tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ASIM Dictionary of Socioeconomic Terms
Authors: JAMES VAN TASSEL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Letters, Comments, and Corrections1 December 1972ASIM Dictionary of Socioeconomic TermsJAMES VAN TASSELJAMES VAN TASSELSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-77-6-1005_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The American Society of Internal Medicine (ASIM) has compiled a dictionary of the terms commonly used in the socioeconomics of medicine. The definitions come from many sources, especially the AMA, CMA, and the Health Insurance Benefits Committee of ASIM. We hope that this Dictionary of Terms will help reduce some of the unnecessary complexity, confusion, and chaos that arise in discussions, committee meetings, board meetings, and publications.Copies are available from ASIM. Requests for three or less are free; more than three cost $1.00.... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 December 1972Volume 77, Issue 6Page: 1005-1005KeywordsHealth insurance Issue Published: 1 December 1972 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Oblique Angle Bone SPECT Imaging of the Lumbar Spine, Pelvis, and Hips
Authors: GARY F. GATES
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1996)

Bone SPECT offers advantages over planar imaging in detecting skeletal lesions because of increased contrast enhancement and tomographic effect with the latter, allowing for precise anatomic localization of an uncovered abnormality. However, tomographic sections of curved structures or regions obliquely oriented to the reconstruction plane may have inherent limitations as far as ease of image interpretation, which can be overcome by oblique reorientation of the SPECT views. A method for oblique angle presentation of the lumbar spine, pelvis, and hips has been developed with results correlated with radiographic tomograms of a phantom to order to ensure correct anatomic orientation. These oblique SPECT images allow for easier differentiation between facet and pars interarticularis abnormalities, as well as improved imaging of hips and sacrum.
Exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in a cold environment. Effect of antianginal medications.
Authors: M Juneau, M Johnstone, E Dempsey, D D Waters
Journal: Circulation (1989)

The influence of cold on the threshold for myocardial ischemia and the efficacy of antianginal drugs in a cold environment were assessed in 24 patients with stable angina and exercise-induced ST depression. Treadmill exercise tests were done according to a randomized double-blind protocol 90 minutes after administration of placebo, 80 mg propranolol, or 120 mg diltiazem, each at both -8 degrees and 20 degrees C. Eight of the patients were classified by history as cold-sensitive before the study. For the entire group, none of the exercise end points differed significantly between cold and normal temperatures with placebo. However, cold-sensitive patients developed 1 mm ST depression 30% sooner (169 +/- 41 versus 244 +/- 38 seconds, p less than 0.01) at -8 degrees C compared with 20 degrees C. At the onset of ischemia, rate-pressure product was lower in the cold (19.8 +/- 1.0 versus 22.0 +/- 1.6 x 10(-3), p less than 0.05). Both propranolol and diltiazem prolonged time to onset of 1 mm ST depression at both temperatures. The magnitude of improvement at -8 degrees C was equal to that at 20 degrees C, and differences between the two drugs were not statistically significant. Only diltiazem prolonged total exercise duration. Thus, as assessed by exercise testing, cold does not worsen ischemic threshold in most stable angina patients. However, in a subgroup identifiable by history, ischemic threshold is lower in the cold. Propranolol and diltiazem are as effective for exercise-induced ischemia in a cold environment as at normal temperatures.
THE USE OF CAUSTICS FOR EPITHELIOMA OF THE LIDS.
Authors: FRANK TRESTER SMITH
Journal: JAMA (1896)

This subject was suggested by the following case which came under my observation. Frank S., age 64, of Chattanooga, at the age of 43 had had the right eye destroyed by an explosion. The ball was shrunken and the lids adherent, so that this eye was entirely useless. The left upper lid presented an ulcer about one-third inch in diameter covered with a dry scab; on the inner and outer sides there appeared to be a blister. The trouble began twelve years ago from a small scab which was picked off from time to time and the ulcerated surface had gradually grown larger. A few days before, some empiric had made an application which had caused the ulcer to double in size, after which the borders had become blistered. A soothing application was prescribed with the idea that the blisters would disappear, but the bases became hard and the contents
A case of episodic angioedema associated with blood eosinophilia: upregulated C5a receptor expression on eosinophils
Authors: K. Nakashima, T. Sakurada, S. Imayama, S. Masukawa, J. A. Ember, T. E. Hugli, M. Abe
Journal: Allergy (1998)

A 47‐year‐old woman was admitted to hospital complaining of swelling and pain of the extremities, accompanied by high fever and generalized erythema. Laboratory examination showed marked blood eosinophilia with elevation of IgM, IgE, and C‐reactive protein. All autoantibodies examined were negative. The heart and lungs showed no untoward findings. Biopsies of the skin and muscle revealed cellular infiltration of eosinophils around small blood vessels. Ouantitation of C5a receptor (C5aR) expression by flow cytometry using anti‐C5aR antibody showed upregulated expression of C5aR on blood eosinophils but downregulated expression on neutrophils. The abnormal C5aR expression on eosinophils and neutrophils became normal after spontaneous resolution of symptoms and blood eosinophilia. The possibility that C5aR expression on granulocytes is related to the pathogenesis of this syndrome may be considered.
Abstract 334: Identification of novel regulatory genes controlling epithelial to mesenchymal transition in cultured breast cancer cells
Authors: Laura Lehtinen, Rami Mäkelä, Olli Kallioniemi, Kristiina Iljin
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Breast cancer prognosis is tightly correlated with the degree of spread beyond the primary tumor. A prerequisite for breast cancer cell dissemination is activation of a process called “epithelial - mesenchymal transition” (EMT). During EMT, epithelial cells lose epithelial characteristics, such as E-cadherin expression and gain mesenchymal properties, such as vimentin expression. The reversal process to EMT is mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), which occurs during colonization of the disseminated cancer cells to distant sites. Thus, EMT should be considered as a transient and reversible process in cancer progression. Despite the clinical importance, EMT and MET have been largely studied from a focused signalling standpoint, which may provide a biased view of the biological processes involved. In this study, RNAi technology followed up by lysate microarray analysis (LMA) using E-cadherin and vimentin as endpoint markers was performed to identify novel EMT and MET regulatory genes in cultured breast cancer cells. The screening conditions were optimized for the estrogen receptor (ER) positive E-cadherin expressing luminal MCF-7 breast cancer cells and for ER negative vimentin expressing mesenchymal bone metastatic MDA-MB 231 cells. The results from the replicate screens with &amp;gt;1012 siRNAs targeting 599 genes (1-3 siRNAs / gene) amplified and /or over-expressed in breast cancer cells were found to correlate (r &amp;gt; 0.9), and the validated siRNAs targeting E-cadherin and vimentin were among the top repressing hits for the corresponding endpoints, indicating reliability of the protocol. Interestingly, several novel putative E-cadherin (E-cadherin reducing siRNAs, genes inducing loss of metastatic potential) and vimentin (vimentin reducing siRNAs, metastasis-promoting candidate genes) regulators were identified and validated using secondary assays, indicating that our knowledge on EMT and MET is still far from comprehensive. Functional characterization of the identified candidate regulators in cultured breast cancer cells is on-going. Since modulation of the differentiation state of breast cancer cells is a promising therapeutic strategy, better understanding of EMT and MET may provide novel therapeutic opportunities to block breast cancer cell dissemination. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 334. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-334
Proinflammatory CD4+CD45RBhi Lymphocytes Promote Mammary and Intestinal Carcinogenesis in <i>Apc</i> <i>Min/</i>+ Mice
Authors: Varada P. Rao, Theofilos Poutahidis, Zhongming Ge, Prashant R. Nambiar, Bruce H. Horwitz, James G. Fox, Susan E. Erdman
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Cancers of breast and bowel are increasingly frequent in humans. Chronic inflammation is known to be a risk factor for these malignancies, yet cellular and molecular mechanisms linking inflammation and carcinogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we apply a widely used T-cell transfer paradigm, involving adoptive transfer of proinflammatory CD4+CD45RBhi (TE) cells to induce inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in mice, to investigate roles of inflammation on carcinogenesis in the ApcMin/+ mouse model of intestinal polyposis. We find that transfer of TE cells significantly increases adenoma multiplicity and features of malignancy in recipient ApcMin/+ mice. Surprisingly, we find that female ApcMin/+ recipients of TE cells also rapidly develop mammary tumors. Both intestinal polyposis and mammary adenocarcinoma are abolished by cotransfer of anti-inflammatory CD4+CD45RBlo regulatory lymphocytes or by neutralization of key proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. Lastly, down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and c-Myc expression is observed coincident with tumor regression. These findings define a novel mouse model of inflammation-driven mammary carcinoma and suggest that epithelial carcinogenesis can be mitigated by anti-inflammatory cells and cytokines known to regulate IBD in humans and mice. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(1): 57-61)
Abstract 497: Hypoxic stress enhances tumorigenic potential of PPARδ in colon cancer cells
Authors: Joo Young Lee, Eunshil Jeong, Jung Eun Koo, Sang Hyun Yeon
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ is reported to be deeply implicated in the process of colon carcinogenesis. However, the crosstalk between PPARδ in colon cancer cells and a hypoxic tumor microenvironment is not entirely understood. Hypoxia (&amp;lt;1% O2) and deferoxamine (a hypoxia mimetic) induced the expression of tumor-promoting cytokines, IL-8 and VEGF, in colon cancer cells (HCT116). In contrast, the induction of IL-8 and VEGF by hypoxic stress was greatly attenuated in PPARδ-knockout HCT116 cells. Consistently, while HCT116 cells stimulated with hypoxic stress were able to promote the vascular formation of endothelial cells and the migration of macrophages, the capacity of PPARδ-knockout HCT116 cells to induce angiogenesis and macrophage activation was greatly attenuated. Hypoxic stress enhanced DNA binding activity of PPARδ in HCT116 cells showing PPARδ transactivation was stimulated by hypoxic stress. Overexpression of p300 enhanced deferoxamine-induced transcriptional activation of PPARδ whereas siRNA knockdown of p300 decreased deferoxamine-induced PPARδ transactivation. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway by LY294002 or siRNA-Akt resulted in the decrease of PPARδ transactivation induced by hypoxia and deferoxamine in HCT116 cells. Collectively, the results show that PPARδ plays a role in hypoxic stress-induced cytokine expression in colon cancer cells, leading to the promotion of angiogenesis and macrophage activation in the tumor microenvironment. p300 and the PI3K/Akt pathway participate in the regulation of hypoxic stress-mediated PPARδ transactivation in colon cancer cells. Our results suggest that the positive crosstalk between PPARδ in colon cancer cells and hypoxia in tumor microenvironment aggravate and accelerate the progress of tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Joo Young Lee, Eunshil Jeong, Jung Eun Koo, Sang Hyun Yeon. Hypoxic stress enhances tumorigenic potential of PPARδ in colon cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 497. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-497
Menstrual Extraction
Authors: Jane E. Hodgson
Journal: JAMA (1974)

BEFORE the US Supreme Court decision which legalized abortion on Jan 22, 1973, the performing of uterine evacuations before pregnancy could be diagnosed was suggested as a way of evading abortion laws.1Some advocates argued that women did not really want to know whether they had terminated a pregnancy or not. If no examination of tissue was performed, both doctor and patient could be ignorant of the diagnosis. No one seemed concerned regarding the possibility of overlooking an ectopic pregnancy, hydatidiform mole, or an endocrine dysfunction.  Articles on the subject appeared in one account (Newsweek, July 24, 1972, p 69), in Johnston's account (New York Times, Nov 19, 1972), and other newspapers, evoking much interest from the public. While the medical world was pondering the merits of this philosophy, women's liberation groups pounced on the concept of menstrual extraction, viewing it as a means of better controlling their own destinies and
Cyclic GMP metabolism in psoriasis: increased activity of soluble epidermal cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase and its modulation by calcium
Authors: JOHN S. CANTIERI, GUSTAV GRAFF, NELSON D. GOLDBERG
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1981)

Soluble cyclic GMP-phosphodiesterase was measured in normal and psoriatic epidermis. The specific activity of the enzyme was increased almost four-fold in involved compared with normal epidermis, and two- to three-fold in involved compared with uninvolved epidermis. The enzyme activity from all three sources was inhibited by 40-50% by ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA). These results indicate that in addition to the reported enhanced capacity of psoriatic epidermis to generate cGMP, it has an increased ability to hydrolyse this nucleotide, although to a lesser degree than the augmentation found in soluble guanylate activity from psoriatic epidermis. These observations are compatible with the elevated steady-state levels of this nucleotide observed in the involved epidermis of psoriasis.
Lorcaserin and pimavanserin: emerging selectivity of serotonin receptor subtype–targeted drugs
Authors: Herbert Y. Meltzer, Bryan L. Roth
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) receptors mediate a plethora of physiological phenomena in the brain and the periphery. Additionally, serotonergic dysfunction has been implicated in nearly every neuropsychiatric disorder. The effects of serotonin are mediated by fourteen GPCRs. Both the therapeutic actions and side effects of commonly prescribed drugs are frequently due to nonspecific actions on various 5-HT receptor subtypes. For more than 20 years, the search for clinically efficacious drugs that selectively target 5-HT receptor subtypes has been only occasionally successful. This review provides an overview of 5-HT receptor pharmacology and discusses two recent 5-HT receptor subtype–selective drugs, lorcaserin and pimavanserin, which target the 5HT2C and 5HT2A receptors and provide new treatments for obesity and Parkinson’s disease psychosis, respectively.
Reply to Yap et al.
Authors: C. Rollhauser, D. E. Fleischer
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

We appreciate the opportunity to express our comments in relationship to the letter from Dr. Yap and colleagues. In their retrospective audit, the combination of epinephrine plus argon plasma coagulation (APC) followed by the administration of intravenous pantoprazole for 48 h resulted in a lower rebleeding rate and a decreased length of hospital stay in comparison with a historical group of patients managed with epinephrine injection alone plus pantoprazole. No significant effects were seen with regard to transfusion, surgery, and case fatality rates.
Gene Modules and Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Subtypes: A Pooled Analysis
Authors: Michail Ignatiadis, Sandeep K. Singhal, Christine Desmedt, Benjamin Haibe-Kains, Carmen Criscitiello, Fabrice Andre, Sherene Loi, Martine Piccart, Stefan Michiels, Christos Sotiriou
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

Purpose To investigate the association between chemotherapy response and gene expression modules describing important biologic processes and druggable oncogenic pathways in breast cancer (BC) subtypes. Patients and Methods We searched for publicly available gene expression studies evaluating anthracycline with or without taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and identified eight studies with 996 patients. We computed 17 gene modules and calculated odds ratios (ORs) for pathologic complete response (pCR) for one-unit increases in scaled modules with and without adjustment for clinicopathologic characteristics. Added predictive accuracy was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and integrated discrimination index (IDI). We used the false discovery rate (FDR) to adjust for multiple testing. Results High immune module scores were associated with increased pCR probability in all BC subtypes. High module scores of chromosomal instability, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss, and E2F3 transcription factor were associated with increased pCR probability in estrogen receptor (ER) –negative/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) –negative and ER-positive/HER2-negative but not in HER2-positive tumors (interactions between HER2 and each of these modules for their association with pCR: P &lt; .05; FDR, 0.17; trend for interaction between HER2 and PTEN). High values of insulin-like growth factor 1 activation module were associated with increased pCR probability only in ER-positive/HER2-negative tumors (interaction between insulin-like growth factor 1 and ER: P = .002; FDR, 0.03). When adding the immune module to clinicopathologic characteristics, we observed substantial increases in predictive accuracy for pCR in the HER2-positive subtype (IDI, 0.093; P = .004; increase in AUC from 0.760 to 0.836). Conclusion Different processes and pathways are associated with pCR in different BC subtypes.
Thromboembolism
Authors: James C. McCann
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1950)

THE brilliant contributions to the therapy of thromboembolism with venous interruption by Homans, Allen and their co-workers in Boston, with heparin by Jorpes and Bauer in Sweden, and with Dicumarol by Allen and Barker at the Mayo Clinic and Evans and Dee of the Lahey Clinic pose a practical problem in the selection and application of these methods that the community surgeon must resolve for himself. Prior to these definitive measures many so-called mechanical methods were used in the hope of reducing the incidence of this complication of surgery.The present report outlines personal observations on the application of preventive . . .
The Transcription Factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 Is Expressed after Cerebral Ischemia and Contributes to Ischemic Brain Injury
Authors: Costantino Iadecola, Cindy A. Salkowski, Fangyi Zhang, Tracy Aber, Masao Nagayama, Stefanie N. Vogel, M. Elizabeth Ross
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1999)

The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) is involved in the molecular mechanisms of inflammation and apoptosis, processes that contribute to ischemic brain injury. In this study, the induction of IRF-1 in response to cerebral ischemia and its role in ischemic brain injury were investigated. IRF-1 gene expression was markedly upregulated within 12 h of occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in C57BL/6 mice. The expression reached a peak 4 d after ischemia (6.0 ± 1.8-fold; P &amp;lt; 0.001) and was restricted to the ischemic regions of the brain. The volume of ischemic injury was reduced by 23 ± 3% in IRF-1+/− and by 46 ± 9% in IRF-1−/− mice (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The reduction in infarct volume was paralleled by a substantial attenuation in neurological deficits. Thus, IRF-1 is the first nuclear transacting factor demonstrated to contribute directly to cerebral ischemic damage and may be a novel therapeutic target in ischemic stroke.
Effect of short and long term antibiotic response on lung function in bronchiectasis.
Authors: S L Hill, R A Stockley
Journal: Thorax (1986)

In a study designed to show whether purulent bronchial secretions damage the lung reversibly or irreversibly, 18 patients with bronchiectasis underwent lung function tests before and after two weeks9 antibiotic treatment to convert their sputum from purulent to mucoid, and 10 of them also after four months9 treatment. After two weeks FEV1, forced vital capacity, vital capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity showed small but statistically significant (though not clinically useful) improvements. In the 10 patients studied after four months only FVC (of the four indices with significant improvements at two weeks in this group) was still higher than before treatment. These results contrast with those of an earlier study, in which large acute changes were found, perhaps because of differences in the patients studied. It is concluded that the absence of major changes in lung function points to physiological abnormality that is largely irreversible in these patients with chronic bronchial sepsis.