tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Early Signs of Cardiovascular Disease in Youth With Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Neslihan Gungor, Trina Thompson, Kim Sutton-Tyrrell, Janine Janosky, Silva Arslanian
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in adults with type 2 diabetes (1). The origin of atherosclerosis is early in childhood with progression toward clinically significant lesions in young adulthood (2,3).

Carotid artery intima media thickness (IMT) and aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV), a measure of arterial stiffness, are noninvasive measures of subclinical atherosclerosis that have been used as surrogate measures of cardiovascular events in various adult studies (4–9). Data regarding IMT and arterial stiffness in children are limited despite the increasing tide of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, in this pilot study, we aimed 1 ) to evaluate IMT and aPWV in obese adolescents with type 2 diabetes and 2 ) to investigate the relationship between these vascular markers and the clinical/metabolic risk factors of CVD.

We studied 20 adolescents with type 2 diabetes (undetectable islet-cell and GAD65 autoantibodies, duration 1.7 ± 0.4 years) and 22 normal-weight and 20 obese healthy control subjects. The groups were comparable for age, sex, ethnicity, and puberty assessed by Tanner criteria (10) (Table 1). Type 2 diabetic subjects were receiving either metformin or rosiglitazone (7), metformin with insulin (5), insulin alone (1), and metformin and acarbose (1) in addition to lifestyle modification. None of the subjects had a family history of hereditary hyperlipidemia. Four subjects were smokers (three normal weight and one obese) with no significant difference among the three groups for …
Probiotics and food‐allergic diseases
Authors: R. Paganelli, S. Ciuffreda, N. Verna, E. Cavallucci, F. Paolini, S. Ramondo, M. Di Gioacchino
Journal: Allergy (2002)

The definition of probiotics is always evolving, since it includes natural live micro‐organisms, cellular subfractions, as well as genetically engineered derivatives or proteins. The scope of probiotic administration is beneficial change of the intestinal microflora, and improvement of non immune or immune resistance in the intestinal tract. Very few controlled human studies have been reported, but many in vitro and experimental animal studies point to their safety and potentially useful applications. We shall review the published reports and discuss mainly the prospective uses in the field of allergic diseases, with reference to the implication of the natural (innate) immune system as regulator of the development of abnormal responses to ingested food antigens.
The Westminster Hospital — Breathalyzer Tests or Common Sense? — Well Done
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

THE Westminster Hospital has just celebrated the two-hundred-and-fiftieth anniversary of its foundation, proudly claiming to have been the first hospital in Great Britain to be founded and maintained entirely on voluntary public subscription from the year 1716 until taken over by the National Health Service in 1948.In January, 1716, 4 men – a barber, a vintner, a writer and a parson – met in a coffe house in Fleet Street to establish "The Charitable Society for relieving the Sick, Poor and Needy." The first to benefit were poor sick debtors in the London prisons, but the Society soon decided . . .
Restoration of Parathyroid Responsiveness in Vitamin D—Deficient Rats by Parenteral Calcium or Dietary Lactose*
Authors: William Y. W. Au, Lawrence G. Raisz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1967)

The effects of treatment with vitamin D, calcium, or lactose on the responsiveness of vitamin D-deficient rats to parathyroid hormone were compared. In the absence of vitamin D, parenteral calcium or dietary lactose administration resulted in increases in serum calcium concentration although not to the normal values obtained in animals given vitamin D. Dietary lactose also partially restored the low bone calcium content of vitamin D-deficient rats. Untreated vitamin D-deficient rats showed no significant changes in serum calcium concentration after parathyroidectomy or parathyroid extract administration. Vitamin D, lactose, and calcium all restored responsiveness to parathyroid hormone; serum calcium concentration decreased after parathyroidectomy and showed a dose-related increase in response to parathyroid extract. Hence, the unresponsiveness to parathyroid hormone in vitamin D deficiency may be due to a lack of calcium at a local site of action, presumably bone, rather than to the absence of vitamin D as a specific cofactor.
Uric Acid Indicates a High Cardiovascular Risk Profile but Is Not Closely Associated With Insulin Resistance in Obese Adolescents
Authors: Harald Mangge, Stefan Pilz, Samih Haj-Yahya, Gunter Almer
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

We comment on a recent study by Dehghan et al. (1), who identified high serum uric acid as an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes in adults. We investigated serum levels of uric acid in a large cohort of obese adolescents ( n = 355; mean ± SD age 13.1 ± 4.1 years and age range 10–22 years) and normal-weight control subjects ( n = 200) of …
Pharmacokinetics of bovine surfactant in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
Authors: M Griese, P Dietrich, D Reinhardt
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Lung pharmacokinetics of lipid-extracted natural bovine surfactants of different composition and currently used in neonatology were studied in 568 airway specimens from 23 consecutively admitted, small preterm neonates (gestational age, 26.7 +/- 0.3 wk) who were mechanically ventilated for 5 to 7 d in a tertiary care center. In six infants who were mechanically ventilated only, no changes in phospholipid quantity or composition were noted. The other infants were randomly assigned to two groups that received the natural surfactants Survanta or Alveofact, respectively. In the Survanta group (n = 6), exponential decreases were observed in the percentage of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and sphingomyelin (Sph), while phosphatidylinositol (PI) remained low. In Alveofact-treated neonates (n = 8), PG also decreased exponentially, whereas PI increased linearly during the first week of life to values equivalent to those in infants not treated with surfactant. The exponential disappearance of PG and Sph from repetitive airway samples was utilized to calculate an apparent endogenous pool size, for the time before surfactant treatment, of about 20 mg phospholipids/kg body weight (n = 14). The apparent half-life of PG in the Alveofact group (43 +/- 11 h) was shorter than in the Survanta-treated infants (105 +/- 23 h, p < 0.01), and a similar value was obtained for Sph (97 +/- 21 h, n = 6). There was no correlation between PG or Sph half-life and the amount of surfactant applied. These data for human neonates show a dependence of surfactant clearance and metabolism on the type of bovine surfactant preparation administered.
The Sesto Fiorentino Study: Point and One-Year Prevalences of Psychiatric Disorders in an Italian Community Sample Using Clinical Interviewers
Authors: Carlo Faravelli, Luca Abrardi, Daniela Bartolozzi, Cristiana Cecchi, Fiammetta Cosci, Donato D’Adamo, Beatrice Lo Iacono, Claudia Ravaldi, Maria Alessandra Scarpato, Elisabetta Truglia, Paolo Maria Rossi Prodi, Simone Rosi
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2004)

It has been argued that lay interviewers' use of fully-structured interviews could lead to a diagnostic pattern different to that by treating physicians. Clinical interviewers in community samples should probably identify cases that are closer to those seen in clinical settings. The greatest advantage of using clinical interviewers consists of the immediate assessment of a possible psychopathology, i.e. the evaluation of current disorders.Two thousand three hundred and sixty-three citizens from the community of Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, were interviewed by their own general practitioners using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Positive cases for any lifetime psychiatric disorder as well as a random sample of the negative cases were re-interviewed by psychiatrists or trained residents in psychiatry using the Florence Psychiatric Interview (FPI).The point prevalence for any current disorder was 8.7%; the two disorders with the highest prevalence were generalised anxiety disorder (2.9%) and major depressive episode (2.7%). The figures increase about 50% when the sub-threshold sequelae of previous disorders are considered. Current comorbidity was generally high. The one-year prevalence of any disorder was 10.6%. Ninety-two percent of the cases sought help, 82% were being treated at the moment of interview. Social impairment was considerable.The period prevalence rates for most of the disorders considered were generally comparable with the range defined by previous studies conducted in other Western countries, despite using different methodologies. Conversely, the use of health facilities, the treatment received and the social impairment were much higher than those reported by the other studies, suggesting a greater similarity with the clinical samples.
THE ANTITOXIC AND BACTERICIDAL PROPERTIES OF THE SERUM OF HORSES TREATED WITH KOCH'S NEW TUBERCULIN.
Authors: CARL FISCH
Journal: JAMA (1897)

All attempts at establishing a serotherapy in tuberculosis have hitherto failed, that means, if we understand by serotherapy a specific prophylactic or curative treatment, like the one established in diphtheria or tetanus. So decided and pronounced has this failure been that in the mind of many observers a strong prejudice has been created, a prejudice that appears the more justifiable since commercialism has not hesitated in exploiting so promising a field. We would however be very hasty in drawing from these failures the conclusion that serotherapy in consumption is not a thing to be hoped for, as has been done by many writers. We can not be too chary in making final statements, a postulate that at this very time emphasizes itself with particular weight by the discovery made by Kitasato of an antitoxic typhoid serum. Has it not been for some time past one of our axioms, that in
Absence of ras gene mutations in early gastric carcinomas.
Authors: M E Craanen, P Blok, B Top, L Boerrigter, W Dekker, G J Offerhaus, G N Tytgat, S Rodenhuis
Journal: Gut (1995)

The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence and type of activating point mutations at codons 12, 13, and 61 of the Ki-, Ha-, and N-ras genes in a series of early gastric carcinomas in white patients and to correlate these ras gene mutations, if any, with the histological type (Lauren classification), the type of growth pattern, and with the Helicobacter pylori status. Haematoxylin and eosin and Giemsa stained sections from 45 formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded early gastric carcinomas were used to assess the Lauren type, the type of growth pattern, and the antral H pylori status. DNA was extracted according to standard procedures. Mutations at codon 12 of the Ki-ras gene were examined with a polymerase chain reaction based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method and dot blot hybridisation with allele-specific 32P-labelled oligodeoxynucleotide (ASO) probes. All other ras genes were analysed with specific PCR amplification and dot blot hybridisation with ASO probes. Mutations were detected by overnight autoradiography at -70 degrees C. Some 20 intestinal-type and 25 diffuse-type early gastric carcinomas were seen. According to growth pattern, there were 24 small mucosal type early gastric carcinomas, five superficial spreading type early gastric carcinomas, and 16 penetrating type early gastric carcinomas (four penetrating A type, 12 penetrating B type). H pylori was found in the antral mucosa of 28 early gastric carcinomas (62%). Activating ras gene mutations were not found. It was discovered that activating point mutations at codons 12, 13, and 61 of the Ki-, Ha-, and N-ras genes do not play a part in the development of early gastric carcinomas in white subjects, irrespective of Lauren type. Moreover, differences in biological behaviour between early carcinomas with different types of growth pattern are not related to these ras gene mutations. Finally, H pylori positive and H pylori negative gastric carcinomas cannot be discriminated on the basis of ras gene mutational analysis.
Exome sequencing links mutations in PARN and RTEL1 with familial pulmonary fibrosis and telomere shortening
Authors: Bridget D Stuart, Jungmin Choi, Samir Zaidi, Chao Xing, Brody Holohan, Rui Chen, Mihwa Choi, Pooja Dharwadkar, Fernando Torres, Carlos E Girod, Jonathan Weissler, John Fitzgerald, Corey Kershaw, Julia Klesney-Tait, Yolanda Mageto, Jerry W Shay, Weizhen Ji, Kaya Bilguvar, Shrikant Mane, Richard P Lifton, Christine Kim Garcia
Journal: Nature Genetics (2015)
Adenovirus Type 5 Interactions with Human Blood Cells May Compromise Systemic Delivery
Authors: Mark Lyons, David Onion, Nicky K. Green, Kriss Aslan, Ratna Rajaratnam, Miriam Bazan-Peregrino, Sue Phipps, Sarah Hale, Vivien Mautner, Leonard W. Seymour, Kerry D. Fisher
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Intravenous delivery of adenovirus vectors requires that the virus is not inactivated in the bloodstream. Serum neutralizing activity is well documented, but we show here that type 5 adenovirus also interacts with human blood cells. Over 90% of a typical virus dose binds to human (but not murine) erythrocytes ex vivo, and samples from a patient administered adenovirus in a clinical trial showed that over 98% of viral DNA in the blood was cell associated. In contrast, nearly all viral genomes in the murine bloodstream are free in the plasma. Adenovirus bound to human blood cells fails to infect A549 lung carcinoma cells, although dilution to below 1.7 × 107 blood cells/ml relieves this inhibition. Addition of blood cells can prevent infection by adenovirus that has been prebound to A549 cells. Adenovirus also associates with human neutrophils and monocytes ex vivo, particularly in the presence of autologous plasma, giving dose-dependent transgene expression in CD14-positive monocytes. Finally, although plasma with a high neutralizing titer (defined on A549 cells) inhibits monocyte infection, weakly neutralizing plasma can actually enhance monocyte transduction. This may increase antigen presentation following intravenous injection, while blood cell binding may both decrease access of the virus to extravascular targets and inhibit infection of cells to which the virus does gain access.
Phase I SARS vaccine trial in China
Authors: Claudia Orellana
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2004)

The world's first phase I clinical trial of a vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has started in China. The inactivated-virus vaccine was developed by the company Sinovac and researchers from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, both in Beijing. On May 22, four volunteers were injected with vaccine or placebo at the China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing. A second shot will be given 28 days after the first and all volunteers will be followed-up for 210 days. Altogether 32 volunteers from Beijing provinces will participate in the trial
Urinary Infections in Pregnancy
Authors: W. P. U. Kennedy
Journal: BMJ (1964)

Urinary Infections in Pregnancy SIR,-It is disappointing to see the myth of " physiological " urinary tract disturbances in pregnancy resurrected by Mr. Elliot E. Philipp (21 March, p. 749) in spite of his protestation that mild infection may progress to more chronic conditions.To pass over urinary-tract symptoms as being likely to be due to changes in the epithelium of the trigone is to put an unnecessary stumblingblock in the way of the correct diagnosis.E. H. Kass' demonstrated five years ago that quite apart from overt urinary infections asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in 7% of all pregnant women, and will progress to clinical pyelonephritis in up to 40% of cases within the course of the pregnancy.It is well known that chronic pyelonephritis commonly escapes detection during life, and it may be that prospective studies will establish an association between asymptomatic bacteriuria and subsequent chronic renal disease.In the meantime the clinician should investigate any ,complaint of urinary-tract symptoms, how- ever minor, during pregnancy.Ideally those cases of proved bacteriuria should be followed up after parturition.In fact I would suggest that every pregnant woman is entitled to have at least one properly collected midstream specimen of urine cultured during the first trimester of her pregnancy.-Iam, etc., Edinburgh 3.
Why not model spoken word recognition instead of phoneme monitoring?
Authors: Jean Vroomen, Beatrice de Gelder
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Norris, McQueen &amp; Cutler present a detailed account of the decision stage of the phoneme monitoring task. However, we question whether this contributes to our understanding of the speech recognition process itself, and we fail to see why phonotactic knowledge is playing a role in phoneme recognition.
E.E.G. signs of death.
Authors: I. Haider, I. Oswald, H. Matthew
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Humphreys and Delvin postulated a central action, yet when they emphasize the ineffectiveness of the drug it is certainly worth noting that eight of these patients, that is to say, nearly half of them, had a fall in supine diastolic pressure, in spite of the fact that they say that Jamaicans occupy an inter- mediate position on the scale and that they do not suffer from stress-induced hyper- tension which is frequently seen in Europeans.Therefore any " tranquillizing effect " of the drug would not be expected to show any beneficial results.There is therefore a certain degree of discrepancy in the fact that they consider the antihypertensive effect of the drug to be due to some form of tran- quillizing action, yet stress-induced hypertension is not seen in Jamaicans.-Iam, etc.,
Isolation of a Reovirus from a Case of Burkitt's Lymphoma
Authors: T. M. Bell, A. Massie, M. G. R. Ross, M. C. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1964)

Rheumatic Heart Disease-Szekelv MEDITLJISOHNAL much longer period in selected cases.Long-term anticoagulant therapy should also be considered in patients after the first embolic episode, both in sinus rhythm and in atrial fibrillation.This is our present practice.We intend to continue and -to extend this study in the hope that it will enable us to define the place of anticoagulant treatment in the prevention of systemic embolism in rheu- matic heart disease in a more satisfactory manner.It is, of course, fully appreciated that this aim can be achieved only if the study includes a proper control group.At the same time it should be emphasized that a more rational long-term approach to this problem is the prevention of the develop- ment of a vulnerable stage of the underlying rheumatic disease.Antistreptococcal prophylaxis should be introduced very early in the course of rheumatic cardiac involvement, and certainly before the valvular lesion has reached a degree severe enough to lead to significant haemodynamic alterations and to progressive cardiac changes irrespective of future rheumatic activity. SummaryThe risk of systemic embolism is assessed in a group of 754 patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease followed over a period of 5,833 patient-years.The incidence of embolism was 1.5% per patient-year for the whole group.It was seven times higher in atrial fibrilla- tion than in sinus rhythm.When the duration of atrial fibrillation was known, it was found that one-third of the emboli occurred within one month and two-thirds within 12 months after the onset of atrial fibrillation.The incidence of embolic recurrences was 8°/ per patient-year, irrespective of the nature of the cardiac rhythm, but 66 % of the recurrences took place within 12 months of the initial embolic episode.Mitral valvotomy did not eliminate the danger of embolism.It is questionable whether it reduced its incidence.Anticoagulant treatment reduced the incidence of embolic recurrences.
32. Improvement of Muscle Mass Using shRNA Targeting Myostatin or Activin Receptor IIb
Authors: Julie Dumonceaux, Solenne Marie, Luis Garcia
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is the most severe degenerative disorder of skeletal and cardiac muscle. DMD patients show a progressive muscle weakness which begins in early childhood. Our goal is to stop this continuous muscle wasting.
A CONJECTURED CORRELATION BETWEEN DEPRESSIONS OF THE MANIC-DEPRESSIVE AND INVOLUTIONAL MELANCHOLIC TYPES AND ETHNIC ELEMENTS IN THE PRESENT-DAY POPULATION OF BRITAIN
Authors: ROBERT GIBSON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1945)

Observations have been made on some aspects of the geographical distribution of manic-depressive and involutional melancholic psychoses, and suggestions have been offered as to the possible presence of genetic factors in the etiology of these psychoses.
A View From the Safety Net
Authors: Michael E. Hochman, Alex Y. Chen, Martin Serota
Journal: JAMA (2013)

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