tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ammonia Movement in the Small Intestine: Preferential Transport by the Ileum *
Authors: Sanford M. Mossberg, George Ross
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1967)

Isolated, surviving sacs of everted small intestine were used to characterize ammonia transport in the golden hamster. Jejunal and ileal sacs incubated aerobically in ammonia-free test solution liberated the same quantity of ammonia as did sacs that were filled and immediately emptied of their contents, indicating no significant evolution of metabolic ammonia. Under aerobic conditions, ileal sacs transferred a solution of high ammonia content from the mucosal surface to the serosal surface against a concentration gradient. This transport was not glucose dependent and exhibited first-order Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Inhibition of absorption occurred with anaerobiosis, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and sodium cyanide. In jejunal segments ammonia was not transported against an adverse chemical gradient. Ileal ammonia absorption was accompanied by bicarbonate secretion and acidification of the serosal solution. Both bicarbonate movement and pH gradients were abolished by inhibitors of ammonia transport. In the jejunum, the absence of ammonia movement occurred in association with minimal bicarbonate secretion and no appreciable change in serosal pH. Despite the creation of hydrogen ion gradients tending to augment or to retard ammonia absorption by nonionic diffusion, ammonia movement was unaffected, i.e., relative acidification of serosal contents did not augment ammonia absorption, and relative alkalinization of serosal fluid caused no inhibition of ammonia transport. In the absence of bicarbonate ion, ammonia transport did not occur. The significance of these findings is discussed with consideration of both ionic and nonionic mechanisms of ammonia movement. It is suggested that ammonia is absorbed in the ileum by active ionic transport.
Effect of molecular weight of PGG–paclitaxel conjugates on in vitro and in vivo efficacy
Authors: Danbo Yang, Xiaoqing Liu, Xinguo Jiang, Yun Liu, Wenbin Ying, Hai Wang, Hao Bai, Wendy D. Taylor, Yuwei Wang, Jean-Pierre Clamme, Erick Co, Padmanabh Chivukula, Kwok Yin Tsang, Yi Jin, Lei Yu
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2012)
ITCHING IN TENSION STATES
Authors: C. D. Calnan, Desmond O'neill
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1952)

Journal Article ITCHING IN TENSION STATES Get access C. D. CALNAN, C. D. CALNAN St. John's Hospital for Diseases of the Skin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar DESMOND O'NEILL DESMOND O'NEILL St. John's Hospital for Diseases of the Skin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 64, Issue 7-8, 1 July 1952, Pages 274–280, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1952.tb15806.x Published: 01 July 1952
The Present Position of the National Board of Medical Examiners
Authors: John P. Hubbard
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Dr. Womack has reviewed the evolution of the National Board of Examiners and the reasons leading to its growth during the past 50 years. My assignment is to take stock of our posture today and, perhaps more particularly, to look ahead. Where are we going? Where will we be ten years from now? What paths are we taking to get there? It is a timely assignment to stop and take stock during this anniversary year. But to endeavor to look ahead is both uncertain and hazardous.  In contemplating this assignment, I took heart from the words of that well-known elder statesman and medical pundit, Willard Rappleye, who, in his Alpha Omega Alpha address a year ago, opened his discussion, Emerging Patterns of American Medicine, with these words: Whatever is likely to happen ten years from now is already happening because there are no sudden breaks in history. This concept clarifies
Captopril in Diuretic-Treated Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Harris Koffer
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Eight hypertensive patients with normal renal function and receiving diuretic therapy for at least 28 days received captopril in small increasing doses (6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg). Supine and standing blood pressure (BP) and pulse rate, plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) were measured before and after captopril administration. The mean (±SEM) maximal decline in BP was 38/18±3/2, 34/18±4/2, and 25/17±3/2 mm Hg and occurred within 70 minutes of each of the three doses. In contrast, the duration of a 10 mm Hg or greater decrease in BP was prolonged markedly (103±5, 175±15, and 287±10 minutes) after each dose increment. After captopril, mean PRA levels increased while PAC levels fell. Transient dizziness on standing occurred in two patients, but captopril was otherwise well tolerated. Evaluation of the response to initial doses of captopril appears to be helpful in predicting maintenance requirements. (<i>JAMA</i>1980;244:2532-2535)
Common variation at 3p22.1 and 7p15.3 influences multiple myeloma risk
Authors: Peter Broderick, Daniel Chubb, David C Johnson, Niels Weinhold, Asta Försti, Amy Lloyd, Bianca Olver, Yussanne P Ma, Sara E Dobbins, Brian A Walker, Faith E Davies, Walter A Gregory, J Anthony Child, Fiona M Ross, Graham H Jackson, Kai Neben, Anna Jauch, Per Hoffmann, Thomas W Mühleisen, Markus M Nöthen, Susanne Moebus, Ian P Tomlinson, Hartmut Goldschmidt, Kari Hemminki, Gareth J Morgan, Richard S Houlston
Journal: Nature Genetics (2011)
Bedside Ethics for the Hopeless Case
Authors: F. J. Ingelfinger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

The one most entitled to advise doctors on treatment, a wise practitioner asserts, is he who himself has treated. The same principle holds for nontreatment. When the virtues of continuing measures that sustain the life of a hopelessly afflicted patient are questioned, who has a more valid prerogative to weigh the pros and cons than he who himself has had to decide? Shaw and Duff and Campbell, who elsewhere in this issue describe the agony of identifying infants who have "the right to die," have the necessary credentials; they may be amateur philosophers but they have endured the fire.This . . .
The atherosusceptible endothelium: endothelial phenotypes in complex haemodynamic shear stress regions in vivo
Authors: Peter F. Davies, Mete Civelek, Yun Fang, Ingrid Fleming
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2013)

Atherosclerosis initiates at predictable focal sites and develops to a spatially regional disease with limited distribution. There is compelling evidence that links haemodynamics to the localized origin of atherosclerotic lesions. Arterial flow in vivo is unsteady, dynamically complex, and regionally variable. Sites susceptible to atherosclerosis near arterial branches and curves are associated with regions of disturbed blood flow that contain repetitive phases of flow reversal resulting in steep multidirectional temporal and spatial gradients of wall shear stresses. Endothelium in atherosusceptible regions relative to protected sites shows activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR), the altered expression of pro-inflammatory Nuclear Factor kappa B (NFκB) and oxidant/antioxidant pathways, and low expression of major protective factors, notably endothelial nitric oxide synthase and Kruppel-like Factors KLF2 and KLF4. At some atherosusceptible locations, reactive oxygen species levels are significantly elevated. Here we describe flow-related phenotypes identified in steady-state in vivo and outline some of the molecular mechanisms that may contribute to pre-lesional atherosusceptibility as deduced from complementary cell experiments in vitro. We conclude that disturbed flow is a significant local risk factor for atherosclerosis that induces a chronic low-level inflammatory state, an adaptive response to ensure continued function at the expense of increased susceptibility to atherogenesis. Surprisingly, when challenged by short-term hypercholesterolaemia in vivo, atherosusceptible endothelial phenotype was resistant to greater pro-inflammatory expression, suggesting that sustained hyperlipidaemia is required to overcome these protective characteristics.
Acinetobacter species in the skin microbiota protect against allergic sensitization and inflammation
Authors: Nanna Fyhrquist, Lasse Ruokolainen, Alina Suomalainen, Sari Lehtimäki, Ville Veckman, Johanna Vendelin, Piia Karisola, Maili Lehto, Terhi Savinko, Hanna Jarva, Timo U. Kosunen, Jukka Corander, Petri Auvinen, Lars Paulin, Leena von Hertzen, Tiina Laatikainen, Mika Mäkelä, Tari Haahtela, Dario Greco, Ilkka Hanski, Harri Alenius
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS): fact or fantasy?
Authors: E. J. Bardana
Journal: Allergy (1999)

Summary Most evidence suggests that RADS is a distinct syndrome and not simply an exacerbation of pre‐existing hyperresponsiveness. There is no doubt that much remains to be explained regarding pathogenesis. On the other hand, I urge caution about the claims of “low‐level RADS” (15). Here the data are much more anecdotal and leave much to be desired.
SOUTH-EASTERN BRANCH: FIFTY YEARS OF MEDICAL AND SURGICAL PROGRESS AND THE PART PLAYED IN IT BY EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Authors: C. H. Allfrey
Journal: BMJ (1910)

EDICALJOUJRNAL I27like hospitality to any colleagues in general practice, unless they were his habitual supporters.In fact, what is now a delicate position, which must be left to the good taste and generous motives of those concerned, would be in danger of becoming the source either of scandal or of enforced unsociability.It is one thing for a man with a large consulting practice to make restrictive rules for himself, and 1 think there are cases where both'he and the public may gain thereby; it would be quite another thing for this Association to introduce such arrangements for the convenience of the practitioner rather than for that of the public, who, indeed, could hardly be expected to tolerate them.But, after all, what most nearly concerns alike the public and the profession is that consultants, as a class and individually, should possess such real fitness as to be fairly entitled to assume that position with the greatest attainable advantage to all concerned.Distinctions we must have in every walk of life, but, to be valuable, they should be the distinctions of endowment, of training, of opportunity, of experience, not such as may be arbitrarily manufactured by the mere " recognition" of an artificial and self-formed group, especially if the " recognition " is to be in the hands, not of a legally constituted medical authority, but of a voluntary Association like ours.Whatever views we may hold with regard to this and other controversial subjects now agitating the Association, it must, I fear, be admitted on all sides that there are signs of grave dangers confronting us, as a result of the proposed alterations in the Memorandum and Articles of Association.Let us face these dangers fairly, and remem- ber that even if this Association, after a successful career of over three score years and ten, should be threatened with disaster, the fate of the medical profession is not involved in that of any organization, however great or good.As long as we are faithful to the true objects of our pro- fession, jealous of the purity of its motives, steadily pro- gressive in its practice, and loyal to its honourable traditions, we may be confident that it will continue to command the devotion of its members, and to be of ever- increasing value to society.
Cytogenetic analysis delineates a spectrum of chromosomal changes that can distinguish non-MALT marginal zone B-cell lymphomas among mature B-cell entities: a description of 103 cases
Authors: E Callet-Bauchu, L Baseggio, P Felman, A Traverse-Glehen, F Berger, D Morel, S Gazzo, C Poncet, C Thieblemont, B Coiffier, J P Magaud, G Salles
Journal: Leukemia (2005)
35Mast cell mediated neutrophil influx enhances plaque progression
Authors: I Bot, A Wezel, HM Lagraauw, D Van Der Velden, SCA De Jager, PHA Quax, J Kuiper
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Rationale: Activated mast cells have been identified in atherosclerotic plaques and have previously been established to promote plaque progression and destabilization. As mast cells have the ability to release chemokines that mediate leucocyte fluxes, we propose that activated mast cells play a pivotal role in leucocyte recruitment during the development of atherosclerosis.
The Bradshawe Lecture on Uraemia
Authors: W. Carter
Journal: BMJ (1888)

1888; and my next is to choosing uraemia as its subject I have no hope of being resolve the many difficulties which surround it. Mythe more modest one of making to it such small contribution fact as I have been able to gather from my ob- servation of cases, and of indicating the more fruitful and hopeful others.Indeed, the pathogeny of urmemia is so obscure difficulties which surround its investigation are so great that it seems doubtful if it can ever be completely elucidated; yet some recent researches, and especially those of 'i#ltz an'd Ritter, Bouchard, Brieger and others, -who will be mentioned, have far lightened the obscurity, that we may now anticipate, and even see reasons for some of those apparent anomalies and contradictions in the manifestation of symptoms which formerly hopelessly puzzling.Urtemia may be defined as the altered condition of health caused by the accumulation within the body of pQisonous pro- dtets that should be eliminated by the kidneys.B.ut the sym- ptoms of this altered condition are so various in themselves, and variously combined, that within the limitsof this general definition what on the 'surface appear to be altogetber different diseases are formed.Thus, after apparently similar degrees of suppression or diminution of urine, sotne patients have only violent and persistent vomiting, the brain remaining clear; others have this with diarrhoea superadded, and others again become comatose.Some are convulsed, others delirious, others asthmatic, while in yet others nervous symptoms come and go in a seem- ingly capricious fashioni, a transient but recurring hemiopia, hempl egia, or lesser paralysis, cephalalgia, tinnitue, or deess, alone betraying the serious attack that is beingmade upon the nervous centres, while in not a few, the symptomw8 that most attract attention are epistaxis or altered cutaneous sensations or various cutaneous eruptions.'not surprising that many explanations have beefi offered such various phenomena.the first serious attempt to comprehend within one general theory all differences was that of Traube.According to him the nervous symptoms were due to cerebral an'emia, and never oc- curred without preceding cardiac hypertrophy and blood dilution.Heightened blood-pressure caused cerebral cedema, which in its turn caused cerebral anmemia, and as this affected one or other portion of the brain, there would be a preponderance of either or convuLlsions, these last being limited if the anInia, was limited, general if it were general.On this ingenious hypothesis seemed clear why a paralysis or spasmmight be limitedto one side, or one limb, or even to a part of one limb, and why, instead being permanent, it might pass a,way.A localised mderm causing a localised
Epigenetic Silencing of Novel Tumor Suppressors in Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Viswanathan Muthusamy, Sekhar Duraisamy, C. Matthew Bradbury, Cara Hobbs, David P. Curley, Betsy Nelson, Marcus Bosenberg
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Malignant melanoma is a common and frequently lethal disease. Current therapeutic interventions have little effect on survival, emphasizing the need for a better understanding of the genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic changes in melanoma formation and progression. We identified 17 genes that were not previously known to be silenced by methylation in melanoma using a microarray-based screen following treatment of melanoma cell lines with the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine. Eight of these genes have not been previously shown to undergo DNA methylation in any form of cancer. Three of the genes, QPCT, CYP1B1, and LXN, are densely methylated in &amp;gt;95% of uncultured melanoma tumor samples. Reexpression of either of two of the silenced genes, HOXB13 and SYK, resulted in reduced colony formation in vitro and diminished tumor formation in vivo, indicating that these genes function as tumor suppressors in melanoma. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(23): 11187-93)
Widespread and ancient distribution of a noncanonical genetic code in diplomonads
Authors: P. J. Keeling, W. F. Doolittle
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1997)

Recently, a group of diplomonads has been found to use a genetic code in which TAA and TAG encode glutamine rather than termination. To survey the distribution of this characteristic in diplomonads, we sought to identify TAA and TAG codons at positions where glutamine is expected in genes for alpha-tubulin, elongation factor-1 alpha, and the gamma subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2. These sequences show that the variant genetic code is utilized by almost all diplomonads, with the genus Giardia alone using the universal genetic code. Comparative phylogenetic analysis reveals that the switch to this genetic code took place very early in the evolution of diplomonads and was likely a single event. Termination signals and downstream untranslated regions were also cloned from three Hexamita genes. In all three of these genes, the predicted TGA termination codon was found at the expected position. Interestingly, the untranslated regions of these genes are high in AT. This is incongruent with the coding regions, which are comparatively GC-rich.
Abstract 4442: Enhancement of radiation response in KRAS mutant non-small cell lung cancer cells with the MEK inhibitor GSK1120212.
Authors: Steven H. Lin, Jing Zhang, Uma Giri, John V. Heymach
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Biomarkers that can select appropriate patient subsets for optimal treatment will likely improve personalized delivery of cancer treatment. While radiotherapy is a cornerstone for the management of non-metastatic lung cancers, there are no clinically useful biomarkers to help predict for radiation responsiveness and to help select drugs to enhance radiation sensitization in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). KRAS mutations are found in 20%-30% of NSCLC and confer drug resistance. Drugs that target downstream pathways activated in KRAS mutant cells could enhance cytotoxic effects. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if the potent MEK1/2 inhibitor GSK1120212 can selectively enhance radiation response based on the genomic context in lung cancer cell lines. We selected a panel of NSCLC cell lines with or without KRAS mutations and tested their response to combinational treatment with radiation and MEK inhibitor via clonogenic survival assay. We found that GSK1120212 had no radiation enhancement effect in the three KRAS wild type (WT) cell lines tested. In contrast, in three KRAS mutant lung cancer cells, GSK1120212 dramatically reduced clonogenic survival to radiation treatment (radiation enhancement factor 1.2-1.9). We found that GSK1120212 selectively induced G1 cell cycle arrest through regulating the expression of several cell cycle regulation proteins, such as Cyclin B1, Cyclin E1 and RB. GSK1120212 also enhanced the G2/M phase arrest caused by radiation therapy and significantly decreased cell number in S phase. Ultimately, this led to cellular senescence selectively in KRAS mutant but not WT cells. At the dose chosen for this study (IC30), GSK1120212 didn't augment DNA damage or induce cell apoptosis caused by radiation. Taken together, our data suggested that MEK inhibitor GSK1120212 may have some selectivity in enhancing radiation effects in KRAS mutant lung cancer cells. A phase I clinical trial is currently ongoing to test the safety and preliminary efficacy of combining GSK1120212 and chemoradiation in locally advanced NSCLC. Citation Format: Steven H. Lin, Jing Zhang, Uma Giri, John V. Heymach. Enhancement of radiation response in KRAS mutant non-small cell lung cancer cells with the MEK inhibitor GSK1120212. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4442. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4442
Haiti is faced with sudden rise in birth rate
Authors: S. Arie
Journal: BMJ (2011)

On top of its other problems Haiti is struggling, a year after the earthquake that left more than a million people homeless, to cope with a substantial rise in the birth rate.

The United Nations Population Fund said that by last August the number of pregnancies in the capital had tripled from pre-earthquake levels and that since November many maternity wards in hospitals and in temporary facilities have been overwhelmed.

“It’s normal to get this kind of peak after a crisis,” said Igor Bosc, the fund’s spokesman in Haiti. “And we would expect it to drop back to normal in a few months.”

In April the fund plans to …
Cost effectiveness of incremental programmes for lowering serum cholesterol concentration: is individual intervention worth while?
Authors: I S Kristiansen, A E Eggen, D S Thelle
Journal: BMJ (1991)

To evaluate the relative cost effectiveness of various cholesterol lowering programmes.Retrospective analysis.Norwegian cholesterol lowering programme in Norwegian male population aged 40-49 (n = 200,000), whose interventions comprise a population based promotion of healthier eating habits, dietary treatment (subjects with serum cholesterol concentration 6.0-7.9 mmol/l), and dietary and drug treatment combined (serum cholesterol concentration greater than or equal to 8.0 mmol/l).Marginal cost effectiveness ratios--that is, the ratio of net treatment costs (cost of treatment minus savings in treatment costs for coronary heart disease) to life years gained and to quality of life years (QALYs) saved.The cost per life year gained over 20 years of a population based strategy was projected to be 12 pounds. For an individual strategy based on dietary treatment the cost was about 12,400 pounds per life year gained and 111,600 pounds if drugs were added for 50% of the subjects with serum cholesterol concentrations greater than or equal to 8.0 mmol/l.The results underline the importance of marginal cost effectiveness analyses for incremental programmes of health care. The calculations of QALYs, though speculative, indicate that individual intervention should be implemented cautiously and within more selected groups than currently recommended. Drugs should be reserved for subjects with genetic hypercholesterolaemia or who are otherwise at very high risk of arteriosclerotic disease.
T cell leukaemia/lymphoma in Trinidad
Authors: M M Reid
Journal: BMJ (1985)

of community care, multidisciplinary evaluation of community based services-are very similar.Health professionals engaged in community care in India, if invited to Britain on a regular basis, can, I believe, meaningfully participate in both the theoretical and practical aspects of the planning and implementation of community care, often to mutual benefit.This would be true of health services in general, but especially so of community based mental health care.Such services as there are in India are negligible and there is a disappointing lack of professional skill in the area.