tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Blood Pressure in a Scottish Town
Authors: V. M. Hawthorne, D. A. Greaves, D. G. Beevers
Journal: BMJ (1974)

As part of a general health screening survey in the Burgh of Renfrew blood pressure was measured in 3,001 subjects (78.8% of those eligible) aged 45 to 64. In 468 (15.6%) diastolic blood pressure was 100 mm Hg or more. A year later the mean blood pressure for those of the population re-examined showed no change, there being an equal number of subjects with increased and decreased pressures. The prognostic significance of those showing the larger fluctuations remains to be determined through medical-record linkage.Examination of the general practitioners' medical records of 422 of the 468 subjects with diastolic blood pressure of 100 mm Hg or more showed that 255 had no previous documented hypertension. Of the remainder 73 were receiving antihypertensive therapy. Examination of the records of subjects whose blood pressure was under 100 mm Hg showed that 55 were receiving antihypertensive treatment and that another 113 had previously been recorded as having a diastolic blood pressure of 100 mm Hg or more by their general practitioner. Altogether at least 636 (21.2%) of those who were examined had been considered at some time to have evidence of hypertension.The prevalence of undetected hypertension in the general population has important implications for the resources of the National Health Service if current trials show benefit to the health of the community from treating "mild" as well as "moderate" hypertension.
Amantadine for Influenza
Authors: Samuel L. Katz
Journal: JAMA (1977)

To the Editor.—  Although there is certainly a case to be made for the consideration of amantadine as a chemoprophylactic agent, perhaps even a therapeutic agent, in influenza type A virus infections, the commentary by Chanin has some misleading implications.  First of all, Chanin recommends a drug dosage that is one half that of the licensed product, yet he presents no data to substantiate the efficacy of his reduced dosage schedule. Secondly, in discussing the effects of influenza vaccine on the pulmonary function of patients with chronic lung disease, he alludes to studies with experimental live influenza virus vaccines but fails to differentiate for the reader that this was an investigative vaccine totally different from the licensed, inactivated vaccines that are used in prophylaxis. This confusion is further compounded by his comment that the immunization leads to adverse effects in the high-risk patient. Finally, he restates the old complaint that
Insulin resistance undermines the advantages of IL28B polymorphism in the pegylated interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin treatment of chronic hepatitis C patients with genotype 1
Authors: Eiichi Ogawa, Norihiro Furusyo, Masayuki Murata, Hiroaki Ikezaki, Takeshi Ihara, Takeo Hayashi, Kazuhiro Toyoda, Hiroaki Taniai, Kyoko Okada, Mosaburo Kainuma, Jun Hayashi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Hemodynamic Studies in Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: LEONARD LEIGHT, THOMAS H. SNIDER, GEORGE O. CLIFFORD, HARPER K. HELLEMS
Journal: Circulation (1954)

Hemodynamic studies in 13 unselected patients with sickle cell anemia are reported. Twelve of these patients were also studied during mild exercise. The cardiac output at rest was elevated in all and rose significantly with exercise in 9 of the 12 patients. The importance of the increased percentage extraction of oxygen by the tissues in modifying the response of the cardiac output is discussed. The similarity of the response to exercise in the majority of these chronically anemic patients compared with the normal response is described. Included in this series is one case with secondary cor pulmonale and one case of concurrent rheumatic heart disease.
Inhibition of Antigen-induced Eosinophilia and Airway Hyperresponsiveness by Antisense Oligonucleotides Directed against the Common β Chain of IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF Receptors in a Rat Model of Allergic Asthma
Authors: Zoulfia Allakhverdi, Mustapha Allam, Paolo M. Renzi
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

Airway obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and the accumulation and persistence within the airways of inflammatory cells characterize asthma. Interleukin (IL)-3, granulocyte macrophage colony- stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL-5 are among several cytokines that have been shown to be increased in asthma and to contribute to atopic inflammation. They mediate their effect via receptors that have a common beta subunit (beta(c)). We hypothesized that blocking of this common beta(c) would impair the airway response to antigen. We report that an antisense (AS) phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) found to specifically inhibit transcription of the beta(c) in rat bone marrow cells also caused inhibition of beta(c) mRNA expression and of immunoreactive cells within the lungs of Brown Norway (BN) rats when injected intratracheally (p < 0.01). Inhibition of beta(c) significantly reduced (p < 0.01) experimentally induced eosinophilia in vivo in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BN rats after antigen challenge. Furthermore, when compared with mismatch-treated rats, beta(c) AS-ODN caused inhibition of antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to leukotriene D4. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the common beta(c) of IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF receptors is involved in the eosinophil influx and airway hyperresponsiveness that follow OVA challenge and underscore the potential utility of a topical antisense approach targeting beta(c) for the treatment of asthma.
Case 45-1972
Authors: Richard C. Cabot, Benjamin Castleman, Robert E. Scully, Betty U. McNeely, Cyrus C. Hopkins, James J. Galdabini
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

Presentation of CaseA 41-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of proteinuria.He had been in excellent health until three weeks previously, when there was the onset of pain in the left ankle, with swelling, erythema, numbness and tingling of the dorsum of the left foot, accompanied by mild arthralgia in the right ankle. A physician prescribed penicillin. On the following day an erythematous rash appeared; his physician discontinued the penicillin and prescribed a sulfonamide. The rash and joint pain improved during the next few days. Ten days before entry nausea, vomiting and diarrhea developed, associated with chilliness, . . .
Anticancer drug targets: cell cycle and checkpoint control
Authors: Geoffrey I. Shapiro, J. Wade Harper
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

Components of the cell cycle machinery are frequently altered in human cancer. Central players are the cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks), which govern the initiation, progression, and completion of cell cycle events. The scheduled activity of the cdks, which allows orderly transition between cell cycle phases, is controlled by their association with cyclins and cdk inhibitors, by their state of phosphorylation, and by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. As malignant cells evolve, both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms commonly affect the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, causing overexpression of cyclins and loss of expression of cdk inhibitors. A major consequence is deregulated cdk activity, providing cells with a selective growth advantage. The crucial role of the cdks has prompted great interest in the development of specific kinase inhibitors that would be expected to block cell cycle progression and induce growth arrest.

Another hallmark of the transformed state is incompetent checkpoint control, resulting in aberrant responses to cellular damage. For example, damage to DNA or the spindle apparatus normally triggers cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, depending on the degree of damage and the cellular context. Cell cycle arrest most frequently occurs at the G1/S or G2/M boundaries. When checkpoint arrest control is compromised, initiation of S phase or mitosis occurs despite cellular damage, and the ensuing genetic instability may lead to the eventual emergence of a malignant clone. However, this failure of cell cycle arrest responses in malignant cells can also be exploited therapeutically. Cells in which checkpoint control is disrupted are more sensitive to additional genotoxic or microtubular damage. Unbridled cell cycle progression in the presence of such damage is usually lethal, which may explain the selective sensitivity of some cancer cells to DNA-damaging treatments. For this reason, intact components of cell cycle arrest checkpoints are also potential targets for novel antineoplastics, and their inhibition may increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to standard chemotherapy and radiation (1).

Many of the compounds under study as anti-tumor agents act at multiple steps in the cell cycle, and their effects may be cytostatic or cytotoxic, depending on the cell cycle status of the target cells. Hence, an understanding of the molecular interactions involved may suggest ways to sensitize cells to the effects of these compounds. In particular, combinations of drugs, applied in a specific sequence, may be used to maneuver a tumor cell population into a state where it is most susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of novel, or indeed traditional, chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we review key aspects of cell cycle and checkpoint control, as well as exploitable abnormalities commonly found in cancer, in order to focus on promising targets of new agents presently in clinical trial or under development.
A NOTE ON THE MEANS OF SPREADING “DHOBI ITCH.”
Authors: Arthur Whitfield
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1933)

Journal Article A NOTE ON THE MEANS OF SPREADING “DHOBI ITCH.” Get access Arthur Whitfield Arthur Whitfield Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 45, Issue 1, 1 January 1933, Page 48, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1933.tb09642.x Published: 01 January 1933
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “DITPA (3,5-Diiodothyropropionic Acid), a Thyroid Hormone Analog to Treat Heart Failure: Phase II Trial Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study”
Authors: Madeline McCarren, Steven Goldman, Janet Ohm, Hoang Thai, Eugene Morkin, Paul W. Ladenson, Robert Edson, Lori Churby, Mei-Chiung Shih, Phil Lavori, Stuart Warren, Jamie Barnhill, Terrence O'Brien, Inder Anand, Alberta Warner, Brack Hattler, Mark Dunlap, John Erikson
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Phase II Trial Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study"We are glad that Dr Pingitore and his colleagues share our interest in use of thyromimetic agents to enhance cardiac performance.Inasmuch as a negative finding with respect to heart failure benefit with a low dose would have been an inconclusive study, we elected to administer the presumed maximum tolerated dose.In retrospect, we agree that the DITPA dose we used was too high, but available resources allowed only a single dose to be tested.As noted, we did see some beneficial effects and have tentatively identified a dose (90 mg/d) that might provide a better balance between benefit and tolerability, for future study.
Prevalence and correlates of dysthymia and major depression among patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: R Migliorelli, A Tesón, L Sabe, M Petracchi, R Leiguarda, S E Starkstein
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1995)

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence, risk factors, and correlates of depression among patients with Alzheimer's disease.A consecutive series of 103 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease were examined with a structured psychiatric interview and were assessed for the presence of cognitive impairments, deficits in activities of daily living, social functioning, and anosognosia.Fifty-one percent of the patients had depression (28% had dysthymia and 23% major depression). Women had a significantly higher prevalence of both major depression and dysthymia than men. Depressed and nondepressed patients had a similar frequency of family and personal histories of depression, a similar frequency of personality disorders before the onset of depression, and no significant differences in cognitive deficits and impairment in activities of daily living. Dysthymia usually started after the onset of dementia and was significantly more prevalent in the early stages of dementia; patients with dysthymia had a significantly better awareness of intellectual deficits than patients with major or no depression. On the other hand, patients with major depression had an earlier onset of depression (half of them before the onset of dementia), and the prevalence of major depression was similar across the different stages of the illness.This study demonstrates a high prevalence of dysthymia and major depression among patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. While dysthymia may be an emotional reaction to the progressive cognitive decline, major depression may be related to biological factors.
Doctors Criminal and Criminous
Authors: Jacques Barzun
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

THERE is a widespread belief, repeated in a hundred books, that a physician, if he were sufficiently evil and thoroughly de-Hippocratized, would make an excellent murderer. From him we should have the perfect crime. Never mind his motive — his means would be elegant, and his modus operandi professional. I have always doubted this flattering cliché, for three reasons. First, how could a modern physician do it without the help of his office nurse? He would forget the time the event was planned for and would keep talking away to the previous patient about the evils of socialized medicine. And . . .
G-Quadruplexes Induce Apoptosis in Tumor Cells
Authors: Haiyan Qi, Chao-Po Lin, Xuan Fu, Laurence M. Wood, Angela A. Liu, Yuan-Chin Tsai, Yongjie Chen, Christopher M. Barbieri, Daniel S. Pilch, Leroy F. Liu
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Several G-rich oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), which are capable of forming G-quadruplexes, have been shown to exhibit antiproliferative activity against tumor cell lines and antitumor activity in nude mice carrying prostate and breast tumor xenografts. However, the molecular basis for their antitumor activity remains unclear. In the current study, we showed that a variety of telomeric G-tail oligodeoxynucleotides (TG-ODNs) exhibited antiproliferative activity against many tumor cells in culture. Systematic mutational analysis of the TG-ODNs suggests that the antiproliferative activity depends on the G-quadruplex conformation of these TG-ODNs. TG-ODNs were also shown to induce poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 cleavage, phosphatidylserine flipping, and caspase activation, indicative of induction of apoptosis. TG-ODN–induced apoptosis was largely ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) dependent. Furthermore, TG-ODN–induced apoptosis was inhibited by the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125. Indeed, TG-ODNs were shown to activate the JNK pathway in an ATM-dependent manner as evidenced by elevated phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun. Interestingly, a number of G-quadruplex ODNs (GQ-ODN) derived from nontelomeric sequences also induced ATM/JNK-dependent apoptosis, suggesting a possible common mechanism of tumor cell killing by GQ-ODNs. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11808-16)
The Pathological Physiology of Pancreatic Inflammation
Authors: David A. Dreiling
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Older assumptions that the etiology of pancreatitis is generally either mechanical or alcoholic have been unsettled by more recent findings. Biliary tract disease and alcoholism are implicated in only two-thirds of patients with chronic pancreatitis; in the remaining third it is necessary to consider the possibility of more obscure etiological factors such as vascular, metabolic, nutritional, and autoimmune phenomena. This is illustrated by data on the volume, bicarbonate content, and amylase content of pancreatic juice obtained in the secretin test in 6 patients with pancreatitis due to chronic duodenal obstruction as compared with 5 patients with pancreatitis from other causes. Subsistence on a low-protein diet (5 to 10 Gm. of protein per day for one year) in 5 patients caused an increase in amylase concentration in every case.
Predictions of skin cancer incidence in the Netherlands up to 2015
Authors: E. de Vries, L.V. van de Poll-Franse, W.J. Louwman, F.R. de Gruijl, J.W.W. Coebergh
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Summary Background Skin cancer is an important, growing public health problem among white caucasians, causing a heavy burden on dermatologists and general practitioners. Objectives To predict the future incidence of skin cancer in the Netherlands up to 2015. Methods Expected numbers of skin cancer cases in the Netherlands up to 2015 were calculated by trend modelling of observed rates for melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) between 1989 and 2000 obtained from the Netherlands Cancer Registry and for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) obtained from the Eindhoven Cancer Registry; these rates were then multiplied by the predicted age distributions. Incidence rates were fitted to four different models, and predictions were based on the best fitting model. Results An increase of 80% in the total number of skin cancer patients is expected in the Netherlands: from 20 654 in 2000 to 37 342 in 2015. The total number of melanoma cases is expected to increase by 99%, with the largest increase for males (males aged 35–64, 111%; males aged ≥ 65, 139%). Numbers of patients with SCC will increase overall by 80%, mainly among older males and females (increase of 79%) and females aged 35–64 (increase of 93%). The number of cases of BCC will increase by 78%, with the largest increase for the combined groups, those aged 15–64 (males, 66% increase; females, 94% increase), especially for sites other than the head and neck. The contribution of demographic changes (ageing effect) was largest for males with BCC and SCC (35–44%). Conclusions If incidence rates for skin cancers in the Netherlands continue to increase and population growth and ageing remain unabated, a rise in annual demand for care of more than 5% could occur, putting a heavy burden on general practitioners and dermatologists. In the absence of marked changes in current ultraviolet radiation exposure, these increases will probably continue after 2015.
Water purifying system could save lives in developing countries
Authors: S. Macdonald
Journal: BMJ (2003)

An affordable system to bring safe water to individual households in developing countries could save millions of lives, according to Population Services International, a non-profit organisation based in Washington, DC.

The Safe Water System, developed by the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in partnership with the World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization, uses a dilute sodium hypochlorite solution and community education techniques to bring clean water to poor communities. The system also recommends storing water in containers with a narrow mouth to prevent recontamination.

“The worst aspect of dirty water is that it gives diarrhoeal diseases …
Vaccine Challenges, in Addition to Delivery, Include New Formulations, Better Administration
Authors: Jody W. Zylke
Journal: JAMA (1991)

EXPERTS AGREE that getting vaccines into those children who need immunization is a high-priority issue. Although significant attention is being devoted to vaccine delivery, work continues on developing new vaccines and on improving their administration. Samuel Katz, MD, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, a member of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee of the US Public Health Service, and Caroline Breese Hall, MD, University of Rochester (NY) School of Medicine and Dentistry, chair of the American Academy of Pediatrics' Committee on Infectious Diseases, point to some recent developments. <h3>What Might Be Done</h3> Highlights are as follows: Vaccine administration should be simplified. Reducing the number of visits or injections required for a full series of immunizations might improve parental compliance. Two manufacturers, Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme, West Point, Pa, and Connaught Laboratories Inc, Swiftwater, Pa, have received permission from the Department of Commerce to collaborate to try to combine four
Effects of Dietary Sodium and of Acute Saline Infusion on the Interrelationship between Dopamine Excretion and Adrenergic Activity in Man
Authors: R. Wayne Alexander, John R. Gill, Hirohiko Yamabe, Walter Lovenberg, Harry R. Keiser
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

The effects of dietary sodium and of saline infusion on urinary dopamine and norepinephrine and on the relationship of these catecholamines to adrenergic activity were determined. In seven normal subjects on a 9-meq sodium intake, urinary dopamine and norepinephrine were 136±18 (SE) and 37.4±5.3 μg/day, respectively. When sodium intake was increased to 209 or 259 meq/day, urinary dopamine increased to 195±20 μg/day (P<0.01) whereas urinary norepinephrine decreased to 21.1±3.0 μg/day (P<0.01). Infusion of saline in seven subjects increased sodium excretion and urinary dopamine (from 2.18±0.22 to 2.79±0.19 μg/20 min, P<0.01), but decreased plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase by 33% and urinary norepinephrine insignificantly. The clearance of inulin and p-aminohippurate did not change significantly and filtration fraction was the same. The data indicate that an increase in dietary sodium or infusion of saline results in an apparent decrease in adrenergic activity and an increase in urinary dopamine. Dopamine excretion would thus appear to relate inversely to adrenergic activity and to parallel sodium excretion. These findings suggest a possible role for dopamine and norepinephrine in the regulation of renal sodium excretion.
Pak2 restrains endomitosis during megakaryopoiesis and alters cytoskeleton organization
Authors: Rachelle E. Kosoff, Joseph E. Aslan, John C. Kostyak, Essel Dulaimi, Hoi Yee Chow, Tatiana Y. Prudnikova, Maria Radu, Satya P. Kunapuli, Owen J. T. McCarty, Jonathan Chernoff
Journal: Blood (2015)