tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Can humans form hierarchically embedded mental representations?
Authors: Denise Dellarosa Cummins
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Certain recurring themes have emerged from research on intelligent behavior from literatures as diverse as developmental psychology, artificial intelligence, human reasoning and problem solving, and primatology. These themes include the importance of sensitivity to goal structure rather than action sequences in intelligent learning, the capacity to construct and manipulate hierarchically embedded mental representations, and a troubling domain specificity in the manifestation of each.
Epidemiological evidence for the association of aspirin and acute gastrointestinal bleeding.
Authors: M J Langman
Journal: Gut (1970)

Progress reportEpidemiological evidence for the association of aspirin and acute gastrointestinal bleeding Although Hurst' claimed that the intake of aspirin was the likely cause of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in half of all those patients remaining, once those with known causes, such as chronic ulceration, had been excluded from consideration, little interest was shown in this suggested association until more recently when Muir and Cossar2 found a higher aspirin con- sumption in a group of individuals suffering from haematemesis or melaena compared with that of a control group.The effects of aspirin on the gastro- intestinal tract have also been explored in animals by various experimental pro- cedures and in man by clinical physiological studies, usually designed to compare the degree of occult or microbleeding inducible by aspirin and other drugs, in groups of individuals with or without a history of upper gastroin- testinal haemorrhage, but the critical evidence in establishing an association between aspirin consumptionand acute haemorrhage must come from epidemi- ological studies.That experimental studies mayeven be misleading is illustrated by the evidence that salicylate compounds can cause hypoprothrombinaemia, a prolonged bleeding time3, and platelet aggregation4.Animal studies have also shown that administering systemic salicylates, usually in large doses, can cause gastric erosions and bleeding 5,6,7.However, when acetylsalicylate was given intravenously in man, there was no evidence of any tendency to bleeding when the dose was kept within the usual therapeutic range8.No method of study has yet been devised which would allow prospective investigation of the role of aspirin in inducing haemorrhage and therefore retrospective comparisons remain the only available techniques.This is not a disadvantage, at least initially, for in situations where a single factor is an important cause of disease (for instance, the association of smoking and lung cancer) retrospective investigations comparing cases and controls have pointed to that cause. Epidemiological Evidence Obtained from Controlled InvestigationsThe available evidence suggesting an association between aspirin consump- tion and acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage can be divided into three broad categories: (1) uncontrolled studies showing the frequency with which a history of recent aspirin consumption can be obtained from individuals admitted to hospital because of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage; (2) controlled comparisons of the aspirin intake of individuals admitted with various complaints including gastrointestinal bleeding; and (3) attempts to identify a specific bleeding lesion due to aspirin consumption by retrospective on July 30, 2023 by guest.
POSTGRADUATE STUDY IN VIENNA
Authors: John J. Gelz
Journal: JAMA (1922)

To the Editor:  —The American Medical Association of Vienna wishes to announce the restoration of friendly understanding between their organization and the teaching-body of the University of Vienna. A committee, elected by the association, after an investigation of charges of discrimination against Americans, which were reported by members of our association, finds that these charges could not be substantiated.  We further wish to state that, through the efforts of our committee, working with a like committee from the teachingbody, sufficient numbers of book courses in English in all branches may be had at prices of from $3 to $5 an hour for the group taking such courses.  Public Health in Spain.  —In a recent lecture, Dr. Cesar Juarros, the Madrid neurologist, discussed sanitary conditions in Spain. Tuberculosis has shown an increase in its mortality from 7,700 in 1911, to 8,200 in 1915, 9,800 in 1920. Typhoid fever showed a similar
Possible role of anti-idiotypic antibodies in the induction of tumor immunity.
Authors: R C Kennedy, E M Zhou, R E Lanford, T C Chanh, C A Bona
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Ab-1, first antibody produced against a specific antigen; Ab-2, antibodies to Ab-l or anti-Id; Ab-3, antibodies to Ab-2 or anti-anti-Id; anti-Id, anti-idiotypic antibody; i, conventional idiotope; Id, idiotype; i2, conventional idiotope on Ab-2;
Pramlintide, a Synthetic Analog of Human Amylin, Improves the Metabolic Profile of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Using Insulin
Authors: Robert G Thompson, Leeanne Pearson, Steven L Schoenfeld, Orville G Kolterman
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of 4 weeks of subcutaneous administration of pramlintide, a synthetic analog of human amylin, on metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes using insulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Serum fructosamine, HbA1c, and fasting plasma lipids were measured in 203 patients in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group multicenter trial using doses of 30 μg q.i.d., 60 μg t.i.d., and 60 μg q.i.d. RESULTS Statistically significant reductions in serum fructosamine concentrations were observed in the pramlintide 30 μg q.i.d. group (17.5 ± 4.9 μmol/l, P = 0.029), the pramlintide 60 μg t.i.d. group (24.1 ± 4.9 μmol/l, P = 0.003), and the 60 μg q.i.d. group (22.6 ± 4.1 μmol/l, P = 0.001) compared with the placebo group (3.5 ± 3.8 μmol/l). There were also statistically significant shifts in the proportion of patients with an abnormal serum fructosamine concentration at baseline that normalized at week 4 within the pramlintide 60 μg t.i.d. group and the 60 μg q.i.d. group. Consistent with the fructosamine results, there were statistically significant reductions in HbA1c in the pramlintide 30 μg q.i.d. group (0.53 ± 0.07%, P = 0.0447), the pramlintide 60 μg t.i.d. group (0.58 ± 0.07%, P &amp;lt; 0.0217), and the pramlintide 60 μg q.i.d. group (0.51 ± 0.08%, P = 0.0242) compared with the placebo group (0.27 ± 0.08%). Total cholesterol concentrations were also statistically significantly reduced in both the pramlintide 60 μg t.i.d. group (8.4 mg/dl, P &amp;lt; 0.01) and 60 μg q.i.d. group (10.5 mg/dl, P &amp;lt; 0.01) compared with placebo (1.2 mg/dl). Body weight decreased in both of the pramlintide 60 μg groups, but the trend did not achieve statistical significance. The incidence of hypoglycemia was similar in all treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in serum fructosamine, plasma total and LDL cholesterol concentrations, and HbA1c support the hypothesis that pramlintide may improve metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes using insulin.
Palliative Bile Duct Drainage - A New Endoscopic Method of Introducing a Transpapillary Drain
Authors: N. Soehendra, V. Reynders-Frederix
Journal: Endoscopy (1980)

An endoscopic method for placing an internal drain in the bile-duct is described. Compared to the nasobiliary suction-tube this method has the advantage that it guarantees the physiological flow of the bile into the duodenum, and that the patient is in no way inconvenienced. For high-risk or inoperable cases the method can be considered as an alternative to choledochoduodenostomy.
Central Thrombocytopenia and Liver Disease
Authors: Louis Bettan, Jean-Jacques Lefrere, Didier Loiseau, Daniel Cattan, Jean Gugenheim, Didier Samuel, Henri Bismuth
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Letters and Corrections1 January 1987Central Thrombocytopenia and Liver DiseaseLOUIS BETTAN, M.D., JEAN-JACQUES LEFRERE, M.D., DIDIER LOISEAU, M.D., DANIEL CATTAN, M.D., JEAN GUGENHEIM, M.D., DIDIER SAMUEL, M.D., HENRI BISMUTH, M.D.LOUIS BETTAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, JEAN-JACQUES LEFRERE, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, DIDIER LOISEAU, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, DANIEL CATTAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, JEAN GUGENHEIM, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, DIDIER SAMUEL, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, HENRI BISMUTH, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-106-1-170_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Central thrombocytopenia is uncommon in liver cirrhosis (1) and has not been reported, to our knowledge, in hepatocellular carcinoma. We report the case of a patient with cirrhosis and central thrombocytopenia who developed hepatocellular carcinoma. The interest of this case lies in the return to normal of the platelet count after liver transplantation.A 46-year-old alcoholic man was admitted because of pain in the right hypochondriac region. The clinical examination showed hepatomegaly without splenomegaly or signs of portal hypertension. No ecchymosis or purpura was found. His total bilirubin level was 30 µmol/L; alkaline phosphatase and aminotransferase levels...References1. ARDAILLOUYVART NJ. Physiopathologie de la thrombopénie dans les cirrhoses. Arch Fr Mal Appl Dig. 1973;62:211-6. MedlineGoogle Scholar2. BELLONEKUNICKIASTER JTR. Immune thrombocytopenia associated with carcinoma. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:470-2. LinkGoogle Scholar3. MUNOZ-SANZBARBADOPENAVAZQUEZ AFJJ. Thrombocytopenia and carcinoma [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:612. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Hôpital Paul-Brousse 94800 Villejuif France PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 January 1987Volume 106, Issue 1Page: 170-170KeywordsCirrhosisHepatocellular carcinomaHepatomegalyLiverLiver diseasesLiver transplantationPhosphatasesPlateletsPortal hypertensionSplenomegaly Issue Published: 1 January 1987 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Immunogenicity and tolerogenicity of self-major histocompatibility complex peptides.
Authors: G Benichou, P A Takizawa, P T Ho, C C Killion, C A Olson, M McMillan, E E Sercarz
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

Mechanisms involved in self-antigen processing and presentation are crucial in understanding the induction of self-tolerance in the thymus. We examined the immunogenicity of determinants from major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules that are expressed in the thymus and have tested peptides derived from the polymorphic regions of class I and class II molecules. We found that two peptides corresponding to NH2 termini of the class II alpha and beta chains (Ak alpha 1-18 and Ak beta 1-16) could bind to self-Ak molecules with high affinity and, surprisingly, were immunogenic in that they could elicit strong proliferative T cell responses in B10.A mice (Ak, Ek). Neonatal injection of peptide Ak beta 1-16 resulted in complete unresponsiveness to this peptide at 8 wk of age showing that these T cells were susceptible to tolerance induction. We have also tested certain class I MHC peptides and showed that some can interact efficiently with class II MHC peptides to induce an autoreactive T cell proliferative response. Among these class I peptides is one (Dd 61-85) that has the capacity to bind to self-Ia without being immunogenic, and therefore represents an MHC determinant that had induced thymic self-tolerance. We conclude that some self-MHC molecules can be processed into peptides that can be presented in the context of intact class II molecules at the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Autoreactive T cells recognizing optimally processed self-peptide/MHC complexes are eliminated during development, whereas other potentially autoreactive T cells escape clonal inactivation or deletion. Incomplete tolerance to self-antigens enriches the T cell repertoire despite the fact that such T cells may eventually become involved in autoimmune disease.
Points: Letting intrauterine devices lie
Authors: D. B Freedman, W L Jefferson
Journal: BMJ (1982)

August, p 444) the treatment with adrenaline referred to in the 17th edition of Manson's Tropical Diseases for cerebral malaria dates from the days when quinine was the only drug used in the treat- ment of severe falciparum malaria before the days of 4'amino-quinolines.Its value was based on hearsay and practice in conditions away from laboratory facilities.After the war quinine was no longer used, but with the appearance of chloroquine-resistant malaria rapidly assumed its former value.The more modern assessments of the results of traditional treatments and the general use of quinine by intravenous infusion, which has removed the danger of hypotensive collapse, have led to a reassessment of the practice.
Minoxidil and the Treatment of Severe Hypertension
Authors: Jan Koch-Weser, William A. Pettinger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

MINOXIDIL (Loniten), a piperidino-pyrimidine derivative (Fig. 1), is an unusually potent vasodilator of unique value in treating patients with severe hypertension. After 11 years of clinical investigations, it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in October 1979 for treatment of patients who cannot tolerate or respond to a conventional three-drug antihypertensive regimen. Initially, trials were limited to such patients because of experiments that showed a right atrial hemorrhagic lesion in dogs, which proved to be specific to this species. Trials of efficacy and safety are currently under way in less severely hypertensive patients but have not as yet . . .
Students whose behaviour causes concern: The GMC's view
Authors: J. Trowell
Journal: BMJ (2008)

What should you do when you see a fellow student behaving inappropriately? After a group of students wrote to the <i>BMJ </i>about their experience during an elective (doi:10.1136/bmj.a2874), we sought the opinions of an ethicist (doi:10.1136/bmj.a2882), a dean (doi:10.1136/bmj.a2884), a GMC representative, and a lecturer from an African university (doi:10.1136/bmj.a2875)
Photodynamic therapy for Barrett’s esophagus: does light still have a role?
Authors: K. Wang, L. Lutzke, L. Borkenhagen, W. Westra, M. Song, G. Prasad, N. Buttar
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

Photodynamic therapy was the first treatment to have been shown to significantly decrease high-grade dysplasia and cancer in patients with Barrett's esophagus. However, its use has been limited, primarily because of the side effects, which include esophageal strictures, cutaneous photosensitivity, chest pain, and nausea and vomiting. The tolerability aspects of photodynamic therapy, as well as the dosimetry, though, can be improved with existing technologies to further develop this therapy into truly a widely applicable therapy. Studies have recently been done to help identify patients more likely to suffer stricture after photodynamic therapy. In addition there has been evidence to suggest that the efficacy of photodynamic therapy also can be limited by genetic abnormalities in the mucosa. By combining knowledge of tissue biology, optical properties of the tissue, and dosimetry issues with ablation, photodynamic therapy can still have a potentially bright future.
Rate-Dependency of Functional Block in the Human His Bundle and Bundle Branch-Purkinje System
Authors: REINIER M. SCHUILENBURG, DIRK DURRER
Journal: Circulation (1973)

In eleven patients in whom atrial premature stimulation elicited functional block in the conduction system distal to the atrioventricular (A-V) node, the influence of atrial driving rate was studied. Functional conduction disturbances in the left bundle branch-Purkinje system were produced by driving the atria at a rate just above the spontaneous sinus rate and by introducing premature atrial stimuli. In five patients this was associated with block or delay of conduction in the right bundle branch-Purkinje system and in one with block within the His bundle. In these patients it was shown that the ultimate QRS configuration of the premature beat was determined by different conduction delays in the three parts of the bundle branch system. In three patients complete block of impulse conduction could be produced below the level of the His bundle, in one within the His bundle. In these four patients conduction delay of earlier atrial premature beats within the A-V node with resumption of conduction in the more peripheral pathways, gave rise to the phenomenon of the A-V gap. In two patients functional conduction delay in the contralateral bundle branch caused pseudo-normalization of a pre-existent complete right bundle branch block pattern, indicating that this pattern may not be caused by complete block, but by delayed conduction in the right bundle branch. In ten of the eleven patients functional block or delay of atrial premature beats in the peripheral conduction system became less pronounced as the driving rate was increased. In nine of these ten the phenomenon disappeared completely at higher rates; in six this occurred with an increase in rate of only 20 beats/min. The A-V gap phenomenon present in four cases at the lowest rate disappeared at higher rates in all four. It was concluded that functional conduction disturbances in the peripheral conduction system are favored by a low basic heart rate and that this rate dependency is caused by a differential influence of heart rate upon the functional properties of the A-V node and of the more peripheral parts of the conduction system.
Generation of tumor antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by simultaneous MHC-I and -II epitope presentation in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Carina Wehner, Christian Ellinger, Silke Raffegerst, Susanne Wilde, Barbara Mosetter, Judith Eckl, Bernhard Frankenberger, Manon Weis, Giulia Longinotti, Nadja Sailer, Dolores J Schendel, Slavoljub Milosevic
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts In recent years, activation of the patient's immune system to defend against tumors was demonstrated to be a promising alternative strategy to classical cancer treatments. Dendritic cells (DCs) can present antigens on MHC-II and -I leading to the activation of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells
Three‐Dimensional Human Tissue Chips Fabricated by Rapid and Automatic Inkjet Cell Printing
Authors: Michiya Matsusaki, Kayo Sakaue, Koji Kadowaki, Mitsuru Akashi
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2012)

Rapid and automatic development of three-dimensional (3D) human micro-tissue chips which integrate over 400 micro-arrays of simplified multilayered structures is carried out using inkjet printing technology. Comprehensive high-throughput assays of liver functions using the simplified 3D liver structures revealed highest functions of a sandwich structure of endothelial cells and hepatocytes. These 3D-human tissue chips may enable "total-human tissue models" for tailor-made drug screening. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Abstract B5: CpG-siRNA conjugates: Overcoming cancer immunoresistance
Authors: Sergey Nechaev, Qifang Zhang, Piotr Swiderski, Marcin Kortylewski
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Small interfering RNA (siRNA) have been proved to be an effective tool for treating diseases caused by gene expression abnormalities. However, clinical relevance of siRNA technology is compromised by multiple obstacles, such as lack of cellular specificity, low efficiency of cellular uptake and/or poor cytoplasmic release. We have previously demonstrated that natural capability of certain immune cells to recognize non-methylated CpG motifs in DNA oligonucleotides can be harnessed for cell-specific siRNA delivery. The siRNA molecules conjugated to CpG oligonucleotides (CpG-siRNA) are efficiently internalized and bind to the intracellular Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in human and mouse dendritic cells as well as in certain TLR9-positive tumor cells. We designed a CpG-siRNA targeting Stat3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-3), a transcription factor, which is constitutively activated in majority of mouse and human cancers. Oncogenic Stat3 signaling regulates cancer cell proliferation, survival and promotes tumor immunoresistance. We have previously shown that CpG-Stat3 siRNA can eliminate Stat3 signaling in tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, resulting in potent antitumor immunity. In the current study, we investigated the intracellular mechanism of action of CpG-siRNA conjugates. We have demonstrated that internalized CpG-siRNAs are recruited into endosomes by dynamin-dependent mechanism and bind to endosomal TLR9 receptor. Further events include uncoupling of siRNA from the CpG moiety by Dicer endonuclease, and rapid translocation of siRNA to endoplasmic reticulum for recruitment into functional RISC (RNA interference silencing complex). We confirmed the target gene silencing both in vitro and in vivo, and proved that it occurs through RNA interference mechanism. Our current results indicate that downstream effectors of TLR9 pathway may be involved in RISC assembly and/or activation. Overall, the CpG-siRNA strategy provides a novel opportunity for overcoming cancer immunoresistance with translational potential for therapy of various malignancies.
The effect of long term tetracycline treatment for acne vulgaris on the occurrence of R factors in the intestinal flora of man
Authors: M.V. VALTONEN, V.V. VALTONEN, O.P. SALO, P.H. MAKELA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1976)

R factors are known to be the most important mechanism of antimicrobial resistance of intestinal flora. Short courses with therapeutic doses (1000 mg/day) of tetracycline select for strains containing transferable resistance factors to more than one antimicrobial agent. In this report we show that long term treatment with very low doses (100 mg/day) of tetracycline for acne vulgaris has an equally strong effect favouring establishment of resistent strains and R factors in the intestinal flora of patients.
Disulfiram Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Colin Brewer
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> It is good to have further confirmation that disulfiram reduces drinking in alcoholic men, but it is a pity, to put it mildly, that Dr Fuller and his coauthors<sup>1</sup>put so much effort into a clinical trial seemingly designed to minimize its therapeutic potential. The reason for their failure to demonstrate the impressive and specific treatment effects shown by other investigators cited in their article is their apparent belief that simply giving patients a bottle of disulfiram and hoping they will take it regularly represents sound, conventional practice. This is certainly not the case in Denmark or in Britain, where "it is becoming more frequent for the doctor to suggest that a third person supervise the Antabuse... a relative or someone at work,"<sup>2</sup>and promotional literature has recommended supervised administration for several years. Conventional double-blind trials are not the only objective method of comparing treatments