tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Management of Postoperative AcremoniumEndophthalmitis
Authors: David J. Weissgold, Albert M. Maguire, Alexander J. Brucker
Journal: Ophthalmology (1996)

Four patients presented after cataract surgery with delayed-onset endophthalmitis caused by Acremonium kiliense with in vitro sensitivity to amphotericin B. In all patients, ocular infection was recalcitrant to single-dose intravitreous amphotericin B injection. The authors reviewed the management of endophthalmitis caused by A. kiliense and presented treatment recommendations.The authors retrospectively evaluated a cluster of four patients with delayed-onset postoperative endophthalmitis after phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. All patients underwent vitreous sampling, intravitreous injection of amphotericin B, and systemic administration of fluconazole. Pars plana vitrectomy was performed in all patients for management of either primary (1 eye) or persistent infection (3 eyes). Two patients with persistent infection also underwent surgical explanation of their posterior chamber intraocular lens.Worsening infection developed in three of three eyes that underwent vitreous aspiration with intravitreous injection 5 micrograms amphotericin B. These patients subsequently responded to vitrectomy followed by additional intravitreous amphotericin B injection. One eye underwent primary vitrectomy and intravitreous injection of 7.5 micrograms amphotericin B. Although treatment of the initial infection was successful, fungal keratitis developed in this patient 3 months after presentation. Visual outcome was variable, ranging from visual acuity of 20/25 to no light perception with follow-up of 2 years. Epidemiologic investigation suggested a common environmental source for the A. kiliense organisms.Single-dose administration of intravitreous amphotericin B was inadequate treatment for fungal endophthalmitis caused by A. kiliense. Vitrectomy with repeated intravitreous administration of amphotericin B may be necessary to eradicate intraocular function caused by this organism.
SEROLOGICAL STUDIES OF SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUSES
Authors: Richard E. Shope
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1939)

1. Cross-neutralization tests with sera from swine recovered from infection with swine influenza indicated the serological identity of 7 strains of swine influenza virus obtained from different sources. 2. Cross-neutralization tests with sera from rabbits, immunized to swine influenza virus, exposed serological differences among the same 7 swine influenza virus strains. Two strains appeared to be serologically similar and were characterized by the ability to produce effective homologous virus-neutralizing sera which were, however, poor or ineffective against the heterologous virus strains. Two other strains were also serologically similar but produced antibodies effective not only against themselves, but against all heterologous strains as well. The remaining 3 strains were intermediate in their ability to produce heterologous virus-neutralizing antibodies. 3. The human influenza viruses included, especially strains WS and Oakham, were most effectively differentiated serologically from the swine influenza viruses by rabbit antisera. 4. The suggestion is advanced that swine antisera express the antigenic composition of the swine influenza viruses, while rabbit antisera reflect either their antigenic arrangement or the arrangement of the components responsible for their mouse pathogenicity. On this interpretation the 7 strains of swine influenza virus studied would be considered to have similar antigenic compositions but differing antigenic structures. 5. The serological differences among strains of the swine influenza virus, detectible by rabbit antisera, are probably of no practical significance so far as the natural disease, swine influenza, is concerned.
Multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) polymorphisms are associated with major molecular responses to standard-dose imatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Stéphanie Dulucq, Stéphane Bouchet, Béatrice Turcq, Eric Lippert, Gabriel Etienne, Josy Reiffers, Mathieu Molimard, Maja Krajinovic, François-Xavier Mahon
Journal: Blood (2008)
Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis
Authors: C. D Irvine, R. N Baird, P. M Lamont, A. H Davies
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Reasonable doubt justifies randomisation

European and North American clinicians have always differed in their management of carotid artery disease.1 Carotid endarterectomy is one of the commonest vascular procedures in North America, with over 360 operations per million population being performed each year.1 Meanwhile, despite the fact that the first carotid reconstruction was performed in Britain,1 selection for the procedure in Europe has been sporadic. British data for 1993-4 confirm that fewer than 40 carotid endarterectomies are performed per million population per year (personal communications from Department of Health, England; NHS Information and Statistics Division, Scotland; and Department of Health and Social Services, Northern Ireland, 1995).

Two major multicentre trials, the North American symptomatic carotid endarterectomy trial and the European carotid surgery trial, both published in 1991, have helped to define the role of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptoms, such as transient ischaemic attacks and non-disabling strokes.2 3 In symptomatic patients with an internal carotid artery stenosis of greater than 70%, endarterectomy produced a 75% reduction in rates of stroke over two to three years when compared with best medical treatment. These trials meant that carotid endarterectomy became a member of that small group of preventive surgical procedures that have withstood the test of a randomised controlled trial.

Neurologists' lack of confidence in the outcome of carotid endarterectomy has contributed to low rates of referral in Europe.1 The benefit to patients with symptoms is acknowledged, but the impact of the operation on preventing stroke in the population has been challenged, as highlighted recently in the BMJ.4 Health service statistics suggest that the provision of endarterectomy for symptomatic patients is not uniform across the country. Given that Britain cannot optimally provide for patients …
Neural models of reaching
Authors: Stephen Grossberg
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

Plamondon &amp; Alimi (P&amp;A) have unified much data on speed/accuracy trade-offs during reaching movements using a delta-lognormal form factor that describes “the asymptotic behavior of a large number of dependent linear systems,” notably neuromuscular systems. Their approach raises questions about whether a large number of systems is needed, whether they are linear, and whether the results disclose the neural design principles that control reaching behaviors. The authors admit that “it is difficult . . . to provide a direct biological interpretation for the system parameters” (sect. 6, para. 4).
A tale of two novel transplants not done: the ethics of limb allografts
Authors: D. Benatar
Journal: BMJ (2002)

When it becomes technically possible to perform a “ground breaking” surgical procedure, an important moral problem arises. In view of the strong incentive for surgeons to be the first to perform a novel operation, their judgments about whether such an intervention is justified may well be clouded. We describe two cases in which surgeons decided not to perform a novel transplant. In the second case transplantation continued to be considered until the ethical analysis performed in writing this paper was completed.

#### Summary points

At the Red Cross Children's Hospital in Cape Town it was decided, on ethical grounds, against novel limb allografts for two patients—one with no hands and one with no hands or feet

The costs to health and cumulative lifetime risks of immunosuppression for child recipients of a limb allograft are substantial and do not outweigh the functional benefits

There are good reasons for not using “informed consent” to bypass the difficulties of weighing the benefits of limb allografts against the costs

The ideal candidate for limb transplantation is somebody who could gain the most and for whom the associated costs and risks are lowest

A potential recipient should be very close to this ideal if transplantation is to be morally justified

In July 1994, a 3 year old boy was admitted to the intensive care unit at the Red Cross Children's Hospital in Cape Town with meningococcal septicaemia. He developed infarction of all his fingers and these were amputated at the level of the carpus bilaterally with skin grafting of the stumps.

In January 2000, a 4 year old girl was admitted to the same hospital, also with meningococcal septicaemia. She developed distal necrosis of all four limbs. Both hands were amputated just distal to the carpus, leaving three metacarpal stumps on the right hand and a vestige of …
Mercury Production and Use in Colonial Andean Silver Production: Emissions and Health Implications
Authors: Nicholas A. Robins, Nicole A. Hagan
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

Colonial cinnabar mining and refining began in Huancavelica, Peru, in 1564. With a local source of mercury, the amalgamation process was adopted to refine silver in Potosí, Bolivia, in the early 1570s. As a result, large quantities of mercury were released into the environment.We used archival, primary, and secondary sources to develop the first estimate of mercury emissions from cinnabar refining in Huancavelica and to revise previous estimates of emissions from silver refining in Potosí during the colonial period (1564-1810).Although other estimates of historical mercury emissions have recognized Potosí as a significant source, Huancavelica has been overlooked. In addition, previous estimates of mercury emissions from silver refining under-estimated emissions because of unrecorded (contra-band) production and volatilization of mercury during processing and recovery. Archival descriptions document behavioral and health issues during the colonial period that are consistent with known effects of mercury intoxication.According to our calculations, between 1564 and 1810, an estimated 17,000 metric tons of mercury vapor were emitted from cinnabar smelting in Huancavelica, and an estimated 39,000 metric tons were released as vapor during silver refining operations in Potosí. Huancavelica and Potosí combined contributed > 25% of the 196,000 metric tons of mercury vapor emissions in all of Latin America between 1500 and 1800. The historical record is laden with evidence of mercury intoxication consistent with effects recognized today. Our estimates serve as the foundation of investigations of present-day contamination in Huancavelica and Potosí resulting from historical emissions of mercury.
From Watchful Waiting to Antibiotics
Authors: Rudolph H. Kampmeier
Journal: JAMA (1989)

FOR ONE who has been a physician for 65 years, an invitation to tap his recollections about public health looses memories of once common communicable diseases now often unknown to younger physicians, as well as diseases then new on the horizon. In the early decades of this century, infectious disease was almost synonymous with public health. Although some pathogens had been identified before my birth (1898), the etiology of other common contagious diseases had to await the identification of viruses. To the physician in those days, who had recourse only to symptomatic treatment, the death rate for some diseases was appalling. In 1900, deaths from influenza and pneumonia ranked first and tuberculosis second, accounting, respectively, for 11.8% and 11.3% of all mortality. Diphtheria, measles, scarlet fever, and whooping cough took the lives of one fourth of the children between ages 1 and 14 years. The highest mortality rate beyond infancy
IMMUNOASSAYS FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF CHORIOGONADOTROPIN (hCG). ASSAY PERFORMANCE AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: L. R. Witherspoon, S. E. Shuler, G. Joseph, F. Balrd, H. Neely, R. Sonnemaker
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1991)

Witherspoon, L. R.; Shuler, S. E.; Joseph, G.; Balrd, F.; Neely, H.; Sonnemaker, R. Author Information
Patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria have a high frequency of peripheral-blood T cells expressing activating isoforms of inhibiting superfamily receptors
Authors: Alessandro Poggi, Simone Negrini, Maria Raffaella Zocchi, Anna-Maria Massaro, Lucia Garbarino, Sonia Lastraioli, Lucia Gargiulo, Lucio Luzzatto, Rosario Notaro
Journal: Blood (2005)
METHOD OF WASHING SMALL PIECES OF TISSUE.
Authors: GUTHRIE McCONNELL
Journal: JAMA (1906)

I have devised a method of washing small bits of tissue which have been hardened in Zenker's or similar fluids, and which does away with the difficulties usually encountered in that proceeding. As shown in the accompanying illustration, a piece of fine-meshed copper wire netting is rolled into a cylinder and stuck well down into a bottle. The bits of tissue are put in this and the water is turned on; all danger of losing the specimen is obviated as the water can not rise to any degree above the mouth of the bottle. Until I happened to think of this method I had to devise rather elaborate or cumbersome ways of accomplishing the desired end.
Myocardial reperfusion in the pig heart model: infarct size and duration of coronary occlusion
Authors: D. GARCIA-DORADO, P. THEROUX, J. ELIZAGA, M. GALINANES, J. SOLARES, M. RIESGO, M. J GOMEZ, A. GARCIA-DORADO, F. F. AVILES
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1987)

The effect of coronary artery reperfusion on infarct size was studied in a pig heart model. Forty four open chest pigs underwent occlusion of the mid-left anterior descending artery. Fifteen minutes after occlusion the animals were randomised to one of five groups: reperfusion at 30, 45, 60, or 90 min after occlusion (groups 1-4) or permanent occlusion (group 5). Twenty four hours after coronary occlusion the pigs were killed. The heart was sectioned in slices, which were incubated in triphenyl-tetrazolium. Mean(SEM) infarct sizes calculated by planimetry were 0.46(0.42), 2.85(1.14), 9.74(1.65), 8.93(1.37), and 13.17(1.17)% of left ventricular mass in the five groups. The transmural extension of the infarct was 14.6(11.4), 42.1(12.9), 87.4(6.6), 96.2(3.2), and 100(0)% and a transmurality index used as an estimate of the mean extension of the infarct relative to wall thickness was calculated to be 0.08(0.06), 0.32(0.10), 0.72(0.06), 0.79(0.04), and 0.92(0.02) respectively. Infarct size was similar in groups 3-5, but significantly smaller in groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Infarct size and the transmurality index correlated exponentially with the duration of the occlusion (r=0.80, p<0.01; and r=0.95, p<0.001 respectively). These results indicate that in the pig heart model submitted to an acute coronary occlusion cell viability may be less than that suggested by previous canine studies. This observation is probably related to a less well developed collateral blood flow in the pig heart and may provide an experimental model that better resembles certain clinical conditions.
Porphyria cutanea tarda in a haemodialysed patient
Authors: G.C. TOPI, GANDOLFO L. D'ALESSANDRO, G.C. CANCARINI, F. COSTANZA, D. GRISO, M. RAVELLI
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1981)

A bullous dermatosis, that arose about 2 years after the beginning of haemodialysis treatment, was due to a genuine hereditary porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT). The plasma porphyrins were extraordinarily high. Neither the residual renal function nor the haemodialysis—using different techniques and different materials‐succeeded in reducing the plasma porphyrin levels to that usually found in PCT. The serious and rapid evolution of the cutaneous lesions towards a scleroderma‐like state might have been due to this high level of plasma porphyrins and to their passage into the tissues. The clearance of porphyrins is compared with that of 162 subjects affected by PCT. The porphyrin content in the plasma of seventy‐five non‐porphyric subjects undergoing maintenance dialysis was also studied.
Where Does Fitness Fit In?
Authors: William E. Kraus, Pamela S. Douglas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Cardiorespiratory fitness, as measured by a number of relatively simple and inexpensive clinical maneuvers, provides strong and independent prognostic information about the overall risk of illness and death, especially that from cardiovascular causes. This relationship extends to men, women, and adolescents. It is valid in apparently healthy persons; in patients with a broad range of maladies, including several types of cancer and cardiovascular disease; and in at-risk patients with diabetes mellitus, the metabolic syndrome, and hypertension.13 However, despite the profoundly important prognostic information provided by simple clinical assessments of fitness, they are rarely used in the clinical setting and . . .
NF‐kB inhibition as a strategy to enhance etoposide‐induced apoptosis in K562 cell line
Authors: A. Morotti, D. Cilloni, M. Pautasso, F. Messa, F. Arruga, I. Defilippi, S. Carturan, R. Catalano, V. Rosso, A. Chiarenza, R. Taulli, E. Bracco, G. Rege‐Cambrin, E. Gottardi, G. Saglio
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2006)

Abstract NF‐kB is a transcription factor that mediates antiapoptotic signals in several cancer cell lines. Here we have demonstrated that the cytotoxic drug, Etoposide, activates NF‐kB in K562, a chronic myeloid leukemia blast crisis cell line. Treatment with the NF‐kB inhibitors MG‐132, Bay11‐7082, and Resveratrol impedes Etoposide‐induced NF‐kB activation, rendering K562 sensitive to Etoposide‐induced apoptosis. Stable expression of mutant form of IkB‐α, which retains NF‐kB inactive in the cytoplasm of cells, confirmed the data obtained with molecular inhibitors. Both inhibitors and stable expression of SR‐IkB are associated with down‐modulation of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl‐xL, suggesting that the survival pathway activated by Etoposide involves NF‐kB‐mediated Bcl‐xL expression. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Macular telangiectasia type 2
Authors: Peter Charbel Issa, Mark C. Gillies, Emily Y. Chew, Alan C. Bird, Tjebo F.C. Heeren, Tunde Peto, Frank G. Holz, Hendrik P.N. Scholl
Journal: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (2012)

Macular telangiectasia type 2 is a bilateral disease of unknown cause with characteristic alterations of the macular capillary network and neurosensory atrophy. Its prevalence may be underestimated and has recently been shown to be as high as 0.1% in persons 40 years and older. Biomicroscopy may show reduced retinal transparency, crystalline deposits, mildly ectatic capillaries, blunted venules, retinal pigment plaques, foveal atrophy, and neovascular complexes. Fluorescein angiography shows telangiectatic capillaries predominantly temporal to the foveola in the early phase and a diffuse hyperfluorescence in the late phase. High-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) may reveal disruption of the photoreceptor inner segment–outer segment border, hyporeflective cavities at the level of the inner or outer retina, and atrophy of the retina in later stages. Macular telangiectasia type 2 shows a unique depletion of the macular pigment in the central retina and recent therapeutic trials showed that such depleted areas cannot re-accumulate lutein and zeaxanthin after oral supplementation. There have been various therapeutic approaches with limited or no efficacy. Recent clinical trials with compounds that block vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have established the role of VEGF in the pathophysiology of the disease, but have not shown significant efficacy, at least for the non-neovascular disease stages. Recent progress in structure–function correlation may help to develop surrogate outcome measures for future clinical trials. In this review article, we summarize the current knowledge on macular telangiectasia type 2, including the epidemiology, the genetics, the clinical findings, the staging and the differential diagnosis of the disease. Findings using retinal imaging are discussed, including fluorescein angiography, OCT, adaptive optics imaging, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and fundus autofluorescence, as are the findings using visual function testing including visual acuity and fundus-controlled microperimetry. We provide an overview of the therapeutic approaches for both non-neovascular and neovascular disease stages and provide a perspective of future directions including animal models and potential therapeutic approaches.
Factor V Leiden and the Risk for Venous Thromboembolism in the Adult Danish Population
Authors: Klaus Juul, Anne Tybjærg-Hansen, Peter Schnohr, Børge G. Nordestgaard
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2004)

Background: Odds ratios for venous thromboembolism (deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) derived from case–control studies range from 3 to 16 for heterozygotes compared with noncarriers and up to 79 for homozygotes compared with noncarriers. Objective: To estimate risks for venous thromboembolism in the adult Danish population according to factor V Leiden genotype. Design: Cohort study with 23 years of follow-up. Setting: Adult Danish population. Participants: 9253 randomly selected individuals. Measurements: Hospitalization and death from venous thromboembolism, factor V Leiden genotype, and additional thromboembolic risk factors. Results: Adjusted hazard ratios in heterozygotes and homozygotes compared with noncarriers were 2.7 (95% CI, 1.8 to 3.8) and 18 (CI, 4.1 to 41) for venous thromboembolism overall, 2.4 (CI, 1.3 to 3.8) and 22 (CI, 0 to 60) for deep venous thrombosis, and 3.0 (CI, 1.7 to 4.9) and 11 (CI, 0 to 33) for pulmonary embolism. The lowest absolute 10-year risks for venous thromboembolism in factor V Leiden heterozygotes and homozygotes—0.7% (CI, 0.5% to 1.0%) and 3% (CI, 1% to 8%)—were found in nonsmokers younger than 40 years of age with a body mass index below 25 kg/m2; the corresponding highest risks—10% (CI, 7% to 14%) and 51% (CI, 13% to 100%)—were found in smokers older than 60 years of age with a body mass index above 30 kg/m2. Conclusions: Hazard ratios for venous thromboembolism in factor V Leiden heterozygotes and homozygotes compared with noncarriers in the adult Danish population were approximately 3 and 18, respectively. The simultaneous presence of smoking, obesity, and old age resulted in absolute 10-year thromboembolic risks of 10% in heterozygotes and 51% in homozygotes.