tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the promoting effects of various agents in induction of preneoplastic lesions in rat liver.
Authors: N Ito, H Tsuda, R Hasegawa, K Imaida
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

The promoting activities of 29 compounds on induction of hyperplastic (neoplastic) liver nodules (HN) and the dose-dependent effects of tumor promoting agents were compared by using a short-term test system developed in this laboratory. In tests on promoting activity, F344 rats were given a single dose (200 mg/kg) of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN), and from two weeks later, were treated with various test compounds for 6 or 10 weeks. They were subjected to partial hepatectomy 3 or 4 weeks after DEN treatment. The results showed that strong hepatocarcinogens, such as aflatoxin B1, DEN, N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN), 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) and ethionine, induced many hyperplastic liver nodules, whereas dieldrin, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) induced few lesions. Nonhepatocarcinogens, such as N-nitrosoethylurea (ENU) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), only slightly induced hyperplastic nodules. Of the miscellaneous compounds tested, phenobarbital, deoxycholic acid and ethynyl estradiol also induced gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) positive foci. In tests on the dose-dependent effects of promoting agents, DMN was given at different concentrations for 6 weeks from 2 weeks after DEN treatment. Results were quantitated by histochemical measurement of the number or area of gamma-GT positive lesions induced. A long-term experiment on the effect of feeding DMN for 96 weeks was also done. Clear dose-dependent effects of DMN were seen in induction of gamma-GT positive foci in the short-term experiment and neoplastic lesions in the long-term one.
The Generic Prescribing Issue
Authors: D. CRAIG BRATER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

Editorials1 March 1980The Generic Prescribing IssueD. CRAIG BRATER, M.D., WILLIAM A. PETTINGER, M.D.D. CRAIG BRATER, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, WILLIAM A. PETTINGER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-92-3-426 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptApproximately 40 states already have passed generic-drug substitution laws, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Federal Trade Commission have drawn up an "exemplary" bill as a model for state legislators interested in drafting similar laws and, presumably, for federal consideration. Various groups have aligned on different sides of this emotionally charged issue. We are facing the probability of legislative decisions more political than rational, decisions that ultimately could do more harm than good.The aim of generic substitution laws is to reduce consumer costs through substitution of less expensive formulations for brand-name prescribed drugs. Almost everyone is interested...Reference1. FRANCETIĆLASAGNAWEINTRAUBKARCH ILMF. Prescription prices under the New York generic substitution law. Ann Intern Med. 1980;92:000-000. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Division of Clinical Pharmacology The University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas Dallas, Texas PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByProduct Selection and Brand Interchange: A Theoretical ModelClinical pharmacology: A new specialtyThe Clinical Pharmacist as a SpecialistKIM L. KELLY, PHARM.D. 1 March 1980Volume 92, Issue 3Page: 426-427KeywordsDrugsEmotionsFood and Drug Administration Issue Published: 1 March 1980 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Myositis Ossificans Mimics an Osteoid Osteoma
Authors: William Makis, Raymond Lambert
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2010)

Myositis ossificans is a form of heterotopic bone formation that is caused most commonly by a traumatic injury. In the active phase, it shows intense uptake on a Tc-99m MDP bone scan, and its extraosseous location is usually evident from planar images alone. However, if it is small and very close to adjacent bone, it can mimic a bone lesion, even when imaged with SPECT. We present a 13-year-old girl, who had a Tc-99m MDP bone scan to assess a 2-week history of left hip pain and inability to ambulate. Planar images showed a small focus of very intense uptake in the left greater trochanter, confirmed by SPECT. As the patient also complained of nocturnal hip pain, a diagnosis of osteoid osteoma was suggested. Further imaging with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), however, showed a focus of heterotopic bone formation in the obturator internus muscle and tendon, as well as bone marrow edema in the greater trochanter, compatible with myositis ossificans.
Safety of Oral Contraceptives
Authors: J. Frankenberg
Journal: BMJ (1970)

There is a diversity of opinion upon the status of the haematologist.It should, how- ever, be clear that the bulk of laboratory investigations are performed by technicians, whose proficiency at fulfilling routine inves- tigations is far superior to most medical graduates.If the haematologist is to contri- bute more than gratuitous observations of anisocytosis, with a signature to give them authority if not meaning, then he needs the incentive of knowing he has a real job to perform.It is absurd to limit his function to that of an adviser sitting by a desk piled high with journals as the source of his authority.This authority may best come from experience of clinical medicine, labora- tory work, responsibility for treatment, and follow-up.If any one of these components
222 THE COMPARISON OF TREATMENT EFFICACY BETWEEN CONCURRENT CHEMORADIOTHERAPY AND HEPATIC ARTERIAL INFUSION THERAPY IN ADVANCED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA WITH PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS
Authors: K.I. Lee, E.S. Kim, B.K. Jang, W.J. Chung, K.S. Park, K.B. Cho, J.S. Hwang, Y.H. Kim, J.H. Kwon, J.H. Kim
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Political Vicissitudes of the National Health Service — Clinical Postscript on Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

AT present, when the new Prime Minister, Mr. James Callaghan has replaced Mrs. Barbara Castle by Mr. David Ennals as Secretary of State at the Department of Health and Social Security, it is appropriate to reflect on the way in which the character of British medical practice has been affected by the attitudes and policies of the politicians. Broad policy is, of course, decided by the governing party, but the personal characteristics of individual health ministers have greatly influenced the manner in which agreed policies have been implemented and the relations that they have had with the health professions have . . .
Medical Adrenalectomy With Aminoglutethimide-Reply
Authors: Richard J. Santen
Journal: JAMA (1975)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Drs. Corder and Flannery raise several points that require comment. First, they state that the previous studies cited by us, detailed by them in the Table, fail to establish the efficacy of large doses of glucocorticoids in the treatment of breast carcinoma. However, 117 of 467, or 25%, of patients listed in this Table were classified as "objective" responders. While these studies were carried out over the past two decades and did not use now-accepted criteria for objective responses, sufficient documentation is available in several of these references to establish the efficacy of glucocorticoids using current criteria. As mentioned in our "Comment" section, we would agree that these studies suggest that "glucocorticoid-induced adrenal suppression probably results in a lower remission rate than with surgical adrenalectomy." In regard to the response data cited for aminoglutethimide, all of our patients classified as 1A responders experienced at least a measurable 50%
PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS IN PULMONARY PHTHISIS.
Authors: THOMAS NEIL McLEAN
Journal: JAMA (1898)

After an experience of twenty-five years, I desire to present some conclusions, the result of my own personal observations in pulmonary phthisis. I use the term advisedly, on account of its comprehensiveness, including as it does all that has been known and taught from Laennec to Koch. The preparatory or premonitory conditions which almost invariably exist in all cases of phthisis do not receive the attention they deserve. Let us apply the principle of early recognition of these little departures from functional and organic integrity, to the disease in question. They deserve to live, who by careful attention to the various functions of the body, keep the various mechanisms of their various organs in harmonious rhythm. Ignorance does not pardon in the eye of the law, and the penalty must be paid even though it may cost the life. Max Nordau says "the degenerate must die." An inheritance of conditions
THE DIAGNOSIS AND OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC GASTRIC AND DUODENAL ULCER: AN EXPERIENCE OF THREE AND A HALF YEARS
Authors: D. Drummond, R. Morison
Journal: BMJ (1909)

BRS-A 67A, dose of blue pill or calomel twice a week, or even on alternate nights, followed by a saline in the morning, is one of the best methods of keeping the tension down.In many cases where the vessels are considerably thickened iodide of potassiuip in 5 or 10 grain doses three times a day, if the patient stands it, is very useful.Where the iodide of potassium and sodium are not well borne a good result may be obtained from organic combinations such as iodipine and others.High-frequency currents appear to have a great power of lowering blood pressure; I have many cases in which they have been of much service.I have heard of similar good effects of static electricity, but I have had no personal experience of its use.In this paper I have said very little about the diastolic pressure, which is now generally reckoned to be that at which the oscillations of the artery are greatest.My reason for this is that I find it very much less easy to estimate the diastolic pressure accurately than the systolic with the ordinary instruments for clinical use.It is fairly easy to do this accurately with Gibson's sphygmomano- meter, but this is not well adapted for bedside use.For clinical use I think Oliver's is the best for this purpose, and I have had one made by Boulitte, which may perhaps be ultimately useful.For ordinary purposes I think Martin's or Lockhart Mummery's and von Basch's sphygmomanometers and Dudgeon's sphygmograph are the most convenient instruments.'* These instruments can be obtained from Mr. Hawksley, 357, Oxford Street.
Commentary: Sources of bias must be controlled
Authors: L. Duley
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Taha and colleagues address an important clinical issue, postpartum and neonatal infection. They conclude that infection is reduced by a more thorough cleansing procedure before vaginal examination during labour, combined with wiping the baby after delivery. The authors claim that alternative explanations of their results are unlikely—but, as they used a study design which could not ensure that the comparison was fair, the reported effects may be due to bias.

The most reliable way of comparing different forms of care is in a properly conducted randomised trial.1 Non-randomised studies tend to report larger estimates of treatment effects than those using random allocation2; even among randomised …
Labetalol in severe tetanus.
Authors: J W Dundee, W F Morrow
Journal: BMJ (1979)

were uncontrolled.We report on a prospective randomised doubleblind trial of cyclophosphamide in ACH, during which serum gonadotrophin concentrations were monitored to assess the degree of gonadal damage. Patients, methods, and resultsTen patients with histologically proved aggressive hepatitis, a history of liver disease for more than three months, and an aspartate aminotransferase (AST; GOT) concentration greater than 150 IU/I (normal < 50 IU/1) entered the trial.None had carried hepatitis virus B, and eight had positive titres of antinuclear factor or smooth muscle antibody, or both.The disease activity was first brought under "control" (AST concentration < 100 IU/1) for four weeks with prednisolone, which was then reduced every two weeks by 2 mg/day until "relapse" (AST concentration > 150 IUl1).The predniso- lone dose was then increased fortnightly by 4 mg/day until control had been regained for four weeks.The patients were then randomly allocated to receive either cyclophosphamide 3 mg/kg in a single morning dose or placebo for 12 weeks, and the prednisolone dose was reduced.After relapse the prednisolone dose was increased, and after four weeks' control the patients were crossed over.Patients were seen fortnightly, when blood counts and gonadotrophin concentrations were estimated and liver function tests carried out.In the single male patient testosterone concentrations and sperm counts were also measured.Responses of patients who completed trial to addition of cyclophosphamide or placebo to corticosteroid treatment Prednisolone No of weeks Peak AST No of Case Treatment dose at noprednisolone during relapse weeks to No relapse before (LU/i) control (mg/day) relapse 1 f Cyclophosphamide 0 14
Absence of Seroconversion of HIV-1 Antibody in Seroreactive Individuals-Reply
Authors: Michael J. Roy, James J. Damato, Donald S. Burke
Journal: JAMA (1993)

In Reply.  —We concur with Tenenbaum et al that our results do not, and cannot, absolutely rule out the possibility that seroreversion of HIV antibody status may occur. Our conclusion is therefore that if seroreversion occurs, it is exceedingly rare, and certainly far less common than errors that may occur in the testing process.  Tenenbaum et al question how frequently HIV-reactive adults are tested in the military health care system. Our standard policy is for patients to be restaged, using the Walter Reed Staging Classification, every 6 months.1Generally, antibody tests are repeated in the evaluation of early-stage patients, but less commonly in patients who have progressed to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Our potential seroreverters did not have a greater number of antibody tests because they demonstrated significant progression of disease, with four dying from complications of AIDS. Our most recent potential seroreverter, patient 6, had five antibody
18F-SODIUM FLUORIDE IS A MARKER OF ACTIVE CALCIFICATION AND DISEASE PROGRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH AORTIC STENOSIS
Authors: Marc Dweck, Tamir Malley, Mark Pringle, William Jenkins, William Cowie, Hamish Richardson, Pessotto Renzo, NIcholas A. Boon, James HF Rudd, David Newby
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Development of a Method for the Purification and Culture of Rodent Astrocytes
Authors: Lynette C. Foo, Nicola J. Allen, Eric A. Bushong, P. Britten Ventura, Won-Suk Chung, Lu Zhou, John D. Cahoy, Richard Daneman, Hui Zong, Mark H. Ellisman, Ben A. Barres
Journal: Neuron (2011)
Belgian oral antifungal agent looks promising
Authors: Beverly J. Montgomery
Journal: JAMA (1980)

The first American clinical trial of a new oral, broad-spectrum antifungal agent named ketoconazole has been completed at Emory University in Atlanta. It is the largest study yet of the Belgian-developed drug and indicates that the agent may be efficacious in the treatment of several types of extensive, chronic, cutaneous fungal infections. If further testing is as promising, and the drug is marketed here, it will be only the second oral antifungal agent available in the United States, notes Henry Jones, MD, primary investigator in the Emory trials. Jones recently reported on ketoconazole at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology in Chicago. This initial study involved 22 patients who had systemic involvement and were refractory to all other antifungal therapy—topical, intravenous (requiring hospitalization), and oral. In each case, the fungal infection involved at least 40% of the body surface (75% of the body surface in many cases).
Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder Among Older Adults in Primary Care
Authors: Melinda A. Stanley, Nancy L. Wilson, Diane M. Novy, Howard M. Rhoades, Paula D. Wagener, Anthony J. Greisinger, Jeffrey A. Cully, Mark E. Kunik
Journal: JAMA (2009)

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) can be effective for late-life generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), but only pilot studies have been conducted in primary care, where older adults most often seek treatment.
L-Asparaginase Therapy for Leukemia and Other Malignant Neoplasms
Authors: Joseph M. Hill
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Enzyme therapy directed at depletion of an amino acid, asparagine, indispensable for tumor cell growth but not required by normal tissues, offers a new and promising approach to the problem of treatment of leukemia and disseminated cancer. Therapy with the enzyme L-asparaginase in three cases of acute lymphatic leukemia resulted in measurable improvement in two advanced cases. In the third case, there was a striking response to large dosage, with rapid necrosis of lymph node masses and clearing of leukemic infiltrates. A laboratory test to detect dependency of tumor cells on asparagine seems helpful for selection of cases for investigation of therapy. Furthermore, a variety of human malignant diseases including acute lymphatic leukemia and acute and chronic granulocytic leukemia have been shown to be asparagine-dependent by this test. Exploitation of further possible nutritional differences offers a fertile field for investigation.
Reply to S. Barni et al and M. Sun et al
Authors: Marc B. Garnick
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

The comments of Barni and Petrelli and Sun et al raise additional considerations and speculation that some yet unintended consequences could result from the study design that served as the basis for the study by Escudier et al, with its purpose of helping clinicians to understand patient and physician preferences for pazopanib versus sunitinib. I expressed my comments relating to the robustness of the overall interpretation of the study results in an accompanying editorial. We agree that the assessment of response was not made available to patients in the study by Escudier et al at the time of their preference choice. Given that the overall response rate in this study favored sunitinib, lack of this information could have certainly confounded the results. Whether the dropout of nearly a third of the patients in an otherwise small study constitutes a significant bias can and will continue to be debated. The groups commenting on this study now raise another spectrum of real and thorny issues that clinical investigations into patient preferences and outcomes must face. First, there is no precedent for switching a systemic therapy from one agent to another in still responding patients. Second, both letters emphasize that the subsequent response and the potential development of resistance mechanisms to an agent that was transiently used (as part of the study) is unknown, yet this unknown component of the study was subordinated to the determination of a patient preference outcome. Third, as Sun et al point out, the tolerability of tyrosine kinase inhibitors may improve with time, making the assessment of patient preference at arbitrarily selected earlier time points problematic. These are all real concerns and must be further investigated before a so-called maintenance-switch study design is used in future patient preference studies. Perhaps a more optimal future design could sequentially assess patient preferences (with appropriately designed instruments) up to the time of disease progression, and then perform similar assessments of the second-line therapy. We would have felt more comfortable had a study been performed in which patients were initially randomly assigned to either pazopanib or sunitinib until disease progression, with accompanying study of patient preferences. At progression, cross-over to the alternate agent would occur and similar assessments could be made. Had this been done, important information about comparable tolerability would be known, and subsequent responsivity and resistance characteristics would be better understood. These unresolved issues should not deter future research into patient and physician preferences of one pharmaceutical agent over another, but must be studied in more rigorous and better designed investigations that provide answers to the question at hand, with no concerns that either patient safety or clinical efficacy has been compromised.
Aspirin Alters the Cardioprotective Effects of the Factor XIII Val34Leu Polymorphism
Authors: Anetta Undas, Wojciech J. Sydor, Kathleen Brummel, Jacek Musial, Kenneth G. Mann, Andrew Szczeklik
Journal: Circulation (2003)

The mechanism underlying decreased risk for myocardial infarction in carriers of the Leu34 polymorphism of the factor (F) XIII A-subunit is unclear. Given that acetylation of fibrinogen by aspirin can alter its clotting properties and the presence of fibrin stimulates thrombin-mediated activation of FXIII, we have tested the hypothesis that treatment with aspirin differentially modulates the influence of the FXIII Val34Leu polymorphism on its activation in vivo.The rates of the disappearance of FXIIIA chain and the appearance of its activated form (FXIIIAa) in sequential 30-second blood samples collected at the site of microvascular injury were compared in 14 healthy carriers of the Leu34 allele and 23 Val34 homozygotes both before and after a 7-day aspirin ingestion (75 mg/d), with the use of quantitative Western blotting. The presence of the Leu34 allele was associated with a significant increase in the maximum rate of FXIII activation by thrombin. Although the Leu34-positive and -negative subjects were similar with respect to aspirin-related impairment of thrombin generation, aspirin led to a more pronounced inhibition of the activation of FXIII in the Leu34 carriers as compared with the Val34 homozygotes.Inhibition of FXIII activation by aspirin is enhanced in the Leu34 carriers in vivo, suggesting that these subjects might benefit more than the Leu34-negative subjects from the reduction in risk for myocardial infarction with low-dose aspirin.
New insights into the hygiene hypothesis in allergic diseases
Authors: John Penders, Kerstin Gerhold, Carel Thijs, Kurt Zimmermann, Ulrich Wahn, Susanne Lau, Eckard Hamelmann
Journal: Gut Microbes (2014)

There is convincing evidence from both human and animal studies suggesting that the infant intestinal microbiota plays an important role in regulating immune responses associated with the development of allergic diseases. To date there are, however, still no definite bacterial taxa or particular subsets of the microbiota that have been consistently associated with allergic diseases, which is mainly attributable to the methodological dissimilarities between studies. As such there is a need to apply different methodological concepts to enhance a deeper and more refined understanding of the relationship between the gut microbiota and allergies. Within our recent studies we reported that colonization by clostridia in early infancy increased the risk of atopic dermatitis. Using subsequent mediation analysis, we demonstrated that birth mode and having older siblings strongly impacted the infant microbiota which in turn affected the risk of atopic dermatitis. The results of these mediation analyses contributed stronger evidence for a causal link of birth mode and birth order on allergy risk through modulation of the microbiota composition.
Microarray-based classifiers and prognosis models identify subgroups with distinct clinical outcomes and high risk of AML transformation of myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Ken I. Mills, Alexander Kohlmann, P. Mickey Williams, Lothar Wieczorek, Wei-min Liu, Rachel Li, Wen Wei, David T. Bowen, Helmut Loeffler, Jesus M. Hernandez, Wolf-Karsten Hofmann, Torsten Haferlach
Journal: Blood (2009)