tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
LEFT VENTRICULAR VOLUMES FROM SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (SPECT)
Authors: Stephen R. Bunker, Michael F. Hartshorne, William P. Schmidt, William H. Howard, John M. Bauman, Michael A. Cawthon, Robert D. Karl
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1984)

A prospective study was performed in 25 patients, comparing SPECT left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic (ED) volume (V) to that of contrast ventriculography (ANGIO). SPECT examination utilized 25 mCi Tc-99m RBC labeled in vivo. Sixty images were acquired with a Picker Dyna Camera 5 over 180° from RAO to LPO utilizing a 50 msec ED window. The 30-second images were preprocessed using a 5x5 spatial filter with a cutoff of 0.10 and then reconstructed into transaxial slices by filtered back-projection utilizing a low resolution proprietary filter. The apex and base of the LV were determined by review of additional long-axis and short-axis slice reconstructions. LVEDV was subsequently calculated from count-corrected regions of interest (ROIs) generated about the transaxial LV slices. All patients underwent contrast ventriculography (ANGIO) within 72 hours of the SPECT study. The correlation coefficient between SPECT and ANGIO LVEDV over a range of 87 to 506 cc was 0.97 with a standard error of the estimate (SEE) of 23 cc. We conclude that SPECT allows for noninvasive and accurate determination of LVEDV without the need for blood sample counting or assumptions about LV geometry and chest wall attenuation.
Aphasia in Relation to Testamentary Capacity
Authors: M. Beverley
Journal: BMJ (1898)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Our sense of touch is unique in that our tactile receptors are spread across our body surface and constantly receive different inputs at the same time. These inputs vary in relevance according to our current goals, but there is little research on how simultaneous stimulation to different body sites affects the perception of touch. In this series of studies, we characterised how irrelevant tactile sensations across the body-midline affect tactile detection in a constantly-attended body site. Participants had to detect a target on their dominant index finger, while receiving irrelevant stimulation to another body site (homologous and non-homologous fingers, and the contralateral ankle). We document robust interference effects on all measured body-sites. Its impact on detection-performance was unaffected by body posture, exacerbated by the intensity of the irrelevant stimulation, and ameliorated by embedding a target-like signal in the irrelevant stimulation. In addition, we generalise our findings beyond the target stimulus (i.e., a vibration intensity decrement) and report similar effects when employing a target-increment. In light of our findings, we propose that tactile inputs may be pooled together early in the hierarchy of somatosensory processing, resulting in an integrated percept. The rules for integration across body sides are likely not described by a simple summation, but rather may be governed by more complex interactions between fingers and according to the corresponding perceived, as well as actual, intensities of the stimulation. <h3>Highlights</h3> Irrelevant stimulation to a contralateral body site hinders tactile detection. We show robust and early integration of sensory inputs from across body sides. The amount of interference varies by the signal-to-noise in the irrelevant stimulation. Interference may result from cortical integration of bilateral tactile sensations.
Appropriateness of Hypnoanesthesia-Reply
Authors: Don M. Morris
Journal: JAMA (1986)

In Reply.—  We want to thank Dr McKlveen for his thoughtful perusal of the article and we would like to respond to his letter. First, we agree that regional anesthesia would have definitely been the procedure of choice, and, second, we apologize if the interpretation by Dr McKlveen was that we regarded our procedure as safe.  Our goal was to use regional anesthesia or general anesthesia. However, the patient's tumor covered the upper part of the thigh and lower buttock (and weighed 23 kg [50 lb]) and prevented the caudal approach. Furthermore, while we do have long Touhy and spinal needles, the needle was not our problem; the patient could not be placed on her side. Unfortunately, that was a misstatement in the article. The patient could only assume a semireclining position. The necessity of staying in this position, because of her massive weight, prevented an approach to the lumbar
A signal-detection-theory representation of normal and hallucinatory perception
Authors: Igor Dolgov, Michael K. McBeath
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

Collerton et al.'s Perception and Attention Deficit (PAD) model argues that all recurrent complex visual hallucinations (RCVH) result from maladaptive, deficient sensory and attentional processing. We outline a constructivist-based representation of perception using signal detection theory, in which hallucinations are modeled as false alarms when confirmational perceptual information is lacking. This representation allows for some individuals to have RCVH due to a criterion shift associated with attentional proficiency that results in an increased awareness of the environment.
Cancer Wars: How Politics Shapes What We Know and Don't Know about Cancer
Authors: J. Roberts
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Robert N Proctor Basic Books, $25, pp 356 ISBN 0 465 02756 3

Medicine is a political science, according to an apocryphal comment by Rudolph Virchow, the father of modern pathology. But perhaps even more than medicine, cancer is a political science.

That is the thesis of Cancer Wars, a survey of what might cause cancer, written by Robert Proctor, a professor of the history of science at Pennsylvania State University. Proctor is well known for his excellent analyses of German doctors' role in the Holocaust.

In Cancer Wars he sets out to describe how political arguments over a scientific issue create a debate in which each participant speaks a different language. Proctor's central question is, “How much evidence do …
Does breathing other people's tobacco smoke cause lung cancer?
Authors: N J Wald, K Nanchahal, S G Thompson, H S Cuckle
Journal: BMJ (1986)

The available epidemiological studies of lung cancer and exposure to other people9s tobacco smoke, in which exposure was assessed by whether or not a person classified as a non-smoker lived with a smoker, were identified and the results combined. There were 10 case-control studies and three prospective studies. Overall, there was a highly significant 35% increase in the risk of lung cancer among non-smokers living with smokers compared with non-smokers living with non-smokers (relative risk 1.35, 95% confidence interval 1.19 to 1.54). Part of this increase was almost certainly caused by the misclassification of some smokers as non-smokers. As smokers, who are more likely to get lung cancer than non-smokers, tend to live with smokers this misclassification probably exaggerated the estimated increase in risk. Adjustment for this error reduced the estimate to 30% (relative risk 1.30), but as people who live with non-smokers may still be exposed to other people9s smoke this estimate was revised again to allow for the fact that a truly unexposed reference group was not used. The increase in risk among non-smokers living with smokers compared with a completely unexposed group was thus estimated as 53% (relative risk of 1.53). This analysis, and the fact that non-smokers breathe environmental tobacco smoke, which contains carcinogens, into their lungs and that the generally accepted view is that there is no safe threshold for the effect of carcinogens, leads to the conclusion that breathing other people9s tobacco smoke is a cause of lung cancer. About a third of the cases of lung cancer in non-smokers who live with smokers, and about a quarter of the cases in non-smokers in general, may be attributed to such exposure.
Origin and Evolution of the Mitochondrial Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases
Authors: Björn Brindefalk, Johan Viklund, Daniel Larsson, Mikael Thollesson, Siv G. E. Andersson
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

Many theories favor a fusion of 2 prokaryotic genomes for the origin of the Eukaryotes, but there are disagreements on the origin, timing, and cellular structures of the cells involved. Equally controversial is the source of the nuclear genes for mitochondrial proteins, although the α-proteobacterial contribution to the mitochondrial genome is well established. Phylogenetic inferences show that the nuclearly encoded mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) occupy a position in the tree that is not close to any of the currently sequenced α-proteobacterial genomes, despite cohesive and remarkably well-resolved α-proteobacterial clades in 12 of the 20 trees. Two or more α-proteobacterial clusters were observed in 8 cases, indicative of differential loss of paralogous genes or horizontal gene transfer. Replacement and retargeting events within the nuclear genomes of the Eukaryotes was indicated in 10 trees, 4 of which also show split α-proteobacterial groups. A majority of the mitochondrial aaRSs originate from within the bacterial domain, but none specifically from the α-Proteobacteria. For some aaRS, the endosymbiotic origin may have been erased by ongoing gene replacements on the bacterial as well as the eukaryotic side. For others that accurately resolve the α-proteobacterial divergence patterns, the lack of affiliation with mitochondria is more surprising. We hypothesize that the ancestral eukaryotic gene pool hosted primordial "bacterial-like" genes, to which a limited set of α-proteobacterial genes, mostly coding for components of the respiratory chain complexes, were added and selectively maintained.
Correlation of Development of Asthma to Previous Infections in Chinese and Hispanic Immigrant Populations Residing in Brooklyn
Authors: Maria-Anna Vastardi, Irina Katayeva, Haijun Yao, Daniel Puebla-Neira, Kobkul Chotikanatis, Jeremy Weedon, Helen G. Durkin, Stephan A. Kohlhoff, Rauno O. Joks
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
The transcription factor SALL4 regulates stemness of EpCAM-positive hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Sha Sha Zeng, Taro Yamashita, Mitsumasa Kondo, Kouki Nio, Takehiro Hayashi, Yasumasa Hara, Yoshimoto Nomura, Mariko Yoshida, Tomoyuki Hayashi, Naoki Oishi, Hiroko Ikeda, Masao Honda, Shuichi Kaneko
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
IGF-1 suppresses Bim expression in multiple myeloma via epigenetic and posttranslational mechanisms
Authors: Elke De Bruyne, Tomas J. Bos, Frans Schuit, Els Van Valckenborgh, Eline Menu, Lieven Thorrez, Peter Atadja, Helena Jernberg-Wiklund, Karin Vanderkerken
Journal: Blood (2010)
Proportion of the Decline in Cardiovascular Mortality Disease due to Prevention Versus Treatment: Public Health Versus Clinical Care
Authors: Earl S. Ford, Simon Capewell
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2011)

Mortality rates from coronary heart disease (CHD), which had risen during the twentieth century in many countries, started declining in some countries during the 1960s. Once initial skepticism about the validity of the observed trends dissipated, researchers attempted to generate explanations about the events that had transpired using a variety of techniques, including ecological examinations of the trends in risk factors for CHD and changes in management of CHD, multivariate risk equations, and increasingly sophisticated modeling techniques. Improvements in risk factors as well as changes in cardiac treatments have both contributed to the reductions in CHD mortality, although estimates of their contributions have varied among countries. Models suggest that additional large reductions in CHD mortality are feasible by either improving the distribution of risk factors in the population or raising the percentage of patients receiving evidence-based treatments.
Basing resource allocation formulas on standardised mortality ratios would be wrong
Authors: R. A Carr-Hill, J. Q Jamison
Journal: BMJ (1998)

EDITOR—Sheldon proposes that resource allocation formulas should revert to the methods proposed by the resource allocation working party over 20 years ago.1 He thinks that instead of messing around with complicated statistics we should use the standardised mortality ratio (although he does not specify which variant2). It is an appealing simplification, but it won't do for four reasons.

Firstly, because allocations are having to be made to much smaller populations, we need accurate and robust formulas and guidance on …
Expectorant Action of Bromhexine in Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis
Authors: W. F. D. Hamilton, K. N. V. Palmer, M. Gent
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Bromhexine was compared with a placebo in a double-blind clinical trial in bronchitic inpatients with mucoid sputum. Oral bromhexine 16 mg. thrice daily for 11 days compared with placebo resulted in a significant increase in sputum volume and significant decrease in sputum viscosity, and changed markedly the rheological characteristics of the sputum. There was, however, no improvement in ventilatory capacity or in the overall respiratory state as assessed by the patients themselves or their clinician. No patient having the drug had side-effects and there was no change in laboratory findings attributable to it.
Randomised trial of excimer laser angioplasty versus balloon angioplasty for treatment of obstructive coronary artery disease
Authors: Y.E.A Appelman, J.J Piek, G.K David, J.G.P Tijssen, M.J Koelemay, S Strikwerda, P.J de Feyter, P.W Serruys, E.W.J Montauban van Swijndregt, J.R Margolis, J.J Koolen
Journal: The Lancet (1996)
Incidence of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Infections-Reply
Authors: John Sullivan-Bolyai
Journal: JAMA (1985)

In Reply.—  As stated in our original manuscript, the viral isolation and transport systems used in our laboratory did not vary during the study period. In fact, our proficiency in obtaining appropriate specimens was better during the early years of our study, in that between 1965 and 1977 virology laboratory personnel themselves obtained the specimens for viral isolation. From 1978 to 1982, medical house staff and nursing staff obtained viral cultures. As all infants were hospitalized at our institutions, transportation to the laboratory was always prompt. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can be transported without detectable loss of titer for 48 hours while in appropriate transport media held at 4 °C. 1   As Dr Nersesian points out, when small numbers of patients are lumped in several categories there is always the potential for statistical aberations. We did, however, include the confidence intervals of the incidence rates in our article (p 3060).
Modulation of fluid absorption and the secretory response of rat jejunum to cholera toxin by dietary fat.
Authors: F A Sagher, J A Dodge, R Moore, C McMaster, G McCaughey
Journal: Gut (1990)

To study the effects of dietary fat on jejunal water and ion absorption and on cholera toxin-induced secretion, 3 week old Sprague Dawley rats were fed isocaloric diets. Forty per cent of the total calories were given as fat, as butter (high saturated fat), olive oil (high monounsaturated fat), or corn oil (high polyunsaturated fat), with one group on low fat (10% of calories) standard laboratory diet as controls. During in vivo jejunal perfusion studies we found that (i) a polyunsaturated fat (corn oil) supplemented diet improves jejunal absorption of water and electrolytes and these changes are independent of the observed concentrations of luminal prostaglandins; (ii) high dietary fat appreciably reduced the secretory response to cholera toxin, probably without fundamentally changing the mechanism by which cholera toxin induces secretion. We conclude that dietary fat composition altered the permeability and transport characteristics of the small intestine. This observation might have relevance to some human diarrhoeal disorders.
Genomic and proteomic profiling of responses to toxic metals in human lung cells.
Authors: Angeline S Andrew, Amy J Warren, Aaron Barchowsky, Kaili A Temple, Linda Klei, Nicole V Soucy, Kimberley A O'Hara, Joshua W Hamilton
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

Examining global effects of toxic metals on gene expression can be useful for elucidating patterns of biological response, discovering underlying mechanisms of toxicity, and identifying candidate metal-specific genetic markers of exposure and response. Using a 1,200 gene nylon array, we examined changes in gene expression following low-dose, acute exposures of cadmium, chromium, arsenic, nickel, or mitomycin C (MMC) in BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells. Total RNA was isolated from cells exposed to 3 M Cd(II) (as cadmium chloride), 10 M Cr(VI) (as sodium dichromate), 3 g/cm2 Ni(II) (as nickel subsulfide), 5 M or 50 M As(III) (as sodium arsenite), or 1 M MMC for 4 hr. Expression changes were verified at the protein level for several genes. Only a small subset of genes was differentially expressed in response to each agent: Cd, Cr, Ni, As (5 M), As (50 M), and MMC each differentially altered the expression of 25, 44, 31, 110, 65, and 16 individual genes, respectively. Few genes were commonly expressed among the various treatments. Only one gene was altered in response to all four metals (hsp90), and no gene overlapped among all five treatments. We also compared low-dose (5 M, noncytotoxic) and high-dose (50 M, cytotoxic) arsenic treatments, which surprisingly, affected expression of almost completely nonoverlapping subsets of genes, suggesting a threshold switch from a survival-based biological response at low doses to a death response at high doses.
POVERTY AND DEGENERACY: THEIR CAUSE, PREVENTION AND CURE.
Authors: N. S. DAVIS
Journal: JAMA (1901)

Members of the American Medical Temperance Association:  Though not retaining sufficient physical strength to be with you at your present annual meeting, I nevertheless send you cordial greeting, and ask your patient attention to the following subjects at this beginning of the twentieth century of the Christian era. During the last few months the literature of Christendom, and especially that of our own country, has been filled with eulogistic notices of the remarkable progress made in every department of literature, the sciences, arts, industries, and facilities for intercourse during the century just closed. The general correctness of these eulogistic notices, so far as they relate to discoveries in science and their practical application to improvements in every department of human industry and intercourse, is universally admitted. While it is thus freely admitted that the application of steam and electricity have made neighbors of the most distant nations, and multiplied many
Acute lymphocytic leukemia in children presenting with bone marrow necrosis
Authors: S. D. Macfarlane, G. P. Tauro
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1986)

Abstract Bone marrow necrosis has been regarded as an indicator of very poor prognosis in malignant disease. The cause and incidence are unknown, and reports of treatment response are few. We describe four children with marrow necrosis at presentation with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), all of whom entered remission with standard treatment showing complete marrow healing. The bleak outlook for patients with marrow necrosis based on early experience in adults with disseminated malignancy does not appear to apply to children with ALL. The incidence of marrow necrosis at diagnosis of childhood ALL is 1%.
Intrakines—Evidence for a Trans-Cellular Mechanism of Action
Authors: Barbara C. Engel, Gerhard Bauer, Karen A. Pepper, David C. Bockstoce, Xiao-Jin Yu, Si-Yi Chen, Donald B. Kohn
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2000)

Human CXCR4 is the receptor for the CXC chemokine SDF-1α and also acts as a coreceptor for T lymphotropic HIV-1 strains. Blocking the surface expression of this receptor via an intrakine approach has recently been shown to efficiently prevent HIV-1 infection of T cells. The CXC-chemokine gene is fused to an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (KDEL) that retains the newly synthesized chemokine and its receptor within the cell, where both are subsequently degraded. We constructed MoMuLV-based vectors containing the SDF–KDEL construct driven by the “MND” long terminal repeat, using eGFP as a marker gene (MND-SDF-KDEL-IRES-eGFP) and a control vector (MND-X-IRES-eGFP). CEM human T lymphoblastic leukemia cells were transduced with the intrakine vector or the control vector. We detected a marked downregulation of CXCR4 expression in the cells transduced with the intrakine vectors as opposed to the cells transduced with the control vector. However, the eGFP-negative fraction of the cells transduced with the intrakine vector displayed the same CXCR4 downregulation as the eGFP-positive fraction, suggesting an effect in trans. The possibility of this being due to eGFP being silenced while SDF–KDEL was still expressed was excluded by Southern and Northern blot analyses. Upon cultivating the control cells with supernatant of the cells transduced with the intrakine vector, we observed a downregulation of CXCR4 expression on the control cells. Experiments using rhSDF-1α showed downregulation by the supernatant to be comparable to that achieved by the exogenous addition of 30 ng/ml SDF-1α. To assess the bioactivity of the secreted substance in the supernatant, a chemotaxis assay was performed. The transmigration observed was, once again, within the range of that achieved by the addition of 30 ng/ml SDF-1α. We conclude that the intrakine SDF–KDEL, apart from acting within the cell, is also in part secreted and causes the downregulation of the receptor by acting like a secreted chemokine.
Cushingoid Reaction to Triamcinolone
Authors: I. M. Baird, N. M. Piercy
Journal: BMJ (1959)

The Experimental Surgical Unit occupies the fifth, sixth, and eighth floors of the impressive nine-story building illustrated.It will be closely linked with other units housed there.These include three Medical Research Council Units -the Radiotherapeutic Research Unit with its linear accelerator and cyclotron, and two units concerned respec- tively with microbial genetics and radio-histopathologyand the Postgraduate Medical School's Department of Isotope Chemistry.On the fifth floor there is a reception office, workshop, biochemical laboratories, two suites of laboratories for the lecturers in experimental surgery and in surgical physiology, three other experimental laboratories, a library, pathology laboratory, conference room, offices, etc.On the sixth there are two operating theatres of a design and construction which matches any modern hospital operating room, with sterilizing room, anaesthetic room, x-ray and dark rooms, and dressing rooms.A unique feature of this floor is a central recording room in which will be housed the elaborate electronic instruments now indispensable in the recording of physiological processes.Impulses can be brought by wire from any room in the building to be centrally recorded.On this floor also there is a large experimental laboratory for non-survival experiments.All isotope work will be done by arrangement with the Medical Research Council in their radio-histopathology laboratories on the seventh floor.On the eighth floor there is accommodation for large animals.The kennels are particularly commodious and well planned.On this floor also there are kitchens and rooms for the storage of food and bedding, an isolation room, and a dressing room.On the roof there is a large exercise yard for animals.The view from the roof is probably unparalleled in West London.