tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Predictive factors for percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence
Authors: A. George, A. Panarese, S. Sala, K. Kalmar, K. Kokopoulis, R. J. Nicholls, C. J. Vaizey
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Though studies12 on percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) show it to be a safe and effective treatment for faecal incontinence (FI), there is little information regarding the predictive factors for successful PTNS. This study aimed to identify the possible predictive factors for successful PTNS for FI. <h3>Methods</h3> A cohort analysis was performed to identify potential predictive factors in patients who underwent percutaneous PTNS at a single institution over a 1 year period (November 2009 to November 2010). Patients were given twice weekly 30-min sessions of PTNS for 6 weeks followed by a further top-up session at 1 month post treatment. Treatment success was defined as &gt;50% reduction in episodes of faecal incontinence with PTNS when compared to baseline symptoms. <h3>Results</h3> Twenty two patients underwent PTNS over the above period (M: F; 21:1). Sixteen of the 22 patients showed a &gt;50% improvement in their weekly FI episodes. Clinical outcome of percutaneous PTNS was not affected by age, body mass index or duration of symptoms. The presence of a combined motor response (evidenced by fanning out of all the toes) and a sensory response (evidenced by a tingling sensation over the plantar aspect of the foot) on PTNS was better associated with a successful outcome than the presence of either a motor or a sensory response alone (p = 0.008). A lower stimulation voltage to obtain stimulation response was not associated with improved outcome (p = 0.066). Evidence of anal sphincter trauma was not associated with a greater risk of failure (p = 0.073). Over a median follow-up of 4 months (range 3–6 months) there was no difference in short-term outcome between patients with external anal sphincter (EAS) defects and patients with intact anal sphincter muscles. <h3>Conclusion</h3> A combined motor and sensory response of percutaneous PTNS has a positive impact on treatment outcome.
VARIANT STRAIN OF PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES: A CLUE TO THE AETIOLOGY OF KAWASAKI DISEASE
Authors: Hirohisa Kato, Osamu Inoue, Yuko Koga, Masahisa Shingu, Tamotsu Fujimoto, Masaharu Kondo, Shigeru Yamamoto, Kaoru Tominaga, Yasuyuki Sasaguri
Journal: The Lancet (1983)
Carboxyhaemoglobin and pulmonary epithelial permeability in man.
Authors: J G Jones, B D Minty, D Royston, J P Royston
Journal: Thorax (1983)

The effect of cigarette smoke exposure on pulmonary epithelial permeability was studied in 45 smokers and 22 non-smokers. An index of cigarette smoke exposure was obtained from the carboxyhaemoglobin concentration (HbCO%). Pulmonary epithelial permeability was proportional to the half-time clearance rate of technetium-99m-labelled diethylene triamine pentacetate (99mTc DTPA) from lung to blood (T1/2LB). The relationship between T1/2LB and HbCO% was hyperbolic in form and the data could be fitted to the quadratic formula (formula; see text) where the parameters a0, a1, and a2 represent respectively the asymptotic T1/2LB value at large carboxyhaemoglobin values and the slope and shape of the curve. The values of these parameters were a0 4.4 (2.6), a1 = 77.8 (15.5), and a2 -25.5 (9.7) (SE). This is the first demonstration of a dose-response relationship between carboxyhaemoglobin and an increased permeability of the lungs in man and provides a technique for identifying the roles of carbon monoxide and other cigarette smoke constituents in causing increased pulmonary epithelial permeability.
Jejunal Crypt Cell and Marrow Morphology in Tropical Sprue
Authors: Munsey S. Wheby, Virginia Swanson, Theodore M. Bayless
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

Jejunal crypt cell and marrow morphology were compared, and their relationship to folic acid deficiency was studied in an effort to clarify the pathogenesis of tropical sprue. Folic acid deficiency was found in almost every patient with tropical sprue, even those with symptoms of only 1 month's duration. In addition to patients with untreated tropical sprue, other conditions associated with folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency were studied. Excellent correlation was found in untreated tropical sprue, although marrow changes were milder than crypt cell changes. With nutritional folate deficiency and pernicious anemia, crypt cell changes were minimal while marrow changes were striking. In tropical sprue, crypt cell morphology improved with folic acid or vitamin B12 treatment but did not return to normal even when plasma folic acid clearance rate was normal. In early tropical sprue, marrow changes are secondary to folic acid deficiency, and crypt cell morphological alterations suggest a basic defect of inhibition of cellular maturation.
Claims and counter claims
Authors: K. Abbasi
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Brief training in primary care does not lead to weight loss in obese patientsTraining general practitioners and practice nurses on the management of obesity does not result in weight loss in their obese patients.In a cluster randomised trial that included 635 patients, Moore and colleagues (p 1085) evaluated the impact of a 4.5 hour training programme on weight management in 44 general practices in the United Kingdom.Although the staff had better knowledge of weight management strategies, these were seldom used and did not affect patients' weight loss.
Measuring the prevalence of permanent childhood hearing impairment
Authors: S. Russ
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Papers p 536 

In June 2000 Britain's health minister announced the introduction of universal neonatal hearing screening into the United Kingdom with initial pilot programmes at 20 sites. 1 2 Such universal neonatal screening is now also mandated in 35 of the 50 states of the United States, with legislation in other states pending.3 There is only one existing controlled trial of this approach,4 the remaining studies having compared their results with historical data. Although initial results are promising, they are primarily from hospital centres, often with a strong research interest, with relatively short follow up. Whether these results can be sustained when screening is introduced across whole communities, and when programmes are subjected to long term follow up, remains to be determined.

Given this setting, it is particularly important that new, universal screening programmes are evaluated adequately. One way to achieve this in the short term is to compare the observed prevalence of targeted hearing impairments being detected by the new screening programme with the expected prevalence in the population. Unfortunately neither the United Kingdom nor the United States currently collect national data on all cases of permanent childhood hearing impairment, so expected prevalence …
HUMAN MYIASIS FROM THE SCREWWORM FLY.
Authors: C. E. YOUNT
Journal: JAMA (1907)

The attacks of the screw-worm fly or<i>Compsomyia macellaria</i>(Fab.) on man and domestic animals have been observed for many years in the southern and west central parts of the United States. The disease is not rare, and in man its results are always serious or fatal if not recognized and actively and properly treated. The twenty-three cases reported occurred during a single summer.<sup>1</sup>Its attacks on horses, cattle, sheep and hogs have been noted in Kansas by Snow,<sup>2</sup>in Louisiana by Morgan,<sup>3</sup>in Mississippi by Weed,<sup>4</sup>and in Texas by Francis.<sup>5</sup>According to Azaria,<sup>6</sup>the fly has been observed in the following countries: Islands of America, North America, Mexico, Cuba, Colombia, Venezuela, Cayenne, Brazil, Peru, Chili, Uruguay, Argentine Republic and New Holland. The territory in which the greatest damage is done is within the tropical and subtropical belt. "It is common from Argentine
Single-Incision Mini-Slings Versus Standard Midurethral Slings in Surgical Management of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Effectiveness and Complications
Authors: Alyaa Mostafa, Chou Phay Lim, Laura Hopper, Priya Madhuvrata, Mohamed Abdel-Fattah
Journal: European Urology (2013)
Subclinical Peripheral Arterial Disease and Incompressible Ankle Arteries Are Both Long-Term Prognostic Factors in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Victor Aboyans, Philippe Lacroix, Annabel Postil, Jérôme Guilloux, Florence Rollé, Elisabeth Cornu, Marc Laskar
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2005)
Impact of diabetes on crash risks of truck-permit holders and commercial drivers.
Authors: C Laberge-Nadeau, G Dionne, J M Ekoé, P Hamet, D Desjardins, S Messier, U Maag
Journal: Diabetes Care (2000)

The U.S. and some Canadian government agencies have waived commercial license restrictions for some insulin-using diabetic drivers. However, the U.S. Federal Highway Administration is no longer giving waivers. Scientific evidence to support such regulations has been sparse. This article presents detailed analyses of crash risks for users and nonusers of insulin among diabetic truck-permit holders in Québec, Canada.Diabetic truck-permit holders were group-matched by age to a random sample of healthy permit holders. Data on permits, medical conditions, and crashes involving 13,453 permit holder-years in 1987-1990 were extracted from the files of the public insurer for automobile injuries in Québec. Additional health status data were obtained from the provincial public health insurer. A telephone survey was conducted to collect data on driving patterns and exposure. Risk ratios were estimated using negative binomial regression models.Risk ratios for crashes vary by category of diabetes. Permit holders for single-unit trucks (STs) who are diabetic without complications and not using insulin have an increased crash risk of 1.68 when compared with healthy permit holders of the same permit class. When controlling for risk exposure, commercial drivers with an ST permit and the same diabetic condition have an increased risk of 1.76. Insulin use is not associated with higher crash risk.The increased crash risk for the group with uncomplicated diabetes not using insulin is a new finding. The lack of consistent increases in crash risks among diabetic commercial drivers with complications or who use insulin may be a "healthy worker effect" masking the real risk, because these licensees have a lower participation rate as professional drivers.
Influence of mannitol on maintaining coronary flows and salvaging myocardium during ventriculotomy and during prolonged coronary artery ligation.
Authors: D E Fixler, L M Buja, J M Wheeler, J T Willerson
Journal: Circulation (1977)

We investigated whether prolonged infusion of hypertonic mannitol results in a sustained increase in coronary flow and reduces myocardial necrosis after ventriculotomy or two hours of circumflex coronary artery occlusion. Cardiac outputs, intracardiac pressures, and heart rates did not differ between mannitol and control animals. Those receiving mannitol after ventriculotomy had coronary flows to myocardium near the incision which did not differ from controls. During coronary occlusion, mannitol did increase flow to ischemic and peri-ischemic regions by one hour, but this increase was not sustained at two hours. On histologic examination, myocardial necrosis involving the right ventricular free wall in the ventriculotomy animals and the posterior papillary muscle and subadjacent free wall in the coronary occlusion animals, did not differ between the mannitol treated and control groups. The data obtained in the present study, combined with those from earlier evaluations of the influence of mannitol during ventriculotomy and myocardial ischemia, suggest that mannitol's ability to increase coronary flow to injured areas of myocardium is relatively short-lived.
Public Health Strategies for Confronting AIDS
Authors: Larry O. Gostin
Journal: JAMA (1989)

THE acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic poses a serious threat to public health, but its impact goes far beyond health. The burden of disease falls predominantly on disfavored populations—intravenous drug users, homosexuals, and prostitutes. Moreover, racial minorities are disproportionately represented in these groups.<sup>1,2</sup> Many argue that governmental and public health officials have failed to implement strong measures in deference to the civil liberties of high-risk groups.<sup>3</sup>Others argue that society has overreacted to the epidemic and imposed penalties and discriminatory treatment that would never have occurred if the primary targets of intervention were more popular.<sup>4</sup>Not surprisingly, these two contradictory viewpoints are espoused by groups at opposite ends of the political spectrum. A deeper dimension of the AIDS epidemic, then, is political, and it is manifested in legislation. The volume and content of state AIDS legislation has increased considerably since earlier reports.<sup>5,6</sup>Legislation related to AIDS
Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: molecules to medicine
Authors: J. M. Savitt
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2006)

Parkinson disease (PD) is a relatively common disorder of the nervous system that afflicts patients later in life with tremor, slowness of movement, gait instability, and rigidity. Treatment of these cardinal features of the disease is a success story of modern science and medicine, as a great deal of disability can be alleviated through the pharmacological correction of brain dopamine deficiency. Unfortunately these therapies only provide temporary, though significant, relief from early symptoms and do not halt disease progression. In addition, pathological changes outside of the motor system leading to cognitive, autonomic, and psychiatric symptoms are not sufficiently treated by current therapies. Much as the discovery of dopamine deficiency led to powerful treatments for motor symptoms, recent discoveries concerning the role of specific genes in PD pathology will lead to the next revolution in disease therapy. Understanding why and how susceptible cells in motor and nonmotor regions of the brain die in PD is the first step toward preventing this cell death and curing or slowing the disease. In this review we discuss recent discoveries in the fields of diagnosis and treatment of PD and focus on how a better understanding of disease mechanisms gained through the study of monogenetic forms of PD has provided novel therapeutic targets.
Lecture Notes: Dermatology
Authors: Minh Lam, Rabi Nambi
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2012)

Journal Article Lecture Notes: Dermatology Get access Minh Lam, Minh Lam Dermatology Department, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK minhlam9@yahoo.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Rabi Nambi Rabi Nambi Dermatology Department, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK minhlam9@yahoo.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 167, Issue 1, 1 July 2012, Pages 224–225, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10958.x Published: 01 July 2012
Tumor metabolism: cancer cells give and take lactate
Authors: Gregg L Semenza
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Tumors contain well-oxygenated (aerobic) and poorly oxygenated (hypoxic) regions, which were thought to utilize glucose for oxidative and glycolytic metabolism, respectively. In this issue of the JCI, Sonveaux et al. show that human cancer cells cultured under hypoxic conditions convert glucose to lactate and extrude it, whereas aerobic cancer cells take up lactate via monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and utilize it for oxidative phosphorylation (see the related article beginning on page 3930). When MCT1 is inhibited, aerobic cancer cells take up glucose rather than lactate, and hypoxic cancer cells die due to glucose deprivation. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with an inhibitor of MCT1 retarded tumor growth. MCT1 expression was detected exclusively in nonhypoxic regions of human cancer biopsy samples, and in combination, these data suggest that MCT1 inhibition holds potential as a novel cancer therapy.
Ventricular expression of brain natriuretic peptide in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Authors: K Hasegawa, H Fujiwara, K Doyama, M Miyamae, T Fujiwara, S Suga, M Mukoyama, K Nakao, H Imura, S Sasayama
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), as a cardiac hormone, is expressed together with atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the ventricles in congestive heart failure. However, the ventricular expression of BNP in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with normal systolic function is still unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS The study population consisted of 39 HCM patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy and 10 control subjects without any specific cardiac disease. Eleven cases of HCM were obstructive (HOCM), and the other 28 cases were nonobstructive (HNCM). All of these patients had a normal ejection fraction. Immunohistochemical analysis of endomyocardial biopsy specimens with specific monoclonal antibodies showed BNP immunoreactivity in the HOCM group (5/10, 50%) but not in the HNCM group (0/22) or in control subjects (0/5). In HOCM, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was significantly higher in the BNP-positive patients than the BNP-negative patients. Histological changes such as myocardial fiber disarray, hypertrophy of myocytes, and fibrosis were greater in BNP-positive patients than BNP-negative patients in HCM. However, the expression had no significant relation with other clinical parameters. The elevation of the BNP plasma level versus control subjects was marked in both HOCM (85-fold) and HNCM (23-fold). By contrast, the elevation of the ANP plasma level versus control subjects was mild in HOCM (5.7-fold) and HNCM (4.2-fold). The ratio of BNP level to ANP level was higher in HOCM (4.16) than in HNCM (1.46) and control subjects (0.28), and it was higher than the ratio previously reported for severe congestive heart failure (1.72). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that BNP is expressed in the ventricular myocytes of HCM with normal systolic function. In HOCM, ventricular expression of BNP may be augmented in response to both obstruction and diastolic dysfunction.
Case of Diethylpropion Addiction
Authors: L. J. Clein, D. R. Benady
Journal: BMJ (1962)

MICALrJORNALhypothyroidism, 29% of cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and in 4,% of hospital control patients.Complement-fixing antibodies to thyroid were recorded in 37% of cases of pernicious anaemia and in 4% of the hospital control patients.Tests for immunological specificity were made with an extract of human liver.In 14 cases of untreated spontaneous hypothyroidism the results of alimentary-function tests were correlated with the serological findings.One of us (W.J. I.
Sodium Selenite Induces Superoxide-Mediated Mitochondrial Damage and Subsequent Autophagic Cell Death in Malignant Glioma Cells
Authors: Eun Hee Kim, Seonghyang Sohn, Hyuk Jae Kwon, Seung U. Kim, Min-Jung Kim, Su-Jae Lee, Kyeong Sook Choi
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Malignant gliomas are resistant to various proapoptotic therapies, such as radiotherapy and conventional chemotherapy. In this study, we show that selenite is preferentially cytotoxic to various human glioma cells over normal astrocytes via autophagic cell death. Overexpression of Akt, survivin, XIAP, Bcl-2, or Bcl-xL failed to block selenite-induced cell death, suggesting that selenite treatment may offer a potential therapeutic strategy against malignant gliomas with apoptotic defects. Before selenite-induced cell death in glioma cells, disruption of the mitochondrial cristae, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and subsequent entrapment of disorganized mitochondria within autophagosomes or autophagolysosomes along with degradation of mitochondrial proteins were noted, showing that selenite induces autophagy in which mitochondria serve as the main target. At the early phase of selenite treatment, high levels of superoxide anion were generated and overexpression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase or manganese superoxide dismutase, but not catalase, significantly blocked selenite-induced mitochondrial damage and subsequent autophagic cell death. Furthermore, treatment with diquat, a superoxide generator, induced autophagic cell death in glioma cells. Taken together, our study clearly shows that superoxide anion generated by selenite triggers mitochondrial damage and subsequent mitophagy, leading to irreversible cell death in glioma cells.[Cancer Res 2007;67(13):6314–24]
Eight in 10 dancers have an injury each year, survey shows
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Eight in 10 dancers in the United Kingdom have at least one injury a year that affects their ability to perform. Almost one in 10 are underweight, and a quarter report having had an eating problem at some time. These are among the findings of the second UK national survey of dancers' health, injuries, and life style.

The report—which looked at a range of issues, including the prevalence and causes of injury, eating disorders, psychological problems, smoking, and healthcare …
Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis:Author's reply
Authors: Jean-Yves Reginster
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The General Medical Council and the future of revalidation GMC member respondsEditor-Esmail and Kmietowicz give an inaccurate account of the General Medical Council's policy development on revalidation, ignoring an iterative process with interested parties since 1998 in an attempt to introduce the most fundamental change to medical regulation since its foundation in 1858. 1 2 The GMC clearly has had regard to the legitimate interests of three principal groups-government and the NHS, patients and the public, and the various tribes that make up the UK medical profession.Despite suggestions to the contrary, an initial exploratory meeting on revalidation convened by Sir Donald Irvine in June 1998 was held in the context of a high profile professional conduct case, but well before the Bristol inquiry report and absolutely nothing to do with Rodney Ledward or, indeed, Harold Shipman.It was recognised then that some doctors were not keeping fully up to date nor were they indulging in reflective practice.Irvine correctly proposed that there was a need to make registration with the GMC more meaningful to the public than a mere recognition that doctors had reached a certain standard of professional knowledge in their early 20s.Both articles promote the idea that the doctors' regulator should be filling the vacuum within the NHS created by its failing to fulfil its public responsibility to monitor doctors' clinical standards.Clinical governance is now, slowly, being developed and eventually will extend from systems and teams to individuals-but is it reasonable, as both authors postulate, that such monitoring should become the financial and moral responsibility of the GMC sitting in London and Manchester rather than local managers at the coalface?Although revalidation is a continuing process, it becomes summative only every five years.The NHS and its local systems must not be allowed to abrogate their responsibility for the safety of patients on a day to day basis.Nor should they demand that the GMC and its prime function of assuring fitness to practise and the meaning of the medical register be inappropriately promoted as the first line of defence for the maintenance of clinical quality and safety.
Known risk factors explain only one in three cancers, study finds
Authors: R. Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Known risk factors explain just 35% of cancers, a study has found ( Annals of Oncology 2008 Sep 2, doi:10.1093/annonc/mdn597).

The French study estimated the proportion of deaths from cancer that occurred in France in 2000 that were attributable to known risk factors. The authors, from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, and other agencies, noted that although external factors are responsible for many human cancers, precise estimates of the contribution of known carcinogens in a …