tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Disorders of the Foot
Authors: Bernard F. Morrey
Journal: JAMA (1982)

This comprehensive text edited by Melvin H. Jahss represents a major effort to provide an authoritative reference for disorders of the foot. The scope of the undertaking far surpasses previous efforts along these lines, and the finished product will prove to be a valuable reference source not only to the orthopedic surgeon, but to the general practitioner or anyone involved with care of the foot and ankle.  An impressive collection of contributing authors has been assembled and provides authority to the book. Understandably, as with any such undertaking, there are some shortcomings to this work. The most obvious weaknesses are in the organization, thoroughness of the discussion, and completeness of the bibliography from chapter to chapter. The completeness of coverage of a given topic is not always governed by its clinical relevance. For example, a careful, in-depth review of the literature indicating the goals, risks, complications, and results of such
Genetic redox preconditioning differentially modulates AP-1 and NFκB responses following cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury and protects against necrosis and apoptosis
Authors: Jusan Yang, Jennifer J Marden, Chenguang Fan, Salih Sanlioglu, Robert M Weiss, Teresa C Ritchie, Robin L Davisson, John F Engelhardt
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2003)

Reactive oxygen species have been established as key mediators of cardiac injury following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). We hypothesized that superoxide formation at different subcellular locations following cardiac I/R injury may differentially regulate cellular responses that determine pathophysiologic outcomes. Recombinant adenoviruses expressing Cu/ZnSOD or MnSOD were utilized to modulate superoxide levels in the cytoplasmic or mitochondrial compartments, respectively, prior to coronary artery I/R injury in the rat heart. Ectopic expression of both MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD afforded protection from I/R injury, as evidenced by a significant reduction in serum creatine kinase levels, infarct size, malondialdehyde levels, and apoptotic cell death in comparison to controls. MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD expression also significantly altered the kinetics of NFκB and AP-1 activation following I/R injury, characterized by a delayed induction of NFκB and abrogated AP-1 response. Western blot analysis of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bad, Caspase 3, PDK1, and phospho-Akt also revealed SOD-mediated changes in gene expression consistent with protection and decreased apoptosis. These findings support the notion that both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic-derived SOD induce changes in AP-1 and NFκB activity, creating an antiapoptotic microenvironment within cardiomyocytes that affords protection following I/R injury.
AN ATYPICAL CASE OF TUBERCULOSIS OF THE SPINE
Authors: Charles K. Petter
Journal: JAMA (1934)

This case is presented because of the unusual lesions observed in the spine. Tuberculosis of the spine usually presents a typical roentgenologic picture and its diagnosis is ordinarily not difficult. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3><h3>History.—</h3> A white woman, aged 50, entered Glen Lake Sanatorium, Nov. 18, 1931, with the following complaints: (1) discharging left ear and enlarged cervical nodes; (2) loss of weight and weakness; (3) a mass in the left lumbar region; (4) fever and chills accompanied by occasional night sweats. The cervical adenitis was first noted in July 1931, following a mastoid operation. However, it was later recalled that a few slightly enlarged glands were present before the operation. The left ear had been discharging since the mastoidectomy. Loss of weight amounting to 25 pounds (11.3 Kg.) and weakness had been gradual over a period of two years. The mass in the lumbar region to the left of the
An Address on Chorea
Authors: D. Duckworth
Journal: BMJ (1885)

GENTLEMEN,-I assume that the purpose of the discussion whiclh I am requested to open this evening, is to assist in furthering the inquiry now being made respecting chorea.You are aware that the subcommittee which is collecting evidence about this disease has issued, in the first number of the Collective Investigation Record, a preliminary report, and this showed that the inquiry was likely to prove fruitful in due time.There should be little difficulty in gathering all the necessary facts in an inquiry of this sort.The disorder is common, readily recognised, and the evidence relating to it not usually far to seek.Permit me, then, to state the points on which further knowledge is desirable.First, it is required to have a much larger number of cases from which to deduce facts.Secondly, the ages and sex of the patients are wanted in all cases, and ev-ery case in each reporter's practice should be taken note of, for without this, a fallacy may come in respecting the incidence of chorea ondifferent classes of patients.Thlirdly, iniformation is sought as to the general prevalence of the disease in different districts.Fourthly, under the head of exciting causes, it is of the last import- ance to be exact as to the nature of these, and the interval between the
Abstract PL02-01: Cancer genetic and epigenetic interactions.
Authors: Peter W. Laird
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Cancer develops not only as a result of genetic mutations and genomic rearrangements, but also as a consequence of numerous epigenetic alterations, including extensive changes in the distribution of DNA methylation throughout the genome. DNA methylation changes contribute directly to cancer by transcriptional silencing of tumor-suppressor genes through promoter CpG island hypermethylation. Cancer genome studies have uncovered somatic mutations in dozens of epigenetic regulators in almost all types of cancer, and integrative analyses have revealed associations between various somatic genetic alterations and broad epigenomic profiles. Some somatic mutations are very tightly associated with distinct epigenetic subtypes, such as CpG Island Methylator Phenotypes (CIMP). In some cases, the somatic mutation appears to contribute causally to the epigenomic profile, such as in the case of mutation of IDH1 in G-CIMP glioblastoma, while in other cases the epigenomic alterations appear to be a prerequisite for somatic mutation, such as colorectal CIMP-associated changes contributing to suppression of mutant BRAF-mediated senescence. Other cancer epigenomic profiles are attributable to stochastic events or cell-of-origin chromatin states. For example, genomic loci targeted by Polycomb Group Repressors in embryonic stem cells, and involved in cellular differentiation are predisposed to aberrant DNA methylation in cancer cells, suggesting that an epigenetic block to cellular differentiation may sometimes be an initiating event in carcinogenesis. The analysis of whole methylomes at single-basepair resolution reveals that cancer-associated changes occur differentially across defined regions of the genome associated with the nuclear lamina. It is apparent that epigenomic analysis is essential for a full understanding of the relationship between alterations in the cancer genome and the origin and clinical diversity of individual tumors. Citation Format: Peter W. Laird. Cancer genetic and epigenetic interactions. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr PL02-01. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-PL02-01
Late Outcomes of Mitral Valve Repair for Mitral Regurgitation Due to Degenerative Disease
Authors: Tirone E. David, Susan Armstrong, Brian W. McCrindle, Cedric Manlhiot
Journal: Circulation (2013)

Background— The pathological spectrum of degenerative diseases of the mitral valve (MV) that causes mitral regurgitation (MR) is broad, and there is limited information on late outcomes of MV repair in various subgroups of patients and pathologies. This study examines this issue. Methods and Results— All 840 patients who had MV repair for MR due to degenerative diseases from 1985 to 2004 were prospectively followed with clinical and echocardiographic evaluations at biennial intervals up to 26 years, median of 10.4 years. Clinical, hemodynamic, and pathological variables were evaluated for their association with outcomes. Age, left ventricular ejection fraction, and functional class were predictors of late cardiac- and valve-related deaths by multivariable analysis. MV repair failed to restore life span to normal in patients with functional class IV. Thirty-eight patients had repeat MV surgery, and the probability of reoperation at 20 years was 5.9%. During the follow-up, recurrent severe MR developed in 37 patients, and moderate MR developed in 61. Age, isolated prolapse of the anterior leaflet, the degree of myxomatous changes in the MV, lack of mitral annuloplasty, and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass were associated with increased risk of recurrent MR. At 20 years, the freedom from recurrent severe MR was 90.7%, and the freedom from moderate or severe MR was 69.2%. Conclusions— MV repair for degenerative MR restored life span to normal except in patients with symptoms at rest and impaired left ventricular function. Advanced age and complex mitral valve pathologies increased the risk of late recurrent MR.
Ethnic Differences in Weight Loss and Diabetes Remission After Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Wanda M. Admiraal, Funda Celik, Victor E. Gerdes, Ramsey M. Dallal, Joost B. Hoekstra, Frits Holleman
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

OBJECTIVE It has been postulated that the effectiveness of bariatric surgery varies between ethnic groups. However, data regarding this topic are inconclusive, as most studies included few patients from minority groups. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the difference in percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) 1–2 years after bariatric surgery in people of African and Caucasian descent. We also studied differences in diabetes mellitus (DM) remission. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a MEDLINE and EMBASE search for studies reporting %EWL and/or DM remission after bariatric surgery and including both African Americans and Caucasians. The 613 publications obtained were reviewed. We included 14 studies (1,087 African Americans and 2,714 Caucasians); all provided data on %EWL and 3 on DM remission. We extracted surgery type, %EWL, and DM remission 1–2 years after surgery. After analyzing %EWL for any surgery type, we performed subanalyses for malabsorptive and restrictive surgery. RESULTS The overall absolute mean %EWL difference between African Americans and Caucasians was −8.36% (95% CI −10.79 to −5.93) significantly in favor of Caucasians. Results were similar for malabsorptive (−8.39% [−11.38 to −5.40]) and restrictive (−8.46% [−12.95 to −3.97]) surgery. The remission of DM was somewhat more frequent in African American patients than in Caucasian patients (1.41 [0.56–3.52]). However, this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS In %EWL terms, bariatric surgery is more effective in Caucasians than in African Americans, regardless of procedure type. Further studies are needed to investigate the exact mechanisms behind these disparities and to determine whether ethnic differences exist in the remission of comorbidities after bariatric surgery.
Technetium-99m-iminodiacetic acid organic anions: Review of biokinetics and clinical application in hepatology
Authors: Shakuntala Krishnamurthy, Gerbail T. Krishnamurthy
Journal: Hepatology (1989)

Technetium-99m-labeled iminodiacetic acid analogs are a new class of organic anions, taken up and secreted by hepatocyte into hepatic bile by a carrier-mediated organic anion pathway. They provide a new dimension in the assessment of pathophysiology and morphology of the hepatobiliary system. The amount of uptake and the rapidity of its elimination from the liver is dependent upon the structural configuration of the agent as well as the functional integrity of the hepatocyte and the patency of the biliary system. The clinical areas for application are wide and include most of the hepatobiliary diseases. Technetium-99m-iminodiacetic acid, an agent well suited for both planar and single photon tomographic scintigraphy, is ideal for early diagnosis prior to anatomical changes in the hepatobiliary system. The data collection directly from the liver provides quantitation of both regional and global liver diseases. The count-based method for measuring gallbladder emptying overcomes the theoretical disadvantages of geometric tests. Biokinetics and current clinical application of six of the 99m Tc-iminodiacetic acid agents are reviewed, and the potential future clinical and research areas of application are indicated.
FRACTURES OF BOTH BONES OF THE LEG
Authors: E. N. Wardle
Journal: BMJ (1933)

In malignant disease of the lung, x-ray treatment, if carried out intensively, causes temporary recession of the primary tumour, re-expansion of collapsed lung, and dis- appearance of enlarged cervical glands.Whether it pro- longs life or not, it certainly provides a survival period of a comparatively higlh degree of comfort and happiness, the inevitable end being rapid instead of a prolonged agoiny.
A CASE OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS INFECTION
Authors: E. R. Williams, A. F. Sladden
Journal: BMJ (1930)

BRUCELLA ABORTUS INFECTION.[MDTC BL JLoT 859 broth, and incubated for forty-eiglht hours at 370 C. Two of the tubes showed cloudiness.Subculture of these on agar plates gave a growth of circular, convex, translucent colonies which micro- scopical y showed small Gram-negative organisms distinctly more bacilliform than Br.mclitensis.They did not ferment any 6igar, and gave an alkaline reaction in litmus milk.This ce-ganism was agglutinated by serums prepared from three undoubted strains of Br. abortius, with end-points as follows:1. 8Wine strain of Br. abortus... ...
530 ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS OF HEPATIC VEINS: A 3-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN ON 200 SUBJECTS
Authors: F. Chi-Hua, Y. Jin-Hua, L. Wan Yee, L. Eric C.h., F. Ying-Fang, Z. Shi-Zhen, L. Ke-Xiao, C. Zhi-Xiang, S. Zhong-He, B. Su-Su
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Overexpression of Bcl-2 protects human hepatoma cells from Fasantibody-mediated apoptosis
Authors: Masahiko Takahashi, Hidetsugu Saito, Torayuki Okuyama, Toshiyuki Miyashita, Motomichi Kosuga, Futoshi Sumisa, Masao Yamada, Hirotoshi Ebinuma, Hiromasa Ishii
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1999)
DENUDATION, OR EROSION, OF THE TEETH.
Authors: JOHN S. MARSHALL
Journal: JAMA (1883)

[Read to the Section on Oral Surgery of Association, June, 1883.] Mr. President and Gentlemen: The subject to which I desire to call your attention is one that is still under controversy, and my object in presenting this paper is to review the opinions that have generally been entertained as to the cause of the disease, and emphasize, if I can, more fully than has yet been done the objections to these views, and then recall to your minds an explanation of the cause of the disease which has not heretofore received the attention it has deserved, viz., electro-chemical action. The terms denudation and erosion are derived from the Latin, the<i>first</i>meaning “to lay bare,” or “the condition of a part deprived of its natural covering, as a part denuded of its cuticle or mucous membrane, a bone of its periosteum, or a tooth of its enamel.” The
Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies three new risk loci for atopic dermatitis
Authors: Lavinia Paternoster, Marie Standl, Chih-Mei Chen, Adaikalavan Ramasamy, Klaus Bønnelykke, Liesbeth Duijts, Manuel A Ferreira, Alexessander Couto Alves, Jacob P Thyssen, Eva Albrecht, Hansjörg Baurecht, Bjarke Feenstra, Patrick M A Sleiman, Pirro Hysi, Nicole M Warrington, Ivan Curjuric, Ronny Myhre, John A Curtin, Maria M Groen-Blokhuis, Marjan Kerkhof, Annika Sääf, Andre Franke, David Ellinghaus, Regina Fölster-Holst, Emmanouil Dermitzakis, Stephen B Montgomery, Holger Prokisch, Katharina Heim, Anna-Liisa Hartikainen, Anneli Pouta, Juha Pekkanen, Alexandra I F Blakemore, Jessica L Buxton, Marika Kaakinen, David L Duffy, Pamela A Madden, Andrew C Heath, Grant W Montgomery, Philip J Thompson, Melanie C Matheson, Peter Le Souëf, Beate St. Pourcain, George Davey Smith, John Henderson, John P Kemp, Nicholas J Timpson, Panos Deloukas, Susan M Ring, H-Erich Wichmann, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Natalija Novak, Norman Klopp, Elke Rodríguez, Wendy McArdle, Allan Linneberg, Torkil Menné, Ellen A Nohr, Albert Hofman, André G Uitterlinden, Cornélia M van Duijn, Fernando Rivadeneira, Johan C de Jongste, Ralf J P van der Valk, Matthias Wjst, Rain Jogi, Frank Geller, Heather A Boyd, Jeffrey C Murray, Cecilia Kim, Frank Mentch, Michael March, Massimo Mangino, Tim D Spector, Veronique Bataille, Craig E Pennell, Patrick G Holt, Peter Sly, Carla M T Tiesler, Elisabeth Thiering, Thomas Illig, Medea Imboden, Wenche Nystad, Angela Simpson, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Dirkje Postma, Gerard H Koppelman, Henriette A Smit, Cilla Söderhäll, Bo Chawes, Eskil Kreiner-Møller, Hans Bisgaard, Erik Melén, Dorret I Boomsma, Adnan Custovic, Bo Jacobsson, Nicole M Probst-Hensch, Lyle J Palmer, Daniel Glass, Hakon Hakonarson, Mads Melbye, Deborah L Jarvis, Vincent W V Jaddoe, Christian Gieger, David P Strachan, Nicholas G Martin, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, Joachim Heinrich, David M Evans
Journal: Nature Genetics (2011)
Emergence of a Multiresistant Serotype 19A Pneumococcal Strain Not Included in the 7-Valent Conjugate Vaccine as an Otopathogen in Children
Authors: Michael E. Pichichero, Janet R. Casey
Journal: JAMA (2007)

ContextConcern has been raised about the possible emergence of a bacterial strain that is untreatable by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved antibiotics and that causes acute otitis media (AOM) in children.ObjectiveTo monitor continuing shifts in the strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae that cause AOM, with particular attention to capsular serotypes and antibiotic susceptibility, following the introduction of a pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7).Design, Setting, and PatientsProspective cohort study using tympanocentesis to identify S pneumoniae strains that caused AOM in children receiving PCV7 between September 2003 and June 2006. All children were from a Rochester, New York, pediatric practice.Main Outcome MeasureDetermination of serotypes and antibiotic susceptibility of S pneumoniae causing AOM.ResultsAmong 1816 children in whom AOM was diagnosed, tympanocentesis was performed in 212, yielding 59 cases of S pneumoniae infection. One strain of S pneumoniae belonging to serotype 19A was a new genotype and was resistant to all antibiotics approved by the FDA for use in children with AOM. This strain was identified in 9 cases (2 in 2003-2004, 2 in 2004-2005, and 5 in 2005-2006). Four children infected with this strain had been unsuccessfully treated with 2 or more antibiotics, including high-dose amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate and 3 injections of ceftriaxone; 3 had recurrent AOM; and for 2 others, the infection was their first in life. The first 4 cases required tympanostomy tube insertion after additional unsuccessful antibiotic therapies. Levofloxacin was used in the subsequent 5 cases, with resolution of infection without surgery.ConclusionIn the years following introduction of PCV7, a strain of S pneumoniae has emerged in the United States as an otopathogen that is resistant to all FDA-approved antibiotics for treatment of AOM in children.
"Joining the dots" for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: personal perspectives of health care from a qualitative study
Authors: E D Hale
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

To examine the perceptions of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) about their health care provision in the United Kingdom.Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 women aged 26 to 68 years who were diagnosed with SLE one to 12 years earlier. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis to organise the themes of importance to participants.Four themes emerged: diagnostic difficulties; understanding; communication; and integrated health care. Before diagnosis there was concern to appear legitimately ill and to have a label for the condition. After diagnosis participants still encountered health care professionals who were poorly informed about SLE. Family, friends, and employers did not understand the fluctuating nature of SLE, which often led to isolation. Participants felt that even health care professionals who specialised in SLE could not fully understand the psychosocial impact of the condition, and therefore did not provide information to meet those needs. Participants did not know which of the many health care professionals they had contact with to approach about their concerns. Lack of communication at an interdisciplinary level left them feeling that nobody was "joining the dots" for their health care.Patients with SLE do not feel understood by health care providers or people close to them. Support from trained volunteers with SLE, as available at the open access lupus clinic in Dudley (West Midlands, UK), would ensure more adequate information from someone with personal experience. Such services may improve communication and help minimise SLE patients' isolation.
High-Risk STD/HIV Behavior Among College Students
Authors: Noni E. MacDonald
Journal: JAMA (1990)

The current sexually transmitted disease (STD) epidemic in adolescents has led to concern about the potential for spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 1988, a total of 5514 students in first-year community college and university classrooms across Canada were surveyed to assess STD/HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and risk behavior. The students' mean age was 19.7 years; the male-to-female ratio was 1:1.4. Students knew more about HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome than other STDs. Of the 74.3% of the men and 68.9% of the women who were coitally active, 14.3% of the men and 18.6% of the women had participated in anal intercourse and 5.5% reported a previous STD. Only 24.8% of the men and 15.6% of the women always used a condom during sexual intercourse. Among the 21.3% of the men and 8.6% of the women with 10 or more partners, regular condom use was reported in only 21% and 7.5%, respectively. In this subgroup, anal intercourse was practiced by 26.9% of the men and 34.8% of the women, and previous STD was reported by 10.6% and 24.2%, respectively. Factors associated with not using a condom included number of sexual partners, embarrassment about condom purchase, difficulty discussing condom use with a partner, use of oral contraceptives, insufficient knowledge of HIV/STDs, and the belief that condoms interfere with sexual pleasure. These factors are potentially amenable to change. Effective, behaviorally focused educational programs are needed to improve condom use and reduce STD/HIV risk.
Preventing obesity in primary schoolchildren
Authors: E. M F van Sluijs, A. McMinn
Journal: BMJ (2010)

School based physical activity programmes are promising, but difficult to sustain

Childhood obesity is rapidly increasing worldwide and is associated with a higher risk of several health problems, as well as with being obese as an adult.1 Obesity is at least partly caused by an energy imbalance, which makes tackling unhealthy diets and low levels of physical activity in children key public health objectives. Physical activity in childhood has also been independently associated with health outcomes,2 3 so promoting physical activity probably has benefits beyond weight control. However, promoting physical activity in children has proved challenging, and we have little evidence available for effective strategies.4

In the linked cluster randomised trial on bmj.com (doi:10.1136/bmj.c785), Kriemler and colleagues evaluated a school based physical activity programme targeted at preventing excessive weight gain in Swiss primary schoolchildren.5 The multi-component intervention was conducted over one school year and focused on three main aspects: increasing the quality and amount of physical education, introducing short daily activity breaks during academic lessons, and providing children with daily …