tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Authors: Robert J. Joplin
Journal: JAMA (1964)

SEVERAL YEARS AGO, while visiting a well-known hospital in a large city, I saw on the operating schedule: Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis. When I inquired of my host regarding the type of operation used in this hospital for this condition, to my surprise he replied: Doctor, there are 17 orthopedic surgeons in this city and they use 17 different types of operation. This indicated to me that no orthopedic surgeon there had been able to develop an acceptable procedure for treating this condition which was convincingly better than any other so that it could be generally accepted as the method of treatment. I felt sorry for any patient in that hospital with this lesion because it seemed to me that his treatment was a matter of chance.  Surely all of us know of this potentially crippling condition of childhood, the etiology of which appears to be related largely to growth.
DRUG–ELUTING STENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSION: A COMPARISON WITH SIROLIMUS, PACLITAXEL ZOTAROLIMUS (ENDEAVOR RESOLUTE), BIOLIMUSA9, EPC CAPTURE AND EVEROLIMUS–ELUTING STENT: MULTICENTER REGISTRY IN ASIA
Authors: Sunao Nakamura, Hisao Ogawa, Hans Yeo, Wasan Udayachalerm, Damras Tresukosol, Sudaratana Tansuphaswadikul
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Lymphocyte cooperation is required for amplification of macrophage procoagulant activity.
Authors: G A Levy, T S Edgington
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1980)

Murine splenic lymphoid cells have been shown to possess basal procoagulant activity. This activity was localized to most macrophages by assay of cell populations, as well as by a direct plaque assay that permitted identification of expressed procoagulant activity of individual viable cells as well as content. Both content and viable expression of procoagulant activity was markedly increased by exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide, reaching a maximum after 6 h. The quantitative increase in procoagulant activity content and viable expression was limited to the macrophage population. Separated populations of lymphocytes or macrophages could not be stimulated by lipopolysaccharide to increase procoagulant activity, whereas the addition of lymphocytes to macrophages at a 3-4:1 ratio maximally reconstituted the amplification of procoagulant activity. Further evidence of cellular collaboration followed from observation that only lymphocytes that had been exposed to lipopolysaccharide were capable of triggering the increase in macrophage procoagulant activity. This appears to represent a new form of lymphocyte-macrophage cooperation in an effector pathway that may participate in some forms of immunologic responses and contribute to the phenotypic features of certain immunologic tissue lesions.
Abstract 81: Differential metabolic and viability responses of the A549 and MRC-5 cell lines upon exposure to selective organic inhibitors of glycolysis
Authors: Ibrahim O. Farah, Veshell L. Lewis
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Lung cancer is a one of the most prevalent and deadly cancers in United States. Research has shown that cancer cells exhibit higher glycolytic rates than normal cells. Studies on the differential role of the interference with glycolysis/energy generation by cancer cells through the use natural glycolytic inhibitors were limited in the literature. Therefore, we hypothesize that exposure of lung cancer cells to natural inhibitors of glycolysis will negatively influence their metabolic activities as well as their cell viabilities due to the inhibition of substrate-level ATP generation, while differentially not affecting the normal lung phenotype. The human lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) was selected to represent the normal human lung and the human alveolar epithelial cell line A549 was selected to represent lung cancer in vitro. These cells were maintained and exposed to eleven different organic reagents including fructose diphosphate (FDP), sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, crude honey, sodium bicarbonate, D-glucose, oxalic acid, glycerol, zinc acetate, pyruvic acid, and sodium ascorbate at concentration levels ranging from 31.3-2,000 ug/ml for 24-72 hours in 5% CO2 and 96 well plates using MTT, Alamar blue and the T4 cellometer assays as well as phase-contrast photo-imaging. Our results indicate that exposure of A549 cells to these organics resulted in concentration dependent differential cell destruction of the A549 cell line. Nine of the eleven organics used showed statistically significant (p&amp;lt;0.05) differential negative effects (impaired metabolic activity and cell death) on the A549 cell line in comparison to its control as well as to their effects on the MRC-5 cell line using MTT, Alamar blue and T4 cell viability assays. Data from the MTT assay showed limitations in detecting the true cell viability in comparison to the T4 data. Viability using the T4 cellometer ranged between 60-76% for the A549 compared to 96-100% for its control as well as the exposed MRC-5 cell line. LC50 using MTT and Alamar blue assays ranged between 161-1041 ug/ml. None of the eleven chemicals used allowed for cell proliferation of the A549 cell line while showing no or minor effects on the MRC-5 cell line. We conclude that nine of the tested organics impaired glycolysis, which is crucial to the generation of cellular energy and survival of the A549 cell line. Supported by NIH-RCMI grant# G12RR13459 and NIH-RISE grant # 63228. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 81.
Atlas of Vertebral Angiography
Authors: Oscar Sugar
Journal: JAMA (1975)

The circulation of the back half of the brain (thalamus, occipital lobes, cerebellum, and brain stem) is relatively less known than that which is supplied via the carotid arteries. It is also more complex and difficult to understand, so that Takahashi's atlas (and the accompanying case histories and text) is a welcome one for neurologists, neurosurgeons, and neuroradiologists. The large format pages bear one or two reproductions of subtracted angiograms, cropped so that the vessels are virtually life-size. The legends and arrows make self-teaching possible, except for a few of the very faint venous details that are more evident to the author than to the reader. Techniques of angiography are described, followed by separate chapters on arterial and venous systems. Tumors in the supratentorial areas and posterior fossa are described after a section on general angiographic manifestations of tumors. Vascular diseases are well pictured, and the final chapter deals with
Bloody Pericardial Fluid
Authors: William Mann
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Clinically notable pericardial effusions developed in three patients with renal failure. Pericardiocentesis showed hemorrhagic fluid, the source of which was not apparent. Simultaneous determinations of Pco<sub>2</sub>, Po<sub>2</sub>, and pH values showed a substantial increase in Pco<sub>2</sub>levels and decrease in Po<sub>2</sub>, pH, and bicarbonate levels in the pericardial compared with the intracardial aspirates. This was true when pericardial fluid Pco<sub>2</sub>, Po<sub>2</sub>, and pH values were compared with mixed venous samples. Determination of Po<sub>2</sub>, Pco<sub>2</sub>, pH, and bicarbonate values in pericardial aspirates may determine the source of the fluid. (<i>JAMA</i>239:2151-2152, 1978)
Abstract P6-14-05: Final Overall Survival Analysis of the TBP Phase III Study (GBG 26/BIG 3-05): Capecitabine vs. Capecitabine + Trastuzumab in Patients with HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Progressing during Trastuzumab Treatment
Authors: G von Minckwitz, K Schwedler, M Schmidt, J Barinoff, C Mundhenke, T Cufer, E Maartense, F de Jongh, K Baumann, J Bischoff, N Harbeck, H-J Lück, N Maass, C Zielinski, M Andersson, R Stein, V Nekljudova, S. Loibl
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background: In women with HER2-positive breast cancer progressing during trastuzumab treatment, continuation of trastuzumab plus capecitabine (XH) showed a significantly improved overall response rate and time to progression compared with capecitabine (X) alone (von Minckwitz et al, J Clin Oncol 27:1999-2006, 2009). Here we report the final analysis of overall survival (OS). Methods: Patients (pts) with HER2-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer who progressed during treatment with trastuzumab with or without adjuvant and/or 1st-line metastatic chemotherapy were prospectively randomized to X (2500 mg/m2 on days 1-14, q3w) or XH (6 mg/kg, q3w). OS was a pre-specified secondary endpoint of the study. Results: Median follow up at June 2010 was 20.7 months. 59 of 74 and 60 of 77 pts died in the X alone and XH arm, respectively. Median OS was 20.6 and 24.9 months with X alone and XH, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant (HR=0.94 [0.65-1.35]; p=0.73). Cox proportional hazard model showed performance status, hormone receptor status and metastatic site as independent prognosticators for survival. No difference between treatment arms was observed for pts with a clinical response or clinical benefit, respectively. Pts who continued/restarted anti-HER2 treatment (trastuzumab or lapatinib) after 2nd progression (N=88) had an OS of 18.8 compared with 13.3 months for those who did not receive 3rd line treatment with anti-HER2 agents (N=52) (HR 0.63; p=0.02). Pts who continued treatment after progression as initially randomized (anti-HER2 treatment after XH (N=31) or no anti-HER2 treatment after X alone (N=53)) had an OS of 26.7 months and 20.4 months (HR 0.71; p=0.2). Conclusions: Final OS analysis of the GBG-26 study could not demonstrate a survival benefit for treatment beyond progression with trastuzumab. However in a post-hoc analysis, pts receiving anti-HER2 treatment as 3rd line therapy showed a better OS than those not receiving this targeted treatment. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-14-05.
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1–transformed cells induce angiogenesis and establish functional gap junctions with endothelial cells
Authors: Marwan E. El-Sabban, Raghida Abou Merhi, Hounaida Abi Haidar, Bertrand Arnulf, Hilda Khoury, Jihane Basbous, Julie Nijmeh, Hugues de Thé, Olivier Hermine, Ali Bazarbachi
Journal: Blood (2002)
Are We Training Too Many Subspecialists?-Reply
Authors: Albert P. Williams
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Drs Mitchell and Schroeder have ignored the fact that our key conclusions are based on the distribution of board-certified subspecialists in<i>all</i>50 states (Table 1 in our article). Instead, they refer only to our observations from 23 states on physicians who simply designate themselves as subspecialists; even the findings from those states can be generalized to the entire United States because the distribution of board-certified subspecialists in the 23-state sample is similar to that in all 50 states. In a further criticism, Drs Mitchell and Schroeder assume that physicians are maldistributed and then argue that such maldistribution is little affected by the growth in physician supply. But, contrary to their premise, the higher physician-to-population ratio in metropolitan areas cannot be taken as evidence of maldistribution. As we have noted elsewhere, demand in cities is higher for a variety of reasons, including the extensive amount of care sought
Comment on: Chakera et al. Antenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Genotype Determines if Maternal Hyperglycemia due to a Glucokinase Mutation Requires Treatment. Diabetes Care 2012;35:1832–1834
Authors: Edoardo Tartaglia, Dario Iafusco, Piero Giuliano, Brunella Giugliano, Teresa Sena, Angelo Perrotta, Pasquale Mastrantonio
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

We have read with great interest the article by Chakera et al. (1) describing two cases of gestational diabetes mellitus due to a mutation in the glucokinase ( GCK ) gene. As a result of antenatal genetic testing, the fetuses had inherited the GCK mutation. Neither fetuses nor mothers received insulin treatment for established maternal hyperglycemia in the third trimester, and the children had a normal birth weight and no metabolic complications. The data of Chakera et al. seemed to confirm our published theory; therefore, a nonmutated GCK child from a maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY2+) mother may have the same complications as a diabetic mother's son and, in this …
689 IMMUNE PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE EFFECTS OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION ON NEUROCOGNITIVE FUNCTION: AN EGYPTIAN SAMPLE
Authors: M.S. Hassan, N.H. Farag, T.M. Hassanen, H.G. Rashed, A.E. Elldin, A.M. Darweesh, M.A. Shehata, P.J. Mills
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
PM-06 * DIFFERENTIAL SPLICING OF PYRUVATE KINASE REGULATES PROGENITOR CELL CYCLE AND MEDULLOBLASTOMA TUMORIGENESIS
Authors: K. Tech, T. Fish, A. Crowther, A. Tikunov, J. Macdonald, T. Gershon
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2015)

BACKGROUND: We have previously shown that aerobic glycolysis, a hallmark of cancer metabolism, plays a physiological role in postnatal neurogenesis and is co-opted in medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor in children, arises from cerebellar progenitors that normally proliferate in the first year of life then exit the cell cycle. Processes that regulate the developmental proliferation of neural progenitors may facilitate tumorigenesis when activated aberrantly. We have identified Pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) as a developmentally-regulated enzyme that accelerates medulloblastoma tumorigenesis in a mouse model and is a potential target for novel cancer therapies. METHODS: We examined metabolism and proliferation in mice with and without a conditional deletion of PkM2 using NMR-based metabolomics, immunohistochemistry and Western blot. We examined the importance of PkM2 in medulloblastoma tumorigenesis by analyzing the survival of medulloblastoma-prone ND2: SmoA1 mice with and without PkM2 deletion. RESULTS: Brain progenitors specifically splice the PkM gene into the less catalytically active PkM2 isoform, while differentiated neurons uniformly express the constituently active isoform PkM1. Deletion of PkM2 altered energy metabolism, reducing lactic acid production and increasing glutamine consumption. Despite reduced aerobic glycolysis, PkM2-deleted progenitors proliferated more rapidly. In tumor-prone mice, PkM2 deletion accelerated medulloblastoma tumorigenesis and shortened survival. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings of increased tumorigenesis in PkM2-deleted mice demonstrate that PkM2 activity is not required for tumor formation. Further, the generation of lactic acid, per se, does not enhance tumorigenesis. Rather, we propose that PkM2 functions as a less active Pyruvate Kinase isozyme that channels glycolytic intermediates into alternative metabolic fates to support proliferation. Accordingly, splicing PkM into the PkM2 isoform reduces PkM activity in progenitors, and PkM2 deletion enhances this phenotype, accelerating tumor formation in ND2:SmoA1 mice. Strategies that increase PkM2 enzymatic activity may conversely inhibit medulloblastoma growth, providing a novel, metabolic approach to anti-tumor therapy.
Evidence of Reproductive Stoppage in Families With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Thomas J. Hoffmann, Gayle C. Windham, Meredith Anderson, Lisa A. Croen, Judith K. Grether, Neil Risch
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2014)

Few studies have examined the curtailment of reproduction (ie, stoppage) after the diagnosis of a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).To examine stoppage in a large, population-based cohort of families in which a child has received a diagnosis of ASD.Individuals with ASD born from January 1, 1990, through December 31, 2003, were identified in the California Department of Developmental Services records, which were then linked to state birth certificates to identify full sibs and half-sibs and to obtain information on birth order and demographics. A total of 19,710 case families in which the first birth occurred within the study period was identified. These families included 39,361 individuals (sibs and half-sibs). Control individuals were randomly sampled from birth certificates and matched 2:1 to cases by sex, birth year, and maternal age, self-reported race/ethnicity, and county of birth after removal of children receiving services from the California Department of Developmental Services. Using similar linkage methods as for case families, 36,215 pure control families (including 75,724 total individuals) were identified that had no individuals with an ASD diagnosis.History of affected children.Stoppage was investigated by comparing the reproductive behaviors of parents after the birth of a child with ASD vs an unaffected child using a survival analysis framework for time to next birth and adjusting for demographic variables.For the first few years after the birth of a child with ASD, the parents' reproductive behavior was similar to that of control parents. However, birth rates differed in subsequent years; overall, families whose first child had ASD had a second child at a rate of 0.668 (95% CI, 0.635-0.701) that of control families, adjusted for birth year, birth weight, maternal age, and self-reported maternal race/ethnicity. Results were similar when a later-born child was the first affected child in the family. Reproductive curtailment was slightly stronger among women who changed partners (relative rate for second-born children, 0.553 [95% CI, 0.498-0.614]).These results provide the first quantitative assessment and convincing statistical evidence of reproductive stoppage related to ASD. These findings have implications for recurrence risk estimation and genetic counseling.
Effect of cimetidine on ion fluxes and potential difference across the human stomach
Authors: K. J. Ivey, P. A. Mackercher
Journal: Gut (1978)

The H<sub>2</sub>-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, reduces acid output regardless of the means of stimulation. It is not known in man whether this is due entirely to a reduction in acid secretion or whether increased back diffusion of hydrogen ions is also occurring. We studied fluxes of H<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, and Cl<sup>−</sup> ions after acid instillation into the human stomach in six healthy subjects with and without prior administration of 300 mg cimetidine orally. Potential difference across gastric mucosa was measured continuously throughout each study. Cimetidine caused a significant reduction in hydrogen ion secretion (5·05 mEq per 15 minutes controls versus 2·70 cimetidine, p &lt; 0·05), and consequently a significant reduction in net hydrogen flux into the gastric lumen (2·01 mEq per 15 minutes versus 0·02, p &lt; 0·05). There were no significant differences between sodium ion fluxes in control and cimetidine studies, suggesting that the gastric mucosal barrier remained intact. Cimetidine alone caused a highly significant rise in intragastric pH (to 7) and of potential difference (p &lt; 0·001). Addition of intragastric acid (pH &lt; 1·0) did not reverse the rise in potential difference caused by cimetidine, suggesting that factors other than change in intragastric pH were involved. In conclusion, our studies support the concept that reduction in acid output by cimetidine is due to inhibition of acid secretion, and not to increased permeability to hydrogen ion.
The Influence of the Wider Use of Surfactant Therapy on Neonatal Mortality among Blacks and Whites
Authors: Aaron Hamvas, Paul H. Wise, Robert K. Yang, Nina S. Wampler, Akihiko Noguchi, Michael M. Maurer, Corinne A. Walentik, Wayne F. Schramm, F. Sessions Cole
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

Surfactant therapy reduces morbidity and mortality among premature infants with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Fetal pulmonary surfactant matures more slowly in white than in black fetuses, and therefore RDS is more prevalent among whites than among blacks. We reasoned that the increased use of surfactant after its approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1990 might have reduced neonatal mortality more among whites than among blacks.
From working memory to long-term memory and back: Linked but distinct
Authors: Stephen Grossberg
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Neural models have proposed how short-term memory (STM) storage in working memory and long-term memory (LTM) storage and recall are linked and interact, but are realized by different mechanisms that obey different laws. The authors' data can be understood in the light of these models, which suggest that the authors may have gone too far in obscuring the differences between these processes.
Survival and Reproduction Among Males With Birth Defects and Risk of Recurrence in Their Children
Authors: Rolv T. Lie
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Few systematic data exist on survival and reproduction among males with birth defects and their contribution to occurrence of birth defects in the next generation.To estimate survival of males with registered birth defects, their subsequent reproduction rates, and their risk of transmitting birth defects to their offspring.Population-based cohort study of data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway.A total of 486 207 males born in Norway between 1967 and 1982, 12 292 of whom had a recorded birth defect.Survival rates through 1992, reproduction rates through 1998, and risk of birth defects among offspring of males with vs without birth defects.Survival through 1992 was lower among males with birth defects (84% vs 97%). Compared with males without birth defects, affected males were 28% less likely to have had a child. Among offspring of affected males, 5.1% had a registered birth defect compared with 2.1% of offspring of males without birth defects (relative risk [RR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-3.0). Offspring of affected fathers had an increased risk of the same defect as their fathers (RR, 6.5; 95% CI, 4.0-10.4) and an increased risk of dissimilar defects (RR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.5).Compared with unaffected males, males with birth defects have higher mortality and survivors are less likely to have a child. Fathers with birth defects are significantly more likely than unaffected fathers to have an affected child.
CITY MILK ROUTES AND THEIR RELATION TO INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
Authors: ERNEST WENDE
Journal: JAMA (1900)

We are no longer in a land of conjectures and surmises in dealing with city milk routes and their relation to infectious disease. They concern the municipality. No matter how efficient its sanitary arrangements, the urban population can not be kept free from the poison of communicable disease so long as supplied with infected milk from the rural districts. They concern the municipal health officer in particular, and from the point of view of epidemiology are important. We possess evidence perfectly understood, gained by experience, bearing potentialities for evil which are unbounded in the dissemination of the virus of diphtheria, scarlet and typhoid fever. Numerous records of such epidemics are at hand in which the spread of infection was definitely traced to the dairy and its surroundings, contracted from the mouth, nose, throat, skin, and discharges of those in attendance, recently convalescent or scarcely recovered. Thus the materies morbi, which