tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Racial Disparity in A1C Independent of Mean Blood Glucose in Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Jodi L. Kamps, James M. Hempe, Stuart A. Chalew
Journal: Diabetes Care (2010)

OBJECTIVE Mean blood glucose (MBG) and MBG-independent factors both influence A1C levels. Race was related to A1C independent of MBG in adults. The goal of this study was to determine if racial disparity exists in A1C independent of MBG in children with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants included 276 children with type 1 diabetes. A1C and MBG were obtained from multiple clinic visits, and a hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) (an assessment of A1C levels independent of MBG) was calculated. A1C and HGI were analyzed controlling for age, diabetes duration, and MBG. RESULTS African Americans had statistically significantly higher A1C (9.1 ± 0.1) and HGI (0.64 ± 0.11) than Caucasians (A1C 8.3 ± 0.1, HGI −0.15 ± 0.07) independent of covariates. CONCLUSIONS Because of racial disparity in A1C, which is independent of MBG, we recommend that A1C and MBG be used together to make therapeutic decisions for children with diabetes.
Enhanced Efficacy of Cholesterol-Minus Sonic Hedgehog in Postnatal Skin
Authors: Howard Lou, Ronald G. Crystal, Philip L. Leopold
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

The role of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) as a morphogen in diverse developmental settings depends on covalent addition of cholesterol. In this study, expression of Shh lacking cholesterol stimulated hair growth with greater efficacy than native Shh, suggesting that Shh acts as a chemokine rather than a morphogen in this postnatal role. Thus, a structural modification that renders a morphogen ineffective in developmental models may have distinct advantages for postnatal applications.
Hemodynamic and Metabolic Effects of Hypothermia and Extracorporeal Circulation in Experimental Myocardial Infarction and Shock
Authors: Leslie A. Kuhn, Frank M. Weiser, John D'Aria, Ronald Apter
Journal: Circulation Research (1962)

The hemodynamic and metabolic effects of combined extracorporeal circulation and hypothermia induced by veno-arterial shunting were determined in 32 dogs following the production of acute myocardial infarction with shock by plastic sphere coronary embolization. Cardiac output, central aortic pressure, left ventricular work, systemic vascular resistance, left ventricular contractile force, right atrial and left ventricular pressures, arterial pH, CO 2 , potassium, plasma hemoglobin, and hematocrit were determined in dogs brought to the level of ventricular fibrillation or arrest or to profoundly hypothermic levels of 5 to 10 C. esophageal temperature for four to six hours and then rewarmed; in those maintained at 28 to 30 C. esophageal temperature for four to six hours and then rewarmed; and in those remaining normothermic for four to six hours following coronary embolization. The average esophageal temperature at the time of ventricular fibrillation was 19.3 C., and at the time of complete asystole was 12.0 C., figures comparable to results in normal animals. It is concluded that an animal with acute myocardial infarction and shock is not more susceptible to fatal hypothermic arrhythmia than is a normal animal. It was also demonstrated that there was relatively little irreversible deleterious hemodynamic effect after five to six hours of profound or moderate hypothermia combined with low-flow extracorporeal circulation, although the more profoundly cooled animals did demonstrate a metabolic acidosis and less return to precooling levels of cardiac output and aortic pressure following rewarming than did those maintained at 28 to 30 C. Both the profoundly and moderately cooled animals demonstrated, following rewarming, more adequate recovery of cardiac output, aortic pressure, and systemic vascular resistance than did animals which remained normothermic for similar periods after coronary embolization, suggesting that hypothermia affords a "protective" effect in recent myocardial infarction.
CD3+CD16+NK1.1+B220+ large granular lymphocytes arise from both alpha-beta TCR+CD4-CD8- and gamma-delta TCR+CD4-CD8- cells.
Authors: S Koyasu
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

Cultivation of CD4-CD8- double negative (DN) mouse thymocytes and splenocytes with recombinant interleukin 2 (IL2) in the absence of other stimulation results in the generation of DN-CD3/TCR+CD16+NK1.1+B220+ large granular lymphocytes (LGL). Purified DN alpha-beta TCR+ thymocytes and splenocytes are CD16+IL2R alpha-IL2R beta+NK1.1+B220-CD5high. These cells are unique in that they express both CD16 and T cell receptor (TCR) which are usually mutually exclusive. In addition, they express the natural killer (NK) marker, NK1.1. Cultivation of these cells with IL2 for several days results in the generation of DN alpha-beta TCR+CD16+NK1.1+B220+CD5- LGL, suggesting that DN alpha-beta TCR+ cells in thymus and spleen are the precursors of the DN LGL reported previously. DN gamma-delta TCR+CD16-NK1.1-B220-CD5high thymocytes and splenocytes also give rise to DN gamma-delta TCR+CD16+NK1.1+B220+CD5- LGL which, as shown previously with DN alpha-beta TCR+ LGL cells, are cytotoxic against NK-sensitive YAC-1 cells. Cytotoxic activity is also induced through either CD16 or the gamma-delta TCR. DN alpha-beta TCR+ and DN gamma-delta TCR+ LGL cells are thus similar in phenotype to TCR- NK cells. DN alpha-beta TCR+ thymocytes express low levels of the gamma subunit of the high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor (Fc epsilon RI gamma) molecule, an essential component of CD16 expression. Fc epsilon RI gamma expression is greatly enhanced after cultivation with IL2, resulting in a higher surface expression of CD16. In contrast to DN alpha-beta TCR+ thymocytes, DN gamma-delta TCR+ thymocytes do not express detectable CD16 or Fc epsilon RI gamma mRNA but expression of both is induced by cultivation with IL2, leading to the expression of CD16 on the surface. Whereas CD16 molecules on both DN alpha-beta TCR+ and DN gamma-delta TCR+ LGL are associated with only Fc epsilon RI gamma homodimers, the TCR on these cells are associated with an Fc epsilon RI gamma homodimer and/or CD3 zeta-Fc epsilon RI gamma heterodimers. These results demonstrate that the Fc epsilon RI gamma subunit is a component of the TCR in a fraction of T lineage cells.
Use of Google as a diagnostic aid
Authors: Reinhard Wentz
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Use of Google as a diagnostic aid Bias your searchEditor-Although Google can be a valuable aid in reaching diagnoses in rare conditions, 1 the problem faced in a busy, fast-paced clinic can be the abundance of lesser quality material on the web."Biasing" or directing your search by adding the name of an online clinical knowledge base such as Emedicine can lead you to quality information more quickly; you avoid sifting through dozens of unknown journals, personal webpages, blogs, or discussion forums containing your search terms.For example, by typing "pigmented lesion+buccal" into Google you will get 55 000 hits with a vast array of very different material.However, typing "pigmented lesion+buccal+emedicine" provides only 106 hits (accessed 12 November 2006), the first being a comprehensive Emedicine review on Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. 2You get similar results by adding "BMJ" to the end of your search; in this case the top hit is an ABC of oral health article.
Aortic Aneurysm in Elderly Patients
Authors: Nicholas H. Fiebach
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Letters15 July 1998Aortic Aneurysm in Elderly PatientsNicholas H. Fiebach, MDNicholas H. Fiebach, MDYale University; New Haven, CT 06520-8033Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-129-2-199807150-00038 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:I am glad that Drs. Paris and Cassel took this opportunity to remind readers of the evidence on repairing AAA in elderly patients. When I first encountered Dr. S, in 1988, there were fewer published articles on the natural history of AAA and on operative outcomes, and less-invasive treatments were not yet available. At that time, I told Dr. S that the risk for rupture and likely death was about 50% over 5 years (recent references estimate the risk for rupture at 5% per year, higher when growth exceeds 0.5 cm per year [1]). I also told him ...References1. Vander der Vliet JA, Boll AP. Abdominal aortic aneurysm. Lancet. 1997; 349:863-6. Google Scholar2. Colton T. Statistics in Medicine. Boston: Little, Brown; 1974. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Nicholas H. Fiebach, MDAffiliations: Yale University; New Haven, CT 06520-8033 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 July 1998Volume 129, Issue 2Page: 166KeywordsAbdominal aortic aneurysmAneurysmsDeath ratesElderlyLife expectancySurgeonsSurgery ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 July 1998 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
529 Determination of regional liver blood flow using intravascular PET tracers: microvascular theory and experimental validation for pig livers
Authors: S KEIDING, O MUNK, L BASS
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

The distribution and structure of heparan sulphate (HS) synthesised by bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) has been studied. Confluent cultures were harvested and analysed as three separate compartments: (a) the culture medium, (b) the detergent-soluble cell-associated material and (c) the detergent-insoluble matrix material extracted with 6 M urea. HS was present in all three of the culture compartments, but the molecular size of the HS proteoglycans (PG) and the free polysaccharide chains varied according to compartment origin. The matrix pool accounted for almost 50% of the total HS which was present as a large HSPG possessing polysaccharide chains of 79 kDa. When studied in more detail, these large HS chains displayed an N-sulphate content and distribution (determined by low pH nitrous acid treatment) similar to that seen in the majority of other mammalian heparan sulphates. Extended iduronate sequences were also identified (i.e., heparitinase-resistant sequences); however, apart from these regions, the degree of O-sulphation was relatively low. In addition, the presence of heparin-like sequences (GlcNSO3( ± 6S)-IdoA(2S)), characterised by heparinase sensitivity, accounted for only 5% of the disaccharides and such sequences appeared to be located with an ordered distribution, mainly in relatively short sulphated domains within the intact molecule. Given the strategic location of the large matrix-associated HSPG within the BAEC system studied, it is conceivable that the HS structure may be important in a number of functions such as cell attachment processes and/or the binding of growth factors.
HIV Injustice in Libya — Scapegoating Foreign Medical Professionals
Authors: Elisabeth Rosenthal
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

On December 19, a Libyan court is scheduled to announce its verdict in the trial of five Bulgarian nurses and one Palestinian doctor who have languished in prison for 8 years on charges that they intentionally injected more than 400 Libyan children with HIV in 1998. Dr. Elisabeth Rosenthal reports.
Feasibility of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided OncoGel (ReGel/Paclitaxel) Injection into the Pancreas in Pigs
Authors: E. Linghu, K. Matthes, M. Mino-Kenudson, W. R. Brugge
Journal: Endoscopy (2005)

At the time of diagnosis, patients with pancreatic cancer often have locally advanced disease, either alone or associated with small liver metastases. These patients suffer from local complications, including pain and biliary or intestinal obstruction. Survival in this group of patients is poor, with a median life expectancy of 8 - 12 months for patients with locally advanced and unresectable disease and only 3 - 6 months for those with metastatic disease at presentation [1]. Historically, patients with locally advanced disease have been treated with chemotherapy and radiation to the pancreatic bed, but the prognosis of the patients remains poor.
The extended clinical phenotype of 64 patients with dedicator of cytokinesis 8 deficiency
Authors: Karin R. Engelhardt, Michael E. Gertz, Sevgi Keles, Alejandro A. Schäffer, Elena C. Sigmund, Cristina Glocker, Shiva Saghafi, Zahra Pourpak, Ruben Ceja, Atfa Sassi, Laura E. Graham, Michel J. Massaad, Fethi Mellouli, Imen Ben-Mustapha, Monia Khemiri, Sara Sebnem Kilic, Amos Etzioni, Alexandra F. Freeman, Jens Thiel, Ilka Schulze, Waleed Al-Herz, Ayse Metin, Özden Sanal, Ilhan Tezcan, Mehdi Yeganeh, Tim Niehues, Gregor Dueckers, Sebastian Weinspach, Turkan Patiroglu, Ekrem Unal, Majed Dasouki, Mustafa Yilmaz, Ferah Genel, Caner Aytekin, Necil Kutukculer, Ayper Somer, Mehmet Kilic, Ismail Reisli, Yildiz Camcioglu, Andrew R. Gennery, Andrew J. Cant, Alison Jones, Bobby H. Gaspar, Peter D. Arkwright, Maria C. Pietrogrande, Zeina Baz, Salem Al-Tamemi, Vassilios Lougaris, Gerard Lefranc, Andre Megarbane, Jeannette Boutros, Nermeen Galal, Mohamed Bejaoui, Mohamed-Ridha Barbouche, Raif S. Geha, Talal A. Chatila, Bodo Grimbacher
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015)
586 RENAL NKCC2 TRANSPORTER TRIGGERS ENHANCED URINARY AMMONIA EXCRETION DURING INDUCED HYPERAMMONEMIA: A NOVEL TARGET OF THERAPY FOR HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY?
Authors: L. Mpabanzi, D. Dhar, C. Dejong, R. Jalan, S. Olde Damink
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Diagnostician's Digit
Authors: Stephen L. Adams
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Percussion, described by Dr Leopold Auenbrugger in 1761, has long been a tool used by the physician as a technique in the art of physical diagnosis.<sup>1</sup>One method, bimanual indirect or mediate, is done by placing the left long finger on the body surface to be percussed to serve as a pleximeter. The area about the distal interphalangeal joint is struck a sharp blow with the tip of the flexed right long finger, the plexor.<sup>2</sup> An octogenarian physician, a practicing internist, graduated from medical school in 1936 and has been using the art of digital percussion for more than 62 years, including his time as a medical student. The posttraumatic hyperpigmentation with central hypopigmentation and atrophic changes are a result of innumerable repetitions of the technique of bimanual indirect percussion. The physician first noticed the lesion more than 5 years ago. A similar lesion does not exist on
The Inspection of International Cruise Ships-Reply
Authors: James O. Mason
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> After more than ten years of experience in working with the cruise ship industry, the CDC is restructuring the vessel sanitation inspection program to concentrate on problem areas rather than on routine inspections. Under a restructured program, the CDC will work with the industry on a self-inspection program and continue to provide technical consultation and assistance. We will review plans for new construction and refitting of existing ships, conduct on-site inspections during the construction phase, and perform complete operational inspections of new ships, refitted ships, and ships that have been operating in other geographic areas of the world when they enter or reenter the US cruise industry. In accordance with the Public Health Service Act and applicable regulations, vessels will still be required to report cases of diarrhea in passengers and crew 24 hours prior to arrival at a US port and will still be subject to inspection
Antitumor Activity of Cell-Permeable p18INK4c With Enhanced Membrane and Tissue Penetration
Authors: Junghee Lim, Jungeun Kim, Tam Duong, Guewha Lee, Junghee Kim, Jina Yoon, Jaetaek Kim, Hyuncheol Kim, H Earl Ruley, Wael El-Rifai, Daewoong Jo
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2012)

Practical methods to deliver proteins systemically in animals have been hampered by poor tissue penetration and inefficient cytoplasmic localization of internalized proteins. We therefore pursued the development of improved macromolecule transduction domains (MTDs) and tested their ability to deliver therapeutically active p18(INK4c). MTD103 was identified from a screen of 1,500 signal peptides; tested for the ability to promote protein uptake by cells and tissues; and analyzed with regard to the mechanism of protein uptake and the delivery of biologically active p18(INK4c) into cancer cells. The therapeutic potential of cell-permeable MTD103p18(INK4c) (CP-p18(INK4c)) was tested in the HCT116 tumor xenograft model. MTD103p18(INK4c) appeared to traverse plasma membranes directly, was transferred from cell-to-cell and was therapeutically effective against cancer xenografts, inhibiting tumor growth by 86-98% after 5 weeks (P < 0.05). The therapeutic responses to CP-p18(INK4c) were accompanied by high levels of apoptosis in tumor cells. In addition to enhancing systemic delivery of CP-p18(INK4c) to normal tissues and cancer xenografts, the MTD103 sequence delayed protein clearance from the blood, liver and spleen. These results demonstrate that macromolecule intracellular transduction technology (MITT), enabled by MTDs, may provide novel protein therapies against cancer and other diseases.
Reply to Risk factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Zaixing Yang, Yan Liang, Renqian Zhong
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

We thank Floreani and Farinati for their valuable comments on our article, whose remarks we read with great interest. We thought that the majority of the points they highlighted were reasonable and helpful to better understand primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). For example, several risk factors may influence the PBC process and correlate with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, such as smoking, drinking, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapy, etc. However, due to too small number of studies, we could not draw firm conclusions by meta-analysis. This is a limitation of our study that was discussed in the article.1 Meanwhile, we also thought some points by Floreani and Farinati were worthy of being discussed. First, just as described by Floreani and Farinati, some studies investigated the association between HCC and PBC histological stage. However, not all of the studies demonstrated that advanced histological stages of PBC significantly increases HCC risk. For example, one study found that advanced histological stages were not significantly associated with increased risk of HCC in Barcelona patients with PBC.2 The same result was also revealed by Shibuya et al. in Japanese patients with PBC.3 Due to the limited available data, we were not able to carry out a high-quality meta-analysis to assess the relationship between HCC and PBC histological stage. Therefore, we think it remains to be further elucidated whether the association between PBC and the increased risk of HCC is attributed to advanced PBC histological stages. Despite this, we agree that regular screening for HCC with imaging with or without alpha fetoprotein at 6-month to 12-month intervals should be advised for PBC patients. Second, since the incidence of PBC is far lower than that of liver diseases with other etiologies, including viral hepatitis, it is reasonable that PBC-related HCC accounts for only a small proportion of patients presenting with HCC. However, for a PBC patient early prevention and screening for HCC appear to be necessary and important. ZAIXING YANG, M.D. YAN LIANG, M.D. RENQIAN ZHONG, M.D. Department of Laboratory Diagnostics Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
Production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta by monocytic cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
Authors: J M Molina, D T Scadden, R Byrn, C A Dinarello, J E Groopman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

The production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and IL-1 beta by the monocytic cell line THP-1, productively infected with HIV-1, was investigated using specific RIA and Northern blot analysis. HIV-infected cells, like uninfected cells, did not constitutively produce any detectable amounts of protein or mRNA for TNF alpha or IL-1 beta. After stimulation with LPS or a combination of LPS plus IFN-gamma, TNF alpha and IL-1 beta were detected in tissue culture supernatants and cell lysates and transcripts for both cytokines were seen on Northern blots. No significant difference in production of these two cytokines was observed between uninfected and chronically infected cells. Acutely HIV-infected cells, however, showed phenotypic changes compatible with maturation and an increase in TNF alpha and IL-1 beta mRNA production, and released significantly higher levels of TNF alpha and IL-1 beta compared with chronically infected or uninfected cells. Furthermore, LPS stimulation of HIV-infected cells increased virus production. These results suggest that HIV-infected monocytic cells may produce increased amounts of TNF alpha and IL-1 beta in response to stimuli that could be present in vivo.
Chitotriosidase gene expression in Kupffer cells from patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: L Malaguarnera
Journal: Gut (2006)

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a clinicopathological condition characterised by a necroinflammatory disorder with fatty infiltration of the hepatocytes. The molecular mechanisms involved in the anomalous behaviour of liver cells have only partially been determined. Human chitotriosidase (Chit) is a chitinolytic enzyme mainly produced by activated macrophages. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the chitinase-like gene in Kupffer cells, to determine how chitotriosidase may be implicated in the progression from uncomplicated steatosis to steatohepatitis with progressive fibrosis.75 subjects were studied: 40 with NASH, 20 with simple steatosis, and 15 normal controls. Kupffer cells obtained from liver biopsies were used to detect CHIT expression, superoxide anion (O2-), lipid peroxidation, and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and ferritin levels.CHIT expression differed markedly in livers from normal controls and in those from patients with simple steatosis or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. A significant correlation between mRNA CHIT and O2-, lipid peroxidation, TNFalpha, and ferritin levels was observed in both NASH and simple steatosis.Human Kupffer cells in NASH patients overproduce chitotriosidase. At the highest levels of production, this enzyme may play a role in increasing the risk for a poor outcome in steatohepatitis.
DECAPSULATION OF THE KIDNEYS FOR BRIGHT'S DISEASE.
Authors: KARL SANDBERG
Journal: JAMA (1905)

<h3>Introduction.</h3> —The question of decapsulation of the kidneys as a remedy for nephritis is still an open one. Its originators and early advocates, Ferguson and Edebohls, are still practicing it and advocating it as enthusiastically as at first, but many surgeons either have refused to try it or have discarded it after trial. Many have studied the subject experimentally on dogs, but no additional information seems to have been derived from these experiments. Several oculists condemn the operation in cases where the vision already is affected. In many cases, however, decapsulation has been of immediate and striking benefit to the patient; and the medical profession must decide whether this benefit is permanent or only temporary, and, if temporary, whether or not it is of sufficient value to justify the operation. The remedies at our command in cases of nephritis are few in number and of more or less