tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Smallpox and Bioterrorism
Authors: Jeffrey M. Drazen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

This issue of the Journal contains more information about smallpox than I hope you will ever need. Smallpox was eradicated as a naturally occurring disease over 20 years ago. Thus, any new case of smallpox would have to be the result of human misadventure, either planned or unplanned, involving the laboratory stocks of the virus that were retained in the United States and the former Soviet Union when the disease was contained. Is smallpox a threat to our health? At the present time, there is no way to know. If smallpox virus (see figure) is in the hands of bioterrorists, . . .
Rheumatoid factor in rheumatoid arthritis associated renal disease and in lupus nephritis.
Authors: H Helin, M Korpela, J Mustonen, A Pasternack
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1986)

To test the hypothesis that rheumatoid factor (RF) protects against (immune complex mediated) renal disease, patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA; 48 with nephropathy of various types, 35 without renal disease) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; 35 with and 17 without nephritis) were evaluated for the presence and titre of RF. There was no correlation between RF and nephropathy in RA, whereas in SLE RFs were almost exclusively seen in patients without nephropathy. This result supports the above hypothesis for lupus nephropathy but not for RA associated renal disease, and it may be explained by a more pronounced role for immune complexes in SLE and interference of RFs with the complexes.
I-131 Uptake in Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Authors: Ebru Acar, Aysegul Akgun, Kenan Kocacelebi, Kamil Kumanlioglu, Muge Tuncyurek
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2007)

I-131 whole-body imaging is used for detection of functioning metastases in patients with well differentiated thyroid carcinoma. False positive uptake of I-131 in nonthyroid related tumors have rarely been described in the literature. The authors present a patient with papillary thyroid cancer that demonstrates uptake of I-131 at scintigraphy due to malignant fibrous histiocytoma.
Segmental and nonsegmental childhood vitiligo has distinct clinical characteristics: A prospective observational study
Authors: Juliette Mazereeuw-Hautier, Sophie Bezio, Emmanuel Mahe, Christine Bodemer, Catherine Eschard, Valérie Viseux, Christine Labreze, Patrice Plantin, Sebastien Barbarot, Pierre Vabres, Ludovic Martin, Carle Paul, Jean-Philippe Lacour
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2010)
Tick-borne tularemia. An outbreak of lymphadenopathy in children
Authors: L E Markowitz, N A Hynes, P de la Cruz, E Campos, J M Barbaree, B D Plikaytis, D Mosier, A F Kaufmann
Journal: JAMA (1985)

Between June 1 and July 15, 1984, twenty persons with glandular tularemia were identified on the Lower Brule and Crow Creek Indian reservations in South Dakota. The median age of the patients was 6 years (range, 2 to 20 years). The clinical illness was mild, consisting of fever, headache, and lymphadenopathy. All lymphadenopathy was in the head and neck area. Dermacentor variabilis ticks were identified as the vector. Although the mild clinical illness suggested Francisella tularensis, type B, was the agent, both type A and type B strains of F tularensis were isolated from ticks collected from dogs in the area. Tularemia is generally thought to be a severe systemic illness in North America. This outbreak illustrates that it can be a mild disease and that both type A and type B strains can be tick-borne and coexist in the same ecosystem.
Fore foot area, length and breadth of fore foot as determinants in sprint and long distance running
Authors: Rajasekhar Kali Venkata, Krishnamoorthy Dommalapati, Siva Kishore, Sarah Sarojini
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Higher metabolic cost of propulsion leads to quicker depletion of muscle phosphagens and accumulation of lactic acid while sprinting and uneconomical metabolic cost leading to quicker fatigue while running long distances. Larger foot dimensions need more propulsive force. This study analysed correlation among the forefoot area, length and breadth of forefoot and maintenance of top sprinting speed and distance running capacity of individuals. Timings for last 40 m in 100 m run to understand sprint maintenance and 1500 m to understand distance run were correlated. Foot area of the subjects was measured by graph weighing method. Zero, first and second order partial correlations were applied to analyse results. Significant zero order positive correlations were found between foot area and sprint maintenance (r= 0.355) and distance running (r=0.225) at 0.05 level of significance. The positive correlations between fore foot area and the sprint maintenance timing (r 2 = 0.336) and fore foot area and distance running timing (r 2 = 0.213) were significant (at df 200; r=0.132) when the effect of fore foot length and breadth were removed by second order correlation. First order correlations also were significant between forefoot area and sprint maintenance (r 1 =0.345 and r 1 = 0.336, length and breadth effect removed, respectively) and distance running (r 1 = 0.224 and r 1 = 0.213, respectively). It appears the sprint maintenance ability during the last 40 m of 100 m and distance running capacity decreases with the increase in the area of the fore foot.
Characterization of the inhibition of hepatitis C virus entry by In vitro –generated and patient-derived oxidized low-density lipoprotein
Authors: Sandra Westhaus, Dorothea Bankwitz, Stefanie Ernst, Katrin Rohrmann, Ilka Wappler, Clemens Agné, Maren Luchtefeld, Bernhard Schieffer, Christoph Sarrazin, Michael P. Manns, Thomas Pietschmann, Sandra Ciesek, Thomas von Hahn
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) has been reported as an inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) cell entry, making it the only known component of human lipid metabolism with an antiviral effect on HCV. However, several questions remain open, including its effect on full-length cell-culture-grown HCV (HCVcc) of different genotypes or on other steps of the viral replication cycle, its mechanism of action, and whether endogenous oxLDL shares the anti-HCV properties of in vitro-generated oxLDL. We combined molecular virology tools with oxLDL serum measurements in different patient cohorts to address these questions. We found that oxLDL inhibits HCVcc at least as potently as HCV pseudoparticles. There was moderate variation between genotypes, with genotype 4 appearing the most oxLDL sensitive. Intracellular RNA replication and assembly and release of new particles were unaffected. HCV particles entering target cells lost oxLDL sensitivity with time kinetics parallel to anti-SR-BI (scavenger receptor class B type I), but significantly earlier than anti-CD81, suggesting that oxLDL acts by perturbing interaction between HCV and SR-BI. Finally, in chronically HCV-infected individuals, endogenous serum oxLDL levels did not correlate with viral load, but in HCV-negative sera, high endogenous oxLDL had a negative effect on HCV infectivity in vitro.oxLDL is a potent pangenotype HCV entry inhibitor that maintains its activity in the context of human serum and targets an early step of HCV entry.
Ionisers in the management of bronchial asthma
Authors: K. Browne
Journal: Thorax (1984)

Ionisers in the management of bronchial asthma SIR,-Drs SG Nogrady and SB Furnass have reported a well planned and carefully controlled trial (December 1983, p 919).However, their negative conclusions should not be taken at their face value.An examination of their table 2 reveals much of interest.If the results for each of the four assessments are ranked from 1 to 5 according to how the columns compare with one another, we get the table below.Results set out in the ranking ofresults for the four assessments (I = most favourable, 5 = least favourable)
The "Tough Case" of Bacterial Endocarditis
Authors: ERNEST JAWETZ
Journal: Circulation (1959)

Many cases of bacterial endocarditis can now be cured rapidly and easily. However, there remains a group of patients in whom the eradication of the cardiac infection presents great problems. Some principles of treating these "tough cases" of endocarditis are outlined by means of illustrative patients. Stress is placed on early diagnosis, isolation of the etiologic microorganism, determination of bactericidal antibiotics or combinations, and use of the serum bactericidal test to establish an adequate dosage regimen.
Randomised controlled trial comparing hospital at home care with inpatient hospital care. II: cost minimisation analysis
Authors: S. Shepperd, D. Harwood, A. Gray, M. Vessey, P. Morgan
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b>To examine the cost of providing hospital at home in place of some forms of inpatient hospital care. <b>Design:</b> Cost minimisation study within a randomised controlled trial. <b>Setting:</b> District general hospital and catchment area of neighbouring community trust. <b>Subjects:</b> Patients recovering from hip replacement (n=86), knee replacement (n=86), and hysterectomy (n=238); elderly medical patients (n=96); and patients with chronic obstructive airways disease (n=32). <b>Interventions:</b> Hospital at home or inpatient hospital care. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Cost of hospital at home scheme to health service, to general practitioners, and to patients and their families compared with hospital care. <b>Results:</b> No difference was detected in total healthcare costs between hospital at home and hospital care for patients recovering from a hip or knee replacement, or elderly medical patients. Hospital at home significantly increased healthcare costs for patients recovering from a hysterectomy (ratio of geometrical means 1.15, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.29, P=0.009) and for those with chronic obstructive airways disease (Mann-Whitney U test, P=0.01). Hospital at home significantly increased general practitioners9 costs for elderly medical patients (Mann-Whitney U test, P&lt;0.01) and for those with chronic obstructive airways disease (P=0.02). Patient and carer expenditure made up a small proportion of total costs. <b>Conclusion:</b> Hospital at home care did not reduce total healthcare costs for the conditions studied in this trial, and costs were significantly increased for patients recovering from a hysterectomy and those with chronic obstructive airways disease. There was some evidence that costs were shifted to primary care for elderly medical patients and those with chronic obstructive airways disease. <h3>Key messages</h3> Hospital at home schemes are a popular alternative to standard hospital care, but there is uncertainty about their cost effectiveness In our randomised controlled trial we compared the cost of hospital at home care with that of inpatient hospital care for patients recovering from hip replacement, knee replacement, and hysterectomy; elderly medical patients; and those with chronic obstructive airways disease There were no major differences in health service costs between the two arms of the trial for patients recovering from hip or knee replacement and elderly medical patients Hospital at home care increased healthcare costs for patients recovering from hysterectomy and for those with chronic obstructive airways disease Hospital at home care resulted in some costs shifting to general practitioners for elderly medical patients and those with chronic obstructive airways disease
Roles of dietary inorganic nitrate in cardiovascular health and disease
Authors: Jon O. Lundberg, Mattias Carlström, Filip J. Larsen, Eddie Weitzberg
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2010)

Inorganic nitrate from dietary and endogenous sources is emerging as a substrate for in vivo generation of nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive nitrogen oxides. Dietary amounts of nitrate clearly have robust NO-like effects in humans, including blood pressure reduction, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and vasoprotective activity. In animal models, nitrate protects against ischaemia-reperfusion injuries and several other types of cardiovascular disorders. In addition, nitrate most surprisingly decreases whole body oxygen cost during exercise with preserved or even enhanced maximal performance. Oxidative stress and reduced NO bioavailability are critically linked to development of hypertension and other forms of cardiovascular diseases. Mechanistically, a central target for the effects of nitrate and its reaction products seems to be the mitochondrion and modulation of oxidative stress. All in vivo effects of nitrate are achievable with amounts corresponding to a rich intake of vegetables, which are particularly rich in this anion. A theory is now emerging suggesting nitrate as an active component in vegetables contributing to the beneficial health effects of this food group, including protection against cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes.
Potential endocervical pathogens before termination.
Authors: M. Griffiths
Journal: BMJ (1992)

Potential endocervical pathogens before termination EDITOR, -Mike Cohn and Peter Stewart report the prevalence of potential pathogens in the cervical canal before termination ofpregnancy.'An associa- tion between one of these pathogens (Chlamydia trachomatis) and increased morbidity after termination of pregnancy has also been reported.24We recently conducted an audit of the effect of screening for C trachomatis (MicroTrak, Syva) and treatment in women seeking termination of pregnancy at Taunton and Somerset Hospitals.We
Kennedy — He Has Assumed a Major Role in Scientific and Medical Affairs
Authors: Daniel S. Greenberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

Amidst the abundance of defects and virtues that are publicly ascribed to Edward M. Kennedy, sparse note has been taken of the Senator's enduring and influential presence in national policy-making on scientific and medical affairs.Within the Congress, the field, though not empty, is not crowded with competitors, probably because the issues are mostly esoteric and low in public interest and political profit. Kennedy's motives for involvement will thus evoke a variety of theories, ranging from base to noble. But let us sidestep such stuff and take inventory of the role — a generally constructive one, it seems to this . . .
Standing the test of time: Outcomes of a decade of prioritizing patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, results of the UNOS natural geographic experiment
Authors: Karim J. Halazun, Rachel E. Patzer, Abbas A. Rana, Elizabeth C. Verna, Adam D. Griesemer, Ronald F. Parsons, Benjamin Samstein, James V. Guarrera, Tomoaki Kato, Robert S. Brown, Jean C. Emond
Journal: Hepatology (2014)

Priority is given to patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to receive liver transplants, potentially causing significant regional disparities in organ access and possibly outcomes in this population. Our aim was to assess these disparities by comparing outcomes in long waiting time regions (LWTR, regions 5 and 9) and short waiting time regions (SWTR regions 3 and 10) by analyzing the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database. We analyzed 6,160 HCC patients who received exception points in regions 3, 5, 9, and 10 from 2002 to 2012. Data from regions 5 and 9 were combined and compared to data from regions 3 and 10. Survival was studied in three patient cohorts: an intent-to-treat cohort, a posttransplant cohort, and a cohort examining overall survival in transplanted patients only (survival from listing to last posttransplant follow-up). Multivariate analysis and log-rank testing were used to analyze the data. Median time on the list in the LWTR was 7.6 months compared to 1.6 months for SWTR, with a significantly higher incidence of death on the waiting list in LWTR than in SWTR (8.4% versus 1.6%, P < 0.0001). Patients in the LWTR were more likely to receive loco-regional therapy, to have T3 tumors at listing, and to receive expanded-criteria donor (ECD) or donation after cardiac death (DCD) grafts than patients in the SWTR (P < 0.0001 for all). Survival was significantly better in the LWTR compared to the SWTR in all three cohorts (P < 0.0001 for all three survival points). Being listed/transplanted in an SWTR was an independent predictor of poor patient survival on multivariate analysis (P < 0.0001, hazard ratio = 1.545, 95% confidence interval 1.375-1.736).This study provides evidence that expediting patients with HCC to transplant at too fast a rate may adversely affect patient outcomes.
IODINE AS AN ANTISEPTIC IN TROPICAL COUNTRIES
Authors: J. C. Ridgway
Journal: BMJ (1913)

M ANY theories lhave been put forward as to the cause of enlarged tonsils and adenoids, but I thlink it is possible to rule all of them out conclusively.For this reason I am advancing a new theory, which mav have some connexion with their enlargenlent.By analysing some 3,000 cases in children suffering from enlarged tonsils and adenoids, it became apparent that by far tthe coimmonest ages for-the children to suffer from enlarged tonsils and adenoids is from 2 to 5 years, but that mnany infants, even from birth, have enlarged adenoid growths in the naso-pharynx.* To find out at what age tlle adenoid tissue is developed I have obtained a number of fetuses of different ages and dissected away the posterior wall of their naso-pharynx, wlhere the adenoids subsequently develop.The tissue tlhus obtained lhas been examined microscopically, and I lhave been able to find tllat adenoid tissue was present in every fetus after the age of 6 months.This being so, I tllink we can say that everv child is born with adenoid tissue at the back of the naso-pharynx, but that it grows for some reason in some children more than in others.Tlle mere presence of adenoids does not constitute a
PMO-094 Suppression of SULF2, an extracellular endosulfatase up-regulated in hepatocellular cancers, modulates WNT signalling and inhibits cell growth
Authors: S F Alhasan, G S Beale, D R Newell, H L Reeves
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the 3rd most common cause of cancer death globally and effective systemic treatments for the disease are limited. HCC complicates chronic liver disease and its incidence is increasing dramatically in the UK. Sulfatase 2 (SULF2) is one of two extracellular heparan sulphate 6-<i>O</i>-endosulfatase and one of 17 human sulfatases. It reportedly modulates ligand activated FGF and Wnt signalling and is up-regulated in 57% of HCC. We aim to explore the potential of SULF2 as a therapeutic target for HCC treatment and have characterised its biology in HCC cell lines. <h3>Methods</h3> Expression of SULF2 and its homologue SULF1 were assessed at RNA and protein levels in six HCC cell lines. The desulfating enzymatic activity of these cell lines were compared using the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl sulphate (4-MUS). SULF2 was knocked down using short hairpin RNA lentiviral particles. SULF2 gene silencing effect on receptor tyrosine kinase signalling was investigated by phospho-ERK and phospho-AKT immunoblot and its effect on Wnt signalling by the TCF luciferase reporter assay. Cell growth was assessed by SRB assay. <h3>Results</h3> 3 of the six tested HCC cell lines showed up-regulated SULF2 expression at the RNA and protein levels. HuH-7 cells had the highest sulfatase activity. SULF2 gene silencing in this cell line caused dramatic inhibition of Wnt3a-induced β-catenin-dependent transcriptional activity (twofold and p value = 0.03, Abstract PMO-094 figure 1), with relatively modest effects on the phosphorylation of ERK or AKT after stimulation with FGF-1, FGF-2 or IGF-I. SULF2 suppression significantly reduced cell number (twofold and p value &lt;0.0001, Abstract PMO-094 figure 2) and enzymatic activity (p value &lt;0.0001, Abstract PMO-094 figure 3) of HuH-7 cells. <h3>Conclusion</h3> SULF2 is over-expressed in the majority of HCCs and is catalytically active. SULF2 gene silencing in HuH-7 inhibits Wnt signalling and cell growth. These data support a key role for SULF2 in hepatocarcinogenesis, the inhibition of which offers a novel means of antagonising Wnt signalling in cancers. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared.
TANNIC ACID TREATMENT OF BURNS
Authors: J. A. Hagemann
Journal: JAMA (1934)

To the Editor:—  The other day, while leafing through the July issue of the Country Gentleman , I noted an article by Paul De Kruif expounding, in extravagant language, the discovery, by Davidson of the Henry Ford Hospital staff, of the efficacy of 5 per cent tannic acid lotions in cases of extensive burns. May I, apropos of this, quote the following paragraph from the Pittsburgh Medical Review of May 1890, page 170:  TANNIN IN THE TREATMENT OF BURNS  A correspondent of the Pharmceutische Zeitung , speaking from his own experience, says that tannin cannot be too highly recommended as an application to burns, especially when very extensive, the skin being entirely removed. A 5 per cent solution is squeezed from a sponge over the denuded surface, which is then dressed with soft ointment, either with or without tannin. Pain immediately abates, and the healing process is wonderfully rapid. The tannin solution
Aiming at self-deception: Deflationism, intentionalism, and biological purpose
Authors: David Livingstone Smith
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2011)

Abstract Deflationists about self-deception understand self-deception as the outcome of biased information processing, but in doing so, they lose the normative distinction between self-deception and wishful thinking. Von Hippel &amp; Trivers (VH&amp;T) advocate a deflationist approach, but they also want preserve the purposive character of self-deception. A biologically realistic analysis of deception can eliminate the contradiction implicit in their position.
Strengthen clinical trials driven by investigators, Europe research councils say
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Medical research councils in Europe have devised a strategy to strengthen clinical trials that are instigated by academic researchers rather than commercial interests. 

The European Medical Research Councils, part of the European Science Foundation, held a series of five workshops to examine the problems that are facing researchers who are conducting clinical trials. The resulting report, Forward Look: Investigator Driven Clinical Trials , lists 26 recommendations to strengthen such research in Europe (see box).

Investigator driven clinical trials tend to have a much …
The pediatric nurse-practitioner program: expanding the role of the nurse to provide increased health care for children
Authors: H. K. Silver
Journal: JAMA (1968)

The pediatric nurse-practitioner program prepares nurses to assume an expanded role in providing total health care to children in the offices of private pediatricians and in areas with inadequate health services. Nurses provide comprehensive well-child care to well children and identify, appraise, and temporarily manage certain acute and chronic conditions of the sick child. The program has resulted in a realignment of functions performed by physicians and nurses so that each of them can assume responsibility for those aspects of the patients' needs that they can perform most effectively. As associates of pediatricians in private practice, pediatric nurse practitioners function skillfully and competently in providing professional service which results in improved patient care and the more effcient and effective use of the skills and time of both the physician and the nurse.