tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Book: The Oxford Companion to the Body
Authors: B. Twisselmann
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Eds Colin Blakemore, Sheila Jennett Oxford University Press, £39.50, pp 753 ISBN 019852403X Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img> First things first: this book is a hugely good read, whether you are looking for something specific or just browsing. You will learn the most weird and wonderful facts—as well as sound and up to date science—about the human body, and answers to almost any question. Published as an authoritative guide to … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Ovarian failure and autoimmunity. Detection of autoantibodies directed against both the unoccupied luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin receptor and the hormone-receptor complex of bovine corpus luteum.
Authors: H Moncayo, R Moncayo, R Benz, A Wolf, C Lauritzen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

We developed an ELISA system for the detection of human anti-ovarian antibodies. Bovine corpora lutea were extracted in PBS (pH 7.2) and fractionated by ultracentrifugation. Both the soluble fraction obtained after 80,000 g (S80) and the Triton-extracted membrane fraction (ST288) were used as antigens. Additionally, the luteinizing hormone (LH)/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) receptor was isolated by affinity chromatography (wheat germ agglutinin and LH-Sepharose) and also used as an antigen. In 7 of 14 patients with primary sterility and endometriosis a positive reaction was observed. Similarly, 6 of 16 patients with secondary sterility and endometriosis were also positive. Patients being stimulated for in vitro fertilization and presenting either primary or secondary sterility were positive in 5 of 22 and 6 of 16 cases, respectively. In the S80 test 41 of 60 sera presented IgG2 antibodies, whereas in the ST288 test 38 of 60 belonged to the IgG1 subclass. Kappa and lambda chains were equally distributed. Some patients could recognize the unoccupied LH/hCG receptor as an antigen, while others recognized only the complex formed by the hormone plus the hormone receptor. The S80 and ST288 antigens were isolated by affinity chromatography. Gel permeation of the purified antigens revealed in each case the presence of an antigen complex. The apparent molecular weight was between 2,000 and 36,000 D. Cross-reactivity studies using affinity-purified antibodies demonstrated an antigenic relationship of the membrane, soluble, and extractable fractions. NAc-(beta-1----4)-D-glucosaminide and -D-galactopyranoside were the main terminal glycosides.
A Pharmacologic Evaluation of Penicillin in Children with Purulent Meningitis
Authors: J. P. Hieber, John Nelson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

We undertook a prospective study of the pharmacokinetics of penicillin G (administered intravenously every four hours for a total of 250,000 U per kilogram per day) in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with purulent meningitis. Both the absolute mean cerebrospinal-fluid penicillin concentration (0.8, 0.7 and 0.3 μg per milliliter) and the percentage of the simultaneous serum penicillin concentration measurable in the cerebrospinal fluid (18.4, 9.9, 4.9 per cent) declined on the first, fifth and 10th days of therapy, respectively. A mean peak cerebrospinal-fluid penicillin concentration of 0.96 μg per milliliter was measured at least transiently on all three study days. This pharmacokinetic pattern correlated with the return of cerebrospinal-fluid protein concentration toward normal (P<0.01). Penicillin G in the dosage studied is adequate therapy for most streptococcal and meningococcal meningitis in children; an increased dosage may be necessary when the minimal inhibitory concentration of penicillin to the etiologic agent is unusually high. (N Engl J Med 297:410–413, 1977)
Patient-Centered and Practical Application of New High Cholesterol Guidelines to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Victor M. Montori, Juan P. Brito, Henry H. Ting
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Video.Online Aid to Assist Patient Decisions About Use of Statins

This video illustrates use of an online decision aid to help patients understand the benefits and harms of using statins to reduce their 10-year cardiovascular risk.

In 2013, the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) published new guidelines for assessing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk1 and for treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce CVD.2 These new guidelines replaced the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) guidelines for the detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol3 that guided clinical practice for more than a decade. The new guidelines divert focus from lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels to treating CVD risk and therefore are no longer pure cholesterol guidelines like the ATP III predecessor. The new guidelines also discourage the prescription of lipid-lowering medications, such as ezetimibe or niacin, that do not have proven effect on reducing CVD risk. These changes represent a major shift in preventive cardiology.
Restoration of the Majority of the Visual Spectrum by Using Modified Volvox Channelrhodopsin-1
Authors: Hiroshi Tomita, Eriko Sugano, Namie Murayama, Taku Ozaki, Fumiaki Nishiyama, Kitako Tabata, Maki Takahashi, Takehiko Saito, Makoto Tamai
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2014)

We previously showed that blind rats whose vision was restored by gene transfer of Chlamydomonas channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) could only detect wavelengths less than 540 nm because of the action spectrum of the transgene product. Volvox-derived channelrhodopsin-1, VChR1, has a broader spectrum than ChR2. However, the VChR1 protein was mainly localized in the cytoplasm and showed weak ion channel properties when the VChR1 gene was transfected into HEK293 cells. We generated modified Volvox channelrhodopsin-1 (mVChR1), which is a chimera of Volvox channelrhodopsin-1 and Chlamydomonas channelrhodopsin-1 and demonstrated increased plasma membrane integration and dramatic improvement in its channel properties. Under whole-cell patch clamp, mVChR1-expressing cells showed a photo-induced current upon stimulation at 468–640 nm. The evoked currents in mVChR1-expressing cells were ~30 times larger than those in VChR1-expressing cells. Genetically, blind rats expressing mVChR1 via an adeno-associated virus vector regained their visual responses to light with wavelengths between 468 and 640 nm and their recovered visual responses were maintained for a year. Thus, mVChR1 is a candidate gene for gene therapy for restoring vision, and gene delivery of mVChR1 may provide blind patients access to the majority of the visible light spectrum. We previously showed that blind rats whose vision was restored by gene transfer of Chlamydomonas channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) could only detect wavelengths less than 540 nm because of the action spectrum of the transgene product. Volvox-derived channelrhodopsin-1, VChR1, has a broader spectrum than ChR2. However, the VChR1 protein was mainly localized in the cytoplasm and showed weak ion channel properties when the VChR1 gene was transfected into HEK293 cells. We generated modified Volvox channelrhodopsin-1 (mVChR1), which is a chimera of Volvox channelrhodopsin-1 and Chlamydomonas channelrhodopsin-1 and demonstrated increased plasma membrane integration and dramatic improvement in its channel properties. Under whole-cell patch clamp, mVChR1-expressing cells showed a photo-induced current upon stimulation at 468–640 nm. The evoked currents in mVChR1-expressing cells were ~30 times larger than those in VChR1-expressing cells. Genetically, blind rats expressing mVChR1 via an adeno-associated virus vector regained their visual responses to light with wavelengths between 468 and 640 nm and their recovered visual responses were maintained for a year. Thus, mVChR1 is a candidate gene for gene therapy for restoring vision, and gene delivery of mVChR1 may provide blind patients access to the majority of the visible light spectrum.
Effects of Phenylethyl Isothiocyanate on Early Molecular Events in <i>N</i>-Nitrosomethylbenzylamine–Induced Cytotoxicity in Rat Esophagus
Authors: Rashmeet K. Reen, Alan A. Dombkowski, Laura A. Kresty, Daniela Cukovic, Jennifer M. Mele, Sridevi Salagrama, Ronald Nines, Gary D. Stoner
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract There is little information on early molecular events in the development of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)–induced rat esophageal tumorigenesis and of the effects of chemopreventive agents on these events. In this study, we identified genes in rat esophagus that were differentially expressed in response to short-term NMBA treatment and modulated by cotreatment with phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). Rats were fed AIN-76A diet or AIN-76A diet containing PEITC for 3 weeks. During the 3rd week of dietary treatment, they were administered three s.c. doses of NMBA (0.5 mg/kg body weight). Rats were sacrificed 24 h after the last treatment; esophagi were excised and processed for histologic grading, microarray and real-time PCR analysis. Histopathologic analysis showed that treatment of rats with PEITC had a protective effect on NMBA-induced preneoplastic lesions in the rat esophagus. We identified 2,261 genes that were differentially expressed in the NMBA-treated versus control esophagi and 1,936 genes in the PEITC + NMBA versus NMBA-treated esophagi. The intersection of these two sets resulted in the identification of 1,323 genes in NMBA-treated esophagus, the vast majority of which were modulated by PEITC to near-normal levels of expression. Measured changes in the expression levels of eight selected genes were validated using real-time PCR. Results from 12 microarrays indicated that PEITC treatment had a genome-wide modulating effect on NMBA-induced gene expression. Samples obtained from animals treated with PEITC alone or cotreated with PEITC + NMBA were more similar to controls than to samples treated with NMBA alone. [Cancer Res 2007;67(13):1–9]
The Dynamic Nature of Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction in Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis
Authors: D. Luke Glancy, Richard L. Shepherd, G. David Beiser, Stephen E. Epstein
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Hemodynamic changes occurring with spontaneous atrioventricular dissociation, left ventricular pulsus alternans, a rise in systemic arterial pressure, and the injection of angiographic contrast material support the hypothesis that in a given patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis the degree of left ventricular outflow obstruction is determined by three factors: the force of left ventricular contraction, ventricular volume, and ventricular afterload.
Social security benefits for the mentally ill.
Authors: B. E. Marks
Journal: BMJ (1988)

the outcome,we must consider not only the benefits.Because infants may temain positive for tuberculin for several years" the tuberculia test is devalued as a diagnostic aid, which may lead to an increased need for chemoprophylaxis.Doctors still have a large responsibility for diagnosing the dwindling condition of ;hildhood tuberculosis and for ensuring that tracing of contacts is carried out assiduously.
1051. Prostate Cancer-Targeted Suicide Gene Therapy Achieved Effective Tumor Destruction While Safeguarding Against Systemic Toxicity
Authors: Mai Johnson, Makoto Sato, Burton Jeremy, Sanjiv S. Gambhir, Michael Carey, Lily Wu
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Cancer gene therapy based on tissue-restricted expression of cytotoxic gene should achieve superior therapeutic index over an unrestricted method. This study compared the therapeutic effects of a highly augmented, prostate-specific gene expression method to a strong constitutive promoter-driven approach. Molecular imaging was coupled to gene therapy to ascertain real-time therapeutic activity. The imaging reporter gene (luciferase) and the cytotoxic gene (herpes simplex thymidine kinase) were delivered by adenoviral vectors injected directly into human prostate tumors grafted in SCID mice. Serial bioluminescence imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) revealed restriction of gene expression to the tumors when prostate-specific vector was employed. In contrast, administration of constitutive active vector resulted in strong signals in the liver. Liver serology, tissue histology, and frail condition of animals confirmed liver toxicity suffered by the constitutive active cohorts, while the prostate-targeted group was unaffected. The extent of tumor killing was analyzed by apoptotic staining and human prostate marker (PSA). Overall, the augmented prostate-specific expression system was superior to the constitutive approach in safeguarding against systemic toxicity, while achieving effective tumor-killing. Integrating non-invasive imaging into cytotoxic gene therapy will provide a useful strategy to monitor gene expression and therapeutic efficacy in future clinical protocols.
Catheter Drainage Followed by the Instillation of Bleomycin to Manage Malignant Pericardial Effusion in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Multi-Institutional Phase II Trial
Authors: Riichiroh Maruyama, Hideki Yokoyama, Takashi Seto, Seiji Nagashima, Kosuke Kashiwabara, Jun Araki, Hiroshi Semba, Yukito Ichinose
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Morris Fishbein, M.D.
Authors: F.J. Ingelfinger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

IN 1949, the Trustees of the American Medical Association reached some extraordinary decisions concerning the editor of JAMA: The Editor will completely eliminate speaking on all controversial subjects both by platform and by radio. Approval of all speaking engagements will be made by the Executive Committee.Elimination of all interviews, including press conferences, and statements by Dr. Fishbein except on scientific subjects.Editorials on controversial subjects will be supervised by the Executive Committee.1 That's no way to treat an editor — especially when the editor so muzzled was a strong, irrepressible and articulate character by the name of Morris . . .
QT intervals at heart rates from 50 to 120 beats per minute during 24-hour electrocardiographic recordings in 100 healthy men. Effects of atenolol.
Authors: M Viitasalo, J Karjalainen
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND Conflicting reports about changes in QT intervals suggest that QT values should be compared at similar heart rates. METHODS AND RESULTS Relations between QT and RR intervals were determined after measurement of QT values by Holter recording at heart rates of 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, and 120 beats per minute in 100 healthy young men. Fifteen men underwent a second recording during acute treatment with the beta-blocking agent atenolol. At heart rates between 80 and 120 beats per minute, the QT interval was significantly longer (from 9 to 16 msec), and at a heart rate of 50 beats per minute significantly shorter (26 msec), than values calculated from Bazett's formula. Sleep prolonged QT values by 18 msec at a heart rate of 60 beats per minute and by 21 msec at a heart rate of 50 beats per minute compared with the waking state. Atenolol lengthened QT intervals significantly (by 11-14 msec) at heart rates between 90 and 110 beats per minute and shortened them (by 12 msec) at a heart rate of 60 beats per minute. During sleep, QT intervals were the same before and after atenolol. CONCLUSIONS The method of plotting QT against RR intervals after measurement of QT values at similar stable spontaneous heart rates before and after intervention allows changes in autonomic state and heart rate to be taken into account. By this method, QT values can be compared without distortion effects caused by correction formulas.
Immunity to the Common Cold from Protective Serum Antibody
Authors: George Gee Jackson, Harry F. Dowling, Loren W. Akers, Robert L. Muldoon, Anne Van Dyke, Gloria C. Johnson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

UNTIL recently, the information available on immunity to the common cold indicated that little if any immunity developed as a consequence of overt infection. As a result of studies in volunteers, we have presented data showing that common viral respiratory infections both elicit an antibody response and protect the host against infection upon rechallenge.1 The capacity of agents of the common cold to stimulate an antibody response in man was observed in studies showing that pooled human gamma globulin neutralized infectious nasal secretions.2 Critical to the changing concept regarding immunity has been the recognition of strain specificity among the viral . . .
Differentiation of posterior myocardial infarction from right ventricular hypertrophy and normal anterior loop by echocardiography.
Authors: N E Kramer, K K Chawla, R Patel, M Khan, T Mayer, W D Towne
Journal: Circulation (1978)

The differentiation of posterobasal myocardial infarction (PMI) from either right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) or normal subjects displaying an anterior loop (AL) by electrocardiography (ECG) or vectorcardiography (VCG) is difficult. M-mode echocardiography (echo) via the anterior and subxiphoid methods has been helpful in defining cardiac chamber size and wall motion abnormalities. We tested whether this relatively more direct method would better separate these entities compared with the other two techniques. ECG and VCG using established criteria failed to distinguish the three conditions effectively. By echo, distinguishing characteristics were observed in each of the groups. Thus, right ventricular diastolic dimension and wall thickness were significantly increased only in the RVH group, echo dimensions and wall motion were normal in the AL group and the posterior left ventricular systolic thickening response and ejection phase indices were significantly reduced only by the subxiphoid method in the PMI group. To test the specificity of the latter finding, posterior wall motion in three infarction groups (posterior, combined posteroinferior and inferior) were examined and suggested that the target of the subxiphoid beam focuses on a more superior posterobasal left ventricular segment than the anteriorly placed transducer. Echocardiography can differentiate PMI from either RVH or AL more directly than ECG or VCG, and may be of practical clinical importance.
Endoscopy-Assisted Emergency Treatment of Gastroduodenal and Pancreatobiliary Ascariasis
Authors: S. P. Misra, M. Dwivedi
Journal: Endoscopy (1996)

See also: Ascaris Pancreatitis: Early Diagnosis by Ultrasonography and Endoscopic TreatmentEndoscopy 1998; 30(03): 316-316DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1001265 See also: Reply to Letter from Behnke et al.Endoscopy 1998; 30(05): 505-505DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1001320 See also: Comment on Article by Misra et al.Endoscopy 1998; 30(05): 504-504DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1001319
Decelerating Skyrocketing Health-Care Cost
Authors: John C. Ayres
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

There is a plethora of statistics showing that the cost of health has risen considerably in the past few years and will continue to rise at an increasingly accelerating rate to the point where in two decades, as projected by some economists, it will consume virtually all the nation's entire economic output unless somehow checked. There are those who place the blame for this rampant growth primarily on the self-serving, selfish interest of health-care providers, singling out physicians especially since they are conceptualized as determining most often how the health-care dollar is spent. On the other hand, convincing arguments are . . .
Suppression of stent-induced tissue hyperplasia in rats by using small interfering RNA to target matrix metalloproteinase-9
Authors: Eun-Young Kim, Ji Shin, Ho-Young Song, Jin Kim, Edward Lee, Won Kim, Dong-Ho Shin, Heuiran Lee
Journal: Endoscopy (2014)

<b>Background and study aims: </b>We evaluated the efficacy of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in targeting matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) to suppress stent-induced tissue hyperplasia in a rat esophageal model. <b>Methods:</b> The silencing effect of the candidate siRNA (termed (MMP-9 siRNA) was evaluated in 9 L rat glial cells. Four groups of rats (n = 10, each group) were used: Eso-S, stent insertion only, comparison; Eso-R, stent insertion plus treatment with MMP-9 siRNA complexed with Chol-R9 for delivery, experimental; Eso-P, stent insertion plus treatment with pCMV-luc complexed with Chol-R9, for confirmation of Chol-R9 delivery effect; and Eso-N, no stent insertion and no treatment, controls. All rats were sacrificed at 3 weeks. The therapeutic efficacy of the MMP-9 siRNA/Chol-R9 complex was assessed. <b>Results:</b> The most potent MMP-9 siRNA was selected. Compared with the Eso-S group, the Eso-R group showed significantly less tissue hyperplasia with a lower percentage of granulation tissue and smaller granulation tissue area, and also significantly lower MMP-9 level. <b>Conclusions:</b> MMP-9 siRNA/Chol-R9 is effective for inhibiting stent-induced tissue hyperplasia in a rat esophageal model.
644 SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM FOR DIAGNOSIS OF HCC IN LIVER CIRRHOSIS: ROLE OF ULTRASOUND ECHOPATTERNS
Authors: M. Soresi, L. Giannitrapani, M.E. Campagna, T. Brusca, W. Granà, A. Serruto, M. Failla, A. Seidita, A. Licata, G. Montalto
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Renal tubular epithelial cells modulate T-cell responses via ICOS-L and B7-H1
Authors: Simone De Haij, Andrea M. Woltman, Leendert A. Trouw, Astrid C. Bakker, Sylvia W. Kamerling, Sandra W. Van Der Kooij, Lieping Chen, Richard A. Kroczek, Mohamed R. Daha, Cees Van Kooten
Journal: Kidney International (2005)
THE FAMILY AS A POTENTIAL RESOURCE IN THE REHABILITATION OF THE CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENT : A STUDY OF 60 PATIENTS AND THEIR FAMILIES
Authors: ANNE S. EVANS, DEXTER M. BULLARD, MAIDA H. SOLOMON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1961)

Sixty families of chronic schizophrenic patients undergoing treatment with drugs and social therapies were studied to determine their potential role in the patients' rehabilitation and discharge. Many of these families maintained an active interest in the patients, expressed in continuing visits to the hospital. Their attitude toward the patient's illness was optimistic and many families favored discharge. Their expectations were realistic and in accord with the patients' capacities. Their ability to help the patient was compromised by a low annual income, insufficient room at home for another family member, and inability to help the patient find a job. The importance of the increased use of the psychiatric social worker and of additional community resources was emphasized.