tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Increased incidence of primary total hip replacement in rural communities
Authors: R. A Dunsmuir, D. B Allan, L. A G Davidson
Journal: BMJ (1996)

two year screening interval.The proportion of true interval cancers occurring in the first two years after screening in our series was 60%, similar to that reported in the Nijmegen programme (58%) and Stockholm trial (64%) in women aged 50-64.4Recent changes designed to improve the sensitivity of the screening test are welcome, but we believe that shortening the screening interval is the only way to reduce the number oftrue interval cancers which will otherwise continue to present in the third year after screening.We thank the staff of the Manchester and Wigan breast screening services for their help in the organisation of the radiological audit and the following radiologists for their participation in the audit: J Lavelle, M Wilson, A Troop, G Kelly, and P Lane.
Defects of the Interventricular Septum in Infancy
Authors: Howard D. Sirak, Don M. Hosier, H. William Clatworthy
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

THE high mortality of open-heart surgery for defects of the interventricular septum in infants may be avoided by a two-stage approach instead. Surgical treatment is urgently needed in many of these small patients weighing less than 4.5 kg. (10 pounds) because of heart failure or recurrent respiratory infections that do not respond satisfactorily to medical therapy. By employing a two-stage approach, one can increase the salvage rate and still avoid the high mortality of cardiac bypass in this group.The literature contains many reports of infants dying of heart failure from this lesion. Engle1 reported 9 cases of uncomplicated defect, . . .
The myeloperoxidase system of human phagocytes generates Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine on proteins: a mechanism for producing advanced glycation end products at sites of inflammation
Authors: Melissa M. Anderson, Jesús R. Requena, Jan R. Crowley, Suzanne R. Thorpe, Jay W. Heinecke
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

Reactive aldehydes derived from reducing sugars and peroxidation of lipids covalently modify proteins and may contribute to oxidative tissue damage. We recently described another mechanism for generating reactive aldehydes from free α-amino acids. The pathway begins with myeloperoxidase, a heme enzyme secreted by activated neutrophils. Conversion of α-amino acids to aldehydes requires hypochlorous acid (HOCl), formed from H2O2 and chloride by myeloperoxidase. When L-serine is the substrate, HOCl generates high yields of glycolaldehyde. We now demonstrate that a model protein, ribonuclease A (RNase A), exposed to free L-serine and HOCl exhibits the biochemical hallmarks of advanced glycation end (AGE) products — browning, increased fluorescence, and cross-linking. Furthermore, Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), a chemically well-characterized AGE product, was generated on RNase A when it was exposed to reagent HOCl-serine, the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-chloride system plus L-serine, or activated human neutrophils plus L-serine. CML production by neutrophils was inhibited by the H2O2 scavenger catalase and the heme poison azide, implicating myeloperoxidase in the cell-mediated reaction. CML was also generated on RNase A by a myeloperoxidase-dependent pathway when neutrophils were activated in a mixture of amino acids. Under these conditions, we observed both L-serine–dependent and L-serine–independent pathways of CML formation. The in vivo production of glycolaldehyde and other reactive aldehydes by myeloperoxidase may thus play an important pathogenic role by generating AGE products and damaging tissues at sites of inflammation.
Abstract SY05-03: Natural product-inspired peptide drug discovery accelerated by the RaPID system
Authors: Hiroaki Suga
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Despite the fact that natural products are attractive resources for the discovery of drug candidates, the screening processes often not only time-consuming and labor-intensive but also high risk to obtain potent molecules. We have previously devised a new means to reprogram the genetic code, which allows us to express macrocyclic peptides using a custom-made in-vitro translation system. Its integration with the mRNA display technique has also led to the development of a means of selecting bioactive macrocyclic peptides, referred to as RaPID (Random non-standard Peptide Integrated Discovery) system. This lecture will describe some of recent examples for the discovery of such natural product-inspired macrocycles and pseudo-natural products with their therapeutic applications. Citation Format: Hiroaki Suga. Natural product-inspired peptide drug discovery accelerated by the RaPID system. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr SY05-03. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-SY05-03
Scientists uncover how anthrax works
Authors: D. Josefson
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Scientists at the National Cancer Institute in the United States have uncovered a key mechanism by which anthrax disrupts cellular function. The discovery may lead to new approaches towards fighting the toxin.

Bacillus anthracis is a spore forming, toxin producing bacterium that enters the body through the skin, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract. Although the disease is rare, anthrax has gained renewed prominence as a possible biological warfare agent. Inhaled spores cause pulmonary oedema and …
Gestational Diabetes — Setting Limits, Exploring Treatments
Authors: Jeffrey L. Ecker, Michael F. Greene
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Pregnancy is associated with relative carbohydrate intolerance and insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes mellitus (carbohydrate intolerance first diagnosed during pregnancy) has long been recognized as a risk factor for a number of adverse outcomes during pregnancy, including excessive fetal growth, an increased incidence of birth trauma and cesarean delivery, and neonatal metabolic abnormalities such as polycythemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and hypoglycemia.1 This recognition has led to recommendations to screen all pregnant women for gestational diabetes mellitus and to treat those whose glucose-tolerance tests exceed threshold criteria.2 The threshold criteria for diagnosing gestational diabetes were initially specified rather arbitrarily as values greater than 2 . . .
Marihuana "Study" Critique
Authors: Victor M. Benson
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To the Editor.—  One can never adequately refute yesterday's headlines—the sensational is remembered, not the rebuttal. It is therefore frustrating to write regrading the muchpublicized communication entitled, Effects of Marihuana on Adolescents and Young Adults by Kolansky and Moore ( 216 :486, 1971). Yet, though it will never arouse the attention already afforded the article, a critique should be done.   report's first sentence causes concern. The smoking of cannabis derivatives in the United States has now reached  proportions. Surely such activity is  only if known to be undesirable. Whether this is, in fact, true remains debatable. Given, at least, that harmful effects of marihuana are not well-established fact, the authors' choice of a word such as alarming immediately throws their objectivity into question.  Much of the communication is worded more cautiously:  It was our impression in these cases that the use of cannabis derivatives caused... Unfortunately, the article
Quantification of left-to-right atrial shunting and defect size after balloon mitral commissurotomy using biplane transesophageal echocardiography, color flow Doppler mapping, and the principle of proximal flow convergence.
Authors: D Rittoo, G R Sutherland, T R Shaw
Journal: Circulation (1993)

The flow convergence region (FCR), a zone of progressive laminar velocity acceleration, can be imaged by color Doppler proximal to stenotic and regurgitant orifices. Theoretically, FCR proximal to a discrete circular and planar orifice consists of concentric hemispheric shells of equal and accelerating velocities centered at the orifice. According to the continuity principle, flow rate across any of these isovelocity surfaces equals flow rate through the orifice. The aim of this study was to investigate whether these principles could be applied to quantify left-to-right shunting and the size of atrial septal defects after balloon mitral commissurotomy.Biplane transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) with color flow imaging was performed on 36 consecutive patients (mean age, 57 +/- 16 years; range, 14-78 years) immediately before and within 24 hours of balloon (Inoue, n = 33; Mansfield, n = 3) mitral commissurotomy. Left-to-right atrial shunting was detected by TEE in 33 patients (92%) and by oximetry in 11 patients (31%). The radius r of FCR was measured from the first aliasing limit, at a Nyquist velocity reduced to 11 cm/sec by zero-shifting, to the orifice in the atrial septum. FCR was assumed to be hemispherical. Hence, flow rate (Q) was calculated as 2 pi r2 Vr, where Vr is the velocity at a radial distance r. The velocity profile of transatrial flow was assessed by means of high pulse repetition frequency, from which the maximum flow velocity (Vp) and the velocity-time integral (VTI) were obtained. The flow area of the atrial septal defect was calculated as Qm, the maximal flow rate, divided by Vp. Hence, shunt flow was calculated as flow area x VTI x heart rate. FCR was analyzed in two orthogonal planes. Mean Qm (38.1 +/- 26.5 versus 5.3 +/- 2.7 mL/sec), flow area (22.1 +/- 11.2 versus 4.4 +/- 2.0 mm2), and shunt flow (1,590 +/- 1,070 versus 200 +/- 130 mL/min) on transverse plane imaging were all significantly higher in patients with shunts detected by oximetry than in those without. Similar results were obtained from longitudinal plane imaging. Qm correlated well with oximetric shunt flow (r = 0.89-0.94, p < 0.001) and shunt ratio (r = 0.91-0.94, p < 0.001). Flow area correlated closely (r = 0.93-0.94, p < 0.001) with area determined by direct measurement from two-dimensional echocardiography. Shunt flow determined by FCR also correlated closely (r = 0.94-0.98, p < 0.001) with that determined by oximetry and that derived from two-dimensional echocardiography and pulsed Doppler (r = 0.96, p < 0.001).The flow convergence region imaged by TEE color flow mapping provides new and accurate quantitative information on atrial shunt flow and defect size after balloon mitral valvotomy. It is a quick, reliable, and fairly simple method that can be readily incorporated into routine clinical practice.
Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Bjork-Shiley Prosthetic Valve
Authors: JOHN E. DOUGLAS, G. DOYNE WILLIAMS
Journal: Circulation (1974)

The in vitro and in vivo echocardiographic characteristics of the Bjork-Shiley tilting disc prosthetic valve are described. Optimal position of transducer and valve for detecting maximal disc excursion occurs when the ultrasound beam is perpendicular to the maximally opened disc. This alignment may vary from patient to patient requiring individualization by the echocardiographer. Rotation of the inner valve annulus at the time of surgery, when physiologically feasible, can facilitate optimal valve and ultrasound transducer alignment for serial postoperative evaluations of valve function.
Severe Herpesvirus Infections in an Adolescent without Natural Killer Cells
Authors: Christine A. Biron, Kevin S. Byron, John L. Sullivan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

NATURAL killer cells are a population of T-cell–receptornegative (CD3–) lymphocytes that spontaneously mediate the lysis of sensitive target cells. Natural killer cells are similar morphologically to large granular lymphocytes.1 They have the CD16 receptor for Fc portions of immunoglobulin molecules,2 and they express a member of the complement receptor–lymphocyte adhesion family of molecules, CD11b,3 on their cell surfaces, as well as the determinant NKH-1, which is specific to large granular lymphocytes.4 Although endogenous killer cells isolated from normal persons lyse only a limited range of highly sensitive target cells, both interferon and interleukin-2 can activate killer cells to lyse a . . .
The introduction of walk in health centres---the end of general practice?
Authors: S. O'Connell
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—The prime minister's announcement that walk in health centres are to be set up beggars belief.1 One of the crucial strengths of British general practice is the ability to register with a general practitioner. That doctor is able get to know patients and their families, such knowledge contributing enormously to the quality of advice that can be given. It saves a lot of expense …
The Vygotskian advantage in cognitive modeling: Participation precedes and thus prefigures understanding
Authors: Christine M. Johnson
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

Shanker &amp; King's (S&amp;K's) proposal is consistent with a Vygotskian model of development which assumes that cognition is first social and visible, and only later internalized and invisible. Rather than slipping into positing “epistemic operators” like understand or intend as generative of behavior during language learning or theory of mind tasks, this approach profits from keeping its focus on charting the ontogeny of embodied interactions.
Reduced blood pressure and cholesterol are main factors in fall in deaths from coronary heart disease
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Reductions in blood pressure and cholesterol concentrations accounted for almost two thirds of the 34% fall in numbers of deaths from coronary heart disease in England from 2000 to 2007, a modelling study indicates.1

The researchers used data from controlled trials, meta-analyses, national surveys, and official statistics for all adults in England aged over 25 years to assess how much preventive treatments and population-wide changes in blood pressure and cholesterol contributed to the prevention or delay of deaths from coronary heart disease …
Potential role of PTEN phosphatase in ethanol-impaired survival signaling in the liver
Authors: Jong Eun Yeon, Sophia Califano, Julia Xu, Jack R. Wands, Suzanne M. De La Monte
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Chronic ethanol consumption can cause sustained hepatocellular injury and inhibit the subsequent regenerative response. These effects of ethanol may be mediated by impaired hepatocyte survival mechanisms. The present study examines the effects of ethanol on survival signaling in the intact liver. Adult Long Evans rats were maintained on ethanol–containing or isocaloric control liquid diets for 8 weeks, after which the livers were harvested to measure mRNA levels, protein expression, and kinase or phosphatase activity related to survival or proapoptosis mechanisms. Chronic ethanol exposure resulted in increased hepatocellular labeling for activated caspase 3 and nuclear DNA damage as demonstrated using the TUNEL assay. These effects of ethanol were associated with reduced levels of tyrosyl phosphorylated (PY) IRS–1 and PI3 kinase, Akt kinase, and Erk MAPK activities and increased levels of phosphatase tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) mRNA, protein, and phosphatase activity in liver tissue. In vitro experiments demonstrated that ethanol increases PTEN expression and function in hepatocytes. However, analysis of signaling cascade pertinent to PTEN function revealed increased levels of nuclear p53 and Fas receptor mRNA but without corresponding increases in GSK–3 activity or activated BAD. Although fork–head transcription factor levels were increased in ethanol–exposed livers, virtually all of the fork–head protein detected by Western blot analysis was localized within the cytosolic fraction. In conclusion, chronic ethanol exposure impairs survival mechanisms in the liver because of inhibition of signaling through PI3 kinase and Akt and increased levels of PTEN. However, uncoupling of the signaling cascade downstream of PTEN that mediates apoptosis may account for the relatively modest degrees of ongoing cell loss observed in livers of chronic ethanol–fed rats.
Recent Advances in Wound Healing
Authors: Ysabel M. Bello
Journal: JAMA (2000)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
What Drives Neonatal Screening Programs?
Authors: Neil A. Holtzman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

IN every state in the United States, newborn infants are routinely screened for phenylketonuria and hypothyroidism. In one or more states, screening is routine for at least one of nine other disorders.1 The differences in states' policies on screening can seldom be explained by demographic factors. In states that adopt additional tests, pressure from those concerned about particular diseases has a role, as was the case when screening for phenylketonuria began.2 In states that do not screen for additional diseases, uncertainty about the benefits and risks of tests, competition for scarce health care dollars, and the absence of public pressure . . .
Specificity and sensitivity of exercise-induced st segment elevation for detection of residual viability: Comparison with fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography
Authors: Alberto Margonato, Sergio L. Chierchia, Robert G. Xuereb, Mariosa Xuereb, Gabriele Fragasso, Alberto Cappelletti, Claudio Landoni, Giovanni Lucignani, Ferruccio Fazio
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
FDG PET in Ruptured Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst
Authors: Sandip Basu, Nawab Singh Baghel
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2010)

A 13-year-old female hailing from a remote village presented with a history of intermittent fever, cough, and expectoration along with multiple episodes of hemoptysis. She was treated for tuberculosis without benefit before was she presented to us. Ultrasonography of the chest was suggestive of a loculated pleural effusion. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest revealed a loculated cyst in the left lung lingula and the tapping of the cyst demonstrated transudative fluid. The serum IgG titer for Echinococcus granulosus was raised (1:320). F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG PET) imaging was considered to ascertain the extent of disease involvement and tracking the path of drainage, based upon its potential useful role in assessing infection and inflammation that has been emphasized in the recent literature. The scan showed uptake in the wall of the cyst as well as a linear uptake along a track that was directed antero-inferiorly corresponding to the drainage track of the ruptured pulmonary hydatid cyst. This was in addition to the low grade tracer uptake in both sided hilar and mediastinal regions.
What is Accounted Successful Vaccination?
Authors: H. C. Crumrine
Journal: JAMA (1902)

Columbus, Ohio, July 9, 1902. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —This subject is considered under the Medicolegal Department ofThe Journal, July 5, 1902. It is an important question, and in my opinion the decision is unjust and incorrect. Successful vaccination is the inoculation of a person with the virus of cow-pox to such an extent that he is for an indefinite period of time rendered immune from variola. This is the only tenable definition for any physician who believes in the one great specific prophylactic measure which we possess. On the decision of this point depends much of the result of the contest between the anti-vaccinationists and those who believe that variola can ultimately be stamped out by vaccination. The particular case in question can not be discussed, for we do not know how long before exposure the person was vaccinated; nor do we know the facts on which the testifying
Low-Dose Danazol Therapy in Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: Yeon S. Ahn, Ravindra Mylvaganam, Rolando O. Garcia, Chae I. Kim, Diana Palow, William J. Harrington
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Although danazol is effective in the treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, its long-term safety and optimal dosage are not well established. We compared low (50 mg/d) and conventional (400 to 800 mg/d) dosages in 24 patients. Thirteen patients received the low dose 1 to 24 months after conventional doses had been discontinued (group 1). Five patients received low doses immediately after the conventional doses (group 2). Six patients were treated with low doses from the outset (group 3). In group 1, similar responses to either dose were seen in 9 patients, whereas there were better responses to conventional doses in 3 and to the lower dose in 1. All patients in group 2 maintained remissions with low doses. There were two excellent-good responses, one fair, and three poor responses in group 3. Side effects were generally less frequent and severe with the low doses. Low-dose danazol is better tolerated but took longer to obtain remissions, and is useful for maintenance therapy in the management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors: will they work?
Authors: N Muzyczka
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) Vectors: Will They Work?Editorial Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been a dark horse among the vector systems that are commonly considered for human gene therapy.Discovered in the middle 1960's, AAV has re- ceived relatively little attention from virologists.This was due