tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Milk consumption and bone mineral density in middle aged and elderly women
Authors: S Murphy, K-T Khaw, H May, J E Compston
Journal: BMJ (1994)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives</b> : To study the effects of historical milk consumption on current bone mineral density at the hip and spine. <b>Design</b> : Cross sectional study. <b>Subjects</b> : 284 community based women aged 44-74 years recruited from four general practice age-sex registers in Cambridge. Subjects categorised their average milk consumption up to age 25, from age 25-44, and from age 44 to the present time as &gt;=1 glass/day, &lt;1 galss/day but &gt;1 glass/week, or &lt;1 glass/week. <b>Main outcome measures</b> : Bone mineral density at the hip and spine measured by dual energy x ray absorptiometry. Results - Data on milk consumption up to age 25 years were available for 252 women. There was a consistent upward trend in bone mineral density at all sites with increasing historical milk consumption (total hip, femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanter, P&lt;0.05; Ward9s triangle, P=0.005). Adjustment for age and body size did not alter these trends. Milk consumption up to age 25 was a significant independent predictor of bone mineral density at all sites in multiple linear regression analyses controlling for age, body mass index, menopausal status, smoking, ever use of hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptives, physical activity, and alcohol intake. The effects of milk consumption from age 25-44 and from age 44 to the present were similar in direction though not statistically significant. <b>Conclusion</b> : Frequent milk consumption before age 25 favourably influences hip bone mass in middle aged and older women.
Fastest increasing cancer in Scotland, especially in men
Authors: E. J. Junor, G. R. Kerr, D. H. Brewster
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Mehanna and colleagues highlight the increasing incidence of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in the United Kingdom and its likely association with sexually transmitted human papilloma virus (HPV).1 However, by reporting oropharyngeal cancer along with oral cancer the true rate of increase in oropharyngeal cancer is probably being masked.

Using data from the Scottish Cancer Registry, we found that oropharyngeal cancer now has the …
Off-label use of erythropoietin may be harmful, doctors are told
Authors: David Spurgeon
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Poor communication between primary care trusts and GPs is seriously compromising the safety of patients in England, a group of MPs said this week.In its latest report the House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts also warns that 96% of GPs are failing to report dangerous incidents to the National Patient Safety Agency.For its report, which examines the Department of Health's progress in implementing clinical governance in primary care, the committee had taken evidence from the chief executive of the NHS, the deputy chief medical officer, and the NHS's director general of commissioning.Committee chairman Edward Leigh said, "Too many primary care organisations are paying lip service to the principles of the Department of Health's clinical governance agenda.The lines of communication between the primary care trusts, on the one hand, and their GPs and other healthcare contractors, on the other, are defective."He added: "How can we be confident in the NHS's ability to share learning locally and nationally about what can go wrong in health care when only a tiny proportion of GPs-4%-routinely report patient safety events and incidents to the National Patient Safety Agency?"In response to a series of high profile problems in the 1990s, including the Shipman murders and events at the Bristol Royal Infirmary, the health department introduced its 10 year programme to boost patient safety.The centrepiece was the clinical governance system.The new report suggests, however, that clinical governance is not as well established in primary care as in secondary care.The committee says that this is due largely to the complexity of the role of primary care trusts in commissioning and providing care and to the independence of contractors delivering health care, particularly GPs.The Committee of Public Accounts' 47th report of the current session can be found at www. parliament.uk/pac.Primary� care pay�s only� "lip service" to clinical governance, MPs say� UK NEWS Regulator gives green light to research using human-animal embryos, p 531 WoRld NEWS US me�ical authorities are accuse� o�� ��ailing to act over �octors in �uantanamo, p 53� US me�ical authorities are accuse� o�� ��ailing to act over �octors in �uantanamo, p 53� , p 53� bmj.comNumber o�� bipolar �isor�er �iagnoses leaps among US young people Number o�� bipolar �isor�er �iagnoses leaps among US young people
Calcium-induced damage of rat heart mitochondria
Authors: D. R. PARR, J. M. WIMHURST, E. J. HARRIS
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1975)

The damage which may be caused to heart mitochondria by the rapid uptake of calcium when oxygen is restored after a period of anoxia is monitored by the deterioration in phosphorylation performance. Methods of protecting mitochondria from this damage by preventing calcium uptake and by chelating cytoplasmic calcium are considered.
Immune status of children with and without severe infection during remission of malignant disease.
Authors: J Graham-Pole, M L Willoughby, S Aitken, A Ferguson
Journal: BMJ (1975)

The immune status of children with malignant disease in remission was assessed usingvarious immune function tests. Children with infections had significantlymore neutropenia, hypogammaglobulinaemia, and impaired cell-mediated immune responses than those without. These two groups combined had much more absolute lymphopenia and impairment of both cell-mediated immunity and antibody-producing capacity thancontrol children with non-malignant conditions. Regular immunological evaluation isrecommended for children with malignant disease when new intensive treatment schedules are under trial and for individual patients particularly prone to develop infections during treatment.
Precipitation of Cardiac Arrest by Verapamil in Patients with Wolff-ParkinsonWhite Syndrome
Authors: BRIAN McGOVERN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1986)

After the administration of verapamil for rapid tachycardias, five patients developed ventricular fibrillation or required urgent cardioversion. All episodes occurred in hospital emergency rooms, and each patient was resuscitated. Examination of electrocardiograms confirmed the presence of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In four patients, the presenting tachyarrhythmia was atrial fibrillation with preexcited ventricular complexes, and in one patient a narrow QRS complex tachycardia was initially recorded. Acceleration of atrioventricular conduction occurred within 10 minutes of administration of verapamil, 5 to 10 mg intravenously. Subsequently, intracardiac electrophysiologic studies confirmed the presence of accessory atrioventricular pathways capable of rapid antegrade conduction in each patient. Because of this potentially fatal adverse response, verapamil should not be used in patients with atrial fibrillation and preexcited ventricular complexes.
FUNCTIONALLY GOOD RESULTS IN THE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES AS VIEWED BY SKIAGRAPH AND PHOTOGRAPH.
Authors: B. N. TORREY
Journal: JAMA (1900)

By functionally good results, I mean those cases where the patient has good use of the part that has been injured; if it be a leg, he walks without a crutch or cane: if an arm, it can be flexed, extended or rotated sufficiently for practical purposes. In order to more fully demonstrate the difference between the skiagraph and the photograph of functionally good results, I have secured a series of pictures representing fractures of the limbs. These have not all occurred in my practice; a few have been treated by surgeons of reputation. They were not selected with a view of doing honor to the surgeon; had they been, I would have left out the very ones most needed to demonstrate the fact that we may have marked deformity and still have a useful limb. In offering this collection of pictures, representing the different fractures and their conditions as
Breast conserving therapy versus mastectomy for stage I–II breast cancer: 20 year follow-up of the EORTC 10801 phase 3 randomised trial
Authors: Saskia Litière, Gustavo Werutsky, Ian S Fentiman, Emiel Rutgers, Marie-Rose Christiaens, Erik Van Limbergen, Margreet HA Baaijens, Jan Bogaerts, Harry Bartelink
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2012)
How are eczema ‘flares’ defined? A systematic review and recommendation for future studies
Authors: S.M. Langan, J. Schmitt, H.C. Williams, S. Smith, K.S. Thomas
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

Eczema is an important public health problem due to high prevalence and associated morbidity. As a chronic, relapsing disease, the ability to capture disease flares is important when evaluating treatment success, yet it is unclear how flares should be defined. This study systematically reviews and critically appraises the literature defining flares in eczema, and explores methodological and practical aspects of including eczema flares as outcome measures in trials to inform developing an international consensus definition adding details of our own recent experience. A systematic review was undertaken of flare definitions in prospective intervention studies of eczema published up until 14 February 2013. Data were double-extracted. We pre-specified that important characteristics of a good flare definition should include (i) being feasible to collect and (ii) being recorded at the time flare symptoms were experienced. Three hundred and fourteen papers were identified of which 26 included some description of eczema flares. Overall, 22 different flare definitions were used. Flares were included as the primary outcome in 17 studies (65%). Only four studies (15%) used a patient-reported flare definition. No studies fulfilled all of our pre-specified essential characteristics. No validation studies were identified. The wide variation and lack of validation of flare definitions hampers comparison of findings between studies for this chronic, relapsing disease. None of the currently used definitions seem fit for purpose. Further research should establish which aspects of worsening of disease are most important to patients, and how best to capture these data in a way that is valid, reliable and feasible in all clinical and research settings.
Traumatic Injury of the Condyloid Process of the Mandible
Authors: Kurt H. Thoma
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1938)

Abstract   Traumatic injury of the condyloid process frequently results from minor trauma, such as occurs from application of undue force when extracting teeth, or from careless use of the mouth gag under general anesthesia. This often causes an injury involving the joint, capsule or the meniscus, or both, and produces a weakness of the joint that may be associated with an audible noise when eating.  More severe injury may produce dislocation of the mandibular joint. Forward, backward, and upward dislocations are distinguished. Diagnosis is made by clinical signs and x-ray examination. In forward dislocations the treatment is reduction, often under general anesthesia, to effect complete relaxation of the muscles, and the application of an appliance to limit motion for a few weeks. In case of backward and upward dislocations a rubber plate inserted over the teeth may be used to keep the condyle out of the joint fossa until the tissues have been restored to normal.  Fractures of the condyle occur more frequently than statistics indicate. In case of multiple fractures a collum fracture of the mandible may be easily overlooked. Careful x-ray examination from various positions is necessary for a complete diagnosis, as this fracture often is associated with forward, medial, or lateral displacement of the neck of the condyle, or with medial or lateral dislocation of the head of the condyle.  The fracture can generally be reduced by manipulation under ether, after which intermaxillary ligation or the use of a splint is employed to immobilize the jaw. If there is marked displacement of the neck, or in cases of dislocation of the head of the condyle, open reduction may have to be resorted to in order to avoid malocclusion and associated masticatory difficulties. This is effected through an incision along the lower border of the zygomatic arch. The condyle can be pulled into position with a hook while the ramus is pressed down by an assistant.  In cases of traumatic destruction of the joint, or in untreated cases which have become ankylosed, osteoarthrotomy may be indicated.
Judge gives permission for compulsory caesarean sections twice in a week
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2014)

A High Court judge last week gave doctors the go-ahead to compel two women in NHS hospitals in different parts of England to undergo caesarean sections.

Mr Justice Hayden made headlines when he gave permission on Friday 31 January for a physically and mentally ill woman in London to have a caesarean section without her consent—describing it as a “draconian” step that he said happened “extremely rarely.”

But just three days earlier, in a case that received little publicity, he had ruled that doctors at Great Western Hospital in Swindon could force a “highly agitated” 25 year old woman with bipolar disorder to have her first baby delivered by caesarean …
Vocational and Emotional Status of 263 Patients After Heart Surgery
Authors: P. H. BLACHLY, B. J. BLACHLY
Journal: Circulation (1968)

The vocational and emotional status of 263 patients following heart surgery was sampled with a questionnaire mailed to 329 patients thought to be living. Return to work was most clearly related to the duration of unemployment. Age and sex did not influence rate of return to work. The kind of operation had a small but definite influence. A "Law of the Year" stating that if a person is unemployed for more than a year for any reason, the chance of reemployment is poor is proposed. From one third to one half of the patients complained that their "nerves were worse" postoperatively. The number complaining of worsening exceeded those improving by two to five times and was directly related to the type of operation. Most pleasant recollection of the surgical experience was the dedicated attitude of doctors and staff. There was wide diversity of opinion about most unpleasant experiences, but complaints about environmental conditions in the recovery room, noise, unpleasant roommates, and insufficient visitors were minimal. Establishment of a cardiac reconditioning program is recommended, since 41% felt unable to work.
Is the prisoner's dilemma metaphor suitable for altruism? Distinguishing self-control and commitment from altruism
Authors: Elias L. Khalil
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

Rachlin basically marshals three reasons behind his unconventional claim that altruism is a subcategory of self-control and that, hence, the prisoner's dilemma is the appropriate metaphor of altruism. I do not find any of the three reasons convincing. Therefore, the prisoner's dilemma metaphor is unsuitable for explaining altruism.
Hepatic and Intestinal Osteodystrophy and the Hepatobiliary Metabolism of Vitamin D
Authors: RAJIV KUMAR
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

The metabolism of vitamin D3 has been extensively studied over the last 15 years (1). Much has been learned about the formation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the metabolite of vitamin D3 active in the intestine, but little is known about its metabolism or how alterations in such processes may contribute to human disease. This review describes how 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is metabolized in humans and experimental animals, and suggests mechanisms by which diseases affecting the liver and intestine might alter the metabolism of dihydroxylated vitamin D3 compounds and thereby contribute to the bone disease seen in hepatic and intestinal disorders. Vitamin D3
CD36 Deficiency Leads to Choroidal Involution via COX2 Down-Regulation in Rodents
Authors: Marianne Houssier, William Raoul, Sophie Lavalette, Nicole Keller, Xavier Guillonneau, Barbara Baragatti, Laurent Jonet, Jean-Claude Jeanny, Francine Behar-Cohen, Flavio Coceani, Daniel Scherman, Pierre Lachapelle, Huy Ong, Sylvain Chemtob, Florian Sennlaub
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2008)

Background In the Western world, a major cause of blindness is age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Recent research in angiogenesis has furthered the understanding of choroidal neovascularization, which occurs in the "wet" form of AMD. In contrast, very little is known about the mechanisms of the predominant, "dry" form of AMD, which is characterized by retinal atrophy and choroidal involution. The aim of this study is to elucidate the possible implication of the scavenger receptor CD36 in retinal degeneration and choroidal involution, the cardinal features of the dry form of AMD. Methods and Findings We here show that deficiency of CD36, which participates in outer segment (OS) phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in vitro, leads to significant progressive age-related photoreceptor degeneration evaluated histologically at different ages in two rodent models of CD36 invalidation in vivo (Spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) and CD36−/− mice). Furthermore, these animals developed significant age related choroidal involution reflected in a 100%–300% increase in the avascular area of the choriocapillaries measured on vascular corrosion casts of aged animals. We also show that proangiogenic COX2 expression in RPE is stimulated by CD36 activating antibody and that CD36-deficient RPE cells from SHR rats fail to induce COX2 and subsequent vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression upon OS or antibody stimulation in vitro. CD36−/− mice express reduced levels of COX2 and VEGF in vivo, and COX2−/− mice develop progressive choroidal degeneration similar to what is seen in CD36 deficiency. Conclusions CD36 deficiency leads to choroidal involution via COX2 down-regulation in the RPE. These results show a novel molecular mechanism of choroidal degeneration, a key feature of dry AMD. These findings unveil a pathogenic process, to our knowledge previously undescribed, with important implications for the development of new therapies.
Abstract 2779: Withaferin A inhibits the malignant pleural mesothelioma growth <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>
Authors: Huanjie Yang, Ying Wang, Vino T. Cheriyan, Wenjuan Wu, Cindy Qiuzhi Cui, Lisa A. Polin, Harvey I. Pass, Q. Ping Dou, Arun K. Rishi, Anil Wali
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The medicinal plant Withania somnifera has been used for over centuries in Indian Ayurvedic medicine to treat a wide spectrum of disorders. Withaferin A (WA), a bioactive compound that is isolated from this plant, has recently been found to have anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-cancer properties. Here we investigated malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) suppressive effects of WA and the molecular mechanisms involved. WA inhibited growth of the murine as well as patient-derived MPM cells in part by decreasing the chymotryptic activity of the proteasome that resulted in accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. WA suppression of MPM growth also involved elevated apoptosis as evidenced by activation of caspase-3, elevated levels of pro-apoptotic Bax protein and cleavage of poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase. Our studies including gene-array based analyses further revealed that WA suppressed a number of cell growth and metastasis-promoting genes including c-myc. WA treatments also promoted cleavage of vimentin as well as stimulated expression of CARP-1/CCAR1, a novel transducer of cell growth signaling. Knock-down of CARP-1, on the other hand, interfered with vimentin cleavage and MPM growth inhibitory effects of WA. Administration of 5mg/kg WA by daily i.p injections inhibited growth of murine MPM cell-derived tumors in vivo in part by inhibiting proteasome activity and stimulating apoptosis. Together our in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that WA suppresses MPM growth by targeting multiple pathways that include blockage of proteasome activity and stimulation of apoptosis, and thus holds promise as an anti-MPM agent. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2779. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2779
Chronic Arsenic Exposure and Blood Glutathione and Glutathione Disulfide Concentrations in Bangladeshi Adults
Authors: Megan N. Hall, Megan Niedzwiecki, Xinhua Liu, Kristin N. Harper, Shafiul Alam, Vesna Slavkovich, Vesna Ilievski, Diane Levy, Abu B. Siddique, Faruque Parvez, Jacob L. Mey, Alexander van Geen, Joseph Graziano, Mary V. Gamble
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2013)

Background: In vitro and rodent studies have shown that arsenic (As) exposure can deplete glutathione (GSH) and induce oxidative stress. GSH is the primary intracellular antioxidant; it donates an electron to reactive oxygen species, thus producing glutathione disulfide (GSSG). Cysteine (Cys) and cystine (CySS) are the predominant thiol/disulfide redox couple found in human plasma. Arsenic, GSH, and Cys are linked in several ways: a) GSH is synthesized via the transsulfuration pathway, and Cys is the rate-limiting substrate; b) intermediates of the methionine cycle regulate both the transsulfuration pathway and As methylation; c) GSH serves as the electron donor for reduction of arsenate to arsenite; and d) As has a high affinity for sulfhydryl groups and therefore binds to GSH and Cys.Objectives: We tested the hypothesis that As exposure is associated with decreases in GSH and Cys and increases in GSSG and CySS (i.e., a more oxidized environment).Methods: For this cross-sectional study, the Folate and Oxidative Stress Study, we recruited a total of 378 participants from each of five water As concentration categories: < 10 (n = 76), 10–100 (n = 104), 101–200 (n = 86), 201–300 (n = 67), and > 300 µg/L (n = 45). Concentrations of GSH, GSSG, Cys, and CySS were measured using HPLC.Results: An interquartile range (IQR) increase in water As was negatively associated with blood GSH (mean change, –25.4 µmol/L; 95% CI: –45.3, –5.31) and plasma CySS (mean change, –3.00 µmol/L; 95% CI: –4.61, –1.40). We observed similar associations with urine and blood As. There were no significant associations between As exposure and blood GSSG or plasma Cys.Conclusions: The observed associations are consistent with the hypothesis that As may influence concentrations of GSH and other nonprotein sulfhydryls through binding and irreversible loss in bile and/or possibly in urine.Citation: Hall MN, Niedzwiecki M, Liu X, Harper KN, Alam S, Slavkovich V, Ilievski V, Levy D, Siddique AB, Parvez F, Mey JL, van Geen A, Graziano J, Gamble MV. 2013. Chronic arsenic exposure and blood glutathione and glutathione disulfide concentrations in Bangladeshi adults. Environ Health Perspect 121:1068–1074; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205727