of native and immi- grant children in this area and of other Scottish mainland and island populations."The lesson remains, however, that immunity is generally less than satisfactory.Antibody surveys are essential monitors of susceptibility; the unacceptable alternative is to wait for the appearance of cases to signal gaps in immunity.
Effects of age on endothelium-dependent vasodilation of resistance coronary artery by acetylcholine in humans.
Authors: K Egashira, T Inou, Y Hirooka, H Kai, M Sugimachi, S Suzuki, T Kuga, Y Urabe, A Takeshita
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND It has been suggested that endothelium-related vasomotion is important in the control of coronary circulation. Our goal was to determine if endothelium-dependent dilation of the coronary vasculature was altered with aging in 18 patients with atypical chest pain (age, 23-70 years) who had angiographically normal coronary arteries and no coronary risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS We infused an endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine (1, 3, 10, and 30 micrograms/min) and an endothelium-independent vasodilator papaverine (10 mg) into the left coronary artery. The large coronary diameter was assessed by arteriography, and the increase in coronary blood flow was measured using the intracoronary Doppler catheter technique. Acetylcholine increased coronary blood flow in a dose-dependent manner with no changes in arterial pressure and heart rate. The maximum increase in coronary blood flow evoked by acetylcholine varied widely among patients (increase in coronary blood flow ranged from 200% to 560%) and was correlated significantly with aging (r = -.86, P &lt; .001), whereas the peak coronary blood flow response to papaverine was affected slightly by aging (r = -.44, P = .07). The percent increase in blood flow response to acetylcholine to the response to papaverine correlated with aging (r = -.87, P &lt; .001). The slope of the coronary blood flow response to acetylcholine also correlated significantly with aging. The large epicardial coronary artery response to the low doses of acetylcholine (&lt; or = 10 micrograms/min) correlated inversely with aging. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that endothelium-dependent dilation of coronary arteries evoked by acetylcholine may be decreased with aging in humans.
Homocysteine, the kidney, and vascular disease
Authors: R. Haynes, R. Clarke
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Moderate differences in homocysteine concentrations do not cause vascular disease

Chronic kidney disease is common and those who have it are at substantially higher risk of cardiovascular disease.1 The association between these two diseases is partly explained by their shared causes (such as diabetes) and by disturbances in known vascular risk factors caused by chronic kidney disease (such as higher blood pressure and altered lipid metabolism).2 However, these risk factors do not seem to fully explain the excess risk, and other risk factors, including homocysteine, have been implicated. The linked meta-analysis by Jardine and colleagues (doi:10.1136/bmj.e3533) examines the relevance for cardiovascular disease risk of lowering blood homocysteine concentrations in people with chronic kidney disease.3 If low cost and effective interventions to reduce homocysteine (such as folic acid supplements) could also reduce risk of cardiovascular disease in these patients then the benefits for public health could be substantial (in addition to explaining the link between these diseases).

The homocysteine hypothesis of coronary heart …