tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Principles of Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Edward L. Compere
Journal: JAMA (1960)

This is a reference book for residents, orthopedists, and others with enough experience and training to be able to profit by reading and following the recommendations of a master surgeon of the bones and joints. The author has contributed many new ideas and principles which have increased knowledge of the causes of crippling conditions and the methods by which they can best be treated.  Appropriately, this book begins with a chapter in which the importance of knowledge of the physiology of the bones and joints is emphasized. In the second chapter the pathology of the bones and joints is discussed. The subject material with regard to orthopedics is divided according to regions of the body, beginning with the spine and ribs and ending with a chapter on the foot. In addition, there are chapters on neuromuscular disabilities, tumors of the bone, and the principles of braces and other apparatus. The
Potential impact of EUS-FNA staging of proximal lymph nodes in patients with distal esophageal carcinoma
Authors: W. Marsman, M. Brink, J. Bergman, G. Tytgat, F. ten Kate, J. van Lanschot, P. Fockens
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Background and study aims: Distal esophageal carcinomas can be resected using transthoracic esophagectomy or transhiatal esophagectomy. Accurate diagnosis of subcarinal and supracarinal lymph-node metastases is important for selecting the surgical strategy. The impact of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) on the preoperative diagnosis of subcarinal and supracarinal lymph-node metastases in patients with distal esophageal carcinoma was therefore investigated. Patients and methods: Patients with a resectable distal esophageal carcinoma and subcarinal and/or supracarinal lymph nodes visualized on preoperative EUS were prospectively included. The lymph nodes were sampled using EUS-FNA, and if they were found to have metastases, transthoracic resection was offered; by contrast, patients without metastases were offered a transhiatal resection. Results: Lymph-node metastases were found with EUS-FNA in 11 of the 48 patients included (23 %). Thirteen patients had suspicious nodes on EUS, in four of whom (31 %) the diagnosis was changed into nonmalignant nodes with FNA. Thirty-five patients had nonsuspicious nodes on EUS, in three of whom (9 %) the FNA procedure revealed malignant cells. Conclusions: EUS with the addition of the FNA procedure has a significant impact on decision-making in patients with esophageal carcinoma in whom transhiatal esophagectomy would otherwise be planned.
William Sim Munro
Authors: Ranald T I Munro
Journal: BMJ (2004)

was a renowned nuclear physicist.But what resonates for me, and for the BMJ-at a time when 3000 deaths every day on the world's roads is accepted as the necessary albeit regrettable cost of motorised transportation-is Marcel's contribution as a road safety activist and advocate for justice for those injured and killed.In 1988 Marcel's eldest daughter, Vlasta, died when her car was struck by a speeding driver, who survived, was prosecuted, and was required to pay compensation.Marcel and his family were expected to suffer in silence just like the thousands of other parents who have lost children to road traffic crashes.The state's response to road death is unlike any other form of violent death.There is rarely a proper police investigation, the judicial response is characteristically lackadaisical, and little effort is made to prevent a recurrence.Given the numbers killed and injured each year-over 50 000 deaths and 150 000 permanent disabilities in Europe alone-road death might be thought of as state sanctioned genocide.In many countries, Britain included, road deaths are called "accidents."No one is really responsible and no one is really to blame.Marcel, however, could not accept this.In their fight for justice, those injured on the roads had recruited a formidable ally.Marcel was a scientist, a statesman, and extraordinarily tenacious.He obtained a doctorate in physics at the University of Geneva in 1968.He worked for several years as a
Passive ventricular constraint amends the course of heart failure: a study in an ovine model of dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: J Power
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

Objective: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is associated with a progressive deterioration in cardiac function. We hypothesised that some of the deleterious effects of DCM could be reduced by mechanically limiting the degree of cardiac dilatation. Methods: A Transonic 20A cardiac output (CO) flow-probe was implanted in the pulmonary artery of 12 adult (52±4 kg) sheep. Early heart failure was created by rapid right ventricular (RV) pacing for 21 days at a rate which resulted in an initial 10% decrease in CO (to a maximum of 190 bpm). A custom polyester jacket (Acorn Cardiovascular, St Paul, MN) was then placed, via a partial lower sternotomy, on the ventricular epicardium of all sheep. Animals were randomised either to jacket retention (wrap) or removal (sham). Pacing was recommenced at a higher rate (that initiated a further 10% decrease in CO) for 28 days. Haemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters were determined at baseline, implant and at termination. Results: At termination, the left ventricular fractional shortening was significantly higher (p=0.03), the degree of mitral valve regurgitation lower (scaled 0–3) (p=0.03) and the left ventricular long axis area smaller (p=0.02) in the wrap animals compared with sham. Conclusions: In this model of heart failure, ventricular constraint with a polyester jacket diminished the deterioration in cardiac function associated with progressive dilated cardiomyopathy. These results suggest that maintainance of a more normal cardiac size and shape may be beneficial in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.
Aspirin inhibits vascular plasminogen activator activity in vivo. Studies utilizing a new assay to quantify plasminogen activator activity.
Authors: R I Levin, P C Harpel, D Weil, T S Chang, D B Rifkin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

Vascular or tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA) is a key enzyme in physiologic fibrinolysis. To study the role of prostaglandins in modulating the synthesis and release of TPA in vivo, we prospectively studied the effect of aspirin (650 mg/d X 2) on TPA activity in 13 human subjects before and after 10 min of forearm venous occlusion. TPA activity was quantified by a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that both measures and differentiates between TPA and urokinase (UK)-like plasminogen activator activity. This assay is based on the observation that the concentration of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor-plasmin complexes in Reptilase-clotted plasma increases linearly in proportion to the amount of activator added. Resting TPA activity was higher in women than in men (0.56 +/- 0.59 vs. 0.15 +/- 0.11 U/ml, P = 0.049). Venous occlusion induced an eightfold rise in TPA activity in women (to 4.5 U/ml, P = 0.006) and a 15-fold rise in men (to 2.28 U/ml, P = 0.004), whereas UK activity was not detected. Aspirin inhibited the rise in TPA activity after venous occlusion by 69% in men (P = 0.004) and 70% in women (P = 0.014). In contrast, aspirin had no effect on pre- or post-occlusion hematocrits or Factor VIII-related antigen levels. There was no correlation between plasma salicylate level and percentage inhibition of TPA. Neither exogenous aspirin (0-1 microgram/ml) nor salicylate (0-70 micrograms/ml) inhibited the generation of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor-plasmin complexes by exogenous TPA or interfered with the assay system. We conclude that aspirin may have an antifibrinolytic effect in man that has not been previously described.
Cancer Education Campaign
Authors: M. Sutton
Journal: BMJ (1966)

Cytopathogenic Agents from Leukaemic Patients SIR,-In 1964 Dr. G. Negroni' reported isolating serologically related cytopathogenic agents in human' embryo tissue-cultures inoculated with passage fluids from human leukaemic bone marrows.The agents were described as being weakly neutralized by sera from seven! bf eight leukaemia patients but not by sera 'from seven controls ; no such agents were isolated from cultures inoculated with non-leukaemic marrows.'From these cultures were isolated strains of mycoplasma cytopathogenic for primary tissue-cultures of human embryo, human amnion, and rhesus monkey kidney,' also' for continuous .tissue-
Delayed Tuberculin Reactivity in Persons of Indochinese Origin: Implications for Preventive Therapy
Authors: John M. Robertson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Objectives: To 1) study a variant delayed reaction to tuberculin testing as a way to enhance screening for tuberculosis among high-risk persons and 2) correlate the delayed reaction with lymphocyte blastogenesis. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: 2 public health department clinics in North Carolina. Participants: 121 adults who had recently emigrated from Vietnam to North Carolina and who were ethnic Vietnamese and ethnic Dega, a minority population group from the central highlands region of Vietnam. Measurements: Medical history, physical examination, laboratory evaluation, and standard purified protein derivative (PPD) testing (Mantoux method). Skin test results were read at 72 hours and again at 6 days. Variant reactivity was defined as induration of less than 10 mm at 72 hours that, when reassessed at 6 days, had increased in size to 10 mm or greater. Persons with negative (n = 54) and variant (n = 32) PPD results also had booster testing at 10 to 12 weeks. Serum samples were obtained from 57 participants for lymphocyte blastogenesis studies. Results: 26% of participants had variant tuberculin reactivity. Variant reactivity was strongly associated with booster positivity: Sixty-five percent of persons with variant PPD results had booster positivity compared with 16% of persons with negative PPD results (P < 0.001). The lymphocyte blastogenesis response of persons with variant PPD results was between the response of persons with negative PPD results and that of persons with positive PPD results. Conclusions: Variant reactivity in this high-risk group was a predictor of booster positivity. Together with the blastogenic response pattern, this association strongly suggests that variant reactivity has a high positive predictive value for tuberculous infection. Clinicians should incorporate these findings into their approach for choosing candidates for preventive therapy.
HIV Disease and the Endocrine System
Authors: Jane F. Desforges, Steven K. Grinspoon, John P. Bilezikian
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

HUMAN immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that results from it may involve, directly or indirectly, virtually every organ system. The endocrine system is not spared. Recent reports of endocrine and metabolic abnormalities in patients with HIV infection document the vulnerability of this system in both the early and late stages of the syndrome.1 2 3 4 Potential pathogenetic mechanisms for the endocrinopathies of HIV disease include compromise of endocrine tissue by hemorrhagic, infectious, or neoplastic processes; alterations in hormonal secretion or action by HIV infection5; and interference with hormonal secretion or action by antibodies, cytokines, or other . . .
Obesity and Hypertension
Authors: Ethan A. H. Sims
Journal: JAMA (1982)

THE PURPOSE of this article is to call attention to a large subgroup of overweight and underexercised hypertensive patients, who probably have hitherto unrecognized mechanisms contributing to their hypertension, and for whom physiological, as opposed to pharmacologic, management may be more effective and appropriate. Two years ago, Dr Louis Tobian<sup>1</sup>wrote in an editorial on hypertension in the obese: "In our recently heightened zeal to treat hypertensive patients with pressure lowering drugs, we may be overlooking another potent avenue of therapy." He referred to the effects of weight loss alone and concluded that, while it was still not known how adiposity leads to hypertension, the question deserved intensive research. He concluded that the cause of the hypertension in this group was still elusive. We are entering an exciting period in which the underlying mechanisms are becoming clarified. In view of increasing interest in this area, a meeting was convened
The impact of CYP2E1 on the development of alcoholic liver disease as studied in a transgenic mouse model
Authors: Angelica Butura, Kerstin Nilsson, Kengathevy Morgan, Timothy R. Morgan, Samuel W. French, Inger Johansson, Ina Schuppe-Koistinen, Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Treatment of Chronic Active Hepatitis
Authors: Allan G. Redeker
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

The liver disorder called chronic active hepatitis has been a vexing subject among clinicians and pathologists for over 20 years. Confusion and disagreement have often characterized attempts to define the terminology, pathological features, clinical course, and management of this disease. Nevertheless, progress has been made in all these areas. For one thing, there is now general agreement that we should use the term "chronic active hepatitis" rather than such terms as "chronic aggressive hepatitis" or "chronic active liver disease." Early descriptions of chronic active hepatitis emphasized that the disease predominantly affected women and was usually relentlessly progressive, although the rate . . .
Social Psychologic Factors Affecting the Presentation of Bodily Complaints
Authors: David Mechanic
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

PATIENTS often recognize symptoms for which they seek medical assistance, but, on the basis of a history and physical and laboratory examination, the physician cannot obtain evidence to account for or justify the patients' complaints.1 Such patients conform in part to Gillespie's concept of hypochondria, which he viewed as "a persistent preoccupation with the bodily health, out of proportion to any existing justification and with a conviction of disease."2 There is considerable disagreement, however, on the appropriate formal definition of hypochondria,3 and it may be incorrect to apply the same designation to profound and persistent hypochondrical syndromes associated with psychiatric . . .
American Heart Association and Nonprofit Advocacy: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Larry B. Goldstein, Laurie P. Whitsel, Neil Meltzer, Mark Schoeberl, Jill Birnbaum, Sue Nelson, Timothy J. Gardner, Clyde W. Yancy, Raymond J. Gibbons, Ralph L. Sacco, Loren Hiratzka
Journal: Circulation (2011)
FK506 ameliorates proteinuria and glomerular lesions induced by anti-Thy 1.1 monoclonal antibody 1-22-3
Authors: Yohei Ikezumi, Katsue Kanno, Hiroko Koike, Masayuki Tomita, Makoto Uchiyama, Fujio Shimizu, Hiroshi Kawachi
Journal: Kidney International (2002)
Obituary Listing
Authors: Samuel B. Guze
Journal: JAMA (1999)

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Double Vagina and Single Uterus
Authors: R. C. Bartlett
Journal: BMJ (1926)

bilirubin at the site of production of ammonia, though the latter may exist as such for only a very short time, is sufficient to explain the formation of the bilirubin ammonium salt.The liver cells are, in fact, the most probable site of formation of the ammonium salt.Our views, therefore, as to the chemical nature of the two forms of bilirubin do not in any way conflict with the aodern theory of jaundice, but on the other hand appear to lend it some support.
THE NATURE OF THE SNELLEN VISUAL FORMULA
Authors: J. A. C. Gabriels
Journal: JAMA (1941)

To the Editor:—  In the remarks of Dr. Harry S. Gradle before the Annual Congress on Industrial Health (The Journal, March 16, p. 989) on the present status of estimating disability from visual loss, one is again reminded that the Snellen formula was never intended to be a fraction or ratio but is merely an expression of what appears to be a fraction.  In Webster's unabridged dictionary a fraction is defined as one or more aliquot parts of a unit or whole number, or an expression for a definite proportion of a unit or magnitude, and a ratio as the relation which one quantity or magnitude has to another of the same kind. In this connection, then, it is frequently contended that the Snellen formula could not be an aliquot part of unity, as represented by the norm 20/20, and therefore is not a true fraction. That this position is
A CASE OF HERNIA INTO THE INFERIOR DUODENAL FOSSA
Authors: J. J. Levin
Journal: BMJ (1924)

Of the 38 cases dead, 27 were relieved of all symptoms, 3 abandoned treatmlent, 8 were unrelieved, 5 of whom were recuirences following operation, and 3 were so extensive that only one exposure was given owing to the risk of fistula formation.Of those with complete relief of symptoms, 9 lived between one and one and three-quarter years; 8 between six and twelve months; and 10 between two aind six months. Symptoms.Haeniorrhage, which varied from slight irregular losses to severe flooding, ceased within a few days of the first exposure.In two cases the haemorrhage returned after several exposures and was so free that ligature of the internal iliacs was under- taken in order to control it.These two cases were probably examples of irradiation of a tumour which had become radio- resistant.I had also to ligature these vessels in a third case, but here the haemorrhage was a true secondary haemorrhage occurring in an extensive and virul3titly infected growth, and, following the exposure, a massive necrosis of tissues took place.Bloody Discharge.-Thisundergoes rapid improvement, the blood ceasing within' a few days, the discharge becoming thinner and losing its offensive character in three weeks, con- currently with the cleansing and healing of the ulcer.At thle end of a month it is watery and small in quantity with a musty odour, and at the end of six weeks has ceased.Pain.-In some form or other pain is usually present, but is either of the nature of a long-standing backache, which remainis uninfluenced, or a dull ache in the pelvis duie to infection anid oedema of the cellular tissues.This type of paiin is commonly relieved, and patients who have been taking phenacetin and bromides at night are able to do without after the first exposure.The late pains due to involvemenit of nerve roots or secondary deposits in the spine are not inifluenced in any way.Local Ulcer.-Theulcer whicli at the first exposure admitted the tips of two fingers will, at the end of a month, barely admit one tube of radium in its metal and rubber screeis, which is equivalent in thickness to the ordinary lead pencil, and at the end of six weeks the cervix, though red, is covered witlh epithelium and has a normal appearance.The geneial con- dition improves with the disappearance of the infected focus; the colour, appetite, and general well-being undergo a great
Taussig-Bing Malformation, Coarctation of the Aorta, and Reversed Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Authors: ANNE LITTLE WEDEMEYER, RUSSELL V. LUCAS, ALDO R. CASTANEDA
Journal: Circulation (1970)

Operative correction of a Taussig-Bing malformation was successfully accomplished in a 23-mo-old boy, weighing 6.8 kg. Associated coarctation of the aorta and reversed patent ductus arteriosus were corrected in a preliminary operation. The patient's management was complicated by severe preoperative thrombocytopenia which responded to multiple phlebotomies. Surgical repair of the Taussig-Bing malformation consisted in patching the ventricular septal defect to create physiologically complete transposition of great vessels. Then a Mustard procedure was done.
Comparison of criteria derived by government and patients for evaluating general practitioner services.
Authors: C. H. Smith, D. Armstrong
Journal: BMJ (1989)

A study was carried out to see whether patients9 criteria of good health care in general practice were different from those of the government and doctors. A total of 711 patients in a semirural group practice evaluated the importance of 20 criteria describing different facets of care. Half the criteria were derived from Promoting Better Health (health education, easy to change doctors, all children vaccinated, health checks for adults and children under 5, regular screening for cancer, woman doctor available, doctor goes on courses, well decorated premises, convenient surgery times); the other 10 were taken from a preliminary interview study of 24 patients (staff friendly and know me, doctor listens and sorts out problems, same doctor for consultations, nurse on premises, appointments available within 48 hours, waiting time less than 20 minutes, small surgery premises, tests available at surgery). Questionnaires containing 10 pairs of criteria assigned by computer were drawn up and patients asked to give their preference in each pair. The number of times each criterion was preferred was scored and its comparative importance ranked. The three criteria most highly ranked by all patients were having a doctor who listens, having a doctor who sorts out problems, and usually seeing the same doctor (all criteria originated by patients). The three least highly valued were health education, being able to change doctor easily, and well decorated and convenient premises (all criteria originated by the government). The criteria originated by patients as a group scored significantly more highly than those originated by government as a group. In a more competitive general practice environment, in which doctors will be more inclined to satisfy the wishes of patients, officially supported indicators of good quality care might not get the encouragement that the government and doctors think that they deserve.