tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The effects of angiotensin II and norepinephrine on afferent arterioles in the rat
Authors: Stephen K. Wilson
Journal: Kidney International (1986)

Perfusion-fixation and vascular casting were used to determine if angiotensin II and norepinephrine cause constriction of afferent arterioles, and if so, whether or not the constriction is principally attributable to a secondary (autoregulatory) response to elevated pressure in the renal circulation. Rats were divided into six groups, and were given five minute infusions of angiotensin II, norepinephrine, or normal saline before perfusion-fixation. Angiotensin II infusions were given to animals in Groups 1 and 2; in Group 1 the renal circulation was exposed to elevated blood pressure, but in Group 2 intrarenal pressure was maintained at normal levels by partial ligation of the aorta above the renal arteries. Groups 3 and 4 were comparable to Groups 1 and 2 respectively, except that norepinephrine was infused instead of angiotensin II. Groups 5 and 6 received infusions of normal saline instead of vasopressor substances. In Group 5, renal vessels were perfusion-fixed at elevated pressures, while in Group 6 renal vessels were perfusion-fixed at normal pressures. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine and measure vascular casts of 40 to 50 afferent arterioles from each rat. In Groups 1 through 4, casts of afferent arterioles showed severe, focal, and irregularly distributed constriction. In Groups 5 and 6 there was no qualitative evidence of afferent arteriolar constriction or irregularities in vessel caliber. Vessel diameter measurements were significantly smaller in Groups 1 to 4 when compared to Groups 5 and 6, and arteriolar constriction in the juxtamedullary and cortical regions was quantitatively comparable in Groups 1 to 4. Arteriolar diameters in Group 5 were somewhat, but not significantly smaller than those in Group 6, suggesting that perfusion-fixation at elevated pressure alone may have made a minor contribution to afferent vasoconstriction. However, this constriction was clearly not of the same pattern or magnitude as that produced by angiotensin II or norepinephrine infusions. The results indicate that both angiotensin II and norepinephrine cause severe focal constriction of afferent arterioles, and that this constriction cannot be attributed primarily to a pressure-induced autoregulatory response in the renal vasculature.
Protein loss and cell loss from the small-intestinal mucosa
Authors: L. R. Da Costa, D. N. Croft, B. Creamer
Journal: Gut (1971)

Total protein and deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) were measured in small-intestinal washings from rats with normal and high rates of dna (or cell) loss. There was a significant relationship between the loss of these two substances. Preparations of isolated viable epithelial cells contained much less protein in relation to dna than did the intestinal washings. It was calculated that only 8 to 15% of the protein lost by washing the rat small intestine arose from the intracellular protein of exfoliated epithelial cells. The rest was derived from extracellular sources.Protein and dna loss from small-bowel mucosa was measured in six patients. The ratio of protein to dna was similar to that found in the rats. The mean protein loss from 5 cm of human upper small intestine was 956 mug per min or 1.4 g per 24 hours. By calculation, total protein loss from the whole small intestine of man was about 84 g per day, about 10 g coming from within exfoliated cells and the rest arising from extracellular sources. The normal intestine must reabsorb most of this material.
A new deletional α‐thalassemia detected in yemenites with hemoglobin H disease
Authors: Lea Shalmon, Chava Kirschmann, Rina Zaizov
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1994)

Abstract A new large deletion from the human α‐giobin gene cluster is characterized. It involves at least 39 kb and includes the two α‐giobin genes, the ϑ 1‐gene, all the pseudogenes, and the two hypervariable regions (HVRs), interzeta‐HVR and α‐globin 3′HVR. The conserved ζ‐globin gene has been identified in various restriction fragments of abnormal size. The new deletion was found in four unrelated Israeli patients with Hb H disease, all orlginating in Yemen, and has been designated ‐ ‐ YEM . It is the only two‐gene deletion identified in this ethnic group. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High Incidence of New Sexually Transmitted Infections in the Year following a Sexually Transmitted Infection: A Case for Rescreening
Authors: Thomas A. Peterman, Lin H. Tian, Carol A. Metcalf, Catherine L. Satterwhite, C. Kevin Malotte, Nettie DeAugustine, Sindy M. Paul, Helene Cross, Cornelis A. Rietmeijer, John M. Douglas
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2006)

Background: Studies show 11% to 15% of women treated for Chlamydia trachomatis are reinfected 3 to 4 months after treatment, suggesting the need for rescreening. There is little information on infections among men, infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Trichomonas vaginalis, or long-term follow-up. Objective: To determine the incidence of new sexually transmitted infections during the year after a visit to a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic and associated risk factors. Design: Secondary analysis of data from a randomized, controlled trial (RESPECT-2). Setting: 3 urban STD clinics. Patients: Sexually active patients enrolled in an HIV prevention counseling trial. Measurements: Patient characteristics at the initial visit; behaviors during follow-up; and new infections with C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, or T. vaginalis (women only) detected during 4 scheduled return visits and any other interim visits. Results: 2419 persons had 8129 three-month follow-up intervals. Among 1236 women, 25.8% had 1 or more new infections (11.9% acquired C. trachomatis, 6.3% acquired N. gonorrhoeae, and 12.8% acquired T. vaginalis); among 1183 men, 14.7% had 1 or more new infections (9.4% acquired C. trachomatis, and 7.1% acquired N. gonorrhoeae). Black persons and those with sexually transmitted infections at baseline were at highest risk for recurrent infection (adjusted odds ratio, 2.5 and 2.4, respectively). For persons infected at baseline, the risk for infection was high at 3 and 6 months (16.3 per 100 three-month intervals) and remained high at 9 and 12 months (12.0 per 100 three-month intervals). Most (67.2%) infections were diagnosed during study-related visits, and 66.2% of these patients reported no symptoms. Limitations: Because patients were recruited from STD clinics, results may not be generalizable. Conclusions: Men and women who receive diagnoses of C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, or T. vaginalis infections should return in 3 months for rescreening because they are at high risk for new asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections. Although single-dose therapy may adequately treat the infection, it often does not adequately treat the patient. *For members of the RESPECT-2 Study Group, see the Appendix.
Molecular Markers of Carcinogenesis
Authors: Paul W. Brandt-Rauf, Matthew R. Pincus
Journal: Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1998)

The protein products of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes play critical roles in the development of many cancers. The expression of a number of these proteins can be detected in extracellular fluids such as blood. This article reviews the literature on the application of methods for the detection of the proteins of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the blood of humans with cancer or at risk for the development of cancer. The detection of these proteins in blood may be useful molecular markers of carcinogenesis that could play an important part in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and prevention. pharmacol. ther. 77(2):135–148, 1998.
Retroviral transduction of hematopoietic cells differentiated from human embryonic stem cell-derived CD45negPFV hemogenic precursors
Authors: Pablo Menendez, Lisheng Wang, Kristin Chadwick, Li Li, Mickie Bhatia
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2004)

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) provide a unique opportunity to study molecular mechanisms that regulate specification of the hematopoietic lineage in the human. Exploitation of this model using transgenic strategies depends on the ability to target cells of the hematopoietic lineage effectively and establish stable transgene expression. Here, a recently defined subpopulation of endothelial-like precursors derived from hESCs that is exclusively responsible for hematopoietic cell fate (CD45(neg)PFV) is shown to express GALVR-1 receptor and be efficiently transduced with GALV-pseudotyped retrovirus. Retroviral transduction, measured by enhanced green fluorescent protein, of hESC-derived CD45(+) cells differentiated from isolated CD45(neg)PFV precursors was 26.5 +/- 13% with 5.6 +/- 4% of these cells coexpressing CD34. An average of 17.5% of clonogenic hematopoietic progenitors derived from CD45(neg)PFV precursors expressed the retroviral transgene. Addition of serum to cultures after retroviral exposure supported transgene expression in resulting hematopoietic cells derived from hemogenic CD45(neg)PFV precursors. Our study represents the first report to demonstrate that retroviral transduction systems, similar to those used currently in clinical gene therapy protocols, are capable of efficient transduction of hematopoietic progenitors derived from hESCs.
The Pharmacologic Action of Thevetoidin, a Cardioactive Substance Obtained from a Mexican Species of Thevetia
Authors: RAFAEL MÉNDEZ, ERNESTO SODI-PALLARES, ARMANDO NAVA
Journal: Circulation (1951)

Thevetoidin is a digitalis-like substance isolated from a Mexican species of thevetia. Study of its action on the isolated frog heart, on the anesthetized dog, and on the failing heart of the heart-lung preparation reveals therapeutic and toxic effects of unmistakable digitalis-like character which are quickly established and wear off rapidly. The dose for the treatment of cardiac disorders was deduced from experiments on the failing heart of the heart-lung preparation on the basis of a comparison with ouabain.
Left Ventricular Untwisting Rate by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
Authors: Jianwen Wang, Dirar S. Khoury, Yong Yue, Guillermo Torre-Amione, Sherif F. Nagueh
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Background— Recent studies validated the measurement of left ventricular (LV) untwisting rate (UR) by speckle tracking echocardiography. A few reports suggest that it may provide additional noninvasive insight into LV diastolic function. Methods and Results— Simultaneous echocardiographic imaging and LV pressure measurements (7F Millar catheters) were performed in 8 adult dogs. Loading conditions were altered by caval occlusion, whereas lusitropic state was changed by dobutamine and esmolol infusion. Inferior vena cava occlusion at all experimental stages (baseline, dobutamine, esmolol) led to a significant decrease ( P ≤0.01) in LV end-systolic volume (ESV) and a significant increase in UR ( P =0.03). The best relation was observed between LV UR and ESV ( r =−0.8, P &lt;0.001). The clinical study was conducted in 67 patients (age 57±17 years, 19 women) undergoing simultaneous right heart catheterization and echocardiographic imaging, with 20 healthy subjects as a control group. There were 34 patients with ejection fraction (EF) &lt;50% (25±9%), and 33 patients with normal EF and diastolic dysfunction (64±7%). Patients with LV systolic dysfunction had a significantly lower UR (−55 ο/s) in comparison with the control group (−89 ο/s) and patients with normal EF (−104 ο/s, P &lt;0.05), and the determinants of LV UR were twist, ESV, and τ (r 2 =0.83, P &lt;0.001). In patients with diastolic dysfunction and normal EF, twist and ESV were the independent predictors (r 2 =0.71, P &lt;0.001). Conclusions— LV UR is reduced in patients with depressed EF, but not in those with diastolic dysfunction and normal EF, and is primarily determined by twist and ESV.
Directory lists service opportunities abroad
Authors: Kimberly Glasbrenner
Journal: JAMA (1984)

The following directory, entitled<i>Physician Service Opportunities Overseas</i>, lists more than 170 organizations that recruit US physicians for both long- and short-term assignments in a host of countries around the world. It includes information from a similar roster, originally planned by the AMA's Department of Physicians' Placement Service. Facts about each program were obtained through telephone interviews with organization representatives by Kimberly Glasbrenner, Marsha Goldsmith, Kathryn Simmons, and Terra Ziporyn of the<i>JAMA</i>Medical Newsstaff. Categories of information provided by the directory include which countries each organization serves, the length of assignment, whether or not participating physicians receive a salary or stipend, whether transportation and housing are available and paid for by the organization, whether medical facilities and equipment are located in the vicinity of service, which types of physician specialists are most needed, whether there are prerequisites for service (a "yes" in this category means interested persons should
Effects of Surgery upon Cancer Metastasis
Authors: David L. Kinsey
Journal: JAMA (1961)

SURGEONS have long expressed the fear that their manipulation of a cancer in its removal produces embolization of malignant cells with a resultant dissemination of disease. In 1958, Schatten1gave laboratory support to this opinion. After experimentally removing  tumors without manipulation, Lewis and Cole2also observed a higher incidence of metastasis in these animals than in those animals whose  tumor was left undisturbed. They suggested that the stress of surgery had altered the biologic behavior of the tumor.  The present study was designed to provide additional information concerning the effects of surgical removal of a primary tumor and the effects of surgical stress alone in the production of metastasis in 3 tumor-host systems.  Method  The tumor-host systems studied were: (1) Cloudman S-91 melanoma carried in DBA/2 mice, (2) Osteogenic Sarcoma 112 in C3HHFB/HEN mice, and (3) Sarcoma T-241 in C57 BL/6JN mice.  Tumor inoculum
Dose-response analyses of the carcinogenic effects of trichloroethylene in experimental animals.
Authors: L R Rhomberg
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

In lifetime bioassays, trichloroethylene (TCE, CAS No. 79-01-6) causes liver tumors in mice following gavage, liver and lung tumors in mice following inhalation, and kidney tumors in rats following gavage or inhalation. Recently developed pharmacokinetic models provide estimates of internal, target-organ doses of the TCE metabolites thought responsible for these tumor responses. Dose-response analyses following recently proposed methods for carcinogen risk assessment from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) are conducted on the animal tumor data using the pharmacokinetic dosimeters to derive a series of alternative projections of the potential carcinogenic potency of TCE in humans exposed to low environmental concentrations. Although mechanistic considerations suggest action of possibly nonlinear processes, dose-response shapes in the observable range of tumor incidence evince little sign of such patterns. Results depend on which of several alternative pharmacokinetic analyses are used to define target-organ doses. Human potency projections under the U.S. EPA linear method based on mouse liver tumors and internal dosimetry equal or somewhat exceed calculations based on administered dose, and projections based on mouse liver tumors exceed those from mouse lung or rat kidney tumors. Estimates of the carcinogenic potency of the two primary oxidative metabolites of TCE--trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid, which are mouse liver carcinogens in their own right--are also made, but it is not clear whether the carcinogenic potency of TCE can be quantitatively ascribed to metabolic generation of these metabolites.
Public sector whistleblowers are treated "shockingly," MPs find
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2014)

<h3>Summary</h3> <h3>Background and objectives</h3> Observational data indicate that newer vitamin D compounds such as paricalcitol can suppress serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and reduce proteinuria in patients with CKD. To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of paricalcitol for CKD, we conducted a meta-analysis of the published randomized controlled trials (RCTs). <h3>Design, setting, participants, &amp; measurements</h3> MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and article reference lists were searched for RCTs that compared paricalcitol with placebo in the treatment of patients with stage 2–5 CKD. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Jadad method. The results are summarized as risk ratios (RRs) for dichotomous outcomes or mean differences for continuous outcomes. <h3>Results</h3> Nine studies (832 patients) were included. Compared with placebo, paricalcitol suppressed serum iPTH (RR, 6.37; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 4.64–8.74; <i>P</i>&lt;0.001) and reduced proteinuria (RR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.25–2.25; <i>P</i>&lt;0.001). Compared with the control group, the RR for hypercalcemia associated with paricalcitol use was 2.25 (95% CI, 0.81–6.26; <i>P</i>=0.12). Patients receiving paricalcitol therapy did not have an increased risk of endocrine system and cardiovascular system adverse effects (RR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.84–1.36; <i>P</i>=0.58). <h3>Conclusions</h3> We conﬁrm that paricalcitol suppresses iPTH and lowers proteinuria in patients with stage 2–5 CKD without an increased risk of adverse events. A trend toward increased hypercalcemia did not reach statistical signiﬁcance, but may be clinically relevant. A randomized trial is needed to determine if paricalcitol affects the development of ESRD or mortality.
Development of a comprehensive prognostic index for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Natali Pflug, Jasmin Bahlo, Tait D. Shanafelt, Barbara F. Eichhorst, Manuela A. Bergmann, Thomas Elter, Kathrin Bauer, Gebhart Malchau, Kari G. Rabe, Stephan Stilgenbauer, Hartmut Döhner, Ulrich Jäger, Michael J. Eckart, Georg Hopfinger, Raymonde Busch, Anna-Maria Fink, Clemens-Martin Wendtner, Kirsten Fischer, Neil E. Kay, Michael Hallek
Journal: Blood (2014)
Percussion and Gram-Negative Bacteremia
Authors: David J. Moylan
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Urinary tract infections are implicated as the source for about two thirds of all cases of bacteremia caused by enteric bacteria.<sup>1</sup>As Shubin and Weil (235:421, 1976) point out, the majority of cases of bacteremic shock is precipitated by some manipulative procedure; they mention insertion of a catheter into the bladder, genitourinary and gastrointestinal surgery, and manipulation of infected wounds. In our experience as medical students, yet another procedure, percussion in the costovertebral angles in patients with pyelonephritis, has been associated with Gram-negative bacteremia and shock. <h3>Report of Cases. Case 1.—</h3> A 60-year-old woman entered the hospital complaining of right flank pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, shaking chills, and malaise. She was essentially well until three days prior to admission, and before this episode had not been under the care of a physician for the last 20 years. Before admission, she had received cephalexin monohydrate, but she
Increased fetal loss in women with heritable thrombophilia
Authors: FE Preston, FR Rosendaal, ID Walker, E Briët, E Berntorp, J Conard, J Fontcuberta, M Makris, G Mariani, W Noteboom, I Pabinger, C Legnani, I Scharrer, S Schulman, FJM van der Meer
Journal: The Lancet (1996)
Antibiotic Treatment of<i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i>after Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Christopher P. Cannon, Eugene Braunwald, Carolyn H. McCabe, J. Thomas Grayston, Brent Muhlestein, Robert P. Giugliano, Richard Cairns, Allan M. Skene
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Chlamydia pneumoniae has been found within atherosclerotic plaques, and elevated titers of antibody to this organism have been linked to a higher risk of coronary events. Pilot studies have suggested that antibiotic treatment may reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.We enrolled 4162 patients who had been hospitalized for an acute coronary syndrome within the preceding 10 days and evaluated the efficacy of long-term treatment with gatifloxacin, a bactericidal antibiotic known to be effective against C. pneumoniae, in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects received 400 mg of gatifloxacin daily during an initial 2-week course of therapy that began 2 weeks after randomization, followed by a 10-day course every month for the duration of the trial (mean duration, 2 years), or placebo. The primary end point was a composite of death from all causes, myocardial infarction, documented unstable angina requiring rehospitalization, revascularization (performed at least 30 days after randomization), and stroke.A Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the rates of primary-end-point events at two years were 23.7 percent in the gatifloxacin group and 25.1 percent in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.95; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.84 to 1.08; P=0.41). No benefit was seen in any of the prespecified secondary end points or in any of the prespecified subgroups, including patients with elevated titers to C. pneumoniae or C-reactive protein.Despite long-term treatment with a bactericidal antibiotic effective against C. pneumoniae, no reduction in the rate of cardiovascular events was observed.
An Aspect of the Biological Basis of the Mind-body Apparatus: The Relationship Between Sleep, Nutritional State and Mood in Disorders of Weight
Authors: A.H. Crisp, E. Stonehill, G.W. Fenton
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1970)

An observation that insomnia, especially early morning waking, is a feature of anorexia nervosa has been confirmed using patients sleep self reports and continuous all-night E.E.G. recordings. Furthermore the sleep disturbance has been shown to be more closely related to the nutritional disturbance than to the mood state. A similar association between changes in weight and sleep is also described in a patient receiving treatment for severe obesity. The possible relevance of these findings to other illnesses involving changes in weight and sleep patterns is discussed.
Incremental information provided by three-dimensional echocardiography in the delineation of vegetations, perforations and abscesses in patients with endocarditis
Authors: Tsui-Lieh Hsu, Shuenn-Jinn Ho, Alain Delabays, Lissa Sugeng, Giuseppina Magni, Stefano De Castro, Gerald Marx, Ravi Kasliwal, Ajay Kanojia, Naresh Trehan, Natesa Pandian
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)