tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mortality from pulmonary embolism is decreasing in hospital patients
Authors: Douglas Kopcke, Ondina Harryman, Emyr W Benbow, Charles Hay, Nicholas Chalmers
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2011)

Objectives Pulmonary embolism is believed to be a common cause of death of hospital inpatients. The aims of this study were to estimate the number of deaths caused by pulmonary embolism and the potential to reduce this by the use of caval filters according to accepted indications. Design Review of autopsy reports and death notification records from 2007 and 2008. When pulmonary embolism was given as cause of death (in the autopsy report or in section 1 a-c or part 2 of the Medical Certificate of the Cause of Death), hospital records were reviewed for evidence of pre-mortem diagnosis of pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and for evidence of accepted indications for caval filter placement. Setting Large UK teaching hospital. Participants Hospital inpatients whose deaths were attributed to pulmonary embolism. Main outcome measures Proportion of deaths adjudged at autopsy to be due to pulmonary embolism; evidence of pre-mortem diagnosis of DVT or pulmonary embolism; total number of hospital admission and deaths. Results From a total of 186,517 adult inpatient admissions there were 2583 (1.4%) adult inpatient deaths of which 696 (27%) underwent autopsy. Of those undergoing autopsy, 14 (2.0%, 95% CI 1.2–3.3%) deaths were caused by pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism was recorded as a cause of death in a further 12 (0.7%) of 1773 patients who did not undergo autopsy. Of these, five had a pre-mortem diagnosis of DVT or pulmonary embolism. Conclusions The proportion of deaths caused by pulmonary embolism appears to be considerably lower than the widely published rate, and of this small number, few have a pre-mortem diagnosis of DVT or pulmonary embolism. There is little scope for further reduction of pulmonary embolism mortality through use of caval filters according to guidelines. Current policy on pulmonary embolism risk prevention appears to be based on an over-estimate of the level of risk.
Universal claim form for items of service payments in general practice.
Authors: J R Goves, R H Davis
Journal: BMJ (1985)

A universal claim form was designed to replace 12 different forms currently in use by general practitioners in the National Health Service to claim payment for items of service. This form was evaluated over a period of three months in a group practice. It was acceptable to doctors, staff, and the staff of the family practitioner committee. Considerably more claims were made during the trial period than during the same period the previous year.
Peripheral Blood Access for Hyperalimentation
Authors: Theodore J. Buselmeier
Journal: JAMA (1977)

TOTAL parenteral nutrition may be complicated in patients who have central venous lines and who require long-term therapy. Use of standard arteriovenous fistulas has generally been unsuccessful in the normally coagulable nonuremic patient. Arteriovenous shunts have been successful at times but have their drawbacks.<sup>11</sup>An expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft was used for repeated vascular access for hyperalimentation in a patient whose initial alimentary therapy was interrupted by recurrent infection of the central venous line used for caloric administration. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 36-year-old obese woman was admitted to the University of Minnesota Hospitals. She had several draining abdominal fistulas two months after a jejunoileal bypass had been performed. She had hepatic insufficiency, several abdominal fistulas, and diffuse signs of malnutrition. A central venous line was placed, and hyperalimentation was started in February 1977 using a combination of soybean oil, 25% dextrose in water and 4.25% amino acid, synthetic solution
Enzymes in Clinical Medicine
Authors: Marc Van Rymenant, Henry J. Tagnon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

THE purpose of this review is to discuss some of the recent advances in clinical enzymology. By clinical enzymology is meant the characterization, detection and measurement of enzymes in tissues and body fluids for purposes of diagnosis and prognosis as well as for the evaluation of the evolution of disease. Clinical enzymology has expanded considerably in recent years since the previous review on this subject appeared in the Journal.1 In the first place, there have been more successful attempts at identifying specific processes with deficiency or alterations of enzyme systems. This applies particularly to a number of congenital diseases, . . .
Peroxynitrite induces HMGB1 release by cardiac cells in vitro and HMGB1 upregulation in the infarcted myocardium in vivo
Authors: N. Loukili, N. Rosenblatt-Velin, J. Li, S. Clerc, P. Pacher, F. Feihl, B. Waeber, L. Liaudet
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2010)

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein actively secreted by immune cells and passively released by necrotic cells that initiates pro-inflammatory signalling through binding to the receptor for advance glycation end-products. HMGB1 has been established as a key inflammatory mediator during myocardial infarction, but the proximal mechanisms responsible for myocardial HMGB1 expression and release in this setting remain unclear. Here, we investigated the possible involvement of peroxynitrite, a potent cytotoxic oxidant formed during myocardial infarction, on these processes.The ability of peroxynitrite to induce necrosis and HMGB1 release in vitro was evaluated in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts and in primary murine cardiac cells (myocytes and non-myocytes). In vivo, myocardial HMGB1 expression and nitrotyrosine content (a marker of peroxynitrite generation) were determined following myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion in rats, whereas peroxynitrite formation was inhibited by two different peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts: 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulphonatophenyl) porphyrinato iron (III) (FeTPPS) or Mn(III)-tetrakis(4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride (MnTBAP). In all types of cells studied, peroxynitrite (100 μM) elicited significant necrosis, the loss of intracellular HMGB1, and its passive release into the medium. In vivo, myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion induced significant myocardial necrosis, cardiac nitrotyrosine formation, and marked overexpression of myocardial HMGB1. FeTPPS reduced nitrotyrosine, decreased infarct size, and suppressed HMGB1 overexpression, an effect that was similarly obtained with MnTBAP.These findings indicate that peroxynitrite represents a key mediator of HMGB1 overexpression and release by cardiac cells and provide a novel mechanism linking myocardial oxidative/nitrosative stress with post-infarction myocardial inflammation.
Author, Author! Who Has the Reprint?
Authors: Paul J. Schmidt
Journal: JAMA (1966)

To the Editor:—  The economic effects of the photocopy machine are evidently being felt by those journals who counted on the sale of reprints as a source of support. Some of this problem must stem from the reader's difficulty in finding an address to which he could send a request for a reprint. The journal may show the author's pedigree and peregrinations but I hesitate to burden the postman with the chore of finding the elusive author at Detroit and Kalamazoo, Michigan (from a journal of laboratory medicine) or  of..., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and Department of..., Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Present address: Department of..., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. I commend your use of a simple address, with zip code, for reprint requests.
The impact of multivessel disease with and without a co‐existing chronic total occlusion on short‐ and long‐term mortality in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction patients with and without cardiogenic shock
Authors: Loes P. Hoebers, Marije M. Vis, Bimmer E. Claessen, René J. van der Schaaf, Wouter J. Kikkert, Jan Baan, Robbert J. de Winter, Jan J. Piek, Jan G.P. Tijssen, George D. Dangas, José P.S. Henriques
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2012)
Predictive Value of Intratumoral Microvascular Density in Patients with Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy Plus Bevacizumab
Authors: Yuan-Yuan Zhao, Cong Xue, Wei Jiang, Hong-Yun Zhao, Yan Huang, Kristin Feenstra, James H. Resau, Chao-Nan Qian, Li Zhang
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2011)
The Novartis case: weighing innovation against access
Authors: A. Jain
Journal: BMJ (2013)

In a landmark judgment last week, the Supreme Court of India rejected the patent application by Novartis for its cancer drug, Glivec (imatinib) (doi:10.1136/bmj.f2099). This has been hailed as a victory for public health, not just in India but across the developing world.

The judgment represents a firm footed stance to protect people’s right to health, in the face of stiff challenges from multinational drug companies. It builds on a critical amendment to India’s patent law in 2005 in the form of section 3(d) that prohibits patents on new forms of known medicines unless they result in enhanced efficacy over the existing medicine. This provision was introduced after India became a signatory …
Cardiac Arrhythmias Associated with the Repair of Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects
Authors: RIKURO SASAKI, E. O. THEILEN, L. E. JANUARY, J. L. EHRENHAFT
Journal: Circulation (1958)

This is a report of cardiac arrhythmias associated with the repair of cardiac septal defects. Electrocardiographic studies showed a high incidence of paroxysmal disturbances of rhythm following surgery.
Serum phosphate inversely related to blood pressure.
Authors: S Ljunghall, H Hedstrand
Journal: BMJ (1977)

In this article, the author studies shareholder activism through environmental, social and governance proposals filed by socially responsible investing funds between 1996 and 2015. Larger, more mature firms with lower capital expenditures and research and development expenses are more easily targeted by these proposals. An equal-weighted portfolio of target firms earns a four-factor alpha of 0.22% on the date of proposal filing. Target firms with subsequent successful proposals earn higher buy-and-hold abnormal returns over the event period and have better long-term stock returns than firms whose proposals subsequently fail. Moreover, social performance of the target firms also improves. <b>TOPICS:</b>ESG investing, portfolio theory, portfolio construction <b>Key Findings</b> • An equal-weighted portfolio of target firms earns a four-factor alpha of 0.22% on the date of proposal filing. • Target firms with subsequent successful proposals earn higher buy-and-hold abnormal returns over the event period and have better long-term stock returns than firms whose proposals subsequently fail. • Social performance of the target firms also improves.
The Common Hyperlipoproteinemias
Authors: WALDO R. FISHER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1976)

Our review focuses on low density lipoprotein (LD lipoprotein) and very low density lipoprotein (VLD lipoprotein) in their roles as transporters of cholesterol and triglyceride and as factors contributing to premature arteriovascular disease. We describe the clinical manifestations of the common, primary hyperlipoproteinemias—that is, hyper-β-lipoproteinemia, combined hyperlipoproteinemia, hyper-pre-β-lipoproteinemia, and sporadic hyperlipoproteinemia— and discuss the variations in lipoprotein structure and metabolism that occur in these diseases. Based on an understanding of the physiologic control of lipoprotein metabolism, it is possible for the physician to alter the concentrations of LD lipoprotein and VLD lipoprotein by selecting a course of therapy appropriate to the specific disease. We describe the effects of obesity, diet, insulin, ethanol, estrogens, and the drugs clofibrate, nicotinic acid, and cholestyramine.
Inhibition of complement factor C5 protects against anti-myeloperoxidase antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis in mice
Authors: D. Huugen, A. van Esch, H. Xiao, C.-J. Peutz-Kootstra, W.-A. Buurman, J. W. Cohen Tervaert, J.-C. Jennette, P. Heeringa
Journal: Kidney International (2007)
The Role of Data Audits in Detecting Scientific Misconduct
Authors: John P. Conomy
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the September 4, 1987, issue of<i>JAMA</i>, Drs Wyllie, Pippenger, and Rothner<sup>1</sup>clearly pointed out that in the patient they studied, the bioavailability of a generic preparation of primidone was inadequate in achieving potentially protective blood levels at the time the patient was studied. In your thoughtful editorial appearing in the May 5, 1989, issue of<i>JAMA</i><sup>2</sup>that critical point is not acknowledged or addressed. It is, however, the central point of the above-mentioned article by Wyllie et al. Clearly, in the patient presented by our colleagues, the bioavailability of generic primidone and its derivatives to the patient they reported was inadequate as reflected by blood levels. To say that the patient went on, with a nongeneric drug, to have seizures at some further point in time neither addresses nor excuses the inadequacy of bioavailabilty of potentially protective pharmacologic agents at the time the
Temporal Framing of Thalamic Relay-Mode Firing by Phasic Inhibition during the Alpha Rhythm
Authors: Magor L. Lőrincz, Katalin A. Kékesi, Gábor Juhász, Vincenzo Crunelli, Stuart W. Hughes
Journal: Neuron (2009)

Several aspects of perception, particularly those pertaining to vision, are closely linked to the occipital alpha (α) rhythm. However, how the α rhythm relates to the activity of neurons that convey primary visual information is unknown. Here we show that in behaving cats, thalamocortical neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) that operate in a conventional relay-mode form two groups where the cumulative firing is subject to a cyclic suppression that is centered on the negative α rhythm peak in one group and on the positive peak in the other. This leads to an effective temporal framing of relay-mode output and results from phasic inhibition from LGN interneurons, which in turn are rhythmically excited by thalamocortical neurons that exhibit high-threshold bursts. These results provide a potential cellular substrate for linking the α rhythm to perception and further underscore the central role of inhibition in controlling spike timing during cognitively relevant brain oscillations.
Abstract 1201: Hypoxia promotes not CXCR7 but CXCR4 expression and its biological activity in gastric cancer cell through activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1β
Authors: Hyo Jin Lee, Yun Sook Oh, Ha Yon Kim, Hwan Jung Yoon, Deog Yeon Jo, Samyong Kim
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: The chemokine receptor, CXCR4 and CXCR7, which bind with high affinity same chemokine CXCL12/SDF-1, are associated with the biological behavior in several kinds of cancer, but few studies have addressed the expression and regulation of CXCR4 and CXCR7 in gastric cancer. Methods: Gastric cancer cell line KATO III was subjected to hypoxia or normoxia. The expression of CXCR4 and CXCR7 were investigated using RT-PCR, Westerning blotting, and flow cytometry before and after hypoxic conditioning. The regulation of CXCR4 and CXCR7, and their biological effects by hypoxia were evaluated using gastric cancer cells transfected with hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α shRNA. Result: mRNA and proteins of both CXCR4 and CXCR7 were detectable by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively, in KATO III cells. A small population of KATO III cells expressed membrane CXCR4 and CXCR7 as determined by flow cytometry. Hypoxia up-regulated CXCR4 proteins and enhanced membrane expression of CXCR4 in human gastric cancer KATO III cells, which constitutively expressed membrane CXCR7 and CXCR4 in a steady state, as revealed by Western blotting and flow cytometry, respectively. In contrast, CXCR7 proteins remained unchanged under hypoxia, and promotion of CXCR7 surface expression on KATO III cells could not be demonstrated by flow cytometry. Hypoxia-induced expression of CXCR4 was mediated through activation of HIF-1α with phosphorylation of AKT and ERK, as revealed by HIF-1α knockdown using shRNA. The chemical inducer of HIF-1α, cobalt chloride, induced upregulation of CXCR4 in KATO III cells under normoxic conditions. In addition, KATO III cells exposed to hypoxic condition showed enhanced wound healing, transwell migration, and invasion in response to stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α, a specific ligand for CXCR4. Conclusions: These findings provide evidences for differential regulation and different role of chemokine receptor, CXCR7 and CXCR4, in gastric cancer cell in vitro. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1201. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1201
Photostability of sunscreen products influences the efficiency of protection with regard to UV-induced genotoxic or photoageing-related endpoints
Authors: L. Marrot, J.P. Belaidi, F. Lejeune, J.R. Meunier, D. Asselineau, F. Bernerd
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2004)

Acute as well as chronic sun exposure induces biologically damaging effects in skin including photoageing and cancer. Ultraviolet (UV)A radiation is involved in this process; it is therefore important that sunscreen products provide efficient and stable protection in this range of wavelengths.This study based on in vitro approaches was performed to demonstrate that photostability is an essential requirement to protect against UVA-induced genetic and dermal alterations.The protection afforded by two sunscreen products, differing with regard to their photostability, was studied using biological markers related to the genotoxic or photoageing impact of UVA or simulated solar UV radiation (UV-SSR). Comet assay was used to assess direct DNA breakage, photo-oxidized purines and lomefloxacin-induced DNA breaks in nuclei of normal human keratinocytes in culture. In similar conditions, detection of p53 accumulation was performed. The use of reconstructed skin in vitro allowed us to use a three-dimensional model to analyse the dermal and epidermal damage induced by UVA or UV-SSR exposure. Abnormal morphological features of the tissue as well as fibroblast alterations and matrix metalloproteinase-1 release induced by UV exposure have been studied after topical application of products on the skin surface.The results showed that the photostable product afforded better protection with regard to all the criteria studied, compared with the photounstable product.These data demonstrate that the loss of absorbing efficiency within the UVA wavelength domain due to photoinstability may have detrimental consequences on cell function and lead to impairments that have been implicated in genotoxic events as well as in the photoageing process.
Explaining Racial Disparities in Outcomes After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Govind Rangrass, Amir A. Ghaferi, Justin B. Dimick
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2014)

Racial disparities in mortality rates after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery are well established. We have yet to fully understand how care at high-mortality, low-quality hospitals contributes to racial disparities in surgical outcomes.To determine the effects of hospital quality on racial disparities in mortality rates after CABG surgery.The national Medicare database (2007-2008) was used to identify 173,925 patients undergoing CABG surgery in US hospitals.Our primary measure of quality was the risk-adjusted mortality rate for each hospital. Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between race and mortality rates, accounting for patient characteristics, socioeconomic status, and hospital quality.Nonwhite patients had 33% higher risk-adjusted mortality rates after CABG surgery than white patients (odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% CI, 1.23-1.45). In hospitals treating the highest proportion of nonwhite patients (>17.7%), the mortality was 4.8% in nonwhite and 3.8% in white patients. When assessed independently, differences in hospital quality explained 35% of the observed disparity in mortality rates (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.12-1.34). We were able to explain 53% of the observed disparity after adjusting for differences in socioeconomic status and hospital quality. However, even after these factors were taken into account, nonwhite patients had a 16% higher mortality (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.05-1.27).Hospital quality contributes significantly to racial disparities in outcomes after CABG surgery. However, a significant fraction of this racial disparity remains unexplained. Efforts to decrease racial disparities in health care should focus on underperforming centers of care treating disproportionately high numbers of nonwhite patients.
The Use of Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine
Authors: James Chin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

An inactivated subunit hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine was licensed in the United States in November 1981, and marketing began in June 1982. Before this vaccine was available, prevention of HBV infections depended mainly on environmental measures and on administration of immunoglobulins after exposure.1 These control measures were only variably effective. The advent of an effective vaccine2 , 3 is an important step toward the eventual control of hepatitis B in this country. However, as programs for its use begin to develop, epidemiologic and economic factors, as well as questions about its long-term safety, need to be examined and placed in perspective. . . .
Physiological and pharmacological aspects of local transfer of substances in the ovarian adnexa in women
Authors: N. Einer-Jensen
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2000)

An intimate arrangement between the utero–ovarian vein and the ovarian artery has been found in many species. The anatomical structure suggests the existence of a counter-current system of exchange, and many animal experiments point to a physiological importance of this transfer system. In man, the utero–ovarian vein forms a plexus around the ovarian artery. In-vitro experiments have demonstrated a local transfer of progesterone; in-vivo experiments have proved that krypton and progesterone can be transferred from the utero–ovarian vein to the ovarian artery. The physiological and pharmacological importance of the counter-current system is still under evaluation, and further investigations are needed. It has been suggested that counter-current transfer facilitates local communication between the ovary, Fallopian tube, and uterus. This may be important in a context of luteolysis, follicular selection and maturation, fertilization, and the recognition and maintenance of pregnancy. The pharmacological and therapeutic potential may be limited, as the ovarian adnexa are relatively difficult to access. Instillation of hormones into the uterine lumen will probably induce a higher plasma concentration in the ovarian arterial blood than in peripheral arterial plasma. A culdoscopic or endoscopic approach might permit introduction of long-acting depots in the uterine fundus near the Fallopian tubes and/or ovaries.
Synopsis of Endoscopic and other Morphological Findings in Intestinal Lymphangiectasia
Authors: J.F. Riemann, H. Schmidt
Journal: Endoscopy (1981)

Intestinal lymphangiectasia may present as a primary congenital disorder as well as a secondary form due to numerous underlying diseases. Endoscopically, whitish swollen tips of the villi are fairly characteristic; histologically, dilatation of the lymphatics can be demonstrated. By means of electron microscopy dilated intercellular spaces with aggregation of protein precipitations as well as ectatic lymph vessels with abnormal structure are found. Possible relations to the pathomechanism are discussed.