tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Some New Observations on Human Aortic Atheroma
Authors: Maurice Sandier
Journal: JAMA (1962)

THE UNDERSTANDING of the etiology of atherosclerosis has been a goal of many medical research workers for many years. Various theories (i.e., filtration, mechanical factors, endothelialization of mural thrombi, and derangement of the metabolism of the aortic wall itself) have been proposed by investigators in the past, and no doubt all of the factors can be implicated as contributing to the pathological condition that the clinician sees in his office. It is our own feeling that the most important factor in the etiology of atherosclerosis, is the participation of the arterial wall itself in atheroma formation. The arterial wall can be considered a complex organ carrying on all of its metabolic functions and at the same time withstanding the constant pressure of the blood that traverses it. Detailed studies of the lipoid content (we include cholesterol, phospholipid, fatty acids, and fat in this term) of the initial lesion have shown
The Canadian Cardiovascular Society Grading Scale for Angina Pectoris: Is It Time for Refinements?
Authors: Jafna Cox, C. David Naylor
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

Objective: To appraise the measurement properties of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) classification of stable angina pectoris. Data Sources: Relevant articles were identified through a MEDLINE search (1976 to November 1991). Bibliographies of retrieved articles were also reviewed. Study Selection: Studies chosen directly addressed the validity and reliability of the CCS scale. Recent studies and reviews of related topics (for example, silent ischemia) are selectively cited. Data Synthesis: No data address the scale's applicability, that is, how clinicians typically assign angina grades in practice. Comprehensiveness would be improved by coverage of the patient's perceptions of symptom burden; mixed exertional and rest symptoms; episodic or changing symptoms; and modifying factors. Reliability was assessed in one study with two clinicians; the interobserver, chance-corrected agreement on patient grading was 60%. Content validity (the ability of the scale to measure what it claims) is threatened by the unproven assumption of symptomatic or physiologic equivalence among diverse levels of different activities within any given grade of angina. Construct validity is uncertain, given weak relations between angina grade and noninvasive markers of ischemia, anatomical disease, or prognosis. The scale's responsiveness (the ability to detect the smallest clinically important changes) is limited by the reliance on four coarse gradations based on only ambulation or stair-climbing. Conclusions: The CCS scale for stable angina might be made more useful by developing measurements for patients' self-rated symptom burden and the changes they deem important; by adding items on clinical instability (that is, progressive symptoms or pain at rest); and by empirically testing the current scale to eliminate redundant or inconsistent elements.
<i>EGFR</i>Mutations in Small-Cell Lung Cancers in Patients Who Have Never Smoked
Authors: Maureen F. Zakowski, Marc Ladanyi, Mark G. Kris
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

cipient was instigated by undetected HTLV-I in the asymptomatic donor.The possibility of an acquired infection of donor T cells by HTLV-I in the recipient has not been excluded.We propose that the profound immunosuppression attributable to pretransplantation conditioning and prophylaxis against post-transplantation graft-versus-host disease could have accelerated the development of ATL. 2 Even if the donor was a healthy carrier of HTLV-I, proviral integration occurs in only about 0.1 to 1.0 percent of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells.However, although it is "T-cell lymphotropic," HTLV-I can infect extrahematopoietic cell types in vitro.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LESION SEVERITY AND VULNERABLE PLAQUE MORPHOLOGY: LESSONS FROM THE PROSPECT STUDY
Authors: Kyeong Ho Yun, Gary Mintz, Naim Farhat, Steven Marso, Nevio Taglieri, stefan verheye, Michael Foster, Ke Xu, Ovidiu Dressler, Roxana Mehran, Gregg Stone, Akiko Maehara
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Crucial role of local peroxynitrite formation in neutrophil-induced endothelial cell activation
Authors: H Sohn
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

The reaction of superoxide anions and NO not only results in a decreased availability of NO, but also leads to the formation of peroxynitrite, the role of which in the cardiovascular system is still discussed controversially. In cultured human endothelial cells, we studied whether there is a significant interaction between endothelial NO and neutrophil-derived superoxide anions in terms of endothelial peroxynitrite formation. We particularly studied whether a significantly higher redox-stress can be found in those endothelial cells directly adjacent to an activated neutrophil.A considerable part of the 2,7-dihydrodichlorofluoresceine signal in endothelial cells was due to oxidation by peroxynitrite. Providing superoxide radicals by enzymatic source or by the neutrophil respiratory burst increased the fluorescence, which was attenuated by blockade of endothelial NO-synthase, suggesting that peroxynitrite was formed from neutrophil- or extracellular enzyme-derived superoxide and endothelial NO. Considerably higher fluorescence intensity was observed in endothelial cells in direct neighborhood to a neutrophil. This was particularly pronounced in the presence of a NO-donor and was accompanied by a strong activation of NF-kappaB and increased expression of E-selectin in these cells.Endothelial cells adjacent to neutrophils may have elevated levels of peroxynitrite that result in an increased expression of adhesion molecules. Such cells might represent a preferential site for adhesion and migration of additional neutrophils when simultaneously high concentrations of NO and neutrophil-derived superoxide are present.
Hormone replacement therapy and survival after surgery for ovarian cancer.
Authors: R A Eeles, S Tan, E Wiltshaw, I Fryatt, R P A'Hern, J H Shepherd, C L Harmer, P R Blake, C E Chilvers
Journal: BMJ (1991)

OBJECTIVE--To evaluate whether hormone replacement therapy affects survival in women who have undergone bilateral salphingo-oophorectomy because of epithelial ovarian cancer. DESIGN--Retrospective analysis by review of patients9 notes and questionnaires completed by general practitioners to compare the overall survival and disease free survival in patients with ovarian cancer who did or did not receive hormone replacement therapy after diagnosis. Data were analysed by Cox regression, with hormone replacement therapy as a time dependent covariate because patients who received hormone replacement did so at different times after diagnosis. SETTING--Gynaecological oncology unit of Royal Marsden Hospital. PATIENTS--373 patients aged 50 years or younger who attended the hospital from 1972 to 1988. All of the women had undergone bilateral salpingoophorectomy for epithelial ovarian cancer. In all, 78 had received hormone replacement therapy, starting at a median of four months after diagnosis. INTERVENTION--A questionnaire was sent to the general practitioners of all patients who were not recorded as having received hormone replacement therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Overall survival and disease free survival. RESULTS--There was no significant difference in survival between women receiving hormone replacement therapy and those not receiving it after accounting for the effects of other known prognostic factors (stage of cancer, differentiation of tumour, histological results, and time to relapse). The relative risk of dying in those who received hormone replacement therapy was 0.73 (95% confidence interval 0.44 to 1.20). In addition, there was no significant difference in disease free survival (relative risk in those receiving hormone replacement therapy was 0.90; 95% confidence interval 0.52 to 1.54). CONCLUSIONS--This study shows that hormone replacement therapy is unlikely to have a detrimental effect on the prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer, but this would be shown conclusively only by a randomised controlled trial.
Estimating Hospital Deaths Due to Medical Errors
Authors: Rodney A. Hayward, Timothy P. Hofer
Journal: JAMA (2001)

ContextStudies using physician implicit review have suggested that the number of deaths due to medical errors in US hospitals is extremely high. However, some have questioned the validity of these estimates.ObjectiveTo examine the reliability of reviewer ratings of medical error and the implications of a death described as "preventable by better care" in terms of the probability of immediate and short-term survival if care had been optimal.DesignRetrospective implicit review of medical records from 1995-1996.Setting and ParticipantsFourteen board-certified, trained internists used a previously tested structured implicit review instrument to conduct 383 reviews of 111 hospital deaths at 7 Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers, oversampling for markers previously found to be associated with high rates of preventable deaths. Patients considered terminally ill who received comfort care only were excluded.Main Outcome MeasuresReviewer estimates of whether deaths could have been prevented by optimal care (rated on a 5-point scale) and of the probability that patients would have lived to discharge or for 3 months or more if care had been optimal (rated from 0%-100%).ResultsSimilar to previous studies, almost a quarter (22.7%) of active-care patient deaths were rated as at least possibly preventable by optimal care, with 6.0% rated as probably or definitely preventable. Interrater reliability for these ratings was also similar to previous studies (0.34 for 2 reviewers). The reviewers' estimates of the percentage of patients who would have left the hospital alive had optimal care been provided was 6.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4%-8.6%). However, after considering 3-month prognosis and adjusting for the variability and skewness of reviewers' ratings, clinicians estimated that only 0.5% (95% CI, 0.3%-0.7%) of patients who died would have lived 3 months or more in good cognitive health if care had been optimal, representing roughly 1 patient per 10 000 admissions to the study hospitals.ConclusionsMedical errors are a major concern regardless of patients' life expectancies, but our study suggests that previous interpretations of medical error statistics are probably misleading. Our data place the estimates of preventable deaths in context, pointing out the limitations of this means of identifying medical errors and assessing their potential implications for patient outcomes.
Can secular trends in child growth be estimated from a single cross sectional survey?
Authors: C. A. Monteiro, A. M. Torres
Journal: BMJ (1992)

To formulate and evaluate a new method to measure secular trends in child growth based on the cross sectional collection of heights of children and young adults.Trends in child growth obtained from comparison of two national surveys made with an interval of 15 years were compared with estimates obtained from comparison of height deficits of children and young adults in the more recent survey.Brazil.Random sample of children (6 and 7 years old) and young adults (21 and 22 years old) living in Brazil in 1974 and 1989 (a total of 23,271 subjects in 1974 and 5479 in 1989).Increments in average heights of 6 and 7 year old children in a 15 year period.Mean height of 6 year old children increased 4.0 cm (boys) and 3.3 cm (girls) from 1974 to 1989. Similar results were obtained by subtracting, in the 1989 survey, mean height deficits found at ages 21 and 6 (3.8 cm for males and 3.5 cm for females). Positive changes in the mean height of 7 year old children could also be predicted by subtracting, in the 1989 survey, height deficits found at ages 7 and 22.Findings of this study support the hypothesis that secular trends in child growth can be estimated by comparing height deficits observed in children and young adults.
Design and evaluation of theranostic perfluorocarbon particles for simultaneous antigen-loading and 19F-MRI tracking of dendritic cells
Authors: Heleen Dewitte, Bart Geers, Sayuan Liang, Uwe Himmelreich, Jo Demeester, Stefaan C. De Smedt, Ine Lentacker
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2013)
Anti-cancer activity of curcumin loaded nanoparticles in prostate cancer
Authors: Murali M. Yallapu, Sheema Khan, Diane M. Maher, Mara C. Ebeling, Vasudha Sundram, Neeraj Chauhan, Aditya Ganju, Swathi Balakrishna, Brij K. Gupta, Nadeem Zafar, Meena Jaggi, Subhash C. Chauhan
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)
Hard choices lie ahead over how to pay for care, says commission
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2014)

England needs a single ringfenced budget for health and social care to repair the growing rift between the two systems, says a commission established by the health think tank the King’s Fund and chaired by the economist Kate Barker.1 

Without such change, the systems are no longer fit for purpose, the commission has concluded in an interim report. A reformed system would cost more, but how exactly those costs should be divided between the public and the private purse must wait for its final report in the autumn.

At present, the commission says, people face a lottery, with the type of ailment they have largely determining whether their care will be funded by the NHS free at the point of use or by a social care system that is free only to those with the greatest needs. That means that developing dementia rather than cancer, say, results in very different costs to the patient. This situation is inequitable, says the commission.

Efficiency …
248 Plasma VEGF levels correlate with haemostatic activation in HCC patients
Authors: F. Guadagni, A. Spila, R. D'Alessandro, S. Aloe, G.M. Ettorre, G. Vennarecci, M.T. Lonardo, L. Giovannelli, L. Bellis, C. Puoti, G. Visco, E. Santoro
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
Learn from AIDS and invest in dementia care now to save money later, conference hears
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The World Health Organization has been urged to recognise dementia as a global health priority, alongside cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, and diabetes.

Peter Piot, director of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, made the call at the Alzheimer’s Disease International conference, organised by the Alzheimer’s Society, in London this week. He also called for the UN General Assembly to run a special session on mental health and dementia, and asked world leaders to sign up to an action plan.

Speaking on the Today programme on BBC Radio 4 Professor Piot described dementia as a “global health timebomb.”

“I’ve worked for the last 30 years on …
Cutting child mortality by half by 2015 is “still possible,” says Unicef
Authors: John Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Stepping up effective interventions against specific diseases, combined with integrated health strategies and more investment in national health systems, could reduce the annual number of deaths in children under 5 years from 9.7 million in 2006 to less than five million by 2015, a Unicef report says.

But the report states that the enormity of meeting this millennium development goal, MDG-4, “should not be underestimated.”

Unicef says that, for the goal to be achieved, specific intervention packages and targets for coverage and delivery will be needed. Services will have to be delivered in a variety of ways and will require periodic oversight from skilled professionals.

The MDG-4 target, which calls for a reduction of two thirds in the number of deaths among under 5s between 1990 and 2015, “is …
High-Density Mapping of Activation Through an Incomplete Isthmus Ablation Line
Authors: Dipen Shah, Michel Haïssaguerre, Pierre Jaïs, Atsushi Takahashi, Meleze Hocini, Jacques Clémenty
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Activation mechanisms through gaps in ablation lines and resulting electrograms are poorly understood. Methods and Results —Eight patients (all men; age, 59±9 years) were studied during a recurrence of typical atrial flutter (cycle length, 233±19 ms) after a previous catheter ablation in the cavotricuspid isthmus. High-density 3-dimensional mapping of the isthmus was performed with the Cordis-Biosense EP Navigation system, and local conduction velocity (CV) was estimated. Maps created with 96±19 points revealed 0.8±0.3-cm gaps of recovered conduction in the ablation line. A broad wave front entered the lateral isthmus with a CV of 1.8±0.7 m/s, halted on the lesion line, and penetrated slowly through the gap with a CV of 0.3±0.1 m/s. Activation then curved and returned antidromically to activate the downstream flank of the line with a CV of 1.1±0.7 m/s. This front fused downstream of the line with slow transverse activation (CV, 0.4±0.3 m/s) parallel to it. The ablation line was demarcated by an incomplete line of convergent double potentials with isoelectric intervals (from 123±34 to 62±16 ms); each potential corresponded to local activation upstream and downstream of the lesions, while the intervening delay was produced by slow conduction through the gap combined with the progressively longer curved pathway of downstream antidromic activation as a function of distance from the gap. Conclusions —High-density isthmus mapping during recurrent flutter indicates slow conduction through gaps of recovered conduction of varying dimensions in the ablation line followed by a curved front of activation antidromically activating its downstream flank, this detour producing wide double potentials on the line.
Abstract LB-179: Enhanced resistance to tamoxifen by the c-ABL proto-oncogene in breast cancer
Authors: Hua Jun Zhao, Fu Ou-Yang, I-Fen Chen, Ming-Feng Hou, Shyng-Shiou F. Yuan, Hsueh-Ling Chang, Yi-Chen Lee, Rina Plattner, Susan Waltz, Shuk-Mei Ho, Jonathan Sims, Shao-Chun Wang
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Discussion Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-179.
Diseases of the Chest
Authors: Reginald Greene
Journal: JAMA (1980)

This is the fourth edition of a venerable text of chest disease that had become sadly out of date (third edition, 1969). The new collaboration of Hinshaw and Murray has served to improve the text notably and helps to ensure up-to-date editions over the next decade. Important contributions are made in special areas of the text with the aid of six other collaborators. The organization of the ten sections of the book is logical and classical: diagnostic techniques, etiologic disorders (infection, tumor, environmental, idiopathic), normal anatomy, anatomic disorders (airways, circulation, pleura), and respiratory failure. Encompassed within these sections are discussions of all the major topics in chest disease. A pertinent, nonreferenced bibliography is listed at the end of each of the 40 chapters. The book can be characterized as a general text, which, because it has been restricted to 1,000 pages, is in many respects a survey and overview. As
A CASE OF STONE IN THE KIDNEY—NEPHROLITHOTOMY—RECOVERY.
Authors: W. D. HAMILTON
Journal: JAMA (1896)

Since Dr. Morris, of Middlesex Hospital, elaborated the operation for the removal of a stone from the kidney, the procedure has been frequently and successfully employed. The diagnosis of that condition is often difficult. In a sweeping way it might be stated that the inconstancy of the symptoms has prevented precision in the recognition and location of the disease. Again, other pathologic renal affections have shown symptoms suggestive of stone in that organ. Repeated attacks of renal colic, blood and pus in the urine, with the occasional passage of sabulous matter per urethram are strongly suggestive of it. Jordan Lloyd's valuable test led the writer to the diagnosis of stone in the kidney in the case about to be narrated. The hypothesis of renal calculus was offered, however, with mental reservations; for one surgeon, Dr. Jacobson, of Guy's, has reported not less than twenty-five exploratory lumbar incisions, where the symptoms
Abstract B26: Identification of molecular and functional differences in tumor-associated macrophage subsets
Authors: Esther N. Arwert, Allison S. Harney, David Entenberg, Yarong Wang, Jeffrey W. Pollard, John S. Condeelis
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract During breast cancer metastasis motile tumor cells migrate within the primary tumor to blood vessels and enter the bloodstream which leads these cells to other organs where they can found a new metastasis. These cancer cells have to navigate from their primary site to the blood vessel, and make their way through the extra cellular matrix of the basement membranes of mammary ducts and blood vessels. Cancer cells are not acting alone during the metastatic process. Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role during breast cancer development and metastasis. The on-going research aims to gain a better understanding of the origin, location and flexibility in function of different TAM subsets, including the metastasis-assisting macrophages. Using high-resolution multi-photon live-imaging we have identified different TAM subsets based on location and phenotype. For example TAMs can be found at the outside of the tumor (cortical), around tumor blood vessels (perivascular) or in fast moving cell streams (streaming). All these different TAM subsets perform different functions. Cortical TAMs are suggested to be immunosuppressive, while streaming TAMs appear to guide motile cancer cells towards blood vessels, and perivascular macrophages seem to attract the streams and mediate cancer cell intravasation. Currently, there are no (surface) markers to differentiate these unique TAM subsets and little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms relevant for the differentiation of monocytes into any of these subtypes. The current research is using single-cell laser capture dissection, high-resolution multi-photon live-imaging and lineage tracing experiments to elucidate some aspects of the interplay between cancer cells and macrophages Citation Format: Esther N. Arwert, Allison S. Harney, David Entenberg, Yarong Wang, Jeffrey W. Pollard, John S. Condeelis. Identification of molecular and functional differences in tumor-associated macrophage subsets. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B26.
Fatal Poisoning from Fifteen or Twenty Drops of the Essential Oil of Bitter Almonds
Authors: H. G. Bull
Journal: BMJ (1844)

ESSENTIAL OIL OP BIWER ALMONDS.where no old well nor sewer had been broken into.The gas migbt certainly have reached the shaft by the horizontal seams of sand and marl, but this was not ascertained.The circumstance sbowed that this gas either permeates the substrata from the sewers, or is apt to run off from the surface to the lower repositories in the vicinity.When we take into consideration the enormous volumes of this gas alone that are daily emitted into the atmos- phere of the town, we may legitimately infer that, in the absence of rain, of ventilation, and with no growing vegetable surface to absorb and fix it for the nutrition of trees and plants, it will accu- mulate to an extent that is injurious to the health of those exposed to its influence.It has been