tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
DEATHS FROM CHLOROFORM AND ETHER SINCE THE HYDERABAD COMMISSION. WITH CONCLUSIONS.Read in the Section of Surgery and Anatomy, at the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Washington, D. C., May 5-8, 1891.
Authors: LAURENCE TURNBULL
Journal: JAMA (1891)

We live in an age of wonderful progress; in nothing is this better proven than in the multiplication of new and valuable books. The works of even one year becoming almost obsolete, new editions and new works taking their place. This is also the case with original experiments and investigations, crowding out the old. Nothing is lacking in either men or money. One of the most munificent works of this kind has recently been undertaken in even far-off India; the sum of five thousand dollars having been spent by the Nizam of Hyderabad in experiments on anæsthetics alone. This large sum was given, owing to the devoted efforts of Surgeon-Major Lawrie, of the Army of India, who is a great admirer and believer in the opinions held by the late Professors Syme and Simpson, of the Edinburgh School, in regard to chloroform. There were two Commissions, one held in 1888,
Beyond randomized controlled trials: A critical comparison of trials with nonrandomized studies
Authors: Henrik Toft Sφrensen, Timothy L. Lash, Kenneth J. Rothman
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Observational analogs of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are well accepted in the study of disease risk factors, diagnosis, and prognosis. There is controversy about observational studies when the focus is on the intended benefit due to lack of blinding and poor control for unmeasured confounding. Well-designed randomized clinical trials are costly both in time and money. Therefore, existing databases are used increasingly and are often the only feasible source with which to examine delayed health effects. We reviewed the reasons for possible discrepancies between RCTs and observational studies. There can be different patient populations, differences in therapeutic regimen, control of confounding, follow-up, measuring outcome, and differences arising from the intention-to-treat analysis. Observational studies cannot replace trials, nor do trials make observational studies unnecessary. Both designs are susceptible to particular bias, so neither provides perfect information.
Pheochromocytomas Coexisting in Adrenal Gland and Retroperitoneal Space, with Sustained Hypertension
Authors: Emil J. Ganem, George F. Cahill
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1948)

PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA as a cause of hypertension is being more frequently recognized than it was a decade ago. There are several reasons for this:In recent years physicians have become increasingly familiar with the variegated symptom-complex produced by these tumors.The recent trend for complete diagnostic survey in patients with high blood pressure leads occasionally to the discovery of an unsuspected adrenal tumor.Emphasis on the part of many observers that these tumors may produce persistent unremitting hypertension clinically indistinguishable from essential hypertension has led to a greater suspicion of their presence in the study of hypertensive patients.Improved technics in . . .
Synergy of inhibition of DNA synthesis in human bone marrow by azidothymidine plus deficiency of folate and/or vitamin B12?
Authors: Barry C. Herzlich, Mohammad Ranginwala, Ismat Nawabi, Victor Herbert
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1990)

Abstract The effect of azidothymidine (Zidovudine, AZT) on pyrimidine (thymidine, deoxyuridine, and thymidine triphosphate) incorporation into DNA in folate‐ and/or vitamin B12‐deficient and normal human bone marrow cells was studied to Investigate whether such vitamin deficiency affects susceptibility to AZT‐induced hematologic toxicity. Bone marrow cells from 12 patients were studied: 5 had folate and/or vitamin B12 deficiency; 7 controls included 5 with anemia related to chronic disease and 2 with iron deficiency. At 0.2 μM AZT (3 hr, 37°C), the approximate pharmacologic serum trough level, pyrimidine incorporation into DNA was suppressed by 12 to 19% in folate‐ and/or vitamin B12‐deficient cells and by 16 to 23% in normal cells. At 2.0 μM AZT (3 hr, 37°C), the approximate pharmacologic serum peak level, this was suppressed by 15 to 40% in folate‐ and/or vitamin B12‐deficient cells and by 32 to 47% in controls. Deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA was inhibited signlficantly greater than thymidine at 2.0 μM AZT (3 hr, 37°C) in both groups. Inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation was not reversed with methyltetrahydrofolate or vitamin B12. There tended to be less striking suppression by AZT of deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA in bone marrow cells from vitamin B12‐deficient patients, which was made more striking by adding vitamin B12. This suggests that some of what passes for “AZT damage” to bone marrow cells may in fact be coincident deficiency of vitamin B12. AZT Inhibition of DNA synthesis in 3 hr bone marrow cultures is relatively consistent in a varlety of hematologic disorders. As approximately two‐thirds of AIDS patients appear to be in negative balance with respect to folate and/or vitamin B12, the fact that AZT‐induced inhibition of pyrimidine incorporation into DNA is occurring in cells which may be megaloblastic, i. e., In a state of Impaired DNA synthesis, suggests that these cells may be more susceptible to AZT toxicity. The data also support the notion that AZT inhibition results predominantly from termination of DNA chain elongation. Whether folate or vitamin B12 supplementation may partially overcome apparent “AZT inhibition” of DNA synthesis (hematologic toxicity) and whether the benefit of such therapy exceeds the risk will require further study.
Should rich countries stop sending development aid to India? No
Authors: N. Agrawal
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The UK has announced that by 2015 it will stop sending aid worth some £200m a year to India. <b>Jayati Ghosh</b> (doi:10.1136/bmj.f78) says foreign aid is not key to development, but <b>Nisha Agrawal </b>says that aid can help the half a billion people in India who live on less than $1.25 a day
Left atrial mechanical and biochemical adaptation to pacing induced heart failure
Authors: B. D Hoit, Y. Shao, M. Gabel, R. A Walsh
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1995)

To determine the left atrial mechanical and biochemical adaptations to congestive heart failure, 10 dogs with rapid atrial and ventricular pacing and seven control dogs were studied.Animals were instrumented with left atrial sonomicrometers and micromanometers and left atrial pressure-volume relationships were generated by phenylephrine boluses for maximum elastance (Emax) and end systolic elastance (Ees) calculations. Left atrial maximum volume, ejection fraction, and mean circumferential fibre shortening (Vcf) were compared at matched left atrial pressure. At necropsy, myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms from the left atrial body and appendage were separated with SDS-PAGE, stained with monoclonal antibodies to alpha and beta MHC, and quantified with laser densitometry.Left atrial ejection fraction and Vcf were significantly lower and maximum atrial volume and atrial systolic stroke volume were significantly greater in heart failure than in control. Emax was not significantly altered in heart failure, at 5.9(SD 2.9) v 4.5(1.6) mm Hg.ml-1 in controls. However, Vcf was lower (P < 0.05) and the A loop pressure-volume area (an index of eternal mechanical work performed by the left atrium) was greater (P < 0.05) in heart failure than in control dogs. The percent beta MHC in the left atrial body was greater in dogs with heart failure than in controls, at 42.6(9.8) v 17.3(9.0)%, P < 0.05. By contrast there was no significant beta MHC isoform switch in the left atrial appendage [14.4(7.6) v 17.9(9.7)%].In this model of left atrial pressure and volume overload, there is significant upregulation of beta MHC in the left atrial body but not in the appendage and this isoform switch is associated with decreased velocity of left atrial contraction, increased atrial mechanical work, and unchanged force generation.
Categorical Analysis of the Impact of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training, Alone and in Combination, on Cardiorespiratory Fitness Levels in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Neil M. Johannsen, Damon L. Swift, Carl J. Lavie, Conrad P. Earnest, Steven N. Blair, Timothy S. Church
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

OBJECTIVE Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Age-predicted, sex-stratified, and maximal MET cut points have been developed to determine the risk of CVD events and mortality in low CRF categories. We examined the proportion of Health Benefits of Aerobic and Resistance Training in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes (HART-D) participants above these cut points before and after 9 months of aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), or a combination of both (ATRT). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants from the HART-D study (n = 196) who were randomly assigned to exercise training (AT, RT, or ATRT) or to a nonexercise control group between April 2007 and August 2009 were used in this ancillary study. Cut points were previously established for age-predicted METs (&amp;gt;100% and &amp;gt;85%, mean and increased CVD risk, respectively), age- and sex-stratified METs (Aerobic Center Longitudinal Study), and clinically discernible METs (men &amp;gt;8.0, women &amp;gt;6.5). RESULTS Baseline prevalence of participants above these cut points was similar for all intervention groups (P &amp;gt; 0.50) and ranged from 11.9% (&amp;gt;100% age predicted) to 55.1% (&amp;gt;85% age predicted). Baseline prevalence and age-, sex-, and race/ethnic group–adjusted percentage of participants above each cut point increased significantly after AT and ATRT (P &amp;lt; 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS Structured exercise training, especially the AT component, was associated with a greater number of participants moving above established cut points indicative of low CRF. These results have public health and clinical implications for the growing number of patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk for CVD.
Somatostatin, glucagon, and insulin secretion from isolated perfused pancreas of new genetically obese hyperglycemic rats
Authors: Yutaka Seino, Susumu Seino, Masaru Usami, Kinsuke Tsuda, Jiro Takemura, Shigeo Nishi, Hitoshi Ishida, Hiroo Imura
Journal: Metabolism (1984)
Bethanechol and Hypothermia
Authors: MARC F. GUERRA
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Letters and Corrections1 August 1983Bethanechol and HypothermiaMARC F. GUERRA, M.D., TIMOTHY J. IVES, PHARM. D.MARC F. GUERRA, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, TIMOTHY J. IVES, PHARM. D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-99-2-279_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Common adverse reactions to bethanechol, a frequently used parasympathomimetic drug, include facial flushing, sweating, salivation, and abdominal discomfort (1-3). We describe an elderly man with bethanechol-induced hypothermia, substantiated by a subsequent rechallenge.An 82-year-old black man was admitted for evaluation of intermittent episodes of hypothermia, rigors, and diaphoresis. He had a history of diffuse cerebrovascular disease. One month before admission he had been admitted for a transurethral prostatic resection to relieve a bladder outlet obstruction; pathologic studies confirmed benign prostatic hypertrophy. At that time, bethanechol (150 mg/d) was added to his medication regimen of reserpine, 0.125 mg/d,...References1. GRAVEYBOWMANALSOBROOK FMW. The use of beta-methylcholine urethane in postoperative urinary retention. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1949;88:196-200. MedlineGoogle Scholar2. LEE L. The clinical use of urecholine in dysfunctions of the bladder. J Urol. 1949;62:300-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. DIOKNOLAPIDES AJ. Action of oral and parenteral bethanechol on decompensated bladder. Urology. 1977;10:23-4. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. REULER J. Hypothermia: pathophysiology, clinical settings, and management. Ann Intern Med. 1978;89:519-27. LinkGoogle Scholar5. COLLINS K. Accidental hypothermia and impaired temperature homeostasis in the elderly. Br Med J. 1977;1:353-6. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27514 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 August 1983Volume 99, Issue 2Page: 279-280KeywordsAdverse reactionsBenign prostatic hyperplasiaBladderCerebrovascular diseasesElderlyHypothermiaReserpineSalivation Issue Published: 1 August 1983 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Non-Mendelian etiologic factors in neuropsychiatric illness: Pleiotropy, epigenetics, and convergence
Authors: Curtis K. Deutsch, William J. McIlvane
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2012)

The target article by Charney on behavior genetics/genomics discusses how numerous molecular factors can inform heritability estimations and genetic association studies. These factors find application in the search for genes for behavioral phenotypes, including neuropsychiatric disorders. We elaborate upon how single causal factors can generate multiple phenotypes, and discuss how multiple causal factors may converge on common neurodevelopmental mechanisms.
Experiments in transgenic mice show that hepatocytes are the source for postnatal liver growth and do not stream
Authors: Susan Kennedy, Steve Rettinger, M. Wayne Flye, Katherine Parker Ponder
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

One hypothesis is that postnatal liver growth involves replication of mature hepatocytes, which have an unlimited proliferative potential. An alternative viewpoint is that only certain periportal cells can replicate extensively and that daughter cells stream slowly from the periportal to the pericentral region of the liver. Transgenic mice expressing the beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) gene from the human alpha 1 antitrypsin promoter were used to examine the proliferative potential of hepatocytes. Surprisingly, only 10% of hepatocytes in two different transgenic lines stain blue with X-gal. In neonatal animals, singlets or doublets of expressing cells are randomly scattered throughout the liver. Although the overall frequency of blue cells is similar in older animals, these cells are present in much larger clusters, suggesting that individual expressing cells have replicated to form a clonally derived cluster. Expression patterns are not altered by the administration of an acute phase stimulus or by the performance a partial hepatectomy, suggesting that the expression state cannot be easily altered, and making it more likely that the expression state is indeed fixed. These results suggest that the clusters of blue cells are clonally derived in the transgenic mice. They argue that the parenchymal hepatocyte is responsible for growth in the postnatal liver and that streaming of liver cells does not occur.
Furore erupts over NIH "hit list"
Authors: J. Clark
Journal: BMJ (2003)

A campaign by a conservative religious coalition has whipped up a controversy about funding by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) of research on HIV, sexuality, and risk related behaviour, alarming researchers and shedding new light on the business of mixing politics with science.

The Traditional Values Coalition, a right wing American church group, generated a list of NIH researchers who they claim are conducting “prurient” health research. The list was made available to members of …
Unbalanced translocation der(1;7)(q10;p10) defines a unique clinicopathological subgroup of myeloid neoplasms
Authors: M Sanada, N Uike, K Ohyashiki, K Ozawa, W Lili, A Hangaishi, Y Kanda, S Chiba, M Kurokawa, M Omine, K Mitani, S Ogawa
Journal: Leukemia (2007)
Bullous pemphigoid localized to the mouth
Authors: P. Rosina, F. S. D'Onghia, C. Chieregato, R. Colombari
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

Journal Article Bullous pemphigoid localized to the mouth Get access P. Rosina, P. Rosina Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Verona, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar F. S. D'Onghia, F. S. D'Onghia Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Verona, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C. Chieregato, C. Chieregato Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Verona, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. Colombari R. Colombari Institute of Anatomic Pathology, University of Verona, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 135, Issue 2, 1 August 1996, Pages 334–335, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb01183.x Published: 01 August 1996
Inhibition of ADP-ribosyl cyclase attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: Rukhsana Gul, Jae-Hyeong Park, Seon-Young Kim, Kyu Yoon Jang, Jei-Keon Chae, Jae-Ki Ko, Uh-Hyun Kim
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2008)

AimsHere, we report the discovery of a small molecule inhibitor, 2,2′-dihydroxyazobenzene (DAB), of ADP ribosyl cyclase (ADPR-cyclase) and showed that this inhibitor attenuated angiotensin (Ang) II-induced hypertrophic responses.
Hepatic Fibrosis — New Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Eugene R. Schiff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

THE management of chronic liver disease, particularly cirrhosis, has focused primarily on treating and preventing the complications of portal hypertension. Unfortunately, there is no therapy that has been proved to prevent progressive hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis. The use of colchicine, one of the oldest known drugs, has been advocated as a means of preventing and even reversing hepatic fibrosis in patients with alcoholic or nonalcoholic cirrhosis.1 However, many physicians are skeptical, and there have been calls for another randomized, controlled trial, since the drop-out rate and sampling errors inherent in the blind liver-biopsy techniques used in the reported trials could . . .
P104 Southampton City: finding the missing millions and reducing admissions through medical intelligence
Authors: S. C. Bourne, T. Wilkinson, H. Kruk, K. Austin, J. Watson, N. James
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> Southampton City PCT was highlighted in a BLF report as the only hotspot on the South Coast with a population at high risk of hospital admissions with an acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). The reasons stated were a low number of registered COPD patients (1.5%), high smoking prevalence (32%) and deprivation. Predicted levels of COPD from local healthcare modelling were 6%. The trust was also experiencing a year on year increase of 15% in admissions for an acute exacerbation of COPD. <h3>Method</h3> Southampton University Hospitals developed a primary care support team led by consultant respiratory physicians with support from respiratory nurse specialists to support primary care in the diagnosis and management of COPD. The education was delivered in a variety of formats from interactive lectures to groups of primary care doctors and nurses, small spirometry educational sessions with practice nurses, within practice education, locally led COPD diploma modules, and the development of a website (http://www.copdeducation.org.uk). The audit was performed on all admissions coded as COPD Exacerbation from the last 3 years and all notes reviewed to confirm diagnosis. <h3>Results</h3> During the year long project COPD prevalence (from QOF) rose from 1.5% to 2.27%; an increase of 50%. The audit revealed several trends (1) admissions through the ED department rose by 10% each year from 2007 to 2010; (2) patients increasingly self presented to secondary care and (3) a large proportion of the admissions (22%) were due to a small number of frequent attendees (34 patients responsible for 176 admissions). We cohorted the frequent attendees and with a combination of discovery interviews and nursing/clinical support reduced admissions in this cohort by 78%). During this period COPD admissions reduced by 19% and 30 day readmission reduced from 13% to just 1.7%! <h3>Conclusion</h3> Through the process of primary care education supported with other teaching modalities the diagnosis of COPD improved in Southampton. Medical intelligence of the admitted population combined with an appropriate intervention can reduce COPD admissions. This is just one of the ways the finding the missing millions part of the national strategy can be delivered.
CENTRIFUGATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION STUDIES ON ALLANTOIC FLUID PREPARATIONS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: William F. Friedewald, Edward G. Pickels
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1944)

A synthetic density gradient technique has been applied to the study of the PR8 and Lee strains of influenza virus in the angle centrifuge. The method counteracted convective disturbances and permitted about a fiftyfold improvement in clearing supernatant fluids of virus. Sedimenting boundaries of infective virus particles, hemagglutinin, and complement-fixing antigen were obtained in the angle centrifuge and correlated with boundaries observed optically in the ultracentrifuge. The sedimentation constant of infective Lee virus particles is approximately 800 Svedberg units, while that of PR8 virus is only about 700. On the assumption of spherical shape, these values correspond to approximate diameters of 85 and 80 mmicro respectively. These values agree with those obtained by filtration with graded collodion membranes. The concentration of primary virus particles in untreated allantoic fluid preparations of PR8 or Lee virus is of the order of 0.01 per cent. The primary infective particles are identical with the hemagglutinin and the complement-fixing antigen to a large extent. However, allantoic fluid preparations of PR8 virus also show a slightly inhomogeneous group of particles with an average sedimentation constant of 460 S, which are adsorbed by and eluted from red blood cells yet appear to be non-infective. In addition the virus preparations contain a small amount of "soluble antigen" which sediments more slowly than the virus and is not adsorbed by red blood cells. This soluble antigen is probably associated with material which was observed optically in the ultracentrifuge to sediment at rates ranging from very low values up to that characteristic of the primary virus boundary. This distribution of rate makes it seem likely that the material represents disintegrated virus particles. Calculations based on the experimental results obtained indicate that of the order of 10 influenza virus particles are required to produce infection of chick embryos or mice with the PR8 virus. While a comparable number is required with Lee virus for infection of chick embryos, about 10,000 particles are necessary for infection of mice. The ratio of hemagglutinin to red blood cells required to produce 50 per cent agglutination with dilute virus suspensions in the standard test is roughly 1.