tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
SOME SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS IN NEUROPSYCHIATRY
Authors: WILLIAM HOUSE
Journal: JAMA (1927)

The hosts of neuropsychiatric patients and the relatively small number of physicians who minister exclusively to them challenge attention. The fifth presentation of hospital data by the American Medical Association<sup>1</sup>gives the astounding information that 42.5 per cent of all hospital beds in the United States, exclusive of bassinets, and 51 per cent of all beds in use are for neuropsychiatric patients, the great majority being, of course, psychiatric. In general hospitals there are 283,301 beds, of which only 178,979, or 66 per cent, are in daily use. For all purposes, such as general hospital, tuberculosis, children's diseases and neuropsychiatry, there are 802,065 beds, of which 625,611 are in daily use. Of this number 341,480, 1 to 322 of population, with 322,991, or 94 per cent, in daily use are for neuropsychiatric purposes, a shade over one half. These figures do not include beds for neurologic patients in almshouses
Sleep, Science, and Policy Change
Authors: C. Dennis Wylie
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Policies can be very difficult to change, and advocates of change who claim a logical or scientific foundation need valid, reliable, and convincing data. An example of the process is the policy of regulating truck drivers' hours of service in order to reduce motor vehicle crashes. In 1935, Congress directed the Interstate Commerce Commission to establish hours-of-service rules for truckers. In 1938, despite a finding that no scientific basis had been provided, the commission established rules that limited driving to 10 hours in a 24-hour period and required a minimum of 8 consecutive off-duty hours within 24 hours. Weekly driving . . .
A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMA, HISTAMINE AND SPINAL ANESTHESIA ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD WHEN NO FLUIDS ARE INJECTED AND WHEN FLUIDS ARE INTRODUCED INTRAVENOUSLY
Authors: J. W. Beard, Harwell Wilson, B. M. Weinstein, Alfred Blalock
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1932)

In previous studies (1, 2) the composition of the blood has been de- termined before, during and after the injection of various fluids intraven- ously under normal and abnormal conditions.The abnormal conditions 'o
Relationship between insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: β-cell function, islet cell antibody, and haptoglobin in parents of IDDM patients
Authors: Hiroshi Kajio, Tetsuro Kobayashi, Koji Nakanishi, Minoru Okubo, Toshihiko Tsukada, Toshimasa Nakayama, Nobuhiro Yamada, Toshio Murase, Yoshio Yazaki, Kinori Kosaka
Journal: Metabolism (1995)
US health spending jumped to $2.5 trillion--17.6% of GDP
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Healthcare spending in the United States jumped by 1% to 17.6% of the gross domestic product (GDP) between 2008 and 2009, the largest one year increase in the 50 year history of the National Health Expenditures Accounts report.

The rise came despite the fact that overall healthcare spending grew by 4% during this time, the slowest rate ever recorded. This comes on top of a 4.7% increase in health spending in 2008, the second slowest rate of growth in annual expenditures, says the report, which is prepared by the federal agency the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

Total healthcare spending topped $2.5 trillion (£1.6 trillion; €1.9 trillion). That averages out to $8086 for every …
Does an Additional Source of Pulmonary Blood Flow Alter Outcome After a Bidirectional Cavopulmonary Shunt?
Authors: Michele A. Frommelt, Peter C. Frommelt, Stuart Berger, Andrew N. Pelech, David A. Lewis, James S. Tweddell, S. Bert Litwin
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background The bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt has become an important intermediate step in the treatment of pediatric patients with single ventricle physiology who are ultimately destined for palliative surgery. We wanted to know whether there would be risks or benefits if an additional source of pulmonary blood flow was left after a bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt. Methods and Results We retrospectively reviewed the medical and surgical records of all patients who underwent a bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt at the Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin between January 1991 and December 1993. A total of 43 patients were identified. Anatomic diagnoses included double inlet left ventricle (14 patients), tricuspid atresia (8 patients), pulmonary atresia with intact septum (6 patients), single right ventricle (5 patients), hypoplastic left heart (3 patients), unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect (3 patients), and other complex lesions (4 patients). We then divided the patients into two groups for purposes of analysis. Group 1 had only the cavopulmonary shunt as a source of pulmonary flow (22 patients); group 2 had an additional source of pulmonary flow (21 patients). Patient age at the time of cavopulmonary shunt ranged from 6 months to 12 years, with group 1 patients being younger (31 versus 45 months, P =.05). Group 2 patients had higher postoperative central venous pressures (17.8 versus 14.1 mm Hg, P &lt;.001) and oxygen saturations (86% versus 81%, P &lt;.001) than did group 1 patients. There was no statistical difference between groups in the number of chest tube days or hospital days. There was 1 early death in group 1 related to severe ventricular dysfunction and 1 late death in group 2 related to sepsis. Five patients in group 2 were readmitted to the hospital for drainage of a large chylothorax compared with none in group 1 ( P &lt;.02). Conclusions We conclude that patients with an additional source of pulmonary blood flow after bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt have higher postoperative central venous pressures, have higher oxygen saturations, and are at risk for the late development of a chylothorax.
VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotype and patient characteristics explain a large proportion of the variability in warfarin dose requirement among children
Authors: Tina T. Biss, Peter J. Avery, Leonardo R. Brandão, Elizabeth A. Chalmers, Michael D. Williams, John D. Grainger, Julian B. S. Leathart, John P. Hanley, Ann K. Daly, Farhad Kamali
Journal: Blood (2011)
744 Sustained virologic response (SVR) to interferon-alpha-2b +/- ribavirin therapy at 6 months reliably predicts long-term clearance of HCV at 5-year follow-up
Authors: J.G. McHutchison, M.L. Shiffman, S.C. Gordon, K.L. Lindsay, T. Morgan, G. Norkrans, R. Esteban-Mur, T. Poynard, P.J. Pockros, J.K. Albrecht, C. Brass
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
Heme-bound iron activates placenta growth factor in erythroid cells via erythroid Krüppel-like factor
Authors: Xunde Wang, Laurel Mendelsohn, Heather Rogers, Susan Leitman, Nalini Raghavachari, Yanqin Yang, Yu Ying Yau, Michael Tallack, Andrew Perkins, James G. Taylor, Constance Tom Noguchi, Gregory J. Kato
Journal: Blood (2014)
Phosphorylated Histone H2AX in Spheroids, Tumors, and Tissues of Mice Exposed to Etoposide and 3-Amino-1,2,4-Benzotriazine-1,3-Dioxide
Authors: Peggy L. Olive, Judit P. Banáth, Laura T. Sinnott
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract We reported recently that exposure of hamster V79 fibroblasts to 6 drugs that varied in their ability to produce DNA double-strand breaks stimulated formation of phosphorylated histone H2AX (serine 139 phosphorylated histone H2AX; γH2AX). Using flow cytometry to analyze γH2AX antibody-stained cells 1 h after a 30-min drug treatment, the fraction of cells that showed the control levels of γH2AX correlated well with the fraction of cells that survived to form colonies. This observation is now extended to V79 and SiHa human cervical carcinoma cells grown as multicell spheroids and SiHa xenografts and SCCVII tumors in mice. Animals were injected with etoposide, a topoisomerase-II inhibitor that targets proliferating cells or 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,3-dioxide (tirapazamine), a bioreductive cytotoxin that targets hypoxic cells. For spheroids, γH2AX intensity predicted clonogenic cell survival for cells recovered 90 min after drug injection, regardless of position of the cells within the spheroid. Similar results were obtained for etoposide in tumors; however, the γH2AX signal for tirapazamine was smaller than expected for the observed amount of cell killing. Frozen sections of tumors confirmed the greater intensity of γH2AX staining in cells close to blood vessels of tumors soon after treatment with etoposide and the opposite pattern for tumors exposed to tirapazamine. Analysis of cells or frozen sections from mouse spleen and kidney suggests that information can also be obtained on initial damage in normal tissues. These results support the possibility of using γH2AX antibody staining as a method to aid in prediction of tumor and normal tissue response to treatment.
Splenectomy and Steroid in Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: Peter V. Sacks
Journal: JAMA (1974)

To the Editor.—  The encouraging survival figures published by Cuttner (227:397, 1974) and by Goldenfarb and Finch (226:644, 1973), raise the question of the way in which splenectomy and high-dose steroid influence the course of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).  Disseminated intravascular coagulation does not seem to be a primary factor in the pathogenesis of TTP, and heparin has no effect on the course of the disease.1The fundamental disturbance would appear to be primary blood vessel damage,2with secondary adhesion of platelets, vascular occlusions, and mechanical red blood cell damage (microangiopathic hemolysis). Drugs that reduce platelet adhesiveness may be expected to exert a beneficial effect on the disorder. A number of clinical reports claim successful therapy using aspirin and dipyridamole3or aspirin alone.4It is possible that vascular damage in TTP may be immunologically mediated, although the trigger agent or mechanism remains obscure. The pathogenesis has been compared
Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Sciatic Pain
Authors: W. P. U. Jackson
Journal: BMJ (1943)

JOURNAL 3.Only 2 women had premature labours: in one of these the pulmonary disease was "tecovered," and in the other *" pro- gressive."4. The influence of age and previous pregnancies cannot properly be assessed on only 100 cases, but Table II summarizes the facts available, considering the cases which retrogressed: TABLE 11 Arrested and Quiescent Progressive Recovered Cases Cases Cases ALl _ Cases Under Over Under Over Under Over 30 30 30 30 30 30
The influence of acute myocardial ischaemia on the Class III antiarrhythmic action of sotalol
Authors: S. M COBBE, B S. MANLEY, D. ALEXOPOULOS
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1985)

The effects of acute myocardial ischaemia on the Class III antiarrhythmic properties of dl-sotalol 10−4 mol·litre−1were studied in the isolated arterially perfused interventricular septum of the rabbit heart. Before ischaemia, sotalol increased mean action potential duration (APD90) from 267 ± 6 to 406 ± 19 ms (p<0.001 mean ± SEM, n = 7 septa), and mean effective refractory period (ERP) from 222 ± 7 to 291 ± 10 ms. During 30 min zero flow global ischaemia, mean APD90 in the control group fell from 264 ± 7 to 128 ± 13 ms (n = 7). APD90 fell more rapidly in the sotalol group, so that the initial difference between the sotalol and control groups was abolished after 24 min ischaemia. In the sotalol group, ERP shortened rapidly during ischaemia, and was significantly less than in the control group after 30 min. These changes were associated with the development of substantial post-repolarisation refractoriness in the control but not in the sotalol group. There was a greater fall in action potential upstroke velocity in the controls than in the sotalol group. The results indicate that the Class III effect of sotalol gradually disappears during ischaemia. The effects on post-repolarisation refractoriness and upstroke velocity are compatible with the hypothesis that sotalol slows the rate of rise of extracellular potassium concentration in acute ischaemia. This is a potentially antiarrhythmic property.
HIGHER CIRCULATING TOTAL AND HIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT ADIPONECTIN ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN OLDER ADULTS
Authors: Fima Macheret, Traci Bartz, Luc Djousse, Joe Ix, Kenneth Mukamal, Susan Zieman, David Siscovick, Russell Tracy, Susan Heckbert, Bruce Psaty, Jorge Kizer
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
The Role of C/EBP-β LIP in Multidrug Resistance
Authors: Chiara Riganti, Joanna Kopecka, Elisa Panada, Sara Barak, Menachem Rubinstein
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2015)

Chemotherapy triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which in turn regulates levels of the active (LAP) and the natural dominant-negative (LIP) forms of the transcription factor C/EBP-β. LAP upregulates and LIP downregulates the multidrug resistance (MDR) protein P-glycoprotein (Pgp), but it is not known how critical is their role in establishing MDR.Cell viability was quantitated by crystal violet staining and measuring absorbance at 540nm. Expression of various proteins was determined by immunoblotting. mRNA levels were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). LIP and LAP were overexpressed using expression plasmids followed by selection with blasticidin. Tumor cells expressing doxycycline-inducible LIP were orthotopically implanted in mice (n = 15 mice per group), and tumor size was measured daily by caliper. Tumor sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and immunostained for Pgp, proliferation, and ER stress markers.MDR cells do not express basal, chemotherapy-triggered, or ER stress-triggered LIP and fail to activate the CHOP-caspase-3 death-triggering axis upon ER stress or chemotherapy challenge. Overexpression of LIP reversed the MDR phenotype in vitro and in tumors implanted in mice. LIP was undetectable in MDR cells, probably due to its ubiquitination, which was 3.56-fold higher, resulting in lysosomal and proteasomal degradation of LIP.Spontaneous and drug-selected MDR cells lack LIP, which is eliminated by ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Loss of LIP drives MDR not only by increasing Pgp expression but also by a two-fold attenuation of ER stress-triggered cell death.
Bioassay in vivo for circulating vasoactive agents after renal artery constriction in dogs.
Authors: M B Pamnani, G Simon, H W Overbeck
Journal: Circulation Research (1976)

We used the gracilis muscle vascular bed to bioassay blood from the two renal veins, vena cava, and aorta continuously for the presence of vasoactive agents before and for 45 minutes after partial occlusion of the left renal artery in dogs. Compared to comparable blood samples from control dogs, left renal venous, vena caval, and aortic blood, but not right renal venous blood, from dogs with renal artery constriction developed vasoconstrictor activity. This was associated with increased renin concentration in plasma from the left renal vein and the vena cava and an increase in systemic arterial pressure. In dogs pretreated with indomethacin, blood from the right renal vein also showed vasoconstrictor activity. Pretreatment with antirenin serum abolished all of the differences between control and experimental dogs. These findings suggest that during acute unilateral renal artery constriction the constricted kidney releases renin and the contralateral kidney releases prostaglandins in sufficient quantity to produce systemic vascular effects.
Computer Predictions of Abnormal Test Results
Authors: William M. Tierney
Journal: JAMA (1988)

We developed statistical equations to predict abnormalities on eight commonly ordered diagnostic tests and we gave the predictions to 112 physicians practicing in an academic internal medicine practice. Half of each physician's patients were randomized to intervention status. All diagnostic tests were ordered by microcomputer, and when a physician ordered one of the eight study tests for an intervention patient, the computer displayed the probability (0% to 100%) that the test would be positive for the main abnormality being tested for. The physician could then cancel the test if desired. During a six-month controlled trial, when there were more than 15,000 scheduled patient visits, patient charges for the eight study tests were 8.8% less for the intervention patients. The largest reductions (greater than 10%) were for serum electrolyte level tests and complete blood cell counts, the two most commonly ordered tests. Physicians ordered fewer low-probability tests for intervention patients than for controls, suggesting that with timely predictive information, physicians can target tests to higher-risk patients.
Calcitonin Resistance: Clinical and Immunologic Studies in Subjects with Paget's Disease of Bone Treated with Porcine and Salmon Calcitonins
Authors: John G. Haddad, Joseph G. Caldwell
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

15 patients with Paget's bone disease were treated with varying schedules of porcine (3.8-157.5 MRCU/kg per wk) and/or salmon (1.5-210 MRCU/kg per wk) calcitonins over periods ranging from 4 to 24 months. All of the subjects experienced a striking decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase during the first 4 months of treatment. In six patients, however, resistance to these peptides was suggested by a subsequent elevation of alkaline phosphatase activity in spite of continued and augmented hormone administration. These rebounds in alkaline phosphatase levels correlated with the appearance of calcitonin-binding substances and neutralizing material in serum. Incubations of calcitonins-(125)I and sera from these six subjects resulted in the association of radioactivity with material whose behavior on chromatoelectrophoresis (6/6), sucrose density ultracentrifugation and immunoelectrophoresis (one subject) was identical with that of 7S immunoglobulin. Specific, reversible in vitro binding of salmon calcitonins-(125)I was observed in sera obtained from these patients 5 to 12 months after initiation of salmon calcitonin therapy. All six of these subjects' sera acquired the capacity to neutralize salmon calcitonin's hypocalcemic effect in rat bioassay. Neutralization titers correlated with maximal binding capacities, which ranged from 0.042 to 6.6 mg/liter of serum. Competitive displacement of calcitonins-(125)I from the sera of one patient treated with both porcine and salmon calcitonin indicated separate populations of antibodies to these hormones. In spite of return of disease activity comparable to baseline levels, 3/5 resistant subjects treated with salmon calcitonin failed to develop hypocalcemia after injection of 300-1000 MRCU of salmon calcitonin, but two of these patients developed hypocalcemia in response to the porcine hormone. The disappearance of total radioactivity from the circulation after intravenous administration of salmon calcitonin-(125)I was retarded and the amount of serum radioactivity precipitable in 50% (NH(4))(2)SO(4) greater in 3/3 resistant patients compared to control subjects. These observations on the incidence of significant titers of neutralizing antibodies to salmon (40%) and porcine (66%) calcitonins during their chronic (> 4 months) administration to man clearly indicate that an appraisal of this possibility be included in studies involving protracted use of these hormones.
Clinical Epidemiology: The Architecture of Clinical Research
Authors: George E. Ehrlich
Journal: JAMA (1985)

Some years ago, I read, with growing enthusiasm,<i>Clinical Judgment</i>, Alvan Feinstein's defense of the scientific validity of clinical medicine and clinical opinions. Written in an era during which the grants for basic and clinical research threatened to make second-class citizens of those physicians who saw patients, this tour de force legitimized clinical practice. Now, the same author is back, with a massive tome that applies Occam's razor to clinical experimentation. His new book defines the terms, sets the limitations, hones the critical judgment, and firmly bases the fundamentals for those who would conduct clinical research, judge it, or read about it. This massive book painstakingly examines and defines all the concepts that underlie clinical decisions. It presents the statistical background for judgments. It permits the reader to analyze studies in journals and is thus essential for those who would design their own prospective or retrospective studies. It points out
Maternal micronutrients can modify colonic mucosal microbiota maturation in murine offspring
Authors: Dorottya Nagy-Szakal, Matthew C. Ross, Scot E. Dowd, Sabina A.V. Mir, Tiffany D. Schaible, Joseph F. Petrosino, Richard Kellermayer
Journal: Gut Microbes (2012)

Epidemiologic data suggest that early nutritional exposures may inflict persistent changes in the developing mammalian "super-organism" (i.e., the host and its residing microbiota). Such persistent modifications could predispose young adults to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We recently observed that the dietary supplementation of four micronutrients to dams augmented colitis susceptibility in murine offspring in association with mucosal microbiota composition changes. In this study the effects of the four micronutrients on the microbiota of dams and female mice was examined. Additionally, age dependent microbiota composition shifts during pediatric development were delineated from the previous offspring data sets. Maternal and adult female microbiota did not separate secondary to the nutritional intervention. Significant microbiota composition changes occurred from postnatal day 30 (P30) to P90 at the level of 1 phylum and 15 genera. Most of these changes were absent or opposite in the maternally supplemented offspring. Nutritionally induced alterations in mucosal microbiota maturation may be contributors to colitis susceptibility in mammals.
Second-generation colon capsule endoscopy vs. colonoscopy in pediatric ulcerative colitis: a pilot study
Authors: Salvatore Oliva, Giovanni Di Nardo, Cesare Hassan, Cristiano Spada, Marina Aloi, Federica Ferrari, Adriano Redler, Guido Costamagna, Salvatore Cucchiara
Journal: Endoscopy (2014)

Second-generation colon capsule endoscopy (CCE-2) may overcome the invasiveness of colonoscopy in the evaluation of mucosal inflammation, especially in pediatric ulcerative colitis. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of CCE-2 in evaluating disease activity, using colonoscopy as a gold standard. Disease extent, tolerability, interobserver agreement, and safety were also evaluated.A total of 30 consecutive pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis were prospectively enrolled (mean age 14.1 ± 3.2 years). Patients underwent CCE-2 followed by colonoscopy in the late afternoon or the following day. The blinded procedures were performed, and the diagnostic accuracy of CCE-2 to assess disease activity was determined using a modified Matts score, which classified patients as either normal (Matts score ≤ 6) or with active inflammation (Matts score > 6). Interobserver agreement was assessed using the kappa statistic.One patient was excluded from the analysis because they were unable to swallow the capsule, leaving 29 patients available for analysis. The sensitivity of CCE-2 for disease activity was 96 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 79 - 99) and specificity was 100 % (95 %CI 61 - 100). The positive and negative predictive values of CCE-2 were 100 % (95 %CI 85 - 100) and 85 % (95 %CI 49 - 97), respectively. No serious adverse events were reported. CCE-2 had a higher overall tolerability than colonoscopy (P < 0.05). Interobserver agreement was excellent in all cases (κ > 0.86).Using a modified Matts score, CCE-2 was accurate in evaluating significant mucosal inflammation in children with ulcerative colitis.ClinicalTrials.gov -- NCT01740349.