tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE NATURE OF THE ANTITETANIC ACTION OF EOSIN
Authors: Hideyo Noguchi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1907)

Eosin, if present in cultures containing tetanus spores, prevents the germination of these spores when its concentration (in glucose bouillon) reaches 0.2 per cent. When the concentration of the eosin sinks to 0.01 per cent., germination of the spores is no longer inhibited, but the vegetative bacilli developed from the spores execute a highly restrained form of multiplication. When the eosin concentration sinks to 0.001 per cent., vegetation and multiplication of the bacilli become more active, but no new spores are formed even after long periods of time. With glucose agar it is not until the concentration of the eosin in the cultures falls to .05 per cent. that sporulation again appears. At this concentration of the eosin, very few spores are formed ; but as the eosin sinks lower and lower, sporulation becomes more active, until with 0.001 per cent. it is essentially of normal degree. In concentrations of 0.003 per cent., eosin prevents perfect segmentation of the multiplying bacilli, with the result that, finally, long and convoluted threads of bacilli are produced. The spores which are formed in a medium containing 0.01 per cent. of eosin are often situated at the centre and not at one pole of the bacilli. Eosin in a strength of 2 per cent. is capable of destroying the vegetative bacilli, if the contact is prolonged to fifteen minutes, and in strength of 0.1 per cent., in twenty-four hours. Placing this latter mixture of bacilli and eosin in the sunlight greatly hastens the bactericidal effect, and the bacilli are found to be incapable of growth at the end of several hours. Eosin in high concentrations is not capable of killing the tetanus spores, even after long exposure to sunlight (thirty hours). The toxin production of tetanus bacilli grown in eosinized culture media diminishes as the concentration of the eosin increases. This effect is brought about partly by the restraining action of the dye on vegetation, and partly by its detoxicating action upon the poison., The toxin-producing power and the virulence of tetanus bacilli are not permanently modified by contact with eosin for a long period, or by successive cultivations in eosinized media. Eosin is likewise capable of restraining the vegetation of tetanus spores in the animal body. In spore threads inserted beneath the skin of rats, and surrounded with eosin in solution, a very restricted vegetation takes place. If the injections of eosin are repeated. vegetation soon ceases and the vegetated bacilli degenerate and disappear. The ungerminated tetanus spores remain alive in a latent condition indefinitely in the healed wound beneath the skin. These spores do not lose power to grow outside the body, or inside the body of animals under favorable conditions, or to produce toxin in a characteristic manner.
Abstract 101: Surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI) lung cancer model with 95% survival and 100% take rate for spectral imaging
Authors: Yong Zhang, Nan Zhang, Ming A. Zhao, Robert M. Hoffman
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract For lung cancer, orthotopic models in mice are difficult to create due to a high death rate due to thoracotomy and anesthetization. In the present study, we achieved anesthesia via mask isoflurane inhalation and then performed a thoracotomy by making an incision between the fourth and fifth intercostal ribs on the left side of the chest. Lung tumor fragments were then implanted at this site. Tumor formation was monitored through spectral imaging using the Maestro (CRi). Breathing rate drop to &amp;lt;60/min was an indicator to interrupt anesthesia. This method exhibited high tumorigenicity (100%) and a low mortality rate (5%) making it ideal for creating orthotopic lung tumor models and useful for sequential follow-up studies using spectral imaging. Citation Format: Yong Zhang, Nan Zhang, Ming A. Zhao, Robert M. Hoffman. Surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI) lung cancer model with 95% survival and 100% take rate for spectral imaging. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 101. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-101
Hypogammaglobulinemia ogammaglobulinemia-Reply
Authors: Benjamin D. Gordon
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Dr. Barrett says our cases do not fit the accepted criteria for hypogammaglobulinemia, which is quite rare. We took pains to show that they<i>are not</i>true hypogammaglobulinemia (i.e., they do respond to antigens and they have isohemagglutinins), which is why we clearly labeled this a "variant" in our subtitle; and that this is<i>much more common</i>than the classic case. Since the original writing, I have found 15 more cases in my own practice and Dr. Spencer has found 6 more in his. The variety of symptoms in these patients, to which Dr. Barrett objects, is one of our main points. Classic cases all included some form of pneumonic infection (Good and Mazzitello,<i>Dis Chest</i>,<b>29</b>:9-35 [Jan.] 1956). Most of our cases did not. Dr. Barrett says "They claim that these children then had less allergy, fewer viral respiratory infections, etc." Most of these infections
Rethinking Public Ambulatory Care in America
Authors: Fitzhugh Mullan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1987)

To be sick and poor has always been double punishment. A series of programs initiated in the mid-1960s by legislators, physicians, and taxpayers have reduced the medical aspects of that burden in the United States, resulting in improvements in the health status of poor populations.1 , 2 In recent years, however, the trend toward equity in health care has slowed, and in some cases the gaps between the middle class and the poor are starting to widen again.3 4 5 This period has been marked by major governmental cost-containment efforts as well as a reorganization of health care financing along proprietary and competitive lines. . . .
Identification of compounds with preferential inhibitory activity against low-Nm23-expressing human breast carcinoma and melanoma cell lines
Authors: José M.P. Freije, Julia A. Lawrence, Melinda G. Hollingshead, Abel De La Rosa, Ven Narayanan, Michael Grever, Edward A. Sausville, Kenneth Paull, Patricia S. Steeg
Journal: Nature Medicine (1997)
Inhibition of Angiogenesis by Thrombospondin-1 Is Mediated by 2 Independent Regions Within the Type 1 Repeats
Authors: M. Luisa Iruela-Arispe, Michele Lombardo, Henry C. Krutzsch, Jack Lawler, David D. Roberts
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Suppression of tumor growth by thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) has been associated with its ability to inhibit neovascularization. The antiangiogenic activity of TSP-1, as defined by cornea pocket assays, was previously mapped to the amino-terminal portion of the protein within the procollagen region and the type 1 repeats. Methods and Results —We evaluated the specificity and efficacy of different regions of TSP-1 using recombinant fragments of the protein on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis and endothelial cell proliferation assays. In both assays, fragments containing the second and third type 1 repeats but not the procollagen region inhibited angiogenesis and endothelial cell proliferation. To further define the sequences responsible for the angiostatic effect of TSP-1, we used synthetic peptides. The CAM assay defined 2 sequences that independently suppressed angiogenesis. The amino-terminal end of the type 1 repeats showed higher potency for inhibiting angiogenesis driven by basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), whereas the second region equally blocked angiogenesis driven by either FGF-2 or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Modifications of the active peptides revealed the specific amino acids required for the inhibitory response. One sequence included the conserved tryptophan residues in the amino-terminal end of the second and third type 1 repeats, and the other involved the amino acids that follow the CSVTCG sequence in the carboxy-terminus of these repeats. Both inhibition in the CAM assay and inhibition of breast tumor xenograft growth in nude mice were independent of the TGF-β–activating sequence located in the second type 1 repeat. Conclusions —These results indicate that the type 1 repeats of TSP-1 contain 2 subdomains that may independently inhibit neovascularization. They also identify 2 independent pathways by which TSP-1 can block FGF-2 and VEGF angiogenic signals on endothelial cells.
Recurrence and Reoperation for Crohn's Disease
Authors: M. Russell Lock, Richard G. Farmer, Victor W. Fazio, David G. Jagelman, Ian C. Lavery, Frank L. Weakley
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

THE development of recurrent Crohn's disease after an intestinal resection has been estimated to occur in 3 per cent1 to 100 per cent2 of patients. This variation is associated with many factors, among which are the precise definition of recurrence, the location of the disease, and the methods of follow-up and data analysis. However, one of the most important clinical features of a recurrence is the likelihood of an additional intestinal resection. In order to define this problem more clearly, we investigated the incidence of histologically proved recurrent disease requiring additional surgical resection after a previous intestinal resection for Crohn's . . .
Rotarians Undertake Polio Immunization Effort in Support of WHO's 'Expanded Programme'
Authors: Cindy J. Smith
Journal: JAMA (1988)

IN THE UNITED STATES, poliomyelitis is a disease of the past. In the world at large, polio still strikes every two to three minutes. A new program, Polio-Plus, dedicated specifically to polio immunization, is being undertaken by Rotary International. The "Plus" indicates Rotary's support for the World Health Organization's plan, the Expanded Programme on Immunization, which aims to immunize all children against polio, measles, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and tuberculosis. At the United Nations' 41st World Health Assembly in Switzerland, delegates pledged to eradicate poliomyelitis by the year 2000. When the Expanded Programme was established in 1974, fewer than 5% of children in developing nations were fully protected against poliomyelitis or diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT). In 1986, the World Health Organization reported that 60% of infants worldwide received their first dose of polio or DPT vaccines and 40% received the full series, giving them full immunization before their first birthdays. Part of the
Depression of fractional sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule of the dog without sodium diuresis
Authors: Stuart S. Howards, Bernard B. Davis, Franklyn G. Knox, Fred S. Wright, Robert W. Berliner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1968)

The effect of infusions of hyperoncotic solutions on fractional sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule of the dog was studied by the recollection micropuncture method. Tubule fluid to plasma inulin concentration ratios were measured for identified proximal tubule segments before and after infusion of 25% albumin or dextran solutions. Results were compared with changes in fractional reabsorption during saline diuresis. Plasma volume increased 66% +/- SE 5.8 after infusion of albumin solution and 94% +/- SE 8.2 after infusion of dextran solution. Fractional sodium reabosorption by the proximal tubule was depressed after infusion of both of these hyperoncotic solutions. Nevertheless, changes in sodium excretion after infusion of albumin and dextran were small. In contrast, after infusions of isotonic sodium chloride solution, which increased plasma volume 61% +/- SE 5.8, a decrease in fractional reabsorption of 50.7% +/- SE 7.2 was associated with large changes in sodium excretion.
Postexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Infection
Authors: Raphael J Landovitz, Judith S Currier
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

A 24-year-old man presents to an outpatient clinic, reporting that 36 hours previously he had receptive anal intercourse without the use of a condom with an anonymous male partner. The patient is known to the clinical practice and has had several negative tests for human immunodeficiency virus infection, most recently 6 months previously. How should he be evaluated and treated?
Adrenal Haemorrhage after Open Heart Surgery
Authors: A. Gilston
Journal: BMJ (1962)

MEDIBai ¶IRrNAL 451 to the x-ray department, and by careful positioning of the bed in the ward.In addition, mobile lead screens have been designed which can give adequate protection to the nurses even while close to the patient during such nursing procedures as bed-making.It is concluded that similar careful observation of detail could be used with advantage in other radiation protection work.We are greatly indebted to Miss H. M. Downton, matron, for encouragement and support during this work; to Miss Thorpe, departmental sister in charge, and Miss V. Pamplin, ward sister, for valuable discussions; to Misses D. Williams
The Alcohol Flushing Response: An Unrecognized Risk Factor for Esophageal Cancer from Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Philip J Brooks, Mary-Anne Enoch, David Goldman, Ting-Kai Li, Akira Yokoyama
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2009)

Philip Brooks and colleagues discuss evidence linking the alcohol flushing response (predominantly due to ALDH2 deficiency) with a much higher risk of esophageal cancer from alcohol consumption.
The ghost in the machine
Authors: C Douglas
Journal: BMJ (1994)

When I was being taught medicine in the 1960s the bit I found most interesting was learning how medicine worked. Of course we were not formally taught the anthropology of the profession we were being groomed to join, but after a year away from it all - spent on VSO in a dusty, multi- tribed market town in the heart of West Africa - I returned feeling reasonably equipped to decipher the habits of the tribe for myself.

I made a curious and useful discovery: many of the doctors I observed then, certainly the vast majority of the most senior specimens, behaved quite often as though they …
Ties between regulators and business are attacked after politician takes top job in industry
Authors: Jeanne Lenzer
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<h3>Summary</h3> Immunological studies with <i>Cysticercus crassicollis</i> in rats and with <i>C. pisiformis</i> in rabbits have demonstrated that several weeks after infection, the serum of these animals contains a protective substance which is not absorbed <i>in vitro</i> by specific whole parasite material. Since the protective antibodies induced by the parenteral injection of whole worm material and those present two weeks after infection are absorbable, the inference is that the unabsorbable antibodies in the serum of infected animals are engendered by antigenic materials elaborated by the developing parasite.
Abstract P6-01-01: Diet-induced obesity increases tumor growth and promotes angiogenesis in a murine model of breast cancer
Authors: L Vona-Davis, J Coad, M Olfert
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Recent epidemiological studies provide strong evidence suggesting obesity is a risk factor in several cancers, including breast cancer. However, the exact molecular mechanisms by which obesity increases the risk of breast cancer are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the effect of diet-induced obesity on breast carcinogenesis in the MMTV-PyMT breast cancer model. Four-week old, female mice (n = 40) were randomized to high fat (HFD) or low fat (LFD) diets for 8 weeks. Body weights were obtained weekly and mice were imaged for mammary tumor volumes by 3D ultrasound. Tumor burden was collected during early and late stages, weighed and fixed for immunohistochemical staining. Blood and tissue from the liver, lung, and mesenteric fat were also collected. We also compared the basal VEGF protein expression in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and mammary tumors from MMTV-PyMT mice and compared these levels against background nontransgenic FVB/N mice. Average tumor volumes and tumor burdens were markedly greater in the mice fed HFD than in LFD and showed an increased number of metastases to the lung by 2-fold. HFD increased mammary cell proliferation and elevated Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in the blood, tumor beds and adipose tissue. Histopathological analysis showed more tumor-associated macrophages and increased microvessel density with diet-induced obesity. Significantly more crown-like structures were evident in adipose tissue from obese mice at both early and late stage carcinoma. Adipose tissue of MMTV-PyMT mice exhibited greater VEGF protein expression compared to adipose tissue of control FVB mice, and greater VEGF protein compared to tumor VEGF expression. Our findings demonstrate that diet-induced obesity exacerbates breast cancer progression in MMTV-PyMT mice and suggests that high body adiposity caused by diet-induced changes promotes an inflammatory and angiogenic phenotype in breast cancer. NIH P20 RR016440, P30 R032138 and GM103488, and P20 RR016477. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P6-01-01.
Shigellosis From Swimming
Authors: Mark L. Rosenberg
Journal: JAMA (1976)

In Augsut 1974, 31 of 45 cases of Shigella sonnei infection in Dubuque, Iowa, were traced to swimming in an 8-km stretch of the Mississippi River. Comparison of the first case in each affected family with neighborhood controls showed a significant correlation between swimming and illness (P less than .0001). A significant association between diarrheal illness and swimming (P less than .0001) was also demonstrated by a retrospective survey of 60 families who had camped at a park beside the river; the attack rate for swimmers who got water in their mouths while swimming was 18%. They had been swimming in water where the mean fecal coliform count was 17,500 organisms per 100 ml; the federal recommended upper limit for swimming water is 200 per 100 ml. A water sample obtained at the park swimming area one month after authorities had banned swimming in the area yielded S sonnei with the same antibiogram, colicin type, and phage type as the isolates from six swimmers.¿
Digoxin. A neurohormonal modulator in heart failure?
Authors: M Gheorghiade, D Ferguson
Journal: Circulation (1991)

D igitalis preparations have been in clinical usefor more than 200 years.Despite extensive clinical use, controversy persists as to the precise indications for digoxin therapy in patients with chronic heart failure who are in sinus rhythm.'Clinical Use of Digitalis Glycosides The potential benefit of digoxin therapy in heart failure patients is thought to be related to its positive inotropic effect that increases cardiac output and thereby decreases ventricular filling pressures.2Al- though digoxin is undoubtedly an inotropic agent in tissue preparations,3 this effect, in contrast to other inotropic agents, is not consistently translated into improved hemodynamics in the intact animal or in humans.4For example, in normal volunteers5 or in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and normal6 or normalized hemodynamics with other therapies,7 no significant increase and even a decrease8 in car- diac output may occur.This paradox was initially attributed to peripheral vasoconstrictor9,10 effects of digitalis compounds that increase afterload and thereby attenuate or mask its inotropic effect.How- ever, peripheral vasoconstriction is transient1' and is manifested only after rapid intravenous administra- tion of digitalis preparations and does not fully explain the failure to augment cardiac function in patients with normal hemodynamics.In contrast, when digoxin is given acutely to pa- tients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and abnormal central hemodynamics,12-14 there is a significant increase in cardiac output and a decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance.It appears, therefore, that the acute hemodynamic response to digoxin is inversely proportional to the degree of underlying hemodynamic impairment.7Several studies have shown that long-term digoxin therapy improves left ventricular function and is clini-The opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.
VON MIKULICZ' DISEASE—FURTHER STUDIES
Authors: WILLIAM LINTZ
Journal: JAMA (1913)

Von Mikulicz' disease is a chronic, indolent, symmetric enlargement of one or more of the salivary or lacrimal glands, which is non-painful and which von Mikulicz could not classify under any of the diseases heretofore described. The first case of this nature was presented by von Mikulicz,<sup>1</sup>Jan. 23, 1888, before the Verein für wissenshaftliche Heilkunde at Königsberg. In 1894 von Mikulicz first described what he thought was a distinct and typical well-defined heretofore undescribed disease. The following case is an example of his syndrome: <h3>History.</h3> —M. B., a man, aged 22, feeder by occupation, was born in the United States of parents from Galicia, Austria, who have been married for thirty years and have ten children, all living and well with the exception of one who died from an infectious disease in childhood. Both parents are alive and enjoy perfect health. The patient, whom I saw March 4,
Synthetic Salmon Calcitonin
Authors: Edythe B. Goldfield
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Synthetic salmon calcitonin was given daily for 90 days as a subcutaneous dose of 50 Medical Research Council units to three patients with active Paget's disease and one patient with osteogenesis imperfecta. Symptomatic improvement occurred in two of the patients with Paget's disease and in the patient with osteogenesis imperfecta. During the three months of treatment, serum alkaline phosphatase, urinary hydroxyproline, and urinary calcium decreased significantly in the patients with Paget's disease, and, in the patient with osteogenesis imperfecta, urinary hydroxyproline decreased, suggesting that this new form of calcitonin is also effective in reducing bone resorption in these diseases. No adverse reactions were observed in our initial studies.
Immunological response to Cryptosporidium species.
Authors: M F Heyworth
Journal: Gut (1990)

Scrub typhus is a zoonosis transmitted by a trombiculid mite which introduces bacteria of <i>Orientia tsutsugamushi</i> by its bite. The acute febrile illness is characterised by eschar at the site of the bite with maculopapular rashes and local and/or generalised lymphadenopathy. The disease is endemic in the tsutsugamushi triangle. Sikkim, a small Himalayan north-eastern state, is also not unaffected where outbreaks of the disease have been reported. The clinical spectrum of the disease ranges from mild to fatal depending on the virulence of the bacterial strain, susceptibility of the host and promptness of the treatment. In severe cases, there can be multiple organ involvement. Pancreatitis is a serious and unusual complication of this disease, which was seen in our presentation. A 22-year-old man, diagnosed to have scrub typhus, developed pancreatitis in the second week of the illness and responded well to medical treatment.
Excess mortality among the elderly in European countries, December 2014 to February 2015
Authors: K Mølbak, L Espenhain, J Nielsen, K Tersago, N Bossuyt, G Denissov, A Baburin, M Virtanen, A Fouillet, T Sideroglou, K Gkolfinopoulou, A Paldy, J Bobvos, L van Asten, M de Lange, B Nunes, S da Silva, A Larrauri, I L Gómez, A Tsoumanis, C Junker, H Green, R Pebody, J McMenamin, A Reynolds, A Mazick
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2015)

Since December 2014 and up to February 2015, the weekly number of excess deaths from all-causes among individuals?≥?65 years of age in 14 European countries have been significantly higher than in the four previous winter seasons. The rise in unspecified excess mortality coincides with increased proportion of influenza detection in the European influenza surveillance schemes with a main predominance of influenza A(H3N2) viruses seen throughout Europe in the current season, though cold snaps and other respiratory infections may also have had an effect.