tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Basic Contributions to Medicine by Research in Internal Medicine
Authors: George W. Thorn
Journal: JAMA (1961)

MEDICINE today, unlike medicine of a quarter of a century ago, is solidly based upon the fundamental concepts of basic science. It is not surprising, therefore, that in addition to the profound debt which medicine owes to basic science as its cornerstone of effective clinical practice, departments of medicine here and abroad have in turn made substantial and noteworthy contributions to basic medical science. The rate of exchange between these 2 areas appears to be increasing by geometric proportions, and it is entirely possible that within a relatively short period of time the balance of contributions may indeed favor the clinical departments as a consequence of their tremendous resources of man power, financial support, and technical facilities. A survey of journals devoted to basic medical science reveals the large number of important contributions which are being made by members of departments of medicine who have returned after one or more
Acute Barbiturate Intoxication
Authors: Joseph K. Dobos
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Data from more than 400 cases of acute barbiturate intoxication were examined for evidence of the possible effectiveness of analeptic drugs (such as caffeine, amphetamine, or picrotoxin) in treating this condition. The final comparison was limited to patients admitted in a conditon of coma with laboratory evidence of barbiturates in urine, blood serum, or gastric washings. Of the 141 patients who satisfied these criteria, 77 received analeptics and 64 were treated supportively without analeptics. There were four deaths in the former group and two in the latter. There was no significant difference between the two groups as to the duration of coma or the number of ensuing complications.
Gallium Scan–Prompted Skin Biopsy Revealed Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma in a Patient Who Presented With Fever of Unknown Origin
Authors: Shih-Hsin Chen, Kuang-Hui Yu, Tung-Liang Lin, Wen-Yu Chuang, Tzu-Chen Yen
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma is a rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with heterogeneous clinical presentations. We report a case diagnosed by a skin biopsy prompted by a gallium-67 scan. A 39-year-old man presented with intermittent fever for 1 year without a definite diagnosis. The scan revealed diffuse uptake in the subcutaneous tissues of the abdominal wall and bilateral thighs. A skin biopsy of the right inner thigh revealed intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Chemotherapy was begun and the fever subsided accordingly.
Diastereomers of the Brominated Flame Retardant 1,2-Dibromo-4-(1,2 dibromoethyl)cyclohexane Induce Androgen Receptor Activation in the HepG2 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line and the LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Hazem Khalaf, Anders Larsson, Håkan Berg, Robert McCrindle, Gilles Arsenault, Per-Erik Olsson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

Reported incidences of prostate cancer and masculinization of animals indicate a release of compounds with androgenic properties into the environment. Large numbers of environmental pollutants have been screened to identify such compounds; however, not until recently was 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH) identified as the first potent activator of the human androgen receptor (hAR). TBECH has been found in beluga whales and bird eggs and has also been found to be maternally transferred in zebrafish.In the present study we investigated interaction energies between TBECH diastereomers (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta) and the hAR, and their ability to activate the receptor and induce prostate-specific antigen (PSA) expression in vitro.We performed computational modeling to determine interaction energies between the ligand and the AR ligand-binding site, and measured in vitro competitive binding assays for AR by polarization fluorometry analysis. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to determine PSA activity in LNCaP and HepG2 cells.We found the gamma and delta diastereomers to be more potent activators of hAR than the alpha and beta diastereomers, which was confirmed in receptor binding studies. All TBECH diastereomers induced PSA expression in LNCaP cells even though the AR present in these cells is mutated (T877A). Modeling studies of LNCaP AR revealed that TBECH diastereomers bound to the receptor with a closer distance to the key amino acids in the ligand-binding domain, indicating stronger binding to the mutated receptor.The present study demonstrates the ability of TBECH to activate the hAR, indicating that it is a potential endocrine disruptor.
Death in the City
Authors: Leland Ropp
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To look at trends in mortality and homicide rates in a specific metropolitan area, comparing the urban and suburban mortality trends.Descriptive study of mortality rates. Linear regression determined whether changes in mortality rates over time represented significant trends.Industrial metropolitan area in the United States, population, 2,337,891.Pediatric deaths (1 to 18 years of age) in a 9-year period. Population characteristics: 36% black, 64% white, 50% each urban and suburban.Pediatric mortality rates for 1980 through 1988, grouped by urban vs suburban, age, gender, and race. Rates calculated using national census figures and plotted over time.There was a 50% increase in all-cause mortality in the urban pediatric population as compared with no change or a slight decline in the suburban and national populations. The increase was found in the black urban population. Homicide showed the largest increase (252%). Firearm-related homicides accounted for the majority of homicide deaths.(1) There were significant differences in mortality between the urban and suburban pediatric populations. (2) The increase in homicides, specifically firearm homicides, in the urban population accounted for the increase in overall mortality rates. (3) The increase in homicide rates was significant only for the 10- to 14-year-old males and the 15- to 18-year-old male and female portions of the black urban population. (4) Firearm homicides have become epidemic in the black urban population we studied.
Esophageal small-cell cancer mimicking stromal tumor
Authors: Y. Lee, P. Chiu, P. Choi, J. Sung
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

A 59-year-old woman presented with progressive dysphagia. At esophagogastroduodenoscopy, a mass 4 cm long and 2 cm wide was observed in the cervical esophagus. It was a smooth-surfaced lesion, with blood vessels branching on top of it (Figure [1]). An initial biopsy showed normal results, and the endoscopist suspected a stromal tumor. The patient was referred for an endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) examination, which was carried out with a miniprobe (Olympus UM-2R, 12 MHz). EUS revealed a homogeneous hypoechoic tumor arising from the mucosa and infiltrating the submucosa (Figure [2], [3]). This feature is atypical for a stromal tumor, which usually appears as a mass lesion with confined borders that arises from the submucosa or muscularis layers. EUS identified the mucosal part of the tumor, and repeated pinhole biopsies were taken.
Fractional flow reserve of the infarct-related artery early after myocardial infarction identifies reversibility on dipyridamole sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography perfusion imaging
Authors: Kurt G. Barringhaus, Gregory G. Bishop, Michael Ragosta, Denny D. Watson, James Garnett, Lawrence W. Gimple, Ian J. Sarembock, George A. Beller, Eric R. Powers, Habib Samady
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Role of receptor cycling in the regulation of angiotensin II surface receptor number and angiotensin II uptake in rat vascular smooth muscle cells.
Authors: M E Ullian, S L Linas
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

In vivo data on the factors controlling angiotensin II (AII) cell surface binding are conflicting. We studied the specific effects of AII on AII binding in rat mesenteric artery vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. Incubation with unlabeled AII at 21 degrees C resulted in time- and concentration-dependent decreases in AII surface binding at 4 degrees C, with a 30% reduction after exposure to 300 nM AII for 15 min. Reductions in cell surface binding were due to decrements in receptor number rather than changes in binding affinity. Loss of surface receptors was mediated by receptor internalization as maneuvers that blocked ligand internalization (cold temperature and phenylarsine oxide [PAO]) attenuated AII-induced loss of surface receptors. After removal of AII, recovery of surface binding was rapid (t1/2 = 15 min) and was mediated by reinsertion of a preexisting pool of receptors into the surface membrane rather than by new receptor synthesis. To determine the role of receptor cycling on AII-induced surface receptor loss, cells were incubated with the endosomal inhibitor chloroquine during exposure to AII at 21 degrees C. Incubation with AII plus chloroquine resulted in a 70% greater loss of surface binding than after incubation with AII alone. To determine the role of receptor cycling on uptake of ligand, cells were incubated with PAO or endosomal inhibitors during exposure to AII at 4 and 21 degrees C. Compared with buffer these agents did not alter AII uptake at 4 degrees C, but decreased uptake by 12-50% at 21 degrees C. These results indicate that after binding AII receptors cycle and that receptor cycling attenuates AII-induced losses of surface receptors and enhances ligand uptake by providing a continuous source of receptors to the cell surface.
Reperfusion after liver transplantation in rats differentially activates the mitogen-activated protein kinases
Authors: C A Bradham, R F Stachlewitz, W Gao, T Qian, S Jayadev, G Jenkins, Y Hannun, J J Lemasters, R G Thurman, D A Brenner
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

The injury resulting from cold ischemia and warm reperfusion during liver transplantation is a major clinical problem that limits graft success. Kupffer cell activation plays a pivotal role in reperfusion injury, and Kupffer cell products, including free radicals and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), are implicated as damaging agents. However, the second messengers and signaling pathways that are activated by the stress of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion remain unknown. The purpose of this study is to assess the activation of the three known vertebrate mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPKs) and the activating protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor in response to ischemia and reperfusion in the transplanted rat liver. There was a potent, sustained induction of c- jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not of the related MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) or p38, upon reperfusion after transplantation. TNF-α messenger RNA (mRNA) levels and transcription factors AP-1 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were induced in the liver after 60 minutes of reperfusion. Finally, there was an elevation of ceramide, but not diacylglycerol or sphingosine, in the transplanted liver. Ceramide is a second messenger generated by TNF-α treatment and is an activator of JNK. Because JNK activation preceded the elevations in ceramide and TNF-α mRNA, these results suggest that increased hepatic TNF-α and ceramide may perpetuate JNK induction, but that they are not the initiating signals of JNK activation during reperfusion injury in the transplanted liver.
Glioblastoma Stem–like Cell Lines with Either Maintenance or Loss of High-Level EGFR Amplification, Generated via Modulation of Ligand Concentration
Authors: Alexander Schulte, Hauke S. Günther, Tobias Martens, Svenja Zapf, Sabine Riethdorf, Clemens Wülfing, Malgorzata Stoupiec, Manfred Westphal, Katrin Lamszus
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Purpose: Despite the high incidence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene amplification and rearrangement in glioblastomas, no suitable cell line exists that preserves these alterations in vitro and is tumorigenic in immunocompromised mice. On the basis of previous observations that glioblastoma cells cultured with serum lose the EGFR amplification rapidly and that EGF can inhibit the growth of EGFR-amplified tumor cells, we hypothesized that serum-free and EGF-free culture conditions could promote maintenance of the EGFR amplification. Experimental Design: Cells from EGFR-amplified glioblastomas were taken into culture using neural stem cell conditions with modifications, including varying oxygen concentrations and omission of routine EGF supplementation. Results: High-level EGFR amplification was rapidly lost in 5 glioblastoma cultures supplemented with EGF, whereas it was preserved in cultures from the same tumors established without EGF. Cultures from 2 glioblastomas developed into pairs of cell lines, with either stable maintenance or irreversible loss of high-level EGFR amplification in the majority of cells. One EGFR-amplified cell line preserved expression of the receptor variant EGFRvIII. Cell lines with high-level EGFR amplification/EGFRvIII expression formed highly aggressive tumors in nude mice, whereas nonamplified cell lines were either nontumorigenic or grew significantly more slowly. In contrast, nonamplified cell lines proliferated faster in vitro. All cell lines responded to erlotinib, with inhibition of receptor activation and proliferation but partly different effects on downstream signaling and migration. Conclusions: Isogenic glioblastoma cell lines maintaining stable differences in EGFR/EGFRvIII status can be derived by varying exposure to EGF ligand and reflect the intratumoral genetic heterogeneity. Clin Cancer Res; 18(7); 1901–13. ©2012 AACR.
Electrocardiographic Findings Among the Adult Population of a Total Natural Community, Tecumseh, Michigan
Authors: L. D. OSTRANDER, RALPH L. BRANDT, MARCUS O. KJELSBERG, FREDERICK H. EPSTEIN
Journal: Circulation (1965)

Electrocardiograms were recorded from 2,449 men and 2,689 women past 16 years of age, 85 per cent of the adult population of Tecumseh, Michigan. The tracings were classified according to the system of Blackburn and associates and the various categories are tabulated and discussed. Abnormal Q waves and certain "nonspecific" changes such as left axis deviation, high-amplitude R waves, ST-segment depression, T-wave inversion, first-degree atrioventricular block, complete intraventricular block, and arrhythmias increased in frequency with age. Hypertension and hyperglycemia occurred with significant frequency among persons with some of these changes. It seems likely that such "nonspecific" electrocardiographic abnormalities are frequently signs of coronary or hypertensive heart disease. The mean amplitudes of QRS complexes of men less than 50 years of age were greater than those of women. Such sex differences should be taken into account in the interpretation of clinical electrocardiograms. Further examinations and surveillance of the participants of this study are expected to clarify the significance of the electrocardiographic features discussed and the relationships between such features and other physiologic variables.
EXPERIMENTAL LIPEMIA IN RABBITS
Authors: Thomas R. Boggs, Roger S. Morris
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1909)

In reviewing the literature, no description of a lipemia occurring in relation to simple hemorrhage was found, so that the observation of the phenomenon here recorded would seem to be new. Very high percentages of fat have been found in the blood of diabetics. Fischer's case showed 18.1 per cent total ether extract. Of this very little was free fat (0.0018 gm. potassium hydroxide per gram of fat); iodine absorption was 60.6 per cent.; cholesterin, 2.6 per cent. Chatin's case, cited by Fischer, showed 1.2 per cent. cholesterin, 66.5 per cent. olein, 32.2 per cent. margarin in the fat. Neisser and Derlin in the ether extract of blood from a patient with diabetic coma found 19.7 per cent. fat, with melting point of from 39° to 41° C.; iodine absorption was 53.6 per cent. Javal in a similar case found 25.4 per cent. of fat in ether extract of dry serum (perhaps by Soxhlet method); 21 per cent. of the fat was lecithin. Bleibtreu produced alimentary lipemia in geese by feeding barley and butter. Ether extract of serum showed 6 per cent. of fat. The serum was milky with invisible droplets. Iodine absorption was 57 to 58 per cent. The fat was quite different, chemically, from the fat in the food. Lipemia disappeared a few days after discontinuing the forced feeding. Our experiments suggest, by analogy, the possible occurrence of lipemia in human anemias. In this connection it is of interest to note that we have recently demonstrated a moderate lipemia in a case of marked secondary anemia from hemorrhoids. The emaciation in such cases, as contrasted with the well-recognized conservation of the fat in pernicious anemia, suggests in human pathology a still further analogy which we now have under investigation. The fat in our lipemic rabbits differs from fats described above in its insolubility, as well as in its "constants." The change after precipitation of calcium from the serum suggests that the fat may be present in the serum as a protein-calcium-lecithin combination which is decomposed by decalcifying. While we are not prepared to offer an explanation of the mechanism of this lipemia, it is possible that the great loss of tissue proteins may have some influence on the abnormal fat metabolism. That the fat is derived from the tissues is a fair inference when its occurrence in connection with the loss of weight and the previous disappearance of the body fat are taken into consideration. A more careful study of the lipase in the blood and tissues is desirable. It may be that lowered oxidation following great loss of red cells plays a part.
Outbreak of Typhoid Fever Connected with Corned Beef
Authors: I. Ash, G. D. W. McKendrick, M. H. Robertson, H. L. Hughes
Journal: BMJ (1964)

Artifical Pacing-Sowton and Davies operatively; new types of unit are at present being developed to meet the problem of competition between the natural and artificial pacemakers.The analysis of E.C.G.s taken during the investigation of pacemaker failure can be carried out by reference to Table I.The importance of the deflection due to the pacemaker stimulus will be apparent, and it should be noted that the amplitude of this deflection is considerably less for bipolar stimulation than for unipolar stimulation.Values for threshold voltage found under different conditions are given in Table II, and these were obtained with 2 msec.square-wave biphasic impulses provided by a pacemaker2 with an output impedance of about 50 ohms (Fig. 5); the values TABLE II Pacing System Threshold Probable Cause Action < 2 5v Normal Nil r (a) Catheter malpositioned.Reposition catheter (Coronary sinus, pul-Jmonary artery, tricuspid Electrode ^2-5-5v perforation of catheter 1 ventricle)recording suitable E.C.G.s and x-ray films are described and the method of determining the approximate cardiac threshold with the aid of a simple adjustable pacemaker is reported.A rapid screening test of pacemaker function utilizing a portable radio is described.The interpretation of the results obtained is discussed in detail, with particular reference to some of the more common faults, including disturbance of pacing due to broken wires, battery failure, local infection, movement of electrode catheter position, and the return of A-V conduction.FIG.5.-Pacemaker used for simple threshold determination.The voltage calibration remains accurate over long periods and the fine control is graduated in i-volt steps.Our thanks are due to Dr.
Allergy to jackfruit: a novel example of Bet v 1‐related food allergy
Authors: S. T. H. P. Bolhaar, R. van Ree, C. A. F. M. Bruijnzeel‐Koomen, A. C. Knulst, L Zuidmeer
Journal: Allergy (2004)

Jackfruit allergy has been reported just once. It is unknown whether this food allergy is caused by direct sensitization or cross-sensitization to pollen allergens.Establish whether jackfruit allergy is linked to birchpollen allergy.Two jackfruit allergic patients and five patients with birchpollen-related apple allergy were recruited. Sensitization to pollen and plant foods was assessed by skin prick test (SPT), radio-allergosorbent test (RAST) and immunoblot. RAST analysis was performed for Bet v 1 and Mal d 1. Cross-reactivity was evaluated by RAST and immunoblot-inhibition. Biological activity of immunoglobulin E (IgE) was measured by basophil histamine release. Allergy to jackfruit was evaluated by double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) or open challenge (OC).In both patients DBPCFC confirmed the reported jackfruit allergy. SPT was 41 and 27 mm2 and specific IgE to jackfruit was 5.9 and 0.8 IU/ml, respectively. Immunoblot analysis revealed IgE reactivity at Mr of approximately 17 kDa. The Bet v 1-related nature of this allergen in jackfruit was demonstrated by RAST and immunoblot inhibition. To assess whether jackfruit allergy might be common in patients with combined birchpollen-fruit allergy, five such patients underwent an OC with jackfruit. All five had OA-like symptoms.Jackfruit allergy can be added to the list of birchpollen-related food allergies. Increased consumption of this fruit will result in a rise in allergic reactions.
A personal recollection: The wicked do not always prosper
Authors: O. Fleming
Journal: BMJ (1998)

When I was a student in Vienna in the 1930s great emphasis was laid on medical ethics. Our first lectures were in the anatomical institute where the inscription above the professor's lectern read in large letters: Primum non nocere (firstly, do no harm). Among other advice we were told never to admit to patients that they had a fatal illness, still less that they were about to die. It was assumed that they could not take such information, that they would be driven to despair and …
What determines the age at the menopause?
Authors: S Allaway, P Last, A Hale
Journal: BMJ (1991)

istic vaginal bleeding associated with cervical cancer.'In our experience substantial antepartum haemorrhage rather than a bloody cervical smear is the usual presenting symptom when cervical cancer complicates pregnancy.In the National Maternity Hospital in Dublin between 1984 and 1990, 1479 women presented after 24 weeks' gestation with substantial ante- partum haemorrhage.In four cases a histologically proved carcinoma of the cervix was found.The patients presented at 40 weeks, 34 weeks, 32 weeks, and 26 weeks of gestation, all with substantial haemorrhage.We believe that major antepartum haemorrhage is a common presenting symptom of cervical cancer in the second half of pregnancy.
Utilization of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in survivors of cardiac arrest in the United States from 1996 to 2001
Authors: Andrew Voigt, Rana Ezzeddine, William Barrington, Ogundu Obiaha-Ngwu, Leonard I. Ganz, Barry London, Samir Saba
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
To Control or to Be Controlled?
Authors: C. Reynaert, P. Janne, V. Delire, M. Pirard, Ph. Random, E. Collard, E. Installé, E. Coche, L. Cassiers
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1995)

We postulated that patients with an internal locus of control, i.e. those who like to control their health problems themselves, would adapt more adequately to the 'patient-controlled analgesia' technique as compared to patients with an external health locus of control, who do not believe in their own control. Since contradicting studies have been published on this matter, we investigated relations between the demand for analgesics, perceived pain in the postoperative phase, and the health locus of control in the postoperative context of cardiac surgery. Findings demonstrate distinct utilization patterns between subjects with internal or external locus of control concerning total morphine consumption, number of unsatisfied demands and reduction of perceived pain.