tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Chronic Nonparoxysmal Sinus Tachycardia in Otherwise Healthy Persons
Authors: ROBERT A. BAUERNFEIND
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Seven patients had chronic, unexplained, nonparoxysmal sinus tachycardia. The clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic characteristics of these cases are described. In each case electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic observations suggested that tachycardia was nonparoxysmal and due to increased automaticity of the sinus node (or of an automatic atrial focus located very near the sinus node). The mechanisms of increased sinus node automaticity in these patients were explored using drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system. In each patient these studies suggested a defect in either sympathetic or vagal nerve control of resting heart rate, with or without an abnormality of intrinsic heart rate. Data are also presented on baroreceptor reflex arc function in these patients.
A Mechanistic Modeling Framework for Predicting Metabolic Interactions in Complex Mixtures
Authors: Shu Cheng, Frederic Y. Bois
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

Background: Computational modeling of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of chemicals is now theoretically able to describe metabolic interactions in realistic mixtures of tens to hundreds of substances. That framework awaits validation.Objectives: Our objectives were to a) evaluate the conditions of application of such a framework, b) confront the predictions of a physiologically integrated model of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene (BTEX) interactions with observed kinetics data on these substances in mixtures and, c) assess whether improving the mechanistic description has the potential to lead to better predictions of interactions.Methods: We developed three joint models of BTEX toxicokinetics and metabolism and calibrated them using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations and single-substance exposure data. We then checked their predictive capabilities for metabolic interactions by comparison with mixture kinetic data.Results: The simplest joint model (BTEX interacting competitively for cytochrome P450 2E1 access) gives qualitatively correct and quantitatively acceptable predictions (with at most 50% deviations from the data). More complex models with two pathways or back-competition with metabolites have the potential to further improve predictions for BTEX mixtures.Conclusions: A systems biology approach to large-scale prediction of metabolic interactions is advantageous on several counts and technically feasible. However, ways to obtain the required parameters need to be further explored.
Exacerbation of Obstructive Airway Disease by Timolol
Authors: Frederick L. Jones
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Timolol maleate, a widely prescribed drug for treatment of glaucoma, is a nonselective β-adrenergic blocking agent. Its administration in the form of eyedrops to patients with obstructive airways disease may cause bronchoconstriction.<sup>1</sup>Hence, it is imperative that those caring for patients with glaucoma, ophthalmologists and primary care physicians alike, appreciate the potentially harmful systemic effects of this valuable drug. We have seen three patients whose obstructive airway disease was aggravated by timolol therapy. <h3>Report of Cases.—Case 1.—</h3> A 68-year-old man with severe emphysema received a single dose of 0.25% timolol maleate eyedrops. Soon thereafter he became severely dyspneic and required hospitalization. On examination he showed signs of severe airway obstruction. After several hours of intensive treatment with aminophylline, terbutaline sulfate, and corticosteroids, his respiratory status returned to normal. He has had no further such attacks in the succeeding six months. <h3>Case 2.—</h3> A 73-year-old
Human cardiac myosin heavy chain genes. Isolation of a genomic DNA clone and its characterization and of a second unique clone also present in the human genome.
Authors: D F Catanzaro, B J Morris
Journal: Circulation Research (1986)

A gene sequence coding for myosin heavy chain (MHC) of human cardiac muscle was isolated by screening a human genomic library with a 32P-labelled 1.1kb SacI restriction fragment from a previously characterized cDNA clone specifying the light meromyosin and 3' untranslated region of mRNA encoding rabbit cardiac alpha-MHC. The DNA of this human genomic clone (lambda HCMHC8) hybridized much more strongly than did other clones isolated under similar, low stringency conditions both to the rabbit cDNA probe and to mRNA isolated from rat cardiac, but not skeletal, muscle tissue. Probe made from a DNA restriction fragment of lambda HCMHC8 hybridized a single 31S band of human ventricular mRNA. This size is identical to that of cardiac MHC mRNA of other species. Heteroduplex analysis showed hybridization of lambda HCMHC8 with exon segments in a rabbit cardiac MHC genomic clone (lambda MHC alpha 12/1). It also showed that lambda HCMHC8 spanned 14 kb of DNA and contained exon segments estimated to code for two-thirds of a MHC including the carboxylic acid terminus. By rescreening the library under more stringent conditions, where only DNA sequences having strong homology to cardiac MHC genes would be expected to hybridize, clones having restriction maps overlapping lambda HCMHC8 were isolated together with a unique clone (lambda HCMHC9). DNA gel blot hybridization of human genomic DNA with lambda HCMHC8 probe at medium stringency gave a pattern of restriction fragments similar to the restriction map of lambda HCMHC8. A weaker set of bands also appeared which corresponded in pattern to the map of lambda HCMHC9.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Quantitative and molecular analyses of genetic risk: a study with ionizing radiation.
Authors: A W Hsie, Z Xu, Y Yu, J An, M L Meltz, J L Schwartz, P Hrelia
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Mammalian cells in culture have been used to study the genetic effects of physical and chemical agents. We have used Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, clone K1-BH4, to quantify mutations at the X-linked, large (35 kb) hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) locus (the CHO/HPRT assay) induced by environmental agents. By transfecting an hprt-deletion mutant CHO cell line with the plasmid vector pSV2gpt, we isolated a transformant, AS52. AS52 cells carry a single functional copy of an autosomal, small (456 bp) xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (gpt) gene (the bacterial equivalent of the mammalian hprt gene; AS52/GPT assay). We found that ionizing radiations such as X-rays and neutrons and oxidative genotoxic chemicals such as Adriamycin, bleomycin, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium superoxide are much more mutagenic to the gpt gene in AS52 cells than to the hprt locus in K1-BH4 cells. The hypermutability of the gpt gene probably results from a higher recovery of multilocus deletion mutants in AS52 cells than in K1-BH4 cells, rather than a higher yield of induced mutants. These results demonstrate that the use of the hprt locus alone could lead to an underestimate of the genetic risk of these agents. Analyses of the mutation spectrum using a polymerase chain reaction-based deletion screening and DNA sequencing procedure showed that a high proportion of HPRT- and GPT- mutants induced by X-rays carry deletion mutations. Thus, both the mutant frequency and mutation spectrum need to be considered in assessing the genetic risk of ionizing radiation and oxidative genotoxic chemicals.
Cytomegalovirus colitis and oesophageal ulceration in the context of AIDS: clinical manifestations and preliminary report of treatment with Foscarnet (phosphonoformate).
Authors: J N Weber, S Thom, I Barrison, R Unwin, S Forster, D J Jeffries, A Boylston, A J Pinching
Journal: Gut (1987)

Three patients with biopsy diagnosed invasive cytomegalovirus infection of the colon have been seen in the context of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Cytomegalovirus colitis presented with fever, abdominal distention, bloody diarrhoea and weight loss. Plain abdominal radiographs showed generalised large bowel dilatation in one patient. Cytomegalovirus infection was shown histologically, but the virus could not be cultured from the stool; no other gastrointestinal pathogens could be demonstrated. The patients were treated with a 14 day continuous infusion of Foscarnet 0.08 mg/kg/min (phosphonoformate, Astra Pharmaceuticals). One patient showed a partial response to therapy, but the cytomegalovirus colitis relapsed; the second patient had a symptomatic response only and the third patient died of non-cytomegalovirus opportunist infection while on treatment. Two other patients with biopsy proven cytomegalovirus ulceration of the oesophagus were seen, presenting with dysphagia, fever and weight loss. Invasive infection of the gastrointestinal tract with cytomegalovirus is now a major clinical problem in AIDS. Treatment with Foscarnet may be initially effective, but does not eliminate cytomegalovirus infection.
THE COMBINATION OF COLLOIDAL LEAD AND IRRADIATION IN CANCER THERAPY
Authors: H. J. ULLMANN
Journal: JAMA (1927)

In a preliminary report, read before the Radiological Society of North America in Milwaukee, in December, 1926, I1described at length the difficulties in manufacturing a pure metallic lead colloid with even reasonable keeping qualities. I also described our final preparation, the one used in our early work, which could be kept at room temperature for from weeks to months.
Defective polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis in rheumatoid arthritis associated with a serum inhibitor.
Authors: S M Hanlon, G S Panayi, R Laurent
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1980)

Cellular and/or serum components of polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis were assessed in 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. No difference in the chemotactic migration of control and patient cells in response to a number of chemotactic solutions could be detected (P = 0.38). Deficient generation of chemotactic activity in patient sera (P = 0.58) as compared to control sera (P = 0.014) after incubation of the sera with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, resulted in a significant difference in the chemotactic activity of the control and rheumatoid serum preparations for polymorphonuclear leucocytes (P = 0.0012). This defect was associated with the presence of a serum inhibitor of chemotaxis, the potency of which was inversely correlated with the level of chemotactic activity generated in the rheumatoid sera (r = -0.941, P less than 0.001).
Cyclic Changes in the Oxygen Consumption of the Aorta in Female Rats
Authors: M. R. MALINOW, J. A. MOGUILEVSKY, L. GERSCHENSON
Journal: Circulation Research (1964)

The endogenous oxygen consumption of aorta and of diaphragmatic muscle have been studied in female rats and correlated with different phases of estrus. Cyclic changes of oxygen consumption were demonstrated in the aorta but not in the diaphragm. Estradiol in vitro depressed the endogenous Qo 2 of the aorta from diestrous animals. Possible implications of this work are discussed.
Snowberry (Symphoricarpos) Poisoning in Children
Authors: Walter H. Lewis
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Snowberry, or waxberry (<i>Symphoricarpos albus</i>, synonym<i>S racemosus</i>), is a low-growing deciduous shrub with white, waxy, berry-like fruit and is common in the northern United States and Canada in thickets, woodlands, and open, weedy areas. The species is widely naturalized in Europe, where it is cultivated for ornament and hedges. A 19th-century report of snowberry toxicity, from Norfolk, England, describes four children who experienced "vomiting, purging, and delirium, after which they became semi-comatose."<sup>1</sup>All recovered, but one narrowly escaped death. (This explicit case has been largely ignored, perhaps because a typographical error in the text created the confusing name "Lymphoricarpos" that failed to be identified with a known genus.) In recent years there have been reports from Poland of children being poisoned by eating the fruit; no fatality occurred, but hospitalization was essential.<sup>2</sup>Eight cases were reported during 1975 and 1976 in the United States,
AUTOGENOUS VACCINES IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC JOINT AFFECTIONS: (RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND GONORRHOEAL ARTHRITIS)
Authors: B. Hughes
Journal: BMJ (1913)

1LWLO3.L 2. That, as many forms of oral sepsis are, not associated with paina, the, patient rarely complains of the ccndition of the mouth-, antdl as his general appearance and symptoms' are frequently strongly suggestive of anaemia, the true s,tate of the case may easily be overlooked.3. That it is a common cause of disorders of the stomach, is directly associated with different forms of arthritis, and that it either predisposes the individual to, or at times directly gives rise.to, suppurative processes in, other parts of the body.-4.That at critical periods in the life of an individual, as for example at puberty, during pregnancy, at the cliniac- teric or in the couirse of a .chronicdisease, it may be the all-important factor in the case.
THE PELVIC URETERAL SHEATH.ITS RELATION TO THE EXTENSION OF CARCINOMA CERVICIS UTERI.
Authors: JOHN A. SAMPSON
Journal: JAMA (1904)

During the last year and a half I have been studying the extension of carcinoma cervicis uteri with special reference to its bearing on the more radical operations for that disease. These studies<sup>1</sup>have demanded a knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the neighboring structures, of how the disease invades these parts, and especially the effect of the more radical operations on such organs as the bladder, ureters, rectum and other pelvic structures. In studying cross sections of the parametrium of those cases in which the lower ends of the ureters have been resected in order to obtain a wide excision of the primary growth, an opportunity was afforded not only of determining how the growth invaded the parametrium, but also its relation to the ureters.
Beyond acetylcholine: Next steps for sleep and memory research
Authors: Jessica D. Payne, Willoughby B. Britton, Richard R. Bootzin, Lynn Nadel
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

We consider Walker's thorough review in the context of thinking about future research on the relation between sleep and memory. We first address methodological issues including type of memory and sleep-stage dependency. We suggest a broader investigation of potential signaling molecules that may be critical to sleep-related consolidation. A brief review of the importance of the stress hormone cortisol illustrates this point.
Rapid Detection of<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>Infection by Enumeration of Antigen-specific T Cells
Authors: AJIT LALVANI, ANSAR A. PATHAN, HELEN McSHANE, ROBERT J. WILKINSON, MOHAMMED LATIF, CHRISTOPHER P. CONLON, GEOFFREY PASVOL, ADRIAN V. S. HILL
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

There is no reliable means of detecting latent M. tuberculosis infection, and even in patients with active tuberculosis, infection is often unconfirmed. We hypothesized that M. tuberculosis antigen-specific T cells might reliably indicate infection. We enumerated peripheral blood-derived interferon γ (IFN- γ )-secreting T cells responding to epitopes from ESAT-6, an antigen that is highly specific for M. tuberculosis complex but absent from BCG, in four groups of individuals. Forty-five of 47 patients with bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis had ESAT-6-specific IFN- γ -secreting T cells, compared with four of 47 patients with nontuberculous illnesses, indicating that these T cells are an accurate marker of M. tuberculosis infection. This assay thus has a sensitivity of 96% (95% confidence interval [CI] 92–100) for detecting M. tuberculosis infection in this patient population. By comparison, of the 26 patients with tuberculosis who had a diagnostic tuberculin skin test (TST), only 18 (69%) were positive (p = 0.003). In addition, 22 of 26 (85%) TST-positive exposed household contacts had ESAT-6-specific T cells, whereas zero of 26 unexposed BCG-vaccinated subjects responded. This approach enables rapid detection of M. tuberculosis infection in patients with active tuberculosis and in exposed asymptomatic individuals at high risk of latent infection; it also successfully distinguishes between M. tuberculosis infection and BCG vaccination. This capability may facilitate tuberculosis control in nonendemic regions.
The Effects of 100% Oxygen on Soccer Players
Authors: Ronald A. Gabel
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the article entitled "Effects of 100% Oxygen on Performance of Professional Soccer Players,"1 the authors acknowledged the placebo effect of ergogenic aids on athletic performance. However, they did not control for a placebo effect in their study, that is, they compared the exercise performance of subjects after the subjects had breathed an unknown gas (either oxygen or air), but they did not measure exercise performance after the subjects breathed a gas known by them to be air. Hence, the subjects' exercise performance may have been influenced by their believing that the gas they had breathed during prior recovery was oxygen. This possibility is not negated by the information reported on subject preference, whereby four athletes retrospectively selected air as the preferred gas, four chose oxygen, and two thought both unknown gases were oxygen. Only two subjects had no preference. Because the placebo effect on performance was
PRIORITY IN THE "INVENTION" AND EMPLOYMENT OF THE STOMACH TUBE
Authors: Frank Smithies
Journal: JAMA (1925)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —InThe Journal, February 21, p. 606, it appears that our German confrères are exercised over who first suggested and used the stomach tube and when a celebration in honor of the man and the event should be staged. As so frequently happens in Europe, particularly in Germany, important contributions to scientific and clinical medicine pass unrecognized, should such occur<i>extra muros</i>. To the average German physician, credit for the stomach tube and its employment goes to Kussmaul. Since a celebration in honor of that distinguished scientist and his tube is impending, it would seem proper that the facts relative to the introduction of tubes into the stomach be reviewed. To Dr. Julius Friedenwald of Baltimore we are indebted for a history of this gastro-enterologic milestone (<i>Proc. Am. Gastro-Enterol. A</i>., 1917; Introduction, Tice's "Practice of Medicine,"<b>7</b>, Sect. X, p. 15). Friedenwald called attention to an article
Hepatitis C in Patients Undergoing Liver Transplantation
Authors: Alexandra E. Read, Elizabeth Donegan, John Lake, Linda Ferrell, Cynthia Galbraith, I. K. Kuramoto, Jerome B. Zeldis, Nancy L. Ascher, John Roberts, Teresa L. Wright
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

Objective: To determine the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) among patients undergoing liver transplantation and the relation between anti-HCV and post-transplant hepatitis. Design: Retrospective cohort. Patients: Serum samples from 128 patients who underwent liver transplantation. Sixty-six patients who had 6 months of follow-up and for whom both pretransplant and post-transplant serum samples were available were included in a study to assess the relation between anti-HCV and post-transplant hepatitis. Measurements: Sera were tested for anti-HCV using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and, if positive, two confirmatory tests were done. Patients had a biopsy every week until two specimens showed no abnormal findings. Main Results: Only patients with chronic non-A non-B hepatitis (15 of 30; 50%), alcoholic cirrhosis (7 of 19; 37%), and chronic hepatitis B infection (3 of 11; 27%) were anti-HCV positive. No patient with another form of chronic liver disease or with acute liver failure due to non-A non-B hepatitis was anti-HCV positive. After transplantation, loss of anti-HCV was frequent and acquisition rare. Hepatitis developed in the graft in 17% of patients, but the incidence was similar among anti-HCV negative and anti-HCV-positive patients. Conclusions: Hepatitis C virus is a common cause of chronic liver disease in patients requiring liver transplantation, but anti-HCV is rarely found in patients with acute liver failure. Previous HCV infection, based on detection of anti-HCV, is not an independent risk factor for post-transplant hepatitis.
Endovascular Stenting of Obstructed Right Ventricle–to–Pulmonary Artery Conduits
Authors: Lynn F. Peng, Doff B. McElhinney, Alan W. Nugent, Andrew J. Powell, Audrey C. Marshall, Emile A. Bacha, James E. Lock
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Background— The optimal treatment for dysfunctional right ventricle–to–pulmonary artery (RV-PA) conduits is unknown. Limited follow-up data on stenting of RV-PA conduits have been reported. Methods and Results— Between 1990 and 2004, deployment of balloon-expandable bare stents was attempted in 242 obstructed RV-PA conduits in 221 patients (median age, 6.7 years). Acute hemodynamic changes after stenting included significantly decreased RV systolic pressure (89±18 to 65±20 mm Hg, P &lt;0.001) and peak RV-PA gradient (59±19 to 27±14 mm Hg, P &lt;0.001). There were no deaths, and, aside from 5 malpositioned stents requiring surgical removal, there were no serious procedural complications. During follow-up of 4.0±3.2 years, 9 patients died and 2 underwent heart transplantation, none related to catheterization or stent malfunction. During 155 follow-up catheterizations in 126 patients, the stent was redilated in 83 patients and additional stents were placed in 41. Stent fractures were diagnosed in 56 patients (43%) and associated with stent compression and substernal location but did not cause acute hemodynamic consequences. By Kaplan-Meier analysis, median freedom from conduit surgery after stenting was 2.7 years (3.9 years in patients &gt;5 years), with younger age, homograft conduit, conduit diameter ≤10 mm, diagnosis other than tetralogy of Fallot, Genesis stent, higher prestent RV:aortic pressure ratio, and stent malposition associated with shorter freedom from surgery. Tricuspid regurgitation and RV function did not change between stent implantation and subsequent surgery. Conclusions— Conduit stenting is an effective interim treatment for RV-PA conduit obstruction and prolongs conduit lifespan in most patients. Stent fractures were common but not associated with significant complications or earlier conduit reoperation.
Re: Hervé Baumert, Andrew Ballaro, Carlos Arroyo, Amir V. Kaisary, Peter F.A. Mulders and Ben C. Knipscheer. The Use of Polymer (Hem-o-lok) Clips for Management of the Renal Hilum During Laparoscopic Nephrectomy. Eur Urol 2006;49:816–9
Authors: Peter L. Steinberg, Kwabena Pobi, David A. Axelrod, John D. Seigne
Journal: European Urology (2006)
Controversies in Therapeutics
Authors: Robert C. Hastings
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Dr Lasagna has created a delightful book on a variety of controversies in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. The illustrious contributors obviously have been encouraged to argue their opinions forcefully, and the juxtaposition of opposite conclusions is both entertaining in its novelty (in medical and scientific writing) and instructive as to the facts (and how based on the same facts eminent authorities can and do reach totally different conclusions). Dr Lasagna's scholarly introductions to each chapter put the topics in perspective and provide varying degrees of comic relief, editorial comment, and humanitarianism. Usually two, sometimes one or three, essays follow, most ending with a conclusion outlining the author's position. Scrupulously, no final answers are provided to the immense range of questions and controversies raised. One must use the abundant factual information and cogently reasoned, forceful opinions to form one's own conclusions (or to admit the inability to reach any). Eight chapters