tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ga-68 DOTATOC PET, Endoscopic Ultrasonography, and Multidetector CT in the Diagnosis of Duodenopancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Annibale Versari, Lorenzo Camellini, Gabriele Carlinfante, Andrea Frasoldati, Franco Nicoli, Elisa Grassi, Carmine Gallo, Francesca P. Giunta, Alessandro Fraternali, Diana Salvo, Mattia Asti, Francesco Azzolini, Veronica Iori, Romano Sassatelli
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2010)

In this report, we compared endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), multidetector CT (MDCT), and Ga-68 DOTATOC PET/CT in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). We report our experience with use of these methods in patients suspected to have duodenopancreatic primitive NET.Nineteen consecutive patients (mean age, 56; 21-80), who underwent both Ga-68 DOTATOC PET/CT and EUS between March 2007 and November 2008 were retrospectively included in the study (16 underwent MDCT). Suspicion of NET was confirmed by EUS-FNA and/or surgery. Operative characteristics of PET, EUS, and MDCT were compared.Twenty-three neuroendocrine lesions were diagnosed in 13/19 patients. EUS, PET, and MDCT correctly identified as affected 13/13 (100%), 12/13 (92%), and 10/11 (91%) patients, respectively. On a lesion basis, EUS, PET, and MDCT identified correctly as NETs 22/23 (96%), 20/23 (87%), and 13/18 (72%) lesions (P = 0.08 EUS vs. CT). Both on a patient and on a lesion basis, specificity was 67%, 83%, and 80% for EUS, PET, and MDCT, respectively.EUS, Ga-68 DOTATOC PET, and MDCT seem to have comparable accuracy in diagnosis of duodenopancreatic NET and their combination may allow an optimal preoperative diagnosis.
Early Diagnosis of Carcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: Ralph J. Veenema
Journal: JAMA (1963)

The fact that 14,000 men died in 1962 from prostatic carcinoma again emphasizes the need for yearly rectal examinations of all men over the age of 40. Prostatic cancer produces symptoms only in the advanced stage. Detection of an early, clinically manifest, nodule in the prostate can best be accomplished by periodic rectal examination and biopsy of any palpably suspicious area. Surgical procedures cannot replace careful rectal palpation of the prostate as a screening technique. The term "early carcinoma of the prostate" should be reserved for those prostatic neoplasms which are palpable and are limited to the prostate. An overly aggressive attitude in searching for microscopic foci of prostatic carcinoma in a clinically latent phase by surgical screening procedures is not warranted.
Diagnosis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea challenges identify previously undiagnosed elite athletes with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
Authors: John Dickinson, Alison McConnell, Greg Whyte
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

There is increasing evidence to suggest many elite athletes fail to recognise and report symptoms of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), supporting the contention that athletes should be screened routinely for EIB.To screen elite British athletes for EIB using eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea (EVH).228 elite athletes provided written informed consent and completed an EVH challenge with maximal flow volume loops measured at baseline and 3, 5, 10 and 15 min following EVH. A fall of 10% in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) from baseline was deemed positive. Two-way analysis of variance was conducted to compare FEV(1) at baseline and maximal change following EVH between EVH-positive and EVH-negative athletes who did and did not report a previous diagnosis of EIB. Significance was assumed if p ≤0.05.Following the EVH challenge 78 athletes (34%) demonstrated EVH positive. 57 out of the 78 (73%) athletes who demonstrated EVH positive did not have a previous diagnosis of EIB. 30 athletes reported a previous diagnosis of asthma, nine (30%) of whom demonstrated EVH negative. There was no significant difference between the magnitude of the fall in FEV(1) between athletes who reported a previous diagnosis of EIB and demonstrated EVH positive, and those with no previous diagnosis of EIB who demonstrated EVH positive (mean±SD; -21.6 ± 16.1% vs -17.1 ± 9.7%; p=0.07).The high proportion of previously undiagnosed athletes who demonstrated EVH positive suggests that elite athletes should be screened routinely for EIB using a suitable bronchoprovocation challenge.
Tobacco Litigation as Cancer Prevention: Dealing with the Devil
Authors: George J. Annas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

Tobacco companies have come to personify the devil, and strategies to exorcise tobacco smoking from the United States proliferate. Tobacco's demonic status is even reflected in popular fiction. John Grisham's latest bestseller, The Runaway Jury, for example, is a broadside attack on tobacco companies. He opens the book by noting that tobacco companies “had been thoroughly isolated and vilified by consumer groups, doctors, even politicians.”1 This was bad, but it was getting even worse: “Now the lawyers were after them.”1 Physicians often see trial lawyers as predators, but choosing sides between lawyers and big tobacco has, at least recently, seemed . . .
Bringing the field into the classroom: an innovative methodology in global health teaching
Authors: M H Bryant, J Wolff
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2015)

BackgroundThe practice of global health is difficult to teach from a US-based classroom. Students benefit from experiencing how theory becomes practice in the chaotic environments of under-resourced health programmes in developing countries. We could not take our students to the field during weekly course work, so we designed a course to bring the field to the students. We created innovative partnerships with locally based organisations that implement programmes in developing countries. Each student works with the same organisation for 4 months to resolve organisational challenges in human resource, quality, information, logistics, or financial management.MethodsWe sent an online survey to 150 students on completion of the course, asking students to rate the course on a 5-point Likert scale. The survey included questions in the categories of knowledge and skill development, relevance and value of materials, integration of learning, and the degree to which the course had prepared them for their career. We received 102 responses (68%) which were analysed and compared with other methods of teaching. We used Nvivo to analyse 850 bi-weekly student reflections and grounded theory was used to identify themes.FindingsStudents consistently ranked the course highly in all categories (mean 4·87, median 4·91, range 4·16–5·00), and scored the course significantly higher than other courses teaching similar materials in the same or in other departments. These findings were not affected by the ratings of individual teachers. Qualitative analysis showed that students reported the teaching approach as: challenging but rewarding, effective in developing new skills, and successful in drawing together all aspects of their previous learning. Students consistently identified working with organisations in Africa, Asia, or Latin America, and solving their real challenges as the most important aspect of the course. All respondents would recommend the course to other students. Informal questioning of the partner organisations indicated that the work of the students was helpful and 50–75% of products by students were implemented.InterpretationThe teaching method created for this course is effective in building practical skills. Students found this method to be better than more established approaches such as case studies, classroom simulations, and discussions. Our findings suggest that to better prepare students to work in global health we should engage more closely with actual implementers and reduce reliance on lecture and case-study methodologies.FundingNone.
Polymorphisms of interleukin-1β in Japanese patients with hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Kiyoshi Migita, Yumi Maeda, Seigo Abiru, Minoru Nakamura, Atsumasa Komori, Seiji Miyazoe, Kazuhiko Nakao, Hiroshi Yatsuhashi, Katsumi Eguchi, Hiromi Ishibashi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
Sema3E–Plexin D1 signaling drives human cancer cell invasiveness and metastatic spreading in mice
Authors: Andrea Casazza, Veronica Finisguerra, Lorena Capparuccia, Andrea Camperi, Jakub M. Swiercz, Sabrina Rizzolio, Charlotte Rolny, Claus Christensen, Andrea Bertotti, Ivana Sarotto, Mauro Risio, Livio Trusolino, Jurgen Weitz, Martin Schneider, Massimilano Mazzone, Paolo M. Comoglio, Luca Tamagnone
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E) is a secreted molecule implicated in axonal path finding and inhibition of developmental and postischemic angiogenesis. Sema3E is also highly expressed in metastatic cancer cells, but its mechanistic role in tumor progression was not understood. Here we show that expression of Sema3E and its receptor Plexin D1 correlates with the metastatic progression of human tumors. Consistent with the clinical data, knocking down endogenous expression of either Sema3E or Plexin D1 in human metastatic carcinoma cells hampered their metastatic potential when injected into mice, while tumor growth was not markedly affected. Conversely, overexpression of exogenous Sema3E in cancer cells increased their invasiveness, transendothelial migration, and metastatic spreading, although it inhibited tumor vessel formation, resulting in reduced tumor growth in mice. The proinvasive and metastatic activity of Sema3E in tumor cells was dependent on transactivation of the Plexin D1-associated ErbB2/Neu oncogenic kinase. In sum, Sema3E-Plexin D1 signaling in cancer cells is crucially implicated in their metastatic behavior and may therefore be a promising target for strategies aimed at blocking tumor metastasis.
Treatment of HCV-Related Mantle-Cell Lymphoma with Ribavirin and Pegylated Interferon Alfa
Authors: Alexandra M. Levine, Shigetaka Shimodaira, Michael M.C. Lai
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

To the Editor: We expand on the data presented by Hermine et al., who demonstrated the antitumor efficacy of interferon alfa in hepatitis C virus (HCV)–infected patients with marginal-zone lymphoma...
Long-term corticosteroid treatment of asthma.
Authors: I. Gregg
Journal: BMJ (1968)

hepatitis was 30,000 cases with nearly 3,600 deaths.No account was taken of the incidence of anicteric hepatitis, and, in general, the accepted ratio is 1 overt case for at least 10 actual infections, although in 1965 it was estimated that the ratio of anic- teric to icteric hepatitis after blood trans- fusion could be greater than 100: 1 (based on a small number of patients).'Casting aside for the moment the economics in terms of mortality and morbidity, it would have been quite a useful exercise in economics to calculate the cost of treatment of patients with hepatitis.This indeed has been done in one reported series from the United States.6The " average " patient suffering from post-transfusion hepatitis required hos- pital treatment for 35 days, incurring hospital costs of £300 to £670.There are no completely reliable tests available at present for the detection of carriers of the virus of hepatitis, but no matter what method of case finding was used the lowest incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis was seen when commercially supplied blood was avoided.7 Mosley' recently wrote that virus hepatitis is now the most important complication of the transfusion of blood and blood products, and it is as well to remember this.Hepatitis is not generally notifiable in this country, but there is no reason to suppose that we are in any way unique as far as the incidence of hepatitis is concerned, and it would be unwise to ignore the facts collected in other countries.The case for the notification of hepatitis in the United Kingdom and the organization of the follow-up of all patients who receive blood transfusion9 can only be made stronger in the light of our ignorance as to the real incidence of the disease.This information should be avail- able well before the economists guide us into the purchase of blood.-Iam, etc.,
BMP6 is a key endogenous regulator of hepcidin expression and iron metabolism
Authors: Billy Andriopoulos Jr, Elena Corradini, Yin Xia, Sarah A Faasse, Shanzhuo Chen, Lovorka Grgurevic, Mitchell D Knutson, Antonello Pietrangelo, Slobodan Vukicevic, Herbert Y Lin, Jodie L Babitt
Journal: Nature Genetics (2009)
Asthma diagnosis and airway bronchodilator response in HIV-infected patients
Authors: Matthew R. Gingo, Sally E. Wenzel, Chad Steele, Cathy J. Kessinger, Lorrie Lucht, Tammi Lawther, Michelle Busch, Maria E. Hillenbrand, Renee Weinman, William A. Slivka, Deborah K. McMahon, Yingze Zhang, Frank C. Sciurba, Alison Morris
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Excellent outcome following down-staging of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to liver transplantation: An intention-to-treat analysis
Authors: Francis Y. Yao, Robert K. Kerlan, Ryutaro Hirose, Timothy J. Davern, Nathan M. Bass, Sandy Feng, Marion Peters, Norah Terrault, Chris E. Freise, Nancy L. Ascher, John P. Roberts
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Abstract We previously reported encouraging results of down-staging of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to meet conventional T2 criteria (one lesion 2–5 cm or two to three lesions &lt;3 cm) for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in 30 patients as a test of concept. In this ongoing prospective study, we analyzed longer-term outcome data on HCC down-staging in a larger cohort of 61 patients with tumor stage exceeding T2 criteria who were enrolled between June 2002 and January 2007. Eligibility criteria for down-staging included: (1) one lesion &gt;5 cm and up to 8 cm; (2) two to three lesions with at least one lesion &gt;3 cm and not exceeding 5 cm, with total tumor diameter up to 8 cm; or (3) four to five lesions with none &gt;3 cm, with total tumor diameter up to 8 cm. A minimum observation period of 3 months after down-staging was required before OLT. Tumor down-staging was successful in 43 patients (70.5%). Thirty-five patients (57.4%) had received OLT, including two who had undergone live-donor liver transplantation. Treatment failure was observed in 18 patients (29.5%), primarily due to tumor progression. In the explant of 35 patients who underwent OLT, 13 had complete tumor necrosis, 17 met T2 criteria, and five exceeded T2 criteria. The Kaplan-Meier intention-to-treat survival at 1 and 4 years after down-staging were 87.5% and 69.3%, respectively. The 1-year and 4-year posttransplantation survival rates were 96.2% and 92.1%, respectively. No patient had HCC recurrence after a median posttransplantation follow-up of 25 months. The only factor predicting treatment failure was pretreatment alpha-fetoprotein &gt;1,000 ng/mL. Conclusion: Successful down-staging of HCC can be achieved in the majority of carefully selected patients and is associated with excellent posttransplantation outcome. (Hepatology 2008.)
Study on stem cells for stroke patients to start in Scotland later in 2009
Authors: B. Christie
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Stem cells derived from human fetal tissue are to be injected into the brains of patients who have had a stroke in a trial to begin in Glasgow later this year. The eventual aim is to determine if neural stem cells can repair tissue damaged by stroke.

ReNeuron, the UK based company that has developed the stem cell line, has turned to Britain to carry out the research after failing to get approval in the United States.

The UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency has given the go-ahead for the trial; …
Folate, Cobalamin, Cysteine, Homocysteine, and Arsenic Metabolism among Children in Bangladesh
Authors: Megan N. Hall, Xinhua Liu, Vesna Slavkovich, Vesna Ilievski, J. Richard Pilsner, Shafiul Alam, Pam Factor-Litvak, Joseph H. Graziano, Mary V. Gamble
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

Approximately 35 million people in Bangladesh are chronically exposed to inorganic arsenic (InAs) in drinking water. Methylation of InAs to monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acids (DMA) relies on folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism and facilitates urinary arsenic (uAs) elimination.
Comparison of magnified endoscopic images of<i>Ancylostoma duodenale</i>(hookworm) and<i>Anisakis simplex</i>
Authors: Y. Nakagawa, T. Nagai, H. Okawara, H. Nakashima, T. Tasaki, W. Soma, A. Hisamatu, J. Anan, K. Murakami, T. Fujioka
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

A 77-year-old woman with chronic iron deficiency anemia had a medical examination in May 2002. She was diagnosed as having anisakiasis after upper endoscopy of the antrum of the stomach, and a worm was removed. Three years later, an upper endoscopy showed several worms in the first and second portions of the duodenum, but there were no symptoms. Ten live worms were removed using standard biopsy forceps and were identified by microscopic examination as hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale).
THE SPLANCHNIC REMOVAL OF BACTERIA FROM THE BLOOD STREAM OF LEUKOPENIC RABBITS
Authors: Grace P. Kerby, Samuel P. Martin
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1951)

In rabbits subjected to profound damage of the blood-forming tissues by the use of benzene and mechlorethamine hydrochloride, no impairment of efficiency in the splanchnic removal of M. aureus from the blood stream could be demonstrated by a method involving catheterization of the hepatic vein. All evidence continues to indicate that a bacteriemia cannot be maintained unless the organisms are introduced constantly into the blood stream from some source. The importance of the leukocyte in the establishment and clearing of the bacteriemias appears to lie in its phagocytic activities at the local source of the bacteriemia rather than in any quantitatively significant phagocytosis of organisms circulating in the blood stream. The present studies suggest that in the study of the leukopenic state attention should be directed more especially toward the identification and eradication of the local source of organisms.
S120 Reference values for the incremental shuttle walking test in a healthy population
Authors: S. L. Harrison, N. J. Greening, L. Houchen, J. E. A. Williams, M. Morgan, M. Steiner, S. J. Singh
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The assessment of functional exercise capacity is important in the evaluation of patients with chronic conditions and field walking tests are often used to assess functional exercise capacity. The ISWT is one field exercise test which is often employed in the assessment of pulmonary and cardiac rehabilitation (PR, CR) patients and also to prescribe a walking speed. In PR and CR programmes the ISWT is employed to calculate walking speed set at a desired training threshold. The aim of the study was to establish reference values for the ISWT and an equation for its prediction in a healthy population. This will allow comparison between patients from PR and CR programmes and healthy age-matched controls. <h3>Methods</h3> Subjects were aged between 40 and 90 years, had normal spirometry defined as FEV<sub>1</sub> % pred &gt;80% and/or a FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC &gt;70% and had no known co-morbidities affecting mobility. The best distance from two ISWT was recorded along with body mass index (BMI) and leg length. Quadriceps maximal voluntary contraction (QMVC: Kg) was measured using a strain gauge (Kern). Physical activity was assessed using the DUKE physical activity questionnaire and an activity monitor (SenseWear PRO<sup>2</sup> Armband). The number of steps and energy expenditure achieved over 2 days was recorded. Subjects also completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. <h3>Results</h3> 114 patients completed the study [mean (SD) age 60.48 (10.99) years, FEV<sub>1</sub> 108.82% (15.13) predicted, 37 male]. Mean ISWT distance was 690 m (152.68). There were no significant differences in walking distance between males and females (p&gt;0.05). ISWT distance showed significant correlations with age, BMI, FEV<sub>1</sub>, QMVC, DUKE physical activity score and height (p&lt;0.01). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that age, BMI, FEV<sub>1</sub>, QMVC and DUKE physical activity score were independent contributors to the ISWT distance achieved by healthy subjects, explaining 50.4% of the variance. (Abstract S120 figure 1). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Variance in the ISWT can be measured using a composite score, comprising of: age, BMI, FEV<sub>1</sub>, QMVC and DUKE physical activity score. These findings would allow clinicians to express results of the ISWT as a percentage of the predicted values making results more meaningful for patients with chronic conditions.
Influence of Fibrinolysin on Shock
Authors: Robert M. Hardaway, Dale G. Johnson
Journal: JAMA (1963)

THE COMMON DENOMINATOR of all types of reversible shock appears to be an inadequate perfusion of vital visceral capillaries. This is affected, but not exclusively determined, by arterial blood pressure, cardiac output and venous return to the heart, vasoconstriction or dilitation, blood volume, heart failure, and other factors. A factor which may dramatically affect flow of blood through capillaries is the plugging of these capillaries with clotted blood. Evidence that intravascular coagulation occurs during hemorrhagic shock has been recently presented.<sup>1</sup>A new hemorrhagic shock model enabling the study of blood clotting factors was utilized. Under morphine sedation, dogs were bled through an ion-exchange resin column which decalcified the blood. Bleeding was carried out in 15 min. using a femoral artery catheter until the mean aortic pressure was 30 mm Hg. This usually required about 50 ml/kg. Then enough decalcified blood was returned to the animal to raise the pressure
Essential role for TMEM100 in vascular integrity but limited contributions to the pathogenesis of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
Authors: Eun-Hye Moon, Yoo Sung Kim, Jiyoung Seo, Sabin Lee, Young Jae Lee, Suk Paul Oh
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

AimsTMEM100 was previously identified as a downstream target of activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1; ACVRL1) signalling. Mutations on ALK1 cause hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), a vascular disorder characterized by mucocutaneous telangiectases and visceral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). The aims of this study are to investigate the in vivo role of TMEM100 at various developmental and adult stages and to determine the extent to which TMEM100 contributed to the development of AVMs as a key downstream effector of ALK1.
Diversity in Medicine
Authors: Robert Steinbrook
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

With a record number of applicants to medical schools in the United States in 1995 and concern about a surplus of physicians, it is sometimes forgotten that many people are underserved by the medical profession, particularly the poor, members of minority groups, and residents of rural areas. Although the underserved are less likely to have health insurance or other financial resources, they are more likely to have medical needs. These needs may be aggravated by social or financial problems, language barriers, or inability to find high-quality care.In this issue of the Journal, Komaromy et al. document the essential role . . .