tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE ETIOLOGY OF COLORADO TICK FEVER
Authors: Lloyd Florio, Mabel O. Stewart, Edward R. Mugrage
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1946)

1. The infectious agent of Colorado tick fever filtered through 181 mmicro membranes caused infection in hamsters and one volunteer. 2. In five out of seven instances, hamsters were infected initially with serum filtered through 24 mmicro membranes or the tick fever appeared on serial transfer. 3. We could not infect two volunteers with 24 mmicro filtrates, though these filtrates did cause infection in hamsters as shown by development of the fever on serial transfer. In one instance, the serum of the hamsters rendered ill in this way was injected into the volunteer who had remained well after inoculation with the original material and it caused Colorado tick fever. 4. Normal hamster serum was passaged through 10 groups of animals and then two human volunteers were injected with it. They did not come down with Colorado tick fever, although both of them were susceptible to the disease as shown by the fact that they fell ill of it on later inoculation with serum from a natural instance of the disease. 5. The infectious agent of Colorado tick fever passes through 24 mmicro membranes. On this basis, it is classified as a virus.
Invitation to Medicine
Authors: Alberto Galofré
Journal: JAMA (1988)

This book reminds me of an assertion from Jerome Brunner, an educator who hypothesized that "Any subject can be taught effectively in some intellectually honest form to any child at any stage of development." The British author of<i>Invitation to Medicine</i>writes primarily for British high school students considering medicine as a career, and others interested in knowing more about medicine. It is an able attempt at compressing some of the more relevant aspects of medicine and presenting them in a palatable form for the delicate stomachs of his audience. (Sir Douglas Black's<i>Recollections and Reflections</i>was reviewed in the July 8,1988, issue ofTHE JOURNAL.) The first part of this book summarizes the scientific basis of medicine. The second focuses mainly on clinical medicine by describing the diagnostic process, patient management, and communication with patients. The third and last part describes the application of medical knowledge to populations, referring
Corticosteroids and rituximab as adjunctive treatments for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: James N. George
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2012)

Abstract Although treatment with plasma exchange increased the survival of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura to 80% in the 1980s, no further increase of survival occurred over the next 20 years. However, more consistent use of adjuvant treatment with corticosteroids and rituximab in recent years has begun to further increase survival as well as decrease the frequency of relapse. With adjuvant treatment, durable remissions can be achieved more quickly, requiring fewer days of plasma exchange. Fewer days of plasma exchange have resulted in fewer complications, such as central venous catheter‐related systemic infections. Future potential options for adjuvant treatment, recombinant ADAMTS13 to correct severe ADAMTS13 deficiency, and agents to block von Willebrand factor‐mediated platelet thrombosis are being investigated. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self-Assessment of Tuberculin Skin Test Reactions by New York City Firefighters: Reliability and Cost-Effectiveness in an Occupational Health Care Setting
Authors: David J. Prezant, Kerry J. Kelly, Manoj L. Karwa, Kathryn Kavanagh
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Objective: To determine whether self-assessment of purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) skin test reactions, done using a simple two-choice approach, is an effective screening method for tuberculosis. Design: Double-blind comparison between self-assessments and trained professional readings of PPD skin test reactions, done 72 hours after test administration. Setting: The New York City Fire Department's Bureau of Health Services Participants: 2011 New York City firefighters and fire officers were given PPD skin tests during a mandatory retraining course. Thirty-seven persons were excluded because of a history of a positive PPD skin test result or a bacille Calmette–Guérin vaccination. All others agreed to participate in testing and self-assessment done using simple written instructions. Self-assessment results were submitted just before trained professional readings were done. Measurements: Self-assessments and trained professional readings of PPD skin test reactions. Results: 1833 participants (91%) interpreted their test reactions as flat. Of these interpretations, 1824 (99.5%) matched the professional reading and 9 (0.5%) did not. One hundred seventy-eight participants (9%) interpreted their test reactions as not flat; 136 of these interpretations (76.4%) matched the professional reading and 42 (23.6%) did not (κ = 0.828; lower 95% confidence limit = 0.790). The predictive value of a negative self-assessment reading was 99.5%, and the specificity was 97.7%. Conclusion: In this occupational health care setting, we follow (and recommend to others with similar populations) a tuberculin screening program based on self-assessment. Repeated tests with follow-up are required for all persons who do not report their results. All persons with self-assessments of “not flat” should return for readings by trained professionals, counseling, and treatment.
The Strands of a Life: The Science of DNA and the Art of Education
Authors: Philip R. Reilly
Journal: JAMA (1995)

Some years ago the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation hit upon the idea that the autobiographies of prominent scientists might constitute a valuable resource in helping to make the world of science accessible to the general public. To date nearly 20 such books have been published in this series, including the memoirs of such giants as Freeman Dyson, Peter Medawar, Lewis Thomas, and Francis Crick. Robert Sinsheimer's<i>The Strands of a Life</i>is a welcome addition. Working for two decades (1957-1977) in the biology department at Cal Tech, much of that time as chairman, Sinsheimer was an architect of the field of molecular biology, the science that has provided the foundation for the Human Genome Project and which over the next quarter century will reconstitute our knowledge of pathophysiology and revolutionize preventive medicine. One of his most fundamental discoveries came in 1959, when he demonstrated that ϕX174, a small bacteriophage that
Cellular Energy Depletion Resets Whole-Body Energy by Promoting Coactivator-Mediated Dietary Fuel Absorption
Authors: Atul R. Chopra, Ramakrishna Kommagani, Pradip Saha, Jean-Francois Louet, Christina Salazar, Junghun Song, Jaewook Jeong, Milton Finegold, Benoit Viollet, Franco DeMayo, Lawrence Chan, David D. Moore, Bert W. O'Malley
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2011)
Stenting very small (&lt;2 mm) coronary artery lesions
Authors: Ehud Grenadier, Ariel Roquin, Isaac Hertz, Benjamin Peled, Monther Boulos, Eugenia Nikolsky, Shlomo Amikam, Artur Kerner, Majdi Halabi, Rafael Beyar
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Hostility May Explain the Association between Depressive Mood and Mortality: Evidence from the French GAZEL Cohort Study
Authors: Cédric Lemogne, Hermann Nabi, Marie Zins, Sylvaine Cordier, Pierre Ducimetière, Marcel Goldberg, Silla M. Consoli
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2010)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; Depressive mood is associated with mortality. Because personality has been found to be associated with depression and mortality as well, we aimed to test whether depressive mood could predict mortality when adjusting for several measures of personality. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; 20,625 employees of the French national gas and electricity companies gave consent to enter in the GAZEL cohort in 1989. Questionnaires were mailed in 1993 to assess depressive mood, type A behavior pattern, hostility, and the six personality types proposed by Grossarth-Maticek and Eysenck. Vital status and date of death were obtained annually for all participants. The association between psychological variables and mortality was measured by the Relative Index of Inequality (RII) computed through Cox regression. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; 14,356 members of the GAZEL cohort (10,916 men, mean age: 49 years; 3,965 women, mean age: 46 years) completed the depressive mood scale and at least one personality scale. During a mean follow-up of 14.8 years, 687 participants had died. Depressive mood predicted mortality, even after adjustment for age, sex, education level, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and smoking [RII (95% CI) = 1.56 (1.16–2.11)]. However, this association was dramatically reduced (RII reduction: 78.9%) after further adjustment for cognitive hostility (i.e. hostile thoughts) [RII (95% CI) = 1.12 (0.80–1.57)]. Cognitive hostility was the only personality measure remaining associated with mortality after adjustment for depressive mood [RII (95% CI) = 1.97 (1.39–2.77)]. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; Cognitive hostility may either confound or mediate the association between depressive mood and mortality.
First-Trimester Growth and the Risk of Low Birth Weight
Authors: Gordon C.S. Smith, Malcolm F.S. Smith, Margaret B. McNay, John E.E. Fleming
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Previous studies have demonstrated a correlation between first-trimester size and birth weight. It is not known, however, whether low birth weight is related to first-trimester growth. We sought to determine whether the risk of low birth weight and birth weight that was low for gestational age is related to the size of the embryo or the fetus in the first trimester.
Studies on iron absorption in acute liver disease.
Authors: H. Brown, S. T. Callender, J. S. Malpas
Journal: BMJ (1968)

The observed qualitative difference between fenfluramine and older slimming drugs known to cause dependence therefore serves somewhat to strengthen the belief that fenfluramine will prove not to induce dependence. SummarySlimming pills are often pep-pills.Electrophysiological recordings of nocturnal sleep showed that diethylpropion caused (1) frequent awakenings, (2) suppression of paradoxical (R.E.M.) sleep, and (3) frequent shifts into and increased time in stage 1 sleep (drowsiness).Fenfluramine caused neither (1) nor (2) but caused frequent shifts into and increased time in stage 1 sleep at the expense of stages 3 and 4. Siqce fenflur- amine caused no delay in the appearance of paradoxical sleep, no suppression, and no hint of withdrawal rebound, it would appear to be qualitatively different from diethylpropion.All the abnormalities caused by the drugs must be regarded as adverse, but on these grounds fenfluramine would be pre- ferred to diethylpropion.Furthermore, fenfluramine does not share effects on sleep of other drugs which commonly induce dependence.We thank Mr. N. Stenhouse for the statistical analyses; Dr. R. M.
Targeted Exon Skipping in Transgenic hDMD Mice: A Model for Direct Preclinical Screening of Human-Specific Antisense Oligonucleotides
Authors: Mattie Bremmer-Bout, Annemieke Aartsma-Rus, Emile J. de Meijer, Wendy E. Kaman, Anneke A.M. Janson, Rolf H.A.M. Vossen, Gert-Jan B. van Ommen, Johan T. den Dunnen, Judith C.T. van Deutekom
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2004)

The therapeutic potential of frame-restoring exon skipping by antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) has recently been demonstrated in cultured muscle cells from a series of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. To facilitate clinical application, in vivo studies in animal models are required to develop safe and efficient AON-delivery methods. However, since exon skipping is a sequence-specific therapy, it is desirable to target the human DMD gene directly. We therefore set up human sequence-specific exon skipping in transgenic mice carrying the full-size human gene (hDMD). We initially compared the efficiency and toxicity of intramuscular AON injections using different delivery reagents in wild-type mice. At a dose of 3.6 nmol AON and using polyethylenimine, the skipping levels accumulated up to 3% in the second week postinjection and lasted for 4 weeks. We observed a correlation of this long-term effect with the intramuscular persistence of the AON. In regenerating myofibers higher efficiencies (up to 9%) could be obtained. Finally, using the optimized protocols in hDMD mice, we were able to induce the specific skipping of human DMD exons without affecting the endogenous mouse gene. These data highlight the high sequence specificity of this therapy and present the hDMD mouse as a unique model to optimize human-specific exon skipping in vivo.
Difference in Gene Expression for Matrix Metalloproteinase–1 Between Early and Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinomas
Authors: I Okazaki, N Wada, M Nakano, A Saito, K Takasaki, M Doi, K Kameyama, Y Otani, K Kubochi, M Niioka, T Watanabe, K Maruyama
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

The histological observation that well-differentiated cancer cells in early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) invade portal tracts and/or fibrous bands and that these fibrous tissues then disappear suggests the participation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in the degradation of fibrous tissue. To confirm this hypothesis, the authors investigated the localization of both the MMP-1 protein and its messenger RNA (mRNA) in early HCC immunohistochemically and by in situ hybridization using complementary DNA (cDNA) and synthetic antisense probe of MMP-1; they then compared the results with those in advanced HCC. MMP-1 gene transcripts and protein were observed in well-differentiated cancer cells of early HCC but not in moderately or poorly differentiated cancer cells. Thus, cancer cells producing MMP-1 in early HCC may destroy the portal tract tissue adjacent to the cancer lesion and/or the fibrous band of cirrhosis. These results seem to have demonstrated a difference in the mechanism of cancer growth and invasion between early and advanced HCCs.
Transventricular Mitral Valvotomy During Pregnancy
Authors: J. M. Reid, R. L. Berger, J. G. Stevenson
Journal: BMJ (1960)

Few cases of isochromosomes for the short arm of the X have been reported and all are dicentric with variable portions of the long arms interposed between the two centromeres. This paper reports three cases of complete short arm duplication of one X chromosome in unrelated female patients. All patients also have a 45,X cell line and present with some characteristic features of Turner syndrome. We used conventional cytogenetics, in situ hybridisation, and molecular genetics to describe all three structurally abnormal chromosomes and the parental origin of two of them. We briefly discuss the "inactivation enhancement" theory; however, any genotype-phenotype correlation is complicated by the presence of the 45,X cell line.
Prospective Study of the Effectiveness of Percutaneous Transhepatic Photodynamic Therapy for Advanced Bile Duct Cancer and the Role of Intraductal Ultrasonography in Response Assessment
Authors: C. Shim, Y. Cheon, S. Cha, S. Bhandari, J. Moon, Y. Cho, Y. Kim, L. Lee, M. Lee, B. Kim
Journal: Endoscopy (2005)

Background and Study Aims: We evaluated the therapeutic effects of percutaneous transhepatic photodynamic therapy (PDT) in patients with advanced bile duct cancer. The utility of intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) for the assessment of responses and for regular follow up after PDT was also examined. Methods: Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) was initiated before PDT. Following dilation and maturation of the PTBD tract, percutaneous PDT was performed. Intraluminal photoactivation was carried out using percutaneous cholangioscopy 2 days after intravenous application of a hematoporphyrin derivative. All patients were additionally provided with percutaneous bile duct drainage catheters after PDT. IDUS was conducted monthly to measure the thickness of the tumor mass before and after PDT. Results: 24 patients with advanced cholangiocarcinomas (Bismuth IIIa, n = 4; IIIb, n = 10; IV, n = 10) were treated with PDT. At 3 months after PDT, the mean thickness of the tumor mass had decreased from 8.7 ± 3.7 mm to 5.8 ± 2.0 mm (P < 0.01). At 4 months after PDT, the thickness of the mass had increased to 7.0 ± 3.7 mm. Quality of life indices improved dramatically and remained stable 1 month after PDT; the Karnofsky index increased from 39.1 ± 11.36 to 58.2 ± 22.72 points (P = 0.003). The 30-day mortality rate was 0 %, and the median survival time was 558 ± 178.8 days (current range 62 - 810 days). Conclusions: PDT using percutaneous cholangioscopy is safe and effective for advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma, and seems to prolong survival. IDUS is useful for evaluating changes in the thickness of the tumor mass after PDT.
The Outcomes Movement — Will It Get Us Where We Want to Go?
Authors: A M Epstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1990)

Arnold Relman, editor-in-chief of the Journal, has dubbed it "the third revolution in medical care."1 That description of what I call the outcomes movement may be hyperbole, but clearly we have entered an era of unprecedented growth in activity directed at the assessment of outcomes, the analysis of effectiveness, and quality assurance.There are many conspicuous manifestations of this type of activity. For example, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, moving away from its traditional reliance on structural measures, has formally embraced quality assessment based on severity-adjusted outcomes as the cornerstone of its future strategy for monitoring hospitals.2 , 3 Paul . . .
A Systematic Review of Treatments for Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity
Authors: G. James Rubin, Jayati Das Munshi, Simon Wessely
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2005)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is a poorly understood condition in which patients report symptoms following perceived exposure to weak electromagnetic fields (EMFs) such as those produced by mobile phones or visual display units. Little is known about the aetiology of the condition although experimental data suggest that EMFs are an unlikely causal agent. In this systematic review we assessed the efficacy of any treatment for people reporting EHS. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; Twelve literature databases were examined to identify relevant studies. We also hand-searched conference proceedings and examined the reference sections of reviews and other papers. Only clinical trials that compared the efficacy of a potential treatment for EHS against a control condition were included in the review. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; Nine controlled clinical trials were identified, examining the effects of cognitive behavioural therapy (4 studies), visual display unit screen filters (2 studies), ‘shielding’ EMF emitters (1 study), supplementary antioxidant therapy (1 study) and acupuncture (1 study). The quality of these studies was limited. Nevertheless, their results suggest that cognitive behavioural therapy is more effective than providing no treatment. None of the other therapies have had their efficacy adequately demonstrated. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; The evidence base concerning treatment options for EHS is limited and more research is needed before any definitive clinical recommendations can be made. However, the best evidence currently available suggests that cognitive behavioural therapy is effective for patients who report being hypersensitive to weak EMFs.
Nonischemic Left Ventricular Scar
Authors: Kalliopi Pilichou, Massimiliano Mancini, Ilaria Rigato, Elisabetta Lazzarini, Benedetta Giorgi, Elisa Carturan, Barbara Bauce, Giulia d’Amati, Martina Perazzolo Marra, Cristina Basso
Journal: Circulation (2014)
The Implications of the 2000 Election
Authors: R J Blendon, D E Altman, J M Benson, M Brodie
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

What does the unique election of 2000 mean for health policy in the United States? The answer is complex. The closeness of the presidential vote and the divided Congress1,2 suggest that changes will be modest and incremental. Yet Democratic and Republican voters differ sharply in their views on many issues concerning health care, such as the role of the federal government and access to abortion. Former President Bill Clinton and President George W. Bush also have clear philosophical differences about the government's role in health care. Despite the relative balance between the parties, these differences may lead to new . . .
DNA methylation of membrane-bound tyrosine phosphatase genes in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: W. S. Stevenson, O. G. Best, A. Przybylla, Q. Chen, N. Singh, M. Koleth, S. Pierce, T. Kennedy, W. Tong, S. Q. Kuang, Guillermo Garcia-Manero
Journal: Leukemia (2013)
Abnormal Behavior Following Parathyroidectomy
Authors: Ronald G. Vincent
Journal: JAMA (1962)

Severe personality aberration is a relatively rare postoperative complication of excision of parathyroid adenoma. Seven cases reported in the literature are briefly reviewed, and one new case is discussed. The personality disturbances were associated with characteristic changes of the electroencephalogram. The causes for these personality changes are not known, but factors which may be interrelated are simultaneous variations of spinal fluid pressure, spinal fluid calcium, and serum calcium. Not many years ago these symptoms heralded an ominous prognosis. Now this complication can be avoided or modified with prompt and adequate therapy.
Orbital emphysema following nose blowing as a sequel of a snowboard related head injury
Authors: Y Taguchi, Y Sakakibara, K Uchida, H Kishi
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2004)

A case of orbital emphysema as a sequel of a snowboard related head injury is reported. It is believed that a fracture of the medial orbital wall was caused by the increased intraorbital pressure when the patient hit his forehead on the snowy ground, allowing air to enter the orbit when he blew his nose. Wearing goggles may prevent this type of sports related injury.
A Method for Understanding Three-dimensional Coronary Anatomy
Authors: Thomas A. Sos
Journal: JAMA (1980)

A simple method for interpreting and reviewing the anatomy of the coronary arteries as seen on angiograms uses the concept of two imaginary circles around the interventricular and atrioventricular grooves, respectively. The hands and fingers of the viewer are used to res in various angiographic projections may be properly understood.
Stockpiling oseltamivir: What is the number needed to treat with oseltamivir to prevent one flu death?
Authors: A Rouse
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Adjuvant trastuzumab for breast cancer Assessing HER2/neu status incurs more costs for treatmentEditor-The results of recent trials are likely to continue to fuel the demand for trastuzumab in the adjuvant setting of early breast cancer, 1 as well as a possible neoadjuvant treatment in the near future.However, Dent and Clemons did not discuss the difficulty in obtaining accurate and reproducible assessment of HER2/neu gene overexpression.Immunohistochemical testing measures HER2/neu protein expression whereas in situ hybridisation measures gene amplification.Patients with equivocal immunohistochemical results require in situ hybridisation to determine definitive status because interobserver variability using immunohistochemical testing is appreciable.At least 20% of patients with positive immunohistochemical results will be truly negative for HER2/neu gene amplification; these patients would not benefit from trastuzumab. 2 These difficulties in assessing HER2/ neu status have been encountered in studies testing trastuzumab, and in situ hybridisation testing has been used as the gold standard. 3 As the clinical utility of trastuzumab widens guidelines on HER2/neu testing must be clear to ensure appropriate use of trastuzumab.Clearly this testing will incur additional costs to trastuzumab treatment.