tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny, Recombination, and Mechanisms of Stepwise Mitochondrial Genome Reorganization in Mantellid Frogs from Madagascar
Authors: A. Kurabayashi, M. Sumida, H. Yonekawa, F. Glaw, M. Vences, M. Hasegawa
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2008)

In Malagasy frogs of the family Mantellidae, the genus Mantella is known to possess highly reorganized mitochondrial (mt) genomes with the following characteristics: 1) some rearranged gene positions, 2) 2 distinct genes and a pseudogene corresponding to the transfer RNA gene for methionine (trnM), and 3) 2 control regions (CRs) with almost identical nucleotide sequences. These unique genomic features were observed concentrated between the duplicated CRs surrounding cytochrome b (cob) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 2 (cnad2) genes. To elucidate the mechanisms and evolutionary pathway that yielded the derived genome condition, we surveyed the reorganized genomic portion for all 12 mantellid genera. Our results show that the mt genomes of 7 genera retain the ancestral condition. In contrast, adding to Mantella, 4 genera of the subfamily Mantellinae, Blommersia, Guibemantis, Wakea, and Spinomantis, share several derived genomic characters. Furthermore, mt genomes of these mantellines showed additional structural divergences, resulting in different genome conditions between them. The high frequency of genomic reorganization does not correlate with nucleotide substitution rate. The encountered mt genomic conditions also suggest the occurrences of stepwise gene duplication and deletion events during the evolution of mantellines. Simultaneously, the majority of duplication events seems to be mediated by general (homologous) or illegitimate recombination, and general recombination also plays a role in concerted sequence evolution between multiple CRs. Considering our observations and recent conditional evidences, the following outlines can be expected for recombination processes in mt genome reorganization. 1) The CR is the "hot spot" of recombination; 2) highly frequent recombination between CRs may be mediated by a replication fork barrier lying in the CR; 3) general recombination has a potential to cause gene rearrangement in upstream regions of multiple CRs as the results of gene conversion and unequal crossing over processes. Our results also suggest that recombination activity is not a direct cause of convergent gene rearrangement; rather, homoplasious gene rearrangement seems to be mediated by persistence of a copied genomic condition through several lineage splits and subsequent parallel deletions.
Points: Is peritoneal dialysis a good long term treatment?
Authors: D. G Oreopoulos
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Morris mentions several precipitating causes of infective endocarditis culled from the studies by Bayliss et al' 2 (25 May, p 1532).I would like to draw attention to an important and often forgotten route of introduction of sepsis in patients at risk in hospitals- from intravenous drip or venepuncture sites. 3Recently, we saw two children aged 11 and 12 who presented with relapse of their rheumatic fever with flitting arthralgia, pericardial rubs, and fever.These symptoms subsided on aspirin and bed rest but a week later a high swinging fever was noted, with changing heart murmurs and evidence of heart failure in one case.One of the blood cultures subsequently grew a penicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.The child died despite high dose intravenous penicillin, cefuroxime, and cloxacillin.In the second case no pathogens were grown despite repeated blood cultures, but the fever was later controlled with cefuroxime, cloxacillin, and gentamycin.The most likely site of entry of the organism was through the drip site, where both children had developed mild cellulitis, and neither had received any antibiotics.Poorly cleaned venepuncture sites for routine blood investigations were another possible site of entry.Routine setting up of drips in casualty is a common practice and is often far from being an aseptic procedure.Those who practise this must realise that it is not without risk, especially to patients with valvular heart disease.We believe that care with cleaning the drip site with iodine, introduction of the intravenous cannula by an aseptic technique, and regular change of drip sites before cellulitis sets in are the best ways of preventing infective endocarditis in patients at risk.
The Clinical Picture of Far East Influenza Occurring at the Fourth National Boy Scout Jamboree
Authors: Robert L. Podosin, Warren L. Felton
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

SINCE early summer of 1957 sporadic outbreaks of influenza have been reported first from seaports on the East and West coasts and later from inland cities of the United States. These outbreaks could be traced to epidemics occurring in Hong Kong and Singapore in April, 1957, and subsequently spreading throughout the Far East, Africa, South America, Europe and the United States. Early isolation studies demonstrated the etiologic agent to be a Type A influenza virus antigenically different from all previously known Type A strains.1 , 2 The occurrence of an epidemic of Far East influenza at the Fourth National Boy Scout Jamboree, . . .
Psychotropic Drug Advertisements
Authors: BRUCE R. DITZION
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Letters, Comments, and Corrections1 September 1971Psychotropic Drug AdvertisementsBRUCE R. DITZION, M.D.BRUCE R. DITZION, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-75-3-473 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: American pharmacists filled 225 million prescriptions for stimulants, sedatives, and tranquilizers in 1970 (The New York Times, March 14, 1971, p. 36). Some estimates indicate that one third of the adult population has prescriptions for such drugs. The medical and social implications of such widespread usage of mindaltering medications need to be understood. It is time for a discussion of the role of physicians, medical journals, and drug companies in the promotion and mass distribution of psychotropic agents.Advertisements for tranquilizers, antidepressants, or sleeping pills appear in 19 out of 117 drug promotion pages in the March... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: BRUCE R. DITZION, M.D.Affiliations: Family Health Care Program Harvard Medical School Boston, Mass. 02115 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byPrescription drug advertising: Trends and implicationsPseudo(experiental)-insomnia and idiopathic(objective) insomnia: Theoretical and therapeutic issuesPsychiatrists' opinions of psychotropic drug advertisementsPsychiatrists' opinions of psychotropic drug advertisements 1 September 1971Volume 75, Issue 3Page: 473-473KeywordsAdultsAntidepressantsDrug distributionDrugsPharmacistsSedatives ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 September 1971 PDF downloadLoading ...
Adverse Alterations in Bone Metabolism Are Associated with Lung Infection in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: ROBERT M. ARIS, ASHLEY R. STEPHENS, DAVID A. ONTJES, A. DENENE BLACKWOOD, ROBERT K. LARK, MARGARET B. HENSLER, ISABEL P. NEURINGER, GAYLE E. LESTER
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Low bone density, fractures, and kyphosis complicate the lives of adults with cystic fibrosis (CF), and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1 β , IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]- α ) that may alter bone metabolism have been previously found to be increased in the lungs and serum of CF patients. The objective of this prospective study was to determine the impact of lung infection on bone physiology in 17 adult CF patients. Serum osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation; urine N-telopeptides of type I collagen and free deoxypyridinoline, both of which are markers of bone breakdown; serum cytokines (TNF- α , IL-1 β , and IL-6); and general inflammatory markers (serum C-reactive protein [CRP] and chondrex) were measured at the beginning and end of treatment for an acute exacerbation of lung infection and again 3 wk later. After treatment with conventional antibiotics, decreases in N-telopeptides (147.3 ± 77.5 [mean ± SEM] versus 95.5 ± 57.3 bone collagen equivalents (BCE)/mmol creatinine, p = 0.0014), deoxypyridinoline (8.42 ± 2.8 versus 6.8 ± 3.0 mmol/mmol creatinine, p = 0.08), IL-1 β (1.43 ± 1.13 versus 0.65 ± 0.63 pg/ml, p = 0.03), IL-6 (9.5 ± 6.5 versus 4.7 ± 3.2 pg/ml, p = 0.012), CRP (43.1 ± 29.3 versus 23.4 ± 25.3 mg/ml, p = 0.04), and chondrex (151.7 ± 111.7 versus 101.4 ± 67.3 ng/ml, p = 0.014), and increases in osteocalcin levels (14.5 ± 5.4 versus 22.5 ± 8.7 ng/ml, p = 0.010) were observed. Three weeks later, the changes in N-telopeptides and osteocalcin persisted. These data indicate that pulmonary infection, through the elaboration of inflammatory cytokines, may be linked to increased bone resorption and diminished bone formation. These results provide insights into the impact of systemic inflammation on bone health, and suggest novel mechanisms for bone disease in CF.
THE USE OF TYPHOID VACCINES IN TYPHOID FEVER
Authors: JAMES M. ANDERS
Journal: JAMA (1910)

The vaccine treatment of typhoid fever has been tested inecent years by a number of clinicians with varying results.FrFraenkel1rst to call attention to the subject ofhe treatmentccine therapy.Sthemmencement of the year 1909, considerable number of otherers haveorted indi- vidualiences of the use of typhoides as a means of cure.While the medical profession is not, in any marked degree, enthusiastic in regard to the ques- tion,y new remedy or methodf tthatent rests reasonably secure, scientific basis deserves an extended trial before its rejected.fundamentalprinciples and facts, which are generally accepted by laboratory experts, should be understood also by the clinician who intends to use vaccines in the treatment of typhoid fever and other diseases.Among these are:1.The object of vaccine therapy is to induce an active
Advice to science writers
Authors: Imre Loefler
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Make sure that you indicate in the introduction to your paper that the problem you are addressing is of the utmost importance to the survival of mankind. If the topic is a “disease,” quantify the proportion of the world population that might become its victims, calculate that proportion in absolute numbers, and proceed to address the annual expense that humanity incurs in consequence of that disease.

Never admit that your choice of research topic …
IOM Report: Evidence Fails to Support Guidelines for Dietary Salt Reduction
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
RHEUMATISM AND THE PREVENTION OF HEART COMPLICATIONS.
Authors: JAMES J. WALSH
Journal: JAMA (1900)

More than fifteen years ago Eichhorst, of Zurich, in the third edition of his "Handbuch der Speciellen Pathologie und Therapie," transferred rheumatism from the class of constitutional to that of infectious diseases. In doing so he was only expressing a conviction that had been forming among clinicians generally. Because of certain superficial resemblances to gout, rheumatism had been classed among diathetic diseases, but without good reason, as time and closer clinical observation showed. Eichhorst's position was not unique, but it is only after fifteen years that the medical profession is coming to acknowledge its correctness. We have at length come to the point of conceding the infectious nature of rheumatism. The reasons given by Eichhorst before any germs had been described as occurring in the lesions of the disease are to-day the best arguments for its infectiousness. Rheumatism has all of the characteristics of an acute infectious fever—the incubation period,
Need for accountability should not result in "toxic" blame culture in NHS, conference hears
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2014)

An obtunded male with a history of alcohol abuse presented to the emergency department with metabolic acidosis, an osmolar gap and lactic acidosis. The patient was initially treated for alcohol intoxication due to an extremely high blood alcohol level. Following respiratory failure and intubation, a large volume of dark green liquid was removed via nasogastric suction; bedside fluorescence for ethylene glycol was negative. Twenty-four hours later, the patient’s glomerular filtration rate decreased significantly, serum osmolality was 807, the osmolar gap was 407, complete metabolic panel showed pH of 6.8, sodium of 156 mmol/l, potassium of 7.3 mmol/l, chloride of 116, CO<sub>2</sub> of 3.9 and anion gap of 30.7. Blood lactic acid was &gt;56 mmol/l. The patient received emergency haemodialysis. Four days after presentation, the patient began to respond to voice commands and was extubated. Currently, the patient still receives haemodialysis due to ongoing renal failure, but no long-term neurologic complications are evident.
IgM multiple myeloma: Disease definition, prognosis, and differentiation from Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
Authors: Steven R. Schuster, Sundararajan Vincent Rajkumar, Angela Dispenzieri, William Morice, Alvaro Moreno Aspitia, Stephen Ansell, Robert Kyle, Joseph Mikhael
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2010)

IgM multiple myeloma (MM) and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) are two distinct hematologic entities with the common finding of an IgM monoclonal gammopathy. Distinguishing these two diagnoses is critical as the approach to therapy is different. A priori, we defined IgM MM as a symptomatic clonal plasma cell proliferative disorder characterized by an IgM monoclonal protein (regardless of size), 10% or more plasma cells on bone marrow biopsy, plus the presence of lytic bone lesions and/or translocation t(11;14). Twenty-one patients met this definition of IgM MM. All 21 patients had lytic bone lesions. Of the 16 evaluated with FISH, 6 (38%) demonstrated t(11;14). Median overall survival was 30 months, which is similar to non-IgM myeloma patients treated during this period and shorter than what would be expected for WM. In this, the largest series of patients with IgM MM, we describe the clinical features and prognosis of patient with IgM MM using a strict definition for the disease. The subset of patients without lytic lesions or t(11;14) but with immunophenotypic features suggestive of MM need further study.
Aversive Therapy of Homosexuality: Measures of Efficacy
Authors: NATHANIEL McCONAGHY
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1971)

The author describes three investigations that attempted to give objective evidence of the value of several types of aversion therapy in the treatment of homosexuality. The results were favorable but they showed little difference in the efficacy of the various aversion therapies. The findings did suggest, however, that aversion therapy does not act by setting up conditioned reflexes, as is generally supposed.
Improved serodiagnosis of non-A, non-B hepatitis by an assay detecting antibody to hepatitis C virus core antigen
Authors: Tohru Katayama, Toshio Mazda, Shu Kikuchi, Shizuko Harada, Yoshiharu Matsuura, Joe Chiba, Hiroyoshi Ohba, Izumu Saito, Tatsuo Miyamura
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

We examined sequential serum samples from 12 patients with well-characterized posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis who had an acute, resolving self-limited type of clinical course for the presence of antibody to the hepatitis C virus nucleocapsid (core) protein (p22) expressed by a recombinant baculovirus. These sera were simultaneously examined for antibody to the hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein (C100-3) that is presently used for blood screening worldwide. In three patients, both anti-p22 and anti-C100-3 antibodies were detected, but anti-p22 was detected much earlier. In four patients, only anti-p22 was detected. Two other patients were considered to be hepatitis C virus carriers who had been already infected with hepatitis C virus. In one patient, only anti-C100-3 was detected, and it was transient. In two patients, neither antibody was detected. Anti-p22 was detected in at least one of eight samples of transfused blood. Of the nine samples of donated blood that were positive for anti-p22, only four were positive for anti-C100-3. This new assay detecting the antibody to the p22 protein is thus useful for the serodiagnosis of non-A, non-B hepatitis in the acute phase and for blood screening.
NICE confirms advanced breast cancer drug is too expensive for NHS
Authors: C. White
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has rejected trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla), a new drug for treating advanced HER2 positive breast cancer that is no longer responding to treatment, on the grounds that it is not cost effective.

The decision came after draft guidance issued by NICE in April had concluded that the drug’s high price made it impossible to recommend for routine use despite evidence of its clinical effectiveness.1 Trial data have shown that trastuzumab emtansine can prolong life by six months longer than standard treatment.

But this latest confirmation has prompted new accusations that the model NICE uses to calculate value for money is proving too restrictive for new drugs that are clinically effective but expensive, after discussions with the manufacturer, Roche, failed to agree a mutually acceptable price. The drug is estimated …
Receptor-mediated delivery of hepatitis B virus DNA and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to avian liver cells
Authors: J Madon, H E Blum
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

A highly efficient receptor–mediated delivery system for DNA and oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) to avian liver cells has been established, using complexes of nonmodified human adenovirus particles and a protein conjugate consisting of n–acetyl–glucosamine–modified bovine serum albumin, streptavidin, and Poly–l–lysine. The newly developed method of protein–conjugate preparation and purification yielded highly stable complexes with high DNA delivery efficiency for constructs expressing the lacZ gene, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, and ODNs. Using this delivery system, an antisense ODN targeted to the encapsidation site of the HBV pregenome causes strong inhibition of HBV replication in vitro . The described, receptor–mediated DNA delivery method should prove useful for investigations of HBV replication, gene expression, and mode of action of antiviral agents in vitro, as well as for model studies of gene therapy for liver diseases from various etiologies, including viral hepatitides.
Dutch insurers pay midwives not to refer breech presentations to hospital
Authors: Tony Sheldon
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Gynaecologists in the Netherlands fear that women could have more complications in childbirth because of a contract between health insurers and midwives that offers financial incentives to reduce expensive referrals to hospital. 

The contract promotes the use, in primary care, of external cephalic version. If unsuccessful then women could be referred to hospital. This approach aims to reverse a trend towards caesarean sections. 

The Dutch Association for Obstetrics and Gynaecology says that external cephalic version should be offered by hospital gynaecologists in a safer clinical environment, however. It fears that offering financial incentives to keep …
Cardiovascular Screening for Young Athletes—Reply
Authors: Barry J. Maron, Bo Gregers Winkel, Jacob Tfelt-Hansen
Journal: JAMA (2015)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Forgotten biliary endoprosthesis. “Follow up” after 10 years
Authors: M. Bajbouj, M. Treiber, L. Ludwig, E. Frimberger, R. Schmid, B. Neu
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

A 97-year-old male presented at our clinic with progressive jaundice and fever. Ten years previously he had experienced the same symptoms. At that time a carcinoma of the gall bladder with an infiltrative growth and consecutive constriction of both biliary hepatic ducts was diagnosed via sonography and computed tomography. A palliative biliary drainage was conducted, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) revealed a 3 cm stricture of the common bile duct below the hepatic hilus, and two plastic stents were inserted ([Fig. 1 a, ] b). Over the following 10 years the patient remained symptom free. Then he presented at our clinic with the same symptoms, and cholecystolithiasis was detected songraphically; a tumor was identified. During ERC two occluded stents were extracted ([Fig. 2]). The biliary tract displayed a short stricture of the distal common bile duct. The formerly described 3-cm stricture of the common bile duct below the hepatic hilus was no longer present. After a single plastic stent was placed, cholestasis parameters returned to normal. Three months later, reassessment by means of ERC showed stable findings, and we therefore inserted a metal stent as a definite therapy ([Fig. 3 a, ] b). This therapy will hopefully achieve the same patency time as that of the plastic stents.