tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Trends of HIV Seroconversion Among Young Adults in the US Army, 1985 to 1989
Authors: John G. McNeil
Journal: JAMA (1991)

Because soldiers in the US Army are recurrently tested for the presence of antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HIV seroconversion rates can be directly measured. From November 1985 through October 1989,429 HIV seroconversions were detected among 718 780 soldiers who contributed 1 088 447 person-years of follow-up time (HIV seroconversion rate, 0.39 per 1000 person-years). Period-specific seroconversion rates declined significantly, from 0.49 per 1000 person-years (November 1985 through October 1987) to 0.33 per 1000 person-years (November 1987 through October 1988) to 0.29 per 1000 person-years (November 1988 through October 1989). The HIV seroconversion risk among active-duty soldiers was significantly associated with race/ ethnic group, age, gender, and marital status. Based on these trends, we estimate that approximately 220 soldiers (95% confidence interval, 160 to 297 soldiers) were infected with HIV during 1989 and 1990, with potentially fewer in future years. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1991;265:1709-1714)
Abstract 1064: IL-6 secreted by tumor-associated macrophages promotes DLBCL chemoresistance via expansion of the CSCs population
Authors: Nan Bai
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), a highly tumorigenic subpopulation of cells found in developmentally diverse tumors, are highly resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are known to promote progression of tumors and chemoresistance of DLBCL (Diffuse Large B cell Lymphoma). Here, we report that TAMs promote a CSC-like phenotype in DLBCL cells. This was characterized by increased ALDH1A1, Sox-2, Oct-4, Nanog and KLF-4 gene expression. In in vitro studies, we found that co-culture with monocyte cell lines enhanced the chemoresistance and CSC-like phenotypes of DLBCL cells. RNA-seq revealed high levels of IL-6 expression following co-culture with DLBCL, and in fact IL-6 was sufficient to promote the chemoresistance and CSC-like phenotypes of DLBCL cells. Surprisingly, patients exhibited elevated IL-6 after chemotherapy relative to patients pre-chemotherapy, suggesting that chemotherapy may elicit a host response favoring chemoresistance. High levels of serum IL-6 were associated with poor prognosis. In agreement with these results, tumor infiltration by TAMs directly correlated with disease severity. Therefore, IL-6 may be a prognostic marker for outcome in DLBCL. Citation Format: Nan Bai. IL-6 secreted by tumor-associated macrophages promotes DLBCL chemoresistance via expansion of the CSCs population. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1064. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1064
Oesophageal manometric studies in patients with chronic Chagas disease and megacolon
Authors: P. Heitmann, J. Espinoza
Journal: Gut (1969)

Intraluminal manometric studies performed on 12 patients with chronic Chagas disease and megacolon without clinical or radiological abnormalities of the oesophagus showed no alteration in oesophageal physiology under basal conditions when compared with a control group of 30 healthy subjects. Oesophageal peristalsis was unimpaired. Patients with chronic Chagas disease and megacolon differed from normals in their reaction to a small dose of a cholinergic drug. This agent induced an isolated but significant increase in resting pressure at the level of the oesophagogastric sphincter, accompanied in most cases by an increase in spontaneous activity but not by a change in resting pressure in the body of the oesophagus. This is interpreted as a subclinical expression of oesophageal pathology related to Chagas disease.
Representation of Women as Authors, Reviewers, Editors in Chief, and Editorial Board Members at 6 General Medical Journals in 2010 and 2011
Authors: Thomas Christoph Erren, Juliane Valérie Groß, David Martin Shaw, Barbara Selle
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

not accurately reflect what constitutes satisfying sex in this population, yielding falsely low scores.Women who reported greater importance of sex had higher maintenance of sexual activity.In contrast, we found that sexual function, as measured by the FSFI, is not associated with maintenance of sexual activity.This suggests that the "quality" of sex does not affect whether a woman will continue to have sex over time.Midlife women have many reasons for engaging in sex that go beyond "quality."These findings challenge prior assumptions about female sexual function in midlife.As we study and care for these women, a more nuanced understanding of female sexuality is essential.
Scientific, ethical, and logistical considerations in introducing a new operation: a retrospective cohort study from paediatric cardiac surgery
Authors: C. Bull
Journal: BMJ (2000)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To review the initial impact on mortality of infants with congenital heart disease of a new surgical technique that is now taken for granted. Design: Retrospective cohort study. <b>Setting:</b> A tertiary paediatric cardiology centre. <b>Subjects:</b> 325 consecutive neonates with simple transposition of the great arteries admitted before, during, and after the preferred management changed from the Senning operation to the arterial switch (1978-98); and 100 consecutive neonates requiring a different neonatal open heart operation that did not change in that period. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Mortality before and early after operation reconstructed sequentially as the series evolved and retrospectively once the series was complete; actuarial survival associated with the different treatment strategies. <b>Results:</b> For both the transposition and the comparison group, early mortality in 1998 was lower than in 1978. During that period, however, there was a phase temporally related to the adoption of the switch operation in which early mortality for transposition increased. Actuarial survival of recent patients with "intention to treat" with arterial switch is superior to those with intention to treat with the Senning operation, as predicted when the switch operation was first adopted. <b>Conclusions:</b> A period of increased hazard for individual patients may occur when a specialist community, a particular unit, and an individual surgeon are all learning a new technique concurrently. Obtaining informed consent during this time of uncertainty is helped by clarity about the objectives of treatment and availability of relevant local and international data.
London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games: public health surveillance and epidemiology
Authors: Brian McCloskey, Tina Endericks, Mike Catchpole, Maria Zambon, Jim McLauchlin, Nandini Shetty, Rohini Manuel, Deborah Turbitt, Gillian Smith, Paul Crook, Ettore Severi, Jane Jones, Sue Ibbotson, Roberta Marshall, Catherine A H Smallwood, Nicolas Isla, Ziad A Memish, Abdullah A Al-Rabeeah, Maurizio Barbeschi, David L Heymann, Alimuddin Zumla
Journal: The Lancet (2014)

Mass gatherings are regarded as potential risks for transmission of infectious diseases, and might compromise the health system of countries in which they are hosted. The evidence for increased transmission of infectious diseases at international sporting mass gatherings that attract many visitors from all over the world is not clear, and the evidence base for public health surveillance, epidemiology, and response at events such as the Olympics is small. However, infectious diseases are a recognised risk, and public health planning is, and should remain, a crucial part of the overall planning of sporting events. In this Series paper, we set out the planning and the surveillance systems that were used to monitor public health risks during the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games in the summer of 2012, and draw attention to the public health issues—infectious diseases and chemical, radiation, and environmental hazards—that arose. Although the absolute risk of health-protection problems, including infectious diseases, at sporting mass gatherings is small, the need for reassurance of the absence of problems is higher than has previously been considered; this could challenge conventional public health surveillance systems. Recognition of the limitations of health-surveillance systems needs to be part of the planning for future sporting events.
Outcomes and costs of primary care surveillance and intervention for overweight or obese children: the LEAP 2 randomised controlled trial
Authors: M. Wake, L. A Baur, B. Gerner, K. Gibbons, L. Gold, J. Gunn, P. Levickis, Z. McCallum, G. Naughton, L. Sanci, O. C Ukoumunne
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<b>Objective</b> To determine whether ascertainment of childhood obesity by surveillance followed by structured secondary prevention in primary care improved outcomes in overweight or mildly obese children. <b>Design</b> Randomised controlled trial nested within a baseline cross sectional survey of body mass index (BMI). Randomisation and outcomes measurement, but not participants, were blinded to group assignment. <b>Setting</b> 45 family practices (66 general practitioners) in Melbourne, Australia. <b>Participants</b> 3958 children visiting their general practitioner in May 2005-July 2006 were surveyed for BMI. Of these, 258 children aged 5 years 0 months up to their 10th birthday who were overweight or obese by International Obesity Taskforce criteria were randomised to intervention (n=139) or control (n=119) groups. Children who were very obese (UK BMI z score ≥3.0) were excluded. <b>Intervention</b> Four standard consultations over 12 weeks targeting change in nutrition, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour, supported by purpose designed family materials. <b>Main outcomes measures</b> Primary measure was BMI at 6 and 12 months after randomisation. Secondary measures were mean activity count/min by 7-day accelerometry, nutrition score from 4-day abbreviated food frequency diary, and child health related quality of life. Differences were adjusted for socioeconomic status, age, sex, and baseline BMI. <b>Results</b> Of 781 eligible children, 258 (33%) entered the trial; attrition was 3.1% at 6 months and 6.2% at 12 months. Adjusted mean differences (intervention − control) at 6 and 12 months were, for BMI, −0.12 (95% CI −0.40 to 0.15, P=0.4) and −0.11 (−0.45 to 0.22, P=0.5); for physical activity in counts/min, 24 (−4 to 52, P=0.09) and 11 (−26 to 49, P=0.6); and, for nutrition score, 0.2 (−0.03 to 0.4, P=0.1) and 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.4, P=0.2). There was no evidence of harm to the child. Costs to the healthcare system were significantly higher in the intervention arm. <b>Conclusions</b> Primary care screening followed by brief counselling did not improve BMI, physical activity, or nutrition in overweight or mildly obese 5-10 year olds, and it would be very costly if universally implemented. These findings are at odds with national policies in countries including the US, UK, and Australia. <b>Trial registration</b> ISRCTN 52511065 (www.isrctn.org)
A NEW OPERATION FOR THE CURE OF RANULA.WITH REPORT OF A CASE.
Authors: T. F. Prewitt
Journal: JAMA (1883)

s' rvation of a valuable life, it may seem invidious to triticize it, but one cannot now shut his eyes to the fact that if two or three ribs below the one which was tre¬ phined had been subsequently resected, the prob¬ ability is that complete obliteration of the sac would have occurred.In connection with the preceding case, which I have deemed of sufficient interest to report in detail, I take the liberty of mentioning briefly another which came under my care only a few weeks later.Case II.Captain H., of the
Specialists question agency's proposal to time limit methadone prescribing
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Specialists on addiction are warning that the recommendation from England’s National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse to limit the length of time that methadone can be prescribed in the community is not based on evidence and will do more harm than good.

The proposal, made in the agency’s draft business plan for 2010-11 and discussed at a meeting on 6 July, is an effort to improve rates of abstinence. 

The agency, a special health authority set up to help people overcome addiction by improving the availability and effectiveness of drug treatment, revised its business plan in the light of the coalition government’s priorities. It said that it intends to “take forward the government’s ambition for a rapid transformation of the treatment system to promote sustained recovery and get more people off illegal drugs for good.” 

The draft plan states that “no-one should be ‘parked’ indefinitely on methadone or similar opiate substitutes without …
Association of t(14;18) translocation with HCV infection in gastrointestinal MALT lymphomas
Authors: Massimo Libra, Annunziata Gloghini, Grazia Malaponte, Pietro Gangemi, Valli De Re, Bruno Cacopardo, Demetrios A. Spandidos, Ferdinando Nicoletti, Franca Stivala, Anna Linda Zignego, Antonino Carbone
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Bronchial Epithelium in Former Smokers
Authors: Oscar Auerbach, A. P. Stout, E. Cuyler Hammond, Lawrence Garfinkel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

IN previous investigations we have found a very high degree of relation between amount of cigarette smoking and the frequency of certain changes in the bronchial epithelium of men.1 , 3 These changes include hyperplasia, loss of ciliated columnar cells and the occurrence of cells with atypical nuclei. In our opinion the most significant changes short of invasive carcinoma are lesions composed entirely of such atypical cells with cilia absent. Large numbers of such lesions occurred in the bronchial epithelium of men who had died of lung cancer, and almost as many were found in the bronchial epithelium of heavy cigarette smokers . . .
854 BACTERIAL DNA IS RARELY DETECTED IN THE SERUM AND THE ASCITIC FLUID OF NONINFECTED OUTPATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS AND ASCITES TREATED BY PARACENTESIS
Authors: T. Sersté, F. Bert, V. Leflon-Guibout, C. Chauveau, T. Asselah, C. Francoz, F. Durand, D. Lebrec, D. Valla, R. Moreau, M.-H. Nicolas-Chanoine
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Ischaemic Muscle Necrosis
Authors: P. D. Griffiths
Journal: BMJ (1966)

there has been a tendency to regard this as an essential aetiological factor.This view was supported by Seddon himself when, in the introduction to his paper on the treat- ment of Volkmann's contracture by excision of the infarct, he stated': "The aetiology is now generally recognized to be an acute ischaemia almost invariably of arterial origin."The obvious danger of this concept is that, in early post-traumatic cases with no clinical evidence of arterial obstruction, surgeons may be lulled into a false sense of security and disregard the other danger signs of threatened muscle (and nerve) ischaemia.In a previous paper on this subject3 I agreed that an arterial lesion was often the important factor, but stated: " Nevertheless there is little doubt that a form of muscle contracture clinically resembling the true Volkmann type, though probably without the typical histological picture, can occur from venous or capillary occlusion."Subsequent experience has confirmed this belief not only in relation to E !espread capillary occlusion in a tensely swo .-nfascial compartment but also in cases of prolonged local external pressure from whatever cause, even in the absence of general hypoxia.The fact remains, however, that we are very much indebted to Mr.
Iron in Anaemia
Authors: H. G. B. Slack, J. F. Wilkinson
Journal: BMJ (1948)

White Paper.I imagine that one of the reasons why I suffered neglect was that most of your present-day correspondents were still in the karyokinetic stages of their medico-political develop- ment.I am glad to think they have now passed the early stages of dentition, for some of them can bite !But, Sir, why ask for more than the fundamental requirements enumerated in the White Paper above quoted ?-I am, etc.,
Abstract 5281: Role of SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase in colorectal carcinogenesis
Authors: Jessica Gagne Sansfacon, Geneviève Coulombe, Nadia Bourdages, Nathalie Rivard
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract SHP-2 (Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase 2) is a tyrosine phosphatase ubiquitously expressed. Previous work done in SHP-2-/- fibroblasts demonstrated its implication in proliferation and migration as well as in the regulation of many signaling pathways including the Ras-Raf/MEK/ERK, the PI3K/AKT and the Jak/STAT pathways(1). Importantly, gain-of-function mutations were discovered in some colorectal cancers (CRCs)(2). However, the role of SHP-2 in intestinal tumorigenesis has never been investigated. Methods: SHP-2 expression and catalytic activity were analyzed by Western blot, qPCR and immunohistochemistry in human CRC cells and in human tumours from different stages. SHP-2 expression was also analyzed in polyps (adenomas) from mice bearing a mutation in Apc gene (APCMin/+ mice). To elucidate the role of SHP-2, RNA interference was used to specifically downregulate its expression in intestinal epithelial cells transformed or not by the oncogenic form of KRASG12V (IEC/KRas). Proliferation (cell counting), invasion (through Matrigel in Boyden chamber), anchorage-independent growth (soft agar) and tumor formation in nude mice (xenograft assays) were analyzed. Results: 1- SHP-2 mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased in human CRC cells and tumors, especially in adenomas, in comparison to healthy adjacent tissues. 2- Interestingly, polyps from APCMin/+ mice also exhibited marked increase in SHP-2 protein expression in comparison to normal adjacent intestinal epithelium. 3- SHP-2 silencing in IEC/KRAS cells markedly reduced their proliferation rate, their growth in soft agar, their capacity to migrate and invade Matrigel and finally, their capacity to form tumor in vivo, in nude mice. 4- Of note, phosphorylated and activated levels of MEK and ERK kinases were significantly decreased following SHP-2 silencing in IECs particularly in those expressing the mutated form of KRAS. Conclusion: Our data suggest that SHP-2 promotes malignancy of intestinal epithelial cells by sustaining the oncogenic activation of MEK/ERK signalling during intestinal tumorigenesis. (1)Shi ZQ, Lu W, Feng GS., J Biol Chem. 1998 Feb 27;273(9):4904-8. (2)Bentires-Alj M. et al., Cancer Res. 2004 Dec 15;64(24):8816-20. Citation Format: Jessica Gagne Sansfacon, Geneviève Coulombe, Nadia Bourdages, Nathalie Rivard. Role of SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase in colorectal carcinogenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5281. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5281
Climate change is a health emergency
Authors: F. Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2014)

It’s nearly 30 years since Eric Chivian and three other Harvard faculty members won the Nobel peace prize for their work as founders of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. At its height IPPNW had a membership of 250 000 doctors from 80 countries. Its leaders spoke directly to the world’s leaders and to the public, helping them to understand the terrible things that happen to people’s bodies and lives when nuclear bombs explode. As Chivian says in a BMJ essay this week, the aim was to help people grasp what a nuclear war would really be like, so that politicians and the public would do everything in their power to prevent such a war from happening (doi:10.1136/bmj.g2407).

Twenty years or …
Mitochondrial Diversity of Early-Branching Metazoa Is Revealed by the Complete mt Genome of a Haplosclerid Demosponge
Authors: D. Erpenbeck, O. Voigt, M. Adamski, M. Adamska, J. N. A. Hooper, G. Worheide, B. M. Degnan
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

The first mitochondrial (mt) genomes of demosponges have recently been sequenced and appear to be markedly different from published eumetazoan mt genomes. Here we show that the mt genome of the haplosclerid demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica has features that it shares with both demosponges and eumetazoans. Although the A. queenslandica mt genome has typical demosponge features, including size, long noncoding regions, and bacterialike rRNA genes, it lacks atp9, which is found in the other demosponges sequenced to date. We found strong evidence of a recent transposon-mediated transfer of atp9 to the nuclear genome. In addition, A. queenslandica bears an incomplete tRNA set, unusual amino acid deletion patterns, and a putative control region. Furthermore, the arrangement of mt rRNA genes differs from that of other demosponges. These genes evolve at significantly higher rates than observed in other demosponges, similar to previously observed nuclear rRNA gene rates in other haplosclerid demosponges.
Potential adverse effects of volume loading on perfusion of vital organs during closed-chest resuscitation.
Authors: R V Ditchey, J Lindenfeld
Journal: Circulation (1984)

To determine whether expansion of blood volume improves vital organ perfusion pressures and blood flow during closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs, we recorded intracranial and high-fidelity ascending aortic and right atrial pressures and measured total and regional blood flow with radioactive microspheres during cardiopulmonary resuscitation before and after rapid infusion of 1 liter of saline or dextran in 12 animals. Volume loading increased total forward blood flow from 327.1 +/- 50.9 to 692.7 +/- 105.9 ml/min (p less than .01). However, blood flow to the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brainstem, and ventricular myocardium all decreased significantly. For example, blood flow to the left cerebral hemisphere fell from 16.5 +/- 2.4 to 5.5 +/- 1.7 ml/min/100 g (p less than .001), while left ventricular myocardial blood flow fell from 12.0 +/- 3.1 to 4.1 +/- 0.8 ml/min/100 g (p less than .05). These changes in critical regional flow were accompanied by disproportionate increases in right atrial and intracranial pressures (relative to aortic pressure), which reduced the average pressure differences generated across the coronary and cerebral circulations from 11.0 +/- 2.5 to 3.7 +/- 1.3 mm Hg (p less than .01) and from 16.1 +/- 2.3 to 10.5 +/- 1.5 mm Hg (p less than .01), respectively. The overall rise in forward flow was associated with a marked increase in extracranial, brachiocephalic blood flow. These findings suggest that large increments in blood volume can reduce vital organ perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation despite an increase in total forward blood flow.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Brain Abnormalities
Authors: Millard Bass
Journal: JAMA (2007)

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