tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for pneumonia, and colonization of respiratory tract and stomach in mechanically ventilated ICU patients.
Authors: M J Bonten, D C Bergmans, A W Ambergen, P W de Leeuw, S van der Geest, E E Stobberingh, C A Gaillard
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

Risk factors for the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and colonization of the respiratory tract and stomach with enteric gram-negative bacteria (EGB) and Pseudomonadaceae were determined in 141 ventilated patients using univariate analysis and the Cox proportional hazards model. VAP was caused by EGB in 14 patients (10%), and by Pseudomonadaceae in 19 patients (13%). The duration of ventilation was a significant risk factor for VAP caused by EGB and Pseudomonadaceae, and for acquired colonization in oropharynx, stomach, and trachea with these species. Of 20 other variables, oropharyngeal colonization with EGB on admission (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.5) and an infection on admission (HR = 2.7) were selected as risk factors for VAP caused by EGB. Acquired colonization with Pseudomonadaceae in oropharynx (HR = 5.0) was the most important risk factor for VAP caused by these species. Gastric colonization with EGB or Pseudomonadaceae were no risk factors for VAP. For acquired oropharyngeal colonization with EGB only the duration of ventilation was a risk factor, whereas preceding colonization of the trachea with Pseudomonodaceae and duration of ventilation were risk factors for acquired oropharyngeal colonization with these species. In the Cox model, only the duration of ventilation was significantly related to acquired gastric colonization with EGB. Preceding colonization of the orophayrnx and of the trachea with Pseudomonadaceae were risk factors for acquired colonization with these species in the stomach. Twelve patients with VAP (46%) and 38 without VAP (33%) died (p = 0.21). In conclusion, duration of ventilation and colonization of the upper respiratory tract are the most important risk factors for VAP caused by EGB or Pseudomonadaceae.
750-4 The Influence of Lipoprotein(a) Levels on the Angiograpic Course of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Patients with High and Low LDL-C
Authors: Jeroen Vos, Gilbert R. Thompson, Pim J. de Feyter, Geert Boerma, Jean M. Dumont
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Abstract 4121: Glycine N-methyltransferase deficiency affects hepatic cholesterol homeostasis and steatosis-associated inflammation
Authors: Cheng-Chieh Fang, Yi-Jen Liao, Yi-Ming Chen
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic disorder with excess accumulation of lipid within hepatocyte. Severe NAFLD is associated with inflammation and contributes to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previously, we reported that glycine N-methyltransferase knockout (Gnmt-/-) mice develop chronic hepatitis and HCC. The aim of this study was to understand the role of GNMT and its interactive proteins play in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Firstly, we found that Gnmt-/- mice had hyperlipidemia and steatohepatitis and GNMT was down-regulated in the liver tissues from patients with NAFLD as well as from mice fed with high fat diet, high cholesterol diet or methionine/choline deficient diet. Besides, Q-PCR showed that the liver tissues of Gnmt-/- mice had higher levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12p40 and IL-1α than the wild-type mice. Single photon emission computed tomography images demonstrated that Gnmt-/- mice had slower hepatic cholesterol uptake and excretion rates than the wild-type mice. Yeast two-hybrid screenings and co-immunoprecipitation assays elucidated that the Niemann-Pick type C2 protein (NPC2) interacts with GNMT. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that NPC2 was released from lysosomes and interacts with GNMT in the cytosol when cells were treated with low density lipoprotein. Over-expression of GNMT prolonged the half-lives of both NPC2 isoforms and reduced cholesterol accumulation in cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated that GNMT regulates the homeostasis of cholesterol metabolism and steatosis-associated inflammation. This study provides novel targets for the prevention and treatment of steatohepatitis and HCC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4121. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4121
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Medicine
Authors: Paul A. Bottomley
Journal: JAMA (1982)

With the stated goal of providing a general introduction to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging for practicing radiologists, the book is one of the first such works on this exciting new development in diagnostic medicine. The book comprises ten well-integrated chapters authored by reputable workers in the field. The chapters are grouped into four sections encompassing the "Principles" of NMR imaging, NMR "Imaging" results, imaging of "Elements Other Than Hydrogen," and "Potential Hazards" associated with the technique, plus a glossary and an introductory chapter on potential applications. The principles section describes the basic physics of NMR, the different techniques used for obtaining images, and the required instrumentation. The fundamental dilemma faced by the editors is one of interfacing the complexities and intricacies of this technique with the stated goal as an introduction. Too often, the solution is to skirt important, complex issues with broad explanations. Examples are combining quantum mechanical
Cancer Usurps Skeletal Muscle as an Energy Repository
Authors: Yi Luo, Junya Yoneda, Hitoshi Ohmori, Takamitsu Sasaki, Kazutaka Shimbo, Sachise Eto, Yumiko Kato, Hiroshi Miyano, Tsuyoshi Kobayashi, Tomonori Sasahira, Yoshitomo Chihara, Hiroki Kuniyasu
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Cancer cells produce energy through aerobic glycolysis, but contributions of host tissues to cancer energy metabolism are unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the cancer–host energy production relationship, in particular, between cancer energy production and host muscle. During the development and progression of colorectal cancer, expression of the secreted autophagy-inducing stress protein HMGB1 increased in the muscle of tumor-bearing animals. This effect was associated with decreased expression of pyruvate kinase PKM1 and pyruvate kinase activity in muscle via the HMGB1 receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE). However, muscle mitochondrial energy production was maintained. In contrast, HMGB1 addition to colorectal cancer cells increased lactate fermentation. In the muscle, HMGB1 addition induced autophagy by decreasing levels of active mTOR and increasing autophagy-associated proteins, plasma glutamate, and 13C-glutamine incorporation into acetyl-CoA. In a mouse model of colon carcinogenesis, a temporal increase in HMGB1 occurred in serum and colonic mucosa with an increase in autophagy associated with altered plasma free amino acid levels, increased glutamine, and decreased PKM1 levels. These differences were abolished by administration of an HMGB1 neutralizing antibody. Similar results were obtained in a mouse xenograft model of human colorectal cancer. Taken together, our findings suggest that HMGB1 released during tumorigenesis recruits muscle to supply glutamine to cancer cells as an energy source. Cancer Res; 74(1); 330–40. ©2013 AACR.
A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study of the Chronic Lead Effect on the Basal Ganglion and Frontal and Occipital Lobes in Middle-Age Adults
Authors: Tsyh-Jyi Hsieh, Yi-Chun Chen, Chun-Wei Li, Gin-Chang Liu, Yu-Wen Chiu, Hung-Yi Chuang
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

BackgroundLead is known to be a health hazard to the human brain and nervous system based on data from epidemiologic studies. However, few studies have examined the mechanism or biochemical changes caused by lead in the human brain, although recently some have used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to test brain metabolism in vivo.ObjectivesIn this study, we used 3-T MRS to investigate brain metabolism in workers chronically exposed to lead and matched nonexposed controls.Materials Methods: Twenty-two workers at a lead paint factory served as chronically exposed subjects of this study. These workers did not have any clinical syndromes. Eighteen age- and sex-matched nonexposed healthy volunteers served as controls. We measured blood and bone lead and used a 3-T MRS to measure their levels of brain N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and total creatine (tCr). A structural questionnaire was used to collect demographic, work, and health histories and information about their life habits.ResultsAll the MRS measures were lower in the lead-exposed group. Increased blood and bone lead levels correlated with declines in Cho:tCr ratios, especially in the occipital lobe, where changes in all gray, subcortical, and white matter were significant. Increases in blood and patella lead in every layer of the frontal lobe correlated with significant decreases in NAA:tCr ratios. One of the strongest regression coefficients was −0.023 (SE = 0.005, p &lt; 0.001), which was found in the NAA:tCr ratio of frontal gray matter.DiscussionWe conclude that chronic exposure to lead might upset brain metabolism, especially NAA:tCr and Cho:tCr ratios. Brain NAA and Cho are negatively correlated to blood and bone lead levels, suggesting that lead induces neuronal and axonal damage or loss. The most significant changes occurred in frontal and occipital lobes, areas in which previous neurobehavioral studies have shown memory and visual performance to be adversely affected by lead toxicity.
Is SARS masking an influenza threat?
Authors: Dorothy Bonn
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2003)

While the world's attention is focused on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), pandemic influenza could be smouldering unseen. "With southern China, including Hong Kong, the epicentre of both SARS and influenza, the two diseases could easily be confused", says microbiologist Kennedy Shortridge, emeritus professor at Hong Kong University. "The recognition of a fatal case of H5N1 influenza in Hong Kong at the time of early SARS cases suggests that some reassortant influenza viruses may be close to the threshold of causing a new pandemic" (Lancet 2003; 361: 268).
Prostacyclin (PGI2) lowers heart rate in the conscious dog
Authors: T. H HINTZE, M. J PANZENBECK, E. J MESSINA, G. KALEY
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1981)

Prostacyclin (PGI2) and arachidonic acid (AA), the fatty acid precursor of the bisenoic prostaglandings (PG), are potent vasodepressor agents, similar in their action to PGE1 and PGE2; however, unlike these prostaglandings which increase heart rate, the administration of PGI2 or AA causes heart rate to fall. Injection of AA (20 mg) and PGI2 (20 μg), into conscious, trained dogs fitted with exteriorised carotid loops, resulted in a fall in mean arterial blood pressure (5.39 ± 0.49 and 5.57 ± 0.44 kPa) together with a reduction in heart rate (–5.7 ± 2.9 and –15.0 ± 3.9 beats·min−1, respectively). On the other hand, PGE2 (50 μg), PGE1 (50 μg) and sodium nitroprusside (500 μg), while causing similar or smaller decreases in blood pressure (2.45 ± 0.27, 3.68 ± 0.63 and 4.15 ± 0.35 kPa) induced the expected baroreflex-mediated increases in heart rate (50.1 ± 6.0, 63.1 ± 5.1 and 61.3 ± 1.8 beats·min−1, respectively). In contrast to these vasodepressor agents, PGI2 and AA also caused significant reductions in dP/dtmax. The bradycardia following PGI2 and AA was prevented by atropine and hexamethonium, signifying the participation of vagal efferent fibres in and the reflex nature of the response. The bradycardia, the hypotension and the changes in cardiac function caused by AA were blocked by indomethacin. Moreover, induction of anaesthesia with sodium pentobarbital inhibited the reflex bradycardia following PGI2 and AA. These experiments show that in the conscious dog, probably the best model for the study of reflex cardiovascular regulation, injection of PGI2 or stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis in situ by AA, results in a distinct, Bezold-Jarisch-like response. This cardiovascular response, unlike those that follow the administration of other vasodilator prostaglandins or nitroprusside, is characterised by decreases in heart rate, arterial blood pressure and dP/dtmax, a set of responses most likely mediated by the activation of cardiopulmonary receptors and vagal afferent and efferent fibres.
Structural Heterogeneity and Genomic Distribution of Drosophila melanogaster LTR-Retrotransposons
Authors: L. Alonso-Gonzalez
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2003)

Structural heterogeneity of five long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon families (297, mdg 1, 412, copia, and 1731) was investigated in Drosophila melanogaster. The genomic distribution of canonical and rearranged elements was studied by comparing hybridization patterns of Southern blots on salivary glands from adult females and males with in situ hybridization on polytene chromosomes. The proportion and genomic distribution of noncanonical copies is distinctive to each family and presents constant features in the four different D. melanogaster strains studied. Most elements of families 297 and mdg 1 were noncanonical and presented large interstock and intrastock polymorphism. Noncanonical elements of these two families were mostly located in euchromatin, although not restricted to it. The elements of families 412 and copia were better conserved. The proportion of noncanonical elements was lower. The 1731 family is mainly composed of noncanonical, β-heterochromatic elements that are highly conserved among stocks. The relation of structural polymorphism to phylogeny, transpositional activity and the role of natural selection in the maintenance of transposable elements are discussed.
RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK IN CARDIOMYOPATHY IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA/FIBRILLATION AND CARDIAC MORTALITY
Authors: Omair Yousuf, David Strauss, Elena Blasco-Colmenares, Eliseo Guallar, Gordon Tomaselli, Katherine C. Wu
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
The extraction of circulating catecholamines by the lungs in normal man and in patients with pulmonary hypertension.
Authors: M J Sole, M Drobac, L Schwartz, M N Hussain, E F Vaughan-Neil
Journal: Circulation (1979)

We directly measured the net pulmonary extraction of circulating norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine in control patients and patients with primary or secondary pulmonary hypertension. Mixed pulmonary artery norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine were 314 +/- 13 pg/ml, 102 +/- 9 pg/ml, 51 +/- 5 pg/ml, respectively, for the control group; values were similar in patients with pulmonary hypertension. The pulmonary extraction of norepinephrine was 25.4 +/- 2.6% (clearance 266 +/- 62 ng/min) in control patients; epinephrine and dopamine were not extracted. There was no net extraction or production of any of the three catecholamines by the lungs in any of the patients with pulmonary hypertension. We conclude that the lungs play a significant role in the inactivation of circulating norepinephrine in man. This metabolic function of the lungs appear to be lost in pulmonary hypertension.
In situ application of hydrogel-type fibrin–islet composite optimized for rapid glycemic control by subcutaneous xenogeneic porcine islet transplantation
Authors: Jung-Sik Kim, Jong-Hyung Lim, Hye-Young Nam, Hyun-Ju Lim, Jun-Seop Shin, Jin-Young Shin, Ju-Hee Ryu, Kwangmeyung Kim, Ick-Chan Kwon, Sang-Man Jin, Hang-Rae Kim, Sang-Joon Kim, Chung-Gyu Park
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2012)
Subject in Search of a Name
Authors: A. M. McFarlan
Journal: BMJ (1959)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) will be diagnosed in an estimated 9,080 adults in the United States this year, and rates have been rising over the last several decades. Most people that develop anal SCC have associated human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (∼85-95%), with approximately 5-15% of anal SCC cases occurring in HPV-negative patients from unknown etiology. This study identified and characterized a <i>Kras</i>-driven, female sex hormone-dependent development of anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the <i>LSL-Kras</i><sup><i>G12D</i></sup> ; <i>Pdx1-Cre (KC)</i> mouse model that is not dependent on papillomavirus infection. One hundred percent of female KC mice develop anal SCC, while no male KC mice develop tumors. Both male and female KC anal tissue express Pdx1 and Cre-recombinase mRNA, and the activated mutant <i>Kras</i><sup><i>G12D</i></sup> gene. Although the driver gene mutation <i>Kras</i><sup><i>G12D</i></sup> is present in anus of both sexes, only female KC mice develop <i>Kras</i>-mutant induced anal SCC. To understand the sex-dependent differences, KC male mice were castrated and KC female mice were ovariectomized. Castrated KC males displayed an unchanged phenotype with no anal tumor formation. In contrast, ovariectomized KC females demonstrated a marked reduction in anal SCC development, with only 15% developing anal SCC. Finally, exogenous administration of estrogen rescued the tumor development in ovariectomized KC female mice and induced tumor development in castrated KC males. These results confirm that the anal SCC is estrogen mediated. The delineation of the role of female sex hormones in mediating mutant <i>Kras</i> to drive anal SCC pathogenesis highlights a subtype of anal SCC that is independent of papillomavirus infection. These findings may have clinical applicability for the papillomavirus-negative subset of anal SCC patients that typically respond poorly to standard of care chemoradiation.
Physical and Sexual Abuse in Childhood as Predictors of Early-Onset Cardiovascular Events in Women
Authors: Janet W. Rich-Edwards, Susan Mason, Kathryn Rexrode, Donna Spiegelman, Eileen Hibert, Ichiro Kawachi, Hee Jin Jun, Rosalind J. Wright
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Although child abuse is widespread and has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, its association with CVD events is not established.
Appendicitis; Rejoinder to Dr. Carstens.
Authors: R. E. Haughton
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Richmond, Ind., Jan. 23, 1898. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —If Dr. Carstens will read carefully, he will see that I am not opposing operative methods, as I said in two of these cases I had been called to operate and found one case dying, and a second so much improved that I declined to operate; and in two other cases, not included in the eight reported, they refused operation, and a third not included recovered. Hence it is unfair to represent me as being opposed to operation (I am not). But in a careful study of the disease and from reports of surgeons I am still of opinion that many cases under judicious treatment would recover and avoid the knife. I have, as I reported, made postmortem examinations whenever possible, to study the nature and progress of the disease, and am not wholly a novice in operation.... My experience teaches me
Health Regulations for Air Travel
Authors: R. H. Barrett
Journal: BMJ (1947)

Medical practitioners are often asked for information on the health regulations in force for passengers travelling by air to foreign countries. It may therefore be of interest to discuss the quarantine procedure as it affects passengers and aircraft leaving the United Kingdom on international flights. The times taken from London to reach distant points in the world by air are now approximately : Australia .. South Africa New Zealand Hong Kong Egypt .. Canada West Africa India 2 days 3 days 4 days 6 days 13 hours 20 hours 1 day  days
Decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor density is associated with a more severe form of parathyroid hyperplasia in chronic uremic patients.
Authors: N Fukuda, H Tanaka, Y Tominaga, M Fukagawa, K Kurokawa, Y Seino
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

The resistance of parathyroid cells to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in uremic hyperparathyroidism is thought to be caused, in part, by a 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor (VDR) deficiency in the parathyroids. However, results of biochemical studies addressing VDR numbers in the parathyroids are controversial. Several studies have found VDR content to be decreased in the parathyroids of uremic patients and animals, while others have found no such decrease in the parathyroids of uremic animals. To clarify the role of VDR, we investigated VDR distribution in surgically-excised parathyroids obtained from chronic dialysis patients by immunohistochemistry. We classified the parathyroids as exhibiting nodular or diffuse hyperplasia. Our studies demonstrated a lower density of VDR in the parathyroids showing nodular hyperplasia than in those showing diffuse hyperplasia. Even in the parathyroids showing diffuse hyperplasia, nodule-forming areas were present; these areas were virtually negative for VDR staining. A significant negative correlation was found between VDR density and the weight of the parathyroids. These findings indicate that the conflicting results of biochemical studies may be caused by the heterogeneous distribution of VDR; the decreased VDR density in parathyroids may contribute to the progression of secondary hyperparathyroidism and to the proliferation of parathyroid cells that is seen in uremia.
Gene expression profiling of human bone marrow stromal cells with FGFR-3 mutation (K650M) using cDNA microarrays
Authors: Libin Jia, Michael Bittner, Yidong Chen, Kris Gooden, Yuan Jiang, Jeffery Trent, Erica Keen, Anna R. DeRubeis, Sergei Kuznetsov, Pamela Robey, Marian Young, John Powell, Liming Yang, Robert Hotchkiss, Claire Francomano
Journal: Nature Genetics (1999)
New Medicare Physician Payment to Reflect Relative Resources
Authors: Bruce C. Vladeck
Journal: JAMA (1996)

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Deep Venous Thrombosis-Reply
Authors: Kenneth M. Moser
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<h3>In Reply—</h3> Drs Young and Couch unfortunately have missed most of the central points made in our article. As we stressed, the value of most diagnostic tests depends on the specific patient group to which it is applied, as well as when and how it is applied. This is particularly true in the case of a dynamic disorder like deep venous thrombosis, which occurs in such diverse patient groups. Tests with "false-negatives" (are there any which are "perfect"?) cannot be dismissed as "of no use." Such a narrow view would mean we must abandon many useful diagnostic tests, such as the chest x-ray and ECG. Lacking the perfect test in most instances, the important question physicians must answer is this: what are the conditions that make a "false-negative" test likely? Here is the corollary question: when is it necessary to proceed to more invasive, risky, and complex tests that<i>may</i>