tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Predicting 6-Year Mortality Risk in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Brian J. Wells, Anil Jain, Susana Arrigain, Changhong Yu, Wayne A. Rosenkrans, Michael W. Kattan
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

We welcome the comments by Paul et al. (1) and the opportunity to clarify aspects of our study (2). Many of our decisions appear counterintuitive upon initial reading.

As described, several variables had considerable levels of missing values. We chose to impute missing values before making our prediction model. When applied to future patients with complete data, a model based on an imputed dataset should predict more accurately than one based on complete cases only. Relying on complete cases actually introduces more bias than imputing missing values.

Our goal was a prediction tool for counseling a patient at baseline. We avoided explicit assumptions regarding future patient behavior (e.g., adherence) or response (e.g., …
Paracrine inhibition of GM-CSF signaling by human cytomegalovirus in monocytes differentiating to dendritic cells
Authors: Jérome Carlier, Hélène Martin, Bernard Mariamé, Benjamin Rauwel, Catherine Mengelle, Hugo Weclawiak, Alain Coaquette, Charline Vauchy, Pierre Rohrlich, Nassim Kamar, Lionel Rostaing, Georges Herbein, Christian Davrinche
Journal: Blood (2011)
H-2L-restricted recognition of viral antigens In the H-2d haplotype, anti-vesicular stomatitis virus cytotoxic T cells are restricted solely by H-2L.
Authors: R Ciavarra, J Forman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1982)

H-2d-encoded gene products were analyzed as restriction antigens for anti-vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Cold target competition experiments revealed that VSV recognition was H-2D region-restricted; H-2K-end-restricted recognition of VSV could not be demonstrated. That VSV is not recognized in the context of K-region-encoded gene products is also supported by the observation that H-2dm1 and H-2dm2 mice, strains that contain H-2Kd but have an alteration in H-2L and/or H-2D/L, are nonresponders in the CTL assay. Two different lines of evidence eliminated H-2Dd, H-2Md, and H-2Rd as the restriction antigens: (a) H-2dm2-VSV inhibitors that express H-2Dd and H-2Md did not block the lysis of P815-VSV targets by Balb/c anti-VSV killer cells, and (b) a hybridoma specific for H-2Dd failed to inhibit killer cell activity in this same effector/target combination. However, two monoclonal antibodies specific for H-2Ld but not H-2Rd completely blocked anti-VSV cytotoxic activity. Taken together, in the H-2d haplotype, anti-VSV CTL recognize VSV solely in the context of the H-2Ld molecule. This is the first demonstration of the exclusive use by a mouse stain of the H-2L molecule only for H-2-restricted recognition, and thus supports the notion that H-2L plays a major role in restricting antigen specific recognition. Finally, the fact that an anti-H-2Ld monoclone completely blocked an H-2dm2 anti-BALB/c CTL response indicates that H-2R, a molecule absent in H-2dm2 anti-BALB/c CTL response indicates that H-2R, a molecule absent in H-2dm2 but not BALB/c, does not sensitize H-2 alloreactive CTL.
Hyperparathyroidism with Avulsion of Three Major Tendons
Authors: Frank S. Preston, Arnold Adicoff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

WHEN Bogdonoff et al.1 reviewed the subject of hyperparathyroidism in 1956 they stated in a footnote that there were over 600 case reports in the literature up to that time. Since then well over 100 additional cases have been published. In a review of this literature we were unable to find a case of hyperparathyroidism in which the presenting manifestation was spontaneous separation (avulsion) of a major tendon from its insertion.Case ReportOn November 17, 1959, L.O., a 33-year-old logger, attempted to push his automobile from a snowbank. A few moments later, while he was stepping from the car, . . .
Immune Sensing of DNA
Authors: Søren R. Paludan, Andrew G. Bowie
Journal: Immunity (2013)

Although it has been appreciated for some years that cytosolic DNA is immune stimulatory, it is only in the past five years that the molecular basis of DNA sensing by the innate immune system has begun to be revealed. In particular it has been described how DNA induces type I interferon, central in antiviral responses and a mediator of autoimmunity. To date more than ten cytosolic receptors of DNA have been proposed, but STING is a key adaptor protein for most DNA-sensing pathways, and we are now beginning to understand the signaling mechanisms for STING. In this review we describe the recent progress in understanding signaling mechanisms activated by DNA and the relevance of DNA sensing to pathogen responses and autoimmunity. We highlight new insights gained into how and why the immune system responds to both pathogen and self DNA and define important questions that now need to be addressed in the field of innate immune activation by DNA.
Visual Evoked Potentials in Diabetic Children and Adolescents
Authors: Dante Cirillo, Enrico Gonfiantini, Domenico De Grandis, Luigi Bongiovanni, Jean Jacques Robert, Leonardo Pinelli
Journal: Diabetes Care (1984)

Visual evoked potentials were studied in 30 insulin-dependent diabetic children and adolescents. Thirty percent of the subjects had evidence of significant abnormalities. No correlation was found between visual evoked potentials and age, duration of diabetes, metabolic control, and retinopathy.
Doctors consider whether to back industrial action over pension changes
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2011)

UK public sector unions are threatening a wave of strikes over proposed changes to pensions, but an early test of medical opinion has indicated that doctors may be reluctant to join them.

Next Tuesday the British Medical Association’s annual representative meeting in Cardiff will debate a motion that leaves open the possibility of industrial action should a career average pension scheme be introduced for GPs and consultants. If passed, the BMA will have to call a ballot on “all forms of industrial action” in the event of such a change being made.

But a motion worded in similar terms was decisively rejected by the conference of local medical committees on 13 June. It called for any further changes to the …
Health System Reform
Authors: Robert J. Blendon
Journal: JAMA (1994)

IN RECENT months, as the debate over health system reform has intensified, numerous opinion surveys have been conducted by national television networks and the press to elicit the public's views on the critical issues under legislative consideration. The results of many of these surveys were summarized in an earlier article in<i>JAMA</i>.<sup>1</sup>However, there has not been any similar independent national survey of physicians' views on these same important issues since October 1993.<sup>2</sup>This article seeks to fill this void by presenting the results of a national physician survey on health system reform issues conducted in June 1994. This survey was designed by the Times Mirror Center for the People and the Press in association with the Harvard School of Public Health's Program on Public Opinion and Health Care, and conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates. Its intent was to answer five key questions: (1) Do physicians see
Cardiac Tamponade Following Open-Heart Surgery
Authors: RICHARD M. ENGELMAN, FRANK C. SPENCER, GEORGE E. REED, DAVID A. TICE
Journal: Circulation (1970)

A review of 310 consecutive cardiac operations with cardiopulmonary bypass for acquired valvular and congenital heart disease found eight cases of late tamponade, 8 to 30 days after operation, and four cases of early tamponade, within 36 hours after operation. Early tamponade, associated with postoperative bleeding, was easily recognized and treated, but late tamponade was often misdiagnosed as cardiac failure or pulmonary embolism. In the eight late cases, six were associated with anticoagulation and hemorrhage, while two developed a bloody effusion with a pericardiotomy syndrome. Tamponade produced an elevated right atrial pressure, low central or mixed venous oxygen tension, oliguria, hypotension, and tachycardia. A severe metabolic acidosis was a late finding. Treatment in the presence of bleeding was uniformly effective if thoracotomy and drainage were promptly instituted. Pericardiocentesis sufficed only in the patients with a pericardiotomy syndrome. Three deaths occurred in the late group from a delay in diagnosis (37.5% mortality).
Bradykinin-induced contraction of human peripheral airways mediated by both bradykinin beta 2 and thromboxane prostanoid receptors.
Authors: A R Hulsmann, H R Raatgeep, P R Saxena, K F Kerrebijn, J C de Jongste
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Bradykinin (BK) induces bronchoconstriction in asthmatic but not in normal individuals. Studies in vivo in the human suggest that BK causes cholinergic nerve activation, release of prostanoids, and local axon reflexes with release of tachykinins in the airways. To determine the mechanisms of BK-induced airway narrowing, we investigated the effects of epithelium removal, inhibition of the enzymes neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and cyclooxygenase, and blockade of neural conductance with tetrodotoxin (TTX) on BK-induced responses of human isolated peripheral airways. Responses to BK were recorded from airways with spontaneous intrinsic tone and from airways precontracted with methacholine. Furthermore, we measured the BK-induced release of the prostanoids PGE2, PGI2, and TXA2 from airways with and without epithelium in the absence and presence of indomethacin by radioimmunoassay. Finally, we examined the effect of the bradykinin beta 2 receptor antagonist Hoe 140 and the thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptor blocking drug GR32191 on BK-induced responses. BK contracted intact and epithelium-denuded airways with spontaneous intrinsic tone, whereas precontracted airways either relaxed or contracted to BK. Removal of the epithelium increased the sensitivity to BK sevenfold without changing the direction of the response. The NEP inhibitor phosphoramidon tended to increase the sensitivity to BK (NS) and did not change the direction of the response. Both contractile and relaxation responses to BK and the release of the prostanoids PGE2, PGI2, and TXA2 by the airway tissues were largely inhibited by indomethacin, whereas TTX had no effect. PGE2, PGI2, and TXA2 were released by both intact and epithelium-denuded airways.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Clinical Clerkship
Authors: Harold Thomas Hyman
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I have read with amazement the special article "The Clinical Clerkship in Medicine" inThe Journal(Nov. 12, 1960, p. 1413), in which Dr. Dana W. Atchley states that, when he began to teach at Columbia a few years after his 1914 courses of instruction at Johns Hopkins, "the students were barely tolerated and spent much of their time using the centrifuge as a roulette wheel." He asserts that most other institutions (presumably other than JH and inclusive of P. &amp; S.) "did not permit students on the wards at all or allowed only a few with top grades to stand in the rear during rounds." Dr. Atchley's statements should not go unchallenged. Throughout 1916 and 1917, while in my third and fourth years of medical school, I served as Clinical Pathologist to the O. P. D. of the old Presbyterian Hospital, then—as now—the clinical affiliate of
Psychotic Depression and Mortality
Authors: Meena Vythilingam, Joyce Chen, J. Douglas Bremner, Carolyn M. Mazure, Paul K. Maciejewski, J. Craig Nelson
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2003)

OBJECTIVE: Major depressive disorder is associated with elevated mortality rates that increase with the severity of depression. The authors hypothesized that patients with psychotic depression would have higher mortality rates than patients with nonpsychotic depression. METHOD: Survival analytic techniques were used to compare the vital status of 61 patients with psychotic major depression with that of 59 patients with nonpsychotic major depression up to 15 years after hospital admission. Medical status was assessed with the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. Dexamethasone suppression test (DST) data were available for 101 patients. RESULTS: The mortality rate for subjects with psychotic depression was significantly greater than that for those with nonpsychotic depression, with 41% versus 20%, respectively, dying within 15 years after hospital admission. A proportional hazards model with age and medical status entered as covariates confirmed a significantly higher mortality rate in patients with psychotic depression (hazards ratio=2.31). A positive DST result was associated with psychotic depression but was not related to vital status. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with psychotic depression have a two-fold greater risk of death than do patients with severe, nonpsychotic major depression.
MEDICAL LORE OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS.
Authors: E. Andrews
Journal: JAMA (1883)

<h3>Mr. Editor:</h3> —A former number of this Journal contained a very interesting article from Dr. F. Andros, of Mitchell, Dakota, on the Medical and Surgical Lore of the Winnebago and Sioux Indians. In the following paper he continues the subject, with the addition of some points of Indian mythology, connected with their medical theories. One of his observations as to what were the theological ideas of the Winnebagoes before they were much modified by the ideas of the whites, will interest ethnological scientists. The latter have of late been discussing the question whether the Great Spirit, called by the Chippawas Sha Monedo, was an original idea of the natives, or a modern notion introduced by the missionaries. Dr. Andros was a member of the sacred lodge at an early time, when it would probably not be difficult to distinguish new imported ideas from aboriginal ones. His impression is that the
B-lymphocyte heterogeneity: ontogenetic development and organ distribution of B-lymphocyte populations defined by their density of surface immunoglobulin.
Authors: I Scher, S O Sharrow, R Wistar, R Asofsky, W E Paul
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1976)

The density of total Ig and of IgM, IgG1, IgG2, and IgA on the surface of adult murine splenic B lymphocytes was measured using the technique of rapid flow microfluorometry. In addition, the density of total surface Ig and of IgM on B lymphocytes derived from adult bone marrow, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches, and from neonatal spleen was determined. Adult spleen and lymph node B lymphocytes are characterized by the presence of a large population of cells with a low-to-intermediate density of total surface Ig, which is seen as a peak in the fluorescence profiles when these cells are labeled with fluorescein-conjugated (F1) anti-Ig. This peak is not detected when neonatal spleen or adult bone marrow are examined; the development of this peak among spleen cells occurs during the first 4 wk of life. Although the characteristic fluorescence intensity peak is not seen when adult spleen cells are labeled with Fl anti-mu, changes in the density of surface IgM do occur during the first few weeks of life and are detected as a decrease in the frequency of cells which have relatively large amounts of surface IgM. The differences seen in the fluorescence patterns of adult spleen cells labeled with Fl anti-Ig and Fl anti-mu may be due to the appearance of IgD on the surface of mature splenic B lymphocytes. This is supported by the similarity of the fluorescence profiles of adult bone marrow cells stained with Fl anti-Ig and Fl anti-mu, as the latter population of cells is reported to lack surface IgD.
Ethnic density and mental health
Authors: H. Lester
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The association is clear but the underlying mechanisms are not

In the linked study (doi:10.1136/bmj.c5367), Das-Munshi and colleagues investigated whether living in areas where higher proportions of people of the same ethnicity reside protects against common mental disorders.1 They also searched for mediating effects, particularly reduced exposure to racism and improved social support. They found a protective effect for some minority groups (particularly Irish and Bangladeshi people) but that support and discrimination were not key mediating factors. Indeed they suggest that ethnic density mechanisms are likely to be heterogeneous and may not operate the same way across groups⇓.



AMC/Alamy

The notion of an effect of ethnic density is not new. The idea that living in an area with a high own ethnic group density may be protective for mental health was first noted in the early 20th century. In 1928, Robert Park began …
Association of Ob-R gene polymorphism and insulin resistance in Japanese men
Authors: Akiko Takahashi-Yasuno, Hiroaki Masuzaki, Takashi Miyawaki, Naoki Matsuoka, Yoshihiro Ogawa, Tatsuya Hayashi, Kiminori Hosoda, Yasunao Yoshimasa, Gen Inoue, Kazuwa Nakao
Journal: Metabolism (2004)
THE THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF THE VARIOUS ANTI-MALARIAL AGENTS.
Authors: J. R. GILBERT
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Under this title we must at least give a limited number of drugs a hearing, though it be near impossible to consider each that has been given as an antimalarial agent, for most, if not every drug found in the materia medica, has at some time received credit for its anti-malarial effect upon the human economy.  Before we enter upon the therapy of the subject of malaria, we should know what the pathology of the trouble is, so that we may intelligently administer those remedies that will the earliest counteract or destroy the pathologic condition that exists, with the least detriment to the human organism.  We know that when a person is inoculated with this bacillus malariae, he will surely have a malarial fever. While there is a slight difference in the germs that cause the various forms of malarial fever, they are practically the same, for the agent that
Cellular consequences of HERG mutations in the long QT syndrome: precursors to sudden cardiac death
Authors: Colleen E. Clancy, Yoram Rudy
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2001)

Background: A variety of mutations in HERG, the major subunit of the rapidly activating component of the cardiac delayed rectifier IKr, have been found to underlie the congenital Long-QT syndrome, LQT2. LQT2 may give rise to severe arrhythmogenic phenotypes leading to sudden cardiac death. Objective: We attempt to elucidate the mechanisms by which heterogeneous LQT2 genotypes can lead to prolongation of the action potential duration (APD) and consequently the QT interval on the ECG. Methods: We develop Markovian models of wild-type (WT) and mutant IKr channels and incorporate these models into a comprehensive model of the cardiac ventricular cell. Results: Using this virtual transgenic cell model, we describe the effects of HERG mutations on the cardiac ventricular action potential (AP) and provide insight into the mechanism by which each defect results in a net loss of repolarizing current and prolongation of APD. Conclusions: This study demonstrates which mutations can prolong APD sufficiently to generate early afterdepolarizations (EADs), which may trigger life-threatening arrhythmias. The severity of the phenotype is shown to depend on the specific kinetic changes and how they affect IKr during the time course of the action potential. Clarifying how defects in HERG can lead to impaired cellular electrophysiology can improve our understanding of the link between channel structure and cellular function.
Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery
Authors: ALDO R. CASTAÑEDA, ROBERT A. INDEGLIA, RICHARD L. VARCO
Journal: Circulation (1966)

Nine cases of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery, the patients ranging in age from two months to seven years, have been reviewed. Six of these patients have had mitral insufficiency as well. Of these nine patients, four have undergone operation and all have survived. There have been no postoperative complications. A fifth patient was taken to the operating room, but developed ventricular fibrillation during induction and could not be resuscitated. The remaining patients were not operated upon, and all have died. In a typical case, nonspecific respiratory complaints were present. In addition, some patients experienced episodes of pallor, dyspnea, and excessive perspiration. The electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram proved helpful in the diagnosis of this anomaly, although selective right coronary arteriography was most effective in establishing the diagnosis. The surgical treatment in all four patients consisted of transection and ligation of the anomalous coronary artery at its origin from the pulmonary artery. The technique is simple and has been described. Of the four surgically treated patients, three have so far remained asymptomatic. One patient continues postoperatively to suffer from angina-like symptoms. The electrocardiogram, vectorcardiogram, and chest X-rays do not show any marked change from preoperative observations in three patients; however, the youngest child operated upon (aged three months) reveals changes consistent with improvement in the electrocardiographic pattern. Early recognition and treatment of this lesion are advocated if preventable deaths from irreversible myocardial damage are to be avoided.
Chronic interstitial pneumonitis in end-stage sarcoidosis
Authors: H. Shigemitsu, J. M. Oblad, O. P. Sharma, M. N. Koss
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

To the Editors: 

End-stage sarcoidosis is typically characterised by severe interstitial fibrosis occurring along the bronchovascular bundles with cystic changes 1, 2. Chronic interstitial pneumonitis typically occurs in the early stages of sarcoidosis and is localised to the areas affected by granulomas 3–5. Herein, we report end-stage sarcoidosis patients who underwent lung transplantation at our centre (University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA) and who surprisingly had evidence of moderate-to-severe chronic interstitial pneumonitis, which was previously considered atypical in end-stage sarcoidosis. Furthermore, two patients had a pattern resembling usual interstitial pneumonitis (UIP) with fibroblastic foci.

We reviewed the charts and microscopic slides of all sarcoidosis patients who underwent lung transplantation at the University of Southern California. Patients were only included if the initial biopsy reports used to support the diagnosis contained descriptions compatible with a diagnosis of sarcoidosis and/or met the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders criteria 6.

All microscopic slides from the explanted lungs and mediastinal/hilar regional lymph nodes from these patients were examined by two pathologists (J.M. Oblad and M.N. Koss) who were unaware of any clinical information except for the history of lung transplantation for sarcoidosis. The pathologists were asked to grade the average granuloma burden (lung and lymph nodes) and interstitial fibrosis (lung) individually as follows. Grade 0 (absent): no granulomas or fibrosis detected in the specimen; Grade 1 (mild): less than two granuloma per low-power field (lpf) or occasional foci of fibrosis per low lpf; Grade 2 (moderate): two to five granuloma per lpf or <50% of parenchyma with …