tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Determinants of the clinical expression of amoxicillin-clavulanate hepatotoxicity: A prospective series from Spain
Authors: M. Isabel Lucena, Raúl J. Andrade, M. Carmen Fernández, Ketevan Pachkoria, Gloria Pelaez, José A. Durán, Macarena Villar, Luis Rodrigo, Manuel Romero‐Gomez, Ramón Planas, Anabel Barriocanal, Joan Costa, Carlos Guarner, Sonia Blanco, José M. Navarro, Fernando Pons, Agustin Castiella, Susana Avila
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Amoxicillin-clavulanate (AC) hepatotoxicity has been reported to exhibit a higher predominance of cholestatic types of damage, especially in males. However, the determinants of its clinical expression are unknown. This study prospectively evaluated the profile of AC hepatotoxicity. Data on all cases of hepatotoxicity reported to the Spanish Registry attributed to AC and assessed as definite or probable on the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) scale were collated and compared to published case series. Hepatotoxicity related to amoxicillin-clavulanate was identified in 69 patients (36 males; mean age 56 years) representing 14% of all cases of hepatotoxicity submitted to the Registry. There was an overall sex distribution and the predominant pattern of lesion was hepatocellular (36%) which occurred at a shorter duration of treatment (P < .03). Mean time lapse between therapy initiation and jaundice onset was 16 days. Late onset of symptoms following end of treatment occurred in half the cases. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified advancing age as the factor associated with the development of cholestatic/mixed type of injury (odds ratio for an age interval for 1 year: 1.045 [95% CI = 1.013–1.078; P = .005). An unfavorable outcome was seen in 7% of patients. In conclusion, age is the most important determinant in the biochemical expression of AC hepatotoxicity; younger age is associated with cytolytic damage and shorter treatment duration, whereas cholestatic/mixed type of damage is related to older age and prolonged AC therapy. (HEPATOLOGY 2006;44:850–856.)
The Testing of Transfusion Fluids for Contamination
Authors: W. R. Logan
Journal: BMJ (1941)

M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NEDICAL JOURNAL 50 to 59, a somewhat higher figure than is commonly quioted.1In this series it is of interest that no female patients with thoracic aneurysm wvere found under the age of 30.Summary lTw"o cases of acquiired syphilitic ancurysm in adults under tile age of 80} arc reported.It is probable that the disease xvas also acquired in the third case.Although congenital syphilitic mesaortitis does occur the irncidence of aneurysmal dilatation is very rare.It is known that symptoms of thoracic aneurysm may appear wvithin ten years of the primary -syphilitic infectioin, but in the majority the period is fifteen to tw\enty years.As regards age incidence of aneurysm of the tihoracic aorta, the maximum was found in the sixth decade.My thanks are aue to Dr. John Parkinison, physician to the cardiac department of the London Hospital, and(3 to l)r.William Evanis, the assistant physician, for their interest anld
Characterization of Murine JAK2V617F-Positive Myeloproliferative Disease
Authors: Thomas G.P. Bumm, Collin Elsea, Amie S. Corbin, Marc Loriaux, Daniel Sherbenou, Lisa Wood, Jutta Deininger, Richard T. Silver, Brian J. Druker, Michael W.N. Deininger
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract The JAK2V617F mutation is present in almost all patients with polycythemia vera (PV), large proportions of patients with essential thrombocythemia and idiopathic myelofibrosis, and less frequently in atypical myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). We show that transplantation of JAK2V617F-transduced bone marrow into BALB/c mice induces MPD reminiscent of human PV, characterized by erythrocytosis, granulocytosis, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and bone marrow fibrosis, but not thrombocytosis. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting of bone marrow and spleen showed proportional expansion of common myeloid progenitors, granulocyte-monocyte and megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors. Megakaryocyte and late erythroid progenitors were dramatically increased, with only modest expansion of early erythroid progenitors. Erythropoietin (Epo) receptor expression was reduced on early, but normal on late erythroblasts. Serum levels of Epo and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, but not granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, were reduced, whereas tumor necrosis factor-α was increased, possibly exerting a negative effect on JAK2V617F-negative hematopoiesis. These data suggest that erythrocytosis and granulocytosis in JAK2V617F mice are the net result of a complex interplay between cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors. There were no thromboembolic events and no animals succumbed to their disease, implicating additional factors in the manifestation of human disease. The disease was not transplantable and prolonged observation showed normalization of blood counts in most JAK2V617F mice, suggesting that the mutation may not confer self-renewal capacity. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(23): 11156-65)
Challenges to achieving clinical transplantation tolerance
Authors: Alan D. Salama, Giuseppe Remuzzi, William E. Harmon, Mohamed H. Sayegh
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

Transplantation is now firmly established as the therapy of choice for end-stage organ failure. Specific immunological tolerance of transplant recipients toward their foreign organ or tissue grafts is a goal that has been sought by transplant biologists for almost fifty years following the original description of the phenomenon in experimental animals (1). Since that time, a wealth of experimental data has accumulated relating to strategies for extending allograft survival and function. Still, the question remains of how near we are to the day when long-term tolerance of engrafted organs or tissues is a clinical reality.

With the pharmacopoeia of the transplant biologist continually expanding (2), the potential treatment combinations have become baffling and their impact on strategies to induce tolerance ever more complex. The increasing demand for organ transplantation and the imbalance with the supply of donor organs (3) makes it an urgent necessity to optimize the outcome of clinical transplantation. It is therefore timely to reassess where we stand on the road to achieving clinical transplant tolerance, and highlight the challenges that face us, so that we may choose the best direction in which to invest our efforts in basic and clinical research (4).
Sequential Use of the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Sorafenib and Sunitinib in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Outcome Analysis
Authors: Christian Eichelberg, Roman Heuer, Felix K. Chun, Kristin Hinrichs, Mario Zacharias, Hartwig Huland, Hans Heinzer
Journal: European Urology (2008)
Hemoglobin is inversely related to flow-mediated dilatation in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Mahmut I. Yilmaz, Alper Sonmez, Mutlu Saglam, Mahir Gulec, Selim Kilic, Tayfun Eyileten, Kayser Caglar, Yusuf Oguz, Abdulgaffar Vural, Mujdat Yenicesu, Carmine Zoccali
Journal: Kidney International (2009)
OXYTUBERCULIN IN TUBERCULOSIS.
Authors: J. O. HIRSCHFELDER
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Ever since Behring introduced the antitoxin of diphtheria into medical practice, the attention of the profession has been directed to the discovery of a similar mode of treatment for all the other infectious diseases. We have a right to assume that the law of the antitoxins is one of general application, and that that observation which is true of one bacterial disease is true of all. Efforts, however, to produce antitoxins of other diseases than diphtheria, have not led to the striking results obtained in that disease. Various observers, first among them being Paquin in our country, and last Maragliano in Italy, have used serum of animals supposed to have been made immune to the bacillus tuberculosis, but the results, to say the least, have not equaled those in diphtheria. The association of the antitoxic principle with various other ingredients of the blood serum, has led to unpleasant results that
Recording patients' views on organ donation: when to ask them and how to record the answer.
Authors: H N Riad, R A Banks
Journal: BMJ (1990)

Six hundred twenty-six adult outpatients in two British general hospitals completed questionnaires on organ donation. The patients were asked their opinions on being asked their views on donating their organs after death, on when during an outpatient or a hospital visit they would prefer to be asked about donations, and on how they would choose to have their decision recorded. Commenting on their findings, the authors recommend that a question on organ donation be included on the registration form for new hospital outpatients, and that patients' responses be recorded on the hospital computer.
Chloral Hydrate and Warfarin Interaction: Clinical Significance?
Authors: PAUL F. GRINER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Chloral hydrate has been cited among the sedatives and hypnotics capable of altering the anticoagulant response to coumarin drugs. The clinical significance of any interaction between chloral hydrate and oral anticoagulants has not been clarified. The effect of chloral hydrate in patients receiving long-term therapy with warfarin was studied in 17 subjects. Prothrombin times and plasma warfarin levels were measured during treatment with chloral hydrate (or its equivalent as chloral betaine) and compared with similar data obtained during placebo control treatment periods. No significant differences were found in mean prothrombin times, plasma warfarin levels, or daily warfarin doses between chloral hydrate versus placebo treatment periods in each of three separate experiments. It is concluded that the clinical significance of any interaction between warfarin and chloral hydrate is negligible for patients receiving long-term therapy with warfarin under the conditions of this experiment.
Rituals in antenatal care. Consider women's psychosocial needs.
Authors: J Sikorski, J Fleming, S Clement
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Rituals in antenatal careConsider women's psychosocial needs EDITOR,-We welcome Philip Steer's call to dis- card outdated rituals in antenatal care and to explore more promising interventions.'A con- siderable body of evidence casts doubt on many of the procedures carried out in antenatal consultations; the work of Hall et al in Aberdeen2 and comparative evidence from Europe3 suggest that fewer antenatal visits may be acceptable.However, we would urge caution on two counts before the schedule of visits is changed.Firstly, although the experience in Aberdeen is reassuring, as is that of a trial in Zimbabwe (S P Munjanja, conference on the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and safe motherhood, 13-14 July 1992), there are no results from randomised controlled trials of different schedules ofvisits in Britain.Perhaps more importantly, any proposed changes in the schedule of antenatal visits should be shown to meet women's psychosocial needs as well as to be clinically safe.Although trials of social support have not shown any great effects on traditional clinical outcomes, the evidence shows that "supported mothers are more likely . . . to feel 'in control' during pregnancy and postpartum, to be satisfied with their medical care, not to feel unhappy after the birth, to have partners who feel involved with the baby, to be breastfeeding, to report physical well-being and to have babies with fewer worrying health problems."4If the number of antenatal visits is reduced without these important measures being taken into account, benefits may be lost.We are currently conducting a randomised controlled trial of a reduction in the number of antenatal visits for low risk women.We hope that this will provide helpful information about the clinical and psychosocial effectiveness of different schedules ofvisits.
ABC of the upper gastrointestinal tract: Cancer of the stomach and pancreas
Authors: M. J Bowles, I. S Benjamin
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Cancers of the stomach and the pancreas share similarly poor prognoses. However, long term survival is possible if patients present at an early stage. In England and Wales carcinoma of the stomach and pancreas cause about 7% and 4% of all cancer deaths respectively. In women they are the fourth and fifth most common causes of cancer death; in men their respective rankings are third equal (with colonic cancer) and seventh.



Endoscopic appearance of gastric carcinoma on the lesser curve of the stomach



The incidence of distal gastric carcinoma has fallen in the West, probably because of decreasing rates of infection with Helicobacter pylori , but it remains one of the main causes of death from malignancy worldwide. The incidence of proximal gastric cancer seems to be rising. These two gastric cancers depend on the distribution and severity of H pylori gastritis, as discussed in the earlier chapter on the pathophysiology of duodenal and gastric ulcers and gastric cancer.1

Gastric adenocarcinoma is rare below the age of 40 years, and its incidence peaks at about 60 years of age. Men are affected twice as often as women. Chronic atrophic pangastritis associated with H pylori infection is one of the most important risk factors for distal gastric cancer.

#### Risk factors for gastric cancer

### Clinical presentation

Symptoms may not occur until local disease is advanced. Patients may have symptoms and signs related to secondary spread (principally to the liver) and to the general effects of advanced malignancy, such as weight loss, anorexia, or nausea. Epigastric pain is present in about 80% of patients and may be similar to that from a benign gastric ulcer. If caused by obstruction of the gastric lumen, it is relieved by …
Mutagenic activities of heterocyclic amines in Chinese hamster lung cells in culture.
Authors: M Terada, M Nagao, M Nakayasu, H Sakamoto, F Nakasato, T Sugimura
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1986)

A mutation assay system with Chinese hamster lung cells (CHL) using diphtheria toxin resistance as a selective marker has been established. The mutagenic activities of heterocyclic amines, originally isolated from pyrolyzates of amino acids and proteins, broiled fish and fried beef were assayed in cultured CHL cells in the absence and presence of a metabolic activation system, with diphtheria toxin resistance as a marker. All the heterocyclic amines tested except 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido [4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) required the presence of a metabolic activation system for mutagenicity on CHL cells. 3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2) was the most mutagenic among the heterocyclic amines tested. Other compounds were also mutagenic in the following order of decreasing potency: Trp-P-1, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (A alpha C), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1) and 2-aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-2).
Mr. Rumsey on Poor-law Medical Relief
Authors: H. W. Rumsey
Journal: BMJ (1841)

llI.-The Medical Body as a Department of Science.It being understood that the present Colleges of Phy- sicians and Surgeons intend to adopt the representative system of government, at least to a considerable extent, it is supposed that the following arrangements might cor- respond vith their views, and conduce at once to the initerests and honour of themselves and the whole medical profession.
Treatment of Gonorrhea
Authors: Frank L. Roberts
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To the Editor.—  Lancaster wrote concerning the treatment of gonorrhea ( 217 :1106, 1971). One thing is certain; penicillin did not stop the epidemic of gonorrhea. It is true that  cases of gonorrhea dropped between 1950 and 1957, but since 1957 there has been a steady increase in  cases from 129 per 100,000 to 285 per 100,000 in 1970. I emphasize reported because only about one fourth of cases are reported.  Apparently, Lancaster has a different type of clientele than the one we have in our clinic. We cannot get 80% of our patients back in one week even when we pay them $10 for the return visit, which we do on some research projects; it would be impossible to get any of them back for ten consecutive days. Aqueous penicillin G procaine, 2.4 million units in men and 4.8 million units in women, will get better than a
A NOTE ON THE TREATMENT OF BOILS AND CARBUNCLES
Authors: P. K. Fraser
Journal: BMJ (1935)

BOILS AND CARBUNCLES MEDICALBJOURTAS 51 per cent, of girls, but only 26 per cent. of boys were so favoured.Medical Examination.-Excluding the lungs, no abnormality worthy of note was found.Experience derived from the examination of many thousands of children has convinced me that the condition of the lungs provides a very useful guide to the degree of physical fitness.The "normal " varies within fairly wide limits, and a close association was found between a decrease in physical fitness and a move to the extreme limits of the normal and beyond.Menstruation.-Carefulnote was made of the date of the commencement as well as the character and periodicity of the monthly periods, but no history of any abnormality worthy of record was obtained.Conclusions 1. Between the years 12 and 15 the physical development of girls is much more rapid than that of boys.2. Sexual development in girls, with all its attendant disturbances, is very active during this period.3. This rapid pbysical and sexual development of girls coincides with a strenuous educational effort.4. The investigation shows that the standard of fitness of girls was less than that of boys, and depreciated more during the session under review.5. Home lessons required a greater expenditure of energy by girls.6.This is a period when the health of girls requires to be carefully guarded.
Two Argentinean doctors on trial for role in removing babies from mothers
Authors: S. Arie
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Two doctors and a midwife are on trial in Buenos Aires for their alleged part in the removal of babies from left wing political prisoners during Argentina’s “dirty war” so that they could be brought up by sympathisers of the regime.

The trial is the first attempt to hold medical staff who worked in detention centres under the 1976-1983 military regime to account for their role in what was a deliberate policy to “reorganise” society, ending the family lines of dissidents. An estimated 500 pregnant women were among thousands of people detained for being guerrilla fighters or political opponents of the military government. They were held until they gave birth and then executed or “disappeared,” meaning that they are presumed dead but …
TCT-761 Usefulness of Activated Clotting Time Guided Heparin Administration in Reducing Bleeding Events during Trans-femoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
Authors: Chiara Bernelli, Alaide Chieffo, Matteo Montorfano, Francesco Maisano, Jaclyn Chan, Gennaro Giustino, Charis Costopoulos, Ermelinda De Meo, Francesco Giannini, Azeem Latib, Mauro Carlino, Filippo Figini, Gill L. Buchanan, Remo D. Covello, Chiara Gerli, Annalisa Franco, Eustachio Agricola, Pietro Spagnolo, Micaela Cioni, Ottavio Alfieri, Antonio Colombo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Intracutaneous and Skin Prick Testing with Serotonin and Histamine
Authors: P. Tønnesen
Journal: Allergy (1986)

Skin prick and intracutaneous tests were performed with serotonin, histamine and a mixture of both in 32 normal persons, two rhinitis patients and 12 asthmatics. Skin prick tests with serotonin produced a triple response, but the weal reactions were small. Serotonin had no potentiating effect on the histamine reaction. Intracutaneously, serotonin tests also induced a triple response, but with smaller weal reactions than with histamine, and the weal surfaces were wrinkled. Constriction of the large subcutaneous veins was observed locally after serotonin injection. No quantitative or qualitative difference in reaction to serotonin was observed between normal subjects and allergies. The role of serotonin in the immediate allergic reaction in the skin was minimal.
TO WHAT EXTENT ARE TEETH NECESSARY TO CIVILIZED MAN.
Authors: M. H. FLETCHER
Journal: JAMA (1905)

This discussion as to the doubtful necessity of teeth to civilized man, is not from the view point of "a bald and toothless future," nor is it to imply that I do not believe in their utility, comfort and beauty; on the contrary, I believe that the full number of perfect teeth in their normal position, with healthy environment, gives the best balance, the best harmony and the most satisfaction from every view point, but what civilization may evolve in the future, seems so many ages ahead that it hardly need concern us at the present time. Nature is so kind, however, that she has fixed on us a wide margin of variation from our present standard of normal, and still preserves to us a good state of health. This is true both in anatomy and physiology, otherwise the callings of surgery and medicine would not exist, in fact, perfect
Practical Blood Transfusion
Authors: Byron A. Myhre
Journal: JAMA (1976)

A comparison of the first and second editions outlines many of the changes that have occurred in blood banking between 1969 and 1975. There is a considerable increase in the number of pages devoted to other organizations involved in blood banking. The section on mobile blood drawing has been expanded, discussion of transplantation immunology has been increased, and hepatitis testing, leukophoresis, and the use of Rh immune globulin now all occupy prominent sections. Yet, despite these and other additions, the book has not been greatly enlarged in size, having gone from 383 to 404 pages.  A chapter on the practical detection and identification of antibody problems will aid the beginning student. An informative chapter on the production standardization and use of antisera will have great value for the beginner. The discussion of blood groups is complete but not exhaustive. Other books are available that trace the blood groups to their
Absence of brain antibodies in patients with schizophrenia.
Authors: S. Whittingham, I. R. Mackay, I. H. Jones, B. Davies
Journal: BMJ (1968)

BACKGROUND: Early postnatal use of dexamethasone in infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) has been shown effectively to improve pulmonary status and to allow early weaning off mechanical ventilation. However, the mechanisms to explain the beneficial effects of dexamethasone in ventilatory dependent preterm infants remain unclear. METHODS: A double blind, placebo controlled study was performed to determine the change in pulmonary ventilation of premature infants with RDS as a result of dexamethasone treatment, and to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone on the levels of surfactant-associated proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) in the tracheal fluid from 34 premature infants with RDS and 29 control subjects. RESULTS: Dexamethasone treatment decreased fractional inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2), arterial carbon dioxide tension (PCO2), mean airway pressure (MAP), and facilitated successful weaning from mechanical ventilation. SP-A concentrations in the tracheal aspirates were increased at days 7 and 14, and SP-D concentrations were increased during the period from days 3 to 14 in the dexamethasone treated group compared with the control group. However, albumin levels in the tracheal aspirate samples were decreased after dexamethasone treatment over the period from days 3 to 14. There was an inverse correlation between PCO2 values and SP-A concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that early use of dexamethasone can improve pulmonary status and also increase SP-A and SP-D levels in the tracheal fluid in premature infants with RDS.