tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract P4-13-10: Do <i>BRCA1</i> and <i>BRCA2</i> mutation carriers have an earlier natural menopause than their non-carrier relatives: A study from the Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium For Research Into Familial Breast Cancer (kConFab).
Authors: IM Collins, RL Milne, SA McLachlan, M Friedlander, KE Birch, PC Weideman, JL Hopper, K-A Phillips
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract BACKGROUND: Limited data from the in vitro fertilisation setting suggest that germline BRCA1 mutations are associated with occult primary ovarian insufficiency. We examined whether carriers of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation have earlier natural menopause than their non-carrier relatives. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible subjects were female mutation carriers and tested non-carriers from families segregating BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations enrolled in KConFab. Women who had not been tested for the family mutation and those with primary amenorrhoea were excluded. Data were self-reported using uniform questionnaires completed at cohort entry and every 3 years thereafter. Age at natural menopause (NM) was defined as age at cessation of menses for ≥ 12 months in the absence of other causes. Cox proportional hazards analysis was applied, modelling time in years from birth to NM, adjusting for year of birth (continuous), body mass index (continuous), ever regular cigarette smoking (no, yes), and ever regular alcohol use (no, yes). Analysis time was censored at the earliest of: cessation of menses for 12 months in the absence of other reasons (natural menopause), last follow-up, pelvic surgery including oophorectomy or hysterectomy, commencement of hormone replacement therapy or Tamoxifen as a risk reducing medication, or any cancer diagnosis. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated as a measure of how rapidly mutation carriers reach natural menopause relative to non-carriers. RESULTS: No difference was observed in the rate at which carriers and non-carriers went through natural menopause, regardless of the gene mutated in the families. The adjusted hazard ratio estimates were 0.97, (95% CI 0.69–1.35, p = 0.8) for BRCA1 mutation carriers versus non-carriers and 1.02, (95%CI 0.72–1.44, p = 0.9) for BRCA2 mutation carriers versus non-carriers. CONCLUSIONS: This study found no evidence that BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers do reach natural menopause at an earlier age than their non-carrier relatives. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-13-10.
Declining Blood Lead Levels and Cognitive Changes in Moderately Lead-Poisoned Children
Authors: Holly A. Ruff
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To determine whether chelation therapy or biochemical changes during a lead-lowering intervention was associated with changes in cognitive functioning of moderately lead-poisoned children. It was hypothesized that cognitive performance would improve as blood lead level declined over time.Short-term intervention study with measures obtained before and after intervention.Hospital specialty clinic and university research center.A total of 154 previously untreated children referred to clinic with blood lead levels between 1.21 and 2.66 mumol/L (25 and 55 micrograms/dL) at time of enrollment. Ages ranged from 13 to 87 months.Enrolled children were treated with edetate calcium disodium (EDTA) if eligible and/or with orally administered iron supplement if iron deficient. For all children, housing inspections and abatement procedures were performed as necessary.Score on Bayley Mental Development Scale or Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (4th edition).There was no effect of edetate calcium disodium treatment per se. In the short term (7 weeks), changes in blood lead levels were not related to changes in cognitive scores. In the long term (6 months), however, changes in performance were significantly related to changes in blood lead level, even after controlling for confounding variables. The standardized score increased 1 point for every decrease of 0.14 mumol/L (3 micrograms/dL) in blood lead level.The results suggest an association between decreases in blood lead level and cognitive improvements in moderately lead-poisoned children.
Immunization reverses memory deficits without reducing brain Aβ burden in Alzheimer's disease model
Authors: Jean-Cosme Dodart, Kelly R. Bales, Kimberley S. Gannon, Stephen J. Greene, Ronald B. DeMattos, Chantal Mathis, Cynthia A. DeLong, Su Wu, Xin Wu, David M. Holtzman, Steven M. Paul
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2002)
Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Drugs for Preventing Contrast-Induced Nephropathy
Authors: Aine M. Kelly, Ben Dwamena, Paul Cronin, Steven J. Bernstein, Ruth C. Carlos
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2008)

Background: N-Acetylcysteine, theophylline, and other agents have shown inconsistent results in reducing contrast-induced nephropathy. Purpose: To determine the effect of these agents on preventing nephropathy. Data Sources: Relevant randomized, controlled trials were identified by computerized searches in MEDLINE (from 1966 through 3 November 2006), EMBASE (1980 through November 2006), PubMed, Web of Knowledge (Current Contents Connect, Web of Science, BIOSIS Previews, and ISI Proceedings for the latest 5 years), and the Cochrane Library databases (up to November 2006). Databases were searched for studies in English, Spanish, French, Italian, and German. Study Selection: Randomized, controlled trials that administered N-acetylcysteine, theophylline, fenoldopam, dopamine, iloprost, statin, furosemide, or mannitol to a treatment group; used intravenous iodinated contrast; defined contrast-induced nephropathy explicitly; and reported sufficient data to construct a 2 × 2 table of the primary effect measure. Data Extraction: Abstracted information included patient characteristics, type of contrast media and dose, periprocedural hydration, definition of contrast-induced nephropathy, and prophylactic agent dose and route. Data Synthesis: In the 41 studies included, N-acetylcysteine (relative risk, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.44 to 0.88]) and theophylline (relative risk, 0.49 [CI, 0.23 to 1.06]) reduced the risk for contrast-induced nephropathy more than saline alone, whereas furosemide increased it (relative risk, 3.27 [CI, 1.48 to 7.26]). The remaining agents did not significantly affect risk. Significant subgroup heterogeneity was present only for N-acetylcysteine. No publication bias was discerned. Limitations: All trials evaluated the surrogate end point of contrast-induced nephropathy as the primary outcome. The lack of a statistically significant renoprotective effect of theophylline may result from insufficient data or study heterogeneity. True study quality remains uncertain. Conclusion: N-Acetylcysteine is more renoprotective than hydration alone. Theophylline may also reduce risk for contrast-induced nephropathy, although the detected association was not significant. Our data support the administration of N-acetylcysteine prophylaxis, particularly in high-risk patients, given its low cost, availability, and few side effects.
Cesarean Section Guidelines: The Maryland Experience
Authors: Vahe A. Kazandjian
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The Maryland Hospital Association convened a statewide group of obstetricians in June 1988 to develop guidelines for cesarean section. Representing community and teaching hospitals, low- and high-rate cesarean section hospitals, and rural and urban hospitals, this panel of nine exerts first identified the necessary information that should be recorded in both the mother's and the child's medical records. The panel's initial conclusion was that only a fraction of this information could be gleaned from patient records. As a result, the panel devised a set of indications that should be recorded for each episode of cesarean section. By providing a more complete description of the labor management, these indicators would assist physicians in reconstructing the obstetrician's decision-making process. Six Maryland hospitals tested the protocol. Preliminary analysis of 260 cesarean section records indicates that the variation in the rate of this procedure may be attributable more to differences
The Relation of Blood Pressure to Stroke Prognosis
Authors: SIMON W. RABKIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

The relation between blood pressure before stroke and survival after the event, was examined in the Manitoba study cohort of 3983 men. The last recorded blood pressure before the first stroke and the change in blood pressure from a measurement 5 years earlier were used. Increasing magnitude of systolic blood pressure and its 5-year changes were associated with worsening prognosis. The same association was less apparent for diastolic blood pressure and was not found for 5-year change in diastolic pressure. After adjusting for the effect of age at stroke and previous evidence of ischemic heart disease in multivariate analysis, systolic blood pressure and its 5-year change were each significant predictors of short-term (30 days) mortality. Considering all these factors as well as diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure was the best predictor of short-term mortality. Thus, high blood pressure and large positive 5-year change in systolic blood pressure before stroke occurrence are significant predictors of a poor prognosis.
The clinical estimation of acute myocardial infarct size with 99mTechnetium pyrophosphate scintigraphy.
Authors: D N Sharpe, E H Botvinick, D M Shames, A Norman, K Chatterjee, W W Parmley
Journal: Circulation (1978)

We evaluated scintigraphic techniques in estimating infarct size. In 26 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction, 99mTechnetium pyrophosphate (TcPYP) infarct scintigraphy, gated cardiac blood pool scintigraphy and 201-Thallium (201-Tl) perfusion scintigraphy were performed. Invasive hemodynamic measurements were obtained and serial venous blood specimens taken for measurement of total and MB creatine phosphokinase (CPK). In farct size was estimated from the area of abnormal TcPYP uptake, the extent of reduced 201-Tl uptake, the percentage of abnormally contracting segments, and serial enzyme measurements. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and stroke work index (LVSWI) were calculated. TcPYP infarct area was associated with the extent of reduced 201-Tl uptake (r = 0.66), the percentage of abnormally contracting segments (r = 0.64), and with both LVSWI (r = 0.73) and LVEF (r = 0.58). TcPYP infarct area did not correlate with cumulative total or MB-CPK release or the integrated total CPK-time curve, nor did the enzyme estimates of infarct size correlate with LVSWI or LVEF. Variable perfusion of infarcts of different sizes may explain the lack of correlation between TcPYP infarct area and enzyme estimates of infarct size. A combination of anatomic and functional indices derived from scintigraphic and hemodynamic measurements may provide the best assessment of infarct size.
Survey Finds Physicians Rarely Advise Use of Sunscreen to Patients, Even Those Most at Risk for Skin Cancer
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Is the Importance of Achieving Stable Disease Different between Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Cytotoxic Agents in the Second-Line Setting for Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer?
Authors: Takayasu Kurata, Keitaro Matsuo, Minoru Takada, Masaaki Kawahara, Masahiro Tsuji, Yuka Matsubara, Nagahiro Otani, Shigeki Matsuyama, Kenya Muraishi, Tetsuya Fujita, Masato Ishikawa, Keita Koyano, Isamu Okamoto, Taroh Satoh, Kenji Tamura, Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Masahiro Fukuoka
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2006)
Violence on Television
Authors: William Rubens
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article on the effect of television violence by Dr Michael Rothenberg (234:1043, 1975) contains significant distortions that we would like to correct. First, Dr Rothenberg's statement that all research studies reviewed demonstrate increased aggressiveness as a result of exposure to TV violence seriously overstates the consistency and conclusiveness of these studies. Moreover, Dr Rothenberg ignores other important research that did not show any causal effects; for example, Stanley Milgram found no effect in a natural field experiment that used a more realistic and serious measure of aggression than do laboratory studies.<sup>1</sup>Dr Rothenberg's conclusions are based mostly on laboratory research. Second, although Dr Rothenberg draws heavily on summaries of the literature by Goranson and by Liebert, he does not report their conclusions accurately. For example, in his book, Liebert reminds the reader that many of the studies were not even designed to test causality. The
Folate depletion impairs DNA excision repair in the colon of the rat
Authors: S-W Choi, Y-I Kim, J N Weitzel, J B Mason
Journal: Gut (1998)

Background/Aims —Diminished folate status appears to promote colonic carcinogenesis by, as of yet, undefined mechanisms. Impaired DNA repair plays a significant role in the evolution of many colon cancers. Since folate is essential for the de novo synthesis of nucleotides and since folate depletion has previously been associated with excessive DNA strand breaks, it was hypothesised that folate depletion may impair DNA repair. Studies were therefore performed to examine whether folate depletion affects the two major categories of DNA repair. Methods —Study 1: eight weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on diets containing either 0 or 8 mg folate/kg diet with 1% succinylsulphathiazole for four weeks. After viable colonocytes had been harvested, DNA excision repair was evaluated by a single cell gel electrophoresis assay. Study 2: eighteen animals were fed on similar diets for five weeks. Also in study 2, 18 additional rats were fed on the same defined diet without succinylsulphathiazole for 15 weeks. Weekly injections with the procarcinogen, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (20 mg base/kg), were administered to the latter group of animals. Five microsatellite loci from different chromosomes were investigated for instability in hepatic and colonic DNA. Results —In study 1, a significantly retarded rate of DNA excision repair was observed in the folate deficient colonocytes compared with controls (p&lt;0.05). In study 2, there was no evidence of instability at the five microsatellite loci associated with either short or long term folate depletion. Conclusions —Folate deficiency impairs DNA excision repair in rat colonic mucosa; a similar degree of deficiency, even when administered in conjunction with a colonic carcinogen, did not produce evidence of a widespread defect in mismatch repair.
Marijuana: Medical Papers, 1839-1972
Authors: John F. Greden
Journal: JAMA (1974)

The rationale for this book appears to be the editor's conviction that medicine should rediscover therapeutic uses of marihuana. In an attempt to buttress this thesis, he compiled 25 of the better professional journal  from the past 133 years that pertain to various medicinal or scientific aspects of the drug. Most articles describe personal experiences, therapeutic applications with patients, acute clinical studies, or chemical and pharmacological endeavors. Only Musto's excellent review of the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act is not directly concerned with medical or pharmacological effects of cannabis.  After O'Shaughnessy introduced marihuana into the Western pharmacopoeia in 1839 (his report is the first in this book), the drug was promptly recommended for an utterly endless list of disorders. Despite utopian claims, however, wide acceptance never evolved. The editor's primary explanation for this is that recent recreational use and the resultant restrictive federal legislation functionally ended medical applications of marihuana.
Sensitivity of the Large Blood Vessels of the Rabbit to <i>l</i> -Epinephrine and <i>l</i> -Norepinephrine
Authors: JOHN A. BEVAN
Journal: Circulation Research (1961)

Some of the pharmacological properties of the smooth muscle of 17 anatomically different vessels of the adult rabbit have been compared using helical strips under in vitro conditions. Using the median effective dose and the slope of the logarithm dose-probit response curve for l -epinephrine and l -norepinephrine as criteria, these vessels may be divided into two groups. The vascular muscle of the thoraeic and abdominal aorta, the femoral, main pulmonary and lobar pulmonary arteries, some preparations of the renal arteries and the inferior vena cava exhibit, within 95 per cent confidence limits, identical characteristics. They are more sensitive to l -norepinephrine than l -epinephrine, and the slopes of thc dose-response curves to these amines are the same. The muscle of the common carotid and saphena arteries and the external jugular vein is very similar to this group, but not identical. The vascular muscle of the common iliac, brachial, facial, anterior and posterior mesenteric, and celiac arteries, and the portal vein is less sensitive, and the slope of the dose-response curve more steep to these amines than the previous group. They are more sensitive to l -epinephrine than l -norepinephrnie and the slopes of the dose-response curves for these amines are not the same.
Novel partnerships help poor countries extend access to health services
Authors: T. Richards
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Developing countries that are struggling to provide universal access to health care and meet Millennium Development Goals targets should consider forging new partnerships with mobile phone companies, private consortia, and the voluntary sector, international health and development experts have recommended.

Where traditional public health systems are weak, such partnerships can be the fastest way to provide poor and marginalised groups with essential public health and primary care services, they said at a meeting organised by the Institute for Development Studies at the University of Sussex.

Several innovative initiatives to reach disadvantaged groups in India, Bangladesh, Africa, and Cambodia were presented during the meeting. These underlined the potential of new information technologies and the value of …
THE "DOUBLE BLIND" METHOD: ITS PITFALLS AND FALLACIES
Authors: WERNER TUTEUR
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1958)

A critical review of the so-called "double blind" study reveals pitfalls, fallacies and inadequacies of this method of investigation which in the past has created an unwarranted security in many investigators. The "Worsening" of patients' conditions while on placebos is demoralizing to patients and personnel and the ethics of such a procedure in a patient who is in dire need of active treatment can be questioned. It is imperative that the compound under investigation and the plbcebo have identical appearance and taste, since even disturbed patients, in our experience, are able to differentiate the two drugs by it, thus jeopardizing the most carefully planned and conscientiously carried out project. Side effects occurring on the active compound reveal the identity of the active and inert drug group.
PNEUMOLITH OR BRONCHOLITH
Authors: HERBERT FOX
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The occurrence of pulmonary or bronchial stones coughed up with the sputum is not so common that the observation of a single case on a single occasion does not present data worthy of record. It so happens that just at the time of the appearance of an article on pulmonary calcification by Elliott,<sup>1</sup>two pieces of calcified matter were brought to me by a patient long a sufferer with chronic bronchitis. The causes, distribution, composition and clinical evidences of pulmonary calculi are well brought out by Elliott,<sup>1</sup>by Wells,<sup>2</sup>by Norris and Landis<sup>3</sup>and by Kidd,<sup>4</sup>but there is no extensive collection of literature. I append to this short report a list<sup>5</sup>of the most important articles since Poulalion's thesis in 1892. A few are not listed because of their inaccessibility. There are two principal varieties of pulmonary calcification: one that has its origin
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND ALLIED ORGANISMS
Authors: Philip Hanson Hiss
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1905)

The work carried on under the auspices of the Medical Commission for the Investigation of Acute Respiratory Diseases, at the Bacteriological Laboratory of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, has consisted principally of a comparative study of the morphology, growth characters, fermentative activities, and agglutination reactions of pneumococci and allied organisms isolated by ourselves and the various workers under the Commission. These organisms were from two chief sources: (a) from the mouth and naso-pharynx of supposedly normal persons and persons suffering from minor inflammations of the naso-pharynx, and (b) from definitely pathologic sources, such as pneumonic sputum, pneumonic lungs, empyaema, the circulating blood of pneumonia patients, septicaemias, meningitis, and various minor lesions, usually due to infection with pneumococci. One of the principal objects of the study was to make a careful comparison, in the light of the most recent knowledge of the biology of the pneumococcus and by the aid of the latest biological and technical methods, of the series of organisms from these two sources, and thus to determine definitely the true nature of pneumococcus-like organisms occurring in the mouths of normal persons. The second and equally important object, ultimately dependent, however, upon the solution of the first, was the determination of the frequency of occurrence of typical pneumococci in the mouths of healthy individuals. The investigations detailed in the present paper have dealt chiefly with the first problem and incidentally with the second, and lead to the following conclusions: (a) That organisms, not to be distinguished by morphological characters or by any physiological peculiarities from true pneumococci derived from pathologic sources, occur with frequency in the mouths of healthy persons and those suffering from slight inflammations of the naso pharynx, and that the only permissible and legitimate conclusion is that these organisms are true pneumococci. (b) That there are other organisms in normal mouths and from pathologic sources that morphologically or by staining reactions are not definitely to be distinguished from pneumococci, and can only be recognized by a careful study of their fermentative activities and agglutination reactions. These organisms are non-inulin fermenters. (c) That the organism known as Streptococcus mucosus is at times found in cultivations from the mouths of apparently healthy individuals, and that, although it shows certain peculiarities distinguishing it from the typical pneumococcus, it is probably very closely related to, and a variety of, this species.