tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Amoebic abscess in the cirrhotic liver.
Authors: J M Falaiye, G C Okeke, A O Fregene
Journal: Gut (1980)

Though amoebic liver abscess and liver cirrhosis occur very commonly in hospital practice in the tropics, they have not to the knowledge of the present authors hitherto been reported to occur simultaneously in the same patient. The patient described here, who had clear-cut clinical and histological features of chronic liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension and ascites, presented somewhat acutely with liver pain and an amoebic liver abscess that contained 9chocolate sauce9 on needle aspiration. The amoebic abscess, although, no doubt, superimposed on chronic irreversible cirrhosis, rapidly regressed on metronidazole therapy. The infrequency with which liver abscess and liver cirrhosis coexist cannot be satisfactorily explained. It is probable, however, that extensive scarring in the liver may prevent entamoeba histolytica from thriving.
Power and Illness: The Failure and Future of American Health Policy
Authors: Bernard S. Bloom
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Good policy requires a strategic focus, the antithesis of conventional wisdom—if it ain't broke, don't fix it.  US health care system can never be accused of taking a strategic, systems view of its health problems. Dr Fox opens his analysis of health policy by noting immediately, The contemporary disarray in health affairs in the United States is a result of history. It is the cumulative result of inattention to the burden of chronic disabling illness. I would add that it is also the result of political characteristics (pluralism, individualism, divided government powers), social ethos (volunteerism, lack of consensus), and economic perspective (capitalism, uncritical reliance on the mythic market).   central theme is that combating infection and other acute disease has been the main force distorting every aspect of US health care policy, even though chronic disease was recognized by the 1920s as the major health issue. However, Dr Fox
A Trial of Darbepoetin Alfa in Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Marc A Pfeffer, Emmanuel A. Burdmann, Chao Yin Chen, Mark E. Cooper, Dick de Zeeuw, Kai Uwe Eckardt, Jan M. Feyzi, Peter Ivanovich, Reshma Kewalramani, Andrew S Levey, Eldrin Foster Lewis, Janet B McGill, John J V McMurray, Patrick S. Parfrey, Hans Henrik Parving, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Ajay K. Singh, Scott D Solomon, Robert Toto
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Anemia is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and renal events among patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Although darbepoetin alfa can effectively increase hemoglobin levels, its effect on clinical outcomes in these patients has not been adequately tested.
Use of waist circumference to predict insulin resistance: retrospective study
Authors: Hans Wahrenberg, Katarina Hertel, Britt-Marie Leijonhufvud, Lars-Göran Persson, Eva Toft, Peter Arner
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Insulin resistance is an important pathogenic factor in common metabolic disorders.No easy clinical test exists for predicting the insulin resistance of an individual.We assessed how effectively different anthropometric measurements and biochemical markers used in clinical practice can predict insulin sensitivity.
Physical activity energy expenditure measured using a portable telemetric device in comparison with a mass spectrometer
Authors: C Maiolo, G Melchiorri, L Iacopino, S Masala, A De Lorenzo
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2003)

Background: Several studies have evaluated the accuracy of portable metabolic gas analysis systems, which measure physical activity energy expenditure. Since the Cosmed K2 telemetric system, two K4 devices (RQ and b2) have been developed. Objective: To compare measurements using the Cosmed K4 RQ with measurements by a traditional method (mass spectrometer) for a sample of healthy subjects performing physical exercise of various intensities. Methods: Nine healthy male footballers (mean (SD) age 18.3 (2.2) years) performed an incremental exercise running test from 8 km/h to exhaustion, with an increase of 2 km/h for each level of the test protocol. The expired air was collected simultaneously using the Cosmed K4 RQ and Airspec QP9000 mass spectrometer. Oxygen consumption (V o 2 ) and carbon dioxide production (V co 2 ) were measured at rest and at each exercise intensity. Results: No significant differences were found between V o 2 and V co 2 measured by the two instruments, at rest or during exercise. Conclusions: The application of the Cosmed K4 RQ system for V o 2 and V co 2 measurements at rest and during both submaximal and maximal exercise may be of interest to sport physiologists, nutritionists, and doctors.
Effects of the floods on dysentery in north central region of Henan Province, China from 2004 to 2009
Authors: Wei Ni, Guoyong Ding, Yifei Li, Hongkai Li, Qiyong Liu, Baofa Jiang
Journal: Journal of Infection (2014)

ObjectivesZhengzhou, Kaifeng and Xinxiang, the cities in the north central region of Henan Province, suffered from many times floods from 2004 to 2009. We focused on dysentery disease consequences of floods and examined the association between floods and the morbidity of dysentery, based on a longitudinal data.MethodsA generalized additive mixed model was conducted to examine the relationship between the monthly morbidity of dysentery and floods from 2004 to 2009 in the study areas. The relative risks (RRs) of the floods risk on the morbidity of dysentery were estimated in each city and the whole region.ResultsThe RRs on dysentery were 11.47 (95% CI: 8.67–15.33), 1.35 (95% CI: 1.23–3.90) and 2.75 (95% CI: 1.36–4.85) in Kaifeng, Xinxiang and Zhengzhou, respectively. The RR on dysentery in the whole region was 1.66 (95% CI: 1.52–1.82).ConclusionsOur study confirms that flooding has significantly increased the risk of dysentery in the study areas. Additionally, we observed that a sudden and severe flooding can contribute more risk to the morbidity of dysentery than a persistent and moderate flooding. Our findings have significant implications for developing strategies to prevent and reduce health impact of floods.
Estimated Risk of Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus by Screened Blood in the United States
Authors: Eve M. Lackritz, Glen A. Satten, John Aberle-Grasse, Roger Y. Dodd, Vincent P. Raimondi, Robert S. Janssen, W. Frank Lewis, Edward P. Notari, Lyle R. Petersen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

In the United States, transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by blood transfusion occurs almost exclusively when a recently infected blood donor is infectious but before antibodies to HIV become detectable (during the "window period"). We estimated the risk of HIV transmission caused by transfusion on the basis of the window period associated with the use of current, sensitive enzyme immunosorbent assays and recent data on HIV incidence among blood donors.We analyzed demographic and laboratory data on more than 4.1 million blood donations obtained in 1992 and 1993 in 19 regions served by the American National Red Cross, as well as the results of HIV-antibody tests of 4.9 million donations obtained in an additional 23 regions.We estimated that, in the 19 study regions, 1 donation in every 360,000 (95 percent confidence interval, 210,000 to 1,140,000) was made during the window period. In addition, it is estimated that 1 in 2,600,000 donations was HIV-seropositive but was not identified as such because of an error in the laboratory. We estimated that 15 to 42 percent of window-period donations were discarded because they were seropositive on laboratory tests other than the HIV-antibody test. When these results were extrapolated to include the additional 23 Red Cross service regions, there was a risk of one case of HIV transmission for every 450,000 to 660,000 donations of screened blood. If the Red Cross centers are assumed to be representative of all U.S. blood centers, among the 12 million donations collected nationally each year an estimated 18 to 27 infectious donations are available for transfusion.The estimated risk of transmitting HIV by the transfusion of screened blood is very small and nearly half that estimated previously, primarily because the sensitivity of enzyme immunosorbent assays has been improved.
Elucidation of catalytic specificities of human cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase enzymes and relevance to molecular epidemiology.
Authors: F P Guengerich, T Shimada, K D Raney, C H Yun, D J Meyer, B Ketterer, T M Harris, J D Groopman, F F Kadlubar
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1992)

A number of different approaches have been used to determine the catalytic selectivity of individual human enzymes toward procarcinogens. Studies with cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and glutathione S-transferases are summarized here, and recent work with pyrrolizidine alkaloids, aflatoxins, 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline), and ethyl carbamate is discussed. In some cases a single enzyme can catalyze both activation and detoxication reactions of a chemical. The purification and characterization of human lung P4501A1 and the development of a noninvasive assay for human P4502E1 are also described.
GP incentive scheme has had little effect on health inequalities in England
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The incentive scheme for GPs in England, the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF), has failed to lead to better health promotion in deprived areas, research has shown.

The study, which was carried out by the health think tank the King’s Fund and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and was based on an analysis of qualitative data and interviews, found that the framework has “promoted a medicalised and mechanistic approach to managing chronic disease which does not support holistic, patient-centred care or promote self care and self management.”

QOF, introduced in 2004, rewards GPs for meeting a range of quality targets, such as on managing coronary heart disease, heart failure, and hypertension; cervical screening; and surveillance of child health. The study acknowledges that reducing …
Abstract 3210: Supercritical extract of Azadirachta indica in chemoprevention of colon cancer
Authors: Roxanne Khoogar, Keya Mukhophadyay, Jay Morris, Girish Soman, Michael Wargovich
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract The leaves bark, and seed of Azadirachta Indica (Neem tree) have long been used in Ayurvedic medicine for health benefits. We have investigated a Supercritical CO2 Neem Extract (SCNE) in human colon cancer cell lines for chemopreventive potential. A SCNE of leaf was procured from Nisarga Ltd, Sartara, India and subjected to HPLC and LC-MS to develop of signature of triterpenoids with potential cancer preventive activity. One compound, nimbolide, suggested to account for anti-proliferative activity against cancer cells was found to be present in the extract. The effects of the SCNE were determined on HT29 and HCT116 human colon cancer cell lines. The proliferative activity of HT29 and HCT116 cells were studied after 48 and 72 hours treatment with SCNE and Nimbolide at various concentrations. We also evaluated the effects of SCNE and nimbolide on cell cycle parameters, and examined relevant proteins associated with cancer cell proliferation. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry and confirmed a pre-apoptotic peak in SCNE treated HCT116 cells. The modulation of apoptotic markers (intrinsic pathway: Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3, 9), proliferation pathway (cyclin D1) were studied at the protein and mRNA level. Treatment with SCNE and Nimbolide in a range from 8- 18 µg/ml resulted in dose -dependent growth inhibition in 48 and 72 hours. At these concentrations SCNE caused changes in cyclin D1. The induction of apoptosis by SCNE in HT29 and HCT116 was shown by caspase activation, cleavage of PARP, increased levels of pro-apoptotic protein Bax, and reduced levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. The effect of SCNE on colon cancer cell migration will be reported by scratch wound healing assay. Overall, our data suggested that SCNE can suppress the growth of human colorectal cancer through induction of apoptosis. Current experiments are now focused on NF-kB and associated proteins as targets of SCNE inhibition. Supported by grant P30CAO54174. Citation Format: Roxanne Khoogar, Keya Mukhophadyay, Jay Morris, Girish Soman, Michael Wargovich. Supercritical extract of Azadirachta indica in chemoprevention of colon cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3210. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3210
Asteatotic Eczema in Hypoesthetic Skin
Authors: Nicole M. Cassler, Ashley M. Burris, Josephine C. Nguyen
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2014)

Asteatotic eczema (eczema craquelé, xerotic eczema) occurs most frequently in areas of dehydrated skin, most often during the winter months when decreased humidity results in increased water loss from the stratum corneum. We present 5 cases in which asteatotic eczema was found outside of its normal distribution, within desensitized skin and scars.Five patients with a history of trauma and scar formation presented with erythematous, dry plaques with fine crackling involving hypoesthetic skin. Each of the 5 patients had classic asteatotic eczema skin findings, the only commonality being hypoesthesia. Borders of the hypoesthetic skin were identified using light touch and compared with the regions affected by asteatotic eczema. In all cases, the skin affected by asteatotic eczema was within the hypoesthetic areas.Asteatotic eczema developing on skin with altered sensation is an underreported condition. Prompt recognition and treatment may lead to a more efficient patient encounter and alleviate unnecessary patient stress.
A decline in crime
Authors: Theodore Dalrymple
Journal: BMJ (2008)

What is the most characteristic British institution? The National Health Service, perhaps? No: it is the charity shop.

In no country in the world are there so many charity shops as in Great Britain. Is it because the British are so charitable? I leave it to others, more learned in political economy than I, to decide why we should have so many charity shops; suffice it to say that I rarely pass such a shop without glancing at the books for sale in them, for often, among the ranks of trashy paperback novels, is one book worth having.

Last week, for example, I went into a charity shop—one of many—in a dismal little town in Gloucestershire (also …
Effect of Magnesium Depletion on Responsiveness to Parathyroid Hormone in Parathyroidectomized Rats
Authors: T. J. Hahn, L. R. Chase, L. V. Avioli
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

Hypocalcemia and resistance to exogenous parathyroid hormone have been reported in several clinical states associated with magnesium deficiency. On the basis of such observations, it has been suggested that magnesium depletion per se may result in impaired responsiveness of the adenyl cyclase-adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (3′,5′-AMP) system. To test this hypothesis, 4 wk old male parathyroidectomized rats were maintained on normal or magnesium-deficient diets for 4 wk and their responses to parathyroid hormone compared.
Systemic hyperbaric oxygen therapy: lower-extremity wound healing and the diabetic foot.
Authors: R P Wunderlich, E J Peters, L A Lavery
Journal: Diabetes Care (2000)

To document peer-reviewed medical publications that have reported on hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy as an adjunct to standard lower-extremity wound care, focusing on publications dealing with the diabetic foot.A review of the medical literature was conducted using MEDLINE. Research articles involving HBO treatment and the diabetic foot were critiqued to identify factors that may have been a source of bias.Of the published reports on human studies, seven involved diabetes-related foot pathology. Five of these studies, two of which were randomized, included a control group that did not receive HBO therapy The controlled diabetic foot studies included an average of 28 subjects in the HBO therapy group (range 10-62) and an average of 16.2 subjects in the non-HBO control group (range 5-33). Most of the published reports have several potential sources of bias, including, but not limited to, inadequate evaluation of comorbid conditions relevant to wound healing, small sample size, and poor documentation of wound size or severity. Four of the seven reports involving the diabetic foot were published by a group of researchers at the University of Milan between 1987 and 1996.Additional randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials in large diabetic populations would further lend credence to the presumption that HBO therapy improves clinical outcomes. Given the relatively high cost of this treatment modality, perhaps a more acute awareness of the medical literature would reduce the economic burden that HBO therapy imposes on care providers that are financially at risk.
Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy: Uses as a Direct Adjunct in Clinical Diagnostic Work
Authors: Tilde S. Kline
Journal: JAMA (1966)

This fascinating monograph on the technique of fine-needle biopsy was prepared by Dr. Soderstrom after ten years of experience in this method, and diagnosis of aspirations from 6,000 patients. The material included aspirates from effusions, lymphatic tissue, salivary glands, thyroid, breast, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, and prostate. The author, a clinician, took most of the aspirations with very fine needles. The aspirate, often microscopic in amount, was smeared on a slide, air dried, and stained according to the May-Grunweld-Giemsa method. The slides resembled bone marrow smears and were composed of individual noncohesive cells rather than architecturally preserved tissue sections.  Traumatic complications occurred 19 times in 69 lung punctures, and the author believes that needle aspiration of the lung should be attempted only when all other diagnostic methods have failed. Occasionally, intra-abdominal puncture might penetrate a viscus, but in the author's experience the bore of the needle was so fine this
Acute Pericarditis
Authors: David H. Spodick
Journal: JAMA (2003)

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More Doctors: What Will They Cost?
Authors: Frank A. Sloan
Journal: JAMA (1983)

During the 1970s, expenditures for physicians' services rose by $12.7 billion (in 1979 dollars), but only about one fifth of this amount could be attributed to an increase in number of physicians relative to population. Other factors, chiefly demographic changes and greater insurance coverage, were responsible for the bulk of higher expenditures. Despite the growth in number of physicians, real income of individual physicians remained virtually constant. Maintenance of real income was not, however, appreciably dependent on physicians inducing an unwarranted demand for their services. We predict that as the physician supply expands by 25% to 35% during the 1980s, real payments to physicians will increase by some $14 to $20 billion (1979 dollars). As in the past decade, however, only about one fifth of the amount will be attributable to an increase in physician supply. Gross income of individual physicians is likely to rise by 10% to 15% (in 1979 dollars) over the decade, but net income probably will show little increase or may even fall slightly. (<i>JAMA</i>1983;249:766-769)
Molecular cloning and expression of chicken cardiac troponin C.
Authors: N Toyota, Y Shimada, D Bader
Journal: Circulation Research (1989)

We have isolated a full length complementary DNA clone (pCTnC1) from a 19-day embryonic chicken heart library corresponding to cardiac troponin C (TnC). Sequence analysis demonstrated varying homologies with TnC complementary DNA clones isolated from developing chick skeletal muscle. Using pCTnC1 as a hybridization probe, we have determined that cardiac TnC is constitutively expressed in both atria and ventricles of the developing and adult heart. These data along with previous immunochemical studies of TnC expression demonstrate that the slow skeletal and cardiac muscle isoform is the only TnC expressed in the heart. In contrast, expression of slow skeletal and cardiac muscle TnC is developmentally regulated in skeletal muscles of the chicken. The tightly controlled expression of slow skeletal and cardiac muscle TnC in the varying myocyte types of the heart suggests a physiologically significant role of this regulatory protein.
Tolerance to isosorbide dinitrate: rate of development and reversal.
Authors: J O Parker, H L Fung, D Ruggirello, J A Stone
Journal: Circulation (1983)

The circulatory response and plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) were determined in 10 patients with chronic, stable angina after administration of 5 mg of sublingual ISDN during the control stage, after 48 hr of therapy with 15 mg of ISDN orally every 6 hr, and subsequently after a 48 hr period when ISDN was substituted by placebo four times daily. Initially, sublingual ISDN induced major reductions in both supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but after 45 hr of therapy with oral ISDN, there was a significantly diminished vasodepressor response in both positions. Subsequently, when placebo was substituted for ISDN, the circulatory response initially seen was restored within 21 hr. Plasma ISDN concentrations after the test sublingual dose were slightly higher after 48 hr of oral ISDN dosing (i.e., the tolerant state) than at the start of the study. This suggests that tolerance is unlikely to be caused by reduced bioavailability or accelerated elimination of ISDN. It is possible that tolerance is related to accumulation of ISDN metabolites. The attenuation of the circulatory response to ISDN may be related to the altered antianginal efficacy commonly seen during sustained therapy with ISDN.