tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Serotonin 2C Receptor Agonists Improve Type 2 Diabetes via Melanocortin-4 Receptor Signaling Pathways
Authors: Ligang Zhou, Gregory M. Sutton, Justin J. Rochford, Robert K. Semple, Daniel D. Lam, Laura J. Oksanen, Zoe D. Thornton-Jones, Peter G. Clifton, Chen-Yu Yueh, Mark L. Evans, Rory J. McCrimmon, Joel K. Elmquist, Andrew A. Butler, Lora K. Heisler
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2007)

The burden of type 2 diabetes and its associated premature morbidity and mortality is rapidly growing, and the need for novel efficacious treatments is pressing. We report here that serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT(2C)R) agonists, typically investigated for their anorectic properties, significantly improve glucose tolerance and reduce plasma insulin in murine models of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Importantly, 5-HT(2C)R agonist-induced improvements in glucose homeostasis occurred at concentrations of agonist that had no effect on ingestive behavior, energy expenditure, locomotor activity, body weight, or fat mass. We determined that this primary effect on glucose homeostasis requires downstream activation of melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4Rs), but not MC3Rs. These findings suggest that pharmacological targeting of 5-HT(2C)Rs may enhance glucose tolerance independently of alterations in body weight and that this may prove an effective and mechanistically novel strategy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Decreased mitochondrial oxidative capacity or reduced metabolic efficiency in skeletal muscle in congestive heart failure?
Authors: Graham Kemp, Stamatis Adamopoulos, Campbell Thompson, John Stratton, Françoise Brunotte, Michael Conway, Leonard Arnolda, Andrew Coats, George Radda, Bheeshma Rajagopalan
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Heterosexual Transmission of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: James R. Johnson
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Fischl and colleagues<sup>1</sup>are to be commended for their study, which provides compelling evidence that use of condoms protects against the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in sexually active heterosexual couples. However, the authors' data suggest an additional conclusion that is of major potential significance to heterosexual couples but that is not clearly delineated in their report or given the emphasis I believe it deserves. It can be inferred from the authors' discussion that the seven male spouses who had a history of other heterosexual partners were all seropositive for HIV at entry into the study. It is also stated that after elimination of these seven subjects from the analyses, gonorrhea and syphilis were no longer significantly associated with seropositivity in men. Thus, it can be suspected that the presence of gonorrhea or syphilis in male spouses was probably a marker for having other heterosexual
Roads to Survival
Authors: Ping H. Wang
Journal: Circulation Research (2001)

nsulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays a role in the regulation of myocardial structure and function.IGF-1 is capable of improving cardiac muscle survival, growth, calcium signaling, and differentiation. 1 Among various actions of IGF-1 on heart, the ability of IGF-1 to counteract apoptosis of cardiomyocytes has drawn significant attention in recent years.3][4][5] Compared with other growth factors, the survival effect of IGF-1 on myocardium is rather unique.
The emergence of consciousness: BUC versus SOC
Authors: Ron Sun
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

This commentary suggests that there are two distinct types of interacting cognitive processes. Conscious processes emerge from unconscious processes. The key problem of SOC is that it uses an overly narrow notion of the “cognitive unconscious” to show that the “cognitive unconscious” is not necessary. Yet, it has little to say about the roles of conscious and unconscious processes in general.
The peak flow whistle: a simple device for monitoring peak flow in children.
Authors: J N Tsanakas, O M Bannister, A W Boon, R D Milner
Journal: BMJ (1986)

to eight times the recommended limit.Advice was given about improving working practices in the three premises where raised concentrations of mercury in urine were found and in one where inadequate protection was provided, although no work had been done on sphygmomanometers for almost two months.
ATYPICAL TUBERCULIN REACTIONS
Authors: L. S. Arany
Journal: JAMA (1953)

The Mantoux test is considered to be positive if in 48 hours an area of infiltration of at least 5 mm. diameter is present at the site of the intracutaneous injection. There is no definite agreement as to the minimum size of the reaction that is to be considered positive. Some investigators will not call a Mantoux test positive unless the diameter is 10 mm. or more. The reaction, as a rule, persists or even becomes larger in 72 hours, and some physicians prefer to do the reading in 72 rather than in 48 hours. Areas of erythema without induration that appear in 24 hours but fade away in 48 hours are generally considered false positive reactions and are not uncommonly seen when larger doses of old tuberculin or purified protein derivative are used. As far as purified protein derivative is concerned, the specificity of even typical positive tests is
Visualization and quantification of myocardial mass at risk using three-dimensional contrast echocardiography1
Authors: Jarosław D. Kasprzak, Wim B. Vletter, Jos R.T.C. Roelandt, Jan R. van Meegen, Richard Johnson, Folkert J. Ten Cate
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1998)

Objective: Three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of myocardial ischemia using contrast echocardiography has been hampered by limitations of available contrast agents and analytic software. In the study presented, a three-dimensional perfusion imaging method was evaluated in the porcine model of myocardial ischemia using a novel contrast agent. Methods: Three-dimensional echocardiography was performed in eight open-chested pigs before, during and after left anterior descending (six animals) or circumflex (two animals) coronary artery occlusion. The intramyocardial contrast effect was obtained by left atrial injection of Myomap™, a deposit contrast agent. Results: Myocardial opacification was visible in all studies and retained in all three-dimensional datasets. Three-dimensional intensity analysis demonstrated a significant difference, exceeding 20 intensity units in every animal (in 127-level scale), between perfused and non-perfused myocardium. Reperfusion followed by contrast reinjection resulted in homogenous myocardial enhancement. Myocardial mass at risk was clearly delineated in all studies and measured with a mean error of −0.1±2.0 g against real mass (p=non-significant). Spatial extent of ischemia could be displayed in volume-rendered reconstruction of separate perfusion territories. Conclusions: Quantitative analysis of myocardial contrast enhancement from three-dimensional datasets is feasible and allows accurate measurement of myocardial mass at risk.
Metabolic response to prolonged reduction of myocardial blood flow distal to a severe coronary artery stenosis.
Authors: F A Fedele, H Gewirtz, R J Capone, B Sharaf, A S Most
Journal: Circulation (1988)

Limited data are available concerning the effects of mild-to-moderate, sustained reductions of coronary blood flow on myocardial aerobic metabolism. This study tested the hypothesis that a sustained flow reduction distal to a severe coronary artery stenosis may be well tolerated (after the initial insult is passed) because of gradual improvement in the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Studies were performed in eight sedated, closed-chest domestic swine that were instrumented with an artificial coronary arterial stenosis (80% diameter reduction). Hemodynamics, regional myocardial blood flow and oxygen, lactate, acid, and base metabolism were measured before stenosis and at 5, 20, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after stenosis insertion. Regional myocardial function (ultrasonic length sensors) was measured serially during 2 hours in three additional swine. After stenosis placement, endocardial and transmural flows declined (p less than 0.05) compared with flows before stenosis (from 1.54 +/- 0.37 to 0.73 +/- 0.24 ml/min/g [mean +/- SD] and from 1.44 +/- 0.31 to 1.19 +/- 0.25 ml/min/g, respectively). Thereafter, flows remained unchanged for the duration of the study. Similarly, prestenosis heart rate (135 +/- 7 beats/min), aortic mean pressure (113 +/- 17 mm Hg), and tension time index (27.1 +/- 3.6 mm Hg.sec) remained constant for the duration of the study. In contrast, regional coronary venous pH declined (p less than 0.05) compared with prestenosis levels (7.35 +/- 0.02) 5 minutes after stenosis (7.28 +/- 0.04), but it returned to prestenosis levels during the next hour. Regional coronary venous PCO2 exhibited a similar pattern (i.e., acute increase during poststenosis with gradual return to prestenosis levels).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Should NICE evaluate complementary and alternative medicine?
Authors: Linda Franck, Cyril Chantler, Michael Dixon
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Demand for complementary and alternative medicine is high despite limited evidence.<b> Linda Franck and colleagues</b> believe that a thorough review by NICE would benefit the NHS and patients, but <b>David Colquhoun</b> argues that it cannot afford to re-examine evidence that has shown little benefit
Event recording in a clinical trial of a new medicine.
Authors: R J Simpson, B Tiplady, D C Skegg
Journal: BMJ (1980)

In a double-blind trial of the effect of zimelidine on weight and appetite 24 obese patients were allocated at random to receive either zimelidine or placebo for eight weeks followed by the alternative treatment for eight weeks. Possible adverse effects were elicited by asking patients at weekly intervals whether they had experienced any symptoms or ailments and recording all such "events" on a special form. A conventional checklist of symptoms was also used. Among 19 patients who completed the trial the two methods of recording yielded similar patterns of events. Of symptoms not on the checklist, insomnia was more common during treatment with zimelidine. Event recording was found to be a practicable and convenient method of detecting possible adverse effects.
Loss of Collagen XVIII Enhances Neovascularization and Vascular Permeability in Atherosclerosis
Authors: Karen S. Moulton, Bjorn R. Olsen, Silvia Sonn, Naomi Fukai, David Zurakowski, Xiaokun Zeng
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Background— Plaque neovascularization is thought to promote atherosclerosis; however, the mechanisms of its regulation are not understood. Collagen XVIII and its proteolytically released endostatin fragment are abundant proteoglycans in vascular basement membranes and the walls of major blood vessels. We hypothesized that collagen XVIII in the aortic wall inhibits the proliferation and intimal extension of vasa vasorum. Methods and Results— To test our hypothesis, we bred collagen XVIII-knockout ( Col18a1 −/− ) mice into the atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient ( ApoE −/− ) strain. After 6 months on a cholesterol diet, aortas from ApoE −/− ; Col18a1 −/− and ApoE −/− ; Col18a1 +/− heterozygote mice showed increased atheroma coverage and enhanced lipid accumulation compared with wild-type littermates. We observed more extensive vasa vasorum and intimal neovascularization in knockout but not heterozygote aortas. Endothelial cells sprouting from Col18a1 −/− aortas were increased compared with heterozygote and wild-type aortas. In contrast, vascular permeability of large and small blood vessels was enhanced with even heterozygous loss of collagen XVIII but was not suppressed by increasing serum endostatin to wild-type levels. Conclusions— Our results identify a previously unrecognized function for collagen XVIII that maintains vascular permeability. Loss of this basement membrane proteoglycan enhances angiogenesis and vascular permeability during atherosclerosis by distinct gene-dose-dependent mechanisms.
Medical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care
Authors: H. G. Adams
Journal: JAMA (1991)

The formidable title of this well-written textbook belies its readability and usefulness. While the terms<i>informatics</i>and<i>computers</i>can turn all but the computer literate away in disinterest or even fear, this book is useful to many, computerophilic or not. It is written by a veritable Who's Who in medical informatics (the "rapidly developing scientific field that deals with the storage, retrieval, and optimal use of biomedical information, data, and knowledge for problem solving and decision making"). The two editors, two associate editors, and 24 authors are all well published and leaders in the field. Yet, unlike some books with many authors, this one is well conceived and edited. There is agreement of terminology throughout and little overlap of topics. The need for a book such as this is well understood. As the editors state, "The practice of medicine is inextricably entwined with the management of information." With all the
A History of Medicine, vol. 2: Early Greek, Hindu, and Persian Medicine
Authors: John H. Raach
Journal: JAMA (1962)

Ten years ago the first volume of a proposed 8-volume work on the history of medicine by Dr. H. E. Sigerist appeared. In the meantime, Dr. Sigerist died. The second volume, which he partially completed, is a study of primitive Greek, Indian, and Persian medicine and has just been published. Fortunately for medical history, Dr. Sigerist analyzed and synthesized material about primitive medicine from a miscellany of folklore, monographs, isolated reports, and museum items. The results are definitive. His broad field of knowledge in sociology, economics, public health, religion, philosophy, and medicine are evident in his treatment of the material. This excellent work, written as much for the layman as the physician, contains history, philosophy (especially as it pertains to medicine ), biography, and medicine. Occasionally the personal pronoun interrupts the flow of the narration, but when it intrudes, Dr. Sigerist is merely giving his opinion on a very controversial point.
An interim report on the production of colonic diverticula in the rabbit
Authors: W. J. B. Hodgson
Journal: Gut (1972)

Background: It has been proposed that early age at exposure to common childhood infections is associated with a decreased risk of allergy. Previous studies on the possible association between allergy and infection with measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella have not been conclusive as most did not include information on exact age at exposure. The objective of our study was to investigate whether early age at exposure to these infections was associated with a decreased risk of atopy using information on exact age at infection. Methods: The study population consisted of 889 pregnant women who participated in a national birth cohort study in Denmark and for whom detailed information on history of measles, rubella, varicella, and mumps before school entry (age 7 years) was available from school health records from Copenhagen. Atopic status was assessed serologically by a specific response to 11 common inhalant allergens using serum samples obtained from the women during pregnancy. Results: Measles in the first year of life was associated with a higher risk of atopy than no measles before age 7 years (OR 3.36, 95% CI 1.47 to 7.68). There was no association between atopy and mumps, rubella, or varicella in the first 7 years of life or with measles acquired after the first year of life. The risk of atopy increased significantly with increasing number of childhood infections in the first 2 years of life (p<sub>trend</sub>=0.01). Conclusions: These findings do not support the suggestion that childhood exposure to measles, rubella, varicella, or mumps protects against atopy, even if acquired very early in life.
Standards for Practice: Effectiveness and Acceptance
Authors: E. HARVEY ESTES
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Carefully designed and highly specific standards for medical practice can improve the pattern of practice when applied by interested and committed physicians or by other similarly motivated health care providers. However, this is not popular with the physician, and the improved pattern of practice is dependent on continued feedback. The standards must be designed with a specific population and setting in mind; therefore it is unlikely that an effective operational plan can be devised and implemented that will achieve improved practice patterns in the immediate future. Meanwhile, more general standards might be used to identify a smaller number of cases, which can then be reviewed by other physicians, using professionally accepted but subjective practice criteria.
The Association between Coronary Flow Rate and Impaired Heart Rate Recovery in Patient with Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Yusuf İzzettin Alihanoğlu, İsmail Doğu Kilic, Harun Evrengul, Bekir Serhat Yıldız, İhsan Alur, Burcu Uludağ, Ömür Kuru, Özgür Taşköylü, Havane Asuman Kaftan
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Application of imiquimod by suppositories (anal tampons) efficiently prevents recurrences after ablation of anal canal condyloma
Authors: M. Kaspari, R. Gutzmer, T. Kaspari, A. Kapp, J.P. Brodersen
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Summary Background After surgical removal, anal canal condyloma (ACC) has a higher risk of recurrence compared with extragenital warts. Objectives To reduce local recurrences of ACC using follow-up treatment with imiquimod-containing suppositories (anal tampons). Methods After ablation of ACC, 10 male patients received treatment with imiquimod suppositories three times weekly for 3–4 months. Results Treatment with imiquimod anal tampons was well tolerated. Early initial recurrences in some patients cleared after treatment with the imiquimod suppositories. Within a mean follow-up of 9 months no patient demonstrated recurrence of ACC. Conclusions These data suggest that imiquimod anal tampons may represent a new therapeutic option to prevent recurrences of ACC following ablative surgery.
Microbiologic Surveillance In Hospitals
Authors: Raymond C. Bartlett
Journal: JAMA (1974)

To the Editor.—  In response to a query regarding microbiologic sampling of the hospital environment, Carl W. Walter, MD, cited instances in which such studies have demonstrated sources of nosocomial infection (229: 578, 1974). Dr. Walter did not indicate specifically whether routine sampling is a worthwhile control measure. Except for identification of specific bacteria associated with individual outbreaks, no correlation has been established between levels of contamination and nosocomial infection.  If infection-control committees placed primary emphasis on surveillance of infections and education of personnel, if sampling were inexpensive and were generally conducted, using standard methods, and if clinically significant ranges of contamination were known, routine sampling might be justified. Too often, what in fact occurs is subrogation of the responsibility of the staff and administration to the unstandardized collection of cultures, which is subsidized at apparently no cost by the laboratory. Until the true cost of conducting an effective program is
Deaths from asthma.
Authors: P. A. Walford
Journal: BMJ (1968)

asthmaticus is often very low (well below 40 mm.Hg), which makes them highly vulner- able to sudden death.The single most important early measure in preventing death in these patients is probably giving them oxygen.Their Pco2 is usually satisfactory, and 100% oxygen can be given with safety.General practitioners should perhaps keep a portable supply of oxygen to be given to the patient while waiting for the ambulance, where the oxygen should be continued.Simple bronchodilators like aminophylline do not appear to influence the arterial Po, but by producing some bronchodilatation they may produce subjective relief and reduce the work of breathing.There is a prevalent fear among general practitioners of giving patients with chronic asthma corticosteroids.Depriving some chronic asthmatics, especially young ones, of long-term corticoids can have tragic reper- cussions.Apart from the social and educa- tional consequences that uncontrolled chronic asthma can produce, it can result in irrevers- ible pulmonary damage at an early age.The assessment of chronic asthmatics should be carried out only in hospital, where true responders can be selected for long-term corticoid therapy.'The important function of the general practitioner is to recognize the chronic asthmatic for hospital corticoid assessment.-Iam, etc.,
Are Body Iron Stores Related to the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease?
Authors: Alberto Ascherio, Walter C. Willett
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

In 1981 Sullivan proposed that the lower incidence of coronary heart disease in premenopausal women as compared with men and postmenopausal women is due to higher levels of stored iron in the latter two groups1. To support this hypothesis, he cited the increased risk of coronary heart disease among women in the Framingham Study who had undergone hysterectomy but not oophorectomy, the toxic effects of iron overload on the myocardium, and the low incidence of coronary heart disease among men and women in developing countries, where iron stores are likely to be low. Lacking experimental support or a biologically . . .
Law, Medicine and Minors
Authors: Donald Hayes Russell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

THE medical and social implications of juvenile delinquency have been a major influence upon our system of juvenile justice during the past 50 years. Recently, however, a definite shift has occurred toward a more strictly legal orientation in juvenile court procedures.Early in this century the work of Dr. William Healy revealed a high prevalence of medical, psychiatric and social problems among juveniles in Chicago courts. His clinical studies and court reports fostered an awareness of these factors not only as contributory to juvenile delinquency but also as conditions that the courts should have some responsibility to rectify in their . . .