tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Platelet-derived growth factor in bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia.
Authors: J D Aubert, P D Paré, J C Hogg, S Hayashi
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is a disorder characterized by intraluminal proliferation of connective tissue in distal air spaces. As part of a general investigation of the role of growth factors in this process, the present study examined the expression of the mitogen, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and one of its receptors, PDGFR-beta, in this disease. Serial sections of lung biopsy specimens from 20 patients with BOOP and 10 control subjects were stained with antibodies against PDGF, PDGFR-beta, and the monocyte/macrophage marker CD68. Stereologic point counting showed that PDGF+ cells represented 4.6 +/- 1.6% (mean +/- SD) of the volume occupied by lung tissue in BOOP and 2.1 +/- 0.7% in the control subjects (p < 0.0001). In both groups the positive cells were tissue macrophages, and CD68+ macrophages accounted for 10.7 +/- 4.7% of the lung tissue in BOOP as compared with 5.4 +/- 3.7% in the control subjects (p < 0.005). PDGFR-beta immunoreactivity was present in some alveolar epithelial cells in BOOP, but was absent in control subjects. We conclude that PDGF+ cells and CD68+ macrophages are found in greater numbers in lungs with BOOP, and an increased expression of PDGFR-beta epitopes was observed in some patients with BOOP. We speculate that these molecules are important in the pathogenesis of the destructive fibroproliferative process that characterizes this disease.
LARGE ABSCESS OF LUNG: DRAINAGE BY POSTURE: RECOVERY WITHOUT OPERATION
Authors: L. Mackey
Journal: BMJ (1924)

removed through the bronchosoope; inl this case I feel that :t is the only possible treatment that can give relief, short of a very grave surgical operation.(e) Certain cases of foreigni body in the Iinug.(f) For diagnostic purposes for revealing tumours and tleilr attachments by radioscopy anid thoracoscopy.(g) In certain cases of abscess of the lung. (h) As a preliniinaiy to operation in certain cases.(i) To control haemoptysis. Contraindications.The following contraindicate resort to the production of artificial pneuinothorax:1. Active disease in both lungs.This rule, however, must Inot be applied too rigidly, for iiianiy cases have been
Effects of 1-year intermittent treatment with topical tacrolimus monotherapy on skin collagen synthesis in patients with atopic dermatitis
Authors: H. Kyllonen, A. Remitz, J.M. Mandelin, P. Elg, S. Reitamo
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2004)

Background Topical corticosteroids decrease collagen synthesis during short-term treatment and can induce skin atrophy when applied over the long term. In contrast, short-term tacrolimus ointment therapy does not affect collagen synthesis. Objectives Our aim was to evaluate the long-term effects of 0·1% tacrolimus ointment on collagen synthesis and on skin thickness in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD) and to compare the findings with the effects of conventional steroid-based therapy. Methods Fifty-six patients with AD were treated with 0·1% tacrolimus ointment in a 1-year, open-label, prospective clinical trial. Thirty-six patients with AD applied conventional steroid-based therapy and 27 healthy subjects were recruited as controls. The primary endpoint was the change in levels of procollagen propeptides I and III measured by radioimmunoassay between baseline and month 12. Additional endpoints included the change in skin thickness measured by ultrasound between baseline and month 12. Results Procollagen propeptide baseline values were significantly lower in the group to be treated with tacrolimus ointment than in healthy controls. One-year treatment with tacrolimus ointment was associated with an increase in collagen synthesis; the median increase in combined procollagen propeptide levels was 272 µg L−1 (+ 140·9%, P < 0·001) and was accompanied by a significant increase in skin thickness. In three patients with visible skin atrophy, this condition ameliorated. Corticosteroid-based therapy had no significant effect on collagen synthesis; the median increase in combined procollagen propeptide levels was 11 µg L−1 (+ 3·9%). A significant reduction in skin thickness was demonstrated. Conclusions Long-term tacrolimus ointment therapy in patients with AD is nonatrophogenic and reverses corticosteroid-induced skin atrophy.
Abstract 3820: Deregulation of KEAP1-NRF axis in phenotypically type 2 papillary renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Aikseng Ooi, Bernice Wong HM, JingChii Wong, Victoria Perrier-Trudova, David Petillo, Douglas Roossien, Zhongfa Zhang, Min-Han Tan, Ming Zhou, Ximing Yang, Stéphane Richard, Bin Tean Teh, Kyle A. Furge
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Type 2 papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC2) is an aggressive subtype of kidney cancer that has no known effective treatment modality. The hereditary form of the tumor is known to associate with the loss of fumarate hydratase (FH) gene function. However, FH gene mutation has yet to be found in sporadic PRCC2. Herein, we report the overexpression of antioxidant response element (ARE) controlled genes as a common feature that is shared between the hereditary and sporadic form of PRCC2. We demonstrate that fumarate stabilizes NRF1 and NRF2, which drive the upregulation of ARE controlled genes. We propose that fumarate stabilizes NRF1 and NRF2 through direct suppression of KEAP1. This finding better explains the phenotypical differences that are apparent between PRCC2 and CCRCC and may lead to the development of an effective therapeutic against PRCC2. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3820. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3820
WHICH GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE EQUATION BEST PREDICTS POOR OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION UNDERGOING PRIMARY PCI: RESULTS FROM THE HORIZONS-AMI STUDY
Authors: Jennifer Yu, Rebecca Pinnelas, Georgjos Vlachojannis, Usman Baber, George Dangas, Ke Xu, Bernhard Witzenbichler, Giulio Guagliumi, Jochen Woehrle, Bruce Brodie, Roxana Mehran, Gregg Stone
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Diseases of the Heart and Circulation
Authors: B. N Shah
Journal: BMJ (2008)

As a senior house officer at the Royal Brompton Hospital in 2005 I came across several exceptionally detailed records of examination findings dating back to the 1950s. These entries were by the late Paul Wood. My subsequent inquiries helped me discover Diseases of the Heart and Circulation , the legacy of one of the greatest names of British cardiology.

Born in India in 1907, Wood attended medical school in Melbourne, Australia. He was house physician at the Royal Brompton before becoming a consultant in the late 1940s. Wood was a master of clinical cardiology, renowned for his extraordinary bedside examination skills and diagnostic …
Opioid receptor–triggered spinal mTORC1 activation contributes to morphine tolerance and hyperalgesia
Authors: Ji-Tian Xu, Jian-Yuan Zhao, Xiuli Zhao, Davinna Ligons, Vinod Tiwari, Fidelis E. Atianjoh, Chun-Yi Lee, Lingli Liang, Weidong Zang, Dolores Njoku, Srinivasa N. Raja, Myron Yaster, Yuan-Xiang Tao
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

The development of opioid-induced analgesic tolerance and hyperalgesia is a clinical challenge for managing chronic pain. Adaptive changes in protein translation in the nervous system are thought to promote opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia; however, how opioids drive such changes remains elusive. Here, we report that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which governs most protein translation, was activated in rat spinal dorsal horn neurons after repeated intrathecal morphine injections. Activation was triggered through μ opioid receptor and mediated by intracellular PI3K/Akt. Spinal mTOR inhibition blocked both induction and maintenance of morphine tolerance and hyperalgesia, without affecting basal pain perception or locomotor functions. These effects were attributed to the attenuation of morphine-induced increases in translation initiation activity, nascent protein synthesis, and expression of some known key tolerance-associated proteins, including neuronal NOS (nNOS), in dorsal horn. Moreover, elevating spinal mTOR activity by knocking down the mTOR-negative regulator TSC2 reduced morphine analgesia, produced pain hypersensitivity, and increased spinal nNOS expression. Our findings implicate the μ opioid receptor-triggered PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in promoting morphine-induced spinal protein translation changes and associated morphine tolerance and hyperalgesia. These data suggest that mTOR inhibitors could be explored for prevention and/or reduction of opioid tolerance in chronic pain management.
Abstract 5352: Investigation of stem-cell markers in pleomorphic adenoma: Immunohistochemical and molecular study
Authors: Renata Ianez, Marcilei Buim, Cláudia Coutinho-Camillo, Fernando Soares, Silvia Lourenço
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: Salivary gland neoplasms are originated from the various salivary gland compartments and are histologically related to these structures. Several protein and molecular markers are employed in research and diagnosis in order to classify and understand histogenesis and other aspects of salivary gland neoplastic lesions. Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign salivary gland neoplasm composed by epithelial and myoepithelial cells and a complex stroma. Its varied structural and architectural aspects suggest the participation of stem cells in its composition. Additionally, pleomorphic adenoma originates from intercalated duct of salivary glands, a region reputed to host the regenerative/ stem-cell compartment of these glands. The present work investigated stem-cell markers (CD24, CD44) in pleomorphic adenoma and in specimens of developing human salivary glands using immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. Material and Methods: 101 cases of pleomorphic adenomas were used - 55 cases were FFPE and 60 specimens were fresh frozen tissue. From the total, 14 were pared (FFPE and frozen tissue). Salivary gland specimens dissected from 20 human foetuses were also included. Results: All cases of pleomorphic adenomas were positive for the stem-cell markers studied. Neoplastic luminal structures were positive for CD24. Modified myoepithelial cells were positive for CD44. In foetal salivary glands, these markers were restricted to the intercalated duct region. Increased expression of CD44 stem-cell marker was observed in pleomorphic adenoma specimens using real-time RT-PCR technique when compared to normal salivary gland controls. An specific expression pattern was not observed for CD24 when compared to the normal salivary gland tissue - in some cases of pleomorphic adenoma there was an increased expression of the protein, whilst in other cases the expression was decreased or normal-like. Conclusion: Pleomorphic adenoma cells share similar markers with stem-cells; it is not possible to confirm that neoplastic cells bear the same characteristics of multipotency. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5352. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5352
COCAIN CATAPHORESIS IN SURGERY.
Authors: D. T. QUIGLEY
Journal: JAMA (1907)

General anesthesia is dangerous and should be avoided in every case possible. Not only the immediate effects, the chance of sudden death, but the after effects on the kidneys, heart, etc., must be carefully considered by the surgeon who has the best interests of his patients at heart. The subject of local anesthesia in surgery is much neglected by those who make a specialty of the art. I believe that nearly half the operations performed could be done with my method of cocain cataphoresis and with much greater safety and less worry to both physician and patient. I have used the method for removal of tumors of the breast, removal of lip for cancer, and in operations for hernia, hemorrhoids, birthmarks, moles, and epithelioma. In fact, it may be used for any operation that does not involve the great cavities of the body or the hollow organs or when the
EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC "EPILEPSY" IN THE BABOON AND EPILEPTIFORM SEIZURES IN THE DOG, RABBIT AND GUINEA PIG
Authors: N. KOPELOFF, S. E. BARRERA, L. M. KOPELOFF
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1944)

Experimental chronic "epilepsy" has been produced in the baboon and African green monkey by a single application of alumina cream to the motor cortex. After a clinically free period, reactions first occurred 7 weeks and 3 months, respectively, after operation. These observations parallel the results obtained previously in a large series of rhesus monkeys. Rabbits similarly treated reacted 3-4 weeks after operation with acute convulsive attacks of short duration. Recurrent epileptiform seizures were induced in the guinea pig following an intra-cerebral injection of the same material. The convulsive pattern differed from that observed in the primates. Dogs and cats failed to respond to the cerebral application of alumina cream. However, alumina A caused immediate acute convulsions in dogs, but produced no seizures in cats.
Assessment of transmural velocity gradients in hypertrophic hearts-A new diagnostic index for hypetrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Przemyslaw Palka, Aleksandra Lange, Alan D. Fleming, Lynn N. Fenn, Thomas R.D. Shaw, Ian R. Starkey, Keith A.A. Fox, W.Norman McDicken, George R. Sutherland
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
The Epidemiologic Approach
Authors: John E. Dunn
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Epidemiology as a scientific discipline and epidemiologists as practitioners are not clearly defined in the minds of most members of the healing arts. The etymology of the word (<i>epi</i>, upon;<i>demos</i>, the people) perhaps says it all—the study of how, where, when, and why a disease distributes itself over time within a population. It rests less on a body of knowledge and more on a way of thinking. Epidemiology had its beginnings from or in close association with medicine. The acute infectious and transmissible diseases were the first to be recognized as being due to a foreign agent. They were also demonstrated to be controllable by interrupting, in some way, the passage of an offending agent from a diseased person to another susceptible person with or without knowing the specific nature of the agent. The logic involved in this approach evolved into the epidemiologic triad of the agent, the vector
Combination treatment with captopril and the thyroid hormone analogue 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid. A new approach to improving left ventricular performance in heart failure.
Authors: G D Pennock, T E Raya, J J Bahl, S Goldman, E Morkin
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND An agent that improves left ventricular (LV) performance by non-cAMP-mediated mechanisms would be valuable in the treatment of chronic heart failure. We have shown earlier that the thyroid hormone analogue 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid (DITPA) binds to nuclear receptors, alters transcription of T3-responsive genes, and increases +dP/dtmax in hypothyroid rats with substantially less effect on heart rate and metabolism than thyroid hormone, which makes it a selective cardiotonic agent. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine whether DITPA might be useful in treating heart failure, we compared chronic treatment with normal saline, captopril (2 g/L), or the combination of DITPA (375 micrograms/100 g) and captopril (2 g/L) in Sprague-Dawley rats beginning 3 weeks after coronary artery ligation. Both DITPA/captopril and captopril treatment decreased LV end-diastolic pressure compared with controls (21 +/- 2 and 26 +/- 2 mm Hg, respectively, vs 34 +/- 3 mm Hg, P &lt; .05 for each). The addition of DITPA to captopril produced a 36% increase in resting cardiac index (P &lt; .05) and shifted the cardiac function curve upward and to the left, indicative of enhanced myocardial performance. Also, DITPA/captopril compared with captopril treatment or control produced an increase in the rate of LV relaxation, as manifested by a decrease in tau, the time constant of LV pressure decline (17.5 +/- 1.0 vs 22.2 +/- 1.7 milliseconds, P &lt; .05) and a larger absolute value for -dP/dtmax (-4561 +/- 361 vs -3346 +/- 232 mm Hg/s, P &lt; .05). These changes occurred without changes in heart rate, LV mass, LV systolic pressure, or peripheral resistance relative to captopril treatment (P &gt; .05). CONCLUSIONS The combination of DITPA and captopril improved cardiac output, increased -dP/dtmax, and increased the rate of LV relaxation to a greater extent than captopril treatment in the rat postinfarction model of heart failure. Use of a cardiotonic analogue of thyroid hormone represents a new approach to improving LV performance and may be a useful adjunct to afterload reduction for the treatment of heart failure.
Endoscopic therapy using novel fan devices
Authors: K. Kume
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

During the use of electrocautery in endoscopic procedures such as incision, dissection, and resection, smoke can accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract, impairing the visual field, which causes problems in continuing the procedure. This problem is usually resolved by aspirating all of the air in the gastrointestinal tract along with the smoke and replaced with it with new air, thereby improving the visual field. However, this has to be done several times, which prolongs the procedure.
The Case for Biennial Retinopathy Screening in Children and Adolescents: Response to Maguire et al.
Authors: Einar Stefánsson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

Maguire et al. (1) make the case for biennial retinopathy screening in children and adolescents. We made the same case in 1995 in an article in Acta Ophthalmologica (2). In the …
The Tomlinson report and postgraduate medical education.
Authors: J D Swales
Journal: BMJ (1993)

The postgraduate hospitals of London grew up in the nineteenth century and offered a unique national specialist service. Since then specialist services have developed in undergraduate hospitals throughout Britain as well as in London, but the postgraduate hospitals have nevertheless preserved their high levels of staffing. Although numbers of medical posts in the provinces have grown, this has not been by redistribution of London posts but merely differential growth. The fact identified by Tomlinson--that Londoners are not receiving the most appropriate clinical care--is in fact the strongest argument for changing postgraduate medical education. Such education needs to be rooted first in clinical care, though Tomlinson underestimates the importance to education of such care being sited in a shared environment with strong scientific activity.
In Vitro Susceptibility to Thrombin-Induced Platelet Microbicidal Protein Is Associated With Reduced Disease Progression and Complication Rates in Experimental <b> <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> </b> Endocarditis
Authors: Leon Iri Kupferwasser, Michael R. Yeaman, Shelley M. Shapiro, Cynthia C. Nast, Arnold S. Bayer
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Mammalian platelets contain small, cationic, staphylocidal peptides, termed thrombin-induced platelet-microbicidal proteins (tPMPs). Evidence suggests that tPMPs play a key role in host defense against endovascular infections, such as infective endocarditis (IE). In the present study, we evaluated the influence of differences in staphylococcal tPMP-susceptibility profiles in vitro on disease severity in experimental IE.Experimental IE was induced in rabbits with either a tPMP-susceptible or an isogenic tPMP-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. Vegetation size, left ventricular fractional shortening, and onset of aortic valvular regurgitation were serially assessed by echocardiography over an 11-day postinfection period. In addition, blood cultures were performed daily. Parameters delineated at autopsy included vegetation weights; bacterial densities in vegetations, myocardium, and kidneys; extent of valvular and perivalvular tissue damage; and renal embolization. The following significant differences were observed in animals infected with the tPMP-susceptible versus the tPMP-resistant S aureus strain: substantially lower bacteremia rates (P=0.02); reduced vegetation growth (P<0.001) and weight (P<0.001); a later onset of aortic valvular regurgitation (P=0.0039); increased preservation of left ventricular function (P<0.001); reduced valvular tissue damage (P=0.01) and perivalvular inflammation (P=0.015); and reduced bacterial densities in vegetations (P<0.001) and kidneys (P<0.01).The in vitro tPMP-susceptibility profile in S aureus substantially affects a number of well-defined cardiac and microbiological parameters related to disease severity and prognosis in IE. These findings underscore the likelihood that platelets mitigate the pathogenesis of endovascular infections via local secretion of antimicrobial peptides.
Amnesia and metamemory demonstrate the importance of both metaphors
Authors: Bennett L. Schwartz
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract The correspondence metaphor is useful in developing functional models of memory. However, the storehouse metaphor is still useful in developing structural and process models of memory. Traditional research techniques explore the structure of memory; everyday techniques explore the function of memory. We illustrate this point with two examples: amnesia and metamemory. In each phenomenon, both metaphors are useful.
Interleukin-8 Mediates Downregulation of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 Expression in Cholesterol-Loaded Human Macrophages
Authors: Martine Moreau, Isabelle Brocheriou, Laure Petit, Ewa Ninio, M. John Chapman, Mustapha Rouis
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —The accumulation of macrophage-derived foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions correlates with increased local release of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a thin fibrous cap. The activity of these enzymes is controlled by specific tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Methods and Results —Because oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) modulates gene expression, we investigated the effect of these particles on the levels of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in the culture media of human monocyte-derived macrophages. OxLDL but not native LDL or high-density lipoprotein reduced the level of TIMP-1 in a dose-dependent manner with maximal effect (60% of control) at ≈100 μg protein/mL. In addition, Northern blotting revealed marked reduction in the abundance of TIMP-1 mRNA in OxLDL-treated cells. Evaluation of the effect of oxysterol components of OxLDL on TIMP-1 production revealed that 25-hydroxycholesterol (1 μg/mL) was the most potent inhibitor (≈30% of control). Such inhibition was partially mediated by interleukin (IL)-8. Indeed, IL-8 (2.5 ng/mL) induced maximal inhibition of TIMP-1 accumulation (30% of control) in 4 of 6 cell preparations. In addition, the inhibitory effect of OxLDL-treated cells in the presence of an anti–IL-8 neutralizing antibody was partially reversed. Conclusions —Immunohistochemical analyses of human atherosclerotic plaques revealed the expression of TIMP-1 in some but not all macrophage-rich and IL-8–rich areas. Therefore, IL-8 may play a potential atherogenic role by inhibiting local TIMP-1 expression, thereby leading to an imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs at focal sites in the atherosclerotic plaque.
Exploring sport and exercise psychology
Authors: A D Gething
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2004)

Edited by J L van Raalte, B W Brewer. Washington, DC: The Eurospan Group, 2002, £33.95, softcover, pp 561. ISBN 1557988862

The days when psychology was referred to as “the art of pulling habits out of rats” are quite rightly now behind us. Indeed, the foreword eloquently describes the rapid and continued growth of psychology and …