tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Treatment of Insulin Resistance*
Authors: Stephan Matthaei, Michael Stumvoll, Monika Kellerer, Hans-Ulrich Häring
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2000)

Abstract Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a world-wide growing health problem affecting more than 150 million people at the beginning of the new millennium. It is believed that this number will double in the next 25 yr. The pathophysiological hallmarks of type 2 diabetes mellitus consist of insulin resistance, pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, and increased endogenous glucose production. To reduce the marked increase of cardiovascular mortality of type 2 diabetic subjects, optimal treatment aims at normalization of body weight, glycemia, blood pressure, and lipidemia. This review focuses on the pathophysiology and molecular pathogenesis of insulin resistance and on the capability of antihyperglycemic pharmacological agents to treat insulin resistance, i.e., α-glucosidase inhibitors, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, sulfonylureas, and insulin. Finally, a rational treatment approach is proposed based on the dynamic pathophysiological abnormalities of this highly heterogeneous and progressive disease.
The Cofactor Pyrroloquinoline Quinone
Authors: J. A. Duine, R. A. van der Meer, B. W. Groen
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (1990)

The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved ...Read More
Electrical and Contractile Remodeling During the First Days of Atrial Fibrillation Go Hand in Hand
Authors: Ulrich Schotten, Mattias Duytschaever, Jannie Ausma, Sabine Eijsbouts, Hans-Ruprecht Neuberger, Maurits Allessie
Journal: Circulation (2003)

The mechanisms of the atrial contractile dysfunction induced by atrial fibrillation (AF) are not completely understood. In particular, the relation between the atrial dysfunction and electrical remodeling has not yet been studied.Seven goats were chronically instrumented with electrodes sutured to the atria and with ultrasonic piezoelectric crystals to record the atrial diameters. A pressure transducer was implanted in the right atrium. After 5 minutes, 3 hours, and throughout the first 5 days of artificially maintained AF, atrial contractile function was measured and the atrial effective refractory period (AERP) was monitored for comparison. Also, the positive inotropic effects of the L-type Ca2+-channel agonist BayY5959 and short trains of rapid atrial pacing were studied. After resumption of sinus rhythm, the recovery of atrial contractile function was followed. After 5 minutes of AF, atrial contractility was decreased by approximately 55% but recovered completely within 10 minutes. Five days of AF nearly completely abolished the atrial contractile function, and recovery took 2 days. During the first days of AF, the development of the contractile dysfunction followed the same time course as the shortening of AERP (electrical remodeling). In remodeled atria, BayY5959 increased atrial contractility to the same extent as it prolonged AERP. The inotropic effect of short trains of rapid atrial pacing was similar in normal and remodeled atria.Depending on the duration of AF, different mechanisms contribute to the AF-induced atrial hypocontractility. Atrial contractile remodeling during several days of AF goes hand in hand with electrical remodeling and might be caused by a reduction of the L-type Ca2+-current.
Uteroglobin-related Protein 1 Expression Suppresses Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Yoshihiko Chiba, Reiko Kurotani, Takashi Kusakabe, Tomiko Miura, Benjamin W. Link, Miwa Misawa, Shioko Kimura
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

Uteroglobin-related protein (UGRP) 1, which is highly expressed in the epithelial cells of the airways, has been suggested to play a role in lung inflammation.The aim of study was to understand the effect of overexpressed UGRP1 on lung inflammation in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation.Ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged mice, a model for allergic airway inflammation, were used in conjunction with recombinant adenovirus expressing UGRP1.We demonstrated that intranasal administration of adeno-UGRP1 successfully delivered UGRP1 to the epithelial cells of airways and markedly reduced the number of infiltrating inflammatory cells, particularly eosinophils, in lung tissue as well as the level of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. The healed phase of inflammation was clearly seen in the peripheral areas of adeno-UGRP1-treated mouse lungs.These results demonstrate that UGRP1 can suppress inflammation in the mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. Based on this result, we propose UGRP1 as a novel therapeutic candidate for treating lung inflammation such as is found in asthma.
Correction: Book Review by Verdesca
Authors: A. S. VERDESCA
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Letters, Comments, and Corrections1 September 1972Correction: Book Review by VerdescaA. S. VERDESCA, M.D.A. S. VERDESCA, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-77-3-486_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe last sentence in my review ofProvisional Guidelines for Automated Multiphasic Health Testing and Services, in the June issue, came out as a typographical error. It should have read, "They are recommended to those now in or who expect to be in administrative medicine (and their 'allied health personnel'). And 'the price is right'."... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Western Electric Co., Inc. New York, N.Y. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 September 1972Volume 77, Issue 3Page: 486-486KeywordsAllied health care professionals ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 September 1972 PDF downloadLoading ...
Ethical Concerns in the Community About Technologies to Extend Human Life Span
Authors: Brad Partridge, Mair Underwood, Jayne Lucke, Helen Bartlett, Wayne Hall
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2009)

Debates about the ethical and social implications of research that aims to extend human longevity by intervening in the ageing process have paid little attention to the attitudes of members of the general public. In the absence of empirical evidence, conflicting assumptions have been made about likely public attitudes towards life-extension. In light of recent calls for greater public involvement in such discussions, this target article presents findings from focus groups and individual interviews which investigated whether members of the general public identify ethical issues surrounding life-extension, and if so, what these ethical issues are? In this study, while some participants were concerned primarily with the likely personal consequences of life-extension, for others the question of whether or not to pursue interventions to extend longevity, and how they should be implemented, clearly raised important ethical issues, many of which have been prominent in debates among bioethicists.
Transpositioning and repositioning the inferior alveolar and mental nerves in conjunction with endosteal implant reconstruction
Authors: Charles A. Babbush
Journal: Periodontology 2000 (1998)

Without the benefit of the computed tomographic scan with three-dimensional reformatted imaging, this procedure would be difficult if not impossible to carry out. The end-point results would not be as valid. It is also not indicated to place any type of granular allograft and/or any one of the alloplast materials in this area, as it could prove to irritate the exposed neurovascular bundle. I have also found that, in most instances, the residual bone from the osteotomy site is not sufficient to replace at the termination of the procedure. However, if it is sufficient, then it would be necessary to thin down the medial aspect of the cortical plate in repositioning it, as it would then prevent excessive pressure or crushing of the nerve against the surface of the implant(s). Procedures such as onlay or saddle grafting can be offered to the patient as an alternative to these nerve procedures. However, a second surgical site is then required as well as, in some cases, staging of the procedure, thus increasing treatment time and the number of procedures for the patient. Lastly, adequate soft tissue coverage over the graft is often difficult, if not impossible to achieve.
Evidence for Use of Coronary Stents
Authors: David Massel
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2004)

Letters20 January 2004Evidence for Use of Coronary StentsDavid Massel, MD, FRCPCDavid Massel, MD, FRCPCFrom London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario N6A 4G5, Canada.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-2-200401200-00032-w1 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Brophy and colleagues nicely outlined the modest, at best, benefits of coronary stenting compared with plain old balloon angioplasty and discussed possible reasons for the widespread adoption of the former (1). I suspect that the allure and false idolatry of “new or high technology” are important (2). Physicians are not immune to using the “bigger is better” heuristic and may believe that more elaborate, more invasive, or more expensive treatments automatically have better outcomes (3). Moreover, technology, such as stents acting like a scaffold, may be easier for patients to comprehend. Previous studies have shown that medical ...References1. Brophy JM, Belisle P, Joseph L. Evidence for use of coronary stents. A hierarchical bayesian meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:777-86. [PMID: 12755549] LinkGoogle Scholar2. Grimes DA. Technology follies. The uncritical acceptance of medical innovation. JAMA. 1993;269:3030-3. [PMID: 8501846] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Poses RM, Krueger JI, Sloman S, Elstein AS. Physicians' judgments of survival after medical management and mortality risk reduction due to revascularization procedures for patients with coronary artery disease. Chest. 2002;122:122-33. [PMID: 12114347] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Kaptchuk TJ, Goldman P, Stone DA, Stason WB. Do medical devices have enhanced placebo effects? J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53:786-92. [PMID: 10942860] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Johnson AG. Surgery as a placebo. Lancet. 1994;344:1140-2. [PMID: 7934500] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario N6A 4G5, Canada. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoEvidence for Use of Coronary Stents: A Hierarchical Bayesian Meta-Analysis James M. Brophy , Patrick Belisle , and Lawrence Joseph Metrics Cited byDetecting grades of diabetic retinopathy by extraction of retinal lesions using digital fundus images 20 January 2004Volume 140, Issue 2Page: W-4KeywordsAngioplastyCoronary angioplastyCoronary stentingMotivationMyocardial infarctionStable coronary artery diseaseStent implantationSurgery ePublished: 20 January 2004 Issue Published: 20 January 2004 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2004 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
ALTERATIONS IN LIVER FUNCTION AS AN INDEX OF TOXEMIA IN PNEUMOCOCCUS LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Benedict Richard Harris
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1927)

Jaundice, varying from a slight icteric tinting of the sclerae to a pronounced generalized pigmentation of the skin and mucous mem- branes is not infrequently encountered during the course of lobar pneumonia.Further, if examined for carefully, the presence of uro- bilin and urobilinogen in the urine is found to be practically constant during the acute febrile period of the disease.Both jaundice and uro- bilinuria may be considered as probable indicators of liver damage, yet despite the fact their occurrence has long been appreciated, with the exception of the icterus index studies of Bernheim (1), the work of Kahler (2), and a few isolated case reports in the recent literature, there has been no detailed study of liver function in pneumonia.Bernheim, in a study of the icterus index in various conditions, found it to be greater than normal in most of the cases of pneumonia studied.Kahler, working with phenoltetrachlorphthalein, commented on the frequency with which high degrees of retention were observed in pneumonia.The lack of a detailed study of the liver function in pneumonia may probably be attributed in part to the lack of trust- worthy methods for the clinical determination of liver function.The comparatively recent introduction of the dye elimination tests and of the improved methods for the quantitative determination of circulating bile pigments has made it possible to carry on such a study.Accordingly an investigation was undertaken in a series of cases of pneumococcus lobar pneumonia to determine (1) if pneumonia is uniformly attended with alterations in liver function; (2) if the various types of infecting pneumococci produce characteristic degrees of hepatic dysfunction, and (3) if there is any parallelism between the 211
Vagabond's Diabetes
Authors: Robert Miller
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In 1874, Lehmann<sup>1</sup>made the observation that dogs which had fasted developed glycosuria upon resumption of feeding. Some years later, it was noted that vagrants developed glycosuria following hospitalization and resumption of feeding, and, hence, the term vagabond's diabetes was coined. This entity has since been called post-starvation diabetes, post-starvation hyperglycemia, or starvation diabetes. Two cases illustrate the development and natural course of this disorder. <h3>Report of Cases.—</h3> These cases occurred in a pair of 18-year-old youths who fled Cuba on a raft. A few hours after embarking, the raft overturned, resulting in a loss of most provisions, but the fresh water supply was saved. On physical examination, one patient was discovered to have a palpable, tender liver edge and slight elevations in transaminase and lactic acid dehydrogenase levels, which disappeared later and were not thought contributory to the other findings. The other patient showed a
Effect of topical calcipotriol on congenital ichthyoses
Authors: G.P.H. LUCKER, P.C.M. KERKHOF, M.R. DÏJK, P.M. STEIJLEN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

We investigated the clinical efficacy of topically applied calcipotriol in six patients with congenital ichthyosis, using a double-blind, bilaterally paired, comparative approach. Unilateral improvement, in favour of the calcipotriol-treated side, was observed in three patients with lamellar ichthyosis. A beneficial response was also observed in a patient with bullous ichthyotic erythroderma of Brocq. No clinical side-effects or laboratory anomalies were observed. This study indicates that calcipotriol constitutes a new and promising approach in alleviating disorders of keratinization characterized by hyperproliferation, other than psoriasis.
Enhancing Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)–Targeted Cancer Therapy by Preventing mTOR/Raptor Inhibition-Initiated, mTOR/Rictor-Independent Akt Activation
Authors: Xuerong Wang, Ping Yue, Young Ae Kim, Haian Fu, Fadlo R. Khuri, Shi-Yong Sun
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

It has been shown that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors activate Akt while inhibiting mTOR signaling. However, the underlying mechanisms and the effect of the Akt activation on mTOR-targeted cancer therapy are unclear. The present work focused on addressing the role of mTOR/rictor in mTOR inhibitor-induced Akt activation and the effect of sustained Akt activation on mTOR-targeted cancer therapy. Thus, we have shown that mTOR inhibitors increase Akt phosphorylation through a mechanism independent of mTOR/rictor because the assembly of mTOR/rictor was inhibited by mTOR inhibitors and the silencing of rictor did not abrogate mTOR inhibitor-induced Akt activation. Moreover, Akt activation during mTOR inhibition is tightly associated with development of cell resistance to mTOR inhibitors. Accordingly, cotargeting mTOR and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling prevents mTOR inhibition-initiated Akt activation and enhances antitumor effects both in cell cultures and in animal xenograft models, suggesting an effective cancer therapeutic strategy. Collectively, we conclude that inhibition of the mTOR/raptor complex initiates Akt activation independent of mTOR/rictor. Consequently, the sustained Akt activation during mTOR inhibition will counteract the anticancer efficacy of the mTOR inhibitors.
US cancer groups highlight symptoms of early ovarian cancer
Authors: Janice Hopkins Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2007)

UK NEWS Scientists plead for right to create interspecies embryos, p1238 World NEWS US gro�p highlights symptoms of early o�arian cancer, p 12�� US gro�p highlights symptoms of early o�arian cancer, p 12�� bmj.com �itamin d from s�n e�pos�re may protect against solid cancers �itamin d from s�n e�pos�re may protect against solid cancers
Smooth Muscle Notch1 Mediates Neointimal Formation After Vascular Injury
Authors: Yuxin Li, Kyosuke Takeshita, Ping-Yen Liu, Minoru Satoh, Naotsugu Oyama, Yasushi Mukai, Michael T. Chin, Luke Krebs, Michael I. Kotlikoff, Freddy Radtke, Thomas Gridley, James K. Liao
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Background— Notch1 regulates binary cell fate determination and is critical for angiogenesis and cardiovascular development. However, the pathophysiological role of Notch1 in the postnatal period is not known. We hypothesize that Notch1 signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) may contribute to neointimal formation after vascular injury. Methods and Results— We performed carotid artery ligation in wild-type, control (SMC-specific Cre recombinase transgenic [smCre-Tg]), general Notch1 heterozygous deficient (N1 +/− ), SMC-specific Notch1 heterozygous deficient (smN1 +/− ), and general Notch3 homozygous deficient (N3 −/− ) mice. Compared with wild-type or control mice, N1 +/− and smN1 +/− mice showed a 70% decrease in neointimal formation after carotid artery ligation. However, neointimal formation was similar between wild-type and N3 −/− mice. Indeed, SMCs derived from explanted aortas of either N1 +/− - or smN1 +/− mice showed decreased chemotaxis and proliferation and increased apoptosis compared with control or N3 −/− mice. This correlated with decreased staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen–positive cells and increased staining of cleaved caspase-3 in the intima of N1 +/− - or smN1 +/− mice. In SMCs derived from CHF1/Hey2 −/− mice, activation of Notch signaling did not lead to increased SMC proliferation or migration. Conclusions— These findings indicate that Notch1, rather than Notch3, mediates SMC proliferation and neointimal formation after vascular injury through CHF1/Hey2 and suggest that therapies that target Notch1/CHF1/Hey2 in SMCs may be beneficial in preventing vascular proliferative diseases.
Implications of Liver Activity Associated with 133Xe Ventilation Lung Scans
Authors: JESUS A. BIANCO, REX B. SHAFER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1978)

A series of 35 xenon-133 (133Xe) ventilation studies yielded nine cases demonstrating accumulation of activity in the liver. Maximum intrahepatic deposition of radioxenon occurred during the washout phase of the study. In addition to those clinical instances which make this phenomenon possible, i.e., obesity, alcoholic-induced liver steatosis and diabetes mellitus, we found that hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease also favor xenon-133 localization into the hepatic parenchyma. It is concluded that the lipid avidity of 133Xe facilitates its liver accumulation in hyperlipidemic patients and in patients with coronary artery disease, and that this action may be explored to further understand deranged metabolic pathways in the liver of these patients. Hepatic accumulation of 133Xe during ventilation studies must be considered when assessing regional ventilation/perfusion relationships.
The cross-sectional size and shape of human terminal scalp hair
Authors: P.E. HUTCHINSON, J.R. THOMPSON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1997)

Change in size of the hair shaft with distance form the scalp has been investigated, using a rotatory profile method of diameter measurement, in terminal human scalp hair of long-haired young Caucasian women. As the whole length of hairs having completed anagen are rarely found intact, two types of hair were investigated: those including segments produced at the onset of anagen ('anagen hairs'), and those including segments produced at the end of anagen ('telogen hairs'). In addition, a method of determining the cause of any size variation has been described and employed. Changes were found in the major axis of the hair cross-section, cross-sectional area and ellipticity with distance from the scalp, while the minor cross-sectional axis remained constant. It was established that these changes were the result of intrafollicular rather than extrafollicular mechanisms. Finally, a composite picture of the cross-sectional size and shape of the 'average' whole anagen hair of the study has been constructed. From the distal tip towards the scalp for approximately 6-8 cm, there was an abrupt increase in size, representing a starting-up phase of early anagen. Following this, the hair was at its greatest cross-sectional size and ellipticity which then progressively decreased through anagen (20% decrease for cross-sectional area and 13% for ellipticity). In contrast, the minor axis of the hair cross-section, remained constant throughout anagen. The hair was not therefore a uniformly sized cylinder. It was approximately spear-shaped, being broadened out in one plane distally where it was more elliptical. Subsequently as anagen progressed the hair shaft became smaller and more circular.
Venous System of the Myocardium with Special Reference to the Conduction System
Authors: RAYMOND C. TRUEX, MARTIN J. SCHWARTZ
Journal: Circulation (1951)

Myocardial veins and sinusoids of the right atrioventricular junction of the heart were studied in serial section, and their relations to the common conduction bundle and nodal tissues were anatomically demonstrated by wax model reconstructions. It is suggested these venous channels may well explain the complete, but transient, bundle block of children observed in certain toxic diseases. On the other hand, the same sinusoids functioning as capillaries may nourish the bundle tissues in older decades, thus explaining the low incidence of bundle block in cases of gradual coronary occlusion. The possible role of these vessels to the intercoronary circulation is discussed.