tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Leukaemia: Research and Clinical Practice
Authors: Lawrence C. Parish
Journal: JAMA (1961)

No one need stress the difficulty of writing a good textbook, but these problems are greatly magnified when the subject is one that may be in a state of tremendous flux. Hematology almost defies an author to be able to collect his source material before newer and dramatically different ideas have been formulated. The subject at hand is no exception. Despite these handicaps, the author has done a magnificent job of writing a reference volume in the field of leukemia. He states in his preface that his "intention in writing this book has been to provide a guide through the maze of published work to separate the tangled lines of progress in research, and to give, in small compass, a reasonably comprehensive survey of current beliefs and activities in both the laboratory and clinical aspects of leukemia." As such, he has offered both the student and the practicing physician an
Motility of the pelvic colon: Part IV Abdominal pain associated with colonic hypermotility after meals
Authors: A. M. Connell, F. A. Jones, E. N. Rowlands
Journal: Gut (1965)

EDITORIAL SYNOPSIS This paper defines a syndrome of abdominal pain associated with colonic hypermotility after meals.These are patients with 'x-ray negative dyspepsias', with discomfort, flatulence, and sometimes quite severe pain, particularly after food, in whom can be shown markedly overactive motility of the colon; these patients also develop exceptionally high pressures in the sigmoid colon.The movement of faeces through the colon is paradoxically slowed down by this abnormal colonic smooth muscle reaction.These patients constitute a subdivision of the clinical group often referred to as suffering from spastic colon.on August 2,
TWO CASES OF TRANSITORY COMPLETE BLINDNESS OF BOTH EYES.
Authors: CHARLES J. KIPP
Journal: JAMA (1903)

<h3>Case 1.</h3> —Mrs. K. S., aged 32, has been married eleven years, and is apparently in robust health. She has given birth to two children, both of whom are living and in good health; the younger is 4 years old. Patient has always been in good health. No history of syphilis. For some weeks she has suffered more or less from frontal headache. She came to the Newark Eye and Ear Infirmary for the first time Dec. 22, 1901, complaining of loss of vision of left eye and impairment of vision of right eye. The examination made at this time showed that the exterior parts of the eye were perfectly normal in appearance, and that the movement of the eyes were unimpeded in any direction. On closer examination it was found that the left eye was blind; this eye could not distinguish between light and darkness. The pupil of this eye
Elevated Plasma Fibrinogen and Diabetes Mellitus Are Associated With Lower Inhibition of Platelet Reactivity With Clopidogrel
Authors: Lawrence Ang, Vachaspathi Palakodeti, Ahmer Khalid, Sotirios Tsimikas, Zaheib Idrees, Phillip Tran, Paul Clopton, Nayab Zafar, Guilherme Bromberg-Marin, Shahin Keramati, Ehtisham Mahmud
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2008)
QUANTITATION OF CALCIUM METABOLISM IN POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS AND IN SCOLIOSIS*
Authors: F. Bronner, L. J. Richelle, P. D. Saville, J. A. Nicholas, J. R. Cobb
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1963)

By a combination of balance and isotope techniques, the following parameters of Ca metabolism were measured: pool size, rate of loss from pool, urinary excretion, fecal excretion, intake, endogenous fecal Ca, absorption, balance, bone formation, and bone resorption. The subjects were two normal women and five women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, aged 41 to 74 years, and four patients with scoliosis, aged 12 to 22 years. The latter were studied before, shortly after, and many months after immobilization in plaster casts. On the basis of observed relationships, it appeared that the negative Ca balance observed in the older women was due to the low intensity of the various vectors of Ca metabolism, without clearcut distinction between the subjects with and without osteoporosis. Conversely, in the young patients with scoliosis, the negative balance incident to treatment by immobilization was associated with vectors of relatively high intensity whose relationships were altered temporarily.
THE EFFECT OF QUANTITATIVE REDUCTION OF RENAL BLOOD FLOW UPON THE PREGNANT RABBIT
Authors: L. V. Dill, C. E. Isenhour, J. F. Cadden
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1939)

In a recent paper (1) we described a syndrome which occurred in pregnant dogs and rabbits sub- jected to renal ischemia and which was charac- terized by hypertension, albuminuria, coma, convulsions, and death.In most of the animals uremia and hematuria were also noted, but these were not constant findings.Cardiac dilatation with acute congestion of all organs, and necroses in the liver, myocardium, and kidneys were the usual findings at autopsy.Bilateral constriction of the renal arteries ren- dered estimation of the actual renal flow so dif- ficult that only very gross variations could be appreciated, and varying amounts of renal damage and nitrogen retention complicated the picture.A more precise quantitative method was needed in order to subject the animals to comparable amounts of renal ischemia.Rytand (2) described the production of renal ischemia by reducing the blood flow through the aorta proximal to the points of origin of the renal arteries.It seemed that the utilization of this method with the application of a clamp of known diameter to the previously measured aorta should give a fairly accurate estimation of the relative reduction of blood flow through the kidneys.METHOD Six pregnant and eight non-pregnant female rabbits of 8 pounds or more in weight and of varying breeds were used as the experimental animals in which to constrict the aorta proximal to the points of origin of the renal vessels and four pregnant animals of the same type were used to control the effect of simple aortic constriction by placing the clamp distal to the points of origin of these arteries.These animals were obtained from a local dealer and were observed for three weeks before the
The BMJ, the definite article
Authors: D. Payne, K. Abbasi, F. Godlee, T. Delamothe
Journal: BMJ (2014)

A new name, logo, website design, and homepage address (thebmj.com)

The journal will be 175 years old next year. During that time it has had four names: the Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal (1840-52), the Association Medical Journal (1853-56), the British Medical Journal (1857-1988), and BMJ (1988-2014). Now it gets a fifth, with the inclusion in its name of the definite article. The journal formerly known as BMJ will now be formally known as The BMJ . 

This subtle change has several aims and consequences. Firstly, it allows us to embrace and champion the growing number of products and services within our publishing company, which last year adopted the name BMJ. Many people remain unaware that we (the journal and the publishing company) do more than publish journals. Our sister journals and our learning and evidence products are flourishing around the world and have also been rebranded to emphasise their connectedness with the journal and each other. 

To highlight the range of tools we now provide for clinicians, researchers, and others involved in healthcare, …
PASSIVE ANTIBODY AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Raymond A. McBride, Louis W. Schierman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1971)

The isoimmune response of fowl inoculated with RBC coated with antibody was investigated. Anti-B antiserum from a single animal was used to coat different donor type RBC. With each donor type RBC the immune response to the coated determinants is suppressed. Enhancement of the immune response to noncoated determinants occurs when they are products of an allelic gene or belong to a different blood group system. Coating some B antigen determinants suppresses the response to noncoated determinants of the same antigen, i.e., determinants which are products of the same B gene. Varying the quantity of passive antibody revealed that the degree of suppression and the degree of enhancement are negatively correlated. These findings support the concept that antibody-coated determinants function as carrier for noncoated determinants, provided a certain physical association exists between them. A further interpretation of these studies is that in certain situations an antibody to one antigen may interfere with events which lead to an immune response to a different antigen. The possibility, that the protection afforded by ABO incompatibility against Rh isoimmunization is because of a similar phenomenon, is discussed. A hypothesis is presented which states that where the immune response to certain antigens behaves as a dominantly inherited trait, and is associated with histocompatibility type, the nonresponder animals possess an antibody (perhaps cell bound) which interferes with the response to determinants for which it does not have specificity. Responders are assumed to lack this antibody because it has specificity for their major histocompatibility antigens.
Demonstration and partial characterization of insulin receptors in human platelets.
Authors: A S Hajek, J H Joist, R K Baker, L Jarett, W H Daughaday
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1979)

Recently, evidence has been reported to suggest that human platelets like several other circulating blood cells may bind insulin. To examine whether human platelets contain specific insulin receptors, washed human platelets suspended in Hepes buffer were incubated at 24 degrees C with 125I-insulin in the presence and absence of unlabeled insulin and specific insulin binding was determined. Insulin binding by platelets increased progressively with time of incubation to reach a maximum at 3 h and was proportional to the number of platelets in the incubation mixture. Maximum insulin binding was observed at pH 8. Insulin degradation by platelets as assessed by TCA precipitability and reincubation studies was minimal. Scatchard analysis of the binding data and dissociation studies revealed evidence of negative cooperativity of the platelet insulin receptor. A high affinity dissociation constant of approximately equal to 3 X 10(9) M-1 was determined and the concentration of platelet insulin receptors was estimated as 25 binding sites/micron2 platelet surface area. Binding of 125I-insulin by platelets was inhibited by unlabeled porcine insulin and to a lesser extent by catfish insulin and porcine proinsulin but not by glucagon, prolactin, growth hormone, and thrombin. The findings indicate that human platelets contain specific insulin receptors. The significance of the platelet insulin receptor, particularly with respect to altered platelet function in diabetes mellitus, remains to be determined.
Effects of chrysotile on a lysosomal enzyme preparation and on the hydrolytic enzyme activity of cultured alveolar macrophages.
Authors: R Desai, R J Richards
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

The interaction between chrysotile and three lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase, acid RNase and acid protease) in isolated lysosomal enzyme-rich preparations (LEP), from sheep alveolar macrophages maintained in the presence and absence of serum components or pulmonary surfactant at pH 5.0 and pH 7.0 for up to 22 days, is investigated. It is concluded that chrysotile does not inhibit or enhance lysosomal enzyme activity at either pH but may preferentially absorb specific enzymes and that the binding reaction between any given enzyme and mineral can be dependent on the presence of other organic compounds. The release of three hydrolytic enzymes (beta-galactosidase, acid RNase and protease) from cultured rabbit alveolar macrophages, in the presence of different concentrations of bovine serum (5-20%) and in the presence and absence of chrysotile for 72 hr, was also studied. Chrysotile enhances early differential release of each hydrolytic enzyme, but after 72 hr both control and chrysotile-treated cultures (maintained in 10-20% serum) have very similar intra- and extracellular levels of hydrolytic activity. The apparent differential release of lysosomal enzymes by untreated macrophages, which is dependent on serum concentration and time in vitro, is discussed.
After the Challenger
Authors: Alan L. Hillman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

THE tragic loss of the space shuttle Challenger and its crew intensifies the need to identify meaningful long-term goals for the space program. The current hiatus in activities in space should be used to reexamine the fundamental question that has persisted despite nearly three decades of space flight: What potential benefits from the exploration of space justify risk to humans and economic investment? Since biomedical experimentation, observation, and processing of materials are peaceful pursuits with the potential to improve the human condition on earth, these initiatives may justify risk and expense. In this paper I shall review past biomedical activities . . .
Inverse Correlation between Tumoral Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Endometrial Cancer: Its Association with Disease Progression and Survival
Authors: Kazuhiko Ino, Eiko Yamamoto, Kiyosumi Shibata, Hiroaki Kajiyama, Norio Yoshida, Mikio Terauchi, Akihiro Nawa, Tetsuro Nagasaka, Osamu Takikawa, Fumitaka Kikkawa
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: Tumor escape from host immune systems is a crucial mechanism for disease progression. We recently showed that the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a prognostic indicator for endometrial cancer. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between IDO expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) or natural killer (NK) cells and to clarify their prognostic effect in endometrial cancer. Experimental Design: Immunohistochemical staining for IDO expression in endometrial cancer tissues (n = 65) was done. Tumor-infiltrating CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, as well as CD57+ NK cells, were counted in serial tissue sections. Results: High IDO expression in tumor cells was found in 32 of 65 cases and was positively correlated with myometrial invasion, nodal metastasis, and lymph-vascular space involvement. We also found a significant correlation between high IDO expression and reduced numbers of CD3+, CD8+, and CD57+ cells infiltrating into both the tumor epithelium and stroma. Patients with high IDO expression, a low number of stromal CD3 (&amp;lt;60), low intraepithelial CD8 (&amp;lt;25), or low stromal CD8 (&amp;lt;40) had significantly impaired progression-free survival. On multivariate analysis, IDO expression and the number of stromal CD3+ TILs were independent prognostic factors for impaired progression-free survival. Conclusions: Tumoral IDO expression correlated with a reduced number of TILs and NK cells in endometrial cancer, possibly contributing to disease progression and impaired clinical outcome. These findings suggest that targeting IDO to restore host antitumor immunity may be a therapeutic strategy for endometrial cancer.
Points: Cervical cytology screening
Authors: V Hartley-Brewer
Journal: BMJ (1987)

s eloquent description of Mary McDaid, dead in bed at 33 (25 July, p 265), set me thinking about where Mary and her like were represented in the evaluation of a shared diabetes care scheme reported by Dr John Day's group (20 June, p 1590)-perhaps among those for whom it was agreed that "improved control could not be achieved" or among the 40-60% of patients who do not consult specialists for diabetes care?The authors do not tell us how many patients fell into each group, nor how they fared over the next two years.The disappointing physical deterioration that occurred over the two years might have been mainly in that group where doctors had settled for poorer blood glucose control.The authors, and others (18 July, p 214), have proposed various solutions to improve the organisation of diabetic care including "greater con- centration on patient advice."Attempts at blanket patient advice have not met with much success in changing patient behaviour, and it would seem rational to tailor the advice to the specific needs of different groups of patients.We should take Mary's statement, that "it was all right for doctors with their fancy talk," into account in her management.Studies of patient outcome would also be better interpreted if they classified patients by their health beliefs and health seeking behaviour as well as their blood glucose values, and took this classification into account in the analysis.
AMEBIASIS OF THE LIVER
Authors: E. C. CORT
Journal: JAMA (1928)

Since the discovery of an ameba as the causative agent of dysentery in man by Losch in 1873, and the dicovery by Koch in 1883 of an ameba in the pus from a patient dying of tropical abscess of the liver, which discovery was confirmed by Kartulis in Egypt in 1887 and by Osler in America in 1890, the importance of Endameba histolytica as an agent in human morbidity and mortality has been increasingly recognized.  More recently the finding of large numbers of cases of amebiasis from practically all over the world has reemphasized amebiasis as a public health problem of the first importance. To quote from Ludlow's article, 1 Dobell's figures for England give 10 per cent infection; Kofoid and Swezy, 26.5 per cent in the United States; Kessel and Svenson, 29.5 per cent in the Peking area, China, and Choy, 19.6 per cent for Seoul, Korea. Our own
The physiological effect of 800 mcg and 1600 mcg inhaled salbutamol during a football specific treadmill run at high ambient temperatures
Authors: J Dickinson, J Hu, N Chester, B Drust, G Whyte, M Loosemore
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

The World Anti-doping Agency stipulates that athletes who declare salbutamol use should not exceed 1600 μg over a 24 h period. No studies have investigated the physiological effect of 1600 μg of inhaled salbutamol on intermittent sports. This study investigated the physiological effect of inhaling 800 μg and 1600 μg of salbutamol prior to a football specific run at high ambient temperatures. Five male non-asthmatic football players (mean+SD; age 24+4 y; weight 71+4 kg; height 175+5 cm) volunteered. Participants attended the lab on three occasions to inhale either a placebo (PLA), 800 μg of salbutamol (800SAL) or 1600 μg of salbutamol (1600SAL) 15 min prior to performing a football-specific run for 45 min at 30°C. The football specific run consisted of seven stages which included two high intensity stages and five low intensity stages. During each stage VO 2 , RER, HR and blood lactate was measured. Repeated measures ANOVA were performed to investigate the changes in VO 2 , RER, HR and blood lactate during each stage. Significance was assumed if p&lt;0.05. During stage one and two HR was higher (p=0.010; p=0.013) in 800SAL (143.3+10.3 b.min -1 ; 148.0+12.2 b.min -1 ) and 1600SAL (141.6+2.5 b.min -1 ; 147.0+4.0 b.min -1 ) when compared to PLA (119.3+11.9 b.min -1 ; 129.3+9.6 b.min -1 ). Following stage two blood lactate was higher (p=0.020) in 800SAL (4.2+1.8 mmol.l -1 ) and 1600SAL (4.5+1.6 mmol.l -1 ) when compared with PLA (2.4+1.2 mmol.l -1 ). Following stage five blood lactate was higher (p=0.014) in 800SAL (4.2+1.6 mmol.l -1 ) and 1600SAL (5.0+1.4 mmol.l -1 ) when compared with PLA (2.8+1.0 mmol.l -1 ). The increased HR (stages one and two) and increased blood lactate concentration (stages two and five) observed following salbutamol inhalation, suggests supratherapeutic doses of salbutamol may increase the physiological cost during a football match.
A case of chronic aneosinocytosis
Authors: Adam Telerman, Robert B. Amson, Alain Delforge, Elizabeth Collard, Pierre A. Stryckmans
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1982)

Abstract A 59‐year‐old woman, after complete recovery from an episode of drug‐induced agranulocytosis, was found to sustain a chronic absence of recognizable mature and immature eosinophils in blood and bone marrow during a follow‐up period of 8 years. Her bone marrow and peripheral blood cells cultured in vitro were able to produce normal numbers of eosinophil colonies. The present disorder was thus not caused by a lack of EO‐CFU‐C, nor by a defect in EO‐CSA, nor by an immunologically mediated mechanism acting on mature or immature eosinophils or on EO‐CSA producing cells. It is suggested that the marrow was not able to differentiate normally along the eosinophil pathway, possibly owing to a microenvironmental defect or, less likely, an intrinsic stem cell defect.
Long-term consequence of rat orthotopic liver transplantation with and without hepatic arterial reconstruction: A clinical, pathological, and hemodynamic study
Authors: H Imamura, B Rocheleau, J Côté, P M Huet
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

Our aim was to investigate the time-related changes in various parameters following orthotopic rat liver transplantation with (AOLT) and without (NOLT) arterial reconstruction in male Lewis rats. Body weight and biochemical parameters were measured weekly, and a liver biopsy was obtained at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Hemodynamics were evaluated at 12 weeks using the microsphere technique and compared with matched controls. Following AOLT, rats gained weight normally without any noticeable complication. In NOLT, two subgroups (NOLT-1 and NOLT-2) could clearly be identified retrospectively. In the NOLT-1 group, the body weight increased normally, although animals presented transient cholestasis. In these rats, the ductular proliferation found at 4 weeks had regressed by the 12th week with near-normal biopsies. By contrast, in the NOLT-2 group, rats did not gain body weight and had persistent cholestasis. Marked ductular proliferation with increasing fibrosis was observed, resulting in a secondary biliary cirrhosis by the 12th week. Surprisingly, rearterialization of the grafted liver occurred in both NOLT-1 and NOLT-2 irrespective of their clinical course. All transplanted rats showed portal hypertension with marked portosystemic shunts, probably caused by the portal cuff. However, a hyperdynamic circulatory state was only observed in the NOLT-2 group with cirrhotic changes. These findings further show the combined role of an intact hepatic innervation and of hepatocellular insufficiency in the genesis of the hyperdynamic circulatory state associated with portal hypertension.
Environmental and toxicological planning in polymer production and disposal.
Authors: G J Levinskas
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1975)

There is neither a prescribed format nor a rigid sequence of testing to follow for the assessment of health and environmental effects of chemicals. Conventional animal toxicity tests plus medical surveillance and monitoring of exposed human populations will provide knowledge of the biological effects of chemicals and assurance that they can be handled safely. Useful information also can be derived from other test procedures. These include extraction studies to measure the amounts of additives which can leach from polymers, toxicity tests using aquatic organisms and birds, and determination of the biodegradability of materials and their potential for accumulation and magnification in biological systems. Current concern over pyrolysis products of polymers points up the need for defining the variables involved and development of test procedures by which meaningful evaluations of potential health hazards can be made.