tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Brief Review on the Mechanisms of miRNA Regulation
Authors: Yimei Cai, Xiaomin Yu, Songnian Hu, Jun Yu
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2009)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, endogenously-initiated non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally control gene expression via either translational repression or mRNA degradation. It is becoming evident that miRNAs are playing significant roles in regulatory mechanisms operating in various organisms, including developmental timing and host-pathogen interactions as well as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and tumorigenesis. Likewise, as a regulatory element, miRNA itself is coordinatively modulated by multifarious effectors when carrying out basic functions, such as SNP, miRNA editing, methylation and circadian clock. This mini-review summarized the current understanding of interactions between miRNAs and their targets, including recent advancements in deciphering the regulatory mechanisms that control the biogenesis and functionality of miRNAs in various cellular processes.
243 HBV replication is regulated in vivo through the acetylation status of CCCDNA-bound H3 and H4 histones and is modulated by class I deacetylases inhibitors
Authors: T POLLICINO, N PEDICONI, G RAFFA, G SQUADRITO, G RAIMONDO, M LEVRERO
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Over the course of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) replication, one type of RNA (pregenome/C RNA, 3.5 kb) that corresponds to the whole genome of DHBV is generated from the transcription of viral cccDNA. Previous work has proposed three functions for the pregenome/C RNA: it can serve as the pregenome and be packaged into the core protein during the process of replication, and it encodes the mRNA for both the capsid protein and the viral polymerase. However, little is known about the timing of these functions during the different stages of viral infection. In this study, a reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR assay was developed to analyze the dynamic transcription process of the pregenome/C RNA. The dynamic expression of the core protein was investigated using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and by western blot analysis. The generation of pregenome/C RNA began at 12 h post infection and peaked at 20 h post infection; however, the core protein was not detectable until 24 h post infection. These results demonstrate that the core protein appeared approximately 12 h later than the pregenome/C RNA. These results suggest that the DHBV pregenome/C RNA is not used for the translation of the viral core protein during the early stages of infection.
Persistent Organic Pollutants in Norwegian Men from 1979 to 2007: Intraindividual Changes, Age–Period–Cohort Effects, and Model Predictions
Authors: Therese Haugdahl Nøst, Knut Breivik, Ole-Martin Fuskevåg, Evert Nieboer, Jon Øyvind Odland, Torkjel Manning Sandanger
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2013)

Longitudinal monitoring studies of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human populations are important to better understand changes with time and age, and for future predictions.We sought to describe serum POP time trends on an individual level, investigate age-period-cohort effects, and compare predicted polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations to measured values.Serum was sampled in 1979, 1986, 1994, 2001, and 2007 from a cohort of 53 men in Northern Norway and analyzed for 41 POPs. Time period, age, and birth cohort effects were assessed by graphical analyses and mixed-effect models. We derived the predicted concentrations of four PCBs for each sampling year using the CoZMoMAN model.The median decreases in summed serum POP concentrations (lipid-adjusted) in 1986, 1994, 2001, and 2007 relative to 1979 were -22%, -52%, -54%, and -68%, respectively. We observed substantial declines in all POP groups with the exception of chlordanes. Time period (reflected by sampling year) was the strongest descriptor of changes in PCB-153 concentrations. Predicted PCB-153 concentrations were consistent with measured concentrations in the study population.Our results suggest substantial intraindividual declines in serum concentrations of legacy POPs from 1979 to 2007 in men from Northern Norway. These changes are consistent with reduced environmental exposure during these 30 years and highlight the relation between historic emissions and POP concentrations measured in humans. Observed data and interpretations are supported by estimates from the CoZMoMAN emission-based model. A longitudinal decrease in concentrations with age was evident for all birth cohorts. Overall, our findings support the relevance of age-period-cohort effects to human biomonitoring of environmental contaminants.
Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the development of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in mice
Authors: Astrid Spruss, Giridhar Kanuri, Sabine Wagnerberger, Synia Haub, Stephan C. Bischoff, Ina Bergheim
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

A link between dietary fructose intake, gut-derived endotoxemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been suggested by the results of human and animal studies. To further investigate the role of gut-derived endotoxin in the onset of fructose-induced NAFLD, Toll-like receptor (TLR-) 4-mutant (C3H/HeJ) mice and wildtype (C3H/HouJ) mice were either fed plain water or water enriched with 30% fructose for 8 weeks. Hepatic steatosis, plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and markers of insulin resistance as well as portal endotoxin levels were determined. Hepatic levels of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3 and 7, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) as well as markers of lipid peroxidation were assessed. Chronic intake of 30% fructose solution caused a significant increase in hepatic steatosis and plasma ALT levels in wildtype animals in comparison to water controls. In fructose-fed TLR-4 mutant mice, hepatic triglyceride accumulation was significantly reduced by ≈40% in comparison to fructose-fed wildtype mice and plasma ALT levels were at the level of water-fed controls. No difference in portal endotoxin concentration between fructose-fed wildtype and TLR-4-mutant animals was detected. In contrast, hepatic lipid peroxidation, MyD88, and TNFα levels were significantly decreased in fructose-fed TLR-4-mutant mice in comparison to fructose-fed wildtype mice, whereas IRF3 and IRF7 expression remained unchanged. Markers of insulin resistance (e.g., plasma TNFα, retinol binding protein 4, and hepatic phospho-AKT) were only altered in fructose-fed wildtype animals. Conclusion: Taken together, these data further support the hypothesis that in mice the onset of fructose-induced NAFLD is associated with intestinal bacterial overgrowth and increased intestinal permeability, subsequently leading to an endotoxin-dependent activation of hepatic Kupffer cells. (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)
The Rays: A History of Radiology in the United States and Canada
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1969)

All physicians and most laymen will find this history of radiology completely fascinating. In general, medical-historical writings may hold great appeal for a limited audience, but with the present book the interest should be very broad indeed. The authors, professional writers and not physicians, have brought to their task a magnificently readable style, excellent organization, and sound scholarship. In addition to mining the sources, they have consulted extensively with radiologists, and the book has an authoritative ring throughout. Starting with Roentgen's discovery in 1895 of the rays that bear his name, the authors trace the way the news spread in this country, the way physicians and lay-men reacted to it, and the adaptation of the discovery to various medical uses. The early clinical pioneers, the development of new equipment, and the slow recognition of the dangers involved, make absorbing reading. With the development of the Coolidge tube in 1913, radiology
Stokes--Adams Attacks in Bundle-branch Block
Authors: G. Bourne
Journal: BMJ (1955)

its mesentery, which was rather indurated.The foreign body was 6 in.(15 cm.) from the ileo-caecal junction.There was no evidence of diffuse peritonitis.The splinter was removed and the patient made an uneventful recovery.She had no recollection of swallowing the splinter.Case 3.-A man aged 34, an epileptic, had had appendicectomy pdformed elsewhere in 1952.Since then he had constant, sometimes severe, pain in his scar, and by 1954 he was showing signs of an incisional hernia, for which he was admitted.At operation the scar tissue was peculiarly oedematous and appeared almost cartilaginous, and deep in the wound was found a spicule of bone 2i in. (6.3 cm.) long penetrating from adherent small intestine into the abdominal wall.Owing to the danger of infection, which subsequently developed, the hernia was not repaired at this time, but was dealt with successfully later.He had no recollection of swallowing this bone.The interesting point arises, whether or not the bone was the cause of the original complaint (as in Case 2 above).One cannot be conclusive, but the history of constant pain since the original operation is suggestive.COMMENT It is not suggested that this condition should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of every " acute abdomen," but it could be remembered with profit during laparotomy, when the pre-operative diagnosis proves wrong and nothing else can be found.If the foreign body be overlooked the abdomen may seem quite normal, as there may be no evidence at that time of diffuse peritonitis.
Corticosteroid treatment for autoimmune pancreatitis
Authors: R. Pannala, S. T Chari
Journal: Gut (2009)

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is the only pancreatic disorder responsive to steroid treatment. AIP has recently been subclassified into type 1 and type 2 AIP.1 Type 1 AIP is the pancreatic manifestation of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-associated systemic disease (ISD), a fibroinflammatory autoimmune disorder that involves multiple organ systems and is characteristically associated with elevation of serum levels of IgG4.2 Commonly used diagnostic criteria for AIP include the Asian Consensus diagnostic criteria3 and the Mayo Clinic HISORt criteria4 (histology, imaging, serology, other organ involvement and response to corticosteroid treatment). Treatment protocols for AIP are still evolving, but corticosteroids are generally considered to be very effective in the initial inflammatory phase of the disease. Several small case series have reported that corticosteroids are effective in inducing remission in AIP, but larger series and controlled trials are lacking.

In this issue of Gut ( see page 1504 ), Kamisawa and colleagues5 report results from a large, multicentre, retrospective survey of 563 patients with AIP treated at 17 referral centres in Japan. Their study highlights the fact that though a substantial proportion of patients with AIP may achieve spontaneous remission (77/104 patients, 74%), corticosteroids are also highly effective in inducing remission (451/459 patients, 98%). This study, despite the limitations of a retrospective and cross-sectional study design, provides the best evidence to date of the efficacy of corticosteroid treatment in the initial presentation of AIP. However, our knowledge of the natural history of AIP, predictors of relapse, need for maintenance treatment and the optimal type of maintenance treatment is still limited. The objective of this commentary is to provide a brief overview of the issues associated with corticosteroid treatment in AIP.

The goals of treatment in the initial inflammatory phase of AIP are symptom alleviation (eg, jaundice and abdominal discomfort), …
Three-dimensional culture of hepatocytes on porcine liver tissue-derived extracellular matrix
Authors: Ren Lang, Matthew M. Stern, Leona Smith, Yan Liu, Shantaram Bharadwaj, Guihua Liu, Pedro M. Baptista, Christopher R. Bergman, Shay Soker, James J. Yoo, Anthony Atala, Yuanyuan Zhang
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)
ANAESTHESIA, TEETH, AND LITIGATION
Authors: I.A.R. Dunnett, N.W. Goodman, C.R. Hall, S.K. Lahiri, H. Mcomie, A.P. Madden, J.T. Mulvein, J.N. Powell, E.M. Walsh, G.H. Irvine
Journal: The Lancet (1987)
Bronchiolitis obliterans after bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Mark E. Rosenberg, Gregory M. Vercellotti, Dale C. Snover, David Hurd, Philip McGlave
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1985)

Abstract Bronchiolitis obliterans occurred in the setting of chronic graft‐versus‐host disease 1 year after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia. The severe obstructive pulmonary disease followed an episode of interstitial pneumonitis. The etiology and possible relationship to graft‐versus‐host disease of this rare pulmonary lesion following bone marrow transplantation are discussed.
Dose-response comparison of ipratropium bromide from a metered-dose inhaler and by jet nebulisation.
Authors: S A Gomm, N P Keaney, L P Hunt, S C Allen, T B Stretton
Journal: Thorax (1983)

The dose-response relationships of the anticholinergic bronchodilator drug ipratropium bromide were studied. Cumulative doses totalling 288 micrograms ipratropium were given by inhalation of a liquid aerosol from a Wright nebuliser to each of 10 patients with stable, moderately severe airflow obstruction. Up to 80% of the maximum achievable bronchodilator response, as assessed by a rise in the patients9 mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), was obtained with a cumulative total dose of 72 micrograms; with additional doses beyond 72 micrograms there was no significant further improvement. In the same patients the effects of administration of cumulative doses of ipratropium to a total of 72 micrograms from a Wright nebuliser were compared with those achieved with a metered-dose inhaler. Bronchodilatation was assessed by measurement of peak expiratory flow rate, FEV1, forced vital capacity, thoracic gas volume and specific airways conductance (sGaw). No significant difference was observed in the response at any dose level between the wet and the dry aerosols. By fitting a curve to the mean values of FEV1 and sGaw an estimate was made of the dose of ipratropium bromide required to produce 99% of the achievable bronchodilator response. For FEV1 this dose was 78 micrograms when ipratropium was inhaled as a nebulised solution from the Wright nebuliser and 82 micrograms when it was inhaled from the metered-dose inhaler; for sGaw the respective values were 54 and 58 micrograms. In these patients with stable airflow obstruction there was no therapeutic advantage in the use of ipratropium bromide as a wet aerosol.
Neurological Deficits Following the Hot Bath Test in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Floyd A. Davis
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In their article entitled "Persistent Neurological Deficit Precipitated by Hot Bath Test in Multiple Sclerosis," Berger and Sheremata<sup>1</sup>conclude that hyperthermia can provoke an exacerbation in multiple sclerosis (MS). This is in contradistinction to the well-known reversible worsening of signs and symptoms in MS induced by hyperthermia, which is the result of a reversible block of impulse conduction caused by a critical decrease in action current available for conduction.<sup>2,3</sup> We have never observed persistent neurological deficits in more than 20 years' experience with the hot bath test; however, unlike Berger and Sheremata, we have rarely studied patients already in an exacerbation, and then only in a single experimental protocol.<sup>4</sup>I don't believe the authors have demonstrated what they conclude. They have, I believe, shown that in patients already in acute exacerbation, hyperthermia effects on signs and symptoms may not always reverse. The mechanism, however,
Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer of Transforming Growth Factor-β <sub>3</sub> , but Not Transforming Growth Factor-β <sub>1</sub> , Inhibits Constrictive Remodeling and Reduces Luminal Loss After Coronary Angioplasty
Authors: Paul A. Kingston, Sanjay Sinha, Clare E. Appleby, Anne David, Thomas Verakis, Maria G. Castro, Pedro R. Lowenstein, Anthony M. Heagerty
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is central to the development of restenosis after PTCA. Substantial evidence implicates transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), a regulator of ECM deposition by vascular cells, in its pathogenesis. TGF-beta3 reduces TGF-beta1-induced ECM deposition in cutaneous wounds. We therefore investigated the effects of intracoronary expression of TGF-beta3 and TGF-beta1 on luminal loss after angioplasty.Porcine coronary arteries received an adenovirus expressing TGF-beta3, TGF-beta1, or lacZ (beta-galactosidase), or PBS only, at the site of angioplasty. Morphometric analysis 28 days after angioplasty confirmed reduced luminal loss in TGF-beta3 vessels (-0.65+/-0.10 mm2) compared with lacZ (-1.18+/-0.19 mm2) or PBS only (-1.19+/-0.17 mm2; P=0.003). Luminal loss was not reduced in TGF-beta1 vessels (-1.02+/-0.19 mm2; P=0.48). An increase in the external elastic lamina area in TGF-beta3-treated vessels (+0.73+/-0.32 mm2) contrasted with decreases in control vessels (mean, -0.53+/-0.17 mm2; P=0.001) and TGF-beta1 vessels (-0.87+/-0.34 mm2; P=0.003). Collagen content increased at the site of injury in TGF-beta3-treated vessels (26.1+/-14.2%) but decreased in the lacZ (-22.8+/-6.6%) and PBS-only (-23.4+/-7.0%; P=0.002) groups and was not significantly changed in TGF-beta1-treated vessels.Expression of TGF-beta3 inhibits constrictive remodeling after PTCA and reduces luminal loss. This is accompanied by increased adventitial collagen, which may act as an external "scaffold" preventing vessel constriction. These findings confirm the potential of gene therapies that modify ECM remodeling for prophylaxis of restenosis.
CRP LEVELS 180 DAYS AFTER PCI FOR ACS, BUT NOT EARLIER, PREDICT LATE ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS INDEPENDENT OF PLAQUE CHARACTERISTICS: THE PROSPECT STUDY
Authors: Christopher Kelly, Giora Weisz, Akiko Maehara, Gary Mintz, John McPherson, Stefan Verheye, Ke Xu, Martin Fahy, Barry Templin, Bernard De Bruyne, Patrick Serruys, Gregg Stone
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Pathways: Regulation and Physiological Functions*
Authors: Gray Pearson, Fred Robinson, Tara Beers Gibson, Bing-e Xu, Mahesh Karandikar, Kevin Berman, Melanie H. Cobb
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2001)

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases comprise a family of ubiquitous proline-directed, protein-serine/threonine kinases, which participate in signal transduction pathways that control intracellular events including acute responses to hormones and major developmental changes in organisms. MAP kinases lie in protein kinase cascades. This review discusses the regulation and functions of mammalian MAP kinases. Nonenzymatic mechanisms that impact MAP kinase functions and findings from gene disruption studies are highlighted. Particular emphasis is on ERK1/2.
Doctors who offered “magic potions” found guilty of serious professional misconduct
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Two doctors accused of seducing cancer patients away from conventional treatments with a cocktail of potentially dangerous “magic potions” were this week found guilty of serious professional misconduct by the General Medical Council.

Dr Paul Layman was suspended for a year, and his junior medical adviser, Dr Jason Schreiber, had conditions imposed on his registration for 18 months. During that period he may work only at an NHS hospital under a mentor.

The two men offered a range of unproved complementary medicines at the private Brackendene Clinic, Wiltshire, the GMC's Professional Conduct Committee heard.

They also gave patients …
Updating the HIV-Testing Guidelines — A Modest Change with Major Consequences
Authors: Erika G. Martin, Bruce R. Schackman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force proposes to assign a grade A recommendation to HIV screening in the general population 15 to 65 years of age — with implications for the financing of HIV testing, resources required for HIV treatment, and who will bear the costs.
Effects of antidiuretic hormone on urinary acidification and on tubular handling of bicarbonate in the rat.
Authors: M Bichara, O Mercier, P Houillier, M Paillard, F Leviel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Paired micropuncture experiments were carried out in plasma-replete volume-expanded rats to examine the acute effects of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP) on urinary acidification and tubular handling of bicarbonate and chloride. No effect was detected on the fractional absorption of water, total CO2, and chloride at end-proximal and early distal sites of superficial nephrons in intact animals; dDAVP, however, inhibited the fractional absorption of total CO2 in Henle's loop while stimulating that of chloride in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) somatostatin-infused rats. In the distal tubule accessible to micropuncture, net total CO2 secretion was observed during hypotonic volume expansion, which reversed to net total CO2 absorption during dDAVP infusion in intact Wistar rats. Marked stimulation of urinary acidification occurred in all animals as attested by a fall in urine pH and bicarbonate excretion. Net acid excretion almost doubled in intact rats. We conclude that (a) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) inhibits fractional bicarbonate absorption in the thick ascending limb while stimulating that of chloride at least in TPTX somatostatin-infused rats, and (b) ADH stimulates proton secretion (or inhibits bicarbonate secretion) in the distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts, which leads to enhanced urinary acidification.
The Roseto Roster
Authors: Stewart Wolf
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> A review of population changes in the five Pennsylvania cities in the periods 1940-1950 and 1950-1960 demonstrates that Roseto has a greater gain in men and women over the age of 35 than the other communities. There has been a decrease in the number under 35, especially during the past ten years; this is due not to deaths, but to emigration. The death rate in Roseto from all causes, in the face of increasing numbers in the older age group of the population, has varied from 6.8 to 8.7 per 1,000, figures substantially below those for the other four towns, which vary from 10.1 to 16.1 per 1,000. Also, there is very little immigration into Roseto, so the increasing numbers in the older age groups reflect people who have grown up there.
THE PROPHYLAXIS AND MANAGEMENT OF INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS.
Authors: CHAS. W. PURDY
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Strictly speaking, the prophylaxis of interstitial nephritis must include some definite knowledge of the tendencies of the patient to the disease under consideration. This at once opens up a wide field, a large part of which is necessarily speculative or theoretical. Without entering into the speculative field, the pith of this question may be narrowed down for present purposes to the simple interrogatory: Can we predict, with any degree of accuracy, the case or class of cases that, under existing surroundings, will sooner or later develop into or terminate in, interstitial nephritis? If, in our present knowledge, a negative answer to this question is necessary, then the prophylaxis of interstitial nephritis necessarily becomes a myth, for, strictly interpreted, the term has only to do with prevention, and prevention is clearly impossible where we have no definite knowledge of the approach or tendency to disease. If, on the other hand, we