tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Extra-oral Nerve-block Analgesia for Dental Extractions
Authors: H. M. Wood, K. M. Rains, P. A. Bramley
Journal: BMJ (1946)

Thalamocortical neurons relay sensory and motor information to the neocortex using both single spikes and bursts; bursts prevail during low-vigilance states but also occur during awake behavior. Bursts are suggested to provide an alerting signal to the cortex and enhance stimulus detection, but the synaptic mechanisms underlying these effects are not clear, because the postsynaptic responses of different subtypes of cortical neurons to unitary thalamocortical bursts are mostly unknown. Using optogenetically guided recordings in mouse thalamocortical slices, we achieved the first reported paired intracellular recordings from nine monosynaptically connected thalamic and cortical neurons, including principal cells and two subtypes of inhibitory interneurons, and compared between cortical responses to single thalamocortical spikes and bursts. In 18 additional cortical neurons, we elicited unitary burst responses optogenetically. Short-term dynamics and temporal summation of burst-evoked EPSPs were cell-type dependent: in principal cells and somatostatin-containing (SOM), but not fast-spiking (FS), interneurons, peak response during a burst was on average more than twofold larger than the response to the first spike. Thus, firing a burst instead of a single spike would more than double the probability of firing in postsynaptic excitatory neurons and in SOM, but not FS, interneurons. Consistent with this prediction, FS interneurons held near firing threshold fired most often on the first burst component, whereas SOM interneurons fired only on the second or later components. By increasing excitation of principal cells together with SOM-mediated, distally directed inhibition, thalamocortical bursts could momentarily enhance the saliency of the ascending sensory stimulus over less urgent, top-down inputs. <b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Thalamocortical neurons relay sensory and motor information to the cerebral cortex using both single spikes and high-frequency bursts, but the function of bursts is not fully understood. Using brain slices from mouse somatosensory thalamus and cortex, we achieved the first dual recordings of directly connected thalamic and cortical neurons and compared between cortical responses to single thalamic spikes and to bursts. We report that bursts enhanced the responses of excitatory neurons and of inhibitory interneurons that preferentially target dendrites. A potential consequence is that bursts will enhance the response to the immediate sensory event over responses to less urgent, modulatory inputs.
The unkindest cut: emasculated musicians
Authors: Colin Martin
Journal: BMJ (2006)

A lthough we are now circumspect about even circumcising infant boys, many thousands of prepubes-cent choristers were castrated during the 17th and 18th centuries to prevent their larynxes enlarging and preserve their soprano or contralto vocal ranges, supported by adult male lung capacities. The testes of boys as young as eight were removed by scrotal incision or resection, without antiseptic and with minimal anaesthesia provided by alcohol, opium, or carotid artery compression. It is estimated that only 1 in 200 of those who survived the operation, and endured the eight year vocal training period for …
British, American Reports on Xenotransplantation
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1996)

TWO REPORTS on the current status of xenotransplantation and the circumstances under which it can safely proceed were presented last month in Washington, DC. One comes from the United States' Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the other from Great Britain's Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Each report was discussed by those who prepared it at a meeting held by the IOM. Essentially, the message was the same: when using animals as a source of organs, tissues, or cells for transplantation to humans, proceed with care if you proceed at all; recognize clearly the risks involved; xenotransplantation requires appropriate safeguards that are not yet in place. The procedures are still experimental. <h3>Central vs Local Control</h3> The British report,<i>Animal-to-Human Transplants: The Ethics of Xenotransplantation</i>, is more cautious and calls for more centralized regulation than does the US report,<i>Xenotransplanta</i><i>tion: Science, Ethics, and Public Policy</i>. The latter, while also calling for specific
Feasibility of integrating early stimulation into primary care for undernourished Jamaican children: cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Christine Powell, Helen Baker-Henningham, Susan Walker, Jacqueline Gernay, Sally Grantham-McGregor
Journal: BMJ (2004)

<h3>Abstract</h3> HIV-1 Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) is commonly seen in HIV-infected patients. Viral proteins including Tat cause neuronal toxicity and is worsened by drugs of abuse. To uncover potential targets for anti-HAND therapy, we employed a literature mining system, MOLIERE. Here, we validated Dead Box RNA Helicase 3 (DDX3) as a target to treat HAND via a selective DDX3 inhibitor, RK-33. The combined neurotoxicity of Tat protein and cocaine was blocked by RK-33 in rat and mouse cortical cultures. Transcriptome analysis showed that Tat-activated transcripts include makers and regulators of microglial activation, and RK-33 blocked Tat-induced activation of these mRNAs. Elevated production of proinflammatory cytokines was also inhibited by RK-33. These findings show that DDX3 contributes to microglial activation triggered by Tat and cocaine, and DDX3 inhibition shows promise as a therapy for HAND. Moreover, DDX3 may contribute to the pathology of other neurodegenerative diseases with pathological activation of microglia.
Dexamethasone-Suppressible Adrenocortical Tumor
Authors: John W. Kendall, Perry R. Sloop
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

ONE of the most widely employed tests in clinical endocrinology is the dexamethasone suppression test. The applications of this test fall into two broad classes. First of all, it helps distinguish the normal from states of hypercortisolism. Once hypercortisolism has been established the test is useful in distinguishing between hypercortisolism due to excessive pituitary ACTH secretion and that due to extrapituitary disorders.1 Secondly, in virilizing disorders without hypercortisolism, the test has been useful in separating tumorous from nontumorous causes.A virilizing syndrome in which excessive urinary 17-ketosteroids are not suppressed by dexamethasone has been considered presumptively diagnostic of a virilizing . . .
Treatment of Uterine Fibroids.
Authors: Franklin H. Martin
Journal: JAMA (1893)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In a recent editorial of theJournal, Dec. 9, 1893, on the above subject, three methods of cure were presented: " The application of electricity to the growth; the induction of premature menopause by removal of the ovaries and tubes; and the removal of the tumor, either with or without the removal of the uterus and its appendages." While the writer of the editorial took a conservative course in presenting the above methods as old established treatments, it seems to me it would not have made his authority any less comprehensive if he had mentioned the new operations of promise which are now on trial in this country and in Europe, for the difficulty under consideration. Ignorance of the subject can not be gracefully advanced by an editorial writer, who of all writers must be abreast of the literature of his subject. Therefore I must take it for
THE IMPORTANCE OF ICE IN THE PRODUCTION OF TYPHOID FEVER.
Authors: WILLIAM H. PARK
Journal: JAMA (1907)

hand, are excreted exclusively by the tubular epithelium.Attempts to separate the functions of the glomeruli and tubules in mammals have not thus far led to decisive results.It is probable, but not proved, that the same •conditions prevail as in frogs.There is no conclusive evidence that urea is secreted differently from the salts.2. Secretion or Reabsorption by the Tubular Epi- thelium.-Asstated, the tubular epithelium can secrete all the urinary constituents in the frog.It is highly probable that it secretes pigments in mammals.It is proven that it secretes sugar under the influence of phlorrhizin.There can be no doubt, therefore, that it is capable of secreting some substances, but there is no definite evidence as to whether any of the normal con- stituents are normally secreted by this epithelium.Re- absorption under normal conditions is neither proved nor disproved; however, its acceptance furnishes the clearest explanation of many phenomena.If it exists it must be selective, discriminating between the different constituents and varying with conditions.3. Filtration in the Kidney.-Filtrationthrough the glomeruli is physically possible, because it occurs in dead kidneys.The influence of saline diuretics, of changes of circulation, etc., on the urine flow corresponds closely in the living and dead kidneys.This indicates that filtration is probably an important factor in the formation of urine, but there is no direct proof.The composition of the urine can not be explained by filtra- tion.4. "Secretion" by the Glomeruli.-It is very probable, though not proved, that glomerular urine may, at times, have a much lower concentration than the plasma.The formation of such a fluid would probably require a force exceeding the available filtration pressure-in other words, it would constitute a secretory process.5. The Concentration of the Urine.-It is very prob- able, though not proved, that the urine ordinarily be- comes more concentrated as it passes through the tubules.At all events, the formation of a urine of greater con- centration than the plasma requires an unknown force- whether secretory or absorbing-which must be classed as vital.
The early diagnosis of fractures of the carpal scaphoid bone.
Authors: A. Ganel, A. Israeli, J. Engel
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1980)

Fractures of the navicular bone are the most common carpal injuries (O'Donoghue, 1976; Thomaidis, 1973). Young males are especially prone to this fracture when falling on the outstretched hand. Various sporting activities are associated with this type of injury, these include football, basketball, rugby, skating, skate-boarding, hang-gliding, etc. (Dobyns, 1978). The vast majority of fractured scaphoids unite without complications. However, some unite slowly; in others, pseudoarthrosis occurs and in some, aseptic necrosis of the proximal fragment (Alho, 1975). Failure to recognise this fracture with resultant delayed immobilisation of the wrist is partially blamed for these complications.
Long waiting lists in hospitals
Authors: H. Buhaug
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Information in practice p 280 

Long waiting lists have become symbols of the inefficiency of hospital services all over the world, particularly in publicly funded hospitals.1 After decades of attempts, we still do not know what it would take to solve the problem. The dynamics of waiting lists are not well understood.2 Also, the potential productive capacity of the hospitals is hard to estimate, as hospital production is very complex. We believe that most hospitals operate close to their capacity limits, given the way they are organised and given the present methods of coordination and control. We do not know if these methods are the best, or if significant improvements could be achieved by employing other methods.

One way to alleviate the burden for patients waiting weeks or months for admission would be to give them the date of admission right away. A firm date would be of great practical value and probably make long waits less stressful. This requires a booked admission system. An operational research study of such a booked admission system …
THE EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF THE LIVER
Authors: ROBERT S. TEAGUE
Journal: JAMA (1941)

The clinical use of the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol is accompanied by untoward symptoms of nausea and vomiting in a considerable number of cases. The explanation of these symptoms and the extent of toxicity of the substance are still matters of debate, but the question has been raised whether the drug may produce liver damage. 1 Recently there have appeared a number of studies on the toxicology of diethylstilbestrol in experimental animals, and a wide variety of interpretations has been placed on the microscopic changes produced in the liver by the drug. For example, some have reported hepatitis, 2 fatty degeneration and toxic necrosis 3 while others have found no hepatic lesion. 4 The reports have often included studies of the effect of the natural estrogens on the liver, with similar findings.  In an investigation of the toxicology of diethylstilbesterol in rats, to be reported elsewhere, the microscopic changes in the
Audit-based education lowers systolic blood pressure in chronic kidney disease: the Quality Improvement in CKD (QICKD) trial results
Authors: Simon de Lusignana, Hugh Gallagher, Simon Jones, Tom Chan, Jeremy van Vlymen, Aumran Tahir, Nicola Thomas, Neerja Jain, Olga Dmitrieva, Imran Rafi, Andrew McGovern, Kevin Harris
Journal: Kidney International (2013)

Strict control of systolic blood pressure is known to slow progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Here we compared audit-based education (ABE) to guidelines and prompts or usual practice in lowering systolic blood pressure in people with CKD. This 2-year cluster randomized trial included 93 volunteer general practices randomized into three arms with 30 ABE practices, 32 with guidelines and prompts, and 31 usual practices. An intervention effect on the primary outcome, systolic blood pressure, was calculated using a multilevel model to predict changes after the intervention. The prevalence of CKD was 7.29% (41,183 of 565,016 patients) with all cardiovascular comorbidities more common in those with CKD. Our models showed that the systolic blood pressure was significantly lowered by 2.41 mm Hg (CI 0.59-4.29 mm Hg), in the ABE practices with an odds ratio of achieving at least a 5 mm Hg reduction in systolic blood pressure of 1.24 (CI 1.05-1.45). Practices exposed to guidelines and prompts produced no significant change compared to usual practice. Male gender, ABE, ischemic heart disease, and congestive heart failure were independently associated with a greater lowering of systolic blood pressure but the converse applied to hypertension and age over 75 years. There were no reports of harm. Thus, individuals receiving ABE are more likely to achieve a lower blood pressure than those receiving only usual practice. The findings should be interpreted with caution due to the wide confidence intervals.
HIV in Europe
Authors: Nicholas C. Grassly
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
David Augustus Noel (“Dan”) Hoyte
Authors: Christine Hoyte
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Professor of anatomy University of the West Indies, Jamaica, 1964-74; senior lecturer, then reader, human morphology department, Nottingham, 1974-2003; general practitioner Kegworth 1974-93 (b St Lucia, West Indies, 1923; q Manchester 1946), died from multiple system atrophy on 23 August 2004.​2004.




Figure 1




After spending 1947-9 in the Royal Army Medical Corps, David joined the department of anatomy in Manchester, rising from demonstrator to lecturer. For his MD thesis he studied the growth of the skull in small mammals. He continued to research this area for the rest of his life. His demonstration of the mechanisms of craniofacial growth was important to practitioners in many fields, enabling the development of treatment techniques. In 1960 he joined the newly created University College (later University) of the West Indies in Jamaica, becoming professor of anatomy in 1964. In 1974 he returned to the United Kingdom and became a general practitioner, continuing to teach anatomy part time. He leaves a wife, Vera; three children; and seven grandchildren. A memorial service will take place at 11 am on 19 March at Kegworth Parish Church.
Acupuncture for Baldness
Authors: Curly de Bald
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I would like to share with my colleagues an important observation made after reading "Treatment of Baldness With Acupunture" (<i>Am J Acupuncture</i>1:23-26, 1973). I was convinced by author Ryszard Kobos, MD, of Warsaw, Poland, that acupuncture is the only hope for bald men who whistle in futility at young girls. I did a lot of thinking about the whole problem, especially about my wife's attitude toward me. How many times has she stuck pins into my bald head supposedly mistaking it for a pincushion and how many times have I thought it to be her way of working out her hidden hostilities? Suddenly I realized that she was trying to help me, in true Freudian style. Subconsciously, she always knew that the only hope of a cure for my baldness was the acupuncture needle. She was giving me the message. This deep scientific observation proves that
<i>EWS-CREB1</i>: A Recurrent Variant Fusion in Clear Cell Sarcoma—Association with Gastrointestinal Location and Absence of Melanocytic Differentiation
Authors: Cristina R. Antonescu, Khedoudja Nafa, Neil H. Segal, Paola Dal Cin, Marc Ladanyi
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Purpose: Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) usually arises in the lower extremities of young adults and is typically associated with a t(12;22) translocation resulting in the fusion of EWS (EWSR1) with ATF1, a gene encoding a member of the cyclic AMP–responsive element binding protein (CREB) family of transcription factors. CCS arising in the gastrointestinal tract is rare and its pathologic and molecular features are not well defined. Experimental Design: We report a novel variant fusion of EWS to CREB1, a gene at 2q32 encoding another CREB family member highly related to ATF1, detected in three women with gastrointestinal CCS. All three cases contained an identical EWS-CREB1 fusion transcript that was shown by reverse transcription-PCR. In two of the cases tested, EWS gene rearrangement was also confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and the EWS-CREB1 genomic junction fragments were isolated by long-range DNA PCR. Results: Morphologically, all three tumors lacked melanin pigmentation. By immunohistochemistry, there was a strong and diffuse S100 protein reactivity, whereas all melanocytic markers were negative. Ultrastructurally, two of the cases lacked melanosomes. The melanocyte-specific transcript of MITF was absent in two cases, and only weakly expressed in the third case. The Affymetrix gene expression data available in one case showed lower expression of the melanocytic genes MITF, TYR, and TYRP1, compared with four EWS-ATF1-positive CCSs of non-gastrointestinal origin. Conclusions: EWS-CREB1 may define a novel subset of CCS that occurs preferentially in the gastrointestinal tract and shows little or no melanocytic differentiation. Thus, evidence of melanocytic lineage or differentiation is not a necessary feature of sarcomas with gene fusions involving CREB family members.
Internal Medicine Under Stress
Authors: Wright Adams
Journal: JAMA (1963)

MANY DIRE PREDICTIONS are made about what is happening and what is going to happen to internal medicine. These predictions are stimulated by stresses which this specialty feels. Many young physicians are trained in internal medicine and make a career in some other field; this may be a subspecialty or something other than medical practice. When substantial numbers of trained internists diverge from the practice of internal medicine, a stress is produced, and we may be inclined to see this specialty threatened. The thesis to be presented is an optimistic one: that internal medicine will not only survive these and other stresses, but that it will thrive and continue to grow. It would be appropriate to begin with a definition of internal medicine, but this is beyond my capacity. The American College of Physicians, the American Society of Internal Medicine, and many others had made efforts to develop an
Leaflet Escape in a New Bileaflet Mechanical Valve
Authors: Tomaso Bottio, Dino Casarotto, Gaetano Thiene, Luca Caprili, Annalisa Angelini, Gino Gerosa
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Leaflet escape is a mode of structural valve failure for mechanical prostheses. This complication previously has been reported for both monoleaflet and bileaflet valve models. We report 2 leaflet escape occurrences observed in 2 patients who underwent valve replacement with a TRI Technologies valve prosthesis.At the University of Padua, between November 2000 and February 2002, 36 TRI Technologies valve prostheses (26 aortic and 10 mitral) were implanted in 34 patients (12 women and 22 men) with a mean age of 59.9+/-10.3 years (range, 30 to 75 years). There were 5 deaths: 3 in hospital, 1 early after discharge, and 1 late. Two patients experienced a catastrophic prosthetic leaflet escape; the first patient was a 52-year-old man who died 10 days after aortic valve and ascending aorta replacement, and the second was a 58-year-old man who underwent a successful emergency reoperation 20 months after mitral valve replacement. Examination of the explanted prostheses showed in both cases a leaflet escape caused by a leaflet's pivoting system fracture. Prophylactic replacement was then successfully accomplished so far in 12 patients, without evidence of structural valve failure in any of them. Among other significant postoperative complications, we observed 3 major thromboembolisms, 1 hemorrhage, and 1 paravalvular leak.These catastrophes prompted us to interrupt the implantation program, and they cast a shadow on the durability of the TRI Technologies valve prosthesis because of its high risk of structural failure.