tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The sloganism of starvation
Authors: J.C. Ahronheim, M.R. Gasner
Journal: The Lancet (1990)

Ahronheim, a physician, and Gasner, an attorney with the Society for the Right to Die, object to the use of the word "starvation" in the debate over withholding or withdrawing artificial feeding from certain classes of patients. They reject the images conjured up as irrelevant to discussions of feeding patients who are hopelessly ill. They cite evidence that patients in a persistent vegetative state or coma, or suffering from dementia, do not experience pain and suffering when food and water are withdrawn. The authors argue that the question of the benefits and burdens of artificial feeding must be addressed when decisions concerning care are made, whether those deciding are physicians and patients and/or families, or the courts.
Psychiatric Issues in Epilepsy: A Practical Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: George L. Morris
Journal: JAMA (2007)

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The Acute Lupus Hemophagocytic Syndrome
Authors: Kit-fai Wong, Pak-kwan Hui, John K. C. Chan, Yuk-wah Chan, Shau-yin Ha
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

Objective: To characterize an unusual mode of presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus: acute and severe pancytopenia related to reactive hemophagocytosis. Design: Retrospective case series. Setting: Two general community hospitals in Hong Kong. Patients: Six patients presenting with a reactive hemophagocytic syndrome, identified over a 3.5 year period, diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus according to the criteria of the American Rheumatism Association. Results: In addition to severe pancytopenia and marrow hemophagocytosis, other characteristic features were fever, hypocomplementemia, high antinuclear antibody titer, and cutaneous and visceral vasculitis. There was no evidence of an underlying infection. The pancytopenia responded dramatically to treatment with steroids. Conclusion: Recognition of the acute lupus hemophagocytic syndrome and distinction from an infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome is important because it responds well to steroid therapy. The evaluation of patients presenting with a hemophagocytic syndrome should include serologic tests for systemic lupus erythematosus.
Jagged2 acts as a Delta-like Notch ligand during early hematopoietic cell fate decisions
Authors: Inge Van de Walle, Greet De Smet, Martina Gärtner, Magda De Smedt, Els Waegemans, Bart Vandekerckhove, Georges Leclercq, Jean Plum, Jon C. Aster, Irwin D. Bernstein, Cynthia J. Guidos, Bruno Kyewski, Tom Taghon
Journal: Blood (2011)
The role of working memory in skilled and conceptual thought
Authors: Thomas Wynn, Fred Coolidge
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

Models of working memory challenge some aspects of Carruthers’ account but enhance others. Although the nature of the phonological store and central executive appear fully congruent with Carruthers’ proposal, current models of the visuo-spatial sketchpad provide a better account of skilled action. However, Carruthers’ model may provide a way around the homunculus problem that has plagued models of working memory.
THE DRIFT OF MODERN ANTHROPOLOGY
Authors: A. Keith
Journal: BMJ (1927)

MODERN -AtWTHROPOLOGY.-TMrcot 149 3.That -if -in any district there is availarlle accommodation for small-pox cases in convenient empty buildings, arrangements should be promptlyr made for the use of these buildings for the isolation of sriall-pox cases; and that-local hospital authorities should also consider the advisability of at-once erecting temporarhospital accommodation to enable them to promptly isolate all cases occurring.4. That the medical officer of health for each sanitary district should communicate with every medical practitioner in his district, calling-his attention to the urgent importance of keeping a, careful look-out for all suspicious cases of rash and of at once acquainting the medical officer sf healtlh -{of such easas, and that a copy of the monograpb --of Dr.McConnel Wanklyn, entitled The Accutrate Diagnosis of Smnall- pox, should be issued by the medical.officer -of health of each sanitary .distriet to every medical practitioner practisie g ain-that distrlict;.-5.That -this conference urges upon the -Ministry of Health ithemportanie -of amenedingthe Vaccination Acts-with tJhe dbject of making vaccination more general 'and -efficient, as vaccination ;ffcrds.the quiekest, most scientific, and most.--econoic memns preventing -and arresting outbreaks of ;Shiall,pot. -. That a copy of th-e report of this conference be seit:i4 the press, all'.meditcal-offiicers *of-health -of counties
Monitoring and Discussing Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Improve Psychosocial Well-Being
Authors: Maartje de Wit, Henriette A. Delemarre-van de Waal, Jan Alle Bokma, Krijn Haasnoot, Mieke C. Houdijk, Reinoud J. Gemke, Frank J. Snoek
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

OBJECTIVE—To test the effects of monitoring and discussing of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes in a multicenter randomized controlled trial. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Four centers were randomly assigned to the HRQoL intervention (46 adolescents) or control (45 adolescents) group, with three regular visits scheduled within 12 months in both groups. In the HRQoL intervention group, HRQoL of adolescents was assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, and outcomes were discussed face-to-face during the consultation. The control group received care as usual. Mean differences between the groups at 12 months in physical and psychosocial well-being (Child Health Questionnaire [CHQ]-CF87/PF50, Diabetes-Specific Family Conflict Scale, and Center for Epidemiological Studies Scale for Depression), satisfaction with care (Patients’ Evaluation of the Quality of Diabetes Care), and A1C were determined, controlling for baseline scores. RESULTS—Mean scores on the CHQ subscales of psychosocial health (P &amp;lt; 0.001), behavior (P &amp;lt; 0.001), mental health (P &amp;lt; 0.001), and family activities (P &amp;lt; 0.001) improved in the HRQoL intervention group, except for adolescents with the highest A1C values. Adolescents in the HRQoL intervention group reported higher self-esteem (CHQ) at follow-up (P = 0.016), regardless of A1C, and were more satisfied with care (P = 0.009) than control subjects. No significant differences between the two groups over time were observed in A1C levels. CONCLUSIONS—Periodic monitoring and discussion of HRQoL in adolescents with diabetes is appreciated and has positive effects on their psychosocial well-being, except for those in poorest control.
Site of action of intrathecal morphine.
Authors: L Jacobson
Journal: BMJ (1980)

with source traced only 13 arose from the lungs.That isolations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have become less frequent in certain hospitals in the USA does not necessarily imply the same to be true or even likely in hospitals elsewhere-this organism was the second commonest cause of Gram-negative bacteraemia in patients with neutropenia in Addenbrooke's Hospital in the last three years.Further aspects of this article are open to similar criticism; we do not wish to labour the point, but simply to emphasise the importance for those who treat leukaemia of working in close collaboration with their own microbiological colleagues and establishing patterns of practice in conformity with their own local needs.
Migration of Physicians From One Specialty to Another
Authors: William D. Holden
Journal: JAMA (1978)

To demonstrate the extent to which physicians change their specialty, randomized samples of the graduating classes of 1960, 1964, and 1968 were studied with respect to their self-designated specialties in 1971 and 1976. Of the 2,046 physicians in the three samples, 333 (16%) changed their specialty between 1971 and 1976. It was 8% for the 1960 cohort, 11% for 1964, and 29% for 1968. Of all the changes, 78% were from one specialty practice to another or back to a formal residency in a different specialty; 22% changed from one specialty residency to either practice or another residency in a different specialty. Between 1971 and 1976, a total of 127 (16%) of 783 primary care physicians changed their specialty. The magnitude of this change must be considered in planning for distribution of physicians by specialty.
Senescence regulates macrophage activation and angiogenic fate at sites of tissue injury in mice
Authors: Jennifer Kelly, Aslam Ali Khan, Jiyi Yin, Thomas A. Ferguson, Rajendra S. Apte
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

Abnormal angiogenesis plays a key role in diseases of aging such as heart disease, certain cancers, and eye diseases including age-related macular degeneration. Macrophages have been shown previously to be both anti- and proangiogenic, and their role in regulating angiogenesis at sites of tissue injury is critical and complex. In this study, we analyzed cytokine gene expression patterns of mouse macrophages by real-time quantitative PCR and tested the functional effects of senescence on gene expression and macrophage polarization. Following laser injury to the retina, IL-10 was upregulated and Fas ligand (FasL), IL-12, and TNF-alpha were downregulated in ocular macrophages of old mice (>18 months of age). Downregulation of FasL on macrophages led to a loss of the antiangiogenic phenotype, as evidenced by the inability of these macrophages to inhibit vascular endothelial cells. Our results demonstrate that senescence, FasL, and IL-10 are key determinants of macrophage function that alter the growth of abnormal postdevelopmental blood vessels in disease processes including blinding eye disease.
Strategies for combating bacterial biofilm infections
Authors: Hong Wu, Claus Moser, Heng-Zhuang Wang, Niels Høiby, Zhi-Jun Song
Journal: International Journal of Oral Science (2014)

Formation of biofilm is a survival strategy for bacteria and fungi to adapt to their living environment, especially in the hostile environment. Under the protection of biofilm, microbial cells in biofilm become tolerant and resistant to antibiotics and the immune responses, which increases the difficulties for the clinical treatment of biofilm infections. Clinical and laboratory investigations demonstrated a perspicuous correlation between biofilm infection and medical foreign bodies or indwelling devices. Clinical observations and experimental studies indicated clearly that antibiotic treatment alone is in most cases insufficient to eradicate biofilm infections. Therefore, to effectively treat biofilm infections with currently available antibiotics and evaluate the outcomes become important and urgent for clinicians. The review summarizes the latest progress in treatment of clinical biofilm infections and scientific investigations, discusses the diagnosis and treatment of different biofilm infections and introduces the promising laboratory progress, which may contribute to prevention or cure of biofilm infections. We conclude that, an efficient treatment of biofilm infections needs a well-established multidisciplinary collaboration, which includes removal of the infected foreign bodies, selection of biofilm-active, sensitive and well-penetrating antibiotics, systemic or topical antibiotic administration in high dosage and combinations, and administration of anti-quorum sensing or biofilm dispersal agents. Antibiotics alone are often ineffective in the treatment of bacterial biofilm infections and new strategies are needed. Once bacteria shift from their free-swimming state to the structured community of a biofilm, they become much harder to kill with conventional antibiotic regimens. A review by Zhi-Jun Song and colleagues at Denmark's University Hospital of Copenhagen explores the challenges of diagnosing and eliminating biofilms that form on the surface of implanted medical devices. At present, the best solution is early detection followed by aggressive treatment with multiple antibiotics and removal of the device in question. However, recent research suggests other possible solutions, including drugs that interfere with communication between bacteria or disrupt their ability to anchor to surfaces, and viruses that specifically infect and kill biofilm-forming microbes.
Perception, action planning, and cognitive maps
Authors: Eric Chown, Lashon B. Booker, Stephen Kaplan
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

Perceptual learning mechanisms derived from Hebb's theory of cell assemblies can generate prototypic representations capable of extending the representational power of TEC (Theory of Event Coding) event codes. The extended capability includes categorization that accommodates “family resemblances” and problem solving that uses cognitive maps.
Mouse model of Noonan syndrome reveals cell type– and gene dosage–dependent effects of Ptpn11 mutation
Authors: Toshiyuki Araki, M Golam Mohi, Fraz A Ismat, Roderick T Bronson, Ifor R Williams, Jeffery L Kutok, Wentian Yang, Lily I Pao, D Gary Gilliland, Jonathan A Epstein, Benjamin G Neel
Journal: Nature Medicine (2004)
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology.
Authors: J. West
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract The increasing capability to manipulate matter at the nanoscale is generating new materials with unique properties that promise to address unmet medical needs for future generations. As an example, metal nanoshells are a relatively new class of nanoparticles with highly tunable optical properties. Metal nanoshells consist of a dielectric core nanoparticle such as silica surrounded by an ultrathin metal shell, usually composed of gold for biomedical applications. Depending on the size and composition of each layer of the nanoshell, particles can be designed to either absorb or scatter light over much of the visible and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, including the near infrared region where penetration of light through tissue is maximal. These particles are also easily conjugated to antibodies and other biomolecules for specific targeting. Further, the biocompatibility of these particles is excellent. One can envision a myriad of potential applications of such tunable particles. Several potential biomedical applications are under development, including immunoassays, modulated drug delivery, photothermal cancer therapy, and imaging contrast agents. For example, in photothermal cancer therapy, nanoshells can be injected intravenously, accumulate at tumor sites due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and/or molecular targeting, then generate heat upon illumination with near infrared light, leading to destruction of the tumor. This has shown very promising results in several animal models. For example, in a mouse colon carcinoma model, we demonstrated 100% survival of nanoshell treated mice at 1 year. These materials are now in phase I human clinical trials. For use in diagnostics and imaging, nanoshells can be designed to strongly scatter near infrared light. Molecularly targeted nanoshells have been used as optical contrast agents for cancer imaging with sub-cellular resolution. For example, anti-HER2 conjugated nanoshells allow near infrared imaging of HER2+ breast carcinoma cells. Furthermore, integrated imaging and therapy applications have been accomplished with nanoshells designed to provide both absorption and scattering, potentially enabling “see-and-treat” approaches to cancer therapy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr MS1-1.
175. Delivery Via Non-Viral Options to the Auditory Structures
Authors: Mark J. Praetorius, Christoph Klingmann, Douglas E. Brough, Peter K. Plinkert, Hinrich Staecker
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Top of pageAbstract
Nearly 50 million people in the US alone are affected by disorders of the inner ear making hearing loss one of the mose common neurodegenerative disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated a number of potential applications for gene therapy in the inner ear including regeneration of sensory cells.

Most studies of gene transfer to the inner ear have used viral vectors. The flexibility and non toxic properties of non viral gene delivery systems may be ideal for the inner ear which is easily damaged by inflammation that may be associated with some viral vectors.

We compared three types of delivery vehicles including cationic polyamines, dendrimers and liposomes carrying a GFP expressing plasmid driven by a hCMV promoter. Two separate delivery routes to the inner ear were used: Vectors were delivered via application to the round window or delivery into the cochlea via a fenestration of the utricle. We analyzed the distribution of GFP with the inner ear after delivery of varying concentrations of vector and plasmid.

All vectors used delivered to the spiral ganglion cells. Delivery to hair cells was seen using cationic polyamine vectors. Overall these vectors appeared to deliver more efficiently, to the basal turn of the cochlea, suggesting that distribution within the fluid filled cochlea may be constrained by diffusion.

Non viral gene transfer using advanced non viral vectors may provide a delivery system to the sensory hair cells and spiral ganglion cells. Options to modify viral vector systems for enhanced targeting may still provide better transfection rates.
BIOLOGICAL MALIGNANCY AND SOCIAL MALIGNANCY
Authors: Dwight J. Ingle
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Analogies between biological and social processes can be interesting; analogical thinking can suggest cause-and-effect relationships but does not prove their existence. When social evils follow an ingravescent course, they can be characterized as malignant. Both forms, biological and social, are parasitic, self-perpetuating, and invasive. Both malignancies arise from the normal and in some cases can be normalized again, but frequently there is an irreversible tendency to escape control. There are varieties of each, patterns of causes are complex, some having an important genetic component, and all influenced importantly by nongenetic factors. Each tends to recur following suppression by treatment, and in many instances the response is like that of a wounded hydra. Both social and biological malignancies tend to drain the substance and energy of the host and, kamikaze-like, threaten its life. There is a parellel between views of an earlier day that cancer is caused by the sins of
Unethical behaviour by the pharmaceutical industry is putting Canadian children's lives at risk, suggests editorial
Authors: B. Kermode-Scott
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Canada needs strict legislation, similar to that in the United States, to protect Canadian children from harm due to medication errors and mistreatment, an editorial in the Canadian Medical Association Journal recommends ( CMAJ 2011;183:994-5, doi:10.1503/cmaj.110563).

Health professionals in Canada do not have access to the same body of evidence regarding paediatric dosing that their colleagues in Europe and the United States do, according to the journal’s editor-in-chief Dr Paul Hebert and his coauthors.

Canadian doctors frequently have limited access to accurate, safe prescribing information about paediatric drugs, explain the authors. …
Newer agents for psoriasis in adults
Authors: Z. K. Jabbar-Lopez, K. C. P. Wu, N. J. Reynolds
Journal: BMJ (2014)

A 30 year old man presented with symmetrically distributed plaques of psoriasis on his extensor surfaces and scalp. His general practitioner initially assessed the disease as mild and prescribed calcipotriol ointment plus betamethasone valerate 0.025% ointment, each to be applied once daily, and calcipotriol scalp solution. Despite seeing an initial response, the psoriasis is now more extensive (covering more than 10% of the patient’s body, including face and flexures) and he feels depressed and self conscious about his appearance; his GP refers him to a dermatologist. He asks about the topical treatments he has been using and what new treatment options might be available in secondary care.

This review aims to highlight, for the non-specialist, newer agents and treatment modalities for psoriasis in adults. We have included developments in topical vitamin D and its analogues, recent cost effectiveness analyses, advances in ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy, fumaric acid esters, and a brief overview of biological therapies. Other newer topical agents, including calcineurin inhibitors and retinoids, are not discussed in detail because they are not recommended as first line treatment and are used as second line drugs infrequently. Treatment of psoriasis is generally stepwise (fig 1⇓) and dependent on disease severity, clinical subtype, comorbidities, and patient preference, as described in UK, US, and European guidelines, and the British National Formulary. 1 2 3 4 5 Depending on these various factors, patients may be started on a combination of treatments. Treatments are not mutually exclusive and particular ones may not be suitable for all patients. Patients are not necessarily required to transition through each “step,” and combination treatments may be from multiple “rungs” of the ladder. Treatment goals that may depend on the site and type of psoriasis (including comorbidities) should be discussed at the outset; these could include symptom control, induction …