tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
What is a patient preference trial?
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Researchers investigated the effectiveness of topical ibuprofen compared with oral ibuprofen for chronic knee pain in people aged over 50 years. The intervention was advice to use topical or oral ibuprofen. A randomised trial study design with parallel non-randomised preference groups was used. The study lasted for 12 months. In total, 585 participants were recruited from 26 general practices; 282 patients were allocated to the randomised groups (topical: n=138; oral: n=144) and 303 selected the preference groups (topical: n=224; oral: n=79). The study was not blinded at the general practice or participant level. The two studies (randomised and preference treatment arms) were analysed separately. All analyses were performed using an intention to treat approach, with statistical hypothesis testing based on superiority.1

The primary outcome measure was the WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities) osteoarthritis index at 12 months. Secondary outcome measures included major and minor adverse effects. The study found no significant differences in the WOMAC index scores at 12 months between the oral and topical ibuprofen groups in either the randomised or preference arms. More minor side effects were reported with oral ibuprofen in the comparison between the randomised groups. It was concluded that advice to …
Hepatic nuclear ploidy distribution of dietary-restricted mice.
Authors: M H Lu, W G Hinson, D He, A Turturro, R W Hart
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Hepatic parenchymal cells in most adult mammals are polyploid, with most of the cells in the quiescent or low-proliferation state. Polyploidization has been related to carcinogenesis and aging, and both end points are significantly affected by dietary restriction (DR). Direct measures of hepatic nuclear polyploidization in DR B6C3F1 mice have not been examined. We examined the effect of DR on distributions of nuclear ploidy in both sexes and on different age groups of B6C3F1 mice. Differences between young and old male mice and between old male and female mice were also compared. Hepatic nuclear ploidy values were measured by flow cytometry. The DNA histograms were analyzed for the percentage of nuclei having different classes of DNA content by gating channels between the areas under the peaks of diploid, tetraploid, and octaploid. The results indicate that 1 or 26 months of DR started at 4 months of age did not alter hepatic nuclear ploidy distributions in young and old mice. Our data suggest that in the male mouse, polyploidization is established by 5 months of age for hepatic nuclei and that ploidy classes are affected by sex at 30 months of age. For females, effects in the octaploid nuclei are seen as a result of DR.
REDUCTION OF RESPIRATION FOR INSOMNIA
Authors: G. J. Mautz
Journal: JAMA (1918)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I start with the assumption that every insomnia patient has been carefully examined for any pathologic condition, especially for intestinal disorders, and that all medical and surgical conditions have been met. The suggestions offered herein are for that class of patients that cannot forget their business when they want to sleep and should be asleep, or those who have troubles or worries from which they are unable to travel or take a vacation. My first efforts began about ten years ago, along the popular line of mental gymnastics, in an attempt to control the mental states. Since the dreaming state lies between consciousness and sound sleep, just at the threshold of sleep the idea was to make them dream themselves to sleep. Directions were to avoid reasoning and analysis, to direct any train of thoughts into the absurd and grotesque. Mention is made of this method because
From small things
Authors: Toby Reynolds
Journal: BMJ (2007)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Attention allows us to select relevant and ignore irrelevant information from our complex environments. What happens when attention shifts from one item to another? To answer this question, it is critical to have tools that accurately recover neural representations of both feature and location information with high temporal resolution. In the current study, we used human electroencephalography (EEG) and machine learning to explore how neural representations of object features and locations update across dynamic shifts of attention. We demonstrate that EEG can be used to create simultaneous timecourses of neural representations of attended features (timepoint-by-timepoint inverted encoding model reconstructions) and attended location (timepoint-by-timepoint decoding) during both stable periods and across dynamic shifts of attention. Each trial presented two oriented gratings that flickered at the same frequency but had different orientations; participants were cued to attend one of them, and on half of trials received a shift cue mid-trial. We trained models on a stable period from Hold attention trials, and then reconstructed/decoded the attended orientation/location at each timepoint on Shift attention trials. Our results showed that both feature reconstruction and location decoding dynamically track the shift of attention, and that there may be timepoints during the shifting of attention when (1) feature and location representations become uncoupled, and (2) both the previously-attended and currently-attended orientations are represented with roughly equal strength. The results offer insight into our understanding of attentional shifts, and the noninvasive techniques developed in the current study lend themselves well to a wide variety of future applications. <h3>Open Practice Statement</h3> The data and analysis code will be made publicly available on the Open Science Framework (link to be updated upon publication). <h3>New &amp; Noteworthy</h3> We used human EEG and machine learning to reconstruct neural response profiles during dynamic shifts of attention. Specifically, we demonstrated that we could simultaneously read out both location and feature information from an attended item in a multi-stimulus display. Moreover, we examined how that readout evolves over time during the dynamic process of attentional shifts. These results provide insight into our understanding of attention, and this technique carries substantial potential for versatile extensions and applications.
Iconographia selecta dermatohistologica: Ein dermatohistologischer Atlas
Authors: Philip C. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Black-and-white pictures on almost every page, well chosen to complement the brief, pertinent, and easy-to-read German text, make this a useful and inexpensive atlas of dermatopathology. A pleasant realism and logic characterize this work. For example, the photodermatoses, about which lengthy nonsense has been published in American texts, are explained well and succinctly in just two pages, including photographs. Dyshidrosis, a common disabling disease of clinical importance, is usually ignored by histopathologists. Showing a clear clinical interest, the brief section on the evolution of dyshidrosis is well done. On most subjects, clinical description and photographs of the clinical diseases are given to help relate the dermatologist's needs to the activities of the pathologist—a trend much needed in this country. Diagrams are well used to assist in explaining pathogenesis, and would be useful especially to the novice. A paucity of references, inadequate explanation for the uses of special stains, and some
Israel condemned for torture of Palestinian detainees
Authors: J. Hamilton
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Like the Dodo and Passenger Pigeon before it, the predatory marsupial Thylacine (<i>Thylacinus cynocephalus</i>), or ‘Tasmanian tiger’, has become an iconic symbol of human-caused extinction. The last captive animal died in 1936, but even today reports of the Thylacine’s possible ongoing survival in remote regions of Tasmania are newsworthy and capture the public’s imagination. Extirpated from mainland Australia in the mid-Holocene, the large island of Tasmania became the species’ final stronghold. Following European settlement in the 1800s, the Thylacine was heavily persecuted and pushed to the margins of its range, although many sightings were reported thereafter—even well beyond the 1930s. To gain a new depth of insight into the extinction of the Thylacine, we assembled an exhaustive database of 1,237 observational records from Tasmania (from 1910 onwards), quantified their uncertainty, and charted the patterns these revealed. We also developed a new method to visualize the species’ 20<sup>th</sup>-century spatio-temporal dynamics, to map potential post-bounty refugia and pinpoint the most-likely location of the final persisting subpopulation. A direct reading of the high-quality records (confirmed kills and captures, in combination with sightings by past Thylacine hunters and trappers, wildlife professionals and experienced bushmen) implies a most-likely extinction date within four decades following the last capture (i.e., 1940s to 1970s). However, uncertainty modelling of the entire sighting record, where each observation is assigned a probability and the whole dataset is then subject to a sensitivity analysis, suggests that extinction might have been as recent as the late 1980s to early 2000s, with a small chance of persistence in the remote south-western wilderness areas. Beyond the intrinsically fascinating problem of reconstructing the final fate of the Thylacine, the new spatio-temporal mapping of extirpation developed herein would also be useful for conservation prioritization and search efforts for other rare taxa of uncertain status.
Role of Translocator Protein Density, a Marker of Neuroinflammation, in the Brain During Major Depressive Episodes
Authors: Elaine Setiawan, Alan A. Wilson, Romina Mizrahi, Pablo M. Rusjan, Laura Miler, Grazyna Rajkowska, Ivonne Suridjan, James L. Kennedy, P. Vivien Rekkas, Sylvain Houle, Jeffrey H. Meyer
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2015)

The neuroinflammatory hypothesis of major depressive disorder is supported by several main findings. First, in humans and animals, activation of the immune system causes sickness behaviors that present during a major depressive episode (MDE), such as low mood, anhedonia, anorexia, and weight loss. Second, peripheral markers of inflammation are frequently reported in major depressive disorder. Third, neuroinflammatory illnesses are associated with high rates of MDEs. However, a fundamental limitation of the neuroinflammatory hypothesis is a paucity of evidence of brain inflammation during MDE. Translocator protein density measured by distribution volume (TSPO VT) is increased in activated microglia, an important aspect of neuroinflammation.To determine whether TSPO VT is elevated in the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and insula in patients with MDE secondary to major depressive disorder.Case-control study in a tertiary care psychiatric hospital from May 1, 2010, through February 1, 2014. Twenty patients with MDE secondary to major depressive disorder and 20 healthy control participants underwent positron emission tomography with fluorine F 18-labeled N-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzyl)-N-(4-phenoxypyridin-3-yl)acetamide ([18F]FEPPA). Patients with MDE were medication free for at least 6 weeks. All participants were otherwise healthy and nonsmokers.Values of TSPO VT in the prefrontal cortex, ACC, and insula.In MDE, TSPO VT was significantly elevated in all brain regions examined (multivariate analysis of variance, F15,23 = 4.5 [P = .001]). The magnitude of TSPO VT elevation was 26% in the prefrontal cortex (mean [SD] TSPO VT, 12.5 [3.6] in patients with MDE and 10.0 [2.4] in controls), 32% in the ACC (mean [SD] TSPO VT, 12.3 [3.5] in patients with MDE and 9.3 [2.2] in controls), and 33% in the insula (mean [SD] TSPO VT, 12.9 [3.7] in patients with MDE and 9.7 [2.3] in controls). In MDE, greater TSPO VT in the ACC correlated with greater depression severity (r = 0.63 [P = .005]).This finding provides the most compelling evidence to date of brain inflammation, and more specifically microglial activation, in MDE. This finding is important for improving treatment because it implies that therapeutics that reduce microglial activation should be promising for MDE. The correlation between higher ACC TSPO VT and the severity of MDE is consistent with the concept that neuroinflammation in specific regions may contribute to sickness behaviors that overlap with the symptoms of MDE.
Medical Screening of Workers
Authors: Arthur L. Frank
Journal: JAMA (1985)

It is clear that this work raises important issues that go to the heart of medicine, particularly for those interested in occupational medicine. The author, a law professor, focuses on the legal, political, and ethical issues, rather than on medical concerns. The most important function of this book is to stimulate thinking. For those interested in the medical aspects of screening, it does not address in detail the complexities of screening procedures. For those of legal bent, it goes little beyond a capsule description of important law with the listing of numerous citations. What this book does do effectively and importantly is raise issues that need the attention of concerned individuals and groups. There is something in this book that would be of benefit to many audiences, including occupational health physicians, interested physicians who do not necessarily become involved on a daily basis, lawyers who see cases involving the workplace,
Factors related to early mortality in ciprhotic patients bleeding varices anf treated by urgent sclerotherapy
Authors: O. Le Moine, M. Adler, N. Bourgeois, M. Delhaye, J. Devière, F. Gay, A. Vandermeeren, A. Van Gossam, P. Vereerstraeten, H. Cremer
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1991)
The immune response to AIDS virus infection: good, bad, or both?
Authors: Steven G. Deeks, Bruce D. Walker
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

A potent antigen-specific T cell response to HIV infection can contribute to the control of viral replication and is therefore beneficial to the host. However, HIV-mediated increases in generalized T cell activation also appear to accelerate both viral replication and CD4+ T cell depletion. A new study in the JCI attempts to experimentally distinguish the beneficial versus harmful aspects of this immune response.
Gene expression profiling of isolated tumour cells from anaplastic large cell lymphomas: insights into its cellular origin, pathogenesis and relation to Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: S Eckerle, V Brune, C Döring, E Tiacci, V Bohle, C Sundström, R Kodet, M Paulli, B Falini, W Klapper, A B Chaubert, K Willenbrock, D Metzler, A Bräuninger, R Küppers, M-L Hansmann
Journal: Leukemia (2009)
Experts call for new national screening programme for colorectal cancer
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Experts on cancer have called for a new national screening programme for colorectal cancer, with all 55 year olds in the United Kingdom to undergo a one-off 5 minute sigmoidoscopy examination.

The call comes after the publication this week of a 16 year study showing that a single flexible sigmoidoscopy examination in men and women aged between 55 and 64 reduced the incidence of bowel cancer by a third (hazard ratio 0.67 (95% confidence interval 0.6 to 0.76)) and bowel cancer mortality by 43% (0.57 (0.45 to 0.72)), in comparison with a control group.

Harpal Kumar, chief executive of Cancer Research UK, called on the next government to add the test to the existing national bowel screening programme as one of its first priorities. “I think it is a no brainer,” he said. “This is the most important development in cancer research for years. We very rarely see results as good as this.”

Bowel cancer is …
Chronic Hemolytic Anemia due to Cold Agglutinins: the Mechanism of Resistance of Red Cells to C′ Hemolysis by Cold Agglutinins*
Authors: Robert S. Evans, Elizabeth Turner, Margaret Bingham
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1967)

The red cells of patients with chronic hemolytic anemia due to cold agglutinins are agglutinated by antiglobulin serum in a nongamma reaction due to the coating of beta-globulins, C'4 and C'3. The red cells of such patients are abnormally resistant to C' hemolysis by cold agglutinin. Normal red cells can be made equally resistant to C' hemolysis by incubation with cold agglutinin and normal serum at temperatures which allow transient reactions between the red cells and cold agglutinins. The development of resistance to C' hemolysis was related to increasing susceptibility to agglutination in anti-beta(1c)- and anti-beta(1e)-sera and by increasing uptake of (131)I activity from labeled anti-beta-globulin serum containing antibodies for both globulins. There was decrease in the adsorption of (131)I-labeled cold agglutinin during the development of resistance to C' hemolysis and reduced susceptibility to agglutination by cold agglutinins. Since cold agglutinins have been demonstrated to dissociate from the red cell, leaving fractions of C' globulin attached, it is postulated that repeated transient reactions produce the accumulation of incomplete C' complexes. Steric hindrance by the adsorbed C' complexes is probably responsible for the inhibition of the reaction with cold agglutinin. There is evidence that the adsorbed C' complexes also interfere with the hemolytic action of C' even when cold agglutinin has become reattached to the red cells. The accumulation of C' complexes by cold agglutinins appears to be the most important factor in the abnormal resistance to C' hemolysis exhibited by the patient's red cells. Other factors, such as the heterogeneity within a population of normal cells, appear to be of minor significance.
Effect of quinidine on plasma concentrations of digoxin.
Authors: G Ejvinsson
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Case 2A 74-year-old woman weighing 48 kg was admitted for a simple mastectomy 14 months after advanced carcinoma of the breast had been treated by radiotherapy.She was in good general health, her only complaint being dyspnoea on exertion.Examination showed a pansystolic murmur, which was attributed to mild mitral incompetence.Arterial pressure was 180/ 65 mm Hg.There was no evidence of cardiac failure, but an electrocardio- gram contained some evidence of myocardial ischaemia.Haemoglobin was 12 1 g/dl; serum urea and electrolyte concentrations were normal.Drug
TCTAP A-066 Predictors Associated with One-Year Adverse Clinical Outcomes in Octogenarian Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Sang-Ho Park, Seung-Woon Rha, Byoung Geol Choi, Se Yeon Choi, Shaopeng Xu, Jabar Ali, Harris Ngow, Ji Bak Kim, Cheol Ung Choi, Eung Ju Kim, Dong Joo Oh
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2015)
T Cell Receptor (TCR)-induced Death of Immature CD4+CD8+ Thymocytes by Two Distinct Mechanisms Differing in Their Requirement for CD28 Costimulation: Implications for Negative Selection in the Thymus
Authors: Jennifer A. Punt, Wendy Havran, Ryo Abe, Apurva Sarin, Alfred Singer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

Negative selection is the process by which the developing lymphocyte receptor repertoire rids itself of autoreactive specificities. One mechanism of negative selection in developing T cells is the induction of apoptosis in immature CD4+CD8+ (DP) thymocytes, referred to as clonal deletion. Clonal deletion is necessarily T cell receptor (TCR) specific, but TCR signals alone are not lethal to purified DP thymocytes. Here, we identify two distinct mechanisms by which TCR-specific death of DP thymocytes can be induced. One mechanism requires simultaneous TCR and costimulatory signals initiated by CD28. The other mechanism is initiated by TCR signals in the absence of simultaneous costimulatory signals and is mediated by subsequent interaction with antigen-presenting cells. We propose that these mechanisms represent two distinct clonal deletion strategies that are differentially implemented during development depending on whether immature thymocytes encounter antigen in the thymic cortex or thymic medulla.
Antilymphocyte Serum and Tissue Culture Used to Investigate Role of Cell-mediated Response in Viral Encephalitis in Mice
Authors: G. A. W. Rook, H. E. Webb
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Antilymphocyte serum given to suppress selectively the cell response to Langat virus in Swiss albino mice prolonged the average survival times. In vitro, lymph-node cells from virus-immunized mice were strongly cytotoxic for syngenic non-neuronal brain cells infected with virus. The implications of these findings are discussed, with particular reference to the concept of autoimmunity.
P263 Cannabis use, respiratory symptoms and lung function, in a North Edinburgh primary care population
Authors: P. T. Reid, J. McKenzie, L. Copeland, R. Elton, J. Macleod, J. R. Robertson
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> We are conducting a cross-sectional study of cannabis and tobacco smokers in a primary care population and reporting respiratory symptoms and lung function in two groups: Group 1=persons who smoke tobacco cigarettes (branded cigarettes +/− "roll-your-own"); Group 2=persons who smoke cannabis +/− tobacco cigarettes. <h3>Methods</h3> Information on tobacco and cannabis smoking is obtained from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Cumulative smoking is quantified by use of tobacco pack-years (py) and joint years (jy). Additional tobacco use in cannabis smokers is recorded. Other instruments used include the NHANES III and MRC breathlessness questionnaires, measurement of ventilatory capacity (Vitalograph α) and the Scottish Indices of Multiple Deprivation score. The study is powered to detect a 13% difference in prevalence of respiratory symptoms between groups and statistical analysis will be undertaken when the study closes (September 2011). <h3>Results</h3> To date, we have recruited 409 subjects. Group 1: n=199 (66 men, median age=47.5 (range 24–73)); (133 women, median age 42.0 (range 17–66)). Group 2: n=210 (126 men, median age 38.5 (range 20–63) and 84 women, median 35.0 (range 22–58)). The majority (&gt;90%) of cannabis smokers employ unfiltered single skinned joints: 78% smoke resin and 22% grass. The median (range) cumulative py tobacco for group I males=31 (5–116); females=23 (5–70); group 2 males=25 (2.5–113); females=20 (1–88). Group 2 median (range) jy: males=110 (1–1050); females=54 (1–280). Compared with Group I, Group 2 smokers more frequently report cough, sputum production, wheezing and breathlessness and are more likely to report more than 3 NHANES symptoms. To date, 352 lung function tests meet GOLD criteria for acceptability: Group 1=166 and group 2=186. The prevalence of airflow limitation in Group 1 is 24.1% and in Group 2 is 24.2%. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Despite being younger and smoking less tobacco, cannabis smokers report a greater number of respiratory symptoms than tobacco-only smokers and show an equal prevalence of airflow limitation.
On the perceptual and neural correlates of reading models
Authors: Naoyuki Osaka
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

The current model appears comprehensive but is probably not applicable to a writing system like Japanese, which has unspaced text, because the model is mainly based on English. The span size difference (smaller for Japanese than for English) may be a result of high-level working memory-based attentional processing and not of low-level processing. Further, neural correlates of the model are discussed in terms of central executive function.