tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE FORM OF THE EPITHELIAL CELLS IN CULTURES OF FROG SKIN, AND ITS RELATION TO THE CONSISTENCY OF THE MEDIUM
Authors: Eduard Uhlenhuth
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1915)

1. Fragments of skin from the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) were cultivated in media of varying consistency. A mixture of frog plasma, frog muscle extract, chicken plasma, and chicken embryo extract usually produced a very firm medium; a mixture of frog plasma, frog muscle extract, and chicken plasma, one less firm (semi-firm); and a mixture of frog plasma and frog muscle extract a medium of a consistency varying from soft to liquid. 2. (a) In a firm medium the cells which migrate into the medium are polyhedral (polygonal when seen from above) in form, which shape they retain permanently. They remain united in a compact membrane, the central parts of which consist of several (three to four) layers of cells. Migration of isolated cells into the medium does not take place. (b) In the semi-firm media the cells situated at the edge of the membrane become fusiform in shape, gradually detach themselves from the membrane, and stray out individually into the medium. This causes the membrane to become loose in character, and to contain holes, while its edges at the same time become very irregular and send out pointed projections. (c) In a soft medium the cells are fusiform or thread-like in shape. The migration of isolated cells is much more pronounced than in the semi-firm media, as a result of which the membrane undergoes constant and rapid loosening up. By this means whole portions of the membrane become detached and their separate parts are at first united by the thread-like columnar cells, which become drawn out in the form of long threads upon the separation of the individual sections of the membrane. The loosening up of the membrane is further assisted by liquefaction and the consequent formation of vacuoles; the latter process likewise results in the formation of thread-like columnar cells. (d) Liquid media contain only round cells. 3. This serves to explain numerous internal processes of the organism, especially certain changes of form observed by Leo Loeb in transplantations of wound scabs and of skin; the conditions artificially produced by Leo Loeb must have effected a change in the consistency of the medium. 4. It has been shown that it is unnecessary, for a satisfactory explanation of the above findings, to have recourse to the theories of "functional stimulus" or "inhibiting influences," by means of which Champy wished to account for the variations in the morphological character of the cells.
Vitamin D deficiency in adult British Hindu Asians: a family disorder.
Authors: S Shaunak, K Colston, L Ang, S P Patel, J D Maxwell
Journal: BMJ (1985)

The vitamin D state of 60 apparently healthy adult Hindu Asian couples living in Britain was studied on a community basis. Twenty six (22%) of the Asian subjects had pronounced vitamin D deficiency, defined as 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations below 10 nmol/l (4 ng/ml), while none of the white controls had such low concentrations. Asian men and women were equally affected, and plasma concentrations were similar in husbands and wives. Vitamin supplements were being taken by only 31 (26%) subjects, most of whom were women. It is suggested that the spouses of patients with osteomalacia should be screened for vitamin D deficiency.
Randomised comparison of penicillin &amp; metronidazole for the treatment of tetanus
Authors: L.M. Yen, Delia Bethell, H.T. Loan, N.T.N. Nga, N.T.T. Mai, L.M. Dao, N.T. Binh, N.J. White, Nicholas P.J. Day
Journal: Journal of Infection (2002)
Recent advances: Psychiatry
Authors: D. Lyons, D. M McLoughlin
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The recent recognition of the global importance of mental disorders has put psychiatry firmly on the international health agenda. The World Health Organization has estimated that neuropsychiatric disorders and suicide account for 12.7% of the global burden of disease.1 Major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, alcohol misuse, and obsessive compulsive disorder account for five of the 10 leading causes of disability in low and middle income countries. In high income countries, dementia is the third most common neuropsychiatric disorder. We examine social, therapeutic, and aetiological developments in the specialty and discuss how they are influencing clinical practice.
Thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation
Authors: A. Martin, A J. Camm
Journal: BMJ (1982)

We now have a copy of the still unpublished manuscript.We are surprised to discover that Dr Fornazzari's study, while it confirms an association between chronic heavy toluene abuse and persistent cerebral impairment, does not support as clearly as Dr King and others suggest the contention that cerebral damage is a direct pharmacological effect of toluene (Fornazzari L, personal communication).Not all of Fornazzari et al's sample of chronic heavy toluene abusers showed evidence of cerebral impairment, nor was there a clear relation between dosage and damage.These facts led them to suggest that mediating factors such as anoxia, malnutrition, or genetic differences might have caused the cerebral impairment they observed.
Diphenylhydantoin Sensitivity
Authors: Arthur L. Gropper
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

IT has been well recognized that untoward effects may follow the extended ingestion of diphenylhydantoin sodium (Dilantin) and may at times prove fatal.1 , 2 Sensitivity to this agent has resulted in fatal disseminated periarteritis nodosa in 1 reported case,3 and has been held responsible for inducing the "L.E." phenomenon.4 The particular manifestations that resulted in the fatal outcome recorded below are not well recognized, and, consequently, a proper diagnosis was made only after delay and confusion.Case ReportR.S., a 29-year-old Negro factory mechanic, was first hospitalized on March 1, 1953, because of lethargy after a convulsive seizure. There had been . . .
Selective apoptotic effect of Zelkova serrata twig extract on mouth epidermoid carcinoma through p53 activation
Authors: Hoe-Jin Kang, Young-Joo Jang
Journal: International Journal of Oral Science (2012)

Apoptosis or programmed cell death plays an essential role in chemotherapy-induced tumor cell killing, and inducers of apoptosis are commonly used in cancer therapy. Treatment with Zelkova serrata extracts was performed in human gingival fibroblast (HGF), mouth epidermoid carcinoma cell (KB), lower gingival squamous cancer cell (YD38) and tongue mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells (YD15). We observed that extract prepared from Zelkova serrata twig selectively inhibited proliferation of various oral cancer cells, but not normal gingival fibroblasts, in a dose-dependent manner. Caspase-8-mediated apoptosis was induced by treatment with the extract only in mouth epidermoid carcinoma and not in other types of cancer cells, including lower gingival squamous cell carcinoma. The selective apoptotic effect of Zelkova serrata twig extract in mouth epidermoid carcinoma was dependent on normal p53 status. Apoptosis was not remarkably induced by treatment with the extract in either lower gingival squamous or tongue mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells, both of which contain abnormalities of p53. Upon treatment with Zelkova serrata twig extract, mouth epidermoid carcinoma cells accumulated in S phase by activation of p21. These data indicate that Zelkova serrata twig extract exerted a cancer type-specific, p53-dependent apoptotic effect and disturbed the cell cycle, which suggests that herbal medicine could be a treatment for specific types of cancers.
Adenovirus Targeting to Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen through Virus-Displayed, Semirandom Peptide Library Screening
Authors: Ping Wu, Tarana A. Kudrolli, Wasim H. Chowdhury, Minzhi M. Liu, Ronald Rodriguez, Shawn E. Lupold
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

The convergence of phage-displayed peptide libraries and recombinant viral vectors launched a promising new direction in targeted viral gene therapeutics, but the translation of targeting peptides to functional cancer therapeutic agents has been challenging. Here, we report progress in developing a successful strategy to optimize targeted viral infection through adenovirus-displayed, semirandom peptide libraries. A phage-derived peptide targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) was genetically incorporated into the adenoviral capsid Fiber protein and flanked by random peptide cassettes. The resulting adenovirus library was biopanned against PSMA-expressing cells and tumors to identify a PSMA-retargeted adenovirus. While the initial peptide alone could not target viral infection, the selected virus preferentially infects PSMA-expressing cells through the targeting peptide and infects LNCaP tumors after intravenous injection. Our results indicate that virus-displayed, semirandom peptide libraries can be used to optimize targeting infection. This approach represents a novel principle for developing targeted agents in a variety of disease models.
Nationwide Neonatal Screening for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia in Sweden
Authors: Sebastian Gidlöf, Anna Wedell, Claes Guthenberg, Ulrika von Döbeln, Anna Nordenström
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2014)

IMPORTANCERecent reports have questioned the rationale for neonatal screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) owing to low sensitivity in salt-wasting forms and a high rate of recall (ie, a positive finding resulting in a visit to a pediatrician and a second test) in preterm infants.OBJECTIVE To determine the efficiency of the neonatal screening program for CAH in Sweden over time.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Longitudinal prospective population-based study in Sweden.We assessed neonatal screening for CAH from January 1, 1986, through December 31, 2011, when 2 737 932 infants (99.8%) underwent testing.The CYP21A2 genotype was investigated in 219 cases with true-positive findings (94.8%).We investigated the screening outcomes for 231 patients who had true-positive findings, 43 with late diagnosis, and 1497 infants with false-positive findings.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Sensitivity of the screening for salt-wasting CAH.The most important secondary outcome measures were the positive predictive values and recall rates for full-term and preterm infants and sensitivity for milder forms of CAH.RESULTS A total of 143 patients with salt-wasting CAH were identified; none were missed.The sensitivity was lower for milder forms of the disorder (P = .04),including 79.7% for simple virilizing forms and 32.4% for nonclassic forms.The positive predictive value was higher in full-term (25.1%) than preterm (1.4%) infants and correlated with gestational age (r = 0.98; P < .001).The recall rate in full-term infants (0.03%) was lower than that in preterm infants (0.57%) (P < .001).An analysis of previously reported results from other screening programs revealed that the sensitivity of the screening was negatively correlated with the duration of follow-up (P = .03).CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Screening for CAH was highly effective in detecting the salt-wasting form and thereby reducing mortality.Additional late-onset cases of CAH were detected in childhood and adolescence, reducing the sensitivity for milder forms.The positive predictive value was high despite a low recall rate in full-term infants.Further improvements are necessary to increase the effectiveness of screening among preterm infants.
Low-Energy Diets and Prolonged QT Intervals-Reply
Authors: Arthur J. Moss
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> The letter by Frank et al is appreciated. It highlights a somewhat unsettled area regarding the complex relationship between obesity, rapid-weight-reduction diets, QT-interval prolongation, and unexpected sudden death. Several articles have been published that have documented the occurrence of sudden cardiac death in obese persons on very-low-energy liquid protein diets.<sup>1-4</sup>In ten of the 17 deaths reported, electrocardiograms were recorded during the period of dieting. Nine (90%) of these ten patients had unequivocal QT prolongation, with a QT<sub>c</sub>of greater than 0.45 s. In the population study referenced by Frank et al,<sup>5</sup>a QT<sub>c</sub>of greater than 0.45 s occurred in only 1.7% of their obese patients. The available scientific data indicate that very-low-energy diets can be deadly, especially in a subset of patients who develop QT prolongation during rapid weight loss. The hypothesis that rapid weight loss results in acquired QT prolongation with
MONICA did not deliver on task it set out to accomplish
Authors: J. Laurance
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—What MONICA actually said grows murkier and murkier. I am baffled by Tunstall-Pedoe's criticism of the newspaper reporting of the project.1 His first target is the Daily Telegraph , the first paper to spot the story, which reported on 25 August: “The largest ever cardiology study has failed to find a …
Hemodialysis. Effect on plasma levels of vitamin A and carotenoid
Authors: L. Gotloib
Journal: JAMA (1978)

PATIENTS with glomerulonephritis, chronic uremia, or nephrotic syndrome and uremic patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis 1 have elevated plasma vitamin A levels. 1-3 Plasma carotene levels are elevated in nephrotic patients. 3 Data concerning the influence of hemodialysis on vitamin A and carotene levels in plasma are lacking however. This study was designed to supply these data.  Materials and Methods  Hemodialysis was carried out on ten patients with chronic uremia, by means of a coil dialysis unit with 1.45 sq mm of dialyzing surface for eight hours twice weekly, by the standard technique.  Blood samples were taken before and after eight hours of hemodialysis. Plasma was separated, and lipids were extracted with ethanol-petroleum ether (1:1 v/v). 4 Carotenoids were determined at 450 Armstrong units and vitamin A by the Carr-Price reaction 5 with a correction for carotenoids as described by Moore. 4 In some samples, β-carotene was separated from other carotenoids
Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Cognitive Function in Older Women
Authors: Elizabeth Barrett-Connor
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To determine whether replacement estrogen delays or prevents loss of cognitive function in elderly women.A 15-year prospective and cross-sectional study.Rancho Bernardo, a geographically defined community in Southern California.Eight hundred women (80% of local surviving women from the original Rancho Bernardo cohort) aged 65 to 95 years. Estrogen use was evaluated at baseline between 1972 and 1974 and at follow-up between 1988 and 1991.Twelve tests of cognitive function from eight standard instruments administered at follow-up between 1988 and 1991.Almost half of this older, educated cohort had used estrogen at some time after menopause, and one third were current users. The age-related decrement in cognitive function was similar for women who were current, past, or never users of estrogen. Age- and education-adjusted comparisons also failed to show any consistent association between performance on tests of cognitive function and baseline, past, current, or never estrogen use; estrogen dose; or duration of use. Among 132 statistical comparisons, only five statistically significant differences were observed, less than the number expected by chance alone. Furthermore, these significant differences occurred with different tests of cognitive function, and in only one instance was the better test score associated with current estrogen use. No biases were identified that could explain these negative results.No compelling or internally consistent evidence for an effect of estrogen on cognitive function was found in these older women. These data do not support the hypothesis that estrogen use after the menopause preserves cognitive function in old age.
Highway Fund Threat Is No Easy Ride for Motorcycle Helmet Law Opponents
Authors: Paul Cotton
Journal: JAMA (1992)

HEADSTRONG opposition to motorcycle helmet laws is running into one of Congress' more powerful tools of persuasion. Federal highway construction funds may triumph where scientific studies have only halfway succeeded. The 1991 federal highway bill dictates that states without mandatory comprehensive motorcycle helmet laws after September 30,1993, will have 1.5% of their federal highway construction money for the following fiscal year reallocated to safety programs. The safety program allotment rises to 3% for any states still recalcitrant after September 30, 1994. Three states—Illinois, Iowa, and Colorado—now have no helmet requirements; another 22 have partial requirements, such as for minors, passengers, or student drivers. At press time, the Rhode Island state legislature was considering a comprehensive law. California, with about one fifth of all registered motorcycles in the United States, started enforcing its law at the beginning of this year and, since then, helmet use has increased from under 50% to
In Memoriam: Dewey K. Ziegler, MD (1920-2012)
Authors: Richard J. Barohn, Lewis P. Rowland
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2013)

where he became the founding department chairman until 1985; he became professor emeritus in 1990.He was one of the first specialists in headache neurology and was an inspirational leader as a physician, neurologist, and world citizen.He was among the neurologists who established neurology as an independent field, rather than a subsidiary of either internal medicine or psychiatry.Indeed, he and his generation of neurologists who trained in New York and Boston then spanned across the nation to create departments of neurology from coast to coast.
11C-Methionine PET/CT and MRI of Primary Central Nervous System Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Before and After High-Dose Methotrexate
Authors: Su Jin Jang, Kyung-Han Lee, Ji Young Lee, Joon Young Choi, Byung-Tae Kim, Seok Jin Kim, Won Seog Kim
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

Purpose Although the optimum treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) remains a challenge, there is increasing interest in methotrexate-based chemotherapy as an effective strategy. Here, we report evidence supporting the utility of methionine PET/CT for evaluating PCNSL disease extent and response to high-dose methotrexate therapy. Patients and Methods Four patients newly diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell PCNSL underwent methionine PET/CT and MRI of the brain at baseline and again after completion of high-dose methotrexate combination chemotherapy. Three patients also received pretreatment FDG PET/CT, and the intervals between MRI and both PET/CTs were within 3 weeks. The results of methionine PET/CT were compared with MRI and clinical findings. Results Pretreatment methionine PET/CT demonstrated clear demarcation of PCNSL tumors with high contrast in 3 patients and only faint uptake in the remaining patient, which also showed low FDG uptake. In 1 patient, methionine PET/CT displayed more tumor lesions than FDG PET/CT did. After high-dose methotrexate chemotherapy, methionine images displayed complete disappearance of abnormal uptake in all 4 patients. In 3 of the patients, posttreatment MRI and clinical follow-up corroborated findings of complete remission. In the remaining patient, MRI showed nonenhancing T2 hyperintensities in the periventricular white matter, for which the significance was inconclusive. Conclusions Methionine PET/CT may provide clinically useful information complementary to MRI for monitoring the response to systemic chemotherapy in patients with PCNSL.
The problem with flu vaccines
Authors: A. Jack
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<b>Rationale:</b> Coordination between breathing and swallowing (B-S coordination) is often impaired in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and may be a significant risk factor for COPD exacerbation. In this observational cohort study, we examined whether an index of B-S coordination is associated with COPD exacerbation. <b>Methods:</b> We recruited 65 stable outpatients with COPD who were enrolled in our prospective observational cohort study and did not manifest an apparent swallowing disorder. All subjects completed a measurement of B-S coordination using four types of test foods at recruitment, and exacerbation was monitored for one year before and one year after recruitment. To evaluate B-S discoordination, we identified the frequency of two different patterns of swallowing and breathing: swallowing during inspiration (I-SW pattern) and swallowing immediately followed by inspiration (SW-I pattern). <b>Results:</b> The mean frequency of the I-SW and/or SW-I patterns (I-SW/SW-I rate) was 21.5 ± 25.5%. During the two-year observation period, 48 exacerbation incidents (25 patients) were identified. The I-SW/SW-I rate showed a significant association with the frequency of exacerbation but not with lung function. These associations varied among different types of test foods. In addition, during the year following recruitment, patients with a high frequency of I-SW/SW-I who only used thicker (Level 0) test foods exhibited a significantly higher probability of future exacerbation (P=0.002, log-rank test). <b>Conclusion:</b> Frequent exacerbation is strongly associated with B-S discoordination. Monitoring and improving breathing-swallowing coordination may represent a new therapeutic target for COPD patients.
University accused of violating academic freedom to safeguard funding from drug companies
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2001)

An international group of renowned scientists has accused Canada's largest university of violating academic freedom for fear of losing research funds from drug companies when it revoked a job offer to an outspoken British psychiatrist.

A letter to the University of Toronto signed by 27 leading scientists, including two Nobel laureates of medicine, said the decision to rescind a professorship offered to Dr David Healy, who currently works at the University of Wales at Bangor, has “besmirched” the name of the University of Toronto and “poisoned the reputation” of its Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.

Dr Arvid Carlsson, …
The Content of Ambulatory Medical Care in the United States
Authors: Roger A. Rosenblatt, Daniel C. Cherkin, Ronald Schneeweiss, L. Gary Hart
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

Ambulatory care, accounting for over half a billion visits to physicians per year, is a major component of the health-care system and is the core of primary health care. This study uses data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to describe the most common problems seen in an ambulatory-care setting, to identify the medical specialties that provide the greater part of this care, and to characterize the major specialties in terms of the diagnoses in the patients who constitute their ambulatory practice. Fifteen diagnosis clusters account for 50 per cent of all ambulatory-care visits; only 8 of the 28 specialties account for a substantial amount (more than 25 per cent) of the ambulatory care rendered to patients with any of these 15 diagnoses. General and family physicians, general internists, and general pediatricians account for 65.9 per cent of all outpatient visits to physicians for the 15 most common problems; general and family physicians alone are responsible for more than half this total. The individual specialties differ markedly in the diagnostic and demographic variety of their outpatient workload. These differences have important implications for the training of physicians and the organization of their practices.