tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract 1315: Regulation of Nodal expression by estrogen in hormone responsive human breast cancer cell lines.
Authors: Padmalaya Das, Daniela Quail, Lynne-Marie Postovit
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among Canadian women. Estrogen plays a key role in the in the normal growth and development of the breast and is also a major contributor to breast cancer growth. Recent studies have demonstrated that embryonic morphogen, Nodal is expressed in metastatic breast cancers and that its expression is correlated with breast cancer progression. In silico analysis of the Nodal promoter has revealed putative estrogen receptor binding sites (ERE) in proximity to the transcription start site. Our goal in this study is to investigate the role of estrogen on Nodal expression in human breast cancer cell-lines. Stimulation of MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cell-lines that are estrogen receptor positive and express low levels of Nodal with 10nM of estradiol (E2) for varying amounts of time revealed that Nodal protein expression increases at about 48 hours after E2 exposure and persists up to 120 hours. Treatment with the E2 antagonist, ICI-182,780 (ICI) abrogates the E2-enhanced Nodal protein expression. Conversely, treating the MCF- 7 and T47D cells with recombinant Nodal resulted in a decreased expression of estrogen receptor in these cells both at the transcript and protein levels. These preliminary results suggest that there is a bidirectional interaction between estrogen receptor and Nodal in these cell-lines. Future experiments are aimed at understanding in depth this bidirectional phenomenon to provide better insight into hormonal regulation in metastatic breast cancer. Citation Format: Padmalaya Das, Daniela Quail, Lynne-Marie Postovit. Regulation of Nodal expression by estrogen in hormone responsive human breast cancer cell lines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1315. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1315
Changes in the Prevalence of Cerebral Palsy for Children Born Very Prematurely Within a Population-Based Program Over 30 Years
Authors: Charlene M. T. Robertson, Man-Joe Watt, Yutaka Yasui
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Although cerebral palsy (CP) among extremely premature infants has been reported as a major morbidity outcome, there are difficulties comparing published CP rates from many sites over various birth years.To assess the changes in population-based, gestational age-specific prevalence rates of CP among extremely premature infants over 30 years.Prospective population-based longitudinal outcome study.In Northern Alberta, 2318 infants 20 to 27 weeks' gestational age with birth weights of 500 to 1249 g were liveborn from 1974 through 2003. By 2 years of age, 1437 (62%) had died, 23 (1%) were lost to follow-up, and 858 (37%) had received multidisciplinary neurodevelopmental assessment.Population-based prevalence rates of CP were determined. Logistic regression with linear spline was used to assess changes in CP prevalence over time.At age 2 years, 122 (14.2%) of 858 survivors had CP. This diagnosis was confirmed for each child by age 3 years or older. Among those whose gestational age was 20 to 25 weeks, population-based survival increased from 4% to 31% (P<.001), while CP prevalence per 1000 live births increased monotonically from 0 to 110 until the years 1992-1994 (P<.001) and decreased thereafter to 22 in the years 2001-2003 (P<.001). Among those whose gestational age was 26 to 27 weeks, population-based survival increased from 23% to between 75% and 80% (P<.001), while CP prevalence per 1000 live births increased monotonically from 15 to 155 until the years 1992-1994 (P<.001) and then decreased to 16 in the years 2001-2003 (P<.001). For all survivors born in the years 2001-2003, CP prevalence was 19 per 1000 live births.Population-based CP prevalence rates for children whose gestational age was 20 to 27 weeks and whose birth weight ranged from 500 to 1249 g show steady reductions in the last decade with stable or reducing mortality, reversing trends prior to 1992-1994.
The lysine residue in the membrane-spanning domain of the beta chain is necessary for cell surface expression of the T cell antigen receptor.
Authors: B J Morley, K N Chin, M E Newton, A Weiss
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

The TCR is a complex receptor composed of seven polypeptide chains consisting of a ligand-binding subunit, Ti, and a putative signal-transducing subunit, CD3. Phylogenetically conserved charged amino acid residues within the membrane-spanning domains present in all seven chains of the TCR have been proposed to be important in the association between Ti and CD3. Using a Ti beta chain-deficient mutant of the cell line Jurkat, site-directed mutagenesis and transfection of Ti beta chain cDNA was performed to assess the importance of the lysine residue at position 290 within the membrane-spanning domain of the Ti beta chain to expression of the TCR complex. These studies demonstrated that the lysine residue, and not simply conservation of either basic charge or secondary structure, is important at this position.
Esophageal Webs
Authors: Munir H. Shamma'a, Edward B. Benedict
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

SINCE the original descriptions by Paterson1 and Kelly2 in England, very little has been published on webs of the esophagus. In this country, the clinical findings were described by Vinson3 and other early reporters4 on the association of dysphagia with hypochromic anemia. They emphasized the pallor and atrophy of the buccal and esophageal mucosa, spooning of the nails, fissures at the corners of the mouth and smooth tongue, but webs or other membranous obstructions of the esophagus were not noted. Various theories of the cause of the dysphagia developed. In the best known of these it was attributed to spasm . . .
The Cough Syrup
Authors: E. M. Boyd
Journal: BMJ (1946)

respect the definite absence of any appreciable degree of pulmonary oedema is recalled.Alternatively, it may be argued that the acute cardiac failure was due to coronary ischaemia, purely and simply.Certainly there was aortic atheroma here, and this involved the wall in the immediate vicinity of the orifices of the coronary artery.Similar cases of sudden death among soldiers in training during the recent war were usually ascribed to coronary ischaemnia.If the present case was due to that cause then the extreme dilatation of the right atrium requires explanation.It is certainly an interesting and apparently insoluble patho- logical problem.
Australian data show increase
Authors: Angela Hong, A. Grulich, D. Jones, S. Lee, S. Garland, T. Dobbins, J. Clark, G. Harnett, C. Milross, C. O'Brien, B. Rose
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<h3>Summary</h3> Visual motion is a ubiquitous component of animals’ sensory experience and its encoding is critical for navigation and movement. Yet its impact on behavior and neural coding is not well understood. Combining pupillometry with cellular calcium imaging measurements of thalamocortical axons in awake behaving mice, we examined the impact of arousal and behavioral state on encoding of visual motion in the visual thalamus. We discovered that back-to-front visual motions elicits a robust behavioral response that shapes tunings of visual thalamic responses. Consistent with an arousal mechanism, the effects were pronounced during stillness and weak or absent during locomotor activity and under anesthesia. The impact on neuronal tuning was specific, biasing population response patterns in favor of back-to-front motion. The potent influence of visual motion on behavioral state dynamically affect sensory coding at early visual processing stages. Further research is required to reveal the circuitry and function of this novel mechanism.
Antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Report of a study group on bacterial resistance.
Authors: A J Howard, C J Hince, J D Williams
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Twenty laboratories in England and Scotland took part in 1977 in a survey of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. In Str pneumoniae 59 (6.8%) of the 866 strains studied were resistant to tetracycline and three to chloramphenicol, and one strain showed a decreased susceptibility to penicillin. The prevalence of resistance to tetracycline was lower than that found in a similar study performed in 1975. Nine hundred and fifty-two strains of H influenzae were examined: 15 (1.6%) were resistant to ampicillin (all were beta-lactamase producers) and 26 (2.7%) to tetracycline. Only two strains were resistant to chloramphenicol and two to trimethoprim. Sixty-three H influenzae strains were capsulated. Thirty-four of these were of Pittman type b, and antibiotic resistance, particularly to ampicillin, was more common in these than in other serotypes or non-typable strains. Some variation was seen in the resistance rate of both H influenzae and Str pneumoniae to tetracycline in strains from different centres, but too few were isolated to assess whether this represented a true geographical difference.
Isolation of cells from the lower airways in infants with wheeze by sputum induction
Authors: Erol A. Gaillard, Jonathan Grigg, Ananth Tellabati, Teresa McNally, Amy Whittaker, Caroline S. Beardsmore
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

To the Editor: 

Preschool wheezing affects up to 50% of children [1, 2], of whom approximately half will have stopped experiencing wheezy episodes by the age of 6 yrs [2]. Results from large cohort studies [2, 3] raise several important questions. First, when facing a child with preschool wheeze, how can we predict the natural history and identify those children who are going to grow out of their asthma by mid-childhood and distinguish them from those who develop classical, adult-type asthma? Secondly, how can we identify those children who are likely to benefit from treatment with inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists or both, in the absence of reliable immunological criteria underpinning these decisions? Airway inflammation is a key feature of asthma and is detectable in preschool children [4]. Obtaining lower-airway samples from preschool children usually involves bronchoalveolar lavage sampling under general anaesthesia and is therefore reserved for children with problematic severe asthma or where the diagnosis is in doubt [4].

An alternative method of obtaining samples noninvasively from the lower airways is by sputum induction [5]. The use of induced sputum in infants has been limited [6–8] and inflammatory cell profiles have not been reported. Mussaffi et al. [6] performed the procedure in young children with cystic fibrosis and reported that the procedure was well tolerated, and there was a high success rate in nonexpectorating patients. Successful use of sputum induction in the diagnosis of tuberculosis was reported in 142 out of 149 infants with a median age of 9 months [ …
Tumor promotion in rat liver.
Authors: S L Herren, M A Pereira
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

An initiation/promotion bioassay for chemical carcinogens and tumor promoters has been developed in rat liver using presumed preneoplastic lesions, foci of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTase)-positive hepatocytes, as the endpoint. To evaluate the tumor-promoting activity of phenobarbital, rats were administered diethylnitrosamine (DENA), 2.0 mmole/kg, followed by 500 ppm phenobarbital in their drinking water. After 6 weeks of phenobarbital promotion, the rats had an increased incidence of foci as compared to nonphenobarbital-treated rats. By 50 weeks, the number of foci in the nonpromoted animals equaled the number observed with promotion. The stability and progression of GGTase-positive foci was determined in rats that received a 2/3 partial hepatectomy, followed 24 hours later by DENA administration (0.3 mmole/kg). The rats then received 500 ppm phenobarbital in the drinking water for 7 weeks. After 7 weeks, half of the rats were continued on phenobarbital and the other half were removed from phenobarbital treatment. The number of foci observed in rats continued on phenobarbital treatment leveled off after 10 weeks of promotion, while in rats taken off phenobarbital it did not regress but increased at a slower rate, and, by 56 weeks, approached the number observed in rats subjected to continuous promotion. At 56 weeks, the size of foci was larger after continuous promotion. At 81 weeks, all 6 (100%) of the rats on continuous promotion had liver tumors, while only 3 of 6 (50%) of the rats removed from promotion had tumors. Promotion by phenobarbital stimulated the growth and decreased the time required for the appearance of GGTase-positive foci and liver tumors.
Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Necrolytic Migratory Erythema
Authors: Michele Davide Mignogna, Giulio Fortuna, Alfredo Rocco Satriano
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

To the Editor: Necrolytic migratory erythema is a rare inflammatory dermatosis, first described by Becker et al.,1 which occurs in 70% of patients with the glucagonoma syndrome.2 Its clinical features are polymorphic mucocutaneous manifestations, encompassing multiple annular erythematous scaling and crusting patches with hyperpigmentation. These lesions can affect the entire body with a predilection for the perineum, buttocks, groin, abdomen, and limbs — in other words, areas that are subject to increased pressure and friction.2,3 The only two reported oral findings are angular cheilitis and atrophic glossitis.2–5 A 73-year-old man was referred to our oral medicine unit for . . .
Lawyers gain access to Guantanamo medical records
Authors: Janice Hopkins Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2005)

A judge in the US Federal District Court, Gladys Kessler, ruled last week that the US government must provide some medical records to lawyers representing four Saudi prisoners who are being force fed at the US detention centre at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. But she denied a request that prisoners have telephone access to their lawyers and families.

The four prisoners began their hunger strike in August and are said to be in a critical condition. At present …
Skin prick tests and specific IgE in adults from three different areas of Sweden
Authors: P. Plaschke, C. Janson, E. Norrman, E. Bjömsson, B. Lundback, N. Lindholm, L. Rosenhall, B. Järvholm, G. Boman
Journal: Allergy (1996)

The aims of this part of the European Respiratory Health Survey were to estimate the prevalence of atopic sensitization to inhalant allergens among adults in three different areas of Sweden and to investigate the association between sensitization and certain risk factors. Randomly selected subjects aged 20–46 years from Göteborg, Uppsala, and Västerbotten were investigated with the skin prick test (SPT), analyses for specific IgE antibodies in serum (specific IgE) and total serum immunoglobulin E (total IgE), and a questionnaire. SPT was performed in 1572 subjects and analyses of specific IgE in 1470. One or more positive SPT were found in 35.6% and one or more positive specific IgE in 31.7% ‐ approximately the same values in all three areas. Birch, grass, cat, and dog were the most frequent sensitizing agents and occurred at similar prevalence's, i.e., around 15%, in all areas. The SPT to mite was positive in 14.1% in Göteborg, 7.4% in Uppsala, and 7.9% in Västerbotten. A positive SPT to pellitory of the wall ( Parietaria ), not described previously in Sweden, was found in 3.4% in Göteborg. Living in Göteborg was independently associated with a higher risk of a positive SPT to mite and Parietaria . Heredity, male sex, and low age were independently associated with atopy. Birth in the Scandinavian countries was independently associated with sensitization to cat, whereas birth in other countries was associated with sensitization to mite. The overall prevalence of atopy was similar in the three Swedish areas, but the sensitizing allergens varied. There is an indication that sensitization is increasing in the population, as low age was associated with sensitization. Sensitization to cat, but not to mite, appears to be particularly important in persons born in the Scandinavian countries.
Asymptomatic Parotid Enlargement in Pima Indians
Authors: STEPHEN B. LEVINE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

The association of diabetes and asymptomatic parotid enlargement was examined in the Pima, an American Indian tribe with a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus. The parotid gland size of 290 subjects was graded by two independent observers without knowledge of the diabetes status. Palpable parotid glands were found in 61% of subjects. Parotid gland size was associated with age, sex, obesity, and diabetes. Multiple correlation analyses demonstrated that in both sexes age and obesity were more important than plasma glucose in predicting parotid size. The relationship of asymptomatic parotid enlargement and diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians was mainly the result of the common association of both factors to age and obesity.
Increased Oxidative Stress Is Associated With Elevated Plasma Levels of Adrenomedullin in Hypertensive Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Akira Katsuki, Yasuhiro Sumida, Hideki Urakawa, Esteban C. Gabazza, Noriko Maruyama, Kohei Morioka, Nagako Kitagawa, Yasuko Hori, Kaname Nakatani, Yutaka Yano, Yukihiko Adachi
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

Previous studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress is associated not only with hyperglycemia and hypertension but also with the metabolic syndrome and cadiovascular disease (1–3).

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a novel vasorelaxant peptide isolated from human pheochromocytoma (4,5). Oxidative stress enhances AM production from endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro (6,7). However, whether oxidative stress is associated with circulating levels of AM in vivo is unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the relationship between the plasma levels of 8-epi-prostaglandinF2α (8-epi-PGF2α; currently regarded as the most reliable marker for the assessment of oxidative stress in humans) (8,9) and AM in normal subjects and hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes.

This study comprised 17 hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes (15 men and 2 women, age 47.3 ± 3.0 years [mean ± SE], BMI 23.2 ± 0.8 kg/m2, fasting plasma glucose 8.2 ± 0.5 mmol/l, HbA1c 9.9 ± 0.5%, fasting serum insulin 30.6 ± 3.0 …
Cost-Effectiveness of Vaccination against Invasive Pneumococcal Disease among People 50 through 64 Years of Age: Role of Comorbid Conditions and Race
Authors: Jane E. Sisk, William Whang, Jay C. Butler, Vishnu-Priya Sneller, Cynthia G. Whitney
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2003)

Guidelines are increasingly recommending preventive services starting at 50 years of age, and policymakers are considering such a recommendation for pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination. The finding that pneumococcal vaccination is cost-saving for people 65 years of age or older raises the question of the vaccination's implications for other older adults, especially black people, whose disease incidence exceeds that of nonblack people, and those with high-risk conditions.To assess the implications of vaccinating black and nonblack people 50 through 64 years of age against invasive pneumococcal disease.Cost-effectiveness analysis.Published literature for vaccination effectiveness and cost estimates; data on disease incidence and case-fatality rates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Hypothetical cohort 50 through 64 years of age with the 1995 U.S. age distribution.Lifetime.Societal.Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination compared with no vaccination.Incremental medical costs and health effects, in quality-adjusted life-years per vaccinee.Vaccination saved medical costs and improved health among high-risk black people (27.55 dollars savings per vaccinee) and nonblack people (5.92 dollars savings per vaccinee), excluding survivors' future costs. For low-risk black and nonblack people and the overall general population, vaccination cost 2477 dollars, 8195 dollars, and 3434 dollars, respectively, to gain 1 year of healthy life.Excluding survivors' future costs, in the general immunocompetent population, cost per quality-adjusted life-year in global worst-case results ranged from 21 513 dollars for black people to 68 871 dollars for nonblack people; in the high-risk population, cost ranged from 11 548 dollars for black people to 39 000 dollars for nonblack people. In the global best case, vaccination was cost-saving for black and nonblack people in the general immunocompetent and high-risk populations, excluding survivors' future costs. The cost-effectiveness range was narrower in probabilistic sensitivity analyses, with 95% probabilistic intervals ranging from cost-saving to 1594 dollars for black people and from cost-saving to 12 273 dollars for nonblack people in the general immunocompetent population. Costs per quality-adjusted life-year for low-risk people with case-fatality rates from 1998 were 2477 dollars for black people and 8195 dollars for nonblack people, excluding survivors' medical costs.These results support the current recommendation to vaccinate high-risk people and provide useful information for considering extending the recommendation to the general population 50 through 64 years of age. Lack of evidence about the effectiveness of revaccination for people 65 years of age or older, when disease risks are higher, argues for further research to guide vaccination policy.
Using haemoglobin A1c to diagnose type 2 diabetes or to identify people at high risk of diabetes
Authors: E. S. Kilpatrick, S. L. Atkin
Journal: BMJ (2014)

#### Learning points

A 48 year old man presented to his general practitioner with a 12 month history of fatigue (which he put down to long office hours) and with urinary frequency. He had no previous health problems, his blood pressure was 145/85 mm Hg, and his body mass index was 29. His father had developed type 2 diabetes at the age of 65 years, and his paternal grandmother had been found to have diabetes at the age of about 60 following the development of a gangrenous toe. The patient’s dipstick urine test showed no glycosuria, ketonuria, proteinuria, blood, leucocytes, or nitrites.

All the possible causes of fatigue should be considered,1 but given the patient’s symptoms and his risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes, including family history and being overweight, a diagnosis of diabetes certainly needs to be excluded. Tests for diabetes are used to evaluate both patients with symptoms (as in this case) and asymptomatic patients who have been identified by a validated risk assessment tool as being at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes.2

Since the early 20th century, the diagnosis of diabetes has been based on the measurement of glucose concentrations in the blood. This usually takes the form of laboratory measured fasting plasma glucose concentration and, when indicated, …
Fondaparinux Compared with Enoxaparin for the Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism after Hip-Fracture Surgery
Authors: Bengt I. Eriksson, Kenneth A. Bauer, Michael R. Lassen, Alexander G.G. Turpie
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

Surgery for hip fracture carries a high risk of venous thromboembolism, despite the use of current thromboprophylactic treatments. Fondaparinux, a synthetic pentasaccharide, is a new antithrombotic agent that may reduce this risk.