tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Older Adults
Authors: Willeke H. van Zelst, Edwin de Beurs, Aartjan T.F. Beekman, Dorly J.H. Deeg, Richard van Dyck
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2003)

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has scarcely been researched in the elderly. There is no population-based information on prevalence and risk factors in older persons. Patients with PTSD are often not recognized or incorrectly diagnosed. As the disorder has great implications for the quality of life, a correct diagnosis and treatment are crucial. Increased knowledge on vulnerability factors for PTSD can facilitate diagnostic procedures and health management in the elderly.PTSD cases were found following a two-phase sampling procedure: a random selection of 1,721 subjects were screened and in 422 subjects a psychiatric diagnostic interview was administered. Prevalence of PTSD and subthreshold PTSD were calculated. Vulnerability factors regarding demographics, physical health, personality, social factors, recent distress and adverse events in early childhood were assessed.6-month prevalence of PTSD and of subthreshold PTSD was 0.9 and 13.1%, respectively. The strongest vulnerability factors for both PTSD and subthreshold PTSD were neuroticism and adverse events in early childhood.This is the first population-based study on PTSD in older persons. With a 6-month prevalence of almost 1% the disease is not rare. Comparisons with younger populations suggest some accumulation of cases among older people reflecting the chronic risk factors, which are found in this study: neuroticism and adverse events in early childhood.
Identification of local and circulating cancer stem cells in human liver cancer
Authors: Zhen Fan Yang, Patricia Ngai, David W. Ho, Wan Ching Yu, Michael N.P. Ng, Chi Keung Lau, Mandy L. Y. Li, Ka Ho Tam, Chi Tat Lam, Ronnie T. P. Poon, Sheung Tat Fan
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Increasing evidence has revealed the importance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in carcinogenesis. Although liver CSCs have been identified in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, no data have shown the presence of these cells in human settings. The present study was designed to delineate CSCs serially from HCC cell lines, human liver cancer specimens to blood samples, using CD90 as a potential marker. The number of CD90+ cells increased with the tumorigenicity of HCC cell lines. CD45−CD90+ cells were detected in all the tumor specimens, but not in the normal, cirrhotic, and parallel nontumorous livers. In addition, CD45−CD90+ cells were detectable in 90% of blood samples from liver cancer patients, but none in normal subjects or patients with cirrhosis. A significant positive correlation between the number of CD45−CD90+ cells in the tumor tissues and the number of CD45−CD90+ cells in the blood samples was identified. CD90+ cells sorted from cell lines and CD45−CD90+ cells from the tumor tissues and blood samples of liver cancer patients generated tumor nodules in immunodeficient mice. Serial transplantation of CD90+ cells from tumor xenografts generated tumor nodules in a second and subsequently third batch of immunodeficient mice. Treatment of CD90+ CSCs with anti-human CD44 antibody induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Identification of CD45−CD90+ CSCs in both tumor tissues and circulation suggests that CD45−CD90+ could be used as a marker for human liver cancer and as a target for the diagnosis and therapy of this malignancy.
Aspartame and its effects on health: Readers may prefer balanced and impartial editorials
Authors: Ian J Gordon
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Save the FDAEditor-Abbasi asks whether drug regulation is failing. 1 The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) performs a thankless task.Patients want new drugs available immediately and agitate to accomplish this.Patients also wish medicines to be guaranteed safe, and blame the FDA when toxicity leads to a drug's withdrawal.Clinical scientists complain that the FDA obstructs their investigations.Pharmaceutical companies see the FDA as an adversary, not a protector.Practising in the USA for 20 years, I encountered many FDA agents.A few revered regulations for their own sake.Such people are irksome, but without strict oversight valueless and toxic agents would be marketed.A prime example is Laetrile (laevo-mandelonitrile-beta-glucuronoside), a useless and poisonous drug promoted for cancer treatment.The FDA, supported by the National Cancer Institute, successfully resisted extreme public pressure to allow its marketing, saving many lives and a multimillion dollar fraud.The FDA faces serious accusations.Attempting to suppress David Graham's whistleblowing on rofecoxib assaults scientific honesty. 2 3 The FDA's refusal to allow non-prescription sales of emergency contraception indicates unacceptable political pressure from the religious right.Unduly close relations between the FDA and pharmaceutical companies may lead to premature marketing approvals.How should the FDA be saved?Firstly, officials ordering withdrawal of a drug should be independent of those who approve marketing.Secondly, making the FDA a quango would protect from political pressures.Thirdly, conflicts of interest involving FDA employees and consultants must be rigorously scrutinised, even more severely than editors scrutinise the interests of contributors.The UK's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency is accused of proindustry bias.Housecleaning there and at the FDA will benefit patients, doctors, and the pharmaceutical industry itself.
Hydrolysis of Norethindrone Acetate by Fetal and Placental Tissue
Authors: George Betz, James C. Warren
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

IT has been demonstrated that certain progestational agents given during pregnancy may result in masculinization of the female fetus.1 , 2 The agent most frequently implicated was norethindrone (Norlutin). This drug has now been largely superseded in clinical use by its more potent ester, norethindrone acetate (Norlutate).This communication reports the rapid in vitro hydrolysis of norethindrone acetate to free norethindrone by placental or fetal tissues at term and as early as the eighth week of pregnancy.Materials and MethodsIncubation and ExtractionAfter purification by chromatography 200 microgm. of norethindrone acetate§ was incubated for one hour at 37°C. with 0.5 gm. . . .
Was the flu drug zanamivir a breakthrough or money for old rope?
Authors: R. Moynihan
Journal: BMJ (2014)

While Relenza’s benefits are modest at best, its story would make a great Hollywood blockbuster

A drug company executive hailed it as “one of the greatest discoveries of the 20th century” and an Australian politician predicted two decades ago it might be a “breakthrough as significant as penicillin.” The Independent on Sunday in the UK ran a front page story declaring “a cure for flu that actually works,” and Australian tabloids quoted a patient saying that within 24 hours of taking it, “I was completely cured.” Given the sober findings of the recent Cochrane review of the drug,1 and the resources invested in pandemic stockpiles, all this misleading hype about zanamivir (Relenza) now seems obscene. Yet, inside the offices of the world’s most powerful drug regulator, a young biostatistician had concluded 15 years ago that the drug’s benefits were extremely limited. His findings back in 1999 would ignite the fury of one of the world’s most powerful drug companies and set the scene for a case study in failed regulation.

Later overshadowed by its more famous cousin, oseltamivir (Tamiflu), zanamivir was the first in this new class of anti-flu drug, the neuraminidase inhibitors. In …
Differential Rates of Evolution for the ZFY-Related Zinc Finger Genes, Zfy, Zfx, and Zfa in the Mouse Genus Mus
Authors: Priscilla K. Tucker, Ronald M. Adkins, Joshua S. Rest
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2003)

A comparative study of the last exon of the zinc finger genes Zfx, Zfy, and Zfa from species of mice in the genus Mus was conducted to assess the extent of gene-specific and chromosome-specific effects on the evolutionary patterns among related X-, Y-, and autosomal-linked genes. Phylogenetic analyses of 29 sequences from Zfx, Zfa, and Zfy from 10 taxa were performed to infer relatedness among the zinc finger loci, and codon-based maximum likelihood analyses were conducted to assess evolutionary pattern among genes. Five models of nucleotide sequence evolution were applied and compared using a likelihood ratio test. Estimates of nonsynonymous to synonymous changes (dN/dS) for these genes suggest that amino acid substitutions are occurring at a more rapid rate across the autosomal- and Y-specific lineages compared to the X-specific lineage, with the Y-specific lineage showing the highest rate under certain models. The data suggest the action of gene-specific effects on evolutionary pattern. In particular, Zfa and Zfy genes, both with presumed restricted expression, appear less functionally constrained relative to ubiquitously expressed Zfx. Slightly elevated dN/dS for Zfy genes in comparison to Zfa also suggest Y-specific effects.
Health Implications of PAH Release from Coated Cast Iron Drinking Water Distribution Systems in the Netherlands
Authors: E.J. Mirjam Blokker, Bianca M. van de Ven, Cindy M. de Jongh
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2013)

Coal tar and bitumen have been historically used to coat the insides of cast iron drinking water mains. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may leach from these coatings into the drinking water and form a potential health risk for humans.
Changing Concepts in Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: James C. Broadbent
Journal: JAMA (1972)

For those who preferred their New York City at Christmastime (and who doesn't?), there was a popular symposium in mid-December of 1970 entitled "New Frontiers in Cardiovascular Disease." And now, for those of you who missed it, there is this "textbook of the edited proceedings" of that symposium (but without the Christmas flavor, discussions, or even an editorial comment or two). So the question posed by this publication is, When, if ever, should one read the proceedings of a symposium he was unable to attend? This reviewer's qualified answer is, "probably never." An exception to this rule is the singletopic symposium with few participants, free discussion, and judicious editing (the Classic CIBA Symposia come to mind). The table of contents offers a potpourri of cardiovascular science and practice. There are 37 chapters by a variety of well-known authors. The subject material covers the gamut from Angina to Z-lines, including Beta-adrenergic
Dr. Upshur's Final Reply to Dr. Woodbridge.
Authors: H. M. Bannister
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Richmond, Va., Aug. 23, 1897. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I had hoped not to trespass upon your valuable space further, but the offensive communication from Dr. Woodbridge in your issue of August 21 can not be passed unnoticed. Now, sir, it can not be possible that Dr.Woodbridge is ignorant of the fact that Messrs. Parke, Davis &amp; Co. are advertising Woodbridge treatment of typhoid fever, and will send the literature to any one who applies for it. The pamphlet referred to contains liberal extracts from the several papers read by Dr. Woodbridge and refers to the source from which taken, therefore must be the genuine utterances of Dr. Woodbridge. Why does he permit this wholesale drug house to put him in so equivocal a position? Does he deny that the statements made in this "advertising circular" are genuine? But, sir, there is no need of examining the circular, his paper published
Maternal Attachment
Authors: Marshall H. Klaus, Richard Jerauld, Nancy C. Kreger, Willie McAlpine, Meredith Steffa, John H. Kennell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

Abstract To determine whether present hospital practices may affect later maternal behavior, we placed 28 primiparous women in two study groups shortly after delivery of normal full-term infants. Fourteen mothers (control group) had the usual physical contact with their infants, and 14 mothers (extended contact) had 16 hours of additional contact. Mothers' backgrounds and infants' characteristics were similar in both groups. Maternal behavior was measured 28 to 32 days later during a standardized interview, an examination of the baby and a filmed bottle feeding. Extended-contact mothers were more reluctant to leave their infants with someone else, usually stood and watched during the examination, showed greater soothing behavior, and engaged in significantly more eye-to-eye contact and fondling. These studies suggest that simple modification of care shortly after delivery may alter subsequent maternal behavior.
Prescriptions for antiulcer drugs in Australia: volume, trends, and costs
Authors: J. I Westbrook, A. E Duggan, J. H McIntosh
Journal: BMJ (2001)

H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors have markedly changed the management of peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; they have also changed the profile of national drug budgets. Antiulcer drugs have retained the leading position in drug sales worldwide: sales of antiulcer drugs were valued at $US12.9 billion (£8.6bn) in 1998 and were increasing at 3% a year.1

Since 1992 the Australian government's pharmaceutical benefits scheme has required prescribers of proton pump inhibitors to certify the presence of peptic ulcer disease or ulcerating oesophagitis (confirmed by endoscopy, radiography, or surgery) and refractory to treatment with other drugs, scleroderma oesophagus, or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The aim of this study was to assess how these restrictions have affected prescribing of antiulcer drugs.

We analysed data from the pharmaceutical benefits scheme on the number of prescriptions for H2 receptor antagonists, …
The Wolf at the Door
Authors: Benjamin J. Uttenthal, D. Mark Layton, Timothy J. Vyse, Benjamin E. Schreiber
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

A 29-year-old man presented with a 1-week history of fever, night sweats, reduced appetite, and left upper abdominal pain exacerbated by inspiration. He reported no weight loss, cough, dyspnea, nausea, diarrhea, rash, mouth ulcers, arthralgias, or ocular or urinary symptoms.
Cardioprotective C-kit<sup>+</sup> Bone Marrow Cells Attenuate Apoptosis after Acute Myocardial Infarction in Mice - <i>In-vivo</i> Assessment with Fluorescence Molecular Imaging
Authors: Angelique Ale, Frank Siebenhaar, Katja Kosanke, Michaela Aichler, Karin Radrich, Sina Heydrich, Matthias Schiemann, Isabella Bielicki, Peter B. Noel, Rickmer Braren, Marcus Maurer, Axel K. Walch, Ernst J. Rummeny, Vasilis Ntziachristos, Moritz Wildgruber
Journal: Theranostics (2013)

Cardiomyocyte loss via apoptosis plays a crucial role in ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI).Cell-based therapy approaches using bone marrow derived c-kit + pluripotent cells may attenuate apoptosis following ischemic injury.We therefore thought to examine the early course of apoptosis following myocardial infarction -in-vivo -and non-invasively determine the effect of c-kit + bone marrow cells on post-MI remodeling.We studied apoptosis in wild-type Kit +/+ , c-kit mutant Kit W /Kit W-v and Kit W /Kit W-v mice after cell therapy with bone-marrow derived c-kit + cells after ischemia-reperfusion injury.Mice were followed by hybrid Fluorescence Molecular Tomography/X-ray Computed Tomography (FMT-XCT) at 6h, 24h and 7 days after ischemia-reperfusion injury using an Annexin V-based fluorescent nanosensor targeting phosphatidylserine.Kit W /Kit W-v mice showed increased and prolonged apoptosis compared to control Kit +/+ mice while c-kit cell therapy was able to attenuate the altered apoptosis rates.Increased apoptosis was accompanied by severe decline in heart function, determined by cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and cell therapy was able to rescue the animals from deleterious heart failure.Post-mortem cryoslicing and immunohistochemistry localized the fluorescence signal of the Annexin V sensor within the infarcted myocardium.Flow cytometry of digested infarct specimens identified apoptotic cardiomyocytes as the major source for the in-vivo Annexin V signal.In-vivo molecular imaging using hybrid FMT-XCT reveals increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis in Kit W /Kit W-v mice and shows that c-kit + cardioprotective cells are able to attenuate post-MI apoptosis and rescue mice from progressive heart failure.
Stratégie de prise en charge des fistules post sleeve gastrectomie et facteurs prédictifs d'une évolution défavorable
Authors: B Vedrenne, F Fumex, P Claudé, J Boitard, J Bouland, A Bremondy, O Croiset, E Debono, A Laquiere, T Maniere, T Manos, X Moncoucy, JL Peroux, O Rouquet, C Boustière
Journal: Endoscopy (2012)

Le but de ce travail rétrospectif était d'étudier la validité d'une stratégie médico chirurgicale de prise en charge des fistules post sleeve gastrectomie et de rechercher les facteurs de mauvais pronostic avec cette stratégie.
An Outbreak of Epidemic Catarrhal Jaundice in Derbyshire
Authors: H. Peck
Journal: BMJ (1901)

noticeable in the ilium, the left being smaller and more vertical than the right.This is well shown in Fig. 3, the asymmetry shown there being real and not due to foreshortening as might be supposed on first sight.The right sacro-iliac articulation is superficially ossified in front.The condition of the left is uncertain, as the bones had been separated during dissection.The brim is markedly oblique, the symphysis lying opposite the right anterior sacral foramina.The curve of the brim is greater on the right side than on the left.The coccyx is ankylosed to the last piece of the sacrum.The sacrum is almost flat.That this is not an old case of tuberculous disease of the hip, the entire absence of adhesions and ankylosis is evidence, and the normal condition of the bones immediately around.That it is not due to osteo-arthritis, the total absence of osteo-arthritic changes, save in the eburnation of the neck and corresponding surface of the os innominatum, is witness.The remaining joints of the, lower extremity were quite normal.It may have been due to traumatic dislocation early in life, but the changes, being those of congenital dislocation in an exaggerated degree, mark the specimen as such.Hoffa figures several advanced specimens, but none so extreme.The following are the principal measurements of the pelvis:Brim.-Conjugate diameter, 4 inches; transverse diameter, 4' inches; left sacro-iliac synchond.to rignt iliopect.emin., 4 inches; right sacro- iliac synchond.to left ilio-pect.emin.41 inches; outlet.antero-posterior diam.(from lower end of eacrum), 4 inches; transverse (middle of tubera), 3 inches.Bisiiiac.-Outsidemeasure, 82 inches, inside measure, 85 inches; ant.sup.spine to symphysis,xright side, 4f inches; left side, I inches; ant.sup. to a spot opposite middle of sacrum, right side, 5* inches; left side, 4 inches.Sacrum.-inches long by 3i inches broad at its widest part In the Museum of St. Bartholomew's Hospital there is a somewhat similar specimen.Such is described as "repair after hip disease," but that is merely conjectural, as there is no history attached to it.
Microglial phagocytosis induced by fibrillar β-amyloid is attenuated by oligomeric β-amyloid: implications for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Xiao-dong Pan, Yuan-gui Zhu, Nan Lin, Jing Zhang, Qin-yong Ye, Hua-pin Huang, Xiao-chun Chen
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2011)

Reactive microglia are associated with β-amyloid (Aβ) deposit and clearance in Alzhiemer's Disease (AD). Paradoxically, entocranial resident microglia fail to trigger an effective phagocytic response to clear Aβ deposits although they mainly exist in an "activated" state. Oligomeric Aβ (oAβ), a recent target in the pathogenesis of AD, can induce more potent neurotoxicity when compared with fibrillar Aβ (fAβ). However, the role of the different Aβ forms in microglial phagocytosis, induction of inflammation and oxidation, and subsequent regulation of phagocytic receptor system, remain unclear.We demonstrated that Aβ(1-42) fibrils, not Aβ(1-42) oligomers, increased the microglial phagocytosis. Intriguingly, the pretreatment of microglia with oAβ(1-42) not only attenuated fAβ(1-42)-triggered classical phagocytic response to fluorescent microspheres but also significantly inhibited phagocytosis of fluorescent labeled fAβ(1-42). Compared with the fAβ(1-42) treatment, the oAβ(1-42) treatment resulted in a rapid and transient increase in interleukin 1β (IL-1β) level and produced higher levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and intracellular superoxide anion (SOA). The further results demonstrated that microglial phagocytosis was negatively correlated with inflammatory mediators in this process and that the capacity of phagocytosis in fAβ(1-42)-induced microglia was decreased by IL-1β, lippolysaccharide (LPS) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). The decreased phagocytosis could be relieved by pyrrolidone dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a free radical scavenger. These results suggest that the oAβ-impaired phagocytosis is mediated through inflammation and oxidative stress-mediated mechanism in microglial cells. Furthermore, oAβ(1-42) stimulation reduced the mRNA expression of CD36, integrin β1 (Itgb1), and Ig receptor FcγRIII, and significantly increased that of formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) and scavenger receptor class B1 (SRB1), compared with the basal level. Interestingly, the pre-stimulation with oAβ(1-42) or the inflammatory and oxidative milieu (IL-1β, LPS or t-BHP) significantly downregulated the fAβ(1-42)-induced mRNA over-expression of CD36, CD47 and Itgb1 receptors in microglial cells.These results imply that Aβ oligomers induce a potent inflammatory response and subsequently disturb microglial phagocytosis and clearance of Aβ fibrils, thereby contributing to an initial neurodegenerative characteristic of AD. Antiinflammatory and antioxidative therapies may indeed prove beneficial to delay the progression of AD.
Rabies Immune Globulin (Human)
Authors: John C. Loofbourow
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Due to the frequent complications associated with the use of rabies immune serum of equine origin, a human material, rabies immune globulin human (RIGH), has been developed. Dosage of RIGH is critical, because in excess, it may interfere with active immunity. This study was designed to determine an optimal dose of RIGH to be given in combination with a standard 16-shot series of duck embryo rabies vaccine. Serum samples for rabies antibody titration were obtained from all volunteers on days 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 13, 23, 30, 40, 60, and 90. Combined early (passive) immunity and later (active) immunity appeared optimal in the group receiving 20 international units/kg of body weight. This is approximately one half the dose rate required with rabies immune serum of equine origin, and is consistent with an observed half-life of RIGH which is approximately twice the half-life of equine material.
FRACTURE ORTHOPEDIC TABLE
Authors: GEORGE W. HAWLEY
Journal: JAMA (1913)

This table has been designed to provide for the suspension and immobilization of the lower extremities and trunk, without moving or lifting the patient in any way, and to afford reliable support and traction of the lower limbs in the treatment of fractures.  As the illustrations show, this table (Fig. 1) has a flat top, in the center of which is placed a hip-rest, D set practically flush with the surface of the table. The top is made in two sections. The smaller one, A , for the support, of the head and chest, is mounted on four small wheels, so that it can be moved along the bars, C .  The longer section, B , rests on four short legs, which act as levers so that it can be lowered, leaving Section A and the hip-rest projecting (Fig.2). A slot cut in the center of Section B provides for the passage of