tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis A in Day-Care Centers
Authors: Stephen C. Hadler, Hannah M. Webster, John J. Erben, Judith E. Swanson, James E. Maynard
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

We investigated the spread of viral hepatitis in day-care centers in Maricopa County, Ariz. Over a 10-month period, 398 (40 per cent) of 1008 reported cases of hepatitis Type A or viral hepatitis of unspecified type occurred in persons closely associated with day-care centers. Outbreaks of hepatitis comprising 310 cases were identified in 30 of 308 centers in the county. In 28 outbreaks investigated, the majority of symptomatic cases occurred in household contacts or close relatives of children who attended day-care centers, with 16 per cent of the cases occurring in children who attended the centers and 15 per cent occurring in employees. Hepatitis in both employees and household contacts was strongly related to contact with children one to two years of age who attended the centers (P less than 0.001). Day-care centers appear to be important in the spread of hepatitis A in the United States.
Impact of Medical Education on the Practice of Medicine
Authors: Dale Groom
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Surely all of us in medicine have a personal, if not a professional interest in medical education, if only because we are ourselves the products of it. And whether we belong to<i>town</i>or<i>gown</i>we are aware that there is a certain ferment at our alma mater, that things aren't "just as they used to be," that compressed into a few short years is an unprecedented evolution in medical education the pace of which is accelerating. Some would say that we are entering a stage of academic adolescence, while others no doubt wonder if senility isn't setting in. For a few medical schools all this amounts to a veritable metamorphosis, and for all but a few of them, perhaps, it has meant a rethinking of many long revered doctrines. Of one thing we can be certain: change is the order of the day in matters of curriculum, in the
Appropriateness: the next frontier
Authors: R H Brook
Journal: BMJ (1994)

The health care systems of developed countries share common problems. Firstly, the explosion of costly medical technologies increasingly jeopardises our ability to give everybody all the care that would benefit them. And, secondly, the explosion in medical services has made it virtually impossible to remember the indications, complications, and costs of procedures and drugs - that is, to practise good medicine without additional help.

Studies of appropriateness underline the seriousness of these problems. By appropriate care I mean that for which the benefits exceed the risks by a wide enough margin to make it worth providing. If we could increase appropriate and decrease inappropriate care, the benefits to patients and society in terms of health and wealth would be enormous. Indeed, without methods to detect inappropriate care, society's ability to maintain universal insurance coverage may disappear.1

But how do you measure the appropriateness of care?2 Although the clinical literature is the place to start, it mostly …
Expression of Variant TMPRSS2/ERG Fusion Messenger RNAs Is Associated with Aggressive Prostate Cancer
Authors: Jianghua Wang, Yi Cai, Chengxi Ren, Michael Ittmann
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Recent studies have reported that the majority of prostate cancers express fusion genes in which the 5′ region of the androgen-regulated TMPRSS2 gene is fused to an ETS family transcription factor, most commonly the ERG gene. We have characterized in detail the expression of TMPRSS2/ERG fusion mRNAs and correlated the isoforms expressed and expression levels with clinical outcome in cancers from men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Overall, 59% of clinically localized prostate cancers express the TMPRSS2/ERG fusion gene, confirming the initial observations of high frequency expression of this fusion mRNA in prostate cancer. There was significant variation in the alternatively spliced isoforms expressed in different cancers. Expression of an isoform, in which the native ATG in exon 2 of the TMPRSS2 gene is in frame with exon 4 of the ERG gene, was associated with clinical and pathologic variables of aggressive disease. Expression of other isoforms, in which the native ERG ATG in exon 3 was the first in-frame ATG, was associated with seminal vesicle invasion, which is correlated with poor outcome following radical prostatectomy. Cancers not expressing these isoforms tended to express higher levels of fusion mRNAs, and in this group, higher expression levels of fusion mRNA were present in cancers with early prostate-specific antigen recurrence. Thus, both the isoforms of TMPRSS2/ERG fusions expressed and expression level may affect prostate cancer progression. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(17): 8347-51)
Linezolid plasma and intrapulmonary concentrations in critically ill obese patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia: intermittent vs continuous administration
Authors: Gennaro De Pascale, Serena Fortuna, Mario Tumbarello, Salvatore Lucio Cutuli, MariaSole Vallecoccia, Teresa Spanu, Giuseppe Bello, Luca Montini, Mariano Alberto Pennisi, Pierluigi Navarra, Massimo Antonelli
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2014)
Anaphylactic reactions in children – a questionnaire‐based survey in Germany
Authors: A. Mehl, U. Wahn, B. Niggemann
Journal: Allergy (2005)

Background: Severe anaphylactic reactions are medical emergencies requiring immediate recognition and treatment. Despite this, little is known on their clinical features, especially in infants and children. Objective: To evaluate trigger factors, patterns of clinical reaction, site of occurrence and treatment modalities of reported reaction in infants and children below 12 years of age in Germany. Methods: Paediatricians throughout Germany were asked by questionnaire to report accidental anaphylactic reactions over the previous 12 months. Severity of reported reactions was classified in grades I–IV according to reported symptoms. Results: Hundred and three cases of anaphylaxis were evaluated. Median age was 5 years, 58% were boys. Site of occurrence was the child's home in the majority of cases (58%). Foods were the most common causative allergen (57%), followed by insect stings (13%) and immunotherapy (SIT) (12%); in 8% anaphylactic agent was unknown. Among foods, peanuts and tree nuts were the most frequent allergens (20% of food allergens in each case). Severe reactions with cardiovascular involvement occurred in 24% of cases. No fatal reaction was observed. Recurrent episodes of anaphylaxis were reported in 27% of cases, half of these caused by the same allergen again. For treatment, 20% of children received adrenaline, in 8% of cases intravenously. Thirty‐six per cent of patients with grade‐IV reactions received adrenaline, 24% intravenously. In 17% of all children an adrenaline self‐injector was prescribed after the episode. Conclusion: Our data: (i) shows an uncertainty of physicians in diagnosing anaphylaxis, (ii) reveals remarkable under‐treatment of the majority of children with anaphylaxis, (iii) reflects the need for guidelines and training for physicians in managing children with anaphylaxis and (iv) should encourage the development of self‐management programmes for patients and families.
Behaviour of the Human Ureter in Health and Disease
Authors: Saul Boyarsky
Journal: JAMA (1973)

This monograph focuses on the human ureter, summarizes many valuable clinical observations made over the past two decades, some published previously. It refutes opinions that ureteral pressures have no foreseeable application nor diagnostic value. Using the peristaltic pressure method, supplemented by electromyographic, pharmacologic, and roentgenographic techniques, the authors have constructed a fine primer of ureteral physiology—one of the first. Data are accompanied by appropriate illustrations, tracings, and literature reviews, enhancing the value and comprehensibility of the book. The postscript provides a useful summary. The book, of attractive and pleasant format, reads easily and the bibliography is well selected. Medical science advances in large part from animal physiology and in small part from clinical observation; theory progresses more rapidly in the laboratory. The clinical investigator determines the relevance of physiology to human diagnosis and therapy. The present volume exemplifies this evolution of medical progress. The discussion of anatomy of the human
Objective determination of the bioavailability of dermocorticoids-influence of the formulation
Authors: M. C. POELMAN, J. L. LEVEQUE, F. GALL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

In order to quantify the intensity of skin blanching and thus predict the bioavailability of topical corticoids, a physical device allowing the measurement of light reflected from skin without any contact between the probe and the skin was used (Leveque et al., 1984). Three series of experiments were carried out: firstly, to assess the vasoconstrictor potency of four corticoids; secondly, to show the influence of the vehicle on the bioavailability of the same drug under various galenic forms, such as fatty ointments or water in oil (W/O) and oil in water (O/W) creams; thirdly, to determine the reservoir effects, if any, of some of these formulations. The results confirm previous findings about the potency of hydrocortisone acetate, triamcinolone 17-acetonide, betamethasone 17-valerate, diflucortolone valerate and clobetasol 17-propionate.
P5-11-08: High Concordance of 5 HER2 In Situ Hybridization Methods with Abbott FISH.
Authors: JE Boers, C Netjes, HC Meeuwissen, C Prinsen, J Bart, der Logt EMJ van, E Schuuring
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background: HER2 in situ hybridization (ISH) has become a common test in breast cancer. Abbott FISH was used in most clinical studies showing the efficacy of anti-HER2 treatment in HER2 positive carcinomas. Only reports comparing one or two of newly developed ISH assays with Abbott FISH have been published previously. We conducted a comprehensive concordance study of 5 ISH methods with Abbott FISH in a large series of breast carcinomas. Methods: Tissue Micro Arrays (TMA) were constructed by taking three 0.6 mm tissue cores from formalin-fixed/paraffin-embedded tissue-blocks from 402 primary breast carcinomas diagnosed in 2007 (supported by the Dutch Pathological Society). Up to 384 cases were analyzable in the TMA. ISH was performed after ample experience with 6 ISH assays. Scoring was performed by two independent observers without knowledge of the other ISH data according the ASCO-guidelines for HER2−testing. HER2 and chromosome 17 (Chr17) signals were counted separately, the HER2:Chr17 ratio was calculated and considered positive when the ratio was ≥ 2.0 In cases with a ratio was between 1.8 and 2.2, additional enumeration was performed. The discordant cases were reviewed and scores were reassigned on consensus of opinion. Concordance and Cohen's kappa score were calculated. Conclusion: Concordance of 5 HER2 ISH assays with Abbott FISH were shown to be 98% or higher. Each of these tests might be used for a reliable assessment of HER2 amplification. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-11-08.
Abstract 4185: miR-129 is a potential tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer by regulating apoptosis and modulating fluropyrimidine based chemosensitivity.
Authors: Mihriban Karaayvaz, Haiyan Zhai, Jingfang Ju
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Resistance to fluoropyrimidine based chemotherapy is the major reason for the failure of treating advanced colorectal cancer. The lack of ability for tumor cells to undergo apoptosis after genotoxic stress is the key contributor to such intrinsic mechanism. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators of gene expression, in particular, under acute stress. However, there is still very limited knowledge about the role of miRNAs in apoptosis. In this study, we discovered a novel mechanism mediated by miR-129 directly inducing apoptosis by suppressing a key anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Ectopic expression of miR-129 promotes apoptosis, inhibits cell proliferation and causes G2-cell-cycle arrest in colon cancer cells in vitro. The intrinsic apoptotic pathway triggered by miR-129 is activated by cleaving caspase-9 and caspase-3. The expression of miR-129 is very significantly down-regulated in colorectal cancer tissue specimens compared with the paired normal control samples (p&amp;lt;0.00001). More importantly, we demonstrated that miR-129 functions synergistically with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in vitro and in vivo to enhance 5-FU cytotoxicity. These results suggest that miR-129 is a major regulator of apoptosis in colorectal cancer. Therefore, miR-129 may be a potential tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer and a novel candidate for developing miR-129 based therapeutic strategies. Citation Format: Mihriban Karaayvaz, Haiyan Zhai, Jingfang Ju. miR-129 is a potential tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer by regulating apoptosis and modulating fluropyrimidine based chemosensitivity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4185. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4185
Courses Involving Complementary and Alternative Medicine at US Medical Schools
Authors: Miriam S. Wetzel, David M. Eisenberg, Ted J. Kaptchuk
Journal: JAMA (1998)

With the public's increasing use of complementary and alternative medicine, medical schools must consider the challenge of educating physicians about these therapies.To document the prevalence, scope, and diversity of medical school education in complementary and alternative therapy topics and to obtain information about the organizational and academic features of these courses.Mail survey and follow-up letter and telephone survey conducted in 1997-1998.Academic or curriculum deans and faculty at each of the 125 US medical schools.Courses taught at US medical schools and administrative and educational characteristics of these courses.Replies were received from 117 (94%) of the 125 US medical schools. Of schools that replied, 75 (64%) reported offering elective courses in complementary or alternative medicine or including these topics in required courses. Of the 123 courses reported, 84 (68%) were stand-alone electives, 38 (31%) were part of required courses, and one (1%) was part of an elective. Thirty-eight courses (31%) were offered by departments of family practice and 14 (11%) by departments of medicine or internal medicine. Educational formats included lectures, practitioner lecture and/or demonstration, and patient presentations. Common topics included chiropractic, acupuncture, homeopathy, herbal therapies, and mind-body techniques.There is tremendous heterogeneity and diversity in content, format, and requirements among courses in complementary and alternative medicine at US medical schools.
Osteonecrosis in a patient with immune thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Roy E. Smith, Mark K. Chelmowski, Tom Anderson
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1987)

Abstract We report a case of osteonecrosis in a 26‐year‐old woman treated with prednisone for immune thrombocytopenic purpura. The unusual complication occurred after a much shorter course of steroids of a considerably smaller cumulative dose than in previously reported cases.
Targeted mutational profiling of peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified highlights new mechanisms in a heterogeneous pathogenesis
Authors: J H Schatz, S M Horwitz, J Teruya-Feldstein, M A Lunning, A Viale, K Huberman, N D Socci, N Lailler, A Heguy, I Dolgalev, J C Migliacci, M Pirun, M L Palomba, D M Weinstock, H-G Wendel
Journal: Leukemia (2014)

oncostatin M. 13 Considering that lack of paracrine IL-6 prolonged PCT onset by ~50%, it is likely that targeting IL-6 production in human bone marrow stromal cells would slow the transition from MGUS 14 to frank MM with similar efficiency, potentially preventing many cases of newly diagnosed disease.The adoptive cell transfer approach described here can be readily extended to studies on other myeloma drivers that govern complex tumor-TME interactions, such as Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK). 15 For example, complementary transfers of Myc + BTK -B cells to BTK + hosts or Myc + BTK + B cells to BTK -hosts may further our understanding of the specific function of BTK in myeloma cells vs osteoclasts and, thereby, provide preclinical support for the clinical testing of small-compound BTK inhibitors in myeloma.
Circulating Levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Carotid Atherosclerosis in the Elderly
Authors: P. Monica Lind, Bert van Bavel, Samira Salihovic, Lars Lind
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

Increased circulating levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been associated with myocardial infarction. Because myocardial infarction is an atherosclerotic disease, we investigated, in a cross-sectional study, whether POP levels are related to atherosclerosis.In the population-based Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study (n = 1,016 participants 70 years of age), the prevalence of carotid artery plaques was determined by ultrasound. The number of carotid arteries with plaques (0, 1, or 2) was recorded. Also, the intima-media thickness (IMT) and gray scale median of the intima-media complex (IM-GSM) were measured. Twenty-three POPs, comprising 16 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 5 pesticides, 1 dioxin, and 1 brominated compound (brominated diphenyl ether congener BDE-47), were analyzed by high-resolution chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry.Seven of the POPs (PCB congeners 153, 156, 157, 170, 180, 206, and 209) were significantly associated with the number of carotid arteries with plaques even after adjusting for multiple risk factors (sex, waist circumference, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum triglycerides, smoking, antihypertensive treatment, and statin use; p = 0.002-0.0001). Highly chlorinated PCBs (congeners 194, 206, and 209) were associated with an echolucent IM-GSM (p < 0.0001 after adjustment), whereas associations between POPs and IMT were modest.Circulating levels of PCBs were associated with atherosclerotic plaques and echogenicity of the intima-media complex independent of cardiovascular risk factors, including lipids. This suggests that POPs may be a risk factor for myocardial infarction, but associations need to be confirmed in prospective studies.
Inflammation in ileal reservoirs: 'pouchitis'.
Authors: M V Madden, M J Farthing, R J Nicholls
Journal: Gut (1990)

Inflammation in ileal reservoirs: 'pouchitis' Unlike conventional ileostomies, ileal faecal reservoirs often become inflamed.The first reservoirs were continent ileostomies and follow up studies soon showed histological features of mucosal inflammation.'Similar changes were found when pelvic ileal pouches were examined.2The clinical entity caused by mucosal inflammation in a pouch was first recognised in continent ileostomies3 and later in pelvic ileal pouches.4Clinical 'pouchitis' has been widely recognised since.3 5 '3 It is characterised by diarrhoea, sometimes containing blood and often by long remissions between relapses.Only a few patients have sustained symptoms.Some patients also have fever and malaise.Abdominal discomfort is uncommon.Although extra-intestinal manifestations such as arthritis and skin lesions are infrequent their intensity often parallels that of the intestinal symptoms.'4Diarrhoea is the major clinical problem and may be severe enough to cause dehydration.
954. Demonstration of In Vivo Off-Targeting Using rAAV-Delivered Ribozymes and shRNA Molecules in a Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease
Authors: Edgardo Rodriguez, Eileen Denovan-Wright, Alfred S. Lewin, Ron J. Mandel
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Top of pageAbstract
The recent advances in RNA interference (RNAi) technology have led to the rapid development of nucleic acid-based gene therapies for the treatment of disease. We designed two hammerhead ribozymes (HD6 and HD7) and a short-hairpin RNA (siHUNT-2) directed against a region between nucleotides 342-363 of the human huntingtin mRNA in order to suppress the expression of striatal m-Htt in the R6/1 transgenic model of HD. The binding sites for the HD6 and HD7 ribozymes overlapped the siHUNT-2 targeted site. Long-term rAAV5-mediated expression of siHUNT-2 in R6/1 mice led to a significant decrease in the levels of m-Htt mRNA and protein as well as a remarkable reduction in the size and numbers of neuronal intranuclear inclusions. However, we were unable to detect in vivo knock-down of m-Htt after the expression of either HD6 or HD7 hammerhead ribozymes. Contrary to the expected result, rAAV5-mediated expression of siHUNT-2 resulted in a dramatic reduction in the levels of pre-pro-enkephalin (ppEnk), dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32-kDa (DARPP-32) and the dompamine type-2 receptor (D2R) mRNAs in both transgenic and wild-type mice. This reduction was not due to an overall suppression in neuronal transcriptional activity since expression of the nerve growth factor-inducible A (NGFi-A) transcript was induced to 20% above wild-type levels in both R6/1 and wild-type mice. These results were also observed in HD6 or HD7 treated animals. Long-term expression ( 12 months) of siHUNT-2 in the striatum of wild-type mice led to a loss in DARPP-32 immunoreactivity as well as an enlargement of the lateral ventricles. These data demonstrate that in vivo use of RNAi could lead to off-targeting effects that would only be detected using gene expression profiling techniques such as in situ hybridization, qRT-PCR and gene chip analysis. Moreover, the region in the human Htt gene targeted by these two anti-huntingtin ribozymes and the shRNA, must be similar to a sequence in another unknown gene potentially involved in the regulation of a specific neuronal transcriptional pathway.
EXERTION-INDUCED HEMOGLOBINURIA
Authors: Kenneth D. Gardner
Journal: JAMA (1960)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Regarding the publication on exertion-induced hemoglobinuria inThe Journal, June 4, page 493, Howenstine is to be complimented on his efforts to obtain specimens of kidney tissue from these individuals. However, he failed to describe whether or not hemoglobinuria in his cases was accompanied by hemoglobinemia. Such an omission makes his arguments pertaining to the origin of the observed hemoglobinuria and its effects on the kidney speculative. I recently observed a young man with hemoglobinuria which had occurred after severe exercise. He gave no history of renal disease and believed himself to be in good health. Spectrophotometric analysis of his serum and urine at the time he was passing dark urine revealed only hemoglobinuria; hemoglobinemia and muscle pigments were not detected. The remainder of his urinalysis revealed 4+ proteinuria and many granular casts. Red blood cells were not present in the urine. Since hemoglobin was not present
The Intermediate Host in Ainhum.
Authors: Joseph McFarland
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Philadelphia, Jan. 9, 1907. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Thinking that it can not fail to be of interest to many readers ofThe Journal, I send you the following excerpt from a letter sent to the American Society of Tropical Medicine, and read at the last meeting of the Council: Benguella, Angola, W. Africa, Oct. 24, 1906. You will be glad to hear that I have completed my investigation on the life history of<i>Filaria perstans</i>. I believe I have demonstrated that the tick,<i>Ornithodoros moubata</i>, Murray, plays the same rôle for<i>perstans</i>that the mosquito does for<i>nocturna</i>, carrying the parasite from man to man by its bite. Perhaps you would like to announce this discovery for me at the next meeting of the society. It will be announced in Paris, Berln and London. I am publishing a preliminary note on the subject, but just where I do not know