tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Two thirds of US prisoners with chronic conditions in local jails do not get medical care, study shows
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The first national study of the health of US prison inmates shows that they are much sicker than other Americans of the same age and have poor access to health care. Better health care for prisoners would benefit the community, because about 12 million inmates are released each year, thus bringing their health problems and infections into the community, the report says.

The authors of the study, carried out by the Cambridge Health Alliance and Harvard Medical School, write: “The prison population of the United States has quadrupled in the past 25 years and the country now incarcerates more people per capita than any other nation” ( American Journal of Public Health doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144279). 

About 750 per 100 000 US adults are in prison, about five times the proportion in the United Kingdom (148 per …
Medical adrenalectomy may replace surgery for advanced breast cancer
Authors: William A. Check
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Surgical adrenalectomy as a treatment for advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women may soon become obsolete. A group of physicians at the Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pa, has demonstrated that pharmacologic antiestrogenic therapy suppresses estrogen secretion as effectively as surgical adrenalectomy and is at least as effective in producing objective tumor regression. Since 1896 it has been known that in many women breast cancer regresses after removal of the ovaries. With the more recent understanding that estrogens promote the growth of tumors bearing estrogen receptors, surgeons have been able to apply oophorectomy, adrenalectomy, and hypophysectomy more selectively to those patients most likely to benefit. Even so, up to 50% of women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer do not show improvement after surgical endocrine ablation. This is a high failure rate for an operation that is considered major surgery and carries up to a 5% risk of death, and it has
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals make autoantibodies that bind to CD43 on normal thymic lymphocytes.
Authors: B Ardman, M A Sikorski, M Settles, D E Staunton
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

Sera from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected and -noninfected individuals were screened for antibodies that could bind to native T cell differentiation antigens. Antibodies that could immunoprecipitate CD43 (sialophorin, leukosialin) from a T cell lymphoma line were detected in sera from 27% of patients, and antibodies that could bind specifically to transfected cells expressing CD43 were detected in 47% of patients. The anti-CD43 antibodies were related to HIV-1 infection in that no patients with other chronic viral infections or systemic lupus erythematosus contained such antibodies in their sera. The anti-CD43 autoantibodies bound to a partially sialylated form of CD43 expressed by normal human thymocytes, but not by normal, circulating T lymphocytes. However, the determinant(s) recognized by the anti-CD43 autoantibodies was present on a large proportion of circulating T lymphocytes, but masked from antibody recognition by sialic acid residues. These results demonstrate that HIV-1 infection is specifically associated with the production of autoantibodies that bind to a native T cell surface antigen.
Evidence for Linkage Disequilibrium Between FcγRIIIa-V158F and FcγRIIa-H131R Polymorphisms in White Patients, and for an FcγRIIIa-Restricted Influence on the Response to Therapeutic Antibodies
Authors: Julien Lejeune, Gilles Thibault, David Ternant, Guillaume Cartron, Hervé Watier, Marc Ohresser
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

On the day of vaccine delivery, the subject unfortunately, declined in clinical status, and it was determined that the vaccine delivery would have no chance of benefit so it was not administered.In conclusion, the emergency use IND process is readily accessible even when considering experimental gene transfer products.Although the clinical course of their diseases may not allow all the index patients to benefit from this process, those that do justify the effort.The actual time sequence for our emergency use IND approval process is shown in Table 1.
Inhibition of pancreaticobiliary secretion by loperamide in humans
Authors: P W L Thimister, W P Hopman, R F C van Roermund, H L Willems, G Rosenbusch, R Woestenborghs, J B Jansen
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

Loperamide, a peripherally acting opiate receptor agonist with antidiarrheal action, inhibits ileal and colonic motor function. It was determined whether loperamide also affects gallbladder emptying and pancreatic enzyme secretion in humans. Plasma cholecystokinin (radioimmunoassay), gallbladder volume (ultrasonography), and intraduodenal bilirubin and amylase output (spot sampling) were measured at regular intervals before and during intraduodenal perfusion of an amino acid meal in 8 healthy subjects: once without and once with pretreatment of 8 mg loperamide, ingested 13 and 4 hours before the start of the meal. Loperamide decreased basal amylase output from 3.2 ± 0.5 to 1.0 ± 0.5 kU/h (P &lt; .005) and abolished basal bilirubin output (21 ± 5 vs. 0 ± 0 micromol/h; P &lt; .005) into the duodenum. Loperamide increased basal gallbladder volume from 28 ± 4 to 39 ± 4 mL (P &lt; .0001) but was without effect on basal plasma cholecystokinin (2.7 ± 0.3 vs. 3.0 ± 0.3 pmol/L). During the amino acid meal, pretreatment with loperamide inhibited amylase output from 5.1 ± 0.8 to 1.6 ± 0.4 kU/h (P &lt; .001), bilirubin output from 39 ± 6 to 18 ± 6 micromol/h (P &lt; .0005) and gallbladder contraction from 47% ± 3% to 26% ± 6% (P &lt; .05), whereas loperamide enhanced amino acid-stimulated plasma cholecystokinin from 4.5 ± 1.6 to 7.6 ± 1.0 pmol/L (P &lt; .05). It is concluded that loperamide inhibits basal and amino acid-stimulated gallbladder motility and intraduodenal output of bilirubin and amylase, despite an enhanced postprandial cholecystokinin release.
Letter: Keratoconjunctivitis caused by adenovirus type 19.
Authors: E J Bell, F W Winton
Journal: BMJ (1975)

Keratoconjunctivitis Caused by AdenovirusType 19 SIR,-We were interested in the cases of adenovirus type 19 keratoconjunctivitis reported from Belgium and Holland by Dr. J. Desmyter and others (16 November, p. 406).Though a few strains of this virus have been isolated elsewhere in Britain during 1973-4, it was not until July 1974 that it was first detected in Scotland.The patient, a male anaesthetist aged 52 years, first developed photophobia and "gritty" discomfort of the right eye and five to six days later the left eye became affected.Ophthalmological examination confirmed the diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis with deep scleral inflammation.A conjunctival swab was submitted for virological examination and meanwhile treatment with chloram- phenicol was instituted, with no effect.Though the episode lasted one month, the patient continued his normal duties throughout.An adenovirus, subsequently identified as type 19, was isolated in human amnion cell cultures.This appeared to be an isolated incident.There was no relevant history of recent travel abroad or contact with a similar case.However, this does raise the question whether anaesthetists may be at special risk from their proximity to the face and oronasal secretions of their patients.-Weare, etc.,
The population consequences of territorial behaviour
Authors: Deborah M. Gordon
Journal: Trends in Ecology & Evolution (1997)

Many organisms compete for space, or for resource that are linked to space. Territorial behavior in animals is one expression of competition for space. Models of competition for space seek to predict how the arrangement of individuals in a population changes as new individuals appear, others die, and neighbors interact with each other; studies of territorial behaviour examine how neighbor interactions lead animals to establish and maintain their use of space. In recent work on compition for space and on territorial behaviour, there has been a shift from simple, general models to ones that incorporate heterogeneity in the spatial and temporal distribution of resources, and in the ways individuals use resources.
Helping the child at risk
Authors: S H Roussounis
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Lifeworld-led care provides a route through which research and practice can navigate the 'biopsychosocial' allowing us to overcome the shortfalls of the medical model and enabling us to prioritise humanity in the care of people living with tinnitus. In this article, we sought to explore qualitative descriptions of life with tinnitus. We aimed to address the question 'what it is like to live with tinnitus?' In doing so we examined qualitative studies and provide suggestions about key themes that seem consistent. This is a narrative, thematic overview of the way lifeworld has been conceptualised and explored in tinnitus research.
CT, MRI, and FDG PET/CT in a Patient With Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma
Authors: Aisheng Dong, Yang Wang, Chao Cheng, Changjing Zuo
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare malignant soft tissue tumor. We present a case, who had a history of a left pulmonary ASPS resection 5 years ago, with a tumor in the left lower extremity showing high vascularity mimicking hemangioma on enhanced CT and MRI. This tumor showed intense FDG uptake on FDG PET/CT with SUVmax of 6.8, indicating a malignant soft tissue tumor. Complete resection of the tumor was performed. A diagnosis of ASPS was confirmed by pathology. This case highlights FDG PET/CT is helpful for differentiating ASPS from hemangioma according the degree of FDG uptake.
Cutaneous Myiasis in South Texas
Authors: Enrique G. Macias, A. J. Graham, Marthalyn Green, Alexander W. Pierce
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

DISEASE produced by infestation by larvae of the order diptera is termed myiasis.1 The clinical features and epidemiologic factors in eight cases of furuncular myiasis occurring in metropolitan San Antonio, Texas, between August and October, 1972, are included in this report. Selected clinical data are presented in Table 1. The lesions appeared as one to five ulcers surrounded by nontender induration. In seven patients the lesion was located in the superior occipital region, and in one, in the left posterior parietal region. Motile larvae were readily visible. Two patients with noteworthy temperature elevation had associated streptococcal infections. All children had nits . . .
Filming during anaesthesia
Authors: R. Ollerenshaw
Journal: BMJ (1969)

MEDICAL JOURNA-L even more liberal in that its stipulation is three A levels, one of which is to be in chemistry.Nearly a quarter of a century ago when I entered the medical school at Birmingham I was able to do so with a background of Higher School Certificate in English, French, and History.This was made possible by the existence of a First M.B. course, now a rapidly disappearing institution in English medical schools.Surely there would be advantages in the inclusion of such a course or of an appropriate content of physics, chemistry, and biology in the first years of the medical course-I am, etc.,
Comparison of nifedipine and propranolol as second line agent for hypertension in black Kenyans.
Authors: N R Poulter, J E Sanderson, A V Thompson, P S Sever, C L Chang
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Nifedipine is reported to be particularly effective as an antihypertensive agent in low renin hypertension.'Because of the predominance of low renin hypertension among black Kenyan patients we compared the efficacy of propranolol plus diuretic, a standard treat- ment in Africa,2 with nifedipine plus diuretic in Kenyan patients whose blood pressure was not control- led by diuretic treatment.
Effect of corticosteroids on nasal blockage in rhmitis measured by objective methods
Authors: Niels Mygind, Ronald Dahl, Lars Peter Nielsen, Ole Hilberg, Torbjørn Bjerkex
Journal: Allergy (1997)

This paper gives an overview of placebo‐controlled studies of the effect of corticosteroid treatment on nasal blockage, based on objective measurements of nasal airway patency. A few studies of perennial rhinitis have indicated that pretreatment with an intranasal corticosteroid has a moderate effect on nasal hyperresponsiveness, measured as the histamine‐induced increase of nasal blockage. Whereas the effect on allergen‐induced early‐phase symptoms is variable, the effect on the late‐phase blockage is almost complete. In seasonal allergic rhinitis, a few studies have shown an effect of intranasal steroids on nasal airway resistance, nasal peak flow and on acoustic rhinometry, but there are no reports on the effect in adults with perennial rhinitis. In children with perennial disease, intranasal treatment results in increased nasal patency and, in one study, also in reduced mouth breathing and in an increased threshold for exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction. In patients with nasal polyposis, intranasal steroids have an effect on nasal airway resistance and on nasal peak flow both before and after polypectomy. There is convincing evidence that intranasal corticosteroids provide a better effect than antihistamine on nasal blockage. Amazingly, there does not appear to be any report on the effect of systemic corticosteroid treatment on nasal airway patency, and it is therefore difficult to recommend this treatment in a rational dosage. In conclusion, there is a fairly good documentation in support of the efficacy of intranasal steroid treatment on nasal airway patency in rhinitis. An objective measurement of nasal airway patency ought to be the routine in controlled rhinitis trials.
PREDICTIVE VALUE OF THE INDEX OF MICROCIRCULATORY RESISTANCE AFTER MANUAL THROMBUS ASPIRATION IN PATIENT WITH ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Seong Ill Woo, Je Ho Ye, Myeong Dong Lee, Ji Jung Jeong, Sang Don Park, Dae Hyeok Kim, Jun Kwan, Sung Hee Shin, Keum Soo Park
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Metabolic effects of hormone replacement preparations
Authors: N. Sattar, C. J Packard, A. J Jaap
Journal: BMJ (1996)

EDITOR,—The recent article by the Medical Research Council's General Practice Research Framework examined the metabolic effects of an oestrogen only and a combined hormone replacement preparation (containing norgesterol) in women with hysterectomy and concluded that the possibly beneficial and adverse effects of the two regimens were fairly evenly balanced on lipids and coagulability.1 We believe that a greater emphasis should have been placed on the results for high density lipoprotein cholesterol, which is a potent independent risk factor for coronary heart disease in women …
The Impact of Hospitalists on Medical Education and the Academic Health System
Authors: Lee Goldman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Hospitalism as a career option is likely to reinforce the emphasis of traditional medical residency programs on inpatient care; may become an alternative area of emphasis in many subspecialty fellowship programs; and may even generate its own specific types of advanced training and certification. In the academic setting, subspecialists and their trainees are concerned that hospitalists may request fewer consultations, which could adversely affect subspecialists and the education of both fellows and residents. However, the focus and expertise of hospitalists is likely to improve inpatient education for students and residents and is appealing because it has the potential to improve the quality of inpatient care. Perhaps the major effect of the hospitalist movement on academic centers will be the creation of a cadre of physicians committed to critical pathways; clinical guidelines; quality assurance; risk management; clinical re-engineering; and the use of the inpatient service as a laboratory for developing, evaluating, and implementing initiatives to improve patient care. Although any fundamental change in the organization of clinical services brings with it the risk that essential components of the current system will be jeopardized, the hospitalist movement may have great benefits if it can develop safeguards to ensure seamless patient care and the appropriate use of subspecialty expertise.
Still More on Catfish Stings
Authors: Neill F. David
Journal: JAMA (1975)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Previous letters on this subject (231:176, 1975; 232:248, 1975) have failed to mention anything about prevention. My father was an inveterate catfish catcher and always included in his kit two pieces of equipment: a pair of canvas gloves and pliers. Having landed a catfish, he used the gloves to prevent its slipping as he held it. Then the pliers were used to pull out the stings—a simple technique to prevent a troublesome problem.
Type 1 angiotensin receptors on macrophages ameliorate IL-1 receptor–mediated kidney fibrosis
Authors: Jian-dong Zhang, Mehul B. Patel, Robert Griffiths, Paul C. Dolber, Phillip Ruiz, Matthew A. Sparks, Johannes Stegbauer, Huixia Jin, Jose A. Gomez, Anne F. Buckley, William S. Lefler, Daian Chen, Steven D. Crowley
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

In a wide array of kidney diseases, type 1 angiotensin (AT1) receptors are present on the immune cells that infiltrate the renal interstitium. Here, we examined the actions of AT1 receptors on macrophages in progressive renal fibrosis and found that macrophage-specific AT1 receptor deficiency exacerbates kidney fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Macrophages isolated from obstructed kidneys of mice lacking AT1 receptors solely on macrophages had heightened expression of proinflammatory M1 cytokines, including IL-1. Evaluation of isolated AT1 receptor–deficient macrophages confirmed the propensity of these cells to produce exaggerated levels of M1 cytokines, which led to more severe renal epithelial cell damage via IL-1 receptor activation in coculture compared with WT macrophages. A murine kidney crosstransplantation concomitant with UUO model revealed that augmentation of renal fibrosis instigated by AT1 receptor–deficient macrophages is mediated by IL-1 receptor stimulation in the kidney. This study indicates that a key role of AT1 receptors on macrophages is to protect the kidney from fibrosis by limiting activation of IL-1 receptors in the kidney.
Human alveolar macrophages: comparison of phagocytic ability, glucose utilization, and ultrastructure in smokers and nonsmokers
Authors: James O. Harris, Edward W. Swenson, Joseph E. Johnson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1970)

Phagocytic ability, glucose utilization, and ultrastructural morphology were studied in human alveolar macrophages in smokers and nonsmokers. The macrophages were obtained by bronchopulmonary lavage and the studies were carried out in vitro in the absence of smoke. Phagocytic ability was measured as the decrease in the number of viable Staphylococcus albus organisms incubated with the macrophages. Measurements of 14CO2 formation from glucose-U-14C were made in a resting state. 90-95% of the cells obtained by lavage were large mononuclear macrophages of which approximately 90% remained viable at the end of the experiment. Smokers yielded many more macrophages per lavage (mean 46.4 × 106 ±7.4) compared to the nonsmokers (mean 10.2 × 106 ±2.3). The decline in viable organisms was the same in each group, indicating phagocytic competence of alveolar macrophages removed from smokers. However, the mean glucose utilization for the smokers was 4.3 ±0.2 mμmoles/106 cells and 1.4 ±0.7 mμmoles/106 cells for the nonsmokers. This very significant difference (P < 0.0001) suggests that smokers' macrophages have a higher resting energy requirement than those of nonsmokers. Comparison of the ultrastructural morphology of the alveolar macrophages from each group reveals that the cells from smokers differ from those of nonsmokers in that they are slightly larger, and contain more golgi vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, and residual bodies. The residual bodies in smokers' cells contain distinctive fiber-like inclusions.
Metabolic Engineering: Advances in Modeling and Intervention in Health and Disease
Authors: Martin L. Yarmush, Scott Banta
Journal: Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering (2003)

▪ Abstract The field of metabolic engineering encompasses a powerful set of tools that can be divided into (a) methods to model complex metabolic pathways and (b) techniques to manipulate these pathways for a desired metabolic outcome. These tools have recently seen increased utility in the medical arena, and this paper aims to review significant accomplishments made using these approaches. The modeling of metabolic pathways has been applied to better understand disease-state physiology in a variety of cellar, subcellular, and organ systems, including the liver, heart, mitochondria, and cancerous cells. Metabolic pathway engineering has been used to generate cells with novel biochemical functions for therapeutic use, and specific examples are provided in the areas of glycosylation engineering and dopamine-replacement therapy. In order to document the potential of applying both metabolic modeling and pathway manipulation, we describe pertinent advances in the field of diabetes research. Undoubtedly, as the field of metabolic engineering matures and is applied to a wider array of problems, new advances and therapeutic strategies will follow.
The Shoulder and Neck
Authors: Reginald R. Cooper
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Clinical observations distilled by time, meticulous attention to detail, and abounding enthusiasm clearly provide the foundation for this discourse on the shoulder and neck. Although near encyclopedic in scope, this volume presents the subject in a most efficient, convenient, and lucidly expressed form. Much of the text focuses upon diagnosis and treatment of conditions producing four groups of pain patterns: neck pain, neck and shoulder pain, shoulder pain, and shoulder and radiating pain. Discussions of anatomy, embryology, and biomechanics become ever more significant as the author relates them to shoulder and neck use in daily activities, surgical approaches and techniques, pain patterns, and distinct clinical entities. An extensively illustrated chapter on history and physical examination will provide students with a more than adequate base for clinical management of patients with neck and shoulder disorders. Although etiology and pathology of common conditions like fibrositis remain enigmatic, the author provides useful hints
Aggravation of Diabetes Mellitus During Treatment with Chlorothiazide
Authors: William C. Hollis
Journal: JAMA (1961)

THE DEVELOPMENT of clinical diabetes in association with the administration of a drug is an unusual event in clinical practice; though diabetes mellitus is frequently precipitated by any one of a variety of stresses, such as acute infection. In this paper two examples, within the same family, of the development of manifest diabetes mellitus following the administration of chlorothiazide are reported. <h3>Report of Cases</h3><h3>Case 1.—</h3> A 92-year-old woman was first seen in 1955, because of mild congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation due to arteriosclerotic heart disease. Her blood pressure was 170/80 mm. Hg. Aside from mild senile mental deterioration and moderate obesity, there was no other significant problem. Digitalization was done, and she was restored to good health. She had no symptoms of diabetes at this time, and her urine was negative for sugar. Because of mild recurrent edema she was intermittently tieated with meralluride by injection, chlormerodrin
The wife who commands
Authors: J. H. Baron
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Today in France it is more often the wife who commands and the husband who obeys, and everything that the surgeon orders for the care of the husband the wife considers to be utterly useless, although that which he orders for the wife, the husband thinks will be of great benefit.

Henri de Mondeville, surgeon, died 1325. Welborn MC. The long tradition: a study in fourteenth century medical deontology. In: Cate JL, Anderson EN, eds. Medieval and historiographical essays. Chicago: University Press, 1938:354.