tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of transdermal nitroglycerin in combination with an ACE-inhibitor in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris
Authors: M.Lorenza Muiesan, Enrico Boni, Mario Cefis, Brunello Cerri, Paolo Verdecchia, Carlo Porcellati, Enrico Agabiti-Rosei
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
Increased parity and risk of trisomy 21: review of 37 110 live births
Authors: M. Schimmel, A. Eidelman, C Hammerman, E Kornbluth, P Zadka
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about The BMJ.NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address. Username * Your Email * Send To * You are going to email the following Increased parity and risk of trisomy 21: review of 37 110 live births Your Personal Message CAPTCHA This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Infections with <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> among HIV-infected Patients after the Introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: OLE KIRK, JOSE M. GATELL, AMANDA MOCROFT, COURT PEDERSEN, RUI PROENCA, RAY P. BRETTLE, SIMON E. BARTON, PHILIPPE SUDRE, ANDREW N. PHILLIPS, JENS D. LUNDGREN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on the incidences of mycobacterial infections has not been studied in detail. We assessed incidences of mycobacterial diseases among HIV- infected patients following the introduction of HAART, using data from the EuroSIDA study, a European, multicenter observational cohort of more than 7,000 patients. Overall incidences of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) were 0.8 and 1.4 cases/100 person-years of follow-up (PYF), decreasing from 1.8 (TB) and 3.5 cases/100 PYF (MAC) before September 1995 to 0.3 and 0.2 cases/100 PYF after March 1997. After adjustment for changes in CD4 cell count and use of antiretroviral treatment in Cox proportional hazards models, the risk of MAC decreased with increasing calendar time (hazard ratio per calendar year; HR = 0.58 [95% confidence intervals: 0.45–0.74], whereas this was not the case for TB; 0.95 [0.74–1.22]). In conclusion, we documented marked decreases in the incidence of TB and to an even larger extent of MAC among HIV-infected patients from 1994 to 1999. The decrease in TB was associated with the introduction of HAART and changes in CD4 cell count. These factors could also explain some of the decrease in MAC over time, though there remained a significantly lower risk of MAC than expected.
History of drugs for thrombotic disease. Discovery, development, and directions for the future.
Authors: R L Mueller, S Scheidt
Journal: Circulation (1994)

The history of the antithrombotic agents--aspirin, heparin, warfarin, and the thrombolytics--is a rich and lively odyssey of serendipity, perseverance, vision, and conflict involving a number of striking personalities. The history of aspirin spans ages and continents from Hippocrates' analgesic for women in labor to the rediscovery of the white willow bark by English country scholar Reverend Edward Stone. Bayer chemist Felix Hoffmann reinvented aspirin for his ailing father; suburban physician L.L. Craven pioneered the prophylactic antithrombotic uses of aspirin; and Sir John Vane elucidated aspirin's mechanism of action as the inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase. Heparin was discovered by McLean, working as a medical student in 1915 in search of a pure procoagulant in dog liver. His original impure material differed somewhat from today's heparin, but purified heparin was rapidly accepted for a myriad of clinical uses; to this day, diverse new properties of this complex glycosaminoglycan continue to be elucidated. The oral anticoagulants emerged from veterinary research in the 1920s on a hemorrhagic disorder afflicting cattle that consumed spoiled sweet clover hay. Several chance encounters led Karl Link and his University of Wisconsin team to the identification of dicumarol as the offending agent in 1939 and its widespread therapeutic use by Wright and others in the 1940s. Link later developed warfarin as a rodenticide, but its use in humans soon followed in the 1950s. Vitamin K was discovered in the 1930s; its involvement in the mechanism of the anticoagulant agents was not delineated until the 1970s. The intrinsic ability of clotted blood to liquify and the fibrinolytic properties of normal urine were noted in the 1800s. Tillett and Sherry's group stumbled on the fibrinolytic properties of streptokinase in the 1930s and pioneered the therapeutic use of streptokinase in the 1940s and of urokinase in the 1960s. Several teams found tissue-type plasminogen activator in various body sites beginning in the 1940s, leading to its cloning and widespread use in the 1980s; anisoylated plasminogen-streptokinase activator complex is an example of rational drug design. The discoverers of these diverse agents have not only provided physicians with a potent armamentarium of antithrombotic drugs but also helped elucidate much basic science and vividly demonstrated the merits of perseverance, independent thought, and adherance to the scientific method.
Correlation of Electroencephalograms and Multiple Physical Symptoms
Authors: Rosalie J. Ging, Elizabeth Jones, Melvin Manis
Journal: JAMA (1964)

THE PURPOSE of this study is to describe a group of psychiatric patients who have multiple physical symptoms, and who also have an abortively paroxysmal electroencephalogram (EEG). More specifically, an investigation was carried out to determine whether there was any correlation between an abortively paroxysmal EEG and multiple physical symptoms. The physical symptoms most frequently encountered were gastrointestinal symptoms of pain and flatulence unrelieved by food, cardiac complaints of chest pain and palpitations, and central nervous systems symptoms of headaches, dizziness, and blackout spells. The symptoms, therefore, involved multiple systems influenced by the autonomic nervous system. Diagnostic studies did not reveal organic disease. The EEG findings were characterized by theta, and alpha-theta discharges from the temporal lobes; generalized bursts from all areas of the brain occasionally were seen. The abnormal EEG findings were not of a degree to be diagnostic of a generalized convulsive disorder nor definitely focal, which would
Alum-precipitated Toxoid in Diphtheria Immunization
Authors: G. Chesney
Journal: BMJ (1936)

of complete health.Some months later two of this genera- tion produced healthy litters, and the feeding experiments are being continued with the third generation.There was no disturbance of bowel action at any stage, in the direction of either constipation or diarrhoea.There was no hardening of the stools or pitting of the surface of the faeces, as noted by other observers in the case of animals fed with other bulky insoluble powders.Three animals of the first generation were killed after seven months' feeding, during which time each had con-
Use of Intraoperative Radionuclide Study and Colonoscopy in Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Authors: FARHAD NAVAB, KENT C. WESTBROOK, GARY D. SLATON, CHARLES M. BOYD
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1985)

Tc-99m labeled red cell imaging is used in the diagnosis and localization of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. A patient in whom a preoperative scan was positive in the right paraumbilical region is discussed. Intraoperative Tc-99m labeled red cell imaging was used in conjunction with colonoscopy, and the site of active bleeding was found in the proximal transverse colon, which had been displaced downward because of adhesions.
Risk for Valvular Heart Disease among Users of Fenfluramine and Dexfenfluramine Who Underwent Echocardiography before Use of Medication
Authors: Christina C. Wee
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Background: Because uncontrolled echocardiographic surveys suggested that up to 30% to 38% of users of fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine had valvular disease, these drugs were withdrawn from the market. Objective: To determine the risk for new or worsening valvular abnormalities among users of fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine who underwent echocardiography before they began to take these medications. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Academic primary care practices. Patients: 46 patients who used fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine for 14 days or more and had echocardiograms obtained before therapy. Measurements: Follow-up echocardiography. The primary outcome was new or worsening valvulopathy, defined as progression of either aortic or mitral regurgitation by at least one degree of severity and disease that met U.S. Food and Drug Administration criteria (at least mild aortic regurgitation or moderate mitral regurgitation). Results: Two patients (4.3% [95% CI, 0.6% to 14.8%]) receiving fenfluramine-phentermine developed valvular heart disease. One had baseline bicuspid aortic valve and mild aortic regurgitation that progressed to moderate regurgitation. The second patient developed new moderate aortic insufficiency. Conclusion: Users of diet medications are at risk for valvular heart disease. However, the incidence may be lower than that reported previously.
908-108 Outcome of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Bundle Branch Block in the Thrombolytic Era: Observations from GUSTO
Authors: Elena B. Sgarbossa, Sergio L. Pinski, Kathy B. Gates, Killian Robinson, Susan Stein, Lynn H. Woodlief, Alejandro Barbagelata, Galen S. Wagner, Eric J. Topol
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Health of Premature Children from Birth to Four Years
Authors: J. W. B. Douglas, C. Mogford
Journal: BMJ (1953)

THE SURGEON AND ISCHAEMIA MEDICJOURn and mitigate the severity of those which do occur, by by- passing the morphological issue and, as an expedient, raising to prophylactic levels the amount of anticoagulant substance derived from humoral sources normally circulating in the blood.At the present time this is possible experimentally: when introduced into the portal circulation, curare increases the output of heparin from the liver.-Unfortunately,even if a suitable pharmacological preparation were available, therapy of this kind would need to be continuous, for we do not know whether a tendency to clotting-" pre-clotting " -precedes episodes of thrombosis by a long period or a short one.Moreover, investigation along such lines might not commend itself, because on occasion clotting is a valu- able protective mechanism, and to suggest its abolition transgresses a clinical precept which is usually sound enough-that one must never try to correct one pathological process by substituting another; although in this particular problem I should not subscribe to that view. ConclusionI fear that, by selecting so vast a subject as ischaemia to be the topic of this Memorial Lecture, I have been constrained to be so eclectic that it may seem to lack continuity.If that be so, the fault is mine.While I was engaged in preparing the address, more than once I had the feeling that here was a matter on which I should have liked to enlist Horsley's advice and help.I venture to repeat that the lecture has been designed to illustrate that oneness of the laboratory, the ward, and the operating theatre so well exemplified by Horsley's life's work.Indeed, there is something more than oneness.For there is holism in surgery as well as in philosophy-the tendency for the final accomplishment to be greater than the sum of the contributions from each of these three arbitrary divisions of our efforts.To few in our profession have been given those twin gifts without price: the genius to produce ideas, and the stead- fastness of purpose to pursue their ideas as ideals.Such a one was Victor Horsley.
[421] SUBGENOTYPES BA, C1 AND C2 OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS IN CHINA: CLINICAL AND VIROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Z.H. Wang, Y. Tanaka, Y.H. Huang, F. Kurbanov, J.J. Chen, G.B. Zeng, B. Zhou, M. Mizokami, J.L. Hou
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Nigerian judge orders arrests of Pfizer officials
Authors: Jeanne Lenzer
Journal: BMJ (2008)

A Nigerian judge has ordered the arrests of three Pfizer officials for failing to attend court to respond to criminal charges against Pfizer for treating children with an experimental drug during a deadly meningitis outbreak in Kano, Nigeria, in 1996.Judge Shehu Atiku in Kano ordered arrest warrants for the head of Pfizer in Nigeria, Ngozi Edozien, and the senior officials Lare Baale and Segun Donguro, after they failed to attend court on 6 November.Government prosecutors in Nigeria say that Pfizer used critically ill children as "guinea pigs" to study Pfizer's experimental drug trovafloxacin.Four separate legal actions have been filed in Nigeria against Pfizer, including 31 criminal counts against 10 people.Plaintiffs seek a total of $9bn (£4.5bn; €6bn) in civil suits.Pfizer says that it will "vigorously defend itself against the 'untrue allegations' in the government's lawsuits," and it says that the children died from meningitis and not from the drugs.In response to the
Perioperative myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery—I: Incidence and severity during the 4 Day perioperative period
Authors: Dennis T. Mangano, Milton Hollenberg, Ginger Fegert, M.Lou Meyer, Martin J. London, Julio F. Tubau, William C. Krupski
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
Calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and accumulation of aluminum in bone in dogs with renal failure.
Authors: H H Malluche, M C Faugere, R M Friedler, C Matthews, P Fanti
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Accumulation of aluminum in bone is a frequent finding in patients requiring chronic dialysis and is associated with considerable morbidity and/or mortality. Until now, evidence seemed to point to relatively low circulating levels of parathyroid hormone as a contributing factor, but because levels of parathyroid hormone and calcitriol are interrelated, calcitriol might be also involved. In this study we employed an animal model to evaluate the single and combined effects of parathyroid hormone and calcitriol on bone aluminum accumulation. The results show significantly less aluminum accumulation in calcitriol-replete dogs independent of the presence or absence of parathyroid hormone. These results indicate that low levels of calcitriol may play a role in the development of aluminum related bone disease. Further studies are needed to demonstrate whether administration of calcitriol in patients with renal insufficiency will prevent development of aluminum-related bone disease.
Glucose intolerance in liver cirrhosis
Authors: O. Riggio, M. Merli, C. Cangiano, R. Capocaccia, A. Cascino, A. Lala, F. Leonetti, M. Mauceri, M. Pepe, F. Rossi Fanelli, M. Savioli, G. Tamburrano, L. Capocaccia
Journal: Metabolism (1982)
Esophageal Perforation as a Complication of EndoCinch Endoluminal Gastroplication
Authors: D. Tuebergen, E. Rijcken, N. Senninger
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

Endoscopic gastroplasty is being promoted as a new minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. In the case presented here, however, we encountered abdominal perforation as a severe complication of this procedure. Because immediate action was taken when the symptoms developed, and by maintaining close collaboration with the surgeons, it was possible to keep the treatment minimally invasive: the leakage was detected endoscopically and the defect was closed laparoscopically and covered by a fundoplication. This experience emphasises the importance of appropriate management of complications as part of the evaluation of new endoscopic methods.
Surgery and Autonomic Nervous System
Authors: H. Souttar
Journal: BMJ (1951)

A review of the extensive descriptive literature suggests that many Parkinsonian patients exhibit an emotional and attitudinal inflexibility, a lack of affect and a predisposition to depressive illness, which may antecede the development of motor abnormalities by several decades. Introspective, over-controlled, anhedonic personality traits together with suppressed aggresivity are frequently found. It is unclear whether these behavioural patterns are relevant aetiological factors or prodromal symptoms of the disease.
Abstract 1923: Medical Characteristics and Midterm Outcome: 100 Consecutive Fontan Conversions with Arrhythmia Surgery
Authors: Barbara J Deal, Carl L Backer, Kendra M Ward, Sabrina Tsao, Brynn Dechert, Andrew de Freitas, Wayne H Franklin, Constantine Mavroudis
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Introduction Fontan conversion with arrhythmia surgery has provided a unique opportunity to assess medical characteristics of patients (pts) with failing Fontan circulations, and to identify high-r...
Sight in newborn babies
Authors: A C L Mackie
Journal: BMJ (1975)

<h3>Introduction</h3> There are many options for surgical management of ingrown toenails. Among the most widely practiced is lateral nail excision with phenolization. This procedure is typically well-tolerated, though phenol is not universally found in primary care practices, and phenolization may have a suboptimal cosmetic outcome as it does not spare the natural size and shape of the toenail. Nail edge excision (also known as the Vandenbos procedure) is a toenail-sparing procedure that focuses on removal of overgrown toe skin. To date, no prospective randomized studies exist comparing these two procedures. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients with moderate to severe ingrown toenails were randomized using concealed allocation to treatment with either the Vandenbos procedure or phenolization. The primary outcome was recurrence at one year. <h3>Results</h3> 36 patients met inclusion criteria for the study. Of these, 13 patients agreed to enroll and were randomized to either the Vandenbos procedure or phenolization. Three patients disenrolled after randomization, and two patients were lost to follow-up. Of the eight remaining patients, four were treated with the Vandenbos procedure, and four were treated with phenolization. One patient who underwent the Vandenbos procedure reported recurrence, and two patients who underwent phenolization reported recurrence. <h3>Discussion</h3> The study was initially powered to show non-inferiority of the Vandenbos procedure, though insufficient patients had been enrolled by the end of the study period. Prior studies have claimed no reported recurrence of the Vandenbos procedure, though this trial showed recurrence of ingrown toenail in one in four of the randomized patients. More research should be performed comparing these two procedures.
870. Transfection of Mammalian Cells Using Linear Polyethylenimine Is a Simple and Effective Means of Producing Recombinant AAV
Authors: Sharon E. Reed, Elizabeth M. Staley, David J. Pintel, Gregory E. Tullis
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

We have developed a very simple protocol to transfect mammalian cells with linear polyethylenimine (PEI). Linear PEI has been used to transfect nucleic acids into a wide variety of mammalian cells both in cell culture and in vivo. Almost all of these reports have used commercially available preparations of PEI. Our linear PEI protocol is as efficient as commercial reagents in the transfection of HEK293 and HeLa cells, but at only a fraction of the cost. Our protocol should be useful for many different applications. It should be particularly useful for large-scale production of recombinant proteins and viruses requiring transfection of mammalian cells in large batches. We have used this protocol to produce recombinant AAV, which requires transfection of cells with three plasmids simultaneously. One plasmid contains the recombinant AAV genome. The second plasmid expresses the AAV rep and cap genes. The third plasmid expresses several adenovirus genes that are required for AAV replication. We have assessed production of a recombinant AAV that expresses GFP both by quantitative PCR and by transduction of HeLa cells.
Sudden Cardiac Death: Epidemiology, Transient Risk, and Intervention Assessment
Authors: Robert J. Myerburg
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Purpose: To integrate information from the various disciplines that contribute to the understanding of the cause and prevention of sudden cardiac death: identification of new approaches from applied clinical epidemiology; identification and control of transient risk factors; and evaluation of the results of interventions. Data Sources: A broad range of research reports and interpretations of data from English-language journal articles and reviews, published primarily between 1970 and 1993. The fields of study included epidemiology, experimental electrophysiology, clinical observations, and interventions. Study Selection: Continuous literature surveys, done in relation to ongoing clinical and experimental research on sudden cardiac death since 1972. Data Extraction: Included on the basis of relevance to the topics discussed and with confirmation of data and concepts by more than one investigator when available. Data Synthesis: Information from several disciplines was integrated by the authors to synthesize new ways to view the problem of sudden cardiac death. Quantitative information was used primarily to derive qualitative statements about new perspectives on sudden cardiac death. Conclusions: Progress in the prevention of sudden death will require development of new approaches, including epidemiologic techniques to address risk characteristics specific to the problem; characterization of triggering events and identification of specific persons at risk for responding adversely to these events; and methods of evaluating outcomes appropriate to the nature of sudden cardiac death.
A RETROSPECTIVE VIEW OF THE TREATMENT OF HEMORRHOIDS.
Authors: N. H. HENDERSON
Journal: JAMA (1895)

It is only within the past few years that diseases of the rectum have received the attention to which they are entitled. Until about twenty years ago the only possible source of relief from hemorrhoids was the clamp and cautery or the ligature. To attempt any surgical operation was considered very dangerous, and, in fact, we have evidence of many cases where fatal hemorrhage was the result of surgical procedure. Surgeons approached the field with timidity, and during our college course instruction pertaining to diseases of the rectum were the exception, and not rule, and were mainly confined to prescriptions for some palliative ointment, with no assurance, nor even expectation of cure. It is an acknowledged fact that the first step forward in the treatment of hemorrhoids was the hypodermic injection of carbolic acid, or any styptic that we saw fit to employ. The regular practitioner was slow to accept