tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Genes and environment in irritable bowel syndrome: one step forward
Authors: N J Talley
Journal: Gut (2006)

Both low birth weight and genetic factors may be integral to the aetiological pathway in irritable bowel syndrome

The prototypic functional gastrointestinal disorder is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) which affects approximately 10% of the population and causes considerable morbidity.1 Traditionally, the pathogenesis of IBS has been simplistically conceptualised by applying the biopsychosocial model; this focuses on the interaction, via the brain–gut axis, of psychosocial processes with pertubations of gut sensory and motor dysfunction.2 The model suggests that either genetic or environmental factors may alter central and peripheral physiology. However, how this occurs remains mysterious, few environmental factors have been linked to IBS and indeed whether or not genetics plays a part remains controversial.

There are clues that IBS is an inherited condition.3–5 In a family cluster study of 643 subjects from Olmsted County, Minnesota, those who reported having first degree relatives with bowel problems were significantly more likely to report IBS, adjusting for age, sex and the reporting of non-gastrointestinal somatic symptoms.3 Those who reported having a spouse with bowel problems were no more likely to report IBS.3 A study that directly surveyed relatives confirmed that there was nearly a threefold increase in IBS among the relatives of patients with IBS compared with the relatives of spouses.4 However, these results could all reflect a common intrafamilial environment rather than genes.

Two twin studies have suggested that there is a genetic component in IBS but clearly also indicate that the environment is key.6,7 Twins studies rely on the fact that monozygotic (identical) twins share 100% of their genes while dizygotic twins (like siblings) share only 50%. The first study to directly assess the potential role of genetics in IBS evaluated Australian twins.6 We found in this study that there was a …
Respiratory Failure and Diabetic Control
Authors: Marshall B. Block
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Letters and Corrections1 April 1982Respiratory Failure and Diabetic ControlMARSHALL B. BLOCK, M.D.MARSHALL B. BLOCK, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-96-4-538_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In perusing "Respiratory Failure Precipitated by High Carbohydrate Loads" (1) I wondered whether the authors have considered whether similar precipitation of respiratory failure in borderline compensated patients with chronic obstructive lung disease occurs in patients who have diabetes mellitus. Could loss of control of diabetes precipitate respiratory failure? The large doses of steroids usually given to such patients, especially those with asthmatic components, may be a precipitating factor in further respiratory difficulties....Reference1. COVELLIBLACKOLSENBEEKMAN HJMJ. Respiratory failure precipitated by high carbohydrate loads. Ann Intern Med. 1981;95:579-81. LinkGoogle Scholar1. SALTZMANSALZONO HJ. Effects of carbohydrate metabolism upon respiratory gas exchange in normal men. J Appl Physiol. 1971;30:228-31. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. ELWYNKINNEYJEEVARANDAMGUMPBROELL DJMFJ. Influence of increasing carbohydrate intake on glucose kinetics in injured patients. Ann Surg. 1979;190:117-27. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. COVELLIBLACKOLSENBEEKMAN HJMJ. Respiratory failure precipitated by high carbohydrate loads. Ann Intern Med. 1981;95:579-81. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 April 1982Volume 96, Issue 4Page: 538-538 Issue Published: 1 April 1982 PDF downloadLoading ...
Infected Cell Protein (ICP)47 Enhances Herpes Simplex Virus Neurovirulence by Blocking the CD8+ T Cell Response
Authors: Kim Goldsmith, Wei Chen, David C. Johnson, Robert L. Hendricks
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

The herpes simplex virus (HSV) infected cell protein (ICP)47 blocks CD8+ T cell recognition of infected cells by inhibiting the transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP). In vivo, HSV-1 replicates in two distinct tissues: in epithelial mucosa or epidermis, where the virus enters sensory neurons; and in the peripheral and central nervous system, where acute and subsequently latent infections occur. Here, we show that an HSV-1 ICP47- mutant is less neurovirulent than wild-type HSV-1 in mice, but replicates normally in epithelial tissues. The reduced neurovirulence of the ICP47- mutant was due to a protective CD8+ T cell response. When compared with wild-type virus, the ICP47- mutant expressed reduced neurovirulence in immunologically normal mice, and T cell-deficient nude mice after reconstitution with CD8+ T cells. However, the ICP47- mutant exhibited normal neurovirulence in mice that were acutely depleted of CD8+ T cells, and in nude mice that were not reconstituted, or were reconstituted with CD4+ T cells. In contrast, CD8+ T cell depletion did not increase the neurovirulence of an unrelated, attenuated HSV-1 glycoprotein (g)E- mutant. ICP47 is the first viral protein shown to influence neurovirulence by inhibiting CD8+ T cell protection.
A sporadic case of early-onset sarcoidosis resembling Blau syndrome due to the recurrent R334W missense mutation on the NOD2 gene
Authors: P. Coto-Segura, S. Mallo-Garcia, M. Costa-Romero, J.I. Arostegui, J. Yague, E. Ramos-Polo, J. Santos-Juanes
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2007)

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder characterized by the infiltration of noncaseating granulomata in the affected tissues. We report here the clinical case of a Caucasian Spanish patient suffering from sporadic early-onset sarcoidosis (EOS) with simultaneous cutaneous and articular symptoms. NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain; previously known as CARD15, caspase recruitment domain) gene mutational analysis revealed the presence of the recurrent R334W missense mutation. As in previously reported EOS cases, our patient was initially misdiagnosed with dermatitis.
Pathologic Findings in Guinea Pigs Inoculated lntraperitoneally with the Legionnaires' Disease Bacterium
Authors: F. W. CHANDLER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Tissues from guinea pigs inoculated intraperitoneally with the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium were studied with light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopy. The principal gross lesion was diffuse peritonitis of varying severity. Microscopically, the peritoneum was covered by a mixed inflammatory infiltrate of macrophages, neutrophils, fibrin, and cellular debris. Foci of inflammation and necrosis were consistently observed in the splenic parenchyma, and similar lesions were often found in the lungs, liver, lymph nodes, pancreas, heart, and other organs. Numerous LD bacteria were seen in the peritoneal exudate; fewer were found in disseminated lesions. In electron micrographs, the highest concentrations were seen in macrophages, with fewer organisms present in neutrophils or extracellular spaces. Although the lung is the primary organ known to be affected by Legionnaires' disease in humans, our findings indicate that the LD bacterium is capable of dissemination.
ESWT in the management of patella tendinopathy
Authors: Stephen Motto
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Lecture 21 Patella tendinopathy is still a potentially career ending injury if not accurately diagnosed and actively managed. Prevalence has been reported to be in the range of 7–40% in the athletic population. There are still concerns regarding the aetiology, although the mechanical strain theory is the most accepted – repeat heavy loading initiating pathological extracellular and cellular dysfunction with eventual collagen disruption and tendon degeneration. Musculoskeletal extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) involves the use of low, medium and high energy focused or non-focused (radial) sound waves that have been shown to have a therapeutic value for certain orthopaedic conditions. ESWT in patella tendinopathy ‘seems to be a safe and promising treatment’ was the conclusion reached by Leeuwen et al in a review of the literature which appeared in the BJSM last year ( BJSM 2009; 43 :163–8). The mechanism of action of shockwaves remains unknown. It has been postulated that shockwaves induce hyperstimulation analgesia by increasing the threshold of pain. It also seems to increase vascularity and leads to increases in cellular signalling. Focused shockwave therapy has been used in my practice with good results in a number of mild to moderately severe cases.
Collagenous Colitis and Histiocytic Lymphoma
Authors: David B. Edwards
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Letters and Corrections1 August 1989Collagenous Colitis and Histiocytic LymphomaDavid B. Edwards, MDDavid B. Edwards, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-111-3-260 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editor: Collagenous colitis is a relatively rare cause of watery diarrhea and abdominal pain and is characterized histologically by a thickened band of collagen beneath the colonic mucosa epithelium. I report a case of collagenous colitis associated with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma, which responded to sulfasalazine and steroid enemas, even as lymphoma progressed.A 78-year-old woman with a 1-year history of diarrhea was admitted in February 1988 for a presumed stroke with mild aphasia. In the past year she had had four to five loose stools per day. At admission, cultures of the stool and examination for ova and...References1. van der Werfvan Berge HenegouwenBronkhorstWerre SGFJ. Chemotherapy response of collagenous colitis in patients with Hodgkin's disease: a possible perineoplastic syndrome. Neth J Med. 1987;31:228-33. MedlineGoogle Scholar2. PalmerBerryWheeler KHP. Collagenous colitis-a relapsing and remitting disease. Gut. 1986;27:578-80. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. DebongnieDeGaloscyOana CaholessurHaot JCMJ. Collagenous colitis-a transient condition? Report of two cases. Dis Colon Rectum. 1984;27:672-6. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. JessurunYardleyGiardielloHamiltonBayless JJFST. Chronic colitis with thickening of the subepithelial collagen layer. Hum Pathol. 1987;18:839-48. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. FarahMillsLeeMcLayRussell DPFAR. Collagenous colitis: possible response to sulfasalazine and local steroid therapy. Gastroenterology. 1985;88:792-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Internal Medical Associates, P.C. Phoenix, AZ 85012 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByCollagenous Gastritis in Primary Selective IgM Deficiency: Transition to EBV+ Gastric AdenocarcinomaMicroscopic colitis: a reviewMicroscopic Colitis–Defining Incidence Rates and Risk Factors: A Population-Based StudyComplications of collagenous colitisLymphoproliferative Disorders in Collagenous ColitisCollagenous Mucosal Inflammatory Diseases of the Gastrointestinal TractCollagenous Colitis as the Presenting Feature of Biopsy-Defined Celiac DiseaseThe Watery Diarrhea-Colitis SyndromeCollagenous colitis pathophysiologic considerations 1 August 1989Volume 111, Issue 3Page: 260-261KeywordsAbdominal painColitisDiarrheaDiffuse large B-cell lymphomaEpitheliumLymphomaMucous membranesStroke Issue Published: 1 August 1989 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Pneumoperitoneum Due to Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis in Idiopathic Megacolon
Authors: Bruce H. Broecker
Journal: JAMA (1977)

PNEUMATOSIS cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is an entity characterized by numerous submucosal or subserosal collections of air-filled cysts in the intestinal tract. This disorder has been described in association with a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases: pyloric stenosis, esophageal stricture, diaphragmatic hernia, inflammatory and obstructive bowel disease, tuberculous enteritis, intestinal neoplasia, For editorial comment see p 1965. and scleroderma, as well as obstructive pulmonary diseases and coughing. 1 More recently PCI has been noted following blunt abdominal trauma 2 and jejunoileal bypass. 3 Herein we report a patient with PCI in association with acquired megacolon. 4 To our knowledge, this association has not been previously described.  Report of a Case  A 57-year-old resident of the state mental institution was first admitted to our hospital in November 1974 with abdominal distention, a 7-kg weight loss, and occasional clay-colored stools. A duodenal biopsy specimen revealed chronic inflammation in the lamina propria with no
Hereditary Skin Diseases
Authors: J. T. Ingram
Journal: BMJ (1963)

This is a large volume that starts off with an introductory chapter on " the formation of red blood cells, their life span and destruction; synthesis and katabolism of haemo- globin; and the metabolism of erythrocytes."This is a lot of ground to cover in 36 pages.Much of it is far from clear, and much of it unrelated to paediatric problems.There follows a set of detailed tables showing normal blood values in the neonatal period, prematurity, infancy, and childhood.This section is written by Stransky, who works in the Philippines and draws much of his informa- tion from studies of local children.It is doubtful how far these values are generally applicable, since he states that the majority of Philippine mothers have malnutrition.He also gives figures from workers in other parts of the world, and, while the variability is impressive, it would be helpful if we knew what the author thought about them.For- tunately he reprints towards the end of the chapter a table based on a study of children in Birmingham, England, which-gives a clear idea of the variation of blood values with growth.
Mitral Stenosis: Unexpected Improvement After Inadequate Valvotomy
Authors: K. Fraser, I. F. Kerr, J. B. McGuinness
Journal: BMJ (1964)

In a review of the results of mitral valvotomy (Fraser and Kerr, 1961) we were surprised to find that many of the early cases in the series had a good result in spite of what would be considered, by present standards, to be an inadequate operation.This group of cases seemed to merit further study; thus the fate of all cases with a final valve size of 2.5 cm. or less was investigated. Material and MethodOut of 150 consecutive valvotomies performed by one of us (K.F.) during 1951-7, 68 had a final valve size of 2.5 cm. or less.All operations were performed by the transatrial route, using the finger or a Brock's knife to achieve the "split."Eleven (16 %) patients have died since operation: the cause of death was congestive cardiac failure in nine and cerebral embolus in two.Twenty-one cases have had re-operation, the details of which have already been published (Fraser and Kerr, 1962).Of the remaining 36, 35 have been traced and reviewed.When the patients were seen at the follow-up, account was taken of their exercise tolerance, liability to bronchitis, haemoptysis, and chest pain, and their digitalis requirements.Clinical, electrocardiographic, and chest x-ray examination of each patient was carried out.The results of the operation were graded as poor, good, or very good, depending upon our assess- ment of exercise tolerance.Fifteen cases were graded as poor and 20 as good or very good.In an attempt to explain the variation in results these two groups were compared under the following headings: (1) duration of symptoms before operation; (2) age at operation; (3) findings at operation; (4) time interval between operation and assessment; (5) clinical findings at assessment; (6) chest x-ray findings; (7) E.C.G. records; (8) histology of pulmonary lingula biopsies. ResultsDuration of Symptoms Before Operation (Table I).-Of the 20 patients with good results 10 had had symptoms for less TABLE I.-Duration of Symptoms Before Operation Years: 2-4-6-8-10+ Total Good result ..
Strategies for immortalization of primary hepatocytes
Authors: Eva Ramboer, Bram De Craene, Joery De Kock, Tamara Vanhaecke, Geert Berx, Vera Rogiers, Mathieu Vinken
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)

The liver has the unique capacity to regenerate in response to a damaging event. Liver regeneration is hereby largely driven by hepatocyte proliferation, which in turn relies on cell cycling. The hepatocyte cell cycle is a complex process that is tightly regulated by several well-established mechanisms. In vitro, isolated hepatocytes do not longer retain this proliferative capacity. However, in vitro cell growth can be boosted by immortalization of hepatocytes. Well-defined immortalization genes can be artificially overexpressed in hepatocytes or the cells can be conditionally immortalized leading to controlled cell proliferation. This paper discusses the current immortalization techniques and provides a state-of-the-art overview of the actually available immortalized hepatocyte-derived cell lines and their applications.
SIRT3 Mediates Multi-Tissue Coupling for Metabolic Fuel Switching
Authors: Kristin E Dittenhafer-Reed, Alicia L Richards, Jing Fan, Michael J Smallegan, Alireza Fotuhi Siahpirani, Zachary A Kemmerer, Tomas A Prolla, Sushmita Roy, Joshua J Coon, John M Denu
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2015)
Relationship of Baseline Serum Cholesterol Levels in 3 Large Cohorts of Younger Men to Long-term Coronary, Cardiovascular, and All-Cause Mortality and to Longevity
Authors: Jeremiah Stamler, Martha L. Daviglus, Daniel B. Garside, Alan R. Dyer, Philip Greenland, James D. Neaton
Journal: JAMA (2000)

ContextBased on observational and interventional data for middle-aged cohorts (aged 40-64 years), serum cholesterol level is known to be an established major risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, findings for younger people are limited, and the value of detecting and treating hypercholesterolemia in younger adults is debated.ObjectiveTo evaluate the long-term impact of unfavorable serum cholesterol levels on risk of death from CHD, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all causes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThree prospective studies, from which were selected 3 cohorts of younger men with baseline serum cholesterol level measurements and no history of diabetes mellitus or myocardial infarction. A total of 11,017 men aged 18 through 39 years screened in 1967-1973 for the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry (CHA); 1266 men aged 25 through 39 years examined in 1959-1963 in the Peoples Gas Company Study (PG); and 69,205 men aged 35 through 39 years screened in 1973-1975 for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT).Main Outcome MeasuresCause-specific mortality during 25 (CHA), 34 (PG), and 16 (MRFIT) years of follow-up; mortality risks; and estimated life expectancy in relation to baseline serum cholesterol levels.ResultsDeath due to CHD accounted for 26%, 34%, and 28% of all deaths in the CHA, PG, and MRFIT cohorts, respectively; and CVD death for 34%, 42%, and 39% of deaths in the same cohorts, respectively. Men in all 3 cohorts with unfavorable serum cholesterol levels (200-239 mg/dL [5.17-6.18 mmol/L] and ≥240 mg/dL [≥6.21 mmol/L]) had strong gradients of relative mortality risk. For men with serum cholesterol levels of 240 mg/dL or greater (≥6.21 mmol/L) vs favorable levels (<200 mg/dL [<5.17 mmol/L]), CHD mortality risk was 2.15 to 3.63 times greater; CVD disease mortality risk was 2.10 to 2.87 times greater; and all-cause mortality was 1.31 to1.49 times greater. Hypercholesterolemic men had age-adjusted absolute risk of CHD death of 59 per 1000 men in 25 years (CHA cohort), 90 per 1000 men in 34 years (PG cohort), and 15 per 1000 men in 16 years (MRFIT cohort). Absolute excess risk was 43.6 per 1000 men (CHA), 81.4 per 1000 men (PG), and 12.1 per 1000 men (MRFIT). Men with favorable baseline serum cholesterol levels had an estimated greater life expectancy of 3.8 to 8.7 years.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate a continuous, graded relationship of serum cholesterol level to long-term risk of CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality, substantial absolute risk and absolute excess risk of CHD and CVD death for younger men with elevated serum cholesterol levels, and longer estimated life expectancy for younger men with favorable serum cholesterol levels.
Should Physicians Boycott Airlines That Permit Smoking?
Authors: Peter A. Goodwin
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In a recent article,<sup>1</sup>Mattson et al detail the results of exposure to smoking in nonsmoking sections of airplanes and demonstrate that separation of smoking and nonsmoking sections is not achieved. They also make note that one airline has banned smoking on domestic flights of any length. When I look at brochures advertising medical meetings, I seldom see that that particular airline is mentioned as one with which special travel arrangements have been made. I believe that we should go out of our way to do so, as an additional way of using our professional influence in favor of a smoke-free society. I hope continuing medical education directors, specialty society program directors, and course coordinators will respond to this suggestion.
Elevated Blood Levels of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate Vary with Symptom Load in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Findings from a Longitudinal Study of Refugees in Sweden
Authors: Hans Peter Söndergaard, Lars-Olof Hansson, Töres Theorell
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2002)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; The present study is part of a longitudinal study of recently resettled refugees with the aim of learning which factors in their daily life influence health as measured by self-report and stress-responsive hormones. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; In a group of recently resettled refugees with a high incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), diagnosed by structured interview, self-rated symptoms of PTSD were followed three times over a period of 9 months after inclusion in the study. Eighty-six individuals were included in the study and 58 subjects (67.4%) completed it. Blood samples were drawn at each examination for assessment of hormone levels. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; After adjustment for age, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-s) was observed to be higher in non-depressed PTSD cases than in non-PTSD without depression. There was an interaction between PTSD and depression regarding DHEA-s levels. DHEA-s correlated significantly with changes in self-rated symptoms of PTSD at last follow-up; the greater the increase in PTSD symptoms, the greater the increase in plasma DHEA-s. The variation of DHEA-s levels in relation to changes in self-rated health in non-PTSD showed the opposite pattern, although not reaching significance. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; The finding of changes in DHEA-s should encourage further studies of the role of altered steroid metabolism in PTSD.
Virologic and Clinical Observations on Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
Authors: Thomas H. Weller, James B. Hanshaw, D'Maris E. Scott
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

THE clinical entity referred to as cytomegalic inclusion disease, or generalized salivary-gland virus disease, has received increasing attention during the past decade. Concurrently, interest has shifted from the sphere of post-mortem diagnosis to the recognition of cases during life. This development followed the introduction of diagnostic procedures based on exfoliative cytologic studies1 2 3 and of technics for the isolation of the etiologic agents.4 5 6 Interest of clinicians initially was stimulated by the two case reports of Margileth7 and of Birdsong et al.,8 who, utilizing examination of urinary sediments to support the diagnosis, demonstrated that infants could survive the insults of neonatal cytomegalic . . .