tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Akt and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Regulate Separate Systems of Proteolysis in Renal Tubular Cells
Authors: Wen Shen, Nikia S. Brown, Patrick F. Finn, J. Fred Dice, Harold A. Franch
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2006)

EGF suppresses proteolysis via class 1 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in renal tubular cells. EGF also increases the abundance of glycolytic enzymes (e.g., glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDH]) and transcription factors (e.g., pax2) that are degraded by the lysosomal pathway of chaperone-mediated autophagy. To determine if EGF regulates chaperone-mediated autophagy through PI3K signaling, this study examined the effect of inhibiting PI3K and its downstream mediators Akt and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Inhibition of PI3K with LY294002 prevented EGF-induced increases in GAPDH and pax2 abundance in NRK-52E renal tubular cells. Similar results were seen with an adenovirus encoding a dominant negative Akt (DN Akt). Expression of a constitutively active Akt increased GAPDH and pax2 abundance. An mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, did not prevent EGF-induced increases in these proteins. Neither DN Akt nor rapamycin alone had an effect on total cell protein degradation, but both partially reversed EGF-induced suppression of proteolysis. DN Akt no longer affected proteolysis after treatment with a lysosomal inhibitor, methylamine. In contrast, methylamine or the inhibitor of macroautophagy, 3-methyladenine, did not prevent rapamycin from partially reversing the effect of EGF on proteolysis. Notably, rapamycin did not increase autophagasomes detected by monodansylcadaverine staining. Blocking the proteasomal pathway with either MG132 or lactacystin prevented rapamycin from partially reversing the effect of EGF on proteolysis. It is concluded that EGF regulates pax2 and GAPDH abundance and proteolysis through a PI3K/Akt-sensitive pathway that does not involve mTOR. Rapamycin has a novel effect of regulating proteasomal proteolysis in cells that are stimulated with EGF.
Doctor of Pharmacy
Authors: Paul R. Casner
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I fully agree with Dr John A. Biles' COMMENTARY stating that the clinical pharmacist provides a useful and important service to patient and physician. The article, however, completely ignores the professional who, in my opinion, is most appropriately trained for assimilating drug information with clinical medicine—the clinical pharma<i>cologist</i>. The clinical pharmacologist is trained as a physician and a pharmacologist. This person therefore has clinical experience and knowledge of human disease as well as scientific training in pharmacology. Dr Biles suggests that the clinical pharma<i>cist</i>is the perfect liaison between the physician and the rapidly expanding compendia of drug information. I suggest that the most obvious liaison for this purpose is the clinical pharmacologist. I am sure that there is a genuine need for both clinical pharmacists and clinical pharmacologists, and, ideally, both professionals should be working side by side in the hospital setting. I doubt
Graduate Medical Education, 2008-2009
Authors: Sarah E. Brotherton
Journal: JAMA (2009)

THEAMERICANMEDICALASSOCIAtion(AMA)andtheAssociation of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) maintain a database of informationongraduatemedical education(GME)trainingprogramsaccredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and of the residents and fellows in them. Every springthisdatabaseofresidentsisupdated byadding to it theapproximately19 000 newresidentswhomatch intoprograms throughtheNationalResidentMatching Program (NRMP) as well as from information collected through the AAMC’s follow-upreportofmedical schools.The AMA and the AAMC also jointly administer the annual National GME Census through GME Track, an Internet-based AAMCproduct.FromMay2008untilDecember2008alldirectorsofprogramsaccredited by the ACGME were asked to complete theCensusonGMETrack. Information about the training programs supplied by the program directors is uploaded to FREIDA Online, an Internetbasedpublic informationsourceonGME programsthat isavailable tomedical studentsandresidents. In July2008wesurveyed program directors about their active, transferred,andgraduatedresidents andfellowsforacademicyear2008-2009. Programdirectorswereprovidedwithlists of residentsand fellows fromthecurrent database and were asked to confirm or modifythetrainingstatusof traineeswho were present in their programs the prior year;addnewphysicianstotheirprogram whomwedidnotalreadyhave inourdatabase; and confirm, edit, or add demographic information. This demographic informationincludessex,dateandcountry of birth, citizenship status, and race/ ethnicity. We surveyed 8694 active programs, of which 7921 (91.1%) completed the program survey and 7337 (84.4%) confirmed the status of all of their active physicians-in-training, accounting for 100 751 (93.1%) active trainees. An additional 127 programs (1.5%) confirmed some but not all of their trainees (4925 trainees, 4.6%), 179 confirmed that they did not have any trainees (2.1%), 284 programs (3.3%) confirmed the status of non-active trainees (graduates and transfers) but did not have any currently active trainees, and 767 programs (8.8%) did not confirm the status of any physician training in the program (including 586 programs that apparently did not have any active trainees). A total of 96.9% of all physicians in our database had their status confirmed (eg, active, graduated, transferred, withdrawn). Physicians whose status was not confirmed were “advanced” into the next year of training (n=2500 [2.3% of active residents]) or “graduated” based on expected graduation date (n=1479 [4.0% of graduated residents and fellows]). In total, we estimate that therewere108 176active residents in ACGME-accredited programs during the 2008-2009 academic year.
Eczema and Molluscum Contagiosum
Authors: Franklin S. Glickman
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> On the subject of children with preexisting eczema who develop molluscum contagiosum,<sup>1</sup>Block<sup>2</sup>doubts Gellis'<sup>3</sup>notion that the correlation is due to the use of topical steroids. Block points out that in a patient he saw, the molluscum lesions did not coincide with the eczema patches, but were distributed mainly in other locations. There is another reason why eczema may be accompanied by molluscum, and it is most important. Eczema, indeed any widespread dermatitis, is likely to lower the resistance of the skin to infection and to allow for relatively rapid spread. It is certainly logical that this should happen in inflamed, exposed areas. Vaccinia occurring in children with eczema is an extreme example. Ordinary pyoderma is common and rampant as a secondary effect in atopic children. There is no reason why the same should not result from molluscum contagiosum, or any other infectious
Cimetidine and erythrosis-like lesions.
Authors: G Angelini, P Bovo, B Vaona, G Cavallini
Journal: BMJ (1979)

graft tissue, skin, to an abnormal culture atmosphere (45 ,' CO2 in air) for various periods (7-48 h).Normally-cultured skin grafts caused no lymphoid malignancy.Immunogenicity of exposed grafts as a result of modification of cell-surface proteins and production of "altered self" structures may be a factor in the subsequent appearance of lymphoma in these autologous hosts.In the animal models described above, malignant lymphoma develops as a late sequela of transplantations in the absence of exogenous immunosuppressants; chronic antigenic stimulation appears to be a possible common factor.Significantly, only lymphoid neoplasms developed despite the grafting of four different tissues-lymph node, mammary gland, skin, and bone marrow.Bone marrow is the only tissue that did not induce lymphoma in its recipients even following exposure to an unphysiological environment.This raises the question whether the T lymphocytes in the graft tissues are involved in the malignant processes in these animal models.
A case of panniculitis caused by<i>Mycobacterium massiliense</i>mimicking erythema induratum
Authors: S.H. Park, J.K. Chae, E.J. Kim, K. Park
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

Among nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM), rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) are the most common causative agents of soft tissue infection. Mycobacterium massiliense, a new species of NTM, was isolated in 2004. Due to the lower virulence of RGM, M. massiliense infection is rare in the general population. Here, we report a case of multiple infective panniculitis, due to M. massiliense, mimicking erythema induratum in a patient with Cushing syndrome. The organism was identified using traditional mycobacterial culturing and staining methods as well as molecular approaches, including erythromycin ribosome transferase gene polymerase chain reaction. The patient was treated with clarithromycin for 9 months, based on antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Foreign Medical Graduates-Reply
Authors: Bernard M. Weinstein
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> I would concur with any conclusion that the staffing and provision of medical care in the United States should be fundamentally built on our own resources and on the products of our system, supplemented as appropriate by knowledge encased in specific individuals from foreign medical systems who may embellish our efforts. However, I have become deeply concerned that planning for health care via government regulations is a process that leaves too many gaps and a politicized approach to a very sensitive and important issue. The arbitrary and abrupt removal of a major source of physician supply from teaching institutions will solve no problems, but will accentuate the current imbalance in the geographic dispersal of physicians in both inner city and rural areas. The thrust of the American Hospital Association has been to advocate a planned and staged conversion. In this regard, we have outlined a series of proposals
Paclitaxel-liposome–microbubble complexes as ultrasound-triggered therapeutic drug delivery carriers
Authors: Fei Yan, Lu Li, Zhiting Deng, Qiaofeng Jin, Juanjuan Chen, Wei Yang, Chih-Kuang Yeh, Junru Wu, Robin Shandas, Xin Liu, Hairong Zheng
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2013)
Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Therapy for Anemic Cancer Patients on Combination Chemotherapy
Authors: D. C. Case, R. M. Bukowski, R. W. Carey, E. H. Fishkin, D. H. Henry, R. J. Jacobson, S. E. Jones, A. M. Keller, J. W. Kugler, C. R. Nichols, S. E. Salmon, R. T. Silver, A. M. Storniolo, G. L. Wampler, C. M. Dooley, K. M. Larholt, R. A. Nelson, R. I. Abels
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1993)

Background : Patients with advanced cancer frequently experience clinically significant anemia, which is often exacerbated by myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Consistent with the anemia of chronic disease, studies have documented serum erythropoietin levels that are inappropriately low for the degree of anemia in cancer patients. Myelosuppressive chemotherapy impairs erythropoiesis, which may not fully recover between treatment cycles. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has been used safely and effectively to treat anemia in AIDS patients receiving zidovudine (AZT) and in patients with chronic renal failure. Purpose : This study was designed to evaluate the clinical role of rHuEPO in reducing symptomatic anemia in patients with advanced cancer who were receiving myelosup-pressive chemotherapy (excluding cisplatin). Methods : We studied 153 anemic cancer patients receiving cyclic combination chemotherapy in a prospective multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either rHuEPO (150 U/kg) or placebo subcutaneously three times a week for a maximum of 12 weeks or until the hematocrit level increased to 38%–40%. If the hematocrit reached this target level before 12 weeks, the rHuEPO dose could be reduced to maintain the hematocrit at that level for the duration of the study. Response to rHuEPO therapy was assessed by measuring changes in hematocrit level, transfusion requirements, and quality of life. Quality-of-life. assessment was based on patients' responses to question-naires before and after the courses of therapy. Results : The increase in hematocrit in the rHuEPO-treated group compared with hematocrit in the placebo-treated group was statistically significant ( P = .0001) as measured by percentage point of change from baseline to final evaluation, by an increase in hematocrit level of six percentage points or more unrelated to transfusion, and by a rise in hematocrit level to 38% or more unrelated to transfusion. There was a trend toward the reduction in mean units of blood transfused per patient during months 2 and 3 of therapy combined in rHuEPO-treated patients compared with placebo-treated patients (0.91 U versus 1.65 U; P = .056). In addition, rHuEPO-treated patients experienced a statistically significant improvement in energy level and ability to perform daily activities ( P ≤.05). The two treatment groups showed no statistically significant differences in toxic effects except for increased incidence of diaphoresis ( P <.05) and diarrhea (P = .05) in the rHuEPO-treated group. Conclusions : We conclude that rHuEPO is safe and effective for reversing anemia related to advanced cancer or to chemotherapy for cancer. [J Natl Cancer Inst 85: 801–806, 1993]
Combination antithrombotic therapy in unstable rest angina and non-Q-wave infarction in nonprior aspirin users. Primary end points analysis from the ATACS trial. Antithrombotic Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes Research Group.
Authors: M Cohen, P C Adams, G Parry, J Xiong, D Chamberlain, I Wieczorek, K A Fox, J H Chesebro, J Strain, C Keller
Journal: Circulation (1994)

The purpose of this study was to compare combination antithrombotic therapy with aspirin plus anticoagulation versus aspirin alone, when added to conventional antianginal therapy in patients with unstable rest angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction who were nonprior aspirin users.Two hundred fourteen patients were randomized; 109 were randomized to receive aspirin alone (162.5 mg daily) and 105 to receive a combination of aspirin plus anticoagulation, ie, aspirin 162.5 mg daily plus heparin (activated partial thromboplastin time, two times control) followed by aspirin 162.5 mg daily plus warfarin (international normalized ratio, 2 to 3). Trial therapy was begun by 9.5 +/- 8.8 hours of qualifying pain and was continued for 12 weeks. Primary end points were recurrent angina with ECG changes, myocardial infarction, and/or death. Analysis by intention to treat of primary events at 12 weeks was performed. At 14 days, there was a significant reduction in total ischemic events in the combination group versus aspirin alone (10.5% versus 27%, P = .004). An efficacy analysis of primary events at 12 weeks also revealed a large reduction in total ischemic events in the combination group versus aspirin alone (13% versus 25%, P = .06). Bleeding complications were slightly more common with combination therapy.In nonprior aspirin users, combination antithrombotic therapy with aspirin plus anticoagulation significantly reduces recurrent ischemic events in the early phase of unstable angina.
Adolescents--drug abuse and addiction.
Authors: P Boyd
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Drug taking by young people has been described and debated almost to saturation point by professional and lay people alike.This is not only because of the many connecting professional links in medicine, the law, the social sciences, moral philosophy, psychology, and education, but also because it has a personal impact on every young family in the country.No parent who has the welfare of his children at heart is not concerned at some stage of their development lest one or other of them fall prey to this pervasive threat.It is essentially the adolescent in the flush of his emancipation from adult control who is most at risk.
Functional activation of lymphocyte CD44 in peripheral blood is a marker of autoimmune disease activity.
Authors: P Estess, H C DeGrendele, V Pascual, M H Siegelman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Interactions between complementary receptors on leukocytes and endothelial cells play a central role in regulating extravasation from the blood and thereby affect both normal and pathologic inflammatory responses. CD44 on lymphocytes that has been "activated" to bind its principal ligand hyaluronate (HA) on endothelium can mediate the primary adhesion (rolling) of lymphocytes to vascular endothelial cells under conditions of physiologic shear stress, and this interaction is used for activated T cell extravasation into an inflamed site in vivo in mice (DeGrendele, H.C., P. Estess, L.J. Picker, and M.H. Siegelman. 1996. J. Exp. Med. 183:1119-1130. DeGrendele, H.D., P. Estess, and M.H. Siegelman. 1997. Science. 278:672-675. DeGrendele, H.C., P. Estess, and M.H. Siegelman. 1997. J. Immunol. 159: 2549-2553). Here, we have investigated the role of lymphocyte-borne-activated CD44 in the human and show that CD44-dependent primary adhesion is induced in human peripheral blood T cells through T cell receptor triggering. In addition, lymphocytes capable of CD44/HA-dependent rolling interactions can be found resident within inflamed tonsils. In analysis of peripheral bloods of patients from a pediatric rheumatology clinic, examining systemic lupus erythematosus, and a group of chronic arthropathies, expression of CD44-dependent primary adhesion strongly correlates with concurrent symptomatic disease, with 85% of samples from clinically active patients showing elevated levels of rolling activity (compared with only 4% of inactive patients). These rolling interactions are predominantly mediated by T cells. The results suggest that circulating T lymphocytes bearing activated CD44 are elevated under conditions of chronic inflammation and that these may represent a pathogenically important subpopulation of activated circulating cells that may provide a reliable marker for autoimmune or chronic inflammatory disease activity.
Indeterminate Left-Sided Retroperitoneal Mass
Authors: Mimmie Kwong, Jacqueline Garonzik-Wang, Timothy M. Pawlik
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2014)

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Reply to Georgios Papadopoulos, Georgios Stathouros and Konstantinos Doumas’ Letter to the Editor re: Maxine Sun, Marco Bianchi, Jens Hansen, et al. Chronic Kidney Disease After Nephrectomy in Patients with Small Renal Masses: A Retrospective Observational Analysis. Eur Urol 2012;62:696–703
Authors: Maxine Sun, Marco Bianchi, Pierre I. Karakiewicz, Quoc-Dien Trinh
Journal: European Urology (2013)
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) enhances postnatal T-cell development via enhancements in proliferation and function of thymic epithelial cells
Authors: Simona W. Rossi, Lukas T. Jeker, Tomoo Ueno, Sachiyo Kuse, Marcel P. Keller, Saulius Zuklys, Andrei V. Gudkov, Yousuke Takahama, Werner Krenger, Bruce R. Blazar, Georg A. Holländer
Journal: Blood (2007)
Two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of left-atrial thrombus in rheumatic heart disease. A clinicopathologic study.
Authors: N K Shrestha, F L Moreno, F V Narciso, L Torres, H B Calleja
Journal: Circulation (1983)

Two-dimensional echocardiographic studies were performed in 293 patients with rheumatic heart disease who underwent open-heart mitral valve surgery during an 18-month period. Diagnostic confirmation of a left atrial thrombus was based on direct inspection of the left atrium during surgery and histopathologic examination. Two-dimensional echocardiographic recordings were reviewed. Of the 293 patients, 33 had left atrial thrombi by two-dimensional echocardiographic criteria. This diagnosis was confirmed at surgery and histopathologic study in 30 (specificity 98.8%). A thrombus was not found in three patients. In 21 other patients, left atrial thrombi were present but were not detected by two-dimensional echocardiography (sensitivity 58.8%). Ten of these 21 had thrombi in the left atrial cavity. In 11 patients, thrombi were located in the left atrial appendage, all of which were missed by two-dimensional echocardiography. Excluding these 11 left atrial appendage thrombi, the sensitivity of two-dimensional echocardiography for detecting left atrial cavity thrombi was 75.0%.
ATTACHABLE IRRIGATOR STAND
Authors: Maximilian M. Nemser
Journal: JAMA (1922)

One or two unusual features in connection with this apparatus would seem to warrant its complete description. The floor stand and irrigator undoubtedly have their proper place in the hospital or office; all too often, however, the practitioner finds himself cramped for space. It was with this point in mind as well as the fact that it was possible to convert an ordinary table, provided with a drain, into a cystoscopic table, that this apparatus was devised.  The stand may briefly be said to consist of three parts: (a) the ring; (b) the rod, and (c) the clamp.  The ring presents a rather novel feature in that it is a separate and distinct part. It is easily and quickly attached to the rod, with or without the irrigator in place. The ring is firmly held at right angles to the rod by means of a small, downward curved tongue or