tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Doctor shortage and chronic underfunding spark crisis in Israel's public hospitals
Authors: J. Siegel-Itzkovich
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Internal medicine departments in Israeli public hospitals have reached maximum capacity as a result of long term underfunding and a shortage of doctors, the Israel Medical Association has said. It warns that hospitals urgently need another 500 beds to cope with demand during the summer heat.

The extra beds are needed so that patients can be moved from “inhumane conditions” in hospital corridors, said Leonid Eidelman, chairman of the association, which held an emergency meeting last week to demand government action, claiming that the health system is “living on borrowed time.”

The health ministry’s director general, Ronni Gamzu, said that patients spend 70 000 hospital days a year in corridors, especially in …
Successful prevention of post-transfusion Rh alloimmunization by intravenous Rho (D) immune globulin (WinRho SD)
Authors: Barry Anderson, Aziza T. Shad, Joseph E. Gootenberg, S. Gerald Sandler
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1999)

Alloimmunization to the D blood group antigen following the transfusion of D-positive red blood cells to a D-negative recipient may be prevented in most persons by a prompt and adequate dose of Rho (D) immune globulin (RhIG). Until recently, the only RhIG approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for this indication required intramuscular injection, an inconvenient and painful route for the relatively large volume that may be required. We describe the successful prevention of Rh alloimmunization following the unintentional transfusion of D-positive red blood cells to a D-negative infant by the intravenous infusion of WinRho SD, a new RhIG that is FDA-approved for prevention of post-transfusion Rh alloimmunization by intravenous administration. We believe that this more convenient and less painful approach should be the treatment of choice for preventing Rh alloimmunization following the transfusion of D-positive red cells to a D-negative recipient. Am. J. Hematol. 60:245–247, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
"C-Pattern" Inferior Vena Cava
Authors: Herbert Dardik, Floyd D. Loop, Philip A. Cox, John M. Keshishian
Journal: JAMA (1967)

THE EMBRYOLOGY of the inferior vena cava is an exceptionally complex mechanism involving phases of development and regression by various segments of three paired longitudinal venous channels draining the lower extremity, trunk, and abdominal viscera. Recognition of the occasional anomalous or accessory inferior vena cava and of the possibility of agenesis has been simplified by development of radiographic techniques and necessitated by progress in vascular surgery, particularly portocaval shunting and prevention of pulmonary embolism. The present report was prompted by the incidental finding at surgery of an exceedingly rare type of anomalous inferior vena cava with subsequent radiographic visualization. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 58-year-old white man was referred to the USAF Hospital Andrews because of the incidental finding of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The patient had been treated for the past four years for hypertension, and recent intravenous pyelography, as part of a definitive reevaluation, demonstrated the presence of
Letter to God
Authors: Paul Brown
Journal: BMJ (2006)

D ear God,

As You undoubtedly know, there is a little argument down here about intelligent design and evolution. If You really did create us in a day, and if You ever find humans worth another try, there are a few anatomical modifications that we hope You might consider the next time around.

As it happens, Lord, some of the organs You included in the mix have not turned out so well. Tonsils and appendixes don't seem to be especially useful apart from keeping surgeons occupied, or as clues to infection with “mad cow disease.” And sinuses. Even if they do lighten the head, all they ever do is get infected. Couldn't we just have stronger neck muscles?

Our perversity in wanting to walk upright, when it is clear that this was not Your intention, has led …
INTERACTION OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN WITH CELL CULTURES FROM SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT ANIMALS
Authors: Janis Gabliks, Marcia Falconer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1966)

The cytotoxicity (TD) level of diphtheria toxin for human Chang liver strain was 0.1 guinea pig MLD per ml; for mouse liver NCTC 1469 strain, the TD was 500 MLD per ml. The results of cell culture toxicity correlated well with relative susceptibility of both man and mouse. The initial effects of toxin on the susceptible Chang liver cells were studied at one half the TD level (0.05 MLD per ml). At this low concentration of toxin, the number of cells per culture was reduced slightly below the "0" hr values, whereas the amounts of cell protein, RNA, and DNA were increased. Analysis of the toxin-treated cells indicated an enlargement of the cells. The individual cells contained significantly more protein, RNA, and DNA than the control cells and the cell volume was increased 1.9 times. When purified diphtheria toxin was incubated with the susceptible Chang liver cells and then tested for its biological activity, the results showed an increased diffusion rate in parabiotic culture chambers and definite cytotoxicity to the normally resistant mouse liver cells. The cytotoxicity was neutralizable with antitoxin. The results suggest that the toxin-susceptible cells transform the toxin molecule to a more active derivative which affects the highly resistant mouse liver cell.
Survival after the Age of 80 in the United States, Sweden, France, England, and Japan
Authors: Kenneth G. Manton, James W. Vaupel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

In many developed countries, life expectancy at birth is higher than in the United States. Newly available data permit, for the first time, reliable cross-national comparisons of mortality among persons 80 years of age or older. Such comparisons are important, because in many developed countries more than half of women and a third of men now die after the age of 80.We used extinct-cohort methods to assess mortality in Japan, Sweden, France, and England (including Wales) and among U.S. whites for cohorts born from 1880 to 1894, and used cross-sectional data for the year 1987. Extinct-cohort methods rely on continuously collected data from death certificates and do not use the less reliable data from censuses.In the United States, life expectancy at the age of 80 and survival from the ages of 80 to 100 significantly exceeded life expectancy in Sweden, France, England, and Japan (P < 0.01). This finding was confirmed with accurate cross-sectional data for 1987. The average life expectancy in the United States is 9.1 years for 80-year-old white women and 7.0 years for 80-year-old white men.For people 80 years old or older, life expectancy is greater in the United States than it is in Sweden, France, England, and Japan. This finding suggests that elderly Americans are receiving better health care than the elderly citizens of other developed countries.
Time to treat as independent
Authors: T. MacDonald, C. Hawkey, I. Ford
Journal: BMJ (2010)

In response to the rosiglitazone affair, Steinbrook and Kassirer suggest that more trials should be sponsored, funded, and conducted by organisations independent of industry.1 We agree. We operate close to that model with two studies requested by the European Medicines Agency. Academics wrote the protocols, collaborators are academic, and the study data …
Abstract 4915: High degree of G2/M arrest induced by Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibition is associated with radiosensitization
Authors: Nelson Wong, Mohamed Khan
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Inhibition of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) seems to be a plausible avenue for sensitizing cancer cells to radiation. It has been demonstrated that normal cells tolerate PLK1 depletion well, when compared to cancer cells, suggesting a wide therapeutic index. This has been confirmed with our results from proliferation assays conducted with two primary human cell lines and various cancer cell lines. Recently, it has been shown that head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma cells can be radiosensitized by PLK1 inhibition. Furthermore, PLK1 is involved in repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Together, these results suggest that PLK1 inhibition is a particularly attractive means of radiosensitization. To further investigate the radiosensitization property of PLK1 inhibition, clonogenic assays were carried out. Various cancer cell lines were treated with specific PLK1 inhibitor BI 2536 and subjected to various doses of ionizing radiation. The cancer cell lines were of breast, colorectal, and pancreatic origin. We found that some, but not all, cancer cells were radiosensitized by pre-treatment with BI 2536. Mutational statuses of p53 and KRAS were examined, but no relationship between the mutational statuses and radiosensitization by BI 2536 treatment was found. Since PLK1 inhibition causes G2/M arrest, which is the cell cycle phase that is known to be more sensitive to ionizing radiation, we assessed the percentage of cancer cells at G2/M phase when treated with or without BI 2536. Cells were treated with BI 2536 for 24 hrs before they were fixed, stained with propidium iodide, and analyzed with flow cytometry. The degree of G2/M arrest induction was assessed by G2/M induction index, as defined by % of G2/M cells before treatment / % of G2/M cells after treatment. We found that the G2/M induction indices were significantly higher with the cells that can be radiosensitized with PLK1 inhibition, when compared to those of the cells that cannot be radiosensitized. Therefore, we conclude that high G2/M induction index is predictive of radiosensitization with PLK1 inhibition. Future experiments of this project include determining the G2/M induction index threshold required for achieving radiosensitization and indentifying the molecular basis of such association. Citation Format: Nelson Wong, Mohamed Khan. High degree of G2/M arrest induced by Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibition is associated with radiosensitization. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4915. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4915
Fighting the Pirate King
Authors: M G Jacoby
Journal: BMJ (2001)

When Isabella, my 6 year old granddaughter, asked, “Grandpa, why do you have the big scar in the middle of your chest?” I told her the truth, the whole truth, because you must never lie to a child. If you do, you may finish up with a child who can't be trusted—a child who may turn out to be a politician—either a little liberal or else a little conservative or something even worse. Of course there was no reason to confuse her by telling her about my mitral valve replacement and the horror of waking up intubated and unable to talk, frantically waving my hand around to show that I wanted a pencil and paper to …
Sterilisation: laparoscopy or laparotomy?
Authors: B. Alderman
Journal: BMJ (1975)

jouRNAL 25 ocTOBER 1975 22?out accurate fracture reduction, and move- ment of bone within the wires can take place.In a bone as heavily stressed as the tibia this is almost impossible to avoid.In other situa- tions, as for instance the fibular component of certain ankle fracture-dislocations, they can be of very great value.It would be a pity for the appropriate use of encirclage wiring in fracture treatment to be discredited by further repetition of this long-standing misapprehension concerning the reasons for its failure when used inappropriately.
CHRONIC PROSTATITIS AFTER GONORRHEA.I. ITS CLINICAL PATHOLOGY—II. ITS MICROSCOPIC AND BACTERIOLOGIC ASPECTS. Read in the Section on Surgery and Anatomy, at the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at San Francisco, June 5-8, 1894.
Authors: M. KROTOSZYNER
Journal: JAMA (1894)

removed ; and it acts in these ways, when perfect cleansing of a wound is impracticable ; while it is a perfect substitute for iodoform at an insignificant cost ; and is not injured or altered by moisture, as it may be saturated with water, and being drained and dried, is found to be unaltered.With these advantages, acetanilid should be wel¬ comed to the outfit of all surgeons, but especially to those of the Army and Navy, this simple enumera¬ tion of its excellencies seeming certainly to demon¬ strate its special adaptation to the field and cam¬ paign work of the former, and similar duty in con¬ nection with landing parties and shore duty of the latter ; in time of war, its application to all wounds being soothing, beneficial, avoiding the necessity of immediate, careful, antiseptic cleansing, and permit¬ ting of delay in completing the final surgical atten¬ tion in most cases a delay often as necessary as de¬ sirable on shipboard, on account of the rolling of the ship or stress of weather.CHRONIC PROSTATITIS AFTER GONORRHEA.
Health Disparities in Kidney Disease — Emerging Data from the Human Genome
Authors: Winfred W. Williams, Martin R. Pollak
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

Racial disparity in end-stage renal disease in the United States is well documented; hypertensive kidney disease has long been considered to be a leading cause of this disorder among black patients. The overall incidence of end-stage renal disease is 3.5 to 5 times as high among black patients as among white patients.1 Overall, nondiabetic chronic kidney disease afflicts black patients disproportionately. In one study, the rate of nephropathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection among black patients was 50 times that among white patients.2 Research into health disparities has focused on the basis of these differences for more than 20 . . .
Incidence of Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer and the Feasibility of Molecular Screening for the Disease
Authors: Lauri A. Aaltonen, Reijo Salovaara, Paula Kristo, Federico Canzian, Akseli Hemminki, Päivi Peltomäki, Robert B. Chadwick, Helena Kääriäinen, Matti Eskelinen, Heikki Järvinen, Jukka-Pekka Mecklin, Albert de la Chapelle, Antonio Percesepe, Heikki Ahtola, Niilo Härkönen, Risto Julkunen, Eero Kangas, Seppo Ojala, Jukka Tulikoura, Erkki Valkamo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Genetic disorders that predispose people to colorectal cancer include the polyposis syndromes and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. In contrast to the polyposis syndromes, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer lacks distinctive clinical features. However, a germ-line mutation of DNA mismatch-repair genes is a characteristic molecular feature of the disease. Since clinical screening of carriers of such mutations can help prevent cancer, it is important to devise strategies applicable to molecular screening for this disease.
B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE DOES NOT CORRELATE WITH INVASIVE OR NONINVASIVE MEASURES OF CORONARY MICROVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN WOMEN WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION: A REPORT FROM THE WOMEN'S ISCHEMIA SYNDROME EVALUATION- CORONARY VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION (WISE-CVD) STUDY
Authors: Erika Jones, Janet Wei, Puja Mehta, Chrisandra Shufelt, Margo Minissian, Carl Pepine, Eileen Handberg, Xiao Zhang, Andre Rogatko, George Sopko, C. Noel Bairey Merz
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Mixture design and multivariate analysis in mixture research.
Authors: I Eide, H G Johnsen
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

Mixture design has been used to identify possible interactions between mutagens in a mixture. In this paper the use of mixture design in multidimensional isobolographic studies is introduced. Mutagenicity of individual nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was evaluated is an organic extract of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs). The particles were extracted with dichloromethane (DCM). After replacing DCM with dimethyl sulfoxide, the extract was spiked with three individual nitro-PAH: 1-nitropyrene, 2-nitrofluorene, and 1,8-dinitropyrene. The nitro-PAH were added separately and in various combinations to the extract to determine the effects of each variable and to identify possible interactions between the individual nitro-PAH and between the nitro-PAH and the extract. The composition of the mixtures was determined by mixture design (linear axial normal) with four variables (the DEP extract and the three nitro-PAH, giving 8 different mixtures plus a triplicate centerpoint, i.e., a total of 11. The design supports a model with linear and interaction (product) terms. Two different approaches were used: traditional mixture design within a well-defined range on the linear part of the dose-response curves and an isobolographic mixture design with equipotent doses of each variable. The mixtures were tested for mutagenicity in the Ames assay using the TA98 strain of Salmonella typhimurium. The data were analyzed with projections to latent structures (PLS). The three individual nitro-PAH and the DEP extract acted additively in the Ames test. The use of mixture design either within a well-defined range of the linear part on the dose-response curve or with equipotent doses saves experiments and reduces the possibility of false interaction terms in situations with dose additivity or response additivity.
930 Diverse regulation of NFKAPPAB activation and TNF-alpha production after acute and chronic alcohol treatment in human monocytes
Authors: P MANDREKAR, G BELLEROSE, D CATALANO, G SZABO
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Hepatitis B infection is a serious health problem in endemic areas particularly among immunocompromised patients. The more profound immunosuppression in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HCT) can lead to more complicated hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related events. Despite the high risk of recipient infection allogeneic HCT donors with HBV infection are not excluded in the absence of an alternative donor. A 25 year-old man with severe aplastic anemia underwent allogeneic HCT from his HLA-identical sibling. The patient was hepatitis B naive and had normal liver function tests. However the donor had hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) positivity, and collected stem cells were positive for HBV DNA (1 × 104 copies/mL). Lamivudine was initiated to treat the patient prior to transplantation. Forty days after the HCT, the patient displayed hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb), hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb), and hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb), with HBV-DNA negativity. Cyclosporine was tapered and finally stopped at day + 256. On day +368, 112 days after the cessation of cyclosporine HBV reactivation was detected with an HBV-DNA level of 10 × 104 copies/mL despite lamivudine. After demonstration of the YMDD mutation, adefovir dipivoxil was combined with lamivudine. The HBV-DNA became negative; AST ALT levels decreased to normal levels after a month of combination therapy. In conclusion adefovir was effective to treat lamivudine-resistant HBV infection in an allogeneic HCT recipient.
REPAIR OF THE PERINEUM.
Authors: GEORGE B. SOMERS
Journal: JAMA (1905)

If we examine the status of the operation for repair of the perineum, we find the following suggestive facts. In the various text-books and standard articles on the subject there are between 25 and 30 different methods described. Running through these we fail to find any common law or principle that governs them. The word perineorrhaphy means simply sewing the perineum. If we were to depend on the study of these operations in order to find out whether it has any-deeper meaning we should conclude that the word is used literally. That is to say, the majority of operations are simply methods of sewing and patching rents or tears. Perineorraphy should imply the restoration of the function of the perineum by restoring the anatomic relation of its structures. Before offering a practical method of repair, there are certain premises that should be accepted. They may be summed up as follows:
Recent Advances in Clinical Oncology
Authors: James C. Arseneau
Journal: JAMA (1983)

The problem in putting together an anthology of "recent advances" in any discipline is first to identify advances, an exercise that often is largely a matter of opinion and fashion, and then to be sure that those advances selected are indeed recent. For the most part, the editors of this book have succeeded, although there are a few surprising omissions—adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer leaps to mind. Nevertheless, for the topics they did select, the editors' avowed purpose—"for those with particular clinical or basic research interests in promising fields to present their work within the context of the whole"—is well fulfilled. The book is organized into major subject areas, eg, new approaches and drugs, genitourinary tract tumors, lymphomas, anaplastic small cell carcinoma and other cancers, breast cancer, and psychosocial aspects of cancer. Articles within each topic range from the strictly investigational (eg, hyperthermia, clonogenic assay) to the well-tried and practical,
Comparison of cell profiles in separately evaluated fractions of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in children.
Authors: P Pohunek, H Pokorna, I Striz
Journal: Thorax (1996)

BACKGROUND: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) has been widely accepted as a routine procedure in the differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases in adults. However, there is only limited information about the value of BAL in children and there is no standardisation of the procedures. METHODS: The difference in cellular profiles of sequential BAL fractions from children was analysed to assess the effect of evaluating bronchial and alveolar fractions separately. Twenty five children (mean age 13.4 years) were examined by fibreoptic bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia, combined with local application of lignocaine. The investigation was part of the clinical evaluation of an infective pulmonary problem. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed from the right middle lobe using four 20 ml aliquots of normal saline and the four fractions of recovered fluid were evaluated separately. RESULTS: The total cell count was lowest in the first aspirate (1.8 x 10(6)) and increased gradually from fraction 1 to fraction 4. Similarly, the viability of the cells was lowest in fraction 1 and gradually improved from fraction 1 to fraction 4. In the differential count the number of neutrophils decreased from fraction 1 (8.3%) to fraction 4, with fractions 2 (5.4%), 3 (3.4%), and 4 (2.4%) being significantly different from fraction 1. There were no differences in the numbers of eosinophils, lymphocytes, or macrophages between individual fractions. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the cell profile of the first "bronchial" fraction is different from subsequent samples. It should be evaluated separately while the second and third aliquots may be pooled.
Changes in severity of myocardial infarction and three year survival rates after myocardial infarction in Auckland, 1966-7 and 1981-2.
Authors: A. W. Stewart, J. Fraser, R. M. Norris, R. Beaglehole
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Mortality from coronary heart disease has been declining steadily over the past 20 years in Auckland. The possibility that improved survival contributed to this decline was examined in patients who survived four weeks after myocardial infarction, changes in the severity of the disease being controlled for. Patients who had had myocardial infarction in 1966-7 (191 patients) or 1981-2 (203) were compared to determine whether three year survival rates had changed and the severity of the disease altered. With a coronary prognostic index taken as the measure of severity the 1981-2 group had significantly more severe myocardial infarctions than the 1966-7 group, but despite this the three year survival was significantly better (86% in the 1981-2 group v 75% in the 1966-7 group). These findings suggest that improved survival after myocardial infarction contributed to the decline in mortality.