tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Mammalian Myocardium
Authors: David H. Spodick
Journal: JAMA (1974)

The distinguished editors of<i>The Mammalian Myocardium</i>have assembled a list of contributors that proclaims the quality of this comprehensive exploration of cardiac ultrastructure and what might be termed "ultrafunction." The stupendous advances of the past decade in subcellular anatomy, physiology, and chemistry are discussed in depth and integrated by consummate authorities in ten separate but mutually related essays. Indeed, it is quite impossible to cite one or another contribution as outstanding because of the uniform standard of excellence achieved. Moreover, the sections are not the familiar train of review articles, but rather based largely on the work of each contributor. Finally, there are no multiauthored chapters, a particularly refreshing quality, since the reader is never in doubt regarding the authority for the facts, theories, hypotheses, and conclusions presented. This book is enriched by contributions by the editors themselves (Brady on myocardial electrophysiology and mechanics; Langer on ionic movements in
Carminerin contributes to chondrocyte calcification during endochondral ossification
Authors: Takashi Yamada, Hirotaka Kawano, Yu Koshizuka, Toru Fukuda, Kimihiro Yoshimura, Satoru Kamekura, Taku Saito, Toshiyuki Ikeda, Yosuke Kawasaki, Yoshiaki Azuma, Shiro Ikegawa, Kazuto Hoshi, Ung-il Chung, Kozo Nakamura, Shigeaki Kato, Hiroshi Kawaguchi
Journal: Nature Medicine (2006)
How the AMA Develops Policy
Authors: James Stacey
Journal: JAMA (1983)

FEW ORGANIZATIONS are as rigorously democratic as the American Medical Association. Twice each year, its policymaking House of Delegates convenes to debate and act on a wide range of issues affecting medicine. Everything from attitudes toward arctic research to approaches to competition in the provision of medical services is given thorough scrutiny. And a representative voice from virtually every branch of medicine is offered an opportunity to be heard. It is a somewhat Herculean task, involving mastery of hundreds of closely written pages of information supporting 220 or more resolutions and reports to be acted on at every meeting. Most of the information is mailed to delegates before the meeting begins. Additional resolutions typically await delegates when they reach the meeting site. The 351 delegates, and like number of alternate delegates, are expected to assimilate the material and act on it in a judicious fashion, taking into account the action's
Combating the free movement of micro-organisms
Authors: Rory Watson
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Zsuzsanna Jakab , the head of the new European centre for disease control, tells Rory Watson that the centre should enable Europe to mount a more coordinated response to the threat from avian flu than it managed to the SARS epidemic 

The Stockholm based European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) is a rarity among the many specialised European Union agencies that give advice to policy makers. Legislation approving its creation was passed in a record eight months and the choice of the Swedish capital as its home was made without the national bickering that usually accompanies such decisions.

With the spread of avian influenza and the extra urgency that this has brought for the development of pandemic preparedness programmes, it now finds itself at the centre of attention within days of moving from temporary offices in a Stockholm suburb to a nearby university campus that also houses the Karolinska Institute and the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control.

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Zsuzsanna Jakab: “We have to have a much more coordinated and integrated approach” to threat from avian flu 

Credit: PAWEL FLATO

Zsuzsanna Jakab, a Hungarian born health specialist who was appointed the centre's director last December, is coping with the managerial challenge she faces. “We have to build up the centre from scratch, because when I took up my job on …

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901-94 The Angiotensin Converting Enzyme DD Genotype is Associated with Preserved Right Ventricular Function in Patients with Severe Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: William T. Abraham, Mary V. Raynolds, David B. Badesch, Brian D. Lowes, Bertran M. Groves, Kristine M. Wynne, Norbert F. Voelkel, M. Benjamin Perryman, Michael R. Bristow
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Isolation and immunological characterization of a major surface glycoprotein (gp54) preferentially expressed on certain human B cells.
Authors: C Y Wang, S M Fu, H G Kunkel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1979)

A major membrane glycoprotein with mol wt of approximately 54,000 has been isolated from membrane preparations of B-type lymphoid cell lines. Antiserum prepared against the isolated material specifically precipitated this glycoprotein from membranes labeled by surface radioiodination or by metabolic labeling. This antiserum was shown by complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay, membrane immunofluorescent staining, and by quantitative absorption analysis to react preferentially with certain B-lymphoblastoid cell lines, with a minor population of peripheral blood B lymphocytes, and a major population of tonsillar B lymphocytes. Certain B-cell leukemias also expressed the antigen, whereas others did not. Considerable variability was observed among positive B cells in the intensity of fluorescent staining even among the leukemic cells from a single individual. Although T cells, including T cells, were negative by direct immunofluorescent and cytotoxicity assay, evidence for low levels of the antigen on the cells of T cell lines was obtained. The whole specific antiserum and its F(ab')2 fragments stimulated B lymphocytes to proliferate. This proliferation did not produce differentiation to plasma cells and was T-cell independent. The monovalent Fab fragments had no effect. None of these preparations timulated T cells. The possibility that this antigen, termed gp54, may play some role in B-cell activation is discussed.
Role of Bradykinin in the Vasodilator Effects of Losartan and Enalapril in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Andrew P. Davie, Henry J. Dargie, John J. V. McMurray
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —ACE inhibitors have been shown to potentiate the effects of exogenous bradykinin by inhibition of its breakdown. Despite this, there is little evidence that inhibition of endogenous bradykinin breakdown actually contributes to the effects of ACE inhibitors, or indeed, other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, such as angiotensin II type I receptor (AT 1 ) antagonists, and no evidence at all that it does so in patients with heart failure. Methods and Results —Twelve patients with heart failure (11 male, 1 female, ages 59 to 81 years) were randomized to double-blind crossover treatment with enalapril 10 mg BID followed by losartan 25 mg BID, or the reverse, each for 5 weeks. At the end of each treatment period, forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography during an intrabrachial infusion of bradykinin before and after an intrabrachial infusion of Hoe-140 (a potent, selective, and long-acting bradykinin antagonist). Bradykinin caused profound vasodilatation after enalapril (peak, 357±67%) and less after losartan (peak, 230±46%). Despite this, Hoe-140 had no discernible effects after enalapril or losartan. Similarly, this was despite the finding that Hoe-140 significantly reduced vasodilatation to bradykinin after enalapril (peak, 192±35%) and losartan (peak, 66±13%). Conclusions —Inhibition of endogenous bradykinin breakdown does not appear to contribute to the effects of ACE inhibition or AT 1 antagonism in the forearm of patients with heart failure at rest, despite the very obvious effects of ACE inhibition compared with AT 1 antagonism on exogenous bradykinin.
Elevated interleukin-2 receptor level in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and the changes following anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy
Authors: CH Chan, CK Lai, JC Leung, AS Ho, KN Lai
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1995)

Soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) is a marker of T-lymphocyte activation. We have undertaken a study to examine the serum sIL-2R levels in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and the changes following anti-TB chemotherapy. Forty four patients with pulmonary TB or tuberculous pleural effusion were recruited. Serum was collected from the patients before and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 months after initiation of anti-TB chemotherapy. Serum sIL-2R level was measured by an enzyme immunoassay. The mean sIL-2R level before treatment was 1,452 +/- 103 (SEM) U.ml-1, which was significantly higher than that of healthy control subjects (374 +/- 30 U.ml-1). There was no significant change in the sIL-2R level at 1 month, but there was a gradual reduction from the second month onwards. At the sixth month the mean sIL-2R level was 1080 +/- 81 U.ml-1, which was significantly lower than that before treatment. However, despite clinical improvement, the sIL-2R levels at the sixth month were still significantly higher than those of control subjects. We conclude that sIL-2R levels were elevated in patients with pulmonary TB and there was a gradual reduction following anti-TB chemotherapy. However, the sIL-2R levels were still higher than control subjects at completion of treatment, suggesting a delayed resolution of the inflammation in patients with pulmonary TB.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Authors: Sarah Ringold
Journal: JAMA (2005)

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)C ardiac arrest (sudden stopping of the pumping function of the heart) is an important cause of sudden death.Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), which involves performing chest compressions and rescue breathing (see below), is a temporary procedure that can be used to maintain some blood flow to the brain, heart, and other vital organs until trained medical personnel are available to provide more advanced treatment.Studies have found that CPR is most effective when started as soon as possible after cardiac arrest (ie, within minutes of the arrest) and when trained medical personnel arrive within 8 to 12 minutes of the arrest.Cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be performed only by persons trained in the technique because specific CPR recommendations vary depending on the patient' s age and the cause of arrest.If performed incorrectly, CPR may be ineffective or harmful.Because most cardiac arrests occur outside the hospital, it is important for laypersons to be trained in CPR.The January 19, 2005, issue of JAMA contains 2 articles evaluating CPR performed by trained personnel in both in-hospital and out-of-hospital settings.
Seasonal pattern in the onset of polymyalgia rheumatica
Authors: F Perfetto, A Moggi-Pignone, A Becucci, F Cantini, M Di Natale, R Livi, A Tempestini, M Matucci-Cerinic
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

hydrocephalus (fig 1).Because of the hydrocephalus, it was neurologically advisable not to perform a cerebrospinal fluid puncture.There was no indication of tuberculosis (chest x ray examination, tuberculin test, sputum culture) or any other infection.The neoplasia investigation was also negative.An anamnestic investigation showed that there was no need to use ibuprofen or sulindac.When the situation became life threatening we initiated immunosuppressive treatment with cyclophosphamide (100 mg/day), as well as intravenous steroids (100 mg) initially.The initial intravenous cortisone treatment relieved the headache symptoms.Follow up examinations for up to 1 year (every 3 months) showed remission of clinical and MRI findings with this treatment (fig 2).Stable partial remission occurred after 8 months, and oral administration of cyclophosphamide was stopped.Treatment to preserve remission was changed to azathioprine (100 mg).The prednisone dose was finally reduced to 5 mg.
Abstract CT343: Phase II study of low-dose rate thoracic radiotherapy for treatment of intrathoracic relapsed or progressive small cell lung cancer
Authors: Guy C. Jones, James B. Mitchell, Bruce E. Johnson, Kevin Camphausen, Eli Glatstein, Charles B. Simone
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Purpose: Standard therapy for limited-stage (LS) small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and extensive-stage (ES) SCLC with thoracic-only disease is a combination of chemotherapy with radiotherapy, which is associated with high rates of grade ≥3 esophagitis. Low dose rate (LDR) radiotherapy may reduce normal tissues toxicity, without sacrificing tumor response. This phase II trial was conducted to assess the toxicity, local control, and survival using LDR radiotherapy to treat thoracic relapsed or progressive ES-SCLC. Methods: Eligible patients had ECOG performance status 0-2 with histologically confirmed ES-SCLC with relapse or progression predominantly in the chest after chemotherapy. Radiotherapy was delivered twice daily in 150cGy fractions to 4500cGy to an involved field. Dose rate was 5cGy per minute. Results: Seventeen ES-SCLC patients were enrolled at the National Cancer Institute. Fifteen evaluable patients were a median of 59 years at enrollment with relapsed or progressive thoracic disease following a median of 2 prior courses of chemotherapy (range 1-3). Four were treated concomitantly with radiotherapy to other sites of extrathoracic metastases. Radiotherapy was well tolerated with acute grade 1 esophagitis in 60% but no acute or late grade ≥2 toxicity. No clinical pneumonitis was reported. Evaluable patients had responsive thoracic disease (50% complete, 50% partial responses) with no local failures on post-radiotherapy imaging at 3 and 6 months. All patients survived a median of 13.9 months and mean of 30.4 months following ES-SCLC diagnosis and 3.3 months and 19.8 months following radiotherapy completion, with 1-year and 2-year survivals after radiotherapy of 27% and 20%, respectively. Conclusion: LDR radiotherapy for ES-SCLC was a well-tolerated salvage therapy for treatment failure after chemotherapy. Toxicity was significantly less than historical controls, and thoracic tumor response was not compromised with LDR techniques. This trial serves as the basis of a planned multi-center, prospective trial of consolidative or salvage LDR radiotherapy for ES-SCLC. Citation Format: Guy C. Jones, James B. Mitchell, Bruce E. Johnson, Kevin Camphausen, Eli Glatstein, Charles B. Simone. Phase II study of low-dose rate thoracic radiotherapy for treatment of intrathoracic relapsed or progressive small cell lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr CT343. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-CT343
Acitretin in the treatment of severe lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the vulva: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Authors: M.T. Bousema, U. Romppanen, J-M. Geiger, M. Baudin, K. Vähä-Eskeli, J. Vartiainen, S. Vuopala
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1994)
Cytomegalovirus Immunity after Vaccination with Autologous Glioblastoma Lysate
Authors: Robert M. Prins, Timothy F. Cloughesy, Linda M. Liau
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

onset breast cancer in two aunts.The patient's mother had a cerebellar astrocytoma, two vaginal tumors, and a malignant nevus (Fig. 2A).The germ-line PTEN genes of the child and her father had a base change, c.334C→G.Although this change putatively encodes an L112V missense mutation, PTEN messenger RNA (mRNA) analysis instead revealed activation of a cryptic splice site (Fig. 2B).The germ-line TP53 gene in the proband, her sister, and her mother contained an R282W deleterious missense mutation.Thus, the proband had inherited deleterious mutations in both TP53 and PTEN.In tumors from patients with the Li-Fraumeni syndrome or Cowden's syndrome, there is often somatic mutation or silencing of the second copy of the tumor-suppressor gene. 3 The granulosa-cell tumor, xanthoastrocytoma, and multiple liposarcoma samples from our proband revealed no somatic mutations in TP53 or PTEN.Loss of heterozygosity was not detected in TP53, but it was detected in PTEN in the granulosa-cell tumor and the liposarcoma specimen after chemotherapy (but not in specimens from the initial resection and lung metastasis) (Fig. 2C).The finding that several of the patient's tumors did not have loss of heterozygosity or somatic mutations was also reported for tumors from a mouse model that was doubly heterozygous for p53 and Pten mutations. 4 The types and numbers of tumors that developed in the proband by 4 years of age are not typical of the Li-Fraumeni syndrome or Cowden's syndrome, and four malignant conditions are expected to develop in only 2% of patients with the Li-Fraumeni syndrome. 1,5 This tumor spectrum may reflect the intricate coregulation of the TP53 and PTEN proteins. 4 Clinically, it may be useful to sequence in parallel multiple cancerassociated genes of patients with unusual cancer phenotypes.
Diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer: summary of NICE guidance
Authors: John Graham, Mark Baker, Fergus Macbeth, Victoria Titshall
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Prostate cancer is one of the commonest cancers in men. Each year there are about 35 000 new cases in England and Wales and over 9000 deaths. The clinical course can extend over many years and often involves many different healthcare professionals. Evidence exists of practice variation around the country and of patchy availability of certain treatments and procedures. This article highlights a selection of the most recent recommendations from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.1 NICE recommendations are based on systematic reviews of the best available evidence. When minimal evidence is available, recommendations are based on the guideline development group's opinion of what constitutes good practice. Evidence levels for the recommendations are given in italic in square brackets. ### Informed decision making Men with prostate cancer can be faced with multiple treatment choices over many years. Healthcare professionals should: ### Diagnosis
Intestinal permeability in the ileal pouch.
Authors: M N Merrett, N Soper, N Mortensen, D P Jewell
Journal: Gut (1996)

BACKGROUND: Villous atrophy, mucin changes (9colonic metaplasia9), and chronic inflammation occur to varying degrees in all patients with ileal pouchanal anastomosis whereas acute inflammation (pouchitis) affects a subgroup of patients with prior ulcerative colitis. AIM: To measure epithelial barrier function looking for possible functional adaptation in ileal 9pouch9 mucosa. PATIENTS: Patients with an ileal pouch prior to ileostomy closure (n = 12), functioning pouch (n = 14), pouchitis (n = 8), and ulcerative colitis (n = 12) were assessed. METHODS: 51Cr-EDTA was administered into the 9pouch9 or rectum and urinary recovery over 24 hours was taken as an indication of permeability (barrier function). Histological analysis of 9pouch9 biopsy specimens was undertaken. RESULTS: Mucosal permeability is decreased from median 9.4% (range 5.4% to 39.1%) to 1.4% (range 0.38% to 2.2%) after ileostomy closure (p &lt; 0.002) with levels being negatively correlated with two histological parameters of colonic metaplasia-mucin changes (p = 0.03) and villous atrophy (p = 0.05). Pouchitis was associated with increased permeability 5.9% (1.9% to 19.5%) compared with healthy 9pouch9 1.4% (0.35 to 2.2%) (p &lt; 0.006). CONCLUSION: Despite the presence of chronic inflammation in the mature 9pouch9 functional adaptation with reduced permeability occurs in conjunction with colonic metaplasia.
Aetiology of Fibrositis: A Review
Authors: M. Valentine
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1947)

the one in use at the National Mineral Water Hospital, Bath, is considered most valuable.There are five divisions of fibrositis as follows: (a) intramuscular, (b) periarticular, (c) bursal and tenosynovial, (d) subcutaneous, (e) perineuritic, the latter being divided into (i) brachial (ii) sciatic, etc. Laboratory TestsNo biochemical abnormalities have been demonstrated in fibrositis.Mester (1941) claimed a specific test for " rheumatism ", but Copeman and Stewart (1942) did not find it of value and question its rationale.The sedimentation rate is usually normal or may be slightly increased; this is confirmed by Kahlmeter (1928), Sha;ckle (1938), and Dawson and others (1930).Miller and Gibson (1941) found a slightly increased rate in 52-3% of patients, and Collins and others (1939) found a (usually) moderately increased rate in 35% of cases tested. Case AnalysesIn an investigation Valentine (1943) found an incidence of fibrositis of 31-4% (60% male) at a Spa hospital.(Cf.Ministry of Health Report, 1922, 30-8%; Buxton Spa Hospital, 1940, 49 5%; Bath Spa Hospital, 1940, 22-3%; Savage, 1941, 52% in the Forces.)Fibrositis was commonest between the ages of 40 and 60; this is supported by the Spa Hospital Report, Buxton, 1940.Among the under forties it was commoner in females, the reverse being the case in the over sixties.Radio- logical changes were found in 50% of men and 80% of women examined, and there was a familial tendency to " rheumatism " in 23% of cases.In men the sciatic site was the commonest affected.(38 8%) followed by the lumbar area, shoulder girdle, and periarticular regions, 18 8, 17-2, and 15 5% respectively.In women the sciatic site was affected in 25f4%, the figures for the other areas being 18-6, 23-6, and 18-6%.Jews formed 3% of all patients in the consecutive series of 481 cases, and of these 85% had been diagnosed as suffering from fibrositis.Bacteriological Theories Llewellyn and Jones (1915) collected a large amount of material from very scattered sources and concluded that there were primary and secondary factors in the production of fibrositis.The primary causes they took to be either bacterial or auto-intoxicative; they alleged that most fibrositic subjects suffer from focal sepsis, and that some of them improve dramatically after this has been eradicated, and also following the use of autogenous vaccines or colonic wash-outs with the Plombiere technique.The experiments of Goadby and of Rosenow are quoted, 241 copyright.
Potential Role of Pharmacogenomics in Reducing Adverse Drug Reactions
Authors: Kathryn A. Phillips, David L. Veenstra, Eyal Oren, Jane K. Lee, Wolfgang Sadee
Journal: JAMA (2001)

ContextAdverse drug reactions are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Although many adverse drug reactions are considered nonpreventable, recent developments suggest these reactions may be avoided through individualization of drug therapies based on genetic information, an application known as pharmacogenomics.ObjectiveTo evaluate the potential role of pharmacogenomics in reducing the incidence of adverse drug reactions.Data SourcesMEDLINE English-language only searches for adverse drug reaction studies published between January 1995 and June 2000 and review articles of variant alleles of drug-metabolizing enzymes published between January 1997 and August 2000. We also used online resources, texts, and expert opinion.Study SelectionDetailed inclusion criteria were used to select studies. We included 18 of 333 adverse drug reaction studies and 22 of 61 variant allele review articles.Data ExtractionAll the investigators reviewed and coded articles using standardized abstracting forms.Data SynthesisWe identified 27 drugs frequently cited in adverse drug reaction studies. Among these drugs, 59% are metabolized by at least 1 enzyme with a variant allele known to cause poor metabolism. Conversely, only 7% to 22% of randomly selected drugs are known to be metabolized by enzymes with this genetic variability (range, P = .006-P&lt;.001).ConclusionsOur results suggest that drug therapy based on individuals' genetic makeups may result in a clinically important reduction in adverse outcomes. Our findings serve as a foundation for further research on how pharmacogenomics can reduce the incidence of adverse reactions and on the resulting clinical, societal, and economic implications.