tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Linking iodine with autoimmune thyroiditis.
Authors: N R Rose, L Rasooly, A M Saboori, C L Burek
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

A great deal of circumstantial evidence has linked iodine with the rising incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis in the United States. In our investigations, we have shown directly that T cells from humans with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis proliferate in the presence of iodinated but not in the presence of noniodinated human thyroglobulin. Moreover, the proliferative response is restored when the thyroglobulin is iodinated artificially in vitro. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies, we found evidence that the presence of iodine induces a number of stereochemical changes in the conformation of the molecule, resulting in the loss of some antigenic determinants and the appearance of others. One prominent determinant was associated with the iodine-containing amino acid thyroxine. Both the number and position of the iodine substituents determine the precise specificity of this epitope. A new model for the study of the role of iodine in inducing thyroid autoimmunity has become available in the form of the nonobese diabetic (NOD)-H2(h4) mouse. This animal develops autoimmune thyroiditis spontaneously but in relatively low prevalence. However, if iodine is added to the drinking water, the prevalence and severity of the thyroid lesions increase markedly. The immune response is specific for thyroglobulin, both in terms of the antibody response and T-cell proliferation. In fact, the appearance of lesions can be predicted by the presence of thyroglobulin-specific IgG2b antibody. The disease, moreover, can be transferred adoptively, using spleen cells from iodine-fed donors treated in vitro with iodinated thyroglobulin. The effects of iodine feeding are greater in conventional animals compared with those maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions. Based on T-cell proliferation, it appears that the NOD-H2(h4) strain of mice has innately a greater response to murine thyroglobulin than do other mouse strains and that the proliferation is increased even more by feeding iodine. We suggest, therefore, that the presence of iodine increases the autoantigenic potency of thyroglobulin, a major pathogenic antigen in the induction of autoimmune thyroiditis. This animal model provides a unique opportunity for investigating in detail the mechanisms by which an environmental agent can trigger a pathogenic autoimmune response in a susceptible host.
Increased BMI correlates with higher risk of disease relapse and differentiation syndrome in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with the AIDA protocols
Authors: Massimo Breccia, Luca Mazzarella, Vincenzo Bagnardi, Davide Disalvatore, Giuseppina Loglisci, Giuseppe Cimino, Anna Maria Testi, Giuseppe Avvisati, Maria Concetta Petti, Clara Minotti, Roberto Latagliata, Robin Foà, Pier Giuseppe Pelicci, Francesco Lo-Coco
Journal: Blood (2011)
Airway Smooth Muscle and Mast Cell–derived CC Chemokine Ligand 19 Mediate Airway Smooth Muscle Migration in Asthma
Authors: Davinder Kaur, Ruth Saunders, Patrick Berger, Salman Siddiqui, Lucy Woodman, Andrew Wardlaw, Peter Bradding, Christopher E. Brightling
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

Airway smooth muscle (ASM) hyperplasia is a feature of asthma, and increases with disease severity. We hypothesized that this results from migration of ASM or progenitors in response to chemokines derived from ASM or mast cells within the ASM bundle.To examine expression of the chemokine receptor, CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 7, in vivo by ASM in patients with asthma and healthy control subjects, and by primary cultures of ASM and fibroblasts; to define expression of its ligands, CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 19 and CCL21, in bronchial biopsies, and primary cultures of ASM and mast cells; and to investigate CCR7's role in ASM migration and repair.ASM was isolated from bronchoscopy and resection tissue. Receptor and chemokine expression was examined by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, ELISA, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. CCR7 function was examined by intracellular calcium measurements, chemotaxis, wound healing assays, and measurement of cell proliferation.ASM, myofibroblasts, and fibroblasts expressed CCR7. CCL19, but not CCL21, was highly expressed in bronchial biopsies by mast cells and vessels in asthma of all severities, ASM in severe disease, and ex vivo ASM and mast cells. ASM CCR7 activation by CCL19-mediated intracellular calcium elevation and concentration-dependent migration, but not proliferation. Importantly, mast cell and ASM-derived CCL19 mediated ASM migration and repair.The CCL19/CCR7 axis may play an important role in the development of ASM hyperplasia in asthma.
Long-Term Potentiation of Glial Synaptic Currents in Cerebellar Culture
Authors: David J Linden
Journal: Neuron (1997)

Glial cells in the brain express neurotransmitter receptors and can respond appropriately to application of exogenous neurotransmitters such as glutamate. However, activation of receptors by endogenous, synaptically released transmitter has been difficult to demonstrate directly. Using cell-pair recording in cerebellar cultures from embryonic mouse, it is shown that activation of a cerebellar granule neuron can give rise to a rapid inward current in an adjacent glial cell. This current is mediated by activation of Ca2+-permeable AMPA/kainate receptors and is largely independent of glutamate reuptake or gap junctional coupling. Furthermore, prolonged stimulation of the granule neuron at 4 Hz can give rise to long-term potentiation (LTP) of the glial synaptic current that has similar properties to LTP of granule neuron–Purkinje neuron synaptic transmission—its induction is independent of postsynaptic depolarization, postsynaptic Ca2+ influx, or glutamate receptor activation but requires presynaptic Ca2+ influx. These findings suggest a model in which cerebellar LTP is both induced and expressed presynaptically and therefore may be detected by either neuronal or glial postsynaptic cells.
EU calls for "common vision" on dementia research
Authors: R. Watson
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The European Commission has put forward a four point plan to tackle dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. The plan emphasises the need for early diagnosis, stronger cooperation among researchers, sharing of best practice, and greater attention to patients’ rights.

The initiative follows a recommendation adopted by European Union governments last year to give a higher political profile to care of people with such disorders. The recommendation committed all 27 European Union countries to “develop a common vision on how cooperation and coordination in the field of research can …
Limitation of myocardial ischemia by collateral circulation during sudden controlled coronary artery occlusion in human subjects: a prospective study.
Authors: M Cohen, K P Rentrop
Journal: Circulation (1986)

We have shown improvement in collateral filling immediately after sudden controlled coronary occlusion in human subjects undergoing elective coronary angioplasty. It has been suggested but not proved that collateral circulation can limit myocardial ischemia. We prospectively studied 23 patients with isolated left anterior descending (n = 14) or right coronary (n = 9) disease and normal left ventriculograms during elective coronary angioplasty. A second arterial catheter was used for injection of the contralateral artery to assess collateral filling before balloon placement and during coronary occlusion by balloon inflation. Left ventriculography was performed during another inflation. Grading of collateral filling was as follows: 0 = none, 1 = filling of side branches only, 2 = partial filling of the epicardial segment, 3 = complete filling of the epicardial segment. Indexes of myocardial ischemia included percent of the left ventricular perimeter showing new hypocontractility and the sum of ST segment elevation measured on a simultaneous 12-lead electrocardiogram recorded during each inflation. Collateral filling during balloon occlusion and indexes of ischemia were assessed at 30 to 40 sec into inflation. Aortic pressure and heart rate did not correlate with the percent hypocontractile perimeter nor the sum of ST segment elevation. There was a significant correlation between the grade of collateral filling during inflation and both percent hypocontractile perimeter (r = -.85) and the sum of ST segment elevation (r = -.87). Anginal pain occurred in all patients with grade 0 or 1 collateral filling but in only 36% of patients with grade 2 or 3 collaterals. In conclusion, collateral circulation limits myocardial ischemia as assessed by the extent of new ventricular asynergy and electrocardiographic changes during coronary occlusion in patients.
Targeting antiapoptotic A1/Bfl-1 by in vivo RNAi reveals multiple roles in leukocyte development in mice
Authors: Eleonora Ottina, Francesca Grespi, Denise Tischner, Claudia Soratroi, Stephan Geley, Andreas Ploner, Holger M. Reichardt, Andreas Villunger, Marco J. Herold
Journal: Blood (2012)
Evidence to inform
Authors: Fiona Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2007)

The BMJ aims to help doctors make better decisions. Often this may best be achieved by helping doctors to help patients make better decisions. Yet recent research from the Picker Institute has found that doctors in the UK are worse at engaging patients in healthcare decisions than doctors in comparable countries. Use of decision aids is only one aspect of engaging patients but it's a potentially important one. A Cochrane review has found that decision aids improve people's knowledge of the options, create realistic expectations of benefits and harms, reduce difficulty with decision making, and increase participation.

The trial on decision aids for …
Drugs and the Embryo
Authors: D. Wheatley
Journal: BMJ (1964)

MEDICLNpatients was their unprompted admission that on this drug they felt generally better than previously.In my limited experience of this new hypo- tensive agent it would appear to be a potent and useful drug for the common types of hypertension.Individual dose requirements appear to be wide but considerably lower than found by Peart and MacMahon.The critical dose level is narrow and it should be administered cautiously, starting with 5 mg.b.d. and increasing the dose by 5 mg.b.d.every three to seven days until a satisfactory response is reached.The value of the drug is enhanced by its satisfactory hypotensive effect on the lying as well as the standing blood-pressure in all cases studied.-Iam, etc.,
No Optical Goods Concession at the Panama-Pacific nternational Exposition
Authors: George Houghberry
Journal: JAMA (1913)

mine the composition of the solution so obtained, three table- spoonfuls (about 55 gm.) were well shaken with one quart of warm water and this allowed to stand for three days.Exami- nation of flic supernatant solution showed each 100 e.c. to contain approximately, 1.4 gm. of sodium chlorid and 2.7 gm. of basic ferric, sulphate (Monsel's salt)..This is equivalent to about 7 grains of common salt and about 14 grains of Monsel's salt to each lluidounce.And Ibis is the marvelous "cure."for which Baughn claims to have "searched and searched" and finally "found in nature's laboratory!"This is the stuff that, according to Baughn, is "the balm that heals-the antidote for the poison that weakens and deadens body and intellect alike."This, a mixture of charcoal, common salt, iron sulphate and a dash of quinin-not to men- tion the straw and "dirt"-is what Baughn is selling at $10 a "treatment" to the unfortunate sufferers from pellagra.'Ihere are many disreputable ways of making money, but we know of none so mean, so heartless, so devoid of common
Primary Isoniazid Prophylaxis against Tuberculosis in HIV-Exposed Children
Authors: Shabir A. Madhi, Sharon Nachman, Avy Violari, Soyeon Kim, Mark F. Cotton, Raziya Bobat, Patrick Jean-Philippe, George McSherry, Charles Mitchell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

The dual epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis is a major cause of sickness and death in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of preexposure isoniazid prophylaxis against tuberculosis in HIV-infected children and uninfected children exposed to HIV during the perinatal period.We randomly assigned 548 HIV-infected and 804 HIV-uninfected infants (91 to 120 days of age) to isoniazid (10 to 20 mg per kilogram of body weight per day) or matching placebo for 96 weeks. All patients received bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination against tuberculosis within 30 days after birth. HIV-infected children had access to antiretroviral therapy. The primary outcome measures were tuberculosis disease and death in HIV-infected children and latent tuberculosis infection, tuberculosis disease, and death in HIV-uninfected children within 96 to 108 weeks after randomization.Antiretroviral therapy was initiated in 98.9% of HIV-infected children during the study. Among HIV-infected children, protocol-defined tuberculosis or death occurred in 52 children (19.0%) in the isoniazid group and 53 (19.3%) in the placebo group (P=0.93). Among HIV-uninfected children, there was no significant difference in the combined incidence of tuberculosis infection, tuberculosis disease, or death between the isoniazid group (39 children, 10%) and the placebo group (45 children, 11%; P=0.44). The rate of tuberculosis was 121 cases per 1000 child-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 95 to 153) among HIV-infected children as compared with 41 per 1000 child-years (95% CI, 31 to 52) among HIV-uninfected children. There were no significant differences in clinical or severe laboratory toxic effects between treatment groups.Primary isoniazid prophylaxis did not improve tuberculosis-disease-free survival among HIV-infected children or tuberculosis-infection-free survival among HIV-uninfected children immunized with BCG vaccine. Despite access to antiretroviral therapy, the burden of tuberculosis remained high among HIV-infected children. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and Secure the Future; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00080119.).
Dr. Yasuno and Colleagues Reply
Authors: FUMIHIKO YASUNO, TETSUYA SUHARA, TAKASHI NAKAYAMA, TETSUYA ICHIMIYA, AKIHIRO TAKANO, TOMOMICHI ANDO, MAKOTO INOUE, JUN MAEDA, KAZUTOSHI SUZUKI, YOSHIRO OKUBO
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2004)
The Efficacy of Mammography and Screening for Breast Cancer-Reply
Authors: Herman Kattlove
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —The purpose of our article was to determine which tests and procedures were appropriate for the detection and treatment of early breast cancer. We defined appropriateness by the effect of treatment on outcomes such as survival and quality of life. We did a cost-effectiveness analysis to permit decisions to be made concerning which procedures should be provided if resources become increasingly limited. Although screening mammography for women younger than 50 years can detect tumors at an earlier stage, there is no evidence from available clinical trials that this translates into improved survival. We cannot afford to perform procedures for which there is no benefit. The money saved by not providing routine screening to women younger than 50 years could be used for screening older women, screening high-risk younger women, and providing breast-conserving surgery for those in whom it is appropriate. We considered only the four options of screening,
Detection of the Heterozygote in Lesch–Nyhan Disease by Hair-Root Analysis
Authors: D. N. Silvers, R. P. Cox, M. E. Balis, J. Dancis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

Abstract Lesch–Nyhan disease is an X-linked recessive disorder in which the specific biochemical defect is absence of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRTase) activity. Detection ...
Measurement of Forearm Blood Flow During Venous Congestion by Withdrawal of Venous Blood
Authors: C. G. Caro, T. H. Foley, M. F. Sudlow
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1969)

Journal Article Measurement of Forearm Blood Flow During Venous Congestion by Withdrawal of Venous Blood Get access Colin G. Caro, Colin G. Caro From the Department of Medicine, St. Thomas's Hospital, and the Physiological Flow Studies Unit, Imperial College, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Thomas H. Foley, Thomas H. Foley From the Department of Medicine, St. Thomas's Hospital, and the Physiological Flow Studies Unit, Imperial College, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Michael F. Sudlow Michael F. Sudlow From the Department of Medicine, St. Thomas's Hospital, and the Physiological Flow Studies Unit, Imperial College, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 3, Issue 4, October 1969, Pages 447–452, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/3.4.447 Published: 01 October 1969 Article history Received: 14 February 1969 Published: 01 October 1969
Careers of doctors qualifying in Britain in 1974: a report on their employment status in 1979.
Authors: J Parkhouse, M G Campbell, H F Parkhouse
Journal: BMJ (1982)

In medical manpower planning it is important to estimate the working capacity of a given set of doctors.We have been looking at the career preferences of doctors qualifying in the United Kingdom for several years, and we thought that it would be interesting to investigate the employment status of one of our cohorts of qualifiers.In particular, we wanted to determine the proportion of doctors still working in the NHS or elsewhere in the public sector five years after qualifying and to estimate their contribution in whole-time equivalent (wte) posts. MethodsThe sampling frame for doctors qualifying in the United Kingdom in 1974 was prepared using lists of names and ad- dresses obtained from their medical schools during the preregistration year in 1975.All qualifiers were written to in 1975 to inquire about their career preferences.1Further follow-up inquiries were made in 1977, 1979,2 and 1981 using updated addresses obtained from The Medical Directory, the GMC's Medical Register, and the GMC itself.In the follow-up in- quiries, the qualifiers were asked for details of their current and previous posts.The 1979 employment status of a 1974 qualifier was taken to be his or her occupation group in or around November 1979, when the 1979 questionnaires were first sent out.Occupation groups were based largely on those used by the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) in their civilian doctors statistics tables.We thought that it was necessary to obtain details for as many qualifiers as possible since those whose occupation remains unknown may well be atypical of the general picture.The 1979 inquiry provided us with the employment status of only 1759 (7499%) of the 2350 men and women known to have qualified in 1974.Two hundred and sixty-nine of the 1979 non-respondents replied in 1981, giving details of posts held in 1979.We then asked the DHSS for information about 250 untraced qualifiers whom we believed to have been practising in the United Kingdom in 1979.The DHSS was kind enough to supply us with aggregate details of 191 of these from their 1979 civilian doctors careers index (CDCI).We subsequently received replies to our questionnaires from 30 of the qualifiers whose names were sent to the DHSS, including seven who had not been traced by the DHSS.The numbers of men and women traced using each source are shown in table I, together with the numbers of untraced men and women and their likely locations.The probable 1979 employment status of 35 of the qualifiers traced by the DHSS could have been obtained from the 1980 edition of The Medical Directory.Thus by our own efforts we were able to find out what 2097 qualifiers (8922%) were doing
Science commentary: Coronary angioplasty and stenting
Authors: I. Malik
Journal: BMJ (2002)

the angiotensin converting enzyme DD genotype and myocardial infarction. 19These findings have important implications for genetic epidemiology, suggesting that publication bias or detection biases can produce artefactual associations at least as large as those that might be realistically expected for common polymorphisms in complex diseases.We thank the investigators for supplying additional information and Alison Palmer for plotting the figures.
Toxicity of Tungsten Carbide and Cobalt-Doped Tungsten Carbide Nanoparticles in Mammalian Cells <i>in Vitro</i>
Authors: Susanne Bastian, Wibke Busch, Dana Kühnel, Armin Springer, Tobias Meißner, Roland Holke, Stefan Scholz, Maria Iwe, Wolfgang Pompe, Michael Gelinsky, Annegret Potthoff, Volkmar Richter, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Kristin Schirmer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Tungsten carbide nanoparticles are being explored for their use in the manufacture of hard metals. To develop nanoparticles for broad applications, potential risks to human health and the environment should be evaluated and taken into consideration.We aimed to assess the toxicity of well-characterized tungsten carbide (WC) and cobalt-doped tungsten carbide (WC-Co) nanoparticle suspensions in an array of mammalian cells.We examined acute toxicity of WC and of WC-Co (10% weight content Co) nanoparticles in different human cell lines (lung, skin, and colon) as well as in rat neuronal and glial cells (i.e., primary neuronal and astroglial cultures and the oligodendrocyte precursor cell line OLN-93). Furthermore, using electron microscopy, we assessed whether nanoparticles can be taken up by living cells. We chose these in vitro systems in order to evaluate for potential toxicity of the nanoparticles in different mammalian organs (i.e., lung, skin, intestine, and brain).Chemical-physical characterization confirmed that WC as well as WC-Co nanoparticles with a mean particle size of 145 nm form stable suspensions in serum-containing cell culture media. WC nanoparticles were not acutely toxic to the studied cell lines. However, cytotoxicity became apparent when particles were doped with Co. The most sensitive were astrocytes and colon epithelial cells. Cytotoxicity of WC-Co nanoparticles was higher than expected based on the ionic Co content of the particles. Analysis by electron microscopy demonstrated presence of WC nanoparticles within mammalian cells.Our findings demonstrate that doping of WC nanoparticles with Co markedly increases their cytotoxic effect and that the presence of WC-Co in particulate form is essential to elicit this combinatorial effect.