tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Impaired Vision in Dim Light-Reply
Authors: Richard E. Appen
Journal: JAMA (1986)

In Reply.—  The optics of the eye are complex, and the factors that result in clear vision are multiple. Dr Chepko rightly notes another cause of suboptimal vision in dim lighting— spherical aberration.  For patients with no structural ocular disease, the impairment of distance vision in dim lighting is often referred to as night myopia. Since my initial consideration of the question, I have encountered a thorough review of the subject by Hope and Rubin.1These authors note that in addition to the factors of spherical aberration and chromatic aberration discussed above, changes in accommodation of the lens of the eye influence the vision in dim lighting. They suggest that all these factors can be contributory to blurring in darkness, in differing degrees in different individuals.  If spherical aberration were the major cause of distance blurring in dim lighting due to the larger pupil, it would seem that virtually everyone
Guidelines for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiovascular Procedures. (Committee on Pacemaker Implantation).
Authors: L S Dreifus, C Fisch, J C Griffin, P C Gillette, J W Mason, V Parsonnet
Journal: Circulation (1991)
Increased Venous Alpha-Adrenoceptor Responsiveness in Patients with Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
Authors: J. Malcolm O. Arnold
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is a symptom complex characterized by vasomotor instability, hyperesthesia, and pain. Hypothesizing that these symptoms could reflect diminished sympathetic innervation with resultant -adrenoceptor hyper-responsiveness, we studied 11 patients who developed upper-limb reflex sympathetic dystrophy after hemiplegia or trauma and 11 normal controls who were similar in age to the study patients. The diameter of superficial hand veins was measured using a linear variable differential transformer during local infusion of saline and increasing concentrations of noradrenaline. The limbs affected with reflex sympathetic dystrophy showed marked -adrenoceptor hyper-responsiveness; that is, less noradrenaline was required to cause 50% venoconstriction (1.5 compared with 6.8 ng/min, P = 0.001). The unaffected limb in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy also showed hyper-responsiveness to noradrenaline when compared with values in normal controls (6.8 compared with 27.4 ng/min, P = 0.01), with such hyper-responsiveness being more marked in patients with hemiplegia. The findings provide the first direct evidence in humans of hyper-responsiveness of vascular -adrenoceptors to noradrenaline in reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
Effect of Hypophysectomy on Urinary Oestrogen in Breast Cancer
Authors: F. C. Greenwood, R. D. Bulbrook
Journal: BMJ (1957)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental disorder characterized by repeated mood swings. Although genetic factors are collectively associated with the etiology of BD, the underlying molecular mechanisms, particularly how environmental factors affect the brain, remain largely unknown. We performed promoter-wide DNA methylation analysis of neuronal and nonneuronal nuclei in the prefrontal cortex of patients with BD (N=34) and controls (N=35). We found decreased DNA methylation at promoters in both cell types in the BD patients compared to the controls. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of differentially methylated region (DMR)-associated genes revealed enrichment of molecular motor-related genes in neurons, chemokines in both cell types, and ion channel- and transporter-related genes in nonneurons. Detailed analysis further revealed that growth cone- and dendrite-related genes, including <i>NTRK2</i> and <i>GRIN1</i>, were hypermethylated in neurons of BD patients. To assess the effect of medication, neuroblastoma cells were cultured under therapeutic concentrations of three different mood stabilizers (lithium, valproate, and carbamazepine). We observed that up to 37.9% of DMRs detected in BD overlapped with mood stabilizer-induced DMRs. Interestingly, mood stabilizer-induced DMRs showed the opposite direction of changes in DMRs in BD, suggesting the therapeutic effects of mood stabilizers on DNA methylation. Among the DMRs, 12 overlapped with loci identified by a previous genome-wide association study of BD. Finally, we performed qPCR analysis of 10 DNA methylation-related genes and found that <i>DNMT3B</i> was overexpressed in BD. The cell type-specific DMRs identified in this study will be useful for understanding the pathophysiology of BD.
Chronic Cholecystitis Detected by FDG-PET
Authors: Jian Q. Yu, Justin W. Kung, Scott Potenta, Yan Xiu, Abass Alavi, Hongming Zhuang
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

FDG PET has been used in the evaluation of a variety of malignancies. The application of using FDG-PET in the assessment of infection and inflammation is gaining support and enthusiasm. There has been a report of FDG-PET detection of symptomatic acute cholecystitis. We present a case of asymptomatic chronic cholecystitis detected incidentally by FDG-PET.
Effect of hypoxia on adaptation of the pulmonary circulation to extra-uterine life in the pig
Authors: S. G HAWORTH, A. A HISLOP
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1982)

Pigs were exposed to hypoxia for 2 to 5 days, at ages ranging from birth to 2 weeks. The effect of hypoxia on structural adaptation of the pulmonary arterial circulation to extra-uterine life was studied by applying quantitative morphometric techniques to the injected autopsy lung specimens. In animals exposed to hypoxia from birth, the reduction in arterial muscularity, and increase in size and number which normally takes place after birth, began to occur, but the process was arrested by exposure to hypoxia which with increase in exposure time caused a secondary increase in muscularity. In animals allowed to adapt fully to extra-uterine life and first exposed at 14 days, increase in muscularity as shown by an increase in wall thickness and extension of muscle into smaller and more peripheral arteries than is normal, was secondary to the hypoxic insult and similar to that reported in adults of other species. Animals exposed at between 2 and 7 days of age showed an intermediate response, failure to adapt normally plus a secondary increase in muscularity. Right ventricular hypertrophy developed in all animals. The studies emphasise the vulnerability of the newborn pulmonary circulation to hypoxia and the rapidity with which structural change occurs.
Response of the human oesophagus to d-tubocurarine and atropine
Authors: P. A. Kantrowitz, C. I. Siegel, M. J. Strong, T. R. Hendrix
Journal: Gut (1970)

Intraluminal manometric studies of normal swallowing activity fail to distinguish between the peristaltic response of striated and smooth muscle. Studies were performed to determine if the two types of musculature differ in their response to pharmacological stimulation. After the administration of d-tubocurarine, peristaltic amplitude in the striated muscle segment decreased by 26 to 51%, while amplitude in the smooth muscle portion was not significantly affected. The administration of atropine, on the other hand, abolished or diminished smooth muscle peristalsis without altering striated muscle activity. The injection of neostigmine restored peristaltic amplitude toward normal in both striated and smooth muscle portions. These studies demonstrate that although the striated and smooth muscle segments are indistinguishable during normal oesophageal peristalsis, they do differ markedly in their pharmacological response. Pharmacologically, oesophageal striated muscle responds like other striated muscle and oesophageal smooth muscle responds like smooth muscle elsewhere.
Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity
Authors: Roger W. Turkington
Journal: JAMA (1983)

One of the most hopeful aspects of therapy for diabetics in the modern era is that vascular, neural, and renal complications can be reversed or prevented by improved use of insulin. To integrate the insulin hormonal signal into the multitude of other metabolic, hormonal, and nutritional events that occur in a broad spectrum of patients, the clinician must be aware of many facets of biochemistry, pathophysiology, nutrition, and sociology among diabetic patients. To address this area, the editors have assembled 88 chapters written by 136 internationally known authorities to provide a comprehensive reference textbook. The majority of diabetic patients have a Type II clinical pattern, with a high incidence of obesity, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis manifested by coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease. For this reason, the emphasis of this treatise is on the relationships between diabetes and obesity at various levels of analysis.  The editors have attempted to provide
Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect in adults.
Authors: A J Marelli, J K Perloff, J S Child, H Laks
Journal: Circulation (1994)

Multistage surgery culminating in completed hemodynamic repair is now performed for pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA-VSD). Justification for operation in patients with an adequate collateral pulmonary circulation is controversial. Data on natural adult survival are scant but are necessary to provide the rationale for multistage reconstructive procedures.All cyanotic adults with PA-VSD in the UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center Registry from 1978 through 1992 formed the basis for this study. Registry data and echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and angiographic information were used to determine longevity, clinical course, and operative feasibility. Of 26 patients, 16 were unoperated when referred (group A), and 10 had been palliated before age 18 years (group B). Two thirds were 18 to 29 years old. Only 2 patients survived beyond age 40 years. Six died during follow-up at a mean age of 31 years (+/- 12.1 SD). Eight group A patients were in New York Heart Association class II, and 8 were in class III. Of the 26 group A and B patients, 20 had aortic regurgitation, which was moderate or severe in 10. Eight had cardiac failure. Of 11 group A patients who remained unoperated, 5 died. Twelve patients were considered eligible for surgery at > or = 18 years of age. Ten underwent completed hemodynamic repair with a mean post-operative right ventricular-to-left ventricular systolic pressure ratio of 0.45 (+/- 0.16 SD), and there were no early or late deaths.Even when collateral blood flow permits adult survival, all such patients are symptomatic. Mean life expectancy without operation did not exceed three decades. Aortic regurgitation and cardiac failure are significant negative variables. Nearly half of unoperated adults died during follow-up. Staged hemodynamic repair can be performed with a low surgical risk in properly selected adults with PA/VSD.
Cost of Drugs for Otitis Media
Authors: J. Douglas Lee
Journal: JAMA (1976)

To the Editor.—  The article, Evaluating Cephalexin in Otitis Media, by McLinn et al (234:171, 1975) was a most complete study demonstrating the therapeutic efficacy of cephalexin monohydrate in childhood otitis media. I regret that the discussion did not include the following points:   The success rate achieved is similar to that using ampicillin or other drugs.1  The side effects of ampicillin, although perhaps more frequent than those of cephalexin, are rarely severe and rarely require cessation of therapy. 1   The cost of cephalexin to the pharmacist is more than twice that of ampicillin (by a poll of local pharmacies), and for a 13-day course, cephalexin will cost at least $1.20 per kilogram of body weight more, or $12 to $48 more for a course of therapy (10- to 40-kg child).  Against the major pathogens of otitis media, ampicillin is ten times as potent as cephalexin in vitro. 2
l-Arginine transport is augmented through up-regulation of tubular CAT-2 mRNA in ischemic acute renal failure in rats
Authors: Idit F. Schwartz, Doron Schwartz, Marina Traskonov, Tamara Chernichovsky, Yoram Wollman, Ehud Gnessin, Ian Topilsky, Yoram Levo, Adrian Iaina
Journal: Kidney International (2002)
Endoscopic Papillotomy without Fluoroscopy in Pregnancy
Authors: Z. Berger
Journal: Endoscopy (1998)

See also: Biliary Endoprosthesis as an Alternative to Endoscopic Nasobiliary Drainage in Patients with Acute CholangitisEndoscopy 1996; 28(09): 746-749DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1005598
An Address ON CARDIAC PROBLEMS IN ADOLESCENT LIFE: Delivered to the Buckinghamshire Division of the British Medical Association
Authors: G. A. Sutherland
Journal: BMJ (1923)

THE problems.in counexion with disgease aknddisturbiance of "'theB he'art vaLry t'o'some eaxtent with 'the prodl of life.D'uring childhood and youth we.find 'the fundation laid of orga'nic heart disease, which in imany cases causes no inconvenience, to ~the' Patient uintil'Ilat-er -on in life.On the -other hand, 'the 'disease miay ha've been 's-o severe childhoodl, espec'ially in caises untreated&, 'tha.tthe' 'whole' adoleiscent lifb i's serioU'sly crippled.Advancing years bring -their degenerativ'e changs cardiac and vascular, of which not a trace is present in-early life.Acute illnesses in, the young are not accompanied by thos'e serious cardiac 'comiplications which so often lead to cardiac failure in later life.The problems which I bring before you to-day are largely the One* which have confronted me-'in miy.ordinary work and whic,h I badl to try -first to uLnderstand land then to solve.-You will find that the ordinary textbooks rather leave you in the air as regards these problems because it is not their function to deal with the actual experiences of medical life and work.I piropose, then, to give some hints as to 'how to approach these problems -of cardiac disturbance and cardiac disease, so as to eniable you to deal with the progn osia and treatment o1 the Individual cases you ar'e called on to deal'with in practice.CONGENITAL HECART DISEMASE.0I do not refer here to, cases which have been recognized early and wat6hed thirough inac and childhood, but to the unnexpected discovery of a cardiac lesion, uisuall truhthe presence of 'a cardiac 'murmur, The bo'y o'r gir eqite well and happy,' th'e p'are'nts -m'ay hav'e' had no cause to sutspect'hidden trouible, but 'the'doctor is ofteni pained and puzzled and anixious as to what 'he ought to do.The murmur isi'often lou"d-in fact so6me o'f the loudest murmurs are fou'nd in connexion w sually systolic time, l'oudest 'at the base of the 'hea'rt or at the le'ft side of the sternuim,"and often qulte audible'-in th'e b'ack.On' a systolic murmur alon'e 'it is not.'wise" to make'a di'agniosis of thle ex,act lesion-nor is, it necessary.If 'a double murmur is hebar'd at the" base,' running' thr'o'ugShsy'stole andA diastole- the so.calledmill.W'heel murmur--one can with co'nfidence, diagn'ose a pate-n't du'ctu's a'rteriosu's.This is' sometimies talken to be the d'ouble murmu-r -of 'aobrtic dise'aseob ostruetion and regourgitation-but to anyone who is familiar with the characteristic sound of an aortic regurgitant murmur the
Reduced reactive O2 species formation and preserved mitochondrial NADH and [Ca2+] levels during short-term 17 °C ischemia in intact hearts
Authors: M Riess
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

Objective: Different cardioprotective strategies such as ischemic or pharmacologic preconditioning lead to attenuated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury with less mechanical dysfunction and reduced infarct size on reperfusion. Improved mitochondrial function during ischemia as well as on reperfusion is a key feature of cardioprotection. The best reversible cardioprotective strategy is hypothermia. We investigated mitochondrial protection before, during, and after hypothermic ischemia by measuring mitochondrial (m)Ca2+, NADH, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by online spectrophotofluorometry in intact hearts. Methods: A fiberoptic cable was placed against the left ventricle of Langendorff-prepared guinea pig hearts to excite and record transmyocardial fluorescence at the appropriate wavelengths during 37 and 17 °C perfusion and during 30 min ischemia at 37 and 17 °C before 120 min reperfusion/rewarming. Results: Cold perfusion caused significant reversible increases in m[Ca2+], NADH, and ROS. Hypothermia prevented a further increase in m[Ca2+], excess ROS formation and NADH oxidation/reduction imbalance during ischemia, led to a rapid return to preischemic values on warm reperfusion, and preserved cardiac function and tissue viability on reperfusion. Conclusions: Hypothermic perfusion at 17 °C caused moderate and reversible changes in mitochondrial function. However, hypothermia protects during ischemia, as shown by preservation of mitochondrial NADH energy balance and prevention of deleterious increases in m[Ca2+] and ROS formation. The close temporal relations of these factors during cooling and during ischemia suggest a causal link between mCa2+, mitochondrial energy balance, and ROS production.
Optimal parameters for the treatment of leg veins using Nd:YAG lasers at 1064 nm
Authors: W. Bäumler, H. Ulrich, A. Hartl, M. Landthaler, G. Shafirstein
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Background The treatment of large vessels such as leg veins is successfully performed in clinical practice using pulsed Nd:YAG lasers. However, it is still unclear how laser parameters such as wavelength, fluence and pulse duration influence vessel destruction in leg veins. Objectives To elucidate the governing parameters in selective photothermolysis of large vessels. Methods A recently developed mathematical model for photothermolysis has been adapted for the treatment of leg veins. The model was used to analyse the effectiveness of the selective photothermolysis process in laser treatment of leg veins by Nd:YAG at 1064 nm. The efficiency of laser‐induced vessel heating was defined as a ratio between the absorbed and delivered energy. Results The efficiency improved with increasing vessel diameter, in agreement with clinical findings in various studies. The pulse duration made a minor contribution for laser fluences of 100–400 J cm−2, whereas the efficiency was better for a small spot. The use of moderate fluences of 100–200 J cm−2 reduced excess dermis heating and pain. Conclusions We provide reference parameters for optimal treatment of leg veins using Nd:YAG lasers at 1064 nm. Our model predicts a maximal efficiency of a range of fluences (100–200 J cm−2) and pulse durations (10–100 ms).
BAALC-associated gene expression profiles define IGFBP7 as a novel molecular marker in acute leukemia
Authors: S Heesch, C Schlee, M Neumann, A Stroux, A Kühnl, S Schwartz, T Haferlach, N Goekbuget, D Hoelzer, E Thiel, W-K Hofmann, C D Baldus
Journal: Leukemia (2010)
Does sexual selection explain human sex differences in aggression?
Authors: John Archer
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

I argue that the magnitude and nature of sex differences in aggression, their development, causation, and variability, can be better explained by sexual selection than by the alternative biosocial version of social role theory. Thus, sex differences in physical aggression increase with the degree of risk, occur early in life, peak in young adulthood, and are likely to be mediated by greater male impulsiveness, and greater female fear of physical danger. Male variability in physical aggression is consistent with an alternative life history perspective, and context-dependent variability with responses to reproductive competition, although some variability follows the internal and external influences of social roles. Other sex differences, in variance in reproductive output, threat displays, size and strength, maturation rates, and mortality and conception rates, all indicate that male aggression is part of a sexually selected adaptive complex. Physical aggression between partners can be explained using different evolutionary principles, arising from the conflicts of interest between males and females entering a reproductive alliance, combined with variability following differences in societal gender roles. In this case, social roles are particularly important since they enable both the relatively equality in physical aggression between partners from Western nations, and the considerable cross-national variability, to be explained.
Please confirm that the regulations on standardised ("plain") packaging of cigarettes and tobacco products will be published soon
Authors: N. S. Hopkinson, J. Britton, A. Gilmore, J. Moxham, J. R. Ashton
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Smoking related disease remains the main cause of preventable deaths in the UK, killing more than 100 000 people each year. Most smokers start in childhood, and exposure to tobacco marketing is known to increase this risk.1 To protect public health, particularly the health of children at risk of becoming smokers, it is therefore necessary and logical to end the marketing …
Serum Gonadotropins and Steroid Hormones and the Development of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Kathy J. Helzlsouer
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To prospectively examine the association between endogenous hormones and development of ovarian cancer.Nested case-control study.A population-based serum bank in Washington County, Maryland.Serum samples were collected in 1974 from 20305 county residents and stored at -70 degrees C. From 1975 through 1989, a total of 31 cases of ovarian cancer were identified in women who were not taking hormones at the time of blood collection. These cases were matched to 62 controls on age, menopausal status, and, for premenopausal women, number of days from the beginning of the last menstrual period.Prediagnostic endogenous hormone levels of cases and controls were compared.Mean follicle-stimulating hormone levels were lower among cases (43.3 IU/L) compared with controls (54.4 IU/L) (P = .04), and increasing levels were associated with significantly lower risk (P for trend = .01), particularly among postmenopausal women. Luteinizing hormone levels were 9% lower among cases than controls, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = .39). Compared with controls, cases had higher androstenedione levels (4.5 nmol/L vs 3.3 nmol; P = .03) and higher dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels (15.9 nmol/L vs 9.7 nmol/L; P = .02). The risk of ovarian cancer increased with higher levels of androstenedione and DHEA sulfate (P for trend = .008 and .11, respectively). These associations were not materially different between premenopausal and postmenopausal women.The results suggest that women with low serum gonadotropin levels or high androgen levels have an increased risk of ovarian cancer. These findings do not support the hypothesis that pituitary gonadotropins increase the risk of ovarian cancer. Replication of the study in other populations is highly desirable.
Nickel-containing alloys and platings and their ability to cause dermatitis
Authors: C. LIDÉN, T. MENNÉ, D. BURROWS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

A broad range of nickel-containing alloys and coatings used in jewellery, watches and clothes, were patch tested in 100 nickel-sensitive subjects and in 20 nickel-negative controls. Three non-plated stainless-steel alloys tested caused no patch-test reaction. Nickel interliners under gold, silver or chromium plating, as well as nickel-silver and some white-gold alloys, caused positive patch-test reactions. Ear ornaments, wristwatches and buttons were the objects most frequently causing dermatitis. Half the nickel-sensitive participants suspected that they had been sensitized before the age of 20. The results of the study have been used as the basis for developing clinically relevant analytical methods for nickel release. The methods are proposed as European Standards and will be used in the Nickel Directive, an EC regulation aiming at the prevention of nickel allergy.