tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Relationship between the amount of fluid ingestion and renal concentrating ability during heavy exercise in the heat
Authors: H Otani
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

This study examined whether the prevention of body mass loss during exercise in the heat by fluid ingestion would attenuate the decline in renal concentrating ability. Seven untrained subjects performed 105 min of intermittent exercise (15 min of exercise alternating with 3 min of rest) on a cycle ergometer at 70% VO 2max (32°C and 60% RH). Subjects were tested under four conditions: (1) no fluid ingestion (NF), (2) ad libitum fluid ingestion (AF), (3) fluid ingestion equal to 1% of body mass (1% FL), (4) fluid ingestion equal to 2% of body mass (2% FL). Fluid was ingested immediately before exercise and at 15, 33, 51, 69 and 87 min of exercise in AF, 1% FL and 2% FL. Urine and blood samples were taken before and after exercise. During NF, AF, 1% FL and 2% FL, body mass loss was 2.2±0.1%, 1.1±0.2%, 1.1±0.1%, 0.1±0.1%, respectively. Total sweat loss was approximately 2% of body mass in all trials. Urine flow rate during exercise was 0.3±0.0, 0.4±0.1, 0.4±0.1, 0.5±0.1 ml/min during NF, AF, 1% FL and 2% FL, respectively, and was lower (p&lt;0.05) than the pre-exercise level in NF and AF. Urine to serum osmolality ratio in 2% FL was higher (p&lt;0.05) during exercise than the pre-exercise level. Creatinine clearance decreased (p&lt;0.05) in all trials, and was higher (p&lt;0.05) in 2% FL than in NF. Osmolar clearance was lower (p&lt;0.05) during exercise than the pre-exercise level in NF, AF and 1% FL, and was higher (p&lt;0.05) in 2% FL than in NF. Free water clearance increased (p&lt;0.05) during exercise than the pre-exercise level in NF, AF and 1% FL, and was lower (p&lt;0.05) in 2% FL than in NF. During exercise, 2% FL resulted in a concentrated urine production. Fluid ingestion in amounts equal to body mass loss at approximately 2% reduction in body mass is capable of attenuating the decline in renal concentrating ability during heavy exercise in the heat.
Managing the incidentally detected gallbladder cancer: Algorithms and controversies
Authors: Andrea Cavallaro, Gaetano Piccolo, Maria Di Vita, Antonio Zanghì, Francesco Cardì, Paolo Di Mattia, Giuseppina Barbera, Laura Borzì, Vincenzo Panebianco, Isidoro Di Carlo, Marco Cavallaro, Alessandro Cappellani
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2014)
Grapefruit juice increases felodipine oral availability in humans by decreasing intestinal CYP3A protein expression.
Authors: K S Lown, D G Bailey, R J Fontana, S K Janardan, C H Adair, L A Fortlage, M B Brown, W Guo, P B Watkins
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

The increase in oral availability of felodipine and other commonly used medications when taken with grapefruit juice has been assumed to be due to inhibition of CYP3A4, a cytochrome P450 that is present in liver and intestine. To evaluate the effect of repeated grapefruit juice ingestion on CYP3A4 expression, 10 healthy men were given 8 oz of grapefruit juice three times a day for 6 d. Before and after receiving grapefruit juice, small bowel and colon mucosal biopsies were obtained endoscopically, oral felodipine kinetics were determined, and liver CYP3A4 activity was measured with the [14C N-methyl] erythromycin breath test in each subject. Grapefruit juice did not alter liver CYP3A4 activity, colon levels of CYP3A5, or small bowel concentrations of P-glycoprotein, villin, CYP1A1, and CYP2D6. In contrast, the concentration of CYP3A4 in small bowel epithelia (enterocytes) fell 62% (P = 0.0006) with no corresponding change in CYP3A4 mRNA levels. In addition, enterocyte concentrations of CYP3A4 measured before grapefruit juice consumption correlated with the increase in Cmax when felodipine was taken with either the 1st or the 16th glass of grapefruit juice relative to water (r = 0. 67, P = 0.043, and r = 0.71, P = 0.022, respectively). We conclude that a mechanism for the effect of grapefruit juice on oral felodipine kinetics is its selective downregulation of CYP3A4 in the small intestine.
SOME CLINICAL ASPECTS OF CHEMISTRY.
Authors: CHARLES P. EMERSON
Journal: JAMA (1902)

Even the most superficial observer of the expansion of the medicine of to-day might accept without much question the claim of chemistry to be the first of the pure sciences which form the foundation of medicine, for the potent influence of its leaven may be perceived throughout the whole medical mass. Clinical laboratories are growing in favor and influence; publishers have produced a superabundance of text-books which purport to "make clinical chemistry easy"; medical journals accept at sight articles on almost any chemical subject, some of scientific value, some of practical value, some of no value. At a recent large medical congress so much time was spent on the chemical side of internal medicine that one not interested in that subject must have had to exert unusual efforts to look interested and knowing. What did he care what the intermediate products of sugar metabolism are, or whether the body can
A Map to Bad Policy — Hospital Efficiency Measures in the Dartmouth Atlas
Authors: Peter B. Bach
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

The Debate over Regional Variation in Health Care SpendingThe regional variations in health care spending that are documented by the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care have been cited by many as a justification, and possible basis, for changes in provider payment rates. The article below — and the response that follows it — address various concerns about the Dartmouth data.In showing that regional spending variations do not correlate with differences in disease burden or outcome, the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care has felled the notion that higher health care spending necessarily leads to improved health outcomes. Policymakers have . . .
Liver Adaptation and Injury in Alcoholism
Authors: Philip R. Steinmetz, Christine Balko, Charles S. Lieber
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

HEPATIC changes are very common in alcoholics, and their development is determined both by the amount and by the duration of ethanol intake.1 The questions most frequently asked are whether these changes are truly caused by alcohol itself or merely by the associated malnutrition, and, if alcohol does have direct effects on the liver, whether they are all injurious, or whether some can be considered adaptive. Regarding the first question, a number of studies conducted over the last 10 years by me and my associates have shown that although nutritional factors are undoubtedly involved, alcohol itself has to be incriminated . . .
FACTS AND NEW EXPERIMENTS IN ILLUSTRATION OF THE VARIATIONS OF PULSE-WAVE VELOCITY IN MAN, AND BEARING UPON THE ELUCIDATION OF THE CAUSES WHICH PRODUCE THEM.
Authors: A. T. KEYT
Journal: JAMA (1883)

ChapterII. This division of our subject we will study under the form of a series of propositions, and it is intended that the facts brought forward to substantiate the propositions stated shall also enlighten on the causes of the variations in question. PULSE-WAVE VELOCITY. Proposition. I.—The velocity of the pulse wave along the arteries increases with increase of age. This proposition has already been proven by our previous researches. We observed and measured the pulse-wave velocity in a child of four and a half years, a man of twenty-five, and another of fifty. In the first the general velocity was 216 inches per second, in the second 306 inches, and in the third 416 inches per second. As a pertinent illustration of the fact in question, the accompanying figures representing new experiments may be studied. Fig. 26 is from a child five years old, and gives a carotid-posterior tibial
Sustained Effectiveness of Converting-Enzyme Inhibition in Patients with Severe Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Victor J. Dzau, Wilson S. Colucci, Gordon H. Williams, Gregory Curfman, Leonard Meggs, Norman K. Hollenberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

Eight patients with severe congestive heart failure refractory to conventional therapy, including vasodilators, were given captopril (seven patients) or teprotide (one patient). All had dyspnea, edema, elevated pulmonary wedge pressure (28.0±2.6 mm Hg), low cardiac index (1.6±0.1 liters per minute per square meter), and elevated levels of serum creatinine (2.3±0.2 mg per deciliter [203.3±17.7 μmol per liter]), blood urea nitrogen (48±5 mg per deciliter [17.1±1.8 mmol of urea per liter]), plasma renin activity (21±7 ng of angiotensin I per milliliter per hour), plasma angiotensin II (271±51 pg per milliliter), and plasma aldosterone (65±14 ng per deciliter). After one week of therapy, all indexes improved. Creatinine and p-aminohippurate clearances were also increased (P<0.01). Improvement was sustained (more than six months) and was associated with a statistically significant increase in the cardiac ejection fraction (12±3 to 26±7 per cent). With a mean follow-up of seven months, the New York Heart Association Functional Class has been reduced from IV to II, and the number of days of hospitalization to less than 10 per cent of that before captopril therapy. We conclude that captopril reduces afterload in advanced congestive heart failure and induces sustained improvements in clinical status and renal function. (N Engl J Med. 1980; 302:1373–9.)
Turn-of-Century High School Class May Turn Tide Against Tobacco Use
Authors: Mary Beth Jarvis
Journal: JAMA (1988)

MEMBERS of the high school graduating class of the year 2000 haven't even started first grade, but their graduation theme may already have been picked out. If all goes as planned, this year's first graders will become the Smoke-Free Class, ambassadors of the "smokeless society" envisioned for the 21st century by the American Medical Association and the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, C. Everett Koop, MD. Those high school graduation festivities in the year 2000 will culminate a proposed 12-year education program designed by the American Cancer Society, the American Heart Association, and the American Lung Association, which have headquarters in Atlanta, Dallas, and New York City, respectively. The three agencies, which have been increasing their cooperation to combat tobacco use, have formed a coalition that will try to include at least one third of the country's 3 million first graders in the Smoke-Free Class of 2000 program,
ON GROUP SPECIFIC A SUBSTANCES
Authors: K. Landsteiner, M. W. Chase
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1936)

A method of preparation and a preliminary chemical investigation of the substance present in commercial (pig) pepsin which reacts with human A antiserum are presented. The material offers especial advantage in securing in quantity a serologically highly active preparation suitable for further studies. Active preparations were isolated moreover from commercial (pig) gastric mucin. Some other materials showing group specific reactions are mentioned.
Relationship between elevated immunoglobulin free light chain and the presence of IgH translocations in multiple myeloma
Authors: S Kumar, L Zhang, A Dispenzieri, S Van Wier, J A Katzmann, M Snyder, E Blood, R DeGoey, K Henderson, R A Kyle, A R Bradwell, P R Greipp, S V Rajkumar, R Fonseca
Journal: Leukemia (2010)
Present-Day Status of Poliomyelitis
Authors: William T. Green
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1948)

PERIODIC assessment of knowledge regarding infantile paralysis is highly desirable. I know of no other disease in which the public has such a great interest and, in turn, apprehension out of proportion to its incidence, morbidity and mortality. Many sensational statements regarding new developments are reported in the lay press with very little corresponding information available in medical journals and without scientific confirmation. This makes it difficult for members of the medical profession not working in this particular field to keep informed regarding developments, real or alleged, affecting the disease. The public is much more likely to be aware of . . .
Proteome Analysis of Gelatin-Bound Urinary Proteins from Patients with Bladder Cancers
Authors: Minoru Saito, Masafumi Kimoto, Teruo Araki, Yukie Shimada, Ryoji Fujii, Ken Oofusa, Michihiro Hide, Tsuguru Usui, Katsutoshi Yoshizato
Journal: European Urology (2005)
Men and older people are less likely to use NHS Direct
Authors: W. Ullah
Journal: BMJ (2003)

EDITOR—Last year George discussed the underuse of NHS Direct by certain groups in society.1 Other investigators have also identified variations in the use and awareness of the service. 2 3 We examined this issue by conducting a survey of people in general practice waiting rooms at two surgeries in Southwark, London. We surveyed 207 people aged 13–90 (a …
Coronary brachytherapy is an effective treatment for chronic in-stent total occlusions
Authors: Antonio P. Madrid, Mark A. Grise, John P. Reilly, Jeffrey W. Moses, Martin B. Leon, Anca Tcelibi, Cristian Cioar, Huan Giap, Shirish Jani, Steven Balter, Prabhakar Tripuraneni, Alexandra Lansky, Manuela Negoita, Roxanna Mehran, Paul S. Teirstein
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
PDK1 Signaling Toward PLK1–MYC Activation Confers Oncogenic Transformation, Tumor-Initiating Cell Activation, and Resistance to mTOR-Targeted Therapy
Authors: Jing Tan, Zhimei Li, Puay Leng Lee, Peiyong Guan, Mei Yee Aau, Shuet Theng Lee, Min Feng, Cheryl Zihui Lim, Eric Yong Jing Lee, Zhen Ning Wee, Yaw Chyn Lim, R.K. Murthy Karuturi, Qiang Yu
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2013)

Although 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) has been predominately linked to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway, it may also evoke additional signaling outputs to promote tumorigenesis. Here, we report that PDK1 directly induces phosphorylation of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), which in turn induces MYC phosphorylation and protein accumulation. We show that PDK1-PLK1-MYC signaling is critical for cancer cell growth and survival, and small-molecule inhibition of PDK1/PLK1 provides an effective approach for therapeutic targeting of MYC dependency. Intriguingly, PDK1-PLK1-MYC signaling induces an embryonic stem cell-like gene signature associated with aggressive tumor behaviors and is a robust signaling axis driving cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewal. Finally, we show that a PLK1 inhibitor synergizes with an mTOR inhibitor to induce synergistic antitumor effects in colorectal cancer by antagonizing compensatory MYC induction. These findings identify a novel pathway in human cancer and CSC activation and provide a therapeutic strategy for targeting MYC-associated tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance.This work identifies PDK1–PLK1-MYC signaling as a new oncogenic pathway driving oncogenic transformation and CSC self-renewal. Targeted inhibition of PDK1/PLK1 is robust in targeting MYC dependency in cancer cells. Thus, our findings provide important insights into cancer and CSC biology and have significant therapeutic implications.
Exposures from indoor spraying of chlorpyrifos pose greater health risks to children than currently estimated.
Authors: D L Davis, A K Ahmed
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

Recent findings of indoor exposure studies of chlorpyrifos indicate that young children are at higher risks to the semivolatile pesticide than had been previously estimated [Gurunathan et al., Environ Health Perspect 106:9-16 (1998)]. The study showed that after a single broadcast use of the pesticide by certified applicators in apartment rooms, chlorpyrifos continued to accumulate on children's toys and hard surfaces 2 weeks after spraying. Based on the findings of this and other research studies, the estimated chlorpyrifos exposure levels from indoor spraying for children are approximately 21-119 times above the current recommended reference dose of 3 microg/kg/day from all sources. A joint agreement reached between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the registrants of chlorpyrifos-based products will phase out a number of indoor uses of the pesticide, including broadcast spraying and direct uses on pets. While crack and crevice treatment of insects (such as cockroaches and termites) by chlorpyrifos will still continue, it appears prudent to explore other insect control options, including the use of baits, traps, and insect sterilants and growth regulators. To ensure global protection, adequate dissemination of appropriate safety and regulatory information to developing regions of the world is critical, where importation and local production of chlorpyrifos-based products for indoor uses may be significant.
QUESTIONS REGARDING THE ETIOLOGY OF ADENOID VEGETATIONS AS FOUND IN THE NASO-PHARYNGEAL CAVITIES.
Authors: M. C. O'TOOLE
Journal: JAMA (1898)

That we possess no positive knowledge regarding the etiology of adenoid vegetations, as found in the naso-pharynx, can be ascertained by a brief study of the opinions expressed by writers on this subject. Scrofula, heredity, the acute exanthems, cold and dampness of climate and whooping cough, have all been mentioned as etiologic factors, while Gruber asserts that neither climate nor occupation appear to influence their development. In a paper, "Suggestions Regarding Treatment of Diseases of the Ears and Throat in Children," read before the Medical Society of the State of California, April 1894, the following statements appear: "For the past three years, I have lost no opportunity of investigating the etiology of adenoid vegetations, and the results have been in every way confirmatory of former experiences. Five years ago, I removed adenoid vegetations from the pharyngeal vaults of three children, all of the same family; two girls and a boy,
The distribution of pemphigus vulgaris-IgG subclasses and their reactivity with desmoglein 3 and 1 in pemphigus patients and their first-degree relatives
Authors: D. Kricheli, M. David, M. Frusic-Zlotkin, D. Goldsmith, M. Rabinov, J. Sulkes, Y. Milner
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2000)

Background Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) autoantibodies (PV‐IgG) have been found in 40–70% of sera of first‐degree relatives of pemphigus patients. Objectives To determine the possible role of PV‐IgG subclasses in the pathogenesis of the disease. Patients and methods Study groups comprised 25 PV patients, 55 unaffected family members and 56 sera of healthy individuals. Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) staining and Western immunoblotting (WB) techniques were used to determine total PV‐IgG and PV‐IgG subclasses and their reactivity to desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and 3. Results By IIF staining, circulating PV‐IgG were found in 64% of the patients, in 15% of the relatives and in none of the controls (P ≤ 0·001); by WB the results were 91%, 49% and 12%, respectively (P ≤ 0·001). The distribution of PV‐IgG subclasses 1–3 was similar among patients and their relatives. PV‐IgG4 was found in 62% of the patients but in only one relative and was absent in the controls (P ≤ 0·001). PV‐IgG1, 2 and 4 were found to react mainly with Dsg3 and PV‐IgG3 mainly with Dsg1 and 3. Conclusions These results support the concept of a genetic predisposition in pemphigus. The non‐complement‐fixing PV‐IgG4 and at least one complement‐fixing PV‐IgG subclass appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The absence of PV‐IgG4 among relatives who were PV‐IgG carriers seems to be linked to the fact that they do not develop pemphigus. The exact nature of this linkage is still unclear.
Not everything that counts can be counted; not everything that can be counted counts
Authors: M. McKee
Journal: BMJ (2004)

hospital may not improve outcomes.Only three new measures are expected over the next three years.For 88% of surgical patients in California, no publicly reported information exists.These patients must rely on indirect measures, such as academic affiliation, to assess quality.Even consumers who have conditions for which data are reported face difficulties in using these limited data.Without a new major effort to increase both the number of procedures for which quality measures are available and the validity of those measures, most California consumers will not be able to choose surgical providers based on quality.A competitive market cannot exist under these conditions.
Preliminary Experience With Double-phase SPECT Using Tc-99m Sestamibi in Patients With Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: DONALD R. NEUMANN, CALDWELL B. ESSELSTYN, EUNICE Y. KIM, RAYMUNDO T. GO, NANCY A. OBUCHOWSKI, THOMAS W. RICE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1997)

Background There is a continual search for a better imaging modality for parathyroid pathology. In recent years, Tc-99m sestamibi has been proposed as an alternative to Tl-201 for parathyroid scintigraphy. The purpose of this study is to assess the usefulness of a double-phase Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT technique for parathyroid imaging. Methods Sixty-one consecutive patients with hyperparathyroidism were studied. Sixteen had previously undergone unsuccessful surgery for hyperparathyroidism. SPECT imaging of the neck and chest was performed at 15 minutes and again at 2 hours after 20-25 mCi of Tc-99m sestamibi was given intravenously. A positive scan was defined as a region of increased focal uptake that persisted on the delayed images. Results When compared with surgical findings, double-phase sestamibi SPECT correctly identified 55% (26/47) of the parathyroid adenomas in the previously unoperated group, and 91% (10/11) of the parathyroid adenomas in the reoperative group. Double-phase sestamibi SPECT was negative in 92% (109/118) of the normal parathyroid glands in the previously unoperated group, and in 88% (15/17) in the reoperative group. Conclusions These preliminary data suggest that double-phase Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT is a promising procedure for the preoperative detection and localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue, especially in patients with recurrent or persistent postoperative hyperparathyroidism.
Current Therapy in Hematology-Oncology
Authors: Michael C. Brain, Paul P. Carbone
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

This volume addresses various facets of the current practice of haematology and oncology and is designed to provide personal therapeutic approaches from practising specialists within their field. All the information has been broken down into concise chapters, containing information which should assist physicians in the management and treatment of patients. Using new specialists for this third volume, the book covers key topics such as AIDS and Kaposi's sarcoma.