tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE PRETUBERCULAR STAGE OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS.
Authors: CHARLES FRANCIS BEESON
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Though the symptoms in the pretubercular stage of pulmonary tuberculosis are extremely uncertain, there are many cases in which, if properly conducted, the patients may recover with scarcely the knowledge that they were affected with the dread disease. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a disease, the incipiency of which is of necessity slow, but which, after a time, may either become rapid, or continue in a chronic progressive course covering a considerable period of time. The majority of primary infections gain entry through the respiratory tract; and study of the physiology of respiration and of the histology of the lung will convince one of the difficulties which beset the entrance and lodgment of the bacillus and should demonstrate to the most skeptical that in all probaility one germ only, or at most a single isolated colony primarily reaches the termini of the ciliated tubes, the entrance to the unprotected walls of the
Treatment of Pneumonia and Other Serious Infections
Authors: Maxwell Finland
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

I SHOULD like first to express my sincere appreciation of this singular honor bestowed on me by the officers and members of the Committee on Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society in their invitation to give this lecture, and in thus admitting me to the company of a long list of distinguished clinicians and scientists who have been similarly honored in the past. It made me feel most humble indeed after perusing the list of my predecessors in the lectureship, and even more so after reading some of the essays that they delivered at these meetings. The subject matter and . . .
New EU clinical trials regulation
Authors: A. E. Westra, W. Bos, A. F. Cohen
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Union Clinical Trials Regulation. 1 This regulation will replace the Clinical Trials Directive, which has failed to achieve its goal of simplifying the scientific and ethical review of clinical trials in the EU. 2 3 Unlike the directive, the regulation has binding legal force in all EU member states.Important innovations include a central database and a partly coordinated review system.Both of these steps could help simplify the review system and improve the quality of assessments.However, when it drafted the regulation, quality improvement did not seem to be the European Commission's main concern.5][6][7][8][9] This puts the protection of European research subjects at risk.
Enabling multiscale modeling in systems medicine
Authors: Olaf Wolkenhauer, Charles Auffray, Olivier Brass, Jean Clairambault, Andreas Deutsch, Dirk Drasdo, Francesco Gervasio, Luigi Preziosi, Philip Maini, Anna Marciniak-Czochra, Christina Kossow, Lars Kuepfer, Katja Rateitschak, Ignacio Ramis-Conde, Benjamin Ribba, Andreas Schuppert, Rod Smallwood, Georgios Stamatakos, Felix Winter, Helen Byrne
Journal: Genome Medicine (2014)

CITATION: Wolkenhauer, O. et al. 2014. Enabling multiscale modeling in systems medicine. Genome Medicine, 6:21, doi:10.1186/gm538.
The importance of whether atrial fibrillation or heart failure develops first
Authors: Marcelle D. Smit, Marjolein L. Moes, Alexander H. Maass, Ismaël D. Achekar, Peter P. Van Geel, Hans L. Hillege, Dirk J. van Veldhuisen, Isabelle C. Van Gelder
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2012)
Intrauterine Transfusion of Foetus in Haemolytic Disease
Authors: A. W. Liley
Journal: BMJ (1963)

In the management of the pregnancy complicated by rhesus sensitization the guidance given by amniotic-fluid pigmentation (Bevis, 1956 ; Walker, 1957 ; Mackay, 1961 ; Liley, 1961,1963) has greatly reduced the perinatal mortality from haemolytic disease. In the National Women’s Hospital, Auckland, with a policy of selective induction based on amniocentesis findings, this perinatal mortality has fallen steadily from 22% in 1957–8 to 9% in 1962. It was obvious that no further reduction could be expected from conventional treatment when of 7 perinatal deaths in 80 consecutive rhesus-sensitized pregnancies one baby had multiple congenital abnormalities and the other six were all hydropic before 34 weeks’ gestation. Transfusion in utero appeared the logical procedure for these very severely affected babies early in the third trimester, and intraperitoneal transfusion seemed the simplest technique.
Lead Poisoning Due to Hai Ge Fen
Authors: Steven B. Markowitz
Journal: JAMA (1994)

A 45-year-old Korean man developed abdominal colic, muscle pain, and fatigue. Following a 3-week hospitalization, acute intermittent porphyria was diagnosed based on the symptoms and a high level of urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid (378 μmol/L [4.95 mg/dL]). However, discovery of an elevated blood lead level (3.7 μmol/L [76 μg/dL]) subsequently led to the correct diagnosis. No occupational source of lead exposure was identified. The patient reported ingesting a Chinese herbal preparation for 4 weeks prior to becoming ill. A public health investigation revealed that the source of lead exposure was<i>hai ge fen</i>(clamshell powder), one of the 36 ingredients of the Chinese herbal medicine. We used fluorescence image—based cytometry to determine the frequency distribution of the zinc protoporphyrin content in circulating red blood cells and found that 70% of the patient's cells contained elevated levels of zinc protoporphyrin, consistent with the duration of lead exposure and effect of lead on heme synthesis. Analysis of zinc protoporphyrin content in circulating red blood cell distributions may be useful in the diagnosis, therapy, and kinetic modeling of lead poisoning. Environmental lead poisoning is best addressed through the close collaboration of clinicians, public health specialists, and laboratory scientists. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1994;271:932-934)
THE FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS AND ITS RELATION TO CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN IONS
Authors: R. McCarrison
Journal: BMJ (1923)

J 1 -3j-MD!CALJOU_WAL tho case of a tumour, in which the radium is embedded, it would mean a minor surgical operation each time the emanation tubes were changed.Another point of importance is to give the wlhole maximum dose at first, and not to break it up into smaller ones wlichl are repeated.Tlle latter course may in certain cases turn out a fatal error, and this clliefly because the malignant cells, which were stunned but not killed by the first application, will, when they recover, tend to breed cells whiclh are more immnne to radiation, until, the same process continuing after several exposures, only those cells will survive wlhich are refractory to the rays.There is a tendency by natural selection to breed cells which are immune, and further exposures will now only do harm.The knock-out blow slhould be given by a sufficiently long exposure to a sufficient amount of radium while the cancer cells are not suspecting an attack; thley must be taken by surprise, so that they will be unable to organize a resistance and be incapable of puttina up a serious defence.Were more attention paid to these points there would, I venture to tlhink, be fewer failures following radium treatment.
Appropriateness of cholecystectomy in the United Kingdom--a consensus panel approach.
Authors: E A Scott, N Black
Journal: Gut (1991)

A consensus development approach was used to assess the extent to which doctors in the UK agreed about the appropriate indications for cholecystectomy. Two panels, one composed entirely of surgeons and one containing a mix of relevant specialists, were asked to rate a series of possible indications. A consensus was achieved for 61% (surgical panel) and 67% (mixed panel) of indications considered. The surgical panel considered more indications as being appropriate for cholecystectomy (29% v 13%) and fewer indications as being inappropriate (27% v 50%) than the mixed panel. For between one third and a half of all indications, the panels were unable to reach agreement, partly as a result of differences in views as to the role of endoscopic sphincterotomy.
Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-Germ Cell Interactions and Their Significance in Germ Cell Movement in the Seminiferous Epithelium during Spermatogenesis
Authors: Dolores D. Mruk, C. Yan Cheng
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2004)

Spermatogenesis is the process by which a single spermatogonium develops into 256 spermatozoa, one of which will fertilize the ovum. Since the 1950s when the stages of the epithelial cycle were first described, reproductive biologists have been in pursuit of one question: How can a spermatogonium traverse the epithelium, while at the same time differentiating into elongate spermatids that remain attached to the Sertoli cell throughout their development? Although it was generally agreed upon that junction restructuring was involved, at that time the types of junctions present in the testis were not even discerned. Today, it is known that tight, anchoring, and gap junctions are found in the testis. The testis also has two unique anchoring junction types, the ectoplasmic specialization and tubulobulbar complex. However, attention has recently shifted on identifying the regulatory molecules that "open" and "close" junctions, because this information will be useful in elucidating the mechanism of germ cell movement. For instance, cytokines have been shown to induce Sertoli cell tight junction disassembly by shutting down the production of tight junction proteins. Other factors such as proteases, protease inhibitors, GTPases, kinases, and phosphatases also come into play. In this review, we focus on this cellular phenomenon, recapping recent developments in the field.
Identifying melanomas in primary care: can we do better?
Authors: J. Newton-Bishop, P. Lorigan
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Teaching best clinical practice shows more promise than a new technology

The prognosis for patients with melanoma depends on the stage of disease at diagnosis. In some European countries tumour thickness is much higher at presentation than in others, with consequent adverse effects on survival.1 The thickness of tumours at presentation to secondary care in the United Kingdom is such that the overall survival at five years is around 80% for men and 90% for women.2 Survival rates are higher in some countries, such as Australia, where excision of thinner tumours is more common.3 Such better outcomes are thought to be due to higher levels of awareness among patients and general practitioners. 

The incidence of melanoma continues to increase in many areas of the world, and greater awareness is needed so that the thickness of tumours at presentation is reduced without excessive increases in referral to secondary care. In the linked study (doi:10.1136/bmj.e4110),4 Walter and colleagues tested a computerised diagnostic tool, the MoleMate system, as a means of increasing diagnostic accuracy and referral to secondary care for …
Bacteriological study of otogenic cerebral abscesses: chemotherapeutic role of metronidazole.
Authors: H R Ingham, J B Slekon, C M Roxby
Journal: BMJ (1977)

In nine consecutive patients with otogenic cerebral abscesses a mixed growth of aerobic and obligate anaerobic bacteria was isolated from the pus in five patients, and in the remaining four obligate anaerobes were the sole isolates. The commonest obligate anaerobe isolated was Bacteroides fragilis, which was present in all but one patient. The patients were all treated with metronidazole for the anaerobic organisms and with appropriate chemotherapy against the aerobic organisms isolated. All the patients recovered and only one was left with a neurological deficit. As otogenic cerebral abscesses constitute a major proportion of all cerebral abscesses, the use of metronidazole against obligate anaerobic bacteria, which tend to dominate in such abscesses, should reduce the high mortality from this condition.
OBSERVATIONS IN ONE THOUSAND NEUROLOGIC CASES
Authors: GEORGE H. HYSLOP
Journal: JAMA (1923)

My purpose in this paper is to offer a brief statistical analysis and to touch on some of the features of general interest. The Bellevue neurologic service, which is under the control of the Cornell Medical School, is distinct from the psychiatric service, and has, at present, two wards, each of twelve beds, for men and women patients. There are two interns, a resident in charge, and an assistant. In addition to the charge of their own wards, the interns are on call for consultation work throughout the hospital. The members of the visiting staff see all patients in the neurologic wards, and most of those examined in consultation in other services. An adequate physiotherapy department is available. The social service department gives its usual aid and, in addition, supplies occupational therapy instructors. From other wards in the hospital are selected the majority of patients cared for in the neurologic
SURGEON'S HELPER
Authors: J. James Duffy
Journal: JAMA (1953)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Any instrument, particularly a simple and inexpensive one, that aids or expedites a surgical procedure is worthy of note. The surgeon's helper is such an instrument; it might even be called a seeker. This little instrument contains a powerful patented magnet not so large as a conventional needle holder. It is entirely self-contained and has no batteries or connections. It withstands repeated boiling and autoclaving without apparent loss of magnetic power. The instrument consists of a simple cartridge measuring 7 mm. by
The expression of lysyl‐oxidase gene family members in myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: T. Tadmor, J. Bejar, D. Attias, E. Mischenko, E. Sabo, G. Neufeld, Z. Vadasz
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2013)

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are malignant disorders originating from clonal expansion of a single neoplastic stem cell and characteristically show an increase in bone marrow reticulin fibers. Lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are copper‐dependent amine oxidases that play a critical role in the biogenesis of connective tissue by crosslinking extracellular matrix proteins, collagen and elastin. Expression of LOX gene family members is increased in disorders associated with increased fibrosis. To evaluate involvement of LOX gene family in various MPNs. In‐situ hybridization was used to detect Lysyl‐Oxidase family members in bone marrow biopsies from patients with different MPNs. We compared normal bone marrows and those from patients with polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Serum levels of lysyl‐oxidase from patients with PMF and healthy controls were also examined. LOX gene family was not detected in normal bone marrows. All members of the LOX gene family were over expressed in PMF. In other MPNs a differential pattern of expression was observed. Differences in gene expression were statistically significant ( P &lt; 0.010). The medianserum LOX levels in normal controls was 28.4 ± 2.5 ng\ml and 44.6 ± 9.44 ng\ml in PMF ( P = 0.02). The varying pattern of expression of LOX genes may reflect differences in the pathophysiology of bone marrow fibrosis in these MPNs. These observations could be used as the basis for future targeted therapy directed against bone marrow fibrosis. Am. J. Hematol. 88:355–358, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinically Relevant Molecular Subtypes in Leiomyosarcoma
Authors: Xiangqian Guo, Vickie Y. Jo, Anne M. Mills, Shirley X. Zhu, Cheng-Han Lee, Inigo Espinosa, Marisa R. Nucci, Sushama Varma, Erna Forgó, Trevor Hastie, Sharon Anderson, Kristen Ganjoo, Andrew H. Beck, Robert B. West, Christopher D. Fletcher, Matt van de Rijn
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2015)

Leiomyosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm with smooth muscle differentiation. Little is known about its molecular heterogeneity and no targeted therapy currently exists for leiomyosarcoma. Recognition of different molecular subtypes is necessary to evaluate novel therapeutic options. In a previous study on 51 leiomyosarcomas, we identified three molecular subtypes in leiomyosarcoma. The current study was performed to determine whether the existence of these subtypes could be confirmed in independent cohorts.Ninety-nine cases of leiomyosarcoma were expression profiled with 3'end RNA-Sequencing (3SEQ). Consensus clustering was conducted to determine the optimal number of subtypes.We identified 3 leiomyosarcoma molecular subtypes and confirmed this finding by analyzing publically available data on 82 leiomyosarcoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We identified two new formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue-compatible diagnostic immunohistochemical markers; LMOD1 for subtype I leiomyosarcoma and ARL4C for subtype II leiomyosarcoma. A leiomyosarcoma tissue microarray with known clinical outcome was used to show that subtype I leiomyosarcoma is associated with good outcome in extrauterine leiomyosarcoma while subtype II leiomyosarcoma is associated with poor prognosis in both uterine and extrauterine leiomyosarcoma. The leiomyosarcoma subtypes showed significant differences in expression levels for genes for which novel targeted therapies are being developed, suggesting that leiomyosarcoma subtypes may respond differentially to these targeted therapies.We confirm the existence of 3 molecular subtypes in leiomyosarcoma using two independent datasets and show that the different molecular subtypes are associated with distinct clinical outcomes. The findings offer an opportunity for treating leiomyosarcoma in a subtype-specific targeted approach.
843-2 Everolimus-eluting stents for the prevention of restenosis: Results of the FUTURE II trial
Authors: Eberhard Grube, Ricardo A Costa, Roxana Mehran, Manuela Negoita, Yeal Gilutz, Yoshihiro Tsuchiya, Martin Fahy, Ecaterina Cristea, Bahram Sahid, Horia Marginean, Ralf Muller, Georg Techen, Michael Rinck, Alexandra J Lansky, Karl Eugen Hauptmann, Hans Storger
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Computed tomography in clinical practice
Authors: C. J Garvey
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Since it was first introduced three decades ago, computed tomography has become an important investigative tool. Conall Garvey and Rebecca Hanlon explain different types of scanners and what they are used for

Computed tomography was first introduced 30 years ago and has since become an integral part of clinical practice.1 Because of rapid advances in technology few clinicians are aware of the scope and limitations of the different types of scanners. This review describes the three main types of computed tomographic scanner that are used in routine clinical practice and discusses their use in the investigation of a wide range of different conditions. It also flags up differing views on the relative merits of computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging.

#### Summary points

The role of “conventional” computed tomography is declining and has been superseded by spiral scanning

Multislice scanning is faster and more versatile than spiral scanning and facilitates newer applications, particularly in vascular, cardiac, and colonic imaging

Multislice computed tomography is expensive and has implications for workload and data storage

Concern has been raised about the increasing radiation dose from examinations by computed tomography

As magnetic resonance scanners become faster and availability increases, considerations of dose may relegate computed tomography to a secondary role for many applications

The information contained in this review was gathered from several sources. These include many years of personal experience using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, discussions with manufacturers of equipment, and knowledge of radiation dosimetry issues, supported by a search of Medline and the Cochrane databases for systematic reviews comparing computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

By today's standards early computed tomographic scanners were extremely slow and required enormous computer facilities to generate comparatively crude scans. Improvements in tube technology and computer hardware and software have shortened scan times and improved the resolution …
PHENOMENA OBSERVED IN TWELVE CASES AT VARIOUS STAGES OF THE OPERATION FOR SECTION OF THE INCUDO-STAPEDIAL ARTICULATION AND MOBILIZATION OF THE STAPES.
Authors: E. B. GLEASON
Journal: JAMA (1898)

The ear in which the patient's hearing was the more defective was invariably selected for operation. The night before the operation the auditory canal was thoroughly cleansed, syringed gently with a solution of bichlorid, 1 to 1000, and occluded with a piece of iodoform gauze, which was allowed to remain in position over night. The drumhead was soaked for one hour before the operation in a sterilized 4 per cent. solution of cocain, by means of a pledget of sterilized absorbent cotton, which was saturated in the solution and inserted into the canal in contact with the drumhead. After the primary incision through the membrana, the edges of the wound and the intratympanic membrane was touched from time to time with a sterilized 10 per cent, solution of cocain. All maneuvers subsequent to the primary incision were thus rendered practically painless. The steps of the operation performed for the relief
Bronchoalveolar lavage: results of sequential, selective techniques in viable murines.
Authors: A Reis, M Tötsch, H Shennib, D Ofner, C Serrick, A Jamjoom, N Chikhani, G Mikuz, R Margreiter
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

The purpose of this study was to develop an optimal technique for performing sequential bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in a murine animal model. Two general anesthetic regimens and four operative techniques of BAL were tested. Anesthesia by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/kg body wt) resulted in death for four of ten subjects, whereas inhalation of diethyl ether led to death for one of ten subjects. BAL using a balloon catheter under bronchoscopic guidance was comparable with postmortal lavage, tolerated better, and resulted in superior cell retrieval with respect to cell differential (macrophages: 95 +/- 2.3; lymphocytes: 3 +/- 1.2; polymorphonuclear lymphocytes [PNL]: 1.2 +/- 1.4) compared with two other techniques using a bent metal tube/polyethylene tubing combination (macrophages: 19.3 +/- 27.4; lymphocytes: 3.8 +/- 4.3; PNL: 35.5 +/- 35.5) and a bronchoscope/polyethylene tubing combination (macrophages: 11.1 +/- 25.5; lymphocytes: 0.7 +/- 1.0; PNL: 55.8 +/- 41.0). The BAL fluid contained significantly more alveolar macrophages and fewer PNL and epithelial cells (p = 0.0001, p = 0.0025, p = 0.02, respectively). We conclude that the technique using a balloon catheter under bronchoscopic guidance during inhalation of diethyl ether is the procedure of choice and results in a representative sample of BAL.
Neonatal bone marrow transplantation of ADA-deficient SCID mice results in immunologic reconstitution despite low levels of engraftment and an absence of selective donor T lymphoid expansion
Authors: Denise A. Carbonaro, Xiangyang Jin, Daniel Cotoi, Tiejuan Mi, Xiao-Jin Yu, Dianne C. Skelton, Frederick Dorey, Rodney E. Kellems, Michael R. Blackburn, Donald B. Kohn
Journal: Blood (2008)
A NOVEL IMAGING PROBE FOR THE DETECTION OF SUBCLINICAL BACTERIAL INFECTIONS INVOLVING CARDIAC DEVICES
Authors: Kiyoko Takemiya, Niren Murthy, Wone Woo Seo, Xinghai Ning, Rafi Mohammad, Giji Joseph, Jane Titterington, Daiana Weiss, Colleen S. Kraft, Mark Goodman, W. Robert Taylor
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)