tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Survival in Women After Diagnosis of Lung Cancer
Authors: Paolo Boffetta, Robert E. Tarone, William J. Blot
Journal: JAMA (2007)

To the Editor: The I-ELCAP investigators reported the results of a cross-sectional analysis of their series of 16 925 healthy smokers who underwent CT screening. This analysis indicated a higher prevalence of screen-detected lung cancers in women than in men. A prospective analysis indicated increased survival in women with lung cancer compared with men who had lung cancer. The authors interpret their findings as evidence that women are more susceptible to the carcinogenic effect of tobacco smoke on the lung. There are alternative explanations for these results. The clinical relevance of the pulmonary nodules detected via CT screening has not been confirmed, so these findings may represent overdiagnosis of lesions that would not evolve into clinically important life-threatening tumors. The prevalence of detection of such clinically irrelevant lesions might be higher in women than in men, either because of actual differences in their prevalence or because of characteristics of the screening test. Evidence from observational studies does not support a conclusion that CT screening for lung cancer reduces mortality. Alternatively, the higher survival of women with lung cancer may result from a tendency for lung cancers to be, on average, less aggressive in women than in men. If so, then men who started smoking at the same time as women and who smoked as heavily may have been more likely to be diagnosed earlier than women with identical smoking histories; if this occurred, they would have been preferentially excluded from the cross-sectional analysis, leading to an artifactual underrepresentation. Overall, the evidence from epidemiological studies indicates that women are not more susceptible to smokinginduced lung cancer than men.
CT textural analysis of abdominal aortic aneurysms as a biomarker for aneurysm growth
Authors: Nikil K Rajani, Nikhil V Joshi, Maysoon Elkhawad, Adam Melville, Mohammed Chowdhury, Balaji Ganeshan, Jonathan Boyle, David E Newby, James H F Rudd
Journal: The Lancet (2014)
Etiology of Masturbation
Authors: James W. Jefferson
Journal: JAMA (1974)

To the Editor.—  I wish to comment on one of the problems which appeared in the QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS section (226:87, 1973), entitled Persistent Masturbation in Severely Retarded 23-Year-Old Man. First, in dealing with the unexpected onset of unusual behavior in a person who has had a severe communication disorder, it is important to exclude underlying organic causes. In this particular case, careful examination of the urogenital area should be performed to exclude sources of irritation such as infection or infestation, and if such an evaluation is unrevealing consideration should be given to a more distant focus as a possible causative factor.  Somewhat less seriously, I call your attention to an article in Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality , 1 which gives a fascinating illustrated account of devices developed in bygone days to prevent masturbation. While I don't recommend such a device for the case in question, the article does add
Antithrombotic Therapy after Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Richard C. Becker
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Despite encouraging trends over the past three decades, coronary heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States and other industrialized countries. Recent data from the National Center for Health Statistics and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute1 emphasize the full dimensions of this health problem, revealing that nearly 13 million Americans have coronary heart disease and that 7.5 million have had a myocardial infarction. Because there are 1.1 million myocardial infarctions in the United States alone each year and because 450,000 of them represent recurrent infarctions, which carry an inherently greater risk of death and . . .
Nufenoxole, a new antidiarrhoeal agent, inhibits fluid secretion in the human jejunum.
Authors: K J Moriarty, D D Rolston, M J Kelly, M Shield, M L Clark
Journal: Gut (1985)

Nufenoxole is an orally active antidiarrhoeal agent which binds to opioid receptors in the brain and myenteric plexus of the intestine. A perfusion technique has been used to investigate the effect of nufenoxole (1 mg/kg intrajejunally) on water and solute transport stimulated by the secretagogue, dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate, in the human jejunum in vivo. Nufenoxole reversed the direction of jejunal transport of salt and water from net secretion to net absorption. These changes in water and electrolyte transport were inhibited by intravenous naloxone, the opioid antagonist. Nufenoxole possesses potent antisecretory properties, which are mediated via opioid receptors and may contribute to its antidiarrhoeal action in man.
Transient Improvement in Glycemic Control: The impact of pregnancy in women with IDDM
Authors: Anne E Gold, Catherine Reilly, James D Walker
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

Good glycemic control throughout pregnancy in patients with diabetes is of paramount importance but often appears to deteriorate in the postpartum period. The aim of this study was to ascertain the timing of the improvement in glycemic control associated with pregnancy in women with IDDM and to examine changes in glycemic control after delivery.Peripartum glycemic control was assessed in a retrospective study of 30 women with IDDM whose age was 28 +/- 6 years (means +/- SD) and whose diabetes duration was 14 +/- 6 years.Mean total HbA1 fell incrementally from a peak at 2-3 years preconception to a nadir between 24 weeks and term, only to return to preconception levels within a year after delivery. Of the 30 women, 15 (50%) attained an HbA1 in the nondiabetic range for pregnancy at some point during their pregnancy, and 7 (23%) women achieved this by 24 weeks gestation. Women with an HbA1 > 9% at booking had a significantly higher HbA1 at 0-6 and 6-12 months preconception, and throughout pregnancy their HbA1 was significantly higher. After delivery, attendance rates at routine diabetes review clinics were low, with 11% of women not attending for longer than 24 months.Nearly all women with IDDM can achieve near normoglycemia during pregnancy, irrespective of previous glycemic control, although those with high HbA1 levels at booking are less likely to achieve this. After delivery, glycemic control deteriorates. Efforts to improve glycemic control should be intensified in the preconception period and maintained after delivery. The poor postpartum attendance at diabetes clinics requires specific action.
Contemporary mediastinal tuberculosis.
Authors: T J Bloomberg, C J Dow
Journal: Thorax (1980)

Mediastinal lymphadenopathy is a prominent feature of adult tuberculosis in immigrant groups in the United Kingdom. Chest radiography of 95 tuberculous immigrants showed mediastinal gland enlargement in 29 cases, whereas none of the 42 Europeans showed this feature. An analysis has been made of the distribution of the disease in all groups together with a more detailed evaluation of mediastinal involvement in the immigrants. Pericardial effusions were seen in eight patients together with the following three unusual complications: (1) broncho-oesophageal fistula; (2) bronchial erosion; (3) superior mediastinal obstruction.
GP commissioners are not monitoring private contracts effectively, think tank says
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2015)

A think tank has questioned whether the NHS in England can monitor the safety and effectiveness of thousands of contracts outsourced to the private sector. The Centre for Health and the Public Interest said that new information from clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) raised fresh doubt over the handling of some 15 000 contracts.

These contracts were worth £9.3bn (€12.9bn; $13.9bn) in 2013-14. Only 16 of 181 CCGs that responded to a survey by the centre had imposed any financial sanctions on private providers, and only seven of 15 000 contracts had been terminated because of poor performance.

The centre said that few commissioners could show that they had carried out on-site inspections. It had put questions on monitoring of contracts to all 211 CCGs in England under the Freedom of Information Act and published a report on its findings on 19 April.1

It said that, given the complexity of monitoring contracts, regular site visits to private …
Unsuccessful Treatment of Staphylococcal Endocarditis With Cefazolin
Authors: Richard E. Bryant, Robert H. Alford
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Two patients with staphylococcal endocarditis were treated unsuccessfully with cefazolin sodium. One patient relapsed after 52 days of therapy. The second patient had concomitant central nervous system infection and failed to respond to cefazolin therapy. Both patients recovered with methicillin sodium or nafcillin sodium therapy. Other studies report unsuccessful therapy of staphylococcal endocarditis with cefazolin.
The role of serum in the epithelial outgrowth of mouse skin explants
Authors: K.S. STENN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

An experimental system is described which facilitates the measurement of epithelial outgrowth in vitro. Using this sytem the properties of the serum component supporting epithelial spread have been studied. It has been found that appreciable epithelial outgrowth occurs in concentrations of cow serum greater than 0.5% and that maximal outgrowth occurs at concentrations of 1% or greater. Only minimal outgrowth is apparent during the first day of culture. The lack of epithelial outgrowth in the absence of serum is not due to reduced cell viability since replacing serum after 3 days leads to cellular outgrowth. Though this activity is found in several sera studied (cow, fetal calf, human, horse, mouse and chicken), there are considerable quantitative differences between species. Epithelial cell outgrowth does not occur in the presence of medium plus bovine fibrin, serum albumin or thrombin. The serum component is heat labile and non-dialysable. It appears to be needed continuously and does not require DNA synthesis for its effect.
C4B*Q0 allotype as risk factor for myocardial infarction
Authors: J Kramer, K Rajczy, L Hegyi, T Fulop, A Mohacsi, Z Mezei, M Keltai, G Blasko, E Ferenczy, N Anh-Tuan, G Fust
Journal: BMJ (1994)

The prevalence of the deficient, silent allotype of the C4B gene (C4B*Q0) is lower in elderly than in young healthy people, particularly in men.1 This may reflect increased mortality from some disease in middle aged carriers of the C4B*Q0 gene. We determined the presence of the gene in patients with acute myocardial infarction because myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death among middle aged Hungarians.

We studied 181 consecutive patients with confirmed Q wave myocardial infarction admitted to four hospital departments between June 1992 and January 1993 (125 men, 56 women, aged 42-78), 93 consecutive patients with symptoms of angina pectoris (65 men, 28 women; aged 43-62) who were examined by coronary angiography (coronarography), and 737 previously tested healthy controls (252 young people aged 22-45 and 485 elderly people aged 60-99).1 Myocardial infarction was diagnosed as typical chest pain lasting …
Randomized Phase II Study of Maintenance Irinotecan Therapy Versus Observation Following Induction Chemotherapy with Irinotecan and Cisplatin in Extensive Disease Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Ji-Youn Han, Heung Tae Kim, Kun Young Lim, Sung Jin Yoon, Dae Ho Lee, Jin Soo Lee
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2008)
Treatment of Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia with Verapamil
Authors: Joseph H. Levine, John R. Michael, Thomas Guarnieri
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

MULTIFOCAL atrial tachycardia is a distinct electrocardiographic entity characterized by an atrial rate of more than 100 beats per minute, the presence of at least three different P-wave forms, and variation in the PR and PP intervals.1 The condition usually occurs episodically in the setting of an acute clinical decompensation in seriously ill patients, often in the respiratory intensive care unit, and it usually resolves with management of the underlying illness.2 However, as in any atrial tachyarrhythmia, a rapid ventricular response rate may lead to myocardial ischemia or heart failure, and thus the need to treat multifocal atrial tachycardia may . . .
PRACTICABILITY OF LOW-DOSE CT CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY WITH PROSPECTIVE ECG-TRIGGERING
Authors: Ronny R. Buechel, Aju P. Pazhenkottil, Bernhard A. Herzog, Lars Husmann, René N. Nkoulou, Irene A. Burger, Ines Valenta, Philipp A. Kaufmann
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa — Clinical Manifestations and Management
Authors: Daniel S. Chertow, Christian Kleine, Jeffrey K. Edwards, Roberto Scaini, Ruggero Giuliani, Armand Sprecher
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

Access to Data from Industry-Sponsored Clinical Trials duct a scientific review of each proposal before passing it along to the committee -we declined, believing that such an approach would compromise our independence.The system described here will undoubtedly evolve considerably over time.Management of the proposals is likely to be turned over to an independent organization, a development that should make it more appealing for other manufacturers to join and should enhance public confidence in the process.We hope that academic researchers will be adding their data to such systems in the future.Some of us believe that all clinical trial data should eventually be put into the public domain for unconditional, universal access, but we see the current initiative as an important, swiftly implemented, and successful first step.The number of data requests submitted in the first 12 months after the system was launched (58 requests) is a testament to the eagerness of the medical community to reap the benefits of data sharing.
Predicting the long-term prognosis of children with symptoms suggestive of asthma at preschool age
Authors: Daan Caudri, Alet Wijga, C. Maarten A. Schipper, Maarten Hoekstra, Dirkje S. Postma, Gerard H. Koppelman, Bert Brunekreef, Henriette A. Smit, Johan C. de Jongste
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
Ability of Serum to Decrease Cellular AcylCoA:Cholesterol Acyl Transferase Activity Predicts Cardiovascular Outcomes
Authors: Julio A. Chirinos, Juan P. Zambrano, Simon Chakko, Alan Schob, Ronald B. Goldberg, Guido Perez, Armando J. Mendez
Journal: Circulation (2005)

We evaluated whether cholesterol efflux activity of serum is associated with the presence of angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD) and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and death.We studied 168 men undergoing coronary angiography. Cholesterol efflux activity was measured in vitro by incubation of patient serum with human skin fibroblasts and defined as the ability of serum to decrease the pool of cholesterol available for esterification by the acylCoA:cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) reaction. We evaluated whether this activity was associated with the presence of CAD and the risk of MACE and death during a 4.5-year follow-up. Serum-induced changes in ACAT activity did not correlate with HDL levels or the presence of CAD. Patients in the highest tertile of change in ACAT activity had a significantly higher risk for MACE (HR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.36 to 3.39; P=0.001) and death (HR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.17 to 4.26; P=0.01). These correlations were independent of other risk markers including LDL, HDL, and C-reactive protein levels.Serum-induced depletion of cellular cholesterol available for esterification by ACAT was a strong, independent predictor of MACE and death. We speculate that the ability of serum to decrease ACAT activity depends on ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-mediated efflux. Furthermore, serum samples that induce larger changes in ACAT activity contain increased levels of HDL particles that preferentially interact with ABCA1 and that these particles accumulate in the serum of patients because of low activity of ABCA1 in vivo preventing or limiting the extent of apoA-I lipidation.
Exogenous ochronosis and pigmented colloid milium from hydroquinone bleaching creams
Authors: G.H. FINDLAY, J.G.L. MORRISON, I.W. SIMSON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1975)

An outbreak of ochronosis and colloid milium is described after the use of strong hydroquinone bleaching creams. These phenomena developed only after a few years, and took place when the melanocytes had overcome the bleaching influence. Sun‐exposure and thorough inunction of the cream were required for the more advanced changes. Analogous changes have been seen when the skin is exposed to certain crude fuels in individuals working in the sun, and phenolic components in the fuels are suspected. The study presented here covers the clinical, histological, histochemical, electron microscopical and pathogenetic features as seen in thirty‐five cases of hydroquinone damage to the dermis in South Africa.
Attitudes, Training Experiences, and Professional Expectations of US General Surgery Residents
Authors: Heather Yeo, Kate Viola, David Berg, Zhenqiu Lin, Marcella Nunez-Smith, Cortland Cammann, Richard H. Bell, Julie Ann Sosa, Harlan M. Krumholz, Leslie A. Curry
Journal: JAMA (2009)

General surgery residency programs are facing multiple pressures, including attracting and retaining residents. Despite the importance of resident perspectives in designing effective responses to these pressures, understanding of residents' views is limited.To profile US general surgery residents; characterize resident attitudes, experiences, and expectations regarding training; and examine differences by sex and training year.Cross-sectional study of all general surgery residents completing a survey in January 2008 following administration of the American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination.Resident satisfaction; perceived supports, strains and concern; career motivations; and professional expectations.Of 5345 categorical general surgery residents, 4402 (82.4%) responded, representing 248 of 249 surgical residency programs. Most respondents expressed satisfaction with training (3686 [85.2%]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 84.1%-86.3%) and supportive peer relationships (3433 [84.2%]; 95% CI, 83.1%-85.3%). However, residents also reported unmet needs and apprehensions about training and careers. Worry that they will not feel confident performing procedures independently was reported by 1185 (27.5%; 95% CI, 26.2%-28.8%), while 2681 (63.8%; 95% CI, 62.4%-65.3%) reported that they must complete specialty training to be competitive. Perceptions of program support differ, with men more likely than women to report that their program provides support (2188 [74.5%] vs 895 [65.6%]; P < .001), and that they can turn to faculty when having difficulties (2193 [74.5%] vs 901 [66.4%]; P < .001). Reports of having considered leaving training in the prior year differed significantly across years (P < .001), highest in postgraduate year 2 (19.2%) and lowest in postgraduate year 5 (7.2%).General surgery residents' attitudes, experiences, and expectations regarding training reflect both high levels of satisfaction and sources of strain. These factors vary by sex and training year.
Clinical Trial of Clarithromycin for Cutaneous (Disseminated) Infection due to Mycobacterium chelonae
Authors: Richard J. Wallace
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Objective: To determine if clarithromycin monotherapy is safe and effective in treating cutaneous disease (especially disseminated disease) due to Mycobacterium chelonae (formerly M. chelonae subspecies chelonae). Design: An open, noncomparative trial of clarithromycin as single-drug therapy. Setting: Nationwide referrals. Patients: Culture-positive patients whose M. chelonae came from a cutaneous source and whose isolate was submitted to a single referral laboratory for susceptibility testing. Intervention: Clarithromycin, 500 mg twice a day by mouth for 6 months. No attempt was made to alter use of immunosuppressive drugs. Main Outcome Measures: Acid-fast bacilli smears and cultures of skin lesions during and after treatment, with monitoring of clinical response, side effects, and development of new lesions. Results: Fourteen patients (10 with disseminated disease) were enrolled in the study and completed at least 3 months of therapy. Underlying diseases included rheumatoid arthritis, other autoimmune disorders, and organ transplantation. All were taking corticosteroids (93%) or cyclophosphamide (7%). All patients had an excellent response to therapy, with only mild side effects from the drug. Two patients died of other diseases after improving clinically but while still taking medication. One noncompliant patient who prematurely discontinued therapy after 3.5 months relapsed 1 month later with an isolate resistant to clarithromycin. The remaining 11 patients have all completed therapy given for a mean of 6.8 months (range, 4.5 to 9 months). Therapy has been discontinued for 9 of the 11 patients for at least 6 months (mean, 7.1 months; range, 6 to 12 months), with no evidence of relapse. No remaining patient had positive acid-fast bacilli smears or cultures of skin lesions after 1 month of therapy. Conclusions: Clarithromycin may be the drug of choice for cutaneous (disseminated) disease due to M. chelonae, although more patients with long-term clinical follow-up need to be studied.
Intractable Gastric Crises Relieved by Chordotomy
Authors: G. O. Mayne
Journal: BMJ (1953)

JME UAH 1309 is enough evidence to support the theory that farmer's lung is not a specific entity, but only a single facet of a similar lung reaction to a variety of irritants. SummaryA small series of cases of farmer's lung is described, stressing the acute onset and tendency to spontaneous recovery in six to eight weeks.The close similarity to coniosporiosis, byssinosis, and diffuse granulomatous pneumonitis is stressed.The theory is put forward that the condition is a non- specific interstitial lung reaction to some material in the fungus-laden dust, rather than a true fungous infection of the lungs.My thanks are due to Dr. W. G. Scott-Harden for his advice on the radiological aspects of the paper, to Dr. J. M. Campbell for access to x-ray films of one of his original cases, to Dr
The Colchicine Therapeutic Trial
Authors: Jack Zuckner
Journal: JAMA (1967)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Wallace et al (<b>199</b>: 525, 1967), in "Diagnostic Value of the Colchicine Therapeutic Trial," reported that two patients with miscellaneous undiagnosed arthritis and one patient with erythema nodosum and associated arthritis responded to colchicine. Two of these were normouricemic young women with arthritis of the knee and are probably the same patients described previously<sup>1</sup>as having acute arthritis of the knees. Most rheumatologists would accept these patients as having rheumatoid arthritis since infection and rheumatic fever were probably ruled out, and gout would be most unlikely. Consequently, the authors have two out of 30 patients with probable rheumatoid arthritis, possibly three, responding to colchicine according to their objective criteria (which are not clearly defined). This corroborates the previous impression<sup>2</sup>that a small percentage of patients with rheumatoid arthritis may respond to colchicine, thus making the colchicine trial difficult to evaluate. It is also interesting that