tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Antibacterial Activity of Chlorophyll
Authors: S. Mowbray
Journal: BMJ (1957)

MEDICAL JOURNAL.lesser omentum was exactly similar to that in our previous case, we feel that an extrahepatic duct must have been torn.A partial or complete tear may occur in the extrahepatic ducts which may or may not be obvious at the time of operation.Many forms of surgical treatment have been advocated.Waugh (1916) had a case, very similar to our first, in which two laparotomies were carried out for upper abdominal distension and signs of obstructive jaundice and in which the condition suddenly cleared up spontaneously.Benson and Prust (1953) treated a case successfully by marsupialization and drainage of a false cyst of biliary ascitic fluid which had formed.Gross (1953) had two cases; one was treated successfully by simple drainage from the site of the injury, while in the other an attempt was made at primary repair.Stenosis of the common bile duct, however, developed, necessitating cholecysto-duodenostomy, which led to cholangitis, cirrhosis, bleeding oesophageal varices, and death.Mason et al. (1954) had a case which developed stenosis requiring cholecysto-duodenostomy even though no attempt at repair had been made at the primary operation.Hicken and Stevenson (1948) advocated acholecystostomyto decompress the biliary system, and suggested that cholangiograms could be taken later to demonstrate healing of the tear and also to make sure that any associated traumatic pancreatitis which might obstruct the lower end of the common bile duct had settled before removing the tube.It is quite clear that injuries to the extrahepatic ducts often heal spontaneously without the development of stenosis, and it is possible that an attempt to repair a recently traumatized duct may increase the likelihood of stenosis.Simple abdominal drainage, and possibly cholecystostomy, should be performed initially; if stenosis develops it can be treated later. SummaryTwo cases of rupture of the extrahepatic bile ducts are described in which the lesion was not recognized at operation.Biliary ascites with minimal systemic upset developed in one, necessitating frequent aspiration.In the other a drainage tube allowed the bile to escape externally.Spontaneous healing of the fistula occurred in both.
New Issues in Therapy after Renal Transplantation
Authors: Robert G. Luke
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

Maintaining a balance between adequate immunosuppression to prevent the rejection of an allograft and excessive immunosuppression, with its attendant risks of opportunistic infections and neoplasia, has always been the quintessential challenge for the transplantation physician. “Save the patient, not the graft” is a reasonable maxim, since renal-transplant recipients, unlike patients receiving other solid-organ grafts, have dialysis available to replace organ function. As Suthanthiran and Strom point out in this issue of the Journal,1 we have now been learning for over a decade how best to use cyclosporine, which reduces the incidence of acute rejection2 and improves graft survival at one . . .
Peptide decoys selected by phage display block in vitro and in vivo activity of a human anti-FVIII inhibitor
Authors: Sylvie Villard, Sébastien Lacroix-Desmazes, Thomas Kieber-Emmons, Dominique Piquer, Sabrina Grailly, Abdellah Benhida, Srini V. Kaveri, Jean-Marie Saint-Remy, Claude Granier
Journal: Blood (2003)
Requests for electroencephalography in a district general hospital: retrospective and prospective audit
Authors: D Smith
Journal: BMJ (2001)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To determine the number of inappropriate requests for electroencephalography (EEG) and whether guidelines on use could reduce this number. <b>Design:</b> Audit with retrospective and prospective components. <b>Setting:</b> EEG department in district general hospital and centre for neurology and neurosurgery. <b>Participants:</b> Retrospective: 368 at the general hospital and 143 patients at the neurology centre. Prospective: 241 patients undergoing EEG at the general hospital. <b>Interventions:</b> Guidelines for EEG issued to users of service at the general hospital. <b>Outcomes:</b> Retrospective: differences in requesting practice, result in different clinical scenarios, relative roles of procedure, clinical acumen in establishing diagnosis, usefulness of procedure. Prospective: change of requesting practice, impact on use. <b>Results:</b> There were considerable differences in requesting practice. Non-specialists seem to use EEG as a diagnostic tool, especially in patients with "funny turns," when it is much more likely to yield potentially misleading than clinically useful information. The overall proportion of procedures considered to influence management, to be justifiable, and to be inappropriate were 16% (59), 28.3% (104), and 55.7% (205), respectively. In the prospective study the total number of requests was significantly reduced (χ<sup>2</sup>=33.85, df=5, P&lt;0.0001), mainly because of fewer requests in patients with non-specific "funny turns" (χ<sup>2</sup>=21.90, df=6, P=0.0013). There was a concomitant change in the usefulness of EEG (χ<sup>2</sup> =26.99, df=2, P&lt;0.0001). <b>Conclusions:</b> This original audit informed clinical practice and had potential benefits for patients, clinicians, and provision of service. Systematic replication of this project, possibly on a regional basis, could result in financial savings, which would allow development of accessible local neurophysiology services. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> There is unrestricted access to EEG in most district general hospitals throughout the United Kingdom The combination of equivocal symptoms and non-specific abnormalities carries a risk of misdiagnosis of epilepsy <h3>What this study adds</h3> An audit of requests for EEG showed that a large proportion were inappropriate, mainly because of the prevalent misconception that the procedure could prove or exclude a diagnosis of epilepsy in patients with "funny turns" After intervention with clinicians, which used an educative approach, there was a considerable and sustained change in requesting practice
Carbon Dioxide Narcosis in Association With Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Jerome E. Neustadt, Robert C. Levy, I. Joshua Spiegel
Journal: JAMA (1964)

ALTHOUGH pneumonia has long been known to be a frequent complication as well as the leading cause of death in patients with muscular dystrophy,<sup>1,2</sup>the occurrence of alveolar hypoventilation has received little attention. The association of myotonic muscular dystrophy and alveolar hypoventilation has occasionally been described.<sup>3-5</sup>This case represents the first report known to us of nonmyotonic muscular dystrophy associated with alveolar hypoventilation. The patient in this report had hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and repeated episodes of carbon dioxide narcosis with coma and shock; yet, with appropriate treatment, two years later he is still living. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 41-year-old white male entered Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center on Feb 3, 1961, because of weight loss, weakness, and drowsiness of several months' duration. In 1952 a diagnosis of muscular dystrophy had been made. He was one of three sons of a consanguineous marriage. His younger brother had a
Diagnostic performance of Baveno IV criteria in cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Analysis of the F7 liver-1288 study population
Authors: D. Thabut, G. D’Amico, P. Tan, R. De Franchis, S. Fabricius, D. Lebrec, J. Bosch, F. Bendtsen
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Nonepidemic Incidence of Idiopathic Facial Paralysis
Authors: Kedar Karim Adour
Journal: JAMA (1974)

We have analyzed 419 cases of Bell palsy within three years, with no evidence for an age differential in seasonal occurrence or for epidemicity. Cold weather could not be entirely ruled out in a geographic region of mild climate without wide seasonal variation. Bell palsy is probably not contagious, is randomly distributed among persons of all ages, and is not related to seasonal change.
Radioimmunoassay of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin
Authors: R. F. Harvey, L. Dowsett, M. Hartog, A. E. Read
Journal: Gut (1974)

A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) has been developed, using rabbit antisera to crude porcine hormone. Highly purified porcine CCK-PZ, labelled with (131)I, and repurified by column chromatography on Sephadex G15, was used as tracer. Separation of free from antibody-bound labelled CCK-PZ was carried out using charcoal, ion-exchange resin, or a double antibody procedure. Non-specific interference with the assay system by serum factors was abolished (as judged by in-vitro and in-vivo recovery studies) by boiling and diluting the serum samples before assay. Ninety-nine per cent pure porcine CCK-PZ (standard), commercial CCK-PZ preparations, caerulein, the C-terminal 8- and 12-amino acid fragments of the CCK-PZ molecule, and endogenous human CCK-PZ all cross reacted in the assay system and showed parallel inhibition curves. No significant cross reaction was found with gastrin, secretin, glucagon, or insulin. The sensitivity of the assay is approximately 5 pg per ml of test solution, which proved adequate for measuring physiological levels of CCK-PZ in peripheral blood in man.The mean immunoreactive CCK-PZ concentration in 50 fasting normal subjects was 60.4 pg per ml. The distribution of individual values was skewed, however, so that the median was much lower (30 pg per ml). Older subjects had higher fasting levels of CCK-PZ than were found in young adults.
THE ORAL EXAMINATION OF THE BOARD OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
Authors: ALEX. M. BURGESS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1951)

Editorial1 November 1951THE ORAL EXAMINATION OF THE BOARD OF INTERNAL MEDICINEALEX. M. BURGESS, M.D.ALEX. M. BURGESS, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-35-5-1158 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptAn examination as a means of distinguishing between the well trained and capable and those whose actual ability is below a required standard, admittedly leaves a great deal to be desired. An opinion as to the competence of an individual when based on the result of an examination cannot compare in accuracy with an opinion gained in day to day contact with that individual as he meets the problems of his routine work. This is particularly true in medicine. The teachers and colleagues with whom a physician has been associated can judge his work with an accuracy that cannot be... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 November 1951Volume 35, Issue 5Page: 1158-1160KeywordsOral medicine Issue Published: 1 November 1951 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Characteristics of patients with dual infection by hepatitis B and C viruses
Authors: Jean-Pierre Zarski, Benoit Bohn, Anne Bastie, Jean-Michel Pawlotsky, Maryline Baud, Frédérique Bost-Bezeaux, Jeanne Tran van Nhieu, Jean-Marie Seigneurin, Catherine Buffet, Daniel Dhumeaux
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1998)
Mediators of Immediate Hypersensitivity Derived from Arachidonic Acid
Authors: Edward J. Goetzl
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

Recent progress in the elucidation of the chemical structures and biologic properties of the lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid promises to lead to a much greater understanding of human immunopathology and allergic diseases. Although most studies of the metabolism of arachidonic acid over the past two decades have been directed toward the cyclooxygenase pathway, which yields diverse prostaglandins and thromboxanes, substantial evidence now indicates that some of the products of the lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid termed hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETE's) are potent mediators of more fundamental importance than the cyclooxygenase products in numerous allergic and inflammatory states.Through early bioassay . . .
MECHANISM OF THE REACTION BETWEEN BILE SALTS AND BLOOD SERUM AND THE EFFECT OF CONJUGATION IN THE FORMATION OF BILE SALTS
Authors: Andrew Watson Sellards
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1909)

These experiments suggest the following conclusions concerning hemolytic action: 1. It is probably the proteid part of the serum which inhibits the bile salts. 2. The cholalic acid group is the active part of the bile salt molecule. 3. The protection afforded by bile salts against serum is of especial interest from the following considerations: (a) The protective action is a property apparently peculiar to proteids obtained from blood serum. It is not given satisfactorily by egg albumen. (b) The conjugation of cholalic acid with glycocoll in the formation of the bile salts is of some advantage to the organism. Although the toxicity of the cholalate for red corpuscles, when free from serum, is at most only slightly diminished by conjugation, yet the blood serum possesses a greater inhibiting action for the resulting glycocholate than for the original cholalate. 4. As compared with its inhibition of sodium glycocholate, normal serum possesses relatively little inhibiting action against certain foreign hemolytic agents, such as tetanus toxin, sodium benzoate, phenol and ethyl alcohol. 5. Hemolytic experiments afford a fairly general method for studying, in vitro, certain syntheses occurring in the body. They avoid, largely, the complications, such as rapid chemical alteration, which might occur in animal experimentation. Contrary to the results obtained with bile salts, the conjugation of benzoic acid and of phenol results in an effective reduction of their hemolytic action independently of the presence or absence of serum.
Sustained limitation of myocardial reperfusion injury by a monoclonal antibody that alters leukocyte function.
Authors: P J Simpson, R F Todd, J K Mickelson, J C Fantone, K P Gallagher, K A Lee, Y Tamura, M Cronin, B R Lucchesi
Journal: Circulation (1990)

Pentobarbital anesthetized dogs were subjected to 90 minutes of left circumflex coronary artery (LCCA) occlusion followed by 72 hours of reperfusion. Control or anti-Mo1 (904) F(ab')2 fragments of monoclonal antibodies were administered intravenously at a dose of 1 mg/kg beginning 45 minutes after occlusion and at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg at 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after reperfusion. Myocardial infarct size expressed as a percentage of the area at risk (IN/AR) measured postmortem after 72 hours of reperfusion was significantly reduced by 904 F(ab')2 (21.6 +/- 2.8%, n = 8) compared with control F(ab')2 (37.4 +/- 5.8%, n = 8; p less than 0.025). There were no significant differences between groups in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, rate-pressure product, or LCCA blood flow that could account for a reduced infarct size. Regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) was determined with 15-microns radiolabeled microspheres. Transmural blood flows (ml/min/g) within the region of myocardium at risk were not statistically different between treatment groups. Infarct size in both groups was related to regional myocardial blood flow, and the relation was shifted downward in the group treated with the anti-Mo1 F(ab')2 antibody (analysis of covariance, p = 0.01). Thus, anti-Mo1 F(ab')2 produces a sustained limitation of myocardial infarct size compared with controls under similar hemodynamic conditions and a similar degree of myocardial ischemia as determined by RMBF. These data suggest that inhibition of neutrophil adhesive interactions (as suggested by the inhibitory effect of anti-Mo1 on canine neutrophil aggregation) may be an effective mechanism for protection against myocardial injury secondary to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.
Hemodynamic mechanisms of ejection fraction improvement with chronic carvedilol treatment in heart failure: Insights from three-dimensional echocardiography
Authors: Mathew S. Maurer, Daniel Burkhoff, Lyna El-Khoury Coffin, Donald L. King, Norma Medina, Madeline Yushak, Jonathan D. Sackner-Bernstein
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Comparison of liquid and gaseous oxygen for domiciliary portable use.
Authors: S H Lock, G Blower, M Prynne, J A Wedzicha
Journal: Thorax (1992)

BACKGROUND: Liquid oxygen is available for portable use and may have advantages over gas cylinders. METHODS: The use and acceptability of liquid and gaseous oxygen was compared in 15 patients with chronic lung disease who had shown an improvement of at least 10% in assessments of exercise tolerance and breathlessness with standard portable oxygen. Gaseous and liquid portable oxygen were provided in random order for two eight week periods, and assessments consisted of six minute walking tests, lung function tests, chronic respiratory disease index questionnaires, and diary cards. RESULTS: The walking distance was not significantly affected by the weight of the equipment with either system. Patients used the liquid oxygen for significantly longer (23.5 hours a week) than the gas cylinder (10 hours a week). When using liquid oxygen patients went out of the house on average for 19.5 hours a week, compared with 15.5 hours a week with gaseous oxygen. The liquid oxygen system was preferred because the oxygen lasted longer, filling was easier, and the canister was easier to carry. CONCLUSIONS: Liquid oxygen for portable treatment may be of benefit in selected patients with chronic lung disease.
Abstract 5708: Interstitial protein delivery evaluated in multicellular layers model
Authors: Soo-Yeon Kim, Kwang-Suck Kim, Jung Ho Kim, Tae Hyung Kim, Jong Hoon Choi, Kang Choon Lee, Ki Dong Park, Seung-Jin Lee, Kun Na, Hyo-Jeong Kuh
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The limited efficacy of protein drugs is related to their poor distribution in tumor tissue. We examined interstitial delivery of four model proteins of different molecular size and bioaffinity as formulated of non-formulated forms in multicellular layers (MCL) of human cancer cells. Model proteins were tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-including ligand (TRAIL), cetuximab, RNase A, and IgG. MCLs were cultured in Transwell inserts, exposed to drugs, then cryo-sectioned for image acquisition using fluorescence microscopy (fluorescent dye-labeled TRAIL, RNase A, IgG) or Immunohistochemistry (cetuximab). TRAIL and cetuximab showed partial penetration into MCLs, whereas RNase A and IgG showed little penetration. At 10-fold higher dose, a significant increase in penetration was observed for IgG only, while cetuximab showed an intense accumulation limited to the front layers. PEGylated TRAIL and a heparin-Pluronic nanogel formulation of RNase A showed significantly improved penetration that was attributed to increased stability and extracellular matrix binding, respectively. IgG penetration was significantly enhanced with PTX pretreatment as a penetration enhancer. MCL culture was successfully used for the evaluation of protein movement in the tumor interstitum. Four proteins showed limited interstitial penetration in MCL cultures. Bioaffinity, rather than molecular size, seems to have a positive effect on tissue penetration, although strong binding affinity may lead to sequestration in the front layers. Nanoformulations, such as PEGylation and heparin-Pluronic (HP) nanogel, or penetration enhancers are potential strategies to increase interstitial delivery of anticancer biologics. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5708. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5708
Elevated levels of interleukin-8 and leukotriene B4 in pulmonary edema fluid of a patient with reexpansion pulmonary edema.
Authors: H Nakamura, A Ishizaka, M Sawafuji, T Urano, S Fujishima, F Sakamaki, K Sayama, M Kawamura, R Kato, K Kikuchi
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

We experienced a case of reexpansion pulmonary edema (RPE) after surgical treatment of pneumothorax. In this case, protein leakage and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) accumulation were observed in the reexpanded lung. Interleukin-8 and leukotriene B4 in edema fluid were increased at the onset of RPE. PMN elastase was also increased, though its peak was delayed. The plasma level of P-selectin, which mediates adhesion between PMN and endothelium, was elevated. We speculate that some of these fluid mediators may play important roles in chemotaxis and activation of PMN in the development of RPE.
Regulation of Plasma Endothelin by Salt in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension
Authors: Fernando Elijovich, Cheryl L. Laffer, Elias Amador, Haralambos Gavras, Margaret R. Bresnahan, Ernesto L. Schiffrin
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —Salt dependency of blood pressure (BP) characterizes most models of experimental hypertension in which endothelins play a significant vasoconstrictor role. Despite this, there are no data on the regulation of plasma endothelin by salt balance in human hypertension. Methods and Results —Plasma endothelin was measured in 47 patients with essential hypertension. Endothelin, catecholamine, and plasma renin activity (PRA) responses to 24-hour sodium deprivation (↓Na) were assessed in 29 of these patients. Endothelin was higher in hypertensive patients (4.6±0.2 fmol/mL) than in 20 control subjects (3.3±0.3 fmol/mL, P &lt;0.002), was correlated with BP, and was negatively associated with PRA ( P &lt;0.04). Salt-sensitive, salt-resistant, and indeterminate groups were defined by the tertiles of the t statistic for the difference in BP before and after ↓Na. Systolic BP falls were −15±1, −2±2, and −9±1 mm Hg, respectively. PRA, its response to ↓Na, and its level after ↓Na were lowest (albeit nonsignificant) in salt-sensitive patients. Baseline catecholamine and endothelin levels did not differ among the groups. In response to ↓Na, catecholamines increased more significantly in salt-sensitive patients (+2.4±0.9 nmol/L) than in the other groups (0.4±0.2 and 0.7±0.2 nmol/L for indeterminate and salt-resistant groups, respectively; P &lt;0.03), whereas endothelin increased in the salt-sensitive group (0.8±0.3 fmol/mL), decreased in the salt-resistant group (−0.4±0.3 fmol/mL), and sustained minimal change in the indeterminate group (0.2±0.3 fmol/mL) ( P &lt;0.04). Thus, endothelin levels in the salt-depleted state were highest in salt-sensitive patients (5.2±0.4 fmol/mL) versus the other groups (3.4±0.4 and 4.4±0.4 fmol/mL for salt-resistant and indeterminate groups, respectively) ( P &lt;0.02). Changes in endothelin during ↓Na and levels after ↓Na were correlated with changes in catecholamines ( P &lt;0.02). Conclusions —Our data suggest that salt-depleted salt-sensitive hypertensives with blunted renin responses exhibit enhanced catecholamine-stimulated endothelin levels and may therefore respond better than unselected patients with essential hypertension to endothelin receptor blockers.
Acupuncture does not improve chronic knee pain, study finds
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Acupuncture with a laser or needle is no better than sham acupuncture at treating chronic knee pain in people over 50, an Australian study has found.

Acupuncture is the most popular alternative therapy sought by people with chronic pain, said researchers from the University of Melbourne. Some evidence has shown that laser acupuncture, in which low intensity laser therapy is delivered to acupuncture points, is beneficial for some pain conditions. However, despite evidence from a meta-analysis that needle acupuncture could help osteoarthritis pain, the researchers noted that the effect sizes were small when compared with sham needles and …