tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Review: In women 39 to 69 years of age, screening with mammography reduces breast cancer mortality
Authors: Laura Rees Willett
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

ACP Journal Club16 February 2010Review: In women 39 to 69 years of age, screening with mammography reduces breast cancer mortalityLaura Rees Willett, MD, FACPLaura Rees Willett, MD, FACPUMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA (L.R.W.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-152-4-201002160-02007 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationNelson HD, Tyne K, Naik A, et al. Screening for breast cancer: an update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:727-37. [PMID https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19920273]Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: References1 Lin GA, Dudley RA, Redberg RF. Why physicians favor use of percutaneous coronary intervention to medical therapy: a focus group study. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23:1458−63. [PMID: 18618192] Google Scholar2 Rockhill B, Spiegelman D, Byrne C, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA. Validation of the Gail et al. model of breast cancer risk prediction and implications for chemoprevention. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:358−66. [PMID: 11238697] Google Scholar3 Kerlikowske K, Carney PA, Geller B, et al. Performance of screening mammography among women with and without a first-degree relative with breast cancer. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:855−63. [PMID: 11103055] Google Scholar4 Kriege M, Brekelmans CT, Boetes C, et al. Efficacy of MRI and mammography for breast-cancer screening in women with a familial or genetic predisposition. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:427-37. [PMID: 15282350] Google Scholar5 Berg WA, Blume JD, Cormack JB, et al. Combined screening with ultrasound and mammography vs mammography alone in women at elevated risk of breast cancer. JAMA 2008;299:2151-63. [PMID: 18477782] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA (L.R.W.)This article was published at Annals.org on 2 February 2010. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byHigh survivin mRNA expression is a predictor of poor prognosis in breast cancer: a comparative study at the mRNA and protein levelProteomic Profiling of Mammary Carcinomas Identifies C7orf24, a γ-Glutamyl Cyclotransferase, as a Potential Cancer Biomarker 16 February 2010Volume 152, Issue 4Page: JC2-7KeywordsBreast cancerBreast cancer screeningBreast self-examinationCancer screeningMammographyMortalityResearch designRisk assessmentsSystematic reviews ePublished: 16 February 2010 Issue Published: 16 February 2010 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2010 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Surgical Face Masks Worn by Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: Ashwin S. Dharmadhikari, Matsie Mphahlele, Anton Stoltz, Kobus Venter, Rirhandzu Mathebula, Thabiso Masotla, Willem Lubbe, Marcello Pagano, Melvin First, Paul A. Jensen, Martie van der Walt, Edward A. Nardell
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

Drug-resistant tuberculosis transmission in hospitals threatens staff and patient health. Surgical face masks used by patients with tuberculosis (TB) are believed to reduce transmission but have not been rigorously tested.We sought to quantify the efficacy of surgical face masks when worn by patients with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB).Over 3 months, 17 patients with pulmonary MDR-TB occupied an MDR-TB ward in South Africa and wore face masks on alternate days. Ward air was exhausted to two identical chambers, each housing 90 pathogen-free guinea pigs that breathed ward air either when patients wore surgical face masks (intervention group) or when patients did not wear masks (control group). Efficacy was based on differences in guinea pig infections in each chamber.Sixty-nine of 90 control guinea pigs (76.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 68-85%) became infected, compared with 36 of 90 intervention guinea pigs (40%; 95% CI, 31-51%), representing a 56% (95% CI, 33-70.5%) decreased risk of TB transmission when patients used masks.Surgical face masks on patients with MDR-TB significantly reduced transmission and offer an adjunct measure for reducing TB transmission from infectious patients.
Coexpression of B7-1 and viral (“self”) transgenes in pancreatic β cells can break peripheral ignorance and lead to spontaneous autoimmune diabetes
Authors: Matthias G. von Herrath, Sylvia Guerder, Hanna Lewicki, Richard A. Flavell, Michael B.A. Oldstone
Journal: Immunity (1995)

We evaluated the role of the costimulatory molecule B7-1 in overcoming peripheral ignorance in transgenic mice, which expressed the glycoprotein (GP) or nucleoprotein (NP) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) as the self-antigen in pancreatic beta cells. The viral transgenes or B7-1 alone did not induce autoimmune diabetes (IDDM). However, in bigenic mice expressing B7-1 and LCMV-GP, anti-self (viral) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were activated without viral infection and spontaneous IDDM occurred. In contrast, bigenic RIP-B7-1 x RIP-NP mice with thymic expression of the self (viral-NP) antigen deleted the majority of their autoreactive CTL and did not develop spontaneous IDDM. However, these mice developed fast-onset IDDM 14 days after LCMV infection, whereas single-transgenic RIP-NP littermates developed IDDM only within 4-5 months. Rapid IDDM was associated with increased numbers of anti-self CTL and a predominance of IFN gamma produced by islet-infiltrating lymphocytes, whereas single transgenic RIP-NP littermates with slow-onset IDDM displayed less anti-self CTL and more IL-4- and IL-10-producing T lymphocytes in pancreatic infiltrates.
Prognostic Value of Hypercapnia in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Failure during Long-term Oxygen Therapy
Authors: AKIRA AIDA, KENJI MIYAMOTO, MASAHARU NISHIMURA, MIYOJI AIBA, SHIRO KIRA, YOSHIKAZU KAWAKAMI
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

Hypercapnia observed in patients with chronic respiratory failure may not be an ominous sign for prognosis when they are receiving long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT). In this study, we selected 4,552 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 3,028 with sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis (TBsq) receiving LTOT from 1985 to 1993 throughout Japan and prospectively analyzed their prognoses. The hypercapnic patients (PaCO2 ⩾ 45 mm Hg) had a better prognosis than the normocapnic patients (35 ⩽ PaCO2 < 45 mm Hg) for TBsq, but no difference was found between the two groups with COPD. Furthermore, Cox's proportional hazards model revealed that in TBsq hypercapnia was an independent factor for favorable prognosis, and that the relative risk for mortality was 0.76 in patients with 45 ⩽ PaCO2 < 55 mm Hg, 0.64 for those with 55 ⩽ PaCO2 < 65 mm Hg, and 0.49 for patients with PaCO2 ⩾ 65 mm Hg against normocapnic patients. This favorable effect of hypercapnia in TBsq was particularly apparent in the patients without severe airway obstruction. Even a rise of 5 mm Hg or more in PaCO2 over the initial 6- to 18-mo follow-up period was not associated with poor prognosis in TBsq, although it was in COPD. From these findings, we conclude that hypercapnia should not be generally considered an ominous sign for prognosis in those patients who receive LTOT.
Declining Participation in Research Studies
Authors: Cynthia L. Arfken, Richard Balon
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2011)

researchers quickly mentioned ‘above 90%’, ‘80%’ or ‘60%’ as the target participation rate for recruitment. From this admittedly convenience sample, it appears that informal standards are being used. On the one hand, a selected number has the same drawback as using p = 0.05 to determine statistical significance. With 80% as the arbitrary target, 80.1% would be deemed scientifically acceptable and 79.9% would be rejected. Picking such a magical number would mean that people would invent, and have invented, ways to inflate their participation rate to reach an ‘acceptable’ rate. Due to this creativity, it is critical that the calculation of the participation rates for recruitment and for follow-up, when applicable, are reported. This transparency is reflected in the CONSORT requirement of presenting the flow of participants throughout a clinical trial. The second drawback to identifying a participation rate as acceptable is more insidious. As anything short of 100% participation in any kind of study has the potential of bias, it is vital to the interpretation of findings that the pattern of nonparticipation, like the pattern of missing values when selecting analytical strategies, be examined for bias. The US census has a high participation using a mixed mode of data collection (postal survey followed by in person interviews) but systematically misses disadvantaged people. In contrast, the ongoing telephone-administered US Behavioral Risk Factor Survey has a participation rate below 60% but no evidence of bias. Examining for bias can involve multiple steps. For studies with follow-up, the analysis includes contrasting who was lost to follow-up (and why) to those for whom the researcher has data. For recruitment, the approach is more difficult. Galea and Tracy [1] highlight increased Introduction
Embryonic and Adult-Derived Resident Cardiac Macrophages Are Maintained through Distinct Mechanisms at Steady State and during Inflammation
Authors: Slava Epelman, Kory J. Lavine, Anna E. Beaudin, Dorothy K. Sojka, Javier A. Carrero, Boris Calderon, Thaddeus Brija, Emmanuel L. Gautier, Stoyan Ivanov, Ansuman T. Satpathy, Joel D. Schilling, Reto Schwendener, Ismail Sergin, Babak Razani, E. Camilla Forsberg, Wayne M. Yokoyama, Emil R. Unanue, Marco Colonna, Gwendalyn J. Randolph, Douglas L. Mann
Journal: Immunity (2014)
Paradoxes and Misconceptions in Leprosy
Authors: Harry L. Arnold
Journal: JAMA (1966)

One of the oldest generalizations about leprosy, and one of the few which has not been generally accepted as fallacious, is the hoary cliche which says that its origin is "lost in the mists of antiquity." What disease's origin isn't? And how old is antiquity? At any rate, the fact is that no descriptions of anything like leprosy can be found before the fifth or sixth century before Christ, around which time the Susruta Samhita described leprosy in India and Suwen described it in China. Herodotus and Plutarch thought it was described in Persia at about this time, as well. <h3>Biblical "Leprosy" Was Not Leprosy.—</h3> Everyone knows, of course, that leprosy is mentioned frequently and in considerable detail in the Bible. It is, indeed. The detail is sufficient to suggest strongly that the disease or diseases so named in the Bible were not leprosy at all. In fact, there is
The Prescription of Antimicrobics in Hospitals.
Authors: Hobart A. Reimann
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1966)

s1 May 1966The Prescription of Antimicrobics in Hospitals.Hobart A. Reimann, M.D., F.A.C.P.Hobart A. Reimann, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-64-5-1169_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo obtain an idea of the amount of antimicrobics currently prescribed, the chief pharmacists of a number of large hospitals in Philadelphia and elsewhere were requested to prepare lists of the amounts of antimicrobics dispensed in an average month and their cost to patients. The figures obtained varied widely in hospitals of comparable bed capacity, from $1,000 to $16,000 monthly, or about $12,000 to $190,000 annually. Low figures generally were from governmental hospitals where the staff is limited to small numbers of full-time physicians, and prescription is well controlled.In one hospital, the cost to patients for antimicrobics was 60%... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1966Volume 64, Issue 5Page: 1169-1169KeywordsPharmacists Issue Published: 1 May 1966 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Renal potassium channels: An overview
Authors: Gerhard Giebisch
Journal: Kidney International (1995)

The introduction of the patch-clamp technique by Neher and Sackmann [1, 2] has led to the successful exploration of potassium (K) channels in the kidney, allowing the definition of their properties, localization along the nephron and their regulation [3–6]. Such information has been useful in understanding not only important aspects of K transport in the kidney, but also has provided new insights into the mechanisms by which ion and fluid homeostasis of tubule cells is achieved [5].  In this brief overview, the principles of the patch-clamp technique are described, attention drawn to the role of K channels in various tubule functions, and the sites and properties of specific K channels along the nephron defined to highlight key aspects of their physiological regulation.
Relationship between epicardial ST-segment elevation, regional myocardial blood flow, and extent of myocardial infarction in awake dogs.
Authors: R G Irvin, F R Cobb
Journal: Circulation (1977)

This study was designed to examine the relationship between epicardial ST change (EpST) and regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) following coronary occlusion and extent of myocardial infarction (MI) in awake dogs. Fifteen min and two hr after coronary occlusion simultaneous measurements of EpST and RMBF were made. Six days later histologic MI and RMBF were determined in transmural myocardial samples from each electrode site. Greatest ST elevation occurred at sites of greatest ischemia and MI. However, 15 min after occlusion 29% of sites with greater than 50% MI and 39% of sites with greater than 50% reduction in RMBF did not demonstrate ST elevation greater than 2 mV. There were poor correlations between EpST and MI (r = 0.59) and RMBF (r = 0.57). Comparable relationships were observed two hr after occlusion. In the present study, there were not close quantitative or qualitative relationships between EpST and MI or RMBF. A good correlation was observed between RMBF at two hr and MI (r = 0.89).
1116-29 Role of the lipoxygenase-1 receptor in transducing the apoptotic signals of circulating atherogenic low-density lipoprotein
Authors: Jonathan Lu, Hsin-Hung Chen, Shinichi Suzuki, Chao-Yuh Yang, Philip D Henry, Tatsuya Sawamura, Chu-Huang Chen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Role of ion exchangers in mediating NaCl transport in the proximal tubule
Authors: Peter S. Aronson
Journal: Kidney International (1996)

The reabsorption of NaCl in the proximal tubule occurs passively through the paracellular pathway, and actively by a transcellular route. Transcellular NaCl transport involves Na(+)-coupled Cl- entry across the apical membrane by two mechanisms involving Cl(-)-organic anion exchange. One mechanism is Cl(-)-formate exchange with recycling of formate from lumen to cell by H(+)-coupled formate transport in parallel with Na(+)-H+ exchange. A second mechanism is Cl(-)-oxalate exchange with recycling of oxalate from lumen to cell by oxalate-sulfate exchange in parallel with Na(+)-sulfate cotransport. Cl- exit across the basolateral membrane is most likely mediated by Cl- channels. Apical membrane Na(+)-H+ exchange is involved in mediating both NaHCO3 and NaCl reabsorption in the proximal tubule. Immunocytochemical studies indicate that NHE3 is the principal Na(+)-H+ exchanger isoform expressed on the brush border membrane. Detection of NHE3 in a subapical, intracellular, vesicular compartment in proximal tubule cells is consistent with its possible regulation by membrane trafficking. That NHE3 is the isoform responsible for apical membrane Na(+)-H+ exchange activity is supported by studies of inhibitor sensitivity, and by studies demonstrating increased expression of NHE3 protein in association with enhanced Na(+)-H+ exchange activity during renal maturation and in response to glucocorticoids and metabolic acidosis.
Robo4 stabilizes the vascular network by inhibiting pathologic angiogenesis and endothelial hyperpermeability
Authors: Christopher A Jones, Nyall R London, Haoyu Chen, Kye Won Park, Dominique Sauvaget, Rebecca A Stockton, Joshua D Wythe, Wonhee Suh, Frederic Larrieu-Lahargue, Yoh-suke Mukouyama, Per Lindblom, Pankaj Seth, Antonio Frias, Naoyuki Nishiya, Mark H Ginsberg, Holger Gerhardt, Kang Zhang, Dean Y Li
Journal: Nature Medicine (2008)
PROJECTIONS FOR COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
Authors: JACK R. EWALT
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1966)

As we have stressed in the training of our medical students, we ourselves must be prepared to practice whatever technique each patient requires. As we continue to deal with problems newly brought to us by the public, we must ask ourselves how much our new solutions are directed to patients' problems and how much to our need to resolve our own anxiety. Avoiding enthusiasms and doctrinaire positions, we must leave our doors open for the new idea, or the old, in order to meet the problems and opportunities which confront us.
A STIMULANT TO DNA SYNTHESIS IN GUINEA-PIG EAR EPIDERMIS
Authors: ELIZABETH HELL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1970)

SUMMARY.– Experiments reported in this paper show that grinding up skin in tissue culture medium can release a potent stimulant to epidermal cells, causing them to go into DNA synthesis within 4 hr. in vitro. Some progress has been made in elucidating the nature of this stimulant, but it is not yet characterized. A possible role in wound healing is discussed.
Number Of Lymphocytes B Cd23 Positive And Soluble Concentration Of Cd23: Relation With Concentrations De Ige In Umbilical Cord Blood Of Newborn, In Children Of Mothers With And Without Allergic Antecedents
Authors: M. E. Flores Chávez, M.R. Chacon de Petrola, J. Ascanio, J.V. Baldissera, J. Castro, M.E. Malave, M.T. Pacheco de Toro, M.G. Colmenares, H. Guevara
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
FIXATION OF THE PROLAPSED KIDNEY.
Authors: AUGUSTIN H. GOELET
Journal: JAMA (1903)

That so many modifications of this operation have been made since it was originally attempted by Hahn in 1881 is the best evidence of the necessity of correcting prolapse of the kidney by permanent fixation, despite the opposition to operative interference in some quarters by those who favor belts and corsets. It suggests also the possible inefficiency of many of these procedures. Almost every well-known surgeon has some special technic of his own, but few of them have many followers. It is my purpose in submitting here a technic of my own, which I have employed now for nearly three years and have found uniformly successful, to point out some of the causes of failure with this operation and show how it may be made successful and satisfactory. The inadequacy of belts or corsets or any other form of external support when the kidney has descended below the border of the
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Authors: A.D. Jorge, C. Esley
Journal: Endoscopy (1985)

Primary sclerosing cholangitis was diagnosed in 6 patients (4 men and 2 women), with ages ranging from 33 to 71 years. Four of them had ulcerative colitis, with an evolution from 8 to 21 years, the other two had Crohn's disease with 2 and 3 years of evolution. 66% of the patients had pain in the right upper quadrant; 50% complained of itching, 33% presented with fever, jaundice, weight loss and hepatomegaly and 16% had splenomegaly. 50% of these patients were diagnosed as having Sjörgren's syndrome. Alkaline phosphatase and gamma GT were elevated in 100% of the cases; SGOT and SGPT were slightly elevated in all cases; bilirubin was elevated only in 50% of the cases. Cholelithiasis was found in 2 patients with Crohn's disease and 1 patient with ulcerative colitis. All were subjected to laparoscopy. 2 of them were diagnosed as having persistent chronic hepatitis and the remaining patient had hepatic fibrosis. ERCP revealed alterations in the intrahepatic ducts and there was stenosis of the end of the common bile duct in one of them. The most frequent histological findings were periportal reactions with lymphocytes, plasma cells of macrophages, and periductal fibrosis with obliteration of the canaliculae.
Fe-52 Imaging of Intrathoracic Extramedullary Hematopoiesis in a Patient With β-Thalassemia
Authors: BRUCE K. ADAMS, PETER JACOBS, MICHAEL J. BYRNE, ARTHUR R. BIRD, JOHN BONIACZSZUK
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

Fe-52 scintigraphy was used to confirm extramedullary hematopoiesis in a patient with beta-thalassemia and intrathoracic masses. Imaging was performed on a standard gamma camera with a high-energy collimator. Tc-99m labeled tin colloid and In-111 chloride scintigraphy failed to reveal uptake by the masses. The exclusion of malignancy obviated the need for invasive diagnostic measures.
MEPs criticise European Medicines Agency over staffing and conflicts of interest
Authors: R. Watson
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The European parliament has refused to sign off the 2009 budget of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) after members of the parliament complained that the London based agency had failed to tighten up its accounting and personnel procedures or to deal with possible conflicts of interests among staff and advisers.

The unusual decision to refuse to grant discharge is an embarrassment for the agency and comes after earlier criticism of the 2009 accounts of almost €200m (£175m; $284m) by the European Union’s financial watchdog, the Court of Auditors.

In their inspection the auditors pointed to the …
Reuse of disposable plastic insulin syringes.
Authors: B M Fisher, C Heatley, M Small
Journal: BMJ (1991)

Ititial atndfollow tup data otn 20 x'oungfrmales with ketoacidotic brittle diabetes.l aliecs are m1eani (SD) unlless stated otherwise Follow up Initial assessment assessment (01979-85) 1989)* pV'alue No of subjects 20 18 Age(years) 18 8 (4 1) 26-6(4-4) Duration of diabctes (sears: 7-7 (4 2) 15-7 (4-4) WVeight (kg 64-4 (9-7) 65-6 (8-3) NS InsuliI dose (units/dav) 145 (46) 69 (18) <0 005 No injecting insulin: Subcutaneousl\ 14 16 Intramuscularly 4 2 Intravenously 2Glycated haemoglobiit (OO)14-1 (3-4) 13-5 (4-2) NS No ot hospital admissions in past year 14-5 (10 2) 1-9(2-9) <0-001No with complications 0 (0) 6 (33) <0-02 *Follow up was for a nmean of 8-2 vears.pancreatic segmental transplant, which had failed.The clinical characteristics of the patients provided no explanation for their resistant instability.
Aid convoys are hampered by destroyed roads and bridges
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Large areas of Lebanon are being put out of reach of humanitarian aid, after Israeli air strikes cut roads and bridges linking Beirut to the outside world.

On Monday the United Nations' humanitarian coordinator in Lebanon, David Shearer, called on the Israel Defence Forces to cease “bombardment of civilian infrastructure” and urged “all parties in this conflict to adhere to their obligations under international humanitarian law with regard to civilians.”

Tyre and the far south were cut off on Monday …