tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Usefulness of intraoperative touch smear cytology in breast-conserving surgery.
Authors: K Sumiyoshi, T Nohara, M Iwamoto, S Tanaka, K Kimura, Y Takahashi, M Tsuji, Y Kurisu, N Tanigawa
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #3011 [Objective] In the treatment of breast-conserving surgery, positive margins are closely related to intramammary recurrence, but methods of assessing resection stumps during breast-conserving surgery have not been standardized. The present study investigated the usefulness of intraoperative touch smear cytology at our department.&amp;#x2028; [Subjects and Methods] From 2005 to 2007, a total of 308 patients underwent breast cancer surgery. Subjects comprised 160 patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery and touch smear cytology. Results of touch smear cytology were compared to those of histological tissue analysis.&amp;#x2028; [Results] Touch smear cytology displayed 70% sensitivity (14/20), 97.1% specificity (136/140) and a diagnostic accuracy of 93.8% (150/160). Six false-negative cases and 4 false-positive cases were identified. Of the 6 false-negatives, cancer cells were seen in the mammary duct in 5 cases, and the degree of cancer cell atypia in the stump was low. Residual cancer cells were seen in the stump in 18 cases, and additional resection was performed on 16 cases. Cancer cells were identified histologically in the additionally resected tissue in 8 of these 16 cases (50.0%). The direction of positive cytology was towards the mammary papilla in 16 cases, lateral tissue in 5 cases and contralateral mammary papilla in 2 cases. The tendency was that that the greater the cancer cell volume as assessed by touch smear cytology, the higher the frequency of positive margins as assessed by histological tissue analysis.&amp;#x2028; [Discussion] Histological tissue analysis and touch smear cytology can be performed to assess resection stumps during breast-conserving surgery. Histological tissue analysis is accurate, but: 1) analyzing all areas of a large resection stump is difficult; 2) preparing high-quality frozen sections is difficult due to the high adipose content of breast tissue; 3) assessing the malignancy of intraductal proliferating lesions is difficult; and 4) part of the tissue sample is damaged. Touch smear cytology is easy to perform, offering a very useful technique yielding comparable results to histological tissue analysis. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 3011.
Multiple glomus tumours, Coats' disease and basic fibroblast growth factor
Authors: M. BHUSHAN, S. KUMAR, C.E.M. GRIFFITHS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1997)

We report a patient with multiple glomus tumours and Coats' disease of the retina, an association not previously described. We discuss the possible pathogenesis of these conditions in view of the finding of elevated serum levels of basic fibroblast growth factor.
The Popperian framework, statistical significance, and rejection of chance
Authors: Siu L. Chow
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

That Haig and Sohn find the hypothetico-deductive approach wanting in different ways shows that multiple conditional syllogisms are being used in different stages of theory corroboration in the Popperian approach. The issues raised in the two commentaries assume a different complexion when certain distinctions are made.
Effect of Serotonin, Thromboxane A <sub>2</sub> , and Specific Receptor Antagonists on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation
Authors: Rajbabu Pakala, James T. Willerson, Claude R. Benedict
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Restenosis is a major complication that limits the long-term efficacy of coronary angioplasty. Migration and proliferation of activated medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is considered an important mechanism in this process. Because at sites of vascular injury, aggregating platelets release both serotonin (5-HT) and thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ), we examined whether 5-HT and TXA 2 can induce SMC proliferation and whether there is synergistic interaction between these two mediators. Methods and Results The mitogenic effects of 5-HT and TXA 2 either alone or in combination was examined in serum-free medium on canine aortic SMCs by [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and by cell counting. 5-HT induced SMC proliferation at a concentration of 100 nmol/L, whereas the effect of TXA 2 (U46619, a stable TXA 2 mimetic) on inducing proliferation of SMCs was observed at a concentration of 100 nmol/L. When these two mediators were added together, there was a synergistic interaction on inducing SMC proliferation even at subthreshold concentrations. The mitogenic effect of 5-HT and its synergistic interaction with TXA 2 on SMC proliferation was abolished by a 5-HT 2 receptor antagonist, LY281067, without affecting the contribution of TXA 2 . Similarly, the TXA 2 synthase inhibitor/receptor antagonist ridogrel abolished the mitogenic effect of TXA 2 and the interaction between 5-HT and TXA 2 without affecting the response to 5-HT. When LY281067 and ridogrel were used together, they abolished the mitogenic effects of 5-HT and TXA 2 . Conclusions At sites of vascular injury, platelet-induced SMC proliferation may also be modulated by nonpeptide growth mediators. A combination of a 5-HT 2 receptor antagonist and TXA 2 synthase inhibitor/receptor may be useful for attenuation of restenosis after angioplasty.
Cardiac Na <sup>+</sup> -Ca <sup>2+</sup> Exchange
Authors: Munekazu Shigekawa, Takahiro Iwamoto
Journal: Circulation Research (2001)

Abstract —The Na + -Ca 2+ exchanger (NCX) is one of the essential regulators of Ca 2+ homeostasis in cardiomyocytes and thus an important modulator of the cardiac contractile function. The purpose of this review is to survey recent advances in cardiac NCX research, with particular emphasis on molecular and pharmacological aspects. The NCX function is thought to be regulated by a variety of cellular factors. However, data obtained by use of different experimental systems often appear to be in conflict. Where possible, we endeavor to provide a rational interpretation of such data. We also provide a summary of current work relating to the structure and function of the cardiac NCX. Recent molecular studies of the NCX protein are beginning to shed light on structural features of the ion translocation pathway in the NCX membrane domain, which seems likely to be formed, at least partly, by the phylogenetically conserved α-1 and α-2 repeat structures and their neighboring membrane-spanning segments. Finally, we discuss new classes of NCX inhibitors with improved selectivity. One of these, 2-[2-[4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl]ethyl]isothiourea methanesulfonate (KB-R7943), appears to exhibit unique selectivity for Ca 2+ -influx–mode NCX activity. Data obtained with these inhibitors should provide a basis for designing more selective and clinically useful drugs targeting NCX.
Ascending Aorta-Right Pulmonary Artery Shunt in Infants and Older Patients with Certain Types of Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: WILLIAM F. BERNHARD, JIMMY E. JONES, DAVID Z. FRIEDBERG, S. BERT LITWIN
Journal: Circulation (1971)

A side-to-side anastomosis between the ascending aorta and the right pulmonary artery was created in 80 infants (less than 1 year of age) and in 61 older children with a variety of cyanotic cardiac abnormalities in which there is pulmonary stenosis or atresia. Seventy-one per cent of the infant group and 90% of patients over 1 year of age were long-term survivors (up to 6 years). Tetralogy of Fallot was the most commonly encountered anomaly in all 141 patients (66%); transposition of the great vessels and pulmonary stenosis occurred in 18%; and tricuspid atresia with pulmonary stenosis in 10%. The presence of an excessively large shunt anastomosis (55% of deaths) and additional (unrecognized) other anomalies (26%) were major causes of postoperative deaths. In patients in whom a systemic-pulmonary artery anastomosis is required, this operation is the procedure of choice in infants under 1 year of age. It is also of value in older patients if a Blalock-Taussig shunt cannot be performed.
Chief medical officer names hand hygiene and organ donation as public health priorities
Authors: Michael Day
Journal: BMJ (2007)

the chief medical officer for England, has named, in his latest annual report, "unacceptably poor" hand hygiene in hospitals and the chronic lack of organs for transplantation as the two most pressing public health issues.Despite improvements in some hand hygiene practices, he said, such as more widespread use of alcohol based handrubs, the percentage of healthcare staff complying with hand cleaning protocols seldom exceeded 60%-and was often even lower."Patients find it astonishing and alarming that often nurses and doctors do not routinely wash their hands," said Professor Donaldson."However, they often don't feel able to ask doctors or nurses if they've washed their hands."He said it might be possible to empower patients by providing them with their own alcohol based handrubs, which they would be able to offer to clinical staff.A pilot study to test this was already being organised in an NHS hospital, overseen by the hospital hygiene expert Didier Pittet of the World Health Organization.Professor Donaldson also renewed calls for the introduction of an opt-out system for organ donation, in which it would be assumed that people were willing to donate their organs unless they specified otherwise.This was, he said, vital to save lives "among a group of people who are currently dying at a rate of one a day."He said: "There is a shortage of organs in this country, as there is in other countries, and the situation is getting worse."He acknowledged that parliament had already rejected such an opt-out system, but he added: "Confronted with the worsening situation, people who opposed it in the past may now wish to change their minds.
IOPHENOXIC ACID AND SERUM-BOUND IODINE VALUES
Authors: Robert Shapiro
Journal: JAMA (1960)

In 1957, Astwood 1 reported on a patient with hyperthyroidism whose serum-bound iodine level was 4,200 meg. per 100 ml. A single dose of radioactive iodine led to a clinical remission of the hyperthyroid state but the bound iodine level in the serum remained astronomically elevated. Within a short period of time, a number of other patients presented themselves with serum-bound iodine values of 2,000 to 14,000 meg. per 100 ml. in the face of normal or increased radioactive iodine uptake and normal urinary iodine excretion. Of the 15 patients studied, 9 admitted previous exposure to iodine in one form or another. There remained, however, six patients who were unaware of any exposure to iodine, including radiopaque, diagnostic studies.  An exhaustive chemical and spectroscopic analysis of the serum of the first patient finally led to the isolation of a compound which had the chemical formula of iophenoxic acid (Teridax). A
The Progression of Hypertensive Heart Disease
Authors: Mark H. Drazner
Journal: Circulation (2011)

ypertension remains a major public health problem associated with considerable morbidity and mortality.Hypertensive heart disease is a constellation of abnormalities that includes left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and their clinical manifestations including arrhythmias and symptomatic heart failure.The classic paradigm of hypertensive heart disease is that the left ventricular (LV) wall thickens in response to elevated blood pressure as a compensatory mechanism to minimize wall stress.Subsequently, after a series of poorly characterized events ("transition to failure"), the left ventricle dilates, and the LV ejection fraction (EF) declines (defined herein as "dilated cardiac failure"). 1The purpose of this review is to focus on the key steps in the progression of hypertensive heart disease (Figure 1), highlighting recent advances as well as some unresolved controversies.
Depression and Anxiety in Cancer Patients-Reply
Authors: Leonard R. Derogatis
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> It was somewhat disappointing to learn that our recent research on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among cancer patients was not found to be instructive by Dr Schacter; however, on reading his letter, I believe the reasons for this pedagogic failure are rather clear. The fundamental problem seems to reside with the fact that Dr Schacter does not assign the process of diagnosis the same pivotal status in psychiatric disorders that he presumably does in medicine in general. Taking depression as an example, he fails to discriminate between depression as a normal mood state, a symptom, a clinical syndrome, or a disease entity. Although it may be perfectly "appropriate" and understandable to react to the news of a cancer diagnosis with depressed mood, it is another matter to experience a major affective disorder (depression) concomitantly with cancer. This is particularly true since optimal treatments for the two conditions
An "Unscrewtape" Letter: A Reply to Fred Sander
Authors: THOMAS S. SZASZ
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1969)

The author enlarges on Dr. Fred M. Sander's paper summarizing his views and positions in regard to mental illness and its treatment. The difference between voluntary and involuntary assumption of the sick role is emphasized as one of the principal differences between the practices of medicine and psychiatry. Dr. Szasz believes that the social sciences face a major dilemma in the manipulative tendency to view man as object rather than person.
Bradycardia-Dependent Bundle-Branch Block
Authors: R. A. MASSUMI
Journal: Circulation (1968)

Four cases of bundle-branch block (BBB) occurring with slow heart rates in patients with heart disease are presented. Recognition of bradycardia-dependent BBB is often difficult, and its differentiation from ventricular escape mechanism and from bilateral BBB requires careful analysis. A set of five criteria based on our own observations is presented with a review of the literature. The responsible mechanism for this seemingly paradoxical situation is not known. However, spontaneous depolarization of one or the other of the bundle branches in late stages of diastole appears to be the most plausible explanation.
Interleukin 1 administration in mice produces hypoferremia despite neutropenia.
Authors: V R Gordeuk, P Prithviraj, T Dolinar, G M Brittenham
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

To determine whether the hypoferremic response to inflammation requires neutrophils, we administered human recombinant IL-1 to mice made neutropenic with cyclophosphamide. With single intraperitoneal injections of IL-1 the plasma iron concentrations decreased significantly in mice with either normal neutrophil counts or neutropenia. After single injections transferrin concentrations were not significantly changed, but the decrease in serum iron lowered mean transferrin saturations from a baseline of 45 to 24-30% in nonneutropenic mice, and from 99 to 70-77% in neutropenic mice. Similar changes were observed after intraperitoneal injections of Escherichia coli. 4-d continuous infusions of IL-1 also led to reductions in serum iron concentrations, but transferrin concentrations doubled. The combination of a decrease in serum iron and an increase in transferrin concentration after chronic infusion in neutropenic mice led to a greater decline in mean transferrin saturations, from a baseline of 110 to 25%. In mice not given cyclophosphamide, chronic IL-1 infusion was associated with a reduction in mean hemoglobin concentrations from 14.7 to 13.5 g/dl, consistent with restricted availability of iron for erythropoiesis associated with low saturation of transferrin. We conclude that IL-1 can decrease the serum iron despite profound peripheral neutropenia and that transferrin in a positive acute phase reactant in the mouse.
White Coat Hypertension
Authors: Robert C. Goodlin
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Whether the blood pressure measurement is done by the physician, laboratory technician, nurse, or the patient himself, especially if the physician has a busy office practice and no time for more than one blood pressure measurement. In the "Patients and Methods" section of their article, the authors stated that "the physician blood pressure readings were taken by a male physician with a conventional mercury sphygmomanometer, and these readings were the averages of at least two visits, separated by at least two weeks, excluding the patients' first visit to the center." Therefore, I assume that only one reading was taken at each visit; the averaging of at least two visits excluding the first visit will not solve the problem, as both readings might be elevated. Such a problem, of course, would not occur with ambulatory monitoring in which multiple readings are taken. <h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Pickering and colleagues<sup>1</sup>described "white
MODERN METHODS OF MEDICAL INSTRUCTION.
Authors: HENRY BAIRD FAVILL
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Faculty: My interest in this matter is not greater than my marvel at the enormous advance which has occurred within the short space of years, since 1880, when my medical college experience commenced. And yet in drawing the comparison, which so forcibly presents itself, I must declare that it is not to the discredit of the early day, any more than that day was a rebuke to its predecessor. I believe that you will agree with me, that medical education offered to students at that day was as nearly abreast of the education possible for them, as is our present exhibition an approach to the present possibility. The great difference in spirit which strikes me as occurring in respect to medical education in general, lies in the attitude of the public toward the profession or more exactly of the State toward the medical school.
CYSTIC DISEASE OF KIDNEYS WITH PYURIA AND HAEMORRHAGES
Authors: T. Carwardine, G. P. Bletchly
Journal: BMJ (1908)

ia Txz-DBRnuA 2 middle line and down into the left iliac fossa.She complained ,f pain in the left iliac region and frequent micturition, accom- panied by a bearing down pain.The tumour was slightly mobile, and was dull in the flank as well as elsewhere.The urine was normal.The diagnosis lay between hydronephrosis and an intra-abdominal cyst.Chromocystoscopy was resorted .to,when both ureters were seen to be expelling coloured jets of equal intensity and equal frequency.The renal origin of the tumour was, therefore, negatived, and the abdomen opened to the outer side of the left rectus muscle.
ABC of 1 to 7 (revised). Sleep problems.
Authors: H B Valman
Journal: BMJ (1987)

t te aNormal patterns History SLEEP PROBLEMS Some children will not sleep when they are put to bed, but the most distressing problem for parents is those who keep waking in the night or wake in the early morning.The mother rapidly becomes exhausted, and marital discord may follow while the child remains fresh.Sleep problems are common.Twenty per cent of infants wake early or in the night at the age of 2, and it is still a problem in 10% at 42.Between these ages the symptoms resolve in some children but appear for the first time in others.Drugs may cause irritability and sleep problems-for instance, theophylline preparations for bronchial asthma or phenobarbitone for febrile convulsions.During the first few weeks of life some babies sleep almost continuously for the 24 hours -whereas others sleep for only about 12 hours.This pattern of needing little sleep may persist so that by the age of 1 year an infant may wake regularly at 2 am and remain awake for two hours or more.As these infants approach the age of 3 they sExy - tend to wake at 6 am and then remain awake for the rest of the day. Iii.Many 2-year-old children sleep for an hour or two in the afternoons, and some have a similar amount of sleep in the mornings as well.A child who spends four hours of the day sleeping may spend four hours of the night awake.Parents often worry that an infant is suffering
Abstract 3937: Global methylation patterns, genome copy number alterations and expression analysis distinguish two distinct subclasses of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kate Revill, Wang Tim, Charles L. GInther, Lee Anderson, Alexey Aleshin, Ronald W. Busuttil, Scott Powers, Richard S. Finn
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a devastating disease ranking as the third most frequent cause of cancer deaths worldwide. In the US, the incidence of HCC tripled between 1975 and 2005 and at present day survival rates are as low as 20% due to limited treatment options. Future therapeutic advances rely on a greater understanding of the full range of genetic and epigenetic defects displayed by this cancer. Recent advances in whole genome methylation profiling have allowed us to investigate these alterations in a cohort of HCC and normal liver samples. Methods: Using the Illumina Infinium platform, we analyzed the methylation patterns in over 50 human HCC and normal liver samples obtained from surgical resection and transplant specimens. We also investigated the expression and gene copy number (CGH) status on the same cohort using the Agilent platform. Findings: We have been able to identify two very distinct groups of HCC based on their methylation status. In each class of tumors, there are both hypo- and hypermethylated genes relative to normal liver. Several of these tumor-specific alterations have been validated by pyrosequencing. In one class of tumors, many genes that are normally repressed by polycomb group proteins in stem cells are hypermethylated, consistent with the tumor cell of origin being a progenitor stem cell. The other class of tumors does not show this association and are likely to originate from a different cell of origin. Intriguingly, these two classes also correspond to distinct groups based on both DNA copy number analysis and expression analysis. Conclusion: Combining these three independent methods of global analysis; expression profiling, epigenome analysis and CGH data, we have identified a robust new classification scheme for HCC. This approach should provide insight for future therapeutic advances. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3937. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3937