tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
WHO recommends DDT to control malaria
Authors: Christiane Rehwagen
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The pesticide dicophane (DDT) should once more play a part in controlling malaria, the World Health Organization has announced. DDT has been banned for agricultural use in many countries since the 1970s because of fears about its harmful effects on the environment and human health.

Almost 30 years ago, widespread indoor spraying with DDT and other insecticides to control malaria were phased out. But WHO is now recommending the use of indoor residual spraying, not only in epidemic areas, but also in areas with constant and high rates of transmission of malaria, which includes all of Africa.

“The scientific and programmatic evidence clearly supports this reassessment,” said Dr Anarfi Asamoa-Baah, assistant director general at WHO for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. “Indoor residual spraying is useful to quickly reduce …
Letter: The coroners' so-called 24-hour rule.
Authors: H Price
Journal: BMJ (1974)

with oral conitraceptives.Without being able categorically to deny this possibility I think it unlikely for the following reasons.Retinol in human blood is predominantly bound to a specific transport-protedin known as the retinol-binding protein (RBP).Under physiological conditions RBP ibinds to pre- albumin.4The amount of free retinol is very small, indeed.Using a fluorescence assay5 measurements have been made of the amoun-t of RBP,in plasma from 10 women before starting to take a combined oral con- traceptive (Minovlar: 1 mg nocethisterone acetate and 50 ,ug ethynylestradiol) and again after three months' treatment.The mean pretreatment level of RBP was 42±8 (S.D.) ,ug/ml, but this rose to 75 ± 10 ug/ml during treatmenrt.This finding indicates that the rise in iseruum vitamin A level during the taking of oral contraceptives is due to an increased concentrtion of RBP.The amount of free retinod is unchanged.Hypervitaminosis A and the teratogeic effects of the vitamnm in pregnant animls are seen with doses which far exceed the binding capacty of RBP.I,t seems unlikely that an increase in protein-bound retinol is hazadous.A very analogous isiituation occurs with coricosterodds, where plasma levels are very high in women taking oral cotraceptives owng to an increase in,transcartin.6The increase in plasma RBP seen in women taking oral contraceptives is prob- ably due to the oestirogen component, for plasma retinol is not increased by progestogens alone.2Serum vitamin A is also raised in volunteers exposed to DDT,7 for this compound yields oestrogenic mexa-
IMPROVED DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP OF PATIENTS PRESENTING TO THE CARDIOLOGIST WITH SYMPTOMS OF SUSPECTED OBSTRUCTS CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: GENDER SPECIFIC RESULTS FROM THE IMPACT (INVESTIGATION OF A MOLECULAR PERSONALIZED CORONARY GENE EXPRESSION TEST ON CARDIOLOGY PRACTICE PATTERN) TRIAL
Authors: John A. McPherson, Kelly Davis, May Yau, Philip Beineke, Mark Monane, Joseph Fredi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Diagnostic Value of Recombinant Human Thyrotropin–Stimulated 123I Whole-Body Scintigraphy in the Follow-Up of Patients With Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Ali S. Alzahrani, OmAlkhaire AlShaikh, Mahmoud Tuli, Abdulaziz Al-Sugair, Reem Alamawi, Maha M. Al-Rasheed
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

Published data on recombinant human thyrotropin- (rhTSH-) stimulated iodine-123 (¹²³I) diagnostic whole-body scintigraphy (DxWBS) in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) surveillance after initial treatment are limited. We sought to evaluate this modality's diagnostic value in this setting.We retrospectively compared rhTSH-stimulated ¹²³I DxWBS results with DTC status concurrently determined by stimulated serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurement, neck ultrasonography, and other imaging studies. Disease was considered present based on stimulated Tg level ≥1 μg/L without interfering Tg autoantibodies with or without positive imaging or biopsy-proven DTC. We also compared scan positivity and disease detection rates of rhTSH-stimulated DxWBS scans obtained with ¹²³I with those acquired with iodine-131 (¹³¹I) during the same period. The sample comprised 105 consecutive totally thyroidectomized patients undergoing rhTSH-aided DxWBS with I-123 (n = 67) or with ¹³¹I (n = 38) for diagnostic follow-up. rhTSH, 0.9 mg/d, was injected intramuscularly on 2 consecutive days. Oral diagnostic activities of 5 to 10 mCi (185-370 MBq) ¹²³I or 3 mCi (111 MBq) ¹³¹I were given on the third day. DxWBS was performed 24 hours (¹²³I) or 48 to 72 hours (¹³¹I) later.rhTSH-aided ¹²³I DxWBS scans showed 35.3% sensitivity, 98.0% specificity, 85.7% positive predictive value, and 81.6% negative predictive value. rhTSH-stimulated ¹²³I and ¹³¹I DxWBS did not differ in scan positivity (10.4% vs. 13.2%, P = 0.75) or disease detection rates (35.3% vs. 27.8%, P = 1.00).In DTC, rhTSH-aided ¹²³I DxWBS achieves comparable results in diagnostic follow-up with those of rhTSH-aided ¹³¹I DxWBS. Future studies should address the preablation setting and scan activity and timing.
Cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, and diabetes incidence after lifestyle intervention for people with impaired glucose tolerance in the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 23-year follow-up study
Authors: Guangwei Li, Ping Zhang, Jinping Wang, Yali An, Qiuhong Gong, Edward W Gregg, Wenying Yang, Bo Zhang, Ying Shuai, Jing Hong, Michael M Engelgau, Hui Li, Gojka Roglic, Yinghua Hu, Peter H Bennett
Journal: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (2014)
Teicoplanin for treating MRSA pneumonia
Authors: J. Mukhopadhyay
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Muscedere concludes that vancomycin is non-inferior to linezolid in the treatment of meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia.1 This is interesting given the cost implications. However, one advantage of linezolid that needs to be factored into the cost calculations is that it can be given orally, …
General practitioner fundholding: experience in Grampian.
Authors: I C Wisely
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Proposals for fundholding were greeted with scepticism by many general practitioners, and in Scotland the BMA persuaded the government to allow a scheme to test the arrangements as a demonstration project operating "shadow" practice funds. This allowed the six selected practices to set up administrative and computer systems without the worry of dealing with real money. The shadow fundholding scheme has since been extended to small practices and to a trial of fundholding for all services except accident and emergency. The six practices in the original pilot have all become fundholders and are beginning to effect improvements in the service to their patients. However, with more practices becoming fundholders negotiating contracts with providers is becoming increasingly complicated and more time and money needs to be put into this aspect.
THE USE OF QUINIDINE IN THE TREATMENT OF ECTOPIC RHYTHMS
Authors: CHARLES W. BARRIER
Journal: JAMA (1927)

The value of quinidine in the treatment of auricular fibrillation was first reported by Frey 1 in 1918. Soon after its introduction many accidents and a few fatalities occurred, and there followed numerous articles calling attention to its dangers. Many practitioners formed their ideas of quinidine during this period of relative nihilism and still refrain from its use, even going so far as to refuse it to patients whom they send to cardiac consultants. Musser 2 maintains, however, that the dangers of quinidine have been overstressed, and that fear-inducing terms still prevent it from taking its rightful place as one of our most valuable cardiac drugs.  There is at present, therefore, a reaction to this extreme position, and many changes are taking place in cardiology which make for a larger and more advantageous use of quinidine. There is a greater willingness on the part of cardiac patients to be treated
USE OF THE ORGANIC INTEGRITY TEST (OIT) WITH CHILDREN WHO CANNOT READ
Authors: H. C. TIEN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1966)

The OIT has led the author to conclude that the human brain can better be understood and treated as a cross-correlation pattern recognition system in the cybernetic sense. With this view, he has attempted to unify the diverse phenomena of chromaphilia, reading disabilities, phonetic therapy and the processes of perception with a summarizing mathematical theory of pattern recognition by identity, which states that "an unknown form f is recognized as a known form g, if their cross-correlation pattern recognition index (PRI) is unity," that is: If PRI (f, g) = 1, then f ≅ g. This theorem can be proved by the Swartz inequality.1 This PRI theory requires a huge memory storage of known forms g, in order to recognize incoming unknown forms f, by cross-correlation pattern recognition. Practically, the PRI theory may be applied to biomedical engineering to build a pattern recognition system to solve computer pattern recognition problems—for automatic brain wave interpretation, as an example. Of course, the best all-purpose computer, a human brain with its ten billion neurons, can fill this order. The PRI theory is fundamental enough, relating to the all-or-none law of neurophysiology, to explain the manner in which the human brain perceives patterns whether in health or in disease. It therefore not only explains reading disabilities but also unifies the basic concept of brain damage, schizophrenia, mental deficiency and other neuropsychiatric disorders as one of decreased ability to perceive form, revealed as chromaphilia on the OIT. With the PRI theory as a guide and the OIT as a diagnostic technique and finally the A E I O U & Y as a method of teaching reading, it is now feasible to initiate carefully a pilot program of early detection and inoculation against reading disabilities as vaccines are given to prevent polio and smallpox in children of any community.
TREATMENT OF SESSILE AND CERTAIN OTHER OVARIAN CYSTS.
Authors: H. B. STEHMAN
Journal: JAMA (1901)

Other things being equal, our operative methods should follow lines which involve a minimum of injury to important structures, the greatest preservation of tissue, including the blood, and the least amount of shock possible. The question at issue is whether in dealing with some of the cysts under consideration we might not obtain the same results with less radical measures, and therefore with less risk to the life of the patient. The object then, of this paper, is to give the clinical results of a method that is simple, applicable in a certain percentage of these cases, and so far as I know not usually employed and to call attention to the success of the same plan in similar pathologic conditions in other organs. The non-pedicular cysts of the female adnexa as a rule develop either from the ovary—paroőphoron—or the parovarium; for the most part they grow between the layers
Primary Tuberculosis in Children
Authors: Morris Steiner, Amor Cosio
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

Resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were recovered from cultures of gastric washings of children who had received no prior drug therapy and in whom demonstrable tuberculous disease was present. The incidence of primary strains resistant to streptomycin and PAS was of a low order (3 per cent) and comparable to that reported in adults. Combined-drug resistance was found in only 2 out of 101 strains. The incidence of primary isoniazid drug resistance, when analyzed by the United States Public Health Service criterion, was 16.3 per cent as compared to 6.3 per cent by the Veterans Administration criteria for resistance. Reasons are given for suggesting that the Veterans Administration criteria for isoniazid drug resistance may be more suitable than those of the United States Public Health Service for analysis of primary drug-resistant strains isolated from gastric washings in children. With the use of similar criteria for drug resistance the incidence of 6.3 per cent reported here for isoniazid was greater than that of 2.6 per cent for adults reported in New York City in 1961, the most suitable population group for comparison. The lower incidence of primary resistant disease in the adult group may be in part a reflection of disease due to endogenous reinfection by sensitive organisms acquired during childhood before the use of isoniazid. Since the factor of endogenous reinfection is eliminated in the present study the incidence of primary resistant disease reported here probably represents transmission of infection by individuals in the community whose organisms had become resistant during treatment. Another factor contributing to the higher incidence of resistant infection in the present group may be that the patients in the present study were drawn from a limited geographic area and one of high risk for tuberculosis. Since the incidence of primary drug-resistant disease represents, in a measure, the level of tuberculosis control in a given community, continuing studies are necessary to determine its rate of increase or decrease. Such studies are now in progress.
SIRT1 collaborates with ATM and HDAC1 to maintain genomic stability in neurons
Authors: Matthew M. Dobbin, Ram Madabhushi, Ling Pan, Yue Chen, Dohoon Kim, Jun Gao, Biafra Ahanonu, Ping Chieh Pao, Yi Qiu, Yingming Zhao, Li Huei Tsai
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2013)
Effects of parathyroid hormone on cytosolic free calcium concentration in individual rabbit connecting tubules.
Authors: J E Bourdeau, K Lau
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

PTH stimulates active Ca reabsorption in isolated perfused rabbit kidney connecting tubules (CNTs). The existence of PTH-sensitive adenylate cyclase and the reproduction of increased epithelial Ca transport by dibutyryl-cAMP suggest that cAMP is the mediator. Accordingly, we studied the effects of PTH and 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP) on cytosolic free calcium concentration [( Ca2+]i) in individual rabbit CNTs. [Ca2+]i was estimated by continuous epifluorescence microscopy of single fura-2-loaded tubules during dual wave-length excitation. In nonperfused controls at 37 degrees C, [Ca2+]i decreased with time. In contrast to vehicle controls, synthetic bovine (1-34) PTH (0.1 nM) increased [Ca2+]i within 4 min, produced a maximal effect in 7.2 min, and sustained its effect for at least 2 min after washout. 8-Br-cAMP (1 mM) mimicked the effect of PTH, but with an earlier onset of action. To test the hypothesis that lumen Ca is the predominant source of the rise in [Ca2+]i, we studied singly perfused CNTs. In the absence of bath and lumen Ca, PTH elicited no rise in [Ca2+]i, implying that intracellular Ca stores are not the major source. In contrast, there was a rise when Ca was replenished in both media. In the continuous presence of bath Ca, lumen Ca was estimated to contribute 65% of the total rise in [Ca2+]i in response to PTH when it was first deleted and then replenished. However, when the sequence of lumen Ca manipulation was reversed, the contributions by lumen and bath Ca were found to be essentially equal. We conclude (a) at a physiologic concentration, PTH increases [Ca2+]i in rabbit CNTs, (b) 8-Br-cAMP mimics this action, implicating cAMP as a second messenger, and (c) the PTH-stimulated rise in [Ca2+]i depends importantly on both bath and tubular luminal fluid Ca.
Transmural potential difference in patients with hiatus hernia and oesophageal ulcer.
Authors: I T Beck, N A Hernandez
Journal: Gut (1969)

Recordings of transmural potential difference (PD) in the stomach have well established that the mucosal surface of this organ is negative in relation to the serosal surface (Rehm, 1946; Revelstad, Owen, and Magath, 1952).On the other hand, it had been noted that the oesophagus has a positive transmural potential difference (Helm, Schlegel, Code, and Summerskill, 1965).The potential difference tran- sition zone from negative to positive values was shown to represent the mucosal transition from acid-bearing to columnar and from columnar to oesophageal mucosa (Meckeler and Ingelfinger, 1967).Utilizing an improved method of recording transmural potential difference (Hernandez and Beck, 1968), we reexamined the characteristics of the potential difference transition zone in normal individuals and in patients suffering from hiatus hernia.In addition, we explored the variations in potential difference which occur over lesions where the mucosal integrity of the oesophagus was destroyed by ulcerations. METHODS
The effect of inotropic stimulation on normal and ischemic myocardium after coronary occlusion.
Authors: A J Buda, R J Zotz, K P Gallagher
Journal: Circulation (1987)

During acute myocardial ischemia, there exists a zone of myocardial dysfunction that surrounds the central ischemic area that has been termed the functional border zone. We hypothesized that this nonischemic but dysfunctional myocardium may respond to an inotropic challenge. To address this issue, we studied 11 open-chest dogs during acute left circumflex (LCx) occlusion. Simultaneous two-dimensional echocardiograms and radioactive microsphere injections were used to create circumferential left ventricular flow-function maps at the papillary muscle level. Serial studies were performed at baseline, 15 min after LCx occlusion, and after the infusion of dobutamine during LCx occlusion. After occlusion, wall thickening decreased from 52 +/- 8% (mean +/- SEM) to -5 +/- 5% (p less than .01) in the central ischemic zone. The extent of left ventricular dysfunction measured 170 +/- 11 degrees while the subendocardial hypoperfusion zone was 130 +/- 9 degrees (p less than .05), resulting in a functional border zone of 40 +/- 11 degrees. During the infusion of dobutamine, wall thickening did not change in the central ischemic zone but increased adjacent to the functional border zone (p less than .01) and in the normal zone (p less than .05), reducing the extent of the functional border zone to 19 +/- 16 degrees (p less than .05). After dobutamine, the slope of transition of wall thickening from nonischemic to ischemic zones, measured directly from the left ventricular function map, increased on the free wall border (0.71 +/- 0.11 to 0.95 +/- 0.10, p less than .02) to a greater extent than on the septal border (0.60 +/- 0.08 to 0.73 +/- 0.06, p = .07). We conclude that nonischemic myocardium adjacent to ischemic tissue responds to inotropic challenge, dobutamine produces a significant decrease in the size of the functional border zone, and dynamic changes in wall thickening after inotropic intervention are greater in the functional border zone of the lateral free wall than at the septal border of the ischemic area.
Influence of preoperative radiotherapy on DNA ploidy in squamous cell carcinomas of the oesophagus.
Authors: R Porschen, G Bevers, U Remy, S Schauseil, F Borchard
Journal: Gut (1993)

The influence of preoperative radiotherapy on the prevalence of DNA aneuploidy and the prognostic significance of tumour DNA ploidy was evaluated in 126 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. Preoperative radiotherapy with 30 Gy was performed in 52 patients. DNA ploidy was analysed by flow cytometry on nuclei isolated from paraffin embedded tumour tissue. DNA aneuploidy was identified in 75 tumours (61%) and found to correlate significantly with tumour stage. The percentage of aneuploid carcinomas was significantly reduced by preoperative radiotherapy (surgery only group, 71%; radiotherapy group, 47%, p = 0.01). Although the median survival time was slightly better in the diploid than in the aneuploid group (11.3 and 8.0 months respectively), this difference was not statistically significant. A curative tumour resection was the most important prognostic factor. Preoperative radiotherapy did not prolong survival in oesophageal cancer.
Persistent hyperinflation after heart-lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis.
Authors: I Guignon, M Cassart, P A Gevenois, C Knoop, M Antoine, J C Yernault, M Estenne
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

We have measured static lung volumes after heart-lung transplantation (HLT) in seven patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) (Group 1), three patients with chronic hyperinflation due to diseases other than CF (Group 2), and six patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) (Group 3). Total lung capacity was within normal limits at 1 yr after surgery in all patients. Similarly, FRC was within the normal range in Groups 2 and 3. On the other hand, patients with CF showed a persistent increase in FRC; at 1 yr after HLT, FRC averaged 4.13 +/- 0.52 L compared with a predicted value of 3.20 +/- 0.23 L (p < 0.01). The postoperative static pressure-volume curve of the lung in the patients with CF was superimposed on the predicted one, suggesting that the increased FRC originated in the chest wall. Additional studies with computerized tomographic scans demonstrated that the rib cage anteroposterior diameter at FRC averaged 12.1 +/- 1.6 cm in patients with CF, 9.5 +/- 1.2 cm in patients with PPH, and 9.4 +/- 0.7 cm in a group of healthy subjects matched with the patients with CF (p < 0.01). We conclude that after HLT, patients with CF show persistent hyperinflation due to rib cage expansion along the anteroposterior dimension. This shape change may represent a structural adaptation that occurs in response to chronic pulmonary hyperinflation acquired during rib cage growth.
Internet based consultations to transfer knowledge for patients requiring specialised care: retrospective case review
Authors: Iris Kedar, Joseph L Ternullo, Carol E Weinrib, Kathleen M Kelleher, Heather Brandling-Bennett, Joseph C Kvedar
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Objective: To assess whether transferring knowledge from specialists at centres of excellence to referring doctors through online consultations can improve the management of patients requiring specialised care. Design: Retrospective case review of the first year of internet based patient initiated consultations between referring doctors and consulting specialists. Setting: US teaching hospitals affiliated with an organisation providing internet based consultations. Participants: Doctors in various settings around the world engaging in internet based consultations with specialists. Main outcome measures: New recommendations for treatment, change in diagnosis, and turnaround time for consultation compared with time to see a specialist. Results: 79 consultations took place. 90% (n=71) of consultations were for services related to oncology. 90% of consultations involved new recommendations for treatment. The most common recommendation was a new chemotherapeutic regimen (68%, n=54). Diagnosis changed in 5% (n=4) of cases. The average turnaround time was 6.8 working days compared with an average of 19 working days to see a comparable specialist. Conclusions: Internet based consultations between specialists at centres of excellence and referring doctors contribute to patient care through recommendations for new treatment and timely access to specialist knowledge. Although change in diagnosis occurred in only a few cases, the prognostic and therapeutic implications for these patients may be profound. #### What is already known on this topic What is already known on this topic Telemedicine could improve health care by transferring knowledge from centres of excellence to patients' doctors Few studies have systematically assessed the value of such internet based specialty consultations #### What this study adds What this study adds Patients can benefit from internet based consultations between their doctor and consulting specialists New recommendations for treatment were discussed in 90% of cases, and change in diagnosis occurred in 5% of cases Patients can access a specialist's opinion more quickly than waiting to see a specialist