tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Expression of the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter by rabbit distal convoluted tubule cells.
Authors: S Bachmann, H Velázquez, N Obermüller, R F Reilly, D Moser, D H Ellison
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

A thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter contributes importantly to mammalian salt homeostasis by mediating Na-Cl transport along the renal distal tubule. Although it has been accepted that thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransport occurs predominantly along the distal convoluted tubule in rats and mice, sites of expression in the rabbit have been controversial. A commonly accepted model of rabbit distal nephron transport pathways identifies the connecting tubule, not the distal convoluted tubule, as the predominant site of thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransport. The thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter has been cloned recently. The present experiments were designed to localize sites of thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter mRNA expression along the rabbit distal nephron. Nonradioactive in situ hybridization with a thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter probe was combined with immunocytochemistry with an antibody that recognizes distal convoluted tubule cells and with a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger antibody that recognizes only connecting tubule cells. The results indicate that thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter mRNA is highly expressed by cells of the distal convoluted tubule and not by connecting tubule cells. Segments that stain with the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger antibody (connecting tubules) do not demonstrate thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter mRNA expression. We conclude that the predominant site of thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter mRNA expression in rabbit distal nephron is the distal convoluted tubule and that sites of mRNA expression of electroneutral Na and Cl transport are similar in rabbits, rats, and mice.
A NOTE UPON THE TECHNIQUE AND ACCURACY OF THE METHOD OF DOUGLAS AND HALDANE FOR CALCULATING THE DEAD SPACE IN BREATHING
Authors: Edward Perkins Carter
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1914)

The determination of the percentage of CO2 in the alveolar air, by the method of Haldane and Priestley, is sufficiently accurate for clinical purposes when the individual is at rest. It is evident, however, that an error may arise in the determination of the percentage of CO2 in the alveolar air, due to the time during the forced expiration, short of the extreme limit, at which the sample may be unconsciously taken. This error can only be overcome by taking several samples. In individuals at rest having a tidal air below 425 cubic centimeters, the method of Douglas and Haldane for the calculation of the dead space gives approximately accurate results; with a tidal air above 425 cubic centimeters the results obtained may be wholly inaccurate. In patients with marked pulmonary tuberculosis so slight an effort as that involved in collecting the expired air tends to lower the percentage of CO2 in the alveolar air. In collecting the expired air by the rubber bag method, it is absolutely essential that the bag be washed out with ordinary atmospheric air after every observation.
ST-Segment Elevation, Transient Left-Posterior Hemiblock, and Recurrent Ventricular Arrhythmias Unassociated with Pain
Authors: H. JOEL GORFINKEL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

A 47-year-old man had syncope, periodic ST-segment elevation like that described by Prinzmetal but unassociated with pain, transient left-posterior hemiblock, and recurrent ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Coronary arteriography showed 90% obstruction of the right coronary artery; subsequently, he had coronary artery bypass surgery. Studies 6 months after surgery showed graft patency. The Prinzmetal ECG change without accompanying pain is discussed. This finding signifies the same coronary artery pathology as in the classical Prinzmetal angina syndrome and therefore it has the same prognostic implications.
Are central pattern generators understandable?
Authors: Allen I. Selverston
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1980)

Abstract Most rhythmic behaviors are produced by a specialized ensemble of neurons found in the central nervous system. These central pattern generators (CPGs) have become a cornerstone of neuronal circuit analysis. Studying simple invertebrate nervous systems may reveal the interactions of the neurons involved in the production of rhythmic motor output. There has recently been progress in this area, but due to certain intrinsic features of CPGs it is unlikely that present techniques will ever yield a complete understanding of any but the simplest of them. The chief impediment seems to be our inability to identify and characterize the total interneuronal pool making up a CPG. In addition, our general analytic strategy relies on a descriptive, reductionist approach, with no analytical constructs beyond phenomenological modeling. Detailed descriptive data are usually not of sufficient depth for specific model testing, giving rise instead to ad hoc explanations of mechanisms which usually turn out to be incorrect. Because they make too many assumptions, modeling studies have not added much to our understanding of CPCs; this is due not so much to inadequate simulations as to the poor quality and incomplete nature of the data provided by experimentalists. A basic strategy that would provide sufficient information for neural modeling would include: (1) identifying and characterizing each element in the CPG network; (2) specifying the synaptic connectivity between the elements; and (3) analyzing nonlinear synaptic properties and interactions by means of the connectivity matrix. Limitations based on our present technical capabilities are also discussed.
Sequential intermediate‐dose cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone for patients with relapsed and refractory acute myelocytic leukemia
Authors: Paolo Alberto Paciucci, Janet Cuttner, James F. Holland
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1990)

Abstract Based on in vitro evidence of time‐dependent synergistic kill of HL‐60 leukemia cells exposed to Ara‐C and mitoxantrone, 44 patients with relapsed or refractory AML and 3 with blastic CML were treated with a timed sequence of both drugs. There were 25 females and 22 males, with a median age of 53 (range 21–75). Of 31 patients with relapsed AML, 24 had one prior remission, 6 had two and 1 had three. Of these, 15 had failed a second reinduction attempt. Thirteen patients were primarily refractory to induction with Ara‐C plus daunorubicin. Each dose of Ara‐C, 500 mg/m 2 , was followed after 6 hr by mitoxantrone, 5 mg/m 2 , and the sequence was repeated four to six times (44–68 hr) in different cohorts of patients. All but two patients (one with blastic CML and one in relapse and refractory) are evaluable for response and toxicity. Of 16 patients in relapse without prior reinduction 7 achieved CR and 3 PR (62% response rate); there were 3 CR in the 14 patients who were in relapse and refractory (21% response rate) and 4 CR and 1 PR (35% response rate) in the 14 patients with primary anthracycline resistance. Five of seven patients previously exposed to mitoxantrone achieved CR. Response lasted from 2 to 42 months, with two patients alive and in continuing remission at 34 and 42 months. Average marrow recovery was seen after 25 days and time to remission was 30 days. Six patients died in induction (four from sepsis and two from the tumor lysis syndrome) and 21 had progessive disease. Chemotherapy was well tolerated with minor nausea and vomiting in 13 patients, moderate in 20, and severe in 2. Most patients did not have evidence of drug‐induced mucositis: it was minor in 9 and moderate in 2. Renal dysfunction was attributable to the use of nephrotoxic antibiotics. Hepatic dysfunction was reversible and was minor in 10 patients, moderate in 13, and severe in 3. Sequential, timed administration of intermediate‐dose Ara‐C and mitoxantrone is an active and well‐tolerated antileukemic regimen.
Induction of human interleukin-1 by a product of Staphylococcus aureus associated with toxic shock syndrome.
Authors: T Ikejima, C A Dinarello, D M Gill, S M Wolff
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

Certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus associated with toxic shock syndrome elaborate material that induces human blood monocytes to secrete interleukin-1 (IL-1). IL-1 was detected both by its ability to cause fever in rabbits using the leukocytic pyrogen (LP) assay and by its mitogenic activity towards thymocytes in the so-called lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) assay. Anti-human IL-1 prevents the manifestation of both activities. Filtrates of control strains of S. aureus manifest neither activity. Thus, culture filtrates derived from toxic shock syndrome (TSS)-associated strains cause biphasic fever in rabbits when injected intravenously. The fever lasts several hours. Plasma taken at the peak of the fever and injected into a second set of rabbits produces a brief monophasic fever typical of LP. Further, human monocytes release LP when incubated with TSS filtrates in vitro. The monocyte products also stimulate the proliferation of mouse thymocytes in the presence of phytohemagglutinin in a manner characteristic of LAF. A bacterial filtrate is much less effective without an intermediate incubation with monocytes. The stimulation of monocyte IL-1 production is easily quantified, provides a simple method of assaying the TSS toxin, and since it involves human cells, is directly relevant to the human disease. The assay was used to monitor the purification of TSS toxin. Only 0.1 ng/ml of the purified material is required to induce monocyte IL-1 production. It is thus more potent than endotoxin. In contrast to endotoxin, its effect is not blocked by polymyxin B. We conclude that in TSS the sudden fever and probably other components of the acute phase response may be attributed to a massive release of IL-1.
THE USE OF AN APERIENT BEFORE X-RAY EXAMINATION OF THE INTESTINE IN CHRONIC CONSTIPATION
Authors: R. Gompertz, M. Scott
Journal: BMJ (1914)

tTr TlTTIATT 567 Df it, Wllerel)v only the periieplllric tissue-the fibro-fatty investment of the kidney-is shortenied and(i fastenied to the )arietes, is useless or at any rate Llicertaiii, and therefore minsatisfactorv.Btut Jalbu,9 in the two operation cases wlhich lhe lescribed, did certainly not aim-l at tlle occlusion of tlle
The effect of administration of human growth hormone on the plasma growth hormone, cortisol, glucose, and free fatty acid response to insulin: evidence for growth hormone autoregulation in man
Authors: Robert L. Abrams, Melvin M. Grumbach, Selna L. Kaplan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1971)

The effect of administration of human growth hormone (HGH) (3 mg every 6 hr for 6 days) on the endogenous GH response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia at 8, 12, 24, and 48 hr posttreatment was studied in 11 healthy male adults. Free fatty acid, cortisol, and glucose responses pre- and posttreatment with HGH were evaluated concurrently. Control subjects received saline injections to evaluate relationship of GH responses to the periodicity of insulin tolerance tests. The data were compared for each subject pre- and posttreatment with HGH as well as by comparison of the results of the saline-treated group with those of the HGH-treated group.
The 'Sheet Sign'
Authors: Frank Adams
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> One cannot but wholeheartedly support Holtz et al<sup>1</sup>in their call for more humane understanding and treatment of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, I am concerned that physicians will overemphasize the psychosocial interpretations of the authors' excellent observation of the "sheet sign," thereby adding medical tragedy to concurrent social injustice. The authors state that the sheet sign is "an observation as ominous as any pathology report." How right they are, but for the wrong reasons. For many, if not most, of the patients with AIDS I am called to see with these psychosocial lables—and we can include "depression," "self-pity," and "the giving-up syndrome"—turn out to have undiagnosed brain disorders, masquerading as personality, congitive, or affective changes. Of the patients with AIDS on whom I have consulted with the sheet sign, the final diagnoses in the majority have included herpes simplex and<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>
Quantifying factors for the success of stratified medicine
Authors: Mark R. Trusheim, Breon Burgess, Sean Xinghua Hu, Theresa Long, Steven D. Averbuch, Aiden A. Flynn, Alfons Lieftucht, Abhijit Mazumder, Judy Milloy, Peter M. Shaw, David Swank, Jian Wang, Ernst R. Berndt, Federico Goodsaid, Michael C. Palmer
Journal: Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (2011)
ALLIACEOUS ODOR PRODUCED BY IRON CACODYLATE
Authors: D. W. MONTGOMERY
Journal: JAMA (1916)

When given by the mouth, the cacodylates the breath, skin and urine with a strong garlicky odor. To avoid this disagreeable contingency, it is advised to administer them hypodermically. even when given in this manner, they may, although infrequently, occasion the same disagreeable Agirl, aged 20, under treatment for an eczema on an ichthyotica marked anemia, was given in all five doses of 1 grain each of iron cacodylate. minutes after each dose the taint was noticeable to such an extent as to interfere with her work as assistanta dentist. The administration of the drug had to be deferred till the late afternoon, so that the effect might wear off by morning. The strong, disagreeable odor is due to the formation of coxid,bstance composed of two cacodyloups bound by one oxygen atom:This substance is also formed with the emission of nauseating fumes, when cacodyl is exposed
Basal cell carcinomas in mice arise from hair follicle stem cells and multiple epithelial progenitor populations
Authors: Marina Grachtchouk, Joanna Pero, Steven H. Yang, Alexandre N. Ermilov, L. Evan Michael, Aiqin Wang, Dawn Wilbert, Rajiv M. Patel, Jennifer Ferris, James Diener, Mary Allen, Seokchun Lim, Li-Jyun Syu, Monique Verhaegen, Andrzej A. Dlugosz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Uncontrolled Hedgehog (Hh) signaling leads to the development of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common human cancer, but the cell of origin for BCC is unclear. While Hh pathway dysregulation is common to essentially all BCCs, there exist multiple histological subtypes, including superficial and nodular variants, raising the possibility that morphologically distinct BCCs may arise from different cellular compartments in skin. Here we have shown that induction of a major mediator of Hh signaling, GLI2 activator (GLI2ΔN), selectively in stem cells of resting hair follicles in mice, induced nodular BCC development from a small subset of cells in the lower bulge and secondary hair germ compartments. Tumorigenesis was markedly accelerated when GLI2ΔN was induced in growing hair follicles. In contrast, induction of GLI2ΔN in epidermis led to the formation of superficial BCCs. Expression of GLI2ΔN at reduced levels in mice yielded lesions resembling basaloid follicular hamartomas, which have previously been linked to low-level Hh signaling in both mice and humans. Our data show that the cell of origin, tissue context (quiescent versus growing hair follicles), and level of oncogenic signaling can determine the phenotype of Hh/Gli-driven skin tumors, with high-level signaling required for development of superficial BCC-like tumors from interfollicular epidermis and nodular BCC-like tumors from hair follicle stem cells.
Effects of Anoxia on Postarteriolar Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
Authors: PHILIP W. HALL
Journal: Circulation Research (1953)

Studies on an isolated pulmonary lobe, perfused in situ from a carotid artery under regulated arterial pressure, showed that changes in its ventilation from room air to nitrogen promptly causes a slight but definite increase in pulmonary vascular resistance which, from the nature of the experimental arrangements, must lie beyond the pulmonary arterioles.
An Approach for Quantitatively Balancing Methylmercury Risk and Omega-3 Benefit in Fish Consumption Advisories
Authors: Alan H. Stern, Leo R. Korn
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

Nearly all fish consumption advisories for methylmercury (MeHg) are based only on risk. There is a need to also address benefits, especially those from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in neurodevelopmental function and cardiovascular health. However, because MeHg and PUFA generally act on these same end points, disentangling risk and benefit is challenging.We propose an approach for balancing risk and benefit that is based on the use of statistically dissociated measures of risk and benefit.Because of mutual coexposure of MeHg and PUFAs in population-based studies and their opposite effect on many of the same end points, MeHg risk and PUFA benefit are tightly linked statistically, which results in mutual (negative) confounding. Thus, neither MeHg risk nor PUFA benefit can be accurately quantified without taking the other into account. A statistical approach that generates unconfounded risk and benefit coefficients for each end point can permit their subsequent recombination to describe the overall risk-benefit profile of each species of fish or fish diet. However, it appears that some end points may be adversely affected by MeHg without experiencing counterbalancing benefit from PUFAs. Such end points may drive consumption advisories and may preclude balancing of risk and benefit on the basis of other end points.Our thinking about fish consumption advisories now recognizes the need to balance risk and benefit. However, although statistical analysis of the appropriate data can eliminate mutual confounding, care is required to address the most sensitive end points that may be sensitive to risk and not benefit.
Efficacy and safety of preseasonal‐specific immunotherapy with an aluminium‐adsorbed six‐grass pollen allergoid
Authors: C. J. Corrigan, J. Kettner, C. Doemer, O. Cromwell, A. Narkus
Journal: Allergy (2005)

Background: The clinical efficacy and safety of a six‐grass pollen allergoid has been studied. The advent of more exacting clinical guidelines and a better appreciation of the possible mechanisms of treatment prompted this reappraisal. Methods: A 2‐year double‐blind multicentre placebo‐controlled phase 3 clinical trial was undertaken in 154 patients suffering symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis with or without asthma (GINA I or II). Therapy comprised two consecutive preseasonal short‐courses of subcutaneous injections using a grass pollen allergoid adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide. Results: A combined symptom and medication score (SMS) was used as the primary end‐point for clinical efficacy. SMS from the first year showed a significant difference of 26.6% between the two study groups ( P = 0.026) and this was improved after the second year when there was a 48.4% difference in SMS between active and placebo treatment in favour of the allergoid ( P = 0.018). Highly significant increases in grass pollen allergen‐specific IgG1 and IgG4 antibody concentrations were measured in association with active treatment. Allergen tolerance was increased as judged by a conjunctival provocation test and significant improvements in quality of life were documented using a standardized questionnaire. The allergoid was well tolerated. Conclusions: The grass pollen allergoid was shown to be safe and clinically efficacious in the management of hay fever with or without asthma (GINA I or II).
<i>3:2 Target Article authors respond to Commentators:</i>How Not to Argue About Circumcision
Authors: David Benatar, Michael Benatar
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2003)

(2003). 3:2 Target Article authors respond to Commentators: How Not to Argue About Circumcision. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 1-9.
A Familial Visceral Myopathy
Authors: DAVID L FAULK
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

A kindred contained at least 18 members with visceral myopathy. Sixteen had symptoms of chronic obstruction of the gastrointestinal or urinary tracts. Of six patients with megaduodenum on contrast roentgenograms, two were asymptomatic. Four patients had redundant colon on barium enema, and four had megacystis. Specimens from duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, or urinary bladder from five patients showed thinning and extensive collagen replacement of the longitudinal muscle layer; ganglion cells were normal by light and electron microscopy. Esophageal manometry in three patients showed decreased gastroesophageal sphincter pressures and no contractions in the smooth muscle segment of the esophagus; duodenal manometry showed a low frequency and amplitude of contractions. Three patients developed fever and signs of peritonitis after operations to bypass dilated segments. This seems to be a generalized smooth muscle disease with variable clinical manifestations and with an autosomal dominant or sex-linked dominant mode of inheritance.
SURGERY OF THE GALL BLADDER, CYSTIC AND COMMON DUCTS, WITH REPORT OF SEVEN CASES OPERATED UPON.
Authors: W. J. MAYO
Journal: JAMA (1893)

<i>Mr. President and Members of the Southern Minnesota Medical Society</i>: The rapid advance in abdominal surgery during the past ten years has brought the gall bladder into the field of operation, and in this time more definite knowledge in regard to its pathology and treatment has been gained than during the previous 160 years. In 1733, Petit wrote the first of his classical essays, and during the succeeding ten years placed the pathology of gall bladder disease upon a sound basis far in advance of his time, but his work was little appreciated until recent years. With the anatomy of the gall bladder, its ducts and their relative position to the liver and duodenum, you are all familiar, and I will omit a description. The physiological function of the gall bladder is a mooted point —the commonly accepted belief is that it is a storehouse for bile to be discharged
HUMAN EPIDERMAL CELL CYCLE IN VITRO
Authors: D. P. CHOPRA, B. A. FLAXMAN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1972)

Summary.— Human epidermal cells were propagated in vitro, pulse labelled with tritiated thymidine, fixed at regular intervals thereafter and processed for radioautography. The percentage of labelled mitoses was plotted against time after pulse. From the interval between 2 successive peaks on the curve of labelled mitoses, the length of the cell cycle was found to be 59 hours. The growth fraction or percentage of cells actually involved in proliferation was calculated to be approximately 53.9%. The data are discussed with respect to published data on the human epidermal cell cycle in vivo and the methods by which the data were obtained.