tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Complex Mutations in the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Akito Hata, Hiroshige Yoshioka, Shiro Fujita, Kei Kunimasa, Reiko Kaji, Yukihiro Imai, Keisuke Tomii, Masahiro Iwasaku, Akihiro Nishiyama, Tadashi Ishida, Nobuyuki Katakami
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
The Definition and Preoperative Prediction of Clinically Insignificant Prostate Cancer
Authors: James A. Dugan
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>Objectives.</h3> —To define clinically insignificant prostate cancer according to cancer volume, grade, cancer doubling time, and life expectancy; and to determine how many insignificant cancers are removed by radical prostatectomy. <h3>Design and Patients.</h3> —Clinically insignificant cancer was defined as a tumor that would give rise to no more than 20 cm3 of cancer within the prostate by the time of expected patient death (1990 life tables) and whose Gleason score was less than 4 in 40- to 49-year-olds, 5 in 50- to 59-year-olds, 6 in 60- to 69-year-olds, and 7 in 70- to 79-year-olds. Four definitions were formulated based on assumed cancer volume doubling times of 2, 3, 4, and 6 years. Using these four definitions, we reviewed 337 totally embedded prostates removed at Mayo Clinic between 1991 and 1993 for clinical stage T1c through T3 cancer to determine how many contained clinically insignificant cancer. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Clinically significant vs clinically insignificant prostate cancer. <h3>Results.</h3> —For cancer volume doubling time of 2, 3, 4, and 6 years, clinically in significant cancer was identified in one (0.3%), 13 (3.9%), 25 (7.4%), and 49 (14.5%) of 337 prostatectomy specimens, respectively. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Clinically insignificant prostate cancer can be defined by cancer volume, grade, cancer volume doubling time, and life expectancy of the patient. According to our definitions, most men treated with radical prostatectomy have clinically significant cancer. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1996;275:288-294)
Abstract 1014: Induction of human steroid sulfatase by TNF-α through PI3-K/Akt signaling pathway in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells
Authors: Young-Jin Chun, Bo-Young Suh, Na-Hee Park, Jin-Joo Jung, Donghak Kim
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Steroid sulfatase (STS) is responsible for the hydrolysis of aryl and alkyl steroid sulfates and has a pivotal role in regulating the formation of biologically active estrogens. STS may help support the growth of hormone-dependent cancers, including prostate cancers and is considered as a new promising drug target for treating estrogen-mediated cancer. However, the molecular mechanism of STS expression is still not well-known. Previously, cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 were known to increase the activity of STS but the changes in expression have not been completely elucidated. To investigate whether cytokines are able to regulate transcription of STS gene, we studied the effect of TNF-α on STS expression in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Western blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that treatment with TNF-α significantly induced expression of mRNA level and protein level of STS in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Treatment with TNF-α resulted in a strong increase in the phosphorylation of Akt on Ser 473 and when the cells were treated with PI3-K inhibitors such as LY294002 or wortmannin or Akt inhibitor (Akt inhibitor IV) together, STS expression induced by TNF-α was significantly blocked. Moreover, inhibition of Akt activation by transfecting dominant-negative Akt plasmid also prevented TNF-α -mediated STS gene expression. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that TNF-α induces STS expression through PI3-K/Akt signaling pathway in PC-3 cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1014. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1014
Cuts at the Institute of Orthopaedics
Authors: E L Trickey
Journal: BMJ (1981)

to high concentrations of oxygen as under a general anaesthetic.2Haemorrhage may be present in the thrombocytopenic patient.3The clinical importance of this is obvious.Steroids will improve the drug-induced change but encourage infection.Antibiotics will treat an infection but have no effect on disease infiltrates.Cytotoxic drugs will improve disease infiltrates but worsen drug-induced change.It is interesting to note the work of Phillips et al.1 They obtained a histological diagnosis with transbronchial lung biopsy in 26 out of 42 patients with Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, or leukaemia who had pulmonary disease that failed to respond to antibiotics.Perhaps the current practice of putting diagnosis before treatment is incorrect in these patients as diagnosis represents a relatively hazardous procedure.Empirical use of anti- biotics to exclude infection may be the first step in management.It is uncertain how long a trial of antibiotics should be continued before further investigation is initiated.
Incidental 11C-Choline PET/CT Brain Uptake due to Meningioma in a Patient Studied for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Francesco Bertagna, Giovanni Bosio, Lorenzo Pinelli, Giorgio Treglia, Raffaele Giubbini
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

We report a case of a 75-year-old male patient treated with radiotherapy in 1999 for prostate cancer. Due to a rise in prostate-specific antigen, he underwent 11C-choline PET/CT. The study was negative for secondary lesions but revealed an incidental pathologic focal brain uptake. A subsequent magnetic resonance examination confirmed the presence of a brain lesion typical for meningioma.
Christopher's Textbook of Surgery
Authors: J. Garrott Allen
Journal: JAMA (1969)

The ninth edition of Christopher's<i>Textbook of Surgery</i>represents a skillful evolution over a period of 32 years since the textbook first appeared. Few textbooks of surgery have enjoyed so long a life and have served so usefully as a reference textbook. The first few editions were too encyclopedic to serve adequately as a text for students, and too brief to serve well the encyclopedic needs of the surgeon in practice. With the death of Christopher, Davis revised the book, making it more useful to the student and the practitioner of surgery. The ninth edition contains many chapters not found in the first edition, and to compare the first and the ninth reminds one of the enormous advances that surgery has made during the lifetime of this text. For example, surgery of the liver and portal hypertension were not a subject to be found in the early editions, nor was
485. Lentivirus-Mediated Gene Transfer to Cultured Fetal Sheep Airway Epithelium and Lung Tissue Explants
Authors: Ze-Yan Yu, Karen McKay, Peter Van Asperen, Maolin Zheng, Jane Fleming, Samantha Ginn, Eugenie Lumbers, Peter Rowe, Ian Alexander
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Background: Cystic fibrosis is the most common life-shortening genetic disease in the Caucasian population, affecting |[sim]|1 in 2,500 births. Inheritance is AR and results from mutations in the CFTR, which functions in transepithelial salt and water regulation. In humans, lung damage is the primary source of morbidity, although exocrine pancreatic dysfunction is generally present. Difficulties in gene delivery to the mature airway epithelium and early onset airway damage provide a rationale for exploring gene therapy during lung development. In this study, we evaluated lentivirus-mediated gene transfer to cultured fetal sheep airway epithelium and lung tissue explants. Model choice was based on fetal size, a pattern of airway development that parallels the human lung, the relatively late appearance of immuno-competence and tolerance of the ovine uterus to fetal manipulation.
Open label crossover trials
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Researchers compared transdermal fentanyl with sustained release oral morphine in the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain. A randomised, open label, crossover trial design was used. Transdermal fentanyl was administered using patches. Participants were 256 patients (aged 26­82 years) with chronic non­cancer pain who had been previously treated with opioids. The treatment period for both transdermal fentanyl and oral morphine lasted four weeks.1 The outcome measures included patients’ preference for treatment (transdermal fentanyl or sustained release oral morphine), pain control, quality of life, and safety assessments. The researchers reported that transdermal fentanyl was preferred to sustained release oral morphine by patients with chronic non­cancer pain previously treated with opioids. The main reason for preference was superior pain relief, which was achieved with less constipation and an enhanced quality of life. Which of the following statements, if any, are true?
THE TREATMENT OF NEPHRITIS AND ALLIED CONDITIONS
Authors: MARTIN H. FISCHER
Journal: JAMA (1913)

It is now almost two years since the first, attempt to utilize the following views was made by James J. Hogan, who relieved a case of acute nephritis with anuria by injecting an alkaline hypertonic sodium chlorid solution. Since that time the simple principles of treatment proposed have been tried on many private and hospital patients, SO that it has been possible to arrive at some conclusions regarding their actual value. I wish to discuss this question briefly in the following pages. At the same time, in order to satisfy a number of medical men, I desire to outline in greater detail the method of treatment which will in my judgment insure the best results. For a detailed statement of my colloid-chemical views on the nature and cause of nephritis I must refer the reader to previous discussions.<sup>1</sup>They may be briefly expressed as follows:
Radiotherapy in Desmoid Tumors-Reply
Authors: Bhagirath Majmudar
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Our statement that roentgenotherapy has not been found to be consistently helpful in the management of desmoid tumors was based on the observations of Enzinger and Shiraki.<sup>1</sup>They have reviewed a relatively large series of 30 patients with desmoid tumor followed up for ten or more years. Wara et al have based their findings on a group of 16 cases followed for a period of two to six years. However, most recurrences have been reported during the first few months following surgery,<sup>1</sup>and a control of disease for two to six years by radiotherapy is great enough to merit further trial in appropriate situations. In our own medical center, a trial has been given to the drug levamisole and levamisole plus testolactone for a similar condition of aggressive fibromatosis. The results have been encouraging (S. A. Wilkins, Jr, personal communication). This discussion indicates that multidisciplinary approach
Two-year treatment outcome of chronic hepatitis B infection treated with besifovir vs. entecavir: Results from a multicentre study
Authors: Man-Fung Yuen, Sang Hoon Ahn, Kwan Sik Lee, Soon Ho Um, Mong Cho, Seung Kew Yoon, Jin-Woo Lee, Neung Hwa Park, Young-Oh Kweon, Joo Hyun Sohn, Jiyoon Lee, Jeong-Ae Kim, Ching-Lung Lai, Kwang-Hyub Han
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
In-Vitro Assessment of a Hypersensitivity Syndrome Associated with Sorbinil
Authors: Stephen P. Spielberg, Neil H. Shear, Marilyn Cannon, Nancy J. Hutson, Kare Gunderson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

Sorbinil is a hydantoin aldose reductase inhibitor that has shown promise as therapy for patients with diabetic complications such as neuropathy and retinopathy. However, as many as 10% of patients receiving sorbinil have had adverse reactions characterized by fever, skin rash, and myalgia. Our previous studies of phenytoin suggested that susceptibility to reactions might result from an inherited detoxification defect. We did the current study to determine if sorbinil is metabolized to reactive intermediates and if cells from patients with a history of a reaction to sorbinil are appropriate for the in-vitro investigation of susceptibility. Microsome-generated metabolites of sorbinil (50 µM) were toxic to normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (7.9% ± 0.3% dead cells [mean ± SE]). Toxicity was increased in the presence of an epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (17.5% ± 0.3% dead cells) and abolished by an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450. In contrast to cells from healthy controls and diabetics who tolerated sorbinil (7.9% ± 0.7% and 7.8% ± 0.4% dead cells, respectively), cells from the six patients who had sorbinil reactions showed significantly increased toxicity from metabolites of sorbinil and phenytoin (19.7% ± 2.3% dead cells, P < 0.001). Cells from three patients who had reactions to phenytoin were similarly sensitive to sorbinil metabolites (23.4% ± 0.3% dead cells). We conclude that sorbinil is oxidatively metabolized to a potentially toxic intermediate. Certain patients may be at increased risk for developing hypersensitivity reactions. Development of this important new drug has been hampered by uncommon but potentially severe reactions. An increased understanding of the steps involved in the development of adverse reactions could lead to screening tests or to the development of safer compounds.
A British Medical Association Lecture on the Mechanism of Inheritance
Authors: F. A. E. Crew
Journal: BMJ (1926)

As tlle facts conicerniing inlheritance, secured by observation, accumulated, it came to be noted that in them could be recognized ani orderliniess, ani interrelationship.It was then inoevitable that tho human miiind, 'in its inherent desire to trace and describe order in nature, should seek some mechanismi that in its workin-g cou-ld account for these facts.So the idea of an "idioplasm" (Niigeli and others), a special substance the function of hich w-as to tranismit and coutrol the hereditarv clharacters, details of form and of funcltioni, in the devieloping individual came into being.This idioplasm remainied a purely theoretical conception until Willhelrm Roux (1883), out of his work on cell division, was able to point out that many of the functions of this hypothetical substance could bo performed efficiently by the nuclear chromatin.Upon this suggestion Weismann (1886, 1894) m-odelled his theory of the germ-plasm; but inspiring as his hvpothesis was, it was constructed at a time wlhen
750 Preclinical characteristics of ITMN-B, an orally active inhibitor of the HCV NS3/4A protease nominated for preclinical development
Authors: S.D. Seiwert, S.W. Andrews, H. Tan, T. Wang, B. Marafino, R. Rieger, J. Pheneger, P.A. Lee, Y. Jiang, A.L. Kennedy, J. Ballard, H. Zhang, B. Bernat, K.R. Condrosld, C. Lemieux, B. Brandhuber, J.A. Josey, L.M. Blatt
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
Website of the week: Venomous creatures
Authors: T. Jackson
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Britain has less than its fair share of venomous creatures. The only poisonous snake is the adder, and while its bites can cause painful swelling and fever, they are rarely fatal. UK Safari (www.uksafari.com), a site for anyone interested in British wildlife and countryside, says that the last fatal adder bite in Britain was in 1972.

Australia and its waters, on the other hand, are teeming with poisonous reptiles, spiders, arthropods, and marine creatures. Whereas adders are generally shy of humans and will move away if approached (www.uksafari.com/adders.htm), the Sydney funnel web spider is aggressive with large, powerful fangs and mouse spiders, found throughout Australia, “are aggressive, and will adopt an attacking posture when threatened, rearing up on their hind legs.” These descriptions come from the Australian Venom Research Unit (www.avru.unimelb.edu.au/pharmwww/avruweb/index.htm), which was founded by Struan Sutherland, whose obituary appears in this week's BMJ (p 488). More than a mere menagerie of nasties, the site offers clear guidance on first aid and treatment to lay and medical surfers alike.

The internet is an ideal place to exchange information about venom, antivenom, and the most effective treatment strategies for potentially lethal bites and stings. There are sites from all over the globe—for example, http://snspkz.lorton.com/vid/index_eng.html from the Toxicology Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which has valuable information on the poisonous snakes and spiders of central Asia, and http://ntri.tamuk.edu/ from the Natural Toxins Research Center at Texas A&M University, Kingsville, which has a serpentarium database with details of snakes from all over the United States. The hard thing at present is how to find exactly what you want. However, there are some excellent links pages, which aim to bring much of the information together—for example, The Arachnology Home Page (www.ufsia.ac.be/Arachnology/Arachnology.html), which describes itself as the arachnological hub of the worldwide web.
Acute aortic insufficiency in a patient with presumed Reiter's syndrome.
Authors: P Misukiewicz, R W Carlson, L Rowan, N Levitt, C Rudnick, T Desai
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1992)

Cardiac disease is rare in patients with Reiter9s syndrome. There have been 15 reported cases of aortic insufficiency in patients with Reiter9s syndrome, with the aortic insufficiency developing over several years. This paper reports the case of a black HLA-B27 negative woman who presented with Reiter9s syndrome and acute aortic insufficiency. An antecedent streptococcal infection is suggested as the inciting factor. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Reiter9s syndrome in a black woman with acute aortic insufficiency.
Endoscopic Ultrasonography-Guided Fine-Needle Cytodiagnosis of Mediastinal Metastases from Renal Cell Cancer
Authors: A. Fritscher-Ravens, P. V. J. Sriram, T. Topalidis, S. Jaeckle, F. Thonke, N. Soehendra
Journal: Endoscopy (2000)

Background: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has become the investigation of choice for the evaluation of the mediastinum. Lung and mediastinum are amongst the common sites of metastases from renal cell cancer (RCC). We diagnosed metastatic RCC in mediastinal lymph nodes by EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology.
Abstract LB-174: Use of massively parallel, next-generation sequencing to identify gene mutations beyond <i>ERAS</i> that predict response to panitumumab in a randomized, phase 3, monotherapy study of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC)
Authors: Marc Peeters, Kelly S. Oliner, Alex Parker, Jing Huang, Salvatore Siena, Yves Humblet, Jean-Luc Van Laethem, Thierry André, Jeffrey Wiezorek, David Reese, Scott D. Patterson, Eric Van Cutsem
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Discussant: Sabine Tejpar, Kuleuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-174.
Effect of secretin and glucagon on Brunner's gland secretion in the rat.
Authors: P Kirkegaard, P Skov Olsen, S Seier Poulsen, J J Holst, O B Schaffalitzky de Muckadell, J Christiansen
Journal: Gut (1984)

Brunner9s gland secretion in response to infusion of secretin and glucagon was studied in the rat. Secretin was infused in doses of 15, 150 and 1500 ng/kg/h. All dose significantly increased bicarbonate and protein output and depleted Brunner9s glands of PAS-positive mucin. Bicarbonate secretion was related to plasma secretin concentration, and a marked stimulatory effect of secretin was found in very low, probably physiological, plasma concentrations. Maximal bicarbonate output was obtained at a plasma concentration of secretin about 20 pmol/l. Glucagon was infused at a rate of 1.0 micrograms/kg/h and did not influence secretion rate or cell morphology. Also large doses of 5.0 and 50.0 micrograms/kg/h had no effect on Brunner9s gland secretion. It is concluded that secretin in very low plasma concentrations stimulates secretion of bicarbonate, protein and mucus from Brunner9s glands in the rat, while glucagon has no effect, and it is suggested that secretin may be involved in the physiological regulation of Brunner9s gland secretion.
Improvement in in vitro insulin action after one month of insulin therapy in obese noninsulin-dependent diabetics. Measurements of glucose transport and metabolism, insulin binding, and lipolysis in isolated adipocytes.
Authors: J E Foley, A Kashiwagi, M A Verso, G Reaven, J Andrews
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1983)

It has been previously reported that maximum insulin-stimulated glucose transport and utilization were both decreased, while basal lipolysis was increased in adipocytes from obese subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). To determine whether these values can be returned towards those obtained in equally obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance, these measures of adipocyte metabolism were quantified in 10 NIDDM subjects before and after control of hyperglycemia with insulin. The results demonstrate that maximum insulin-stimulated glucose transport (P less than 0.02) and glucose incorporation into triglyceride (P less than 0.01) and CO2 (P less than 0.05) (at 5.5 mM glucose) increased and basal lipolysis decreased (P less than 0.05) after 4 wk of insulin treatment. In contrast, glucose incorporation into lactate and other glycolytic metabolites (at 5.5 mM glucose), and sensitivity of glucose transport to insulin, did not improve with insulin therapy. The latter occurred despite an increase in insulin binding (P less than 0.01). Finally, the improvement in maximal insulin-stimulated glucose transport correlated with the fall in fasting hyperglycemia (r = 0.77, P less than 0.01). These findings demonstrate that several of the abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism recently noted to be present in adipocytes from patients with NIDDM can be shown to significantly improve with insulin treatment.
TOPICAL TREATMENT OF A 'RUSTER'
Authors: Niels Bang Pedersen
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1977)

Journal Article TOPICAL TREATMENT OF A ‘RUSTER’ Get access Niels Bang Pedersen Niels Bang Pedersen Section of Occupational Dermatology, University Hospital, S‐221 85 Lund, Sweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 96, Issue 3, 1 March 1977, Page 332, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1977.tb06149.x Published: 01 March 1977
Lord Nuffield — Pharmacy in Britain — Holiday Reading
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

THE story of the life of Lord Nuffield, who died in August at the age of eighty-six, is like a fairy tale. Born in 1877, William Morris was educated in local schools until the age of sixteen, when, having shown some mechanical aptitude, he was sent to work in a bicycle shop in Oxford. Within a year he had borrowed £4, with which he opened a shop on his own account. He started by repairing bicycles, then he sold and raced them, and later he produced a model of his own. In his first six years of bicycle manufacturing he . . .