tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Extrapleural Pneumothorax in the Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: H. Reid
Journal: Thorax (1946)

Surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis centres round the problem of collapse (or relaxation) therapy.This paper is an attempt to assess the value of extrapleural pneumothorax as one of the methods of collapse therapy, either alone or in conjunction with other procedures.There is a difference of opinion about the use of terms to describe this procedure.Pneumonolysis means a loosening of the lung away from the chest, but does not imply ;iow the loosening or separation should be maintained.Pneumolysis, from its etymology, means a loosening of air and not of the lung, and is, therefore, a misnomer and its use should be discontinued, although it is the term most commonly used by English writers.Apicolysis is included in the term pneumonolysis, but is specific in stating the site of loosening.Throughout the literature various ways of preventing the lung from re-expand- ing after pneumonolysis are described, such as filling the resultant space with gauze, fat, oil, muscle, wax (plombierung or plombage), and air (extrapleural pneumothorax).It is with the latter that this paper is chiefly concerned.The idea of extrapleural pneumothorax is by no means new.Tuffier, in 1891, described and practised " pleuroparietal stripping, that is to say, separation between the parietal pleura and the thoracic cage."In 1910 Tuffier was the first to use human fat to fill the resultant space after performing a pneumonolysis for tuberculosis, and in 1913 he was the first to use air as a filling.He did not, how- ever, insufflate the air until four days after the operation, and the result was a failure.Schlange (1907) performed an extrapleural pneumonolysis and used iodoform gauze as a temporary filling, in a case of haemoptysis from a tuberculous cavity.Only a very limited mobilization of the apex was done, but it served the immediate necessity and when the cavity had been relaxed the haemoptysis stopped.Gustav Baer (1913) reported two successful cases of extrapleural pneumo- nolysis, in which he filled the resultant space with sterilized paraffin wax mixed with bismuth carbonate (plombierung).He described his technique of removal of 4 c.cm. of the third or fourth rib from the front, incising the intercostal muscle on July 9, 2023 by guest.
Renal Artery Pseudoaneurysm Demonstrated on Radionuclide Scintiscan
Authors: TAMIO ABURANO, MITSURU TANIGUCHI, KINICHI HISADA, YOSHIHARU MIYAZAKI, MASAHIKO FUJIOKA, HIROSHI ITO, KOHEI KAWAGUCHI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

The authors present a case of renal artery pseudoaneurysm demonstrated on the Tc-99m DTPA dynamic study. On the blood flow image, localized increased activity was noted in the area of the renal hilus. This activity disappeared on the subsequent sequential renal images.
Stem-Cell Transplantation for Myelofibrosis
Authors: Deeg Hj, Appelbaum Fr
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

To the Editor: We congratulate Valenzuela et al. and Page et al. (Oct.26 issue) on their studies of defibrillation in casinos 1 and airplanes. 2 The advantage of immediate diagnosis and treatment is certain.However, the authors missed the opportunity to demonstrate sustained preservation of neurologic, neuropsychological, and behavioral brain function.Discharge from the hospital is a crude criterion for survival with a healthy brain. [1]2][3] The best function, according to another commonly used standard, the Glasgow Cerebral Performance Scale, includes "minor psychological or neurological defects (mild dysphasia, non-incapacitating hemiparesis, or minor cranial nerve abnormalities)."Memory testing is not specified.This level of function is not likely to be sufficient to allow one to resume running a business or pursuing a profession.In our review of studies of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) that provided even crude, varied measures of extended outcome, at least 50 percent of survivors had neuropsychological impairment and pathologic depression. 3 A reluctance to acknowledge that neurologic injury occurs need not diminish enthusiasm for CPR.Most persons who undergo CPR out of the hospital do not provide informed consent in advance.We believe that follow-up assessments of both the benefits and the risks of out-of-hospital CPR should be made widely available.The value of reliable mental-function tests has been well demonstrated in studies of degenerative brain disease, obstructive sleep apnea, the acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coronary by-pass surgery. 4,5 We have proposed that such evaluations be included in all new trials of CPR. 6
Nucleolin protects the heart from ischaemia–reperfusion injury by up-regulating heat shock protein 32
Authors: Bimei Jiang, Bin Zhang, Pengfei Liang, Guangwen Chen, Bin Zhou, Chunliu Lv, Zizhi Tu, Xianzhong Xiao
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2013)

Nucleolin plays important roles in a variety of cellular processes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of nucleolin in cardiac ischaemia–reperfusion (I–R) injury. We investigated the expression pattern of nucleolin in hearts subjected to I–R, or neonatal rat cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia–re-oxygenation. We found that nucleolin expression was significantly down-regulated and the cleaved protein was present, both in vivo and in vitro. Gene transfection and RNA interference approaches were employed in cardiomyocytes to investigate the function of nucleolin. Over-expression of nucleolin was cytoprotective, whereas nucleolin ablation enhanced both hypoxia- and H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte death. Furthermore, transgenic mice with cardiac-specific over-expression of nucleolin were resistant to I–R injury as indicated by decreased cellular necrosis and decreased infarct size. The cardio-protective roles of nucleolin in cardiomyocytes, are attributable to the interaction of nucleolin with the mRNA of heat shock protein 32 (Hsp32), resulting in an increase of Hsp32 mRNA stability, and subsequent up-regulation of Hsp32 expression. The selective Hsp32 inhibitor, zinc protoporphyrin-IX, abrograted the cardiac protection mediated by nucleolin. This study has demonstrated that nucleolin is involved in the regulation of I–R-induced cardiac injury and dysfunction via the regulation of Hsp32, and may be a novel therapeutic target for ischaemic heart diseases.
Effect of the Autonomic Nervous System on Arteriolar Tone in the Experimental Animal
Authors: LLOYD BECK
Journal: Circulation (1958)

Evidence obtained from experiments involving perfusion of vascular beds and cardiac output studies with controlled filling pressure of the right heart before and during ganglionic blockade support the view that the heart of the dog is tonically stimulated by its sympathetic innervation. The blockade of this tonic stimulation to the heart permits a reduction in cardiac output. The fall in cardiac output results in a decrease in passive stretch of the arterial system which permits a passive rise in peripheral resistance thus compensating for the loss of arteriolar tone so that the peripheral resistance may be unchanged during ganglionic blockade despite a reduction in neurogenic arteriolar tone.
Tobacco Control and the Reduction in Smoking-Related Premature Deaths in the United States, 1964-2012
Authors: Theodore R. Holford, Rafael Meza, Kenneth E. Warner, Clare Meernik, Jihyoun Jeon, Suresh H. Moolgavkar, David T. Levy
Journal: JAMA (2014)

January 2014 marks the 50th anniversary of the first surgeon general's report on smoking and health. This seminal document inspired efforts by governments, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector to reduce the toll of cigarette smoking through reduced initiation and increased cessation.
Renal Hemodynamic Effect of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: David Z.I. Cherney, Bruce A. Perkins, Nima Soleymanlou, Maria Maione, Vesta Lai, Alana Lee, Nora M. Fagan, Hans J. Woerle, Odd Erik Johansen, Uli C. Broedl, Maximilian von Eynatten
Journal: Circulation (2013)

Background— The primary objective of this mechanistic open-label, stratified clinical trial was to determine the effect of 8 weeks’ sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition with empagliflozin 25 mg QD on renal hyperfiltration in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). Methods and Results— Inulin (glomerular filtration rate; GFR) and paraaminohippurate (effective renal plasma flow) clearances were measured in individuals stratified based on having hyperfiltration (T1D-H, GFR ≥ 135 mL/min/1.73m 2 , n=27) or normal GFR (T1D-N, GFR 90–134 mL/min/1.73m 2 , n=13) at baseline. Renal function and circulating levels of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system mediators and NO were measured under clamped euglycemic (4–6 mmol/L) and hyperglycemic (9–11 mmol/L) conditions at baseline and end of treatment. During clamped euglycemia, hyperfiltration was attenuated by −33 mL/min/1.73m 2 with empagliflozin in T1D-H, (GFR 172±23–139±25 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , P &lt;0.01). This effect was accompanied by declines in plasma NO and effective renal plasma flow and an increase in renal vascular resistance (all P &lt;0.01). Similar significant effects on GFR and renal function parameters were observed during clamped hyperglycemia. In T1D-N, GFR, other renal function parameters, and plasma NO were not altered by empagliflozin. Empagliflozin reduced hemoglobin A1c significantly in both groups, despite lower insulin doses in each group ( P ≤0.04). Conclusions— In conclusion, short-term treatment with the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin attenuated renal hyperfiltration in subjects with T1D, likely by affecting tubular-glomerular feedback mechanisms. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01392560.
German company offers "package deal ops" to Ireland
Authors: D. Payne
Journal: BMJ (2001)

As the UK government announced plans for patients to be treated free in other EU countries, doctors and patients in Ireland have given a cautious welcome to an offer from a German group to give “package deal” operations to patients on hospital waiting lists. The company has also had talks with some UK health bodies.

The UK health secretary, Alan Milburn, has announced that he intends to make clear to all health authorities and primary care trusts that they are able …
Award scheme discriminates against ethnic minority doctors
Authors: J. Warden
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Consultants from ethnic minority groups are to receive a larger share of merit awards from this year onwards. This follows the annual report of the Advisory Committee on Distinction Awards, which found that consultants from ethnic minority groups, who form 13.9% of the total, held only 4.8% of awards in 1996.

The health minister, Alan Milburn, said: “The report … shows an unacceptable level of inequality in the distribution of distinction awards. The government will not tolerate racial discrimination in the NHS.”

The awards are given to …
Bivalirudin reduces hemorrhagic complications and glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitor usage in coronary intervention: Results from the NYU bivalirudin registry
Authors: Michael J. Attubato, Lindsay Friedman, Andrew P. Zinn, Ivan R. Pena-Sing, Robert J. Schanzer, Anthony J. Messina, Stephen Mezzafonte, Howard E. Winer, Frederick Feit
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Expression of phosphorylcholine-specific B cells during murine development
Authors: NH Sigal, AR Pickard, ES Metcalf, PJ Gearhart, NR Klinman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1977)

The TEPC 15 (T15) clonotype, a putatively germline antibody specificity, does not appear in the neonatal B-cell repertoire until approximately 1 wk of age. This report extends this observation by the demonstration that (a) the T15 clonotype follows similar kinetics of appearance in germfree as well as conventionally-reared mice; (b) maternal influences and genetic background play a minor role in the development of the T15 clonotype since CBFI neonates raised by C57BL/6 or BALB/c mothers acquire the T15 clonotype at the same time in ontogeny as BALB/c neonates; (c) the lack of phosphorylcholine (PC)-specific B cells shortly after birth is reflected in a dearth of PC-binding cells in the neonate as well; and (d) no PC-specifc B cells are found in 19-day fetal liver or in bone marrow until 7 days of life, coincident with their appearance in the spleen. These findings, along with a previous report that PC-specific splenic B cells are tolerizable as late as day 10 after birth, confirm the invariant, late occurrence of the T15 clonotype and support a highly- ordered, rigorously predetermined mechanism for the acquisition of the B- cell repertoire. The results are discussed in light of other studies on the ontogeny of B-cell specificity, and in terms of the implications on the mechanism by which antibody diversity is generated.
Fibrosing Uremic Pleuritis During Hemodialysis
Authors: Charles M. Brown
Journal: JAMA (1981)

To the Editor.—  Regarding the recent article by Rodelas et al (1980;243:2424) entitled Fibrosing Uremic Pleuritis During Hemodialysis, the authors point out that there have been only three patients previously described with this entity. We therefore wish to report our experience with three additional patients that we have cared for during the past three years.  All patients were men and had weight loss, intermittent fever, dyspnea on exertion, and a severe restrictive defect on pulmonary function testing.  Although chest x-ray films uniformly showed large unilateral pleural effusions, thoracentesis generally yielded only small amounts of fluid and was therapeutically of no benefit. Findings from diagnostic studies on the pleural fluid consistently showed an exudate with characteristics similar to those reported in the current article. Additionally, several cultures for bacterial, fungal, and acid-fast organisms were negative.  In all three patients surgical decortication was required. At surgery constrictive pleuritis with fibrous peels
Vascular adrenergic neuroeffector function does not decline in aged rats.
Authors: S P Duckles, B J Carter, C L Williams
Journal: Circulation Research (1985)

To investigate adrenergic control of blood vessels during aging, rats aged 6, 12, 20, and 27 months were studied using in vitro techniques. Accumulation of [3H]norepinephrine, one index of adrenergic nerve density, did not alter with age in the femoral or renal arteries or renal vein. In the femoral vein [3H]norepinephrine accumulation was greater at 6 and 27 months of age. Norepinephrine sensitivity was determined in both an innervated vessel, the femoral artery, and a non-innervated vessel, the carotid artery. In both cases, sensitivity to norepinephrine did not alter with age. In the renal and femoral arteries and veins, no significant changes in maximum responses to norepinephrine (10(-5) M), potassium chloride, or transmural nerve stimulation were seen with advancing age. Furthermore, frequency response curves (2-16 Hz, 200 pulses) did not differ with age for any of the four vessels studied, with one exception. The response to stimulation at 4 Hz of the femoral vein from 6-month-old rats was significantly larger than responses at other ages. During nerve stimulation, the renal vein exhibited rapid contractions superimposed upon the maintained contractile response. This type of rapid contraction occurred only rarely (1 out of 5) in the renal vein from 27-month-old rats. In summary, neither adrenergic nerve density as reflected by [3H]norepinephrine accumulation nor norepinephrine sensitivity decline with age. As the net effect of various components, the ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to adrenergic nerve stimulation is also maintained during advancing age.
Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision: Matching Demand and Supply with Quality and Efficiency in a High-Volume Campaign in Iringa Region, Tanzania
Authors: Hally R. Mahler, Baldwin Kileo, Kelly Curran, Marya Plotkin, Tigistu Adamu, Augustino Hellar, Sifuni Koshuma, Simeon Nyabenda, Michael Machaku, Mainza Lukobo-Durrell, Delivette Castor, Emmanuel Njeuhmeli, Bennett Fimbo
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

Hally Mahler and colleagues evaluate a six-week voluntary medical male circumcision campaign in Iringa province of Tanzania, providing a model for matching supply with demand for services and showing that high-volume circumcisions can be performed without compromising client safety.
Open Fallopian Tubes, their Diagnosis, Pathology, and Treatment, Illustrated by Fifty-Three Cases
Authors: J. Wallace
Journal: BMJ (1889)

in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons.It seems very probable that these cysts were produced in consequence of punc- tured wounds produced by the goads so commonly carried by cattle drovers; the sharp iron spike surmounting the tops of the goads is an excellent instrument for experimentally producing such cysts.In the case of the iris, it is a fact well established clinically, and demonstrated experimentally, that cutaneous cells and hair follicles engrafted on the iris will serve as the germs of dermoid cysts.
The court experience
Authors: A. P Jennings
Journal: BMJ (2010)

While working as a senior house officer in emergency medicine, I was involved as a professional witness at a well publicised murder trial. I had been the only doctor on duty, and so my testimony was crucial.

The case took two years to come to court, by which time my memories were fading. You can read your statement before you go into the court room, but there is …
Vascular Disease of the Nervous System, part 1
Authors: Nicholas A. Vick
Journal: JAMA (1972)

This is the eleventh of the planned 30 volumes of the<i>Handbook of Clinical Neurology</i>. It, like its predecessors, has been written by an international array of neurological scientists and clinicians and is expertly edited. It is beautifully produced and bound. Such a monumental effort occurs only once in a generation. This particular volume, the first of two dealing with vascular disease of the nervous system, will remain useful for many years. The chapters on the various aspects of cerebrovascular disease are detailed and extensively referenced. The subjects dealt with have been under intense clinical and pathological investigation for years; only truly satisfactory modes of therapy are lacking. The breadth and scope of this volume is impressive. There are beautifully written chapters on the anatomy and embryology of the arterial and venous systems, followed by companion pieces on the radiological anatomy of the brain vasculature. Illustrations, both line drawings and
Gastric emptying tests in man.
Authors: H J Sheiner
Journal: Gut (1975)

Progress report Gastric emptying tests in manThe present understanding of the normal control and regulation of gastric emptying has been established by investigations spanning more than 100 yearsl2.Alterations in the normal physiology have been implicated in the aetiology of gastroduodenal disease3'4 whilst a number of studies attribute some of the unpleasant sequelae following gastric surgery to changes in emptying5e6 7.Over this time a variety of methods have been developed to measure the rate of gastric emptying.These tests are reviewed, with particular emphasis on their clinical application and on the possible explanations for the conflicting results obtained before and after surgery for peptic ulceration.The mechanisms and regulation of gastric emptying have been the subject of previous extensive reviews2'8'9, and a brief outline is given below to provide a background to the subsequent discussion on gastric emptying tests. Mechanism of Gastric EmptyingFood, on entering the stomach, is initially accommodated in the fundus and body.Although peristaltic waves have not been demonstrated in the fundus pressure studies show regular slow contractions pushing the contents towards the antrum'0.Increased volumes of food do not result in a rapid rise in intragastric pressure due to the ability of the fundus to relax (receptive relaxation)".The response to food by the body and distal stomach is much more vigorous, the characteristic feature being the peristaltic wave which begins in the body and sweeps towards the pylorus to terminate in the distal antrum'123.The less vigorous waves fade out distally but the more active ones result in strong segmental contraction of the antrum which in turn is coordinated with duodenal muscular activity'14"5.This forceful contraction of the distal portion of the stomach has been called 'antral systole'16"17 but food does not always pass into the duodenum.Frequently the antral contents are retropulsed which further assists the mixing and emulsifying of the gastric contents'5.Gastric emptying is related to antral and duodenal activity and an open pylorus.The rate of emptying of liquids depends on the pressure gradient between the stomach and duodenum'8.Another index of the motor activity of the stomach is the electrical activity of the stmooth muscle'9.Bursts of action potentials appear on the cycles of basic electrical rhythm coincidental with peristaltic waves.The electrical background is presumed to regulate contractions but its stimulation by food is probably multifactorial.In man the basic electrical rhythm can be conduc- ted across the pylorus".Whether or not the electrical activity alone coordinates gastroduodenal function is speculative2l but the coordination of antral and duodenal contractions largely controls the rate of gastric emptying. Regulation of Gastric EmptyingEarly reports described some food contents remaining in the stomach longer 235Protected by copyright.
Is there a role for interferon in acute viral hepatitis?
Authors: R Esteban
Journal: Gut (1993)

Acute hepatitis B is a self limiting disease that resolves spontaneously in 95% of patients who acquire the infection in adulthood. Patients with acute hepatitis B, however, usually take between four and 12 weeks to recover; the personal, social, and sanitary costs associated with this are high. Also, 5-10% of patients with acute hepatitis B go on to develop chronic liver disease. Hepatitis C, by comparison, is an asymptomatic disease associated with a high progression to the chronic stage. At least 50% of patients with post-transfusion hepatitis C develop chronic liver disease or cirrhosis. While the efficacy of alpha interferon in chronic hepatitis B and C is now well established, only preliminary evidence for use in the acute phase exists. This paper reviews the preliminary evidence and concludes that, given the high risk of progression to the chronic stage, the use of interferon in acute hepatitis C should be recommended.
Prepared to fail?
Authors: Mary E Black
Journal: BMJ (2012)

I join the serried ranks of earnest parents at an open day for the University of Cambridge. The admissions officers are upbeat, the students chirpy, and my treasured offspring is dazzled by ornate libraries, a stellar world scientific ranking, and free college punts. In a lull between relentless parental questioning on successful tactics for grasping the holy grail of undergraduate admission, I ask the question that dare not be asked. “What if our children do not get in?” Statistically they probably won’t. There are simply not enough places for all, no …
IOXILAN IS ASSOCIATED WITH LESS CONTRAST-INDUCED VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION AND IMPROVED CONTRAST RESOLUTION AND PATIENT SATISFACTION AS COMPARED TO IODIXANOL: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL
Authors: Naser Ahmadi, Fereshteh Hajsadeghi, Shahin Moshrefi, Matthew Budoff, Ramin Ebrahimi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Communicating and Monitoring Surveillance and Response Activities for Malaria Elimination: China's “1-3-7” Strategy
Authors: Jun Cao, Hugh J. W. Sturrock, Chris Cotter, Shuisen Zhou, Huayun Zhou, Yaobao Liu, Linhua Tang, Roly D. Gosling, Richard G. A. Feachem, Qi Gao
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2014)

Qi Gao and colleagues describe China's 1-3-7 strategy for eliminating malaria: reporting of malaria cases within one day, their confirmation and investigation within three days, and the appropriate public health response to prevent further transmission within seven days.