tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Responses of Animal Fetuses and Neonates to Intra-Uterine Stress
Authors: R. Frederick Becker
Journal: JAMA (1961)

THREE general approaches have been followed in this report: (1) Pentobarbital sodium was administered to mothers at dosage levels 50% lethal for the young of the litter. Physiologic measurements were obtained on the mother during the period of drug action. Surviving young were studied as neurological, behavioral, and neuropathological specimens. (2) By means of a water bath technique control fetuses were delivered from one uterine horn while littermates in the other horn were subjected to hypoxic stress by uterine clamping, or the mothers were heavily sedated. These fetuses were delivered later, generally after resuscitation, and were compared with controls. (3) Similarly, intrauterine respiration was studied as a spontaneous event in one horn, and as an induced event in the other. A colloidal suspension of thorium dioxide (Thorotrast), injected in amnio, was sought in fetal or neonatal lungs. Injected intact animals were also checked by x-ray examination at various stages of gestation
Lessons from Our Patients: Development of a Warm Autopsy Program
Authors: Kathleen Oare Lindell, Judith A Erlen, Naftali Kaminski
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

Patients and their families can be our greatest teachers. Such was the case with the initiation of the Warm Autopsy Program at the Dorothy P. & Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease at the University of Pittsburgh. This brief essay describes events that led to our beginning the program, which we believe uniquely benefits researchers whose work focuses on the quest to further understand idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We outline the lessons that we have learned in the hope that our experience may be useful for other centers that are considering a warm autopsy program for patients and their families. A detailed description of the regulatory and ethical issues related to warm autopsy is beyond the scope of this essay and has been previously reviewed [ 1]. 

The idea for the Warm Autopsy Program was planted as one of our support group meetings was ending. One of the patients approached our clinical nurse specialist (KOL) privately, and said that he was “going to die soon” and wanted to donate his lungs to our program for research. He then said, “I don't want others who get this disease to suffer like me.” We had been holding a support group for patients with IPF for about two years, and this patient and his wife attended frequently. He was a retired firefighter who was unable to be seen in our clinical program because his insurance would not cover any medical expenses at our institution. His wife learned about our support group on the Internet and they actively participated. He had also been a trumpet player in a band and said that his participation in the band had decreased over the course of his illness. It was obvious that it was important to him to be able to donate his lungs to assist in finding a cure for this disease.
Blood Bromide in Psychotic Epileptics
Authors: L. Minski, J. B. Gillen
Journal: BMJ (1937)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The molecular assembly of cells depends not only on their balance between anabolism and catabolism, but to a large degree also on the building blocks available in the environment. For cultivated mammalian cells, this is largely determined by the composition of the growth medium. Here we study the impact of medium lipids on mitochondrial membrane architecture and function by combining LC-MS/MS lipidomics and functional tests with lipid supplementation experiments in an otherwise serum- and lipid-free cell culture model. We demonstrate that the composition of mitochondrial cardiolipins (CL) strongly depends on the lipid environment in cultured cells and prefers the incorporation of essential linoleic acid over other fatty acids. Simultaneously, the mitochondrial respiratory complex I activity was altered, whereas the matrix-localized enzyme citrate synthase was unaffected. This suggests a link between membrane composition and respiratory capacity. In summary, we find a strong dependency of central mitochondrial features on the type of lipids contained in the growth medium. Thus, this underlines the importance of considering these factors when using and establishing cell culture models in biomedical research.
Protective action of luminal bile salts in necrotizing acute pancreatitis in mice.
Authors: G Gomez, C M Townsend, D W Green, S Rajaraman, T Uchida, G H Greeley, R D Soloway, J C Thompson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

Bile salts in the intestinal lumen act to inhibit the release of cholecystokinin (CCK). Recent studies have shown that CCK may play a permissive role in the development of acute pancreatitis. In this study, the amount of luminal bile salts in female Swiss Webster mice was either decreased by feeding 4% (wt/wt) cholestyramine or increased by feeding 0.5% sodium taurocholate for 1 wk. Plasma levels of CCK were stimulated by cholestyramine and inhibited by taurocholate. Then, acute pancreatitis was induced either by caerulein injections, or by feeding a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet. Feeding of cholestyramine significantly decreased survival from 25% to 0% in the CDE pancreatitis, and increased the magnitude of elevation of serum amylase levels and the extent of pancreatic necrosis in both models of pancreatitis; CCK-receptor blockade with CR-1409 completely abolished the adverse effects of cholestyramine. In contrast, feeding of taurocholate significantly increased survival to 100% and decreased the elevation of serum amylase and pancreatic necrosis; CCK-8 antagonized these actions of taurocholate. Luminal bile salts appear to provide a physiologic protection against necrotizing pancreatitis, at least in part, both by inhibiting the release of CCK and by promoting resistance of the pancreas to CCK excessive stimulation in vivo.
US increases Ebola screening at five airports
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The United States will increase its screening of passengers for signs of Ebola infection at five international airports, officials from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Department of Homeland Security’s Customs and Border Protection announced on Wednesday 8 October.

The screening measures will begin by the end of this week at New York’s John F Kennedy Airport and then at Washington Dulles, Newark, Chicago O’Hare, and Atlanta airports the following week, said Tom Frieden, CDC director. “We believe these new measures will further protect the health of Americans, understanding that nothing we can do will get us to absolute zero risk until we end the Ebola …
BMA Annual representative meeting, Manchester, 27 - 30 June: NICE undermines doctors' clinical freedom, say BMA representatives
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Doctors' clinical freedom is being undermined by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) to the detriment of patients, doctors at the BMA's annual conference in Manchester heard. Representatives voted in favour of a motion proposed by the Bristol division that the institute is losing its credibility and should become advisory rather than regulatory.

Robin Arnold, a member of the consultants' committee who proposed the motion, called for greater flexibility from …
Symposium on Vascular Malformations and Melanotic Lesions
Authors: Bradford Cannon
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<i>Symposium on Vascular Malformations and Melanotic Lesions</i>is a report of the proceedings of the 22nd in a series of symposia of the Educational Foundation of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons. The 52 participants represent a wide spectrum of medical and surgical disciplines involved in the difficult and often controversial treatment of these disabling lesions in adults and children. Approximately two thirds of the book is devoted to vascular malformations including hemangiomas, portwine stains, and lymphangiomas. There are subchapters on embryology, pathogenesis, classifications, diagnostic methods, and descriptions of newer and older, well-tried therapeutic possibilities—possibilities because the treatment so frequently is disappointing or unsatisfactory. Pictured throughout is a most bizarre collection of vascular anomalies involving hand, trunk, and extremities. The clinical courses of the several types are shown, such as those that grow rapidly and may or may not undergo spontaneous regression. The indications and contraindications for excision,
Electrical stimulation of the endothelial surface of pressurized cat middle cerebral artery results in TTX-sensitive vasoconstriction.
Authors: D R Harder, J A Madden
Journal: Circulation Research (1987)

The purpose of this study was to examine the electrical and mechanical responses of cat middle cerebral arteries to electrical stimulation of the adventitial vs. intimal surface of the vessels and to determine the responses as a function of transmural pressure. Middle cerebral arteries were cannulated at both ends. Within each cannula was a stimulating electrode. Electrical stimulation (0.5-msec square current pulses at 0.5 Hz yielding 160 microA of current between electrodes) resulted in significant reduction in diameter that was greater at both 40 and 80 mm Hg vs. 100 or 140 mm Hg. Conversely, adventitial stimulation of perivascular nerves with transmural platinum stimulating electrodes resulted in significant vasodilation. The constrictor response to intimal stimulation, as well as the dilatory response to adventitial stimulation, was blocked by tetrodotoxin. The constrictor response to luminal stimulation was enhanced by scorpion toxin demonstrating a functional role for tissues containing fast Na+ channels. Perfusion with collagenase to disrupt the endothelium also abolished the constrictor response to luminal stimulation. The divergence of responses between adventitial and luminal surface stimulation may suggest that different cell layers within a blood vessel serve different functions, one to increase resistance and another to decrease resistance. For example, in cat middle cerebral arteries, the adventitial nerves (i.e., via reflexes) may increase flow, while blood-borne substances may mediate release of agents that reduce flow.
Genotoxic Potential of Lineage-specific Lentivirus Vectors Carrying the β-Globin Locus Control Region
Authors: Paritha I Arumugam, Tomoyasu Higashimoto, Fabrizia Urbinati, Ute Modlich, Shawna Nestheide, Ping Xia, Catherine Fox, Andrea Corsinotti, Christopher Baum, Punam Malik
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2009)

Insertional mutagenesis by long terminal repeat (LTR) enhancers in γ-retrovirus-based vectors (GVs) in clinical trials has prompted deeper investigations into vector genotoxicity. Experimentally, self-inactivating (SIN) lentivirus vectors (LVs) and GV containing internal promoters/enhancers show reduced genotoxicity, although strong ubiquitously-active enhancers dysregulate genes independent of vector type/design. Herein, we explored the genotoxicity of β-globin (BG) locus control region (LCR), a strong long-range lineage-specific-enhancer, with/without insulator (Ins) elements in LV using primary hematopoietic progenitors to generate in vitro immortalization (IVIM) assay mutants. LCR-containing LV had ~200-fold lower transforming potential, compared to the conventional GV. The LCR perturbed expression of few genes in a 300 kilobase (kb) proviral vicinity but no upregulation of genes associated with cancer, including an erythroid-specific transcription factor occurred. A further twofold reduction in transforming activity was observed with insulated LCR-containing LV. Our data indicate that toxicology studies of LCR-containing LV in mice will likely not yield any insertional oncogenesis with the numbers of animals that can be practically studied. Insertional mutagenesis by long terminal repeat (LTR) enhancers in γ-retrovirus-based vectors (GVs) in clinical trials has prompted deeper investigations into vector genotoxicity. Experimentally, self-inactivating (SIN) lentivirus vectors (LVs) and GV containing internal promoters/enhancers show reduced genotoxicity, although strong ubiquitously-active enhancers dysregulate genes independent of vector type/design. Herein, we explored the genotoxicity of β-globin (BG) locus control region (LCR), a strong long-range lineage-specific-enhancer, with/without insulator (Ins) elements in LV using primary hematopoietic progenitors to generate in vitro immortalization (IVIM) assay mutants. LCR-containing LV had ~200-fold lower transforming potential, compared to the conventional GV. The LCR perturbed expression of few genes in a 300 kilobase (kb) proviral vicinity but no upregulation of genes associated with cancer, including an erythroid-specific transcription factor occurred. A further twofold reduction in transforming activity was observed with insulated LCR-containing LV. Our data indicate that toxicology studies of LCR-containing LV in mice will likely not yield any insertional oncogenesis with the numbers of animals that can be practically studied.
Horse Domestication and Conservation Genetics of Przewalski's Horse Inferred from Sex Chromosomal and Autosomal Sequences
Authors: Allison N. Lau, Lei Peng, Hiroki Goto, Leona Chemnick, Oliver A. Ryder, Kateryna D. Makova
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2008)

Despite their ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring, there is continued disagreement about the genetic relationship of the domestic horse (Equus caballus) to its endangered wild relative, Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii). Analyses have differed as to whether or not Przewalski's horse is placed phylogenetically as a separate sister group to domestic horses. Because Przewalski's horse and domestic horse are so closely related, genetic data can also be used to infer domestication-specific differences between the two. To investigate the genetic relationship of Przewalski's horse to the domestic horse and to address whether evolution of the domestic horse is driven by males or females, five homologous introns (a total of approximately 3 kb) were sequenced on the X and Y chromosomes in two Przewalski's horses and three breeds of domestic horses: Arabian horse, Mongolian domestic horse, and Dartmoor pony. Five autosomal introns (a total of approximately 6 kb) were sequenced for these horses as well. The sequences of sex chromosomal and autosomal introns were used to determine nucleotide diversity and the forces driving evolution in these species. As a result, X chromosomal and autosomal data do not place Przewalski's horses in a separate clade within phylogenetic trees for horses, suggesting a close relationship between domestic and Przewalski's horses. It was also found that there was a lack of nucleotide diversity on the Y chromosome and higher nucleotide diversity than expected on the X chromosome in domestic horses as compared with the Y chromosome and autosomes. This supports the hypothesis that very few male horses along with numerous female horses founded the various domestic horse breeds. Patterns of nucleotide diversity among different types of chromosomes were distinct for Przewalski's in contrast to domestic horses, supporting unique evolutionary histories of the two species.
When Doctors Get Sick
Authors: David J. Shulkin
Journal: JAMA (1988)

This is a one-of-a-kind book that relates the self-told stories of 50 physicians who have struggled with being sick. Unlike textbooks that detail the pathophysiology and clinical symptoms of disease, this book provides an understanding of the human element of illness. Each author in the course of a few pages shares his or her experience, in some instances pseudonymously, and reflects on its personal impact. The editors skillfully group similar illnesses and categorize them into cardiovascular disease, orthopedic-neuromuscular conditions, neuropsychiatric disease, cancer, and chronic illness, to name a few.  The accounts are dramatic. They are emotionally charged yet relate the detailed thoughts of trained observers. The perspective of a patient who was previously a caretaker is fascinating. Although no two people share the same experience, there are common themes to be found. Each contributor recognizes the uniqueness of the doctor/patient relationship. There is a desire to be treated as any
ASEPSIS AND ANTISEPSIS IN OTOLOGY.
Authors: J. HOLINGER
Journal: JAMA (1896)

The application of the principles of asepsis in all their details has brought great progress in general surgery, in hygiene and in the particular branches of gynecology, obstetrics and ophthalmology; but in some other departments of medicine much is still to be done, before the ideal condition desired by the friends of asepsis will have been attained. Among these latter it seems to me that otology must be included, and that as regards it, the greatest number of scientists underrate the value and misunderstand the necessity for the strictest asepsis. Of course in large operations the instruments are boiled, the patient is cleaned, and as a rule the operator's hands are more or less carefully disinfected. But between this and a complete, consistent and thorough asepsis there is a wide difference. The principles of asepsis should be carried out in otology in the routine examinations of the ear, and especially
Development of the International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group International Database: An Unprecedented Resource for the Study of a Rare Group of Tumors
Authors: James Huang, Usman Ahmad, Alberto Antonicelli, Ann Christine Catlin, Wentao Fang, Daniel Gomez, Patrick Loehrer, Marco Lucchi, Edith Marom, Andrew Nicholson, Enrico Ruffini, William Travis, Paul Van Schil, Heather Wakelee, Xiaopan Yao, Frank Detterbeck
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2014)
Targeted α-Particle Therapy of Bone Metastases in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Hossein Jadvar, David I. Quinn
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

Medical oncology is moving toward personalized and precision treatments. This evolution is spearheaded by ongoing discoveries on the fundamental machinery that controls tumor and hosts microenvironment biological behavior. α-Particles with their high energy and short range had long been recognized as potentially useful in the treatment of cancer. More than a century after the discovery of radium by the Curies, 223Ra dichloride is now available in the expanding armamentarium of therapies for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. This advance occurs in the context of several other novel therapeutics in advanced prostate cancer that include more effective androgen receptor pathway inhibition, better chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. We present a concise review on the therapeutic use of 223Ra dichloride in this clinically important setting including excerpts on the radium history, physical properties, the alpharadin in symptomatic prostate cancer clinical trial, and practical information on its use in the clinic. It is anticipated that, with the current emergence of 223Ra as a viable form of therapy, interest in and use of α-particle therapy in the management of cancer will grow.
Mutations in DNAH5 cause primary ciliary dyskinesia and randomization of left–right asymmetry
Authors: Heike Olbrich, Karsten Häffner, Andreas Kispert, Alexander Völkel, Andreas Volz, Gürsel Sasmaz, Richard Reinhardt, Steffen Hennig, Hans Lehrach, Nikolaus Konietzko, Maimoona Zariwala, Peadar G. Noone, Michael Knowles, Hannah M. Mitchison, Maggie Meeks, Eddie M.K. Chung, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Ralf Sudbrak, Heymut Omran
Journal: Nature Genetics (2002)
Varieties of dual-process theory for probabilistic reasoning
Authors: Richard Samuels
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract Though Barbey &amp; Sloman (B&amp;S) distinguish various frequentist hypotheses, they opt rapidly for one specific dual-process model of base-rate facilitation. In this commentary, I maintain that there are many distinct but related versions of the dual-process theory, and suggest that there is currently little reason to favor B&amp;S's formulation over the alternatives.
Endoscopic Ultrasonography for Assessment of the Response to Combined Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy in Patients with Esophageal Cancer
Authors: M. Giovannini, J. F. Seitz, P. Thomas, J. M. Hannoun-Levy, H. Perrier, M. Resbeut, J. R. Delpero, P. Fuentes
Journal: Endoscopy (1997)

Measuring the response of esophageal cancer to combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy is difficult. Initial results using ultrasonography have been contradictory. The purpose of this study was to correlate the endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) findings after preoperative chemoradiotherapy with the histology of the resected specimens, and to assess the accuracy of EUS in predicting the response to treatment.From October 1991 to February 1995, 32 patients with esophageal cancer staged as T3 or T4 on EUS were treated by chemoradiotherapy, followed by surgical resection. There were 28 men and four women, with a mean age of 54 years (range 38-70 years). In 25 cases, the diagnosis was squamous-cell carcinoma, and in seven cases it was adenocarcinoma. EUS was carried out using a curved-array ultrasonic transducer (Pentax FG-32 UA). After two courses of chemoradiotherapy, the wall involvement was classified using the following modified post-chemoradiotherapy classification: T0, complete restitution of wall layers; Tw, echo-poor nodules located in the submucosa or muscularis propria, but with wall layers discernible; T2, echo-poor wall thickening without distinguishable layers, but not infiltrating beyond the fifth hyperechoic layer; T3, thickened hypoechoic or heterogeneous wall, no distinguishable layers, infiltrating beyond the fifth hyperechoic layer; T4: a hypoechoic or heterogeneous mass in contact with a mediastinal structure.Using this post-chemoradiotherapy classification, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of EUS in detecting residual tumor (T0 + Tw versus T2, T3, and T4) were 91.3%, 77.7%, and 77.7%, respectively. The accuracy of EUS, endoscopic, and CT criteria in assessing the parietal response was 81.2%, 56.2%, and 59.3%, respectively.Complete restoration of the esophageal wall (T0) and Tw stage corresponded to disease-free histology in 78% of cases, and corresponded in all cases either to disease-free esophageal wall or to microscopic tumor residues in the mucosa. No conclusions could be drawn in the other categories (T2-T4), but residual tumor was detected in 87% of cases.
P673CORM2 ameliorates myocardial ischemia /reperfusion injury via down regulation of apoptosis and inflammatory response
Authors: N R Hadi, F G Alamran, K Mohsin, B I Mohammad
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Background:The importance of apoptosis in cell death following ischemia and reperfusion has been demonstrated in vivo rodent modelsA potential strategy to alleviate cardiac I/Ri is to exploit the potent anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of carbon monoxide (CO) by application of so-called CO-releasing molecules (CORMs). Here, we assessed whether CO released from CORM-2 protects against cardiac I/Ri in a rat model.
Preconditioning of NOD mice with anti-CD8 mAb and costimulatory blockade enhances chimerism and tolerance and prevents diabetes, while depletion of αβ-TCR+ and CD4+ cells negates the effect
Authors: Suzanne T. Ildstad, Paula M. Chilton, Hong Xu, Michele A. Domenick, Mukunda B. Ray
Journal: Blood (2004)
[650] AFRICAN AMERICAN AND CAUCASIAN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C GENOTYPE 2 OR 3 RESPOND SIMILARLY TO INTERFERON-BASED THERAPIES
Authors: S. Pawa, M.N. Ehrinpreis, M. Mutchnick, R. Dhar, J. Janisse, F. Siddiqui
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Nonangiographically evident collateral flow during primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty favors contractile recovery
Authors: Anna Sonia Petronio, Ugo Limbruno, Giobanni Amoroso, Roberta Rossini, Marco De Carlo, Andrea Micheli, Luca Pataleo, Caterina Palagi, Paolo Caravelli, Mario Mariani
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)