tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Saiyid Zafar Husain Zaidi
Authors: Makki H Hameed
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Zafar Zaidi qualified from Lucknow in 1955. After a year's house posts he undertook his specialist paediatric training in Ottawa General Hospital, the Department of Paediatrics at the University of Ottawa, and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, becoming chief resident. He undertook postgraduate studies in London for the diploma in child health and in Edinburgh for the Royal College of Physicians. …
Novel use of dual isotope gated SPECT imaging with low- and high dose dobutamine stress for characterization of stunned, hibernating remodeled and non-viable myocardium
Authors: J. Narula, J. Mishra, S. Dawson, J. Heo, R. Dhawan, A. Amanullah, F. Chaudhry, S. Brozena, A.E. Iskandrian
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Populations and samples
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Researchers investigated the association between use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. In total, 79 899 women enrolled in the Nurses’ Health Study, a prospective cohort study initiated in the United States, provided data biennially from 2000 until June 2008. The primary outcome was time until first hip fracture. The incidence rate of hip fracture was higher among regular users of proton pump inhibitors than among non-users (2.02 versus 1.51 fractures per 1000 person years).1

Which of the following statements, if any, are true?

Statements b and c are true, while …
Metal Stents in Common Bile Duct Strictures Secondary to Chronic Pancreatitis: a ”New” Endoscopic Treatment for an Old Problem
Authors: G. Costamagna, M. Mutignani
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

It has long been recognized that common bile duct (CBD) strictures can arise as a sequela of chronic pancreatitis [1]. However, until the 1970s, this type of CBD stricture was regarded as unusual or was labeled as an insidious disease, due to the difficulty of diagnosis in patients who were often alcohol abusers. In this setting, since proper imaging studies were unavailable, the onset of cholestasis was considered in most cases to be the consequence of the alcoholic damage to the liver. In the past, delayed diagnosis often led to the development of several complications of long-standing cholestasis, such as cholangitis and biliary cirrhosis. Nowadays, the dramatic improvement in pancreaticobiliary imaging modalities allows the physician to make a much earlier diagnosis.
Trial supports earlier screening for Down's syndrome
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The largest study yet to be carried out on serum screening for Down's syndrome has shown that it can be performed accurately during the first trimester of pregnancy, confirming previous findings and backing the opinion of many leading specialists that tests should be carried out earlier.

The study, carried out in the United States, screened 4412 pregnant women (82% aged 35 and over) for serum concentrations of a range of markers associated with Down's syndrome: * fetoprotein, unconjugated oestriol, human chorionic gonadotrophin, the free s subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin, and pregnancy associated protein A. Ultrasound measurements of fetal nuchal translucency—a fold at the back of the neck that is thicker in fetuses with Down's syndrome—were also reported.

Fetal chromosomal analysis identified 61 fetuses with Down's syndrome, while 48 were …
The La Autoantigen Is a Malignancy-Associated Cell Death Target That Is Induced by DNA-Damaging Drugs
Authors: Fares Al-Ejeh, Jocelyn M. Darby, Michael P. Brown
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the La autoantigen as a target for specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) binding in dead cancer cells after use of DNA-damaging chemotherapy. Experimental Design: In vitro studies of La-specific 3B9 mAb binding to malignant and normal primary cells with and without cytotoxic drug treatment were done using immunoblotting and flow cytometry. Chromatin-binding studies and immunofluorescence detection of γH2AX as a marker of DNA double-stranded breaks together with 3B9 binding assays were done to measure DNA damage responses. Incorporation of a transglutaminase 2 (TG2) substrate and TG2 inhibition were studied to measure protein cross-linking in dead cells. Results: La was overexpressed in human cancer cell lines with respect to normal primary cells. Within 3 h of the DNA-damaging stimulus, La became chromatin bound when it colocalized with γH2AX. Later, after the stimulus produced cell death, La-specific 3B9 mAb bound specifically and preferentially in the cytoplasm of dead cancer cells. Moreover, 3B9 binding to dead cancer cells increased with increasing DNA damage. Both La and 3B9 became cross-linked in dead cancer cells via TG2 activity. Conclusion: La autoantigen represents a promising cancer cell death target to determine chemotherapy response because its expression was selectively induced in dead cancer cells after DNA-damaging chemotherapy.
2007 Chronic Angina Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina
Authors: Theodore D. Fraker, Stephan D. Fihn, Raymond J. Gibbons, Jonathan Abrams, Kanu Chatterjee, Jennifer Daley, Prakash C. Deedwania, John S. Douglas, T. Bruce Ferguson, Stephan D. Fihn, Theodore D. Fraker, Julius M. Gardin, Robert A. O’Rourke, Richard C. Pasternak, Sankey V. Williams, Sidney C. Smith, Alice K. Jacobs, Cynthia D. Adams, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Christopher E. Buller, Mark A. Creager, Steven M. Ettinger, Jonathan L. Halperin, Sharon A. Hunt, Harlan M. Krumholz, Frederick G. Kushner, Bruce W. Lytle, Rick Nishimura, Richard L. Page, Barbara Riegel, Lynn G. Tarkington, Clyde W. Yancy
Journal: Circulation (2007)
Management of the Fetus With a Correctable Congenital Defect
Authors: Michael R. Harrison
Journal: JAMA (1981)

THE HUMAN fetus has for centuries remained a medical recluse in an opaque womb. Now fetal anatomy, normal and abnormal, can be accurately delineated by ultrasonography, a noninvasive technique that appears safe for fetus and mother. Some fetal malformations with a known pattern of inheritance may be specifically sought. However, many are identified serendipitously during obstetric sonography, sometimes because the obstetric conditions that lead to sonography are associated with underlying fetal malformations. For example, oligohydramnios is associated with fetal urinary tract obstruction and polyhydramnios with fetal upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract obstruction.<sup>1-4</sup> Until recently, the only question raised by the prenatal diagnosis of a fetal malformation was whether to abort the fetus, but other therapeutic alternatives are becoming available, such as changing the timing of delivery, changing the mode of delivery, and even treatment before birth. Since perinatal management may be altered, prenatal diagnosis now assumes practical clinical importance. In
Abstract B44: Probing the effects of linker flexibility in second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases mimetic dimers and assessing their ability to induce apoptosis in a MDA-MB-231 cell line
Authors: Taz Cheema, Robert Ben, Herman Cheung, Eric LaCasse
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is the most common mechanism of cell death in eukaryotes. The ability of cancer cells to evade and inhibit apoptosis has become a hallmark feature of cancer. This is accomplished through a family of proteins known as the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (lAPs). X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is one of the best characterized lAPs. XIAP suppresses apoptosis by forming complexes with cysteine-aspartic proteases (caspase), in particular caspase −3, −7, and −9 through one of its baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domains. Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) is an antagonist protein released from the mitochondria and into the cytosol, to disrupt the complexes produced between XIAP and caspase. SMAC binds to the BIR domains in XIAP through its tetra-peptide motif, AVPI. Studies have demonstrated that the first and third amino acid positions of this tetra-peptide motif are important for binding, while positions two and four can be modified to increase binding affinity (AXPX). It has also been shown that dimers of SMAC mimetics show greater potency than their monomer counter parts. Previously, our laboratory has synthesized and tested SMAC dimers using three glycine amino acids to link AXPX sequences. These compounds showed very little activity. We also synthesized and tested SMAC dimers comprised of a lysine amino acid, linking two AXPX sequences; these mimetics did display significant activity. In particular an (AKPF)2K sequence showed 50% cell death at 10 uM when combined with death ligand TRAIL. Synthesis of these compounds was conducted using solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) on a polystyrene resin. We hypothesized that flexibility in the linker joining the two AXPX sequences was necessary to increase binding affinity. Consequently several SMAC mimetic dimers built on two different linkers (gamma-amino butyric acid and ornithine), both of which have a four carbon spacer between each terminus, have been prepared and evaluated for activity using a MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. The first series of SMAC mimetic compounds consists of MeAXPX-GABA-MeAXPX amino acid sequence while the second series of SMAC mimetics are comprised of a MeAXPX-Ornithine-XPXMeA amino acid sequence. All data and results, including synthesis, biological assays, and the testing of these compounds will be the major focus of this presentation. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(14 Suppl):B44.
When I use a word...: Quacks
Authors: J. Aronson
Journal: BMJ (1997)

There are several pejorative names for doctors or peddlers of supposedly ineffective medicines, and most of them relate to advertising. Quacks were originally called quacksalvers, supposedly because they “quacked” or boasted about their salves; a mountebank was a man who climbed on to a soapbox (Italian: monte banco) to shout his wares at a fair; and a charlatan was wont to prattle (Italian: ciarlare) about his medicines. On the other hand, an …
Ultrastructural demonstration of histamine in human enterochromaffin like cell granules.
Authors: J Delwaide, M Vivario, J Belaiche, E Louis, R Courtoy, P Gast, J Boniver
Journal: Gut (1991)

graphic brush cytology has proved negative by using a fine spring-loaded Tru-cut needle Biopty gun (Biopty TM, Radiplast, Uppsala), percutaneously under ultrasound guidance.The use of self expanding metal stents was alluded to in the leading article, and a primary indication would be those patients with non- resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma in whom good survival might be expected.There is no evidence that the optimum route of insertion for these metal stents is via the transhepatic route, and there are many advantages in placing metal stents endoscopically.Low strictures Messrs Russell and Rees failed to reference
Meanwhile, Back at the Bedside...
Authors: Oscar Sugar
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Events of the past ten years have confirmed the existence of a syndrome in middle-aged and older patients, consisting of dementia, ataxia or similar gait disturbance, and urinary incontinence, accompanied by normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure. In some cases improvement is obtained when cerebrospinal fluid is removed by lumbar puncture or when it is drained more permanently by diversion into the atrium, or peritoneal or pleural space. However, many more cases are not helped by shunting, and the significant problem has been the proper selection of patients for operation.  A variety of ancillary tests have been used, the most significant of which has been pneumoencephalography. The typical patient with normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) has enlarged ventricles without coexisting widened sulci. If the sulci are enlarged, the enlarged ventricles are usually considered to be a part of the syndrome producing the widened sulci—cerebral atrophy—and most neurosurgeons believe there is little improvement after shunting
MEDICAL AFFAIRS IN THE HEART OF THE ARCTICS.
Authors: N. SENN
Journal: JAMA (1905)

The geographic distribution of disease, the study of primitive races, of their climatic conditions, customs, habits and manner of living as etiologic influences, their methods employed in combatting disease and their resources in the treatment of accidents are subjects which can not fail to interest physicians who are concerned in the progress of their profession and the welfare of humanity the world over. My vacation trip this summer brought me in touch with, and afforded me an excellent opportunity to study, one of the most interesting peoples in the world, the Eskimos of the far north, in the very heart of the Arctic region. These people are scattered in small settlements along the northern part of the west coast of Greenland, extending from Upernavik to Etah, a distance of about 600 miles. Etah is the most northern habitation of the Eskimos. It is in latitude 78° 40' N. and is
Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy—a diagnostic dilemma resolved
Authors: R.C. Holmes, M.M. Black
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

Journal Article Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy—a diagnostic dilemma resolved Get access R.C. Holmes, R.C. Holmes Department of Dermatology, St Thomas'Hospital, London SE1 7EH Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M.M. Black M.M. Black Department of Dermatology, St Thomas'Hospital, London SE1 7EH Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 111, Issue s26, 1 July 1984, Pages 39–40, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb05267.x Published: 01 July 1984
Political and Medical Lessons of Chernobyl
Authors: Christine K. Cassel
Journal: JAMA (1986)

THE ACCIDENT at Chernobyl can be seen in many different perspectives—all of them lessons in some way. One major lesson relevant to every citizen of the world, but especially physicians, is the error of politicizing disaster. Instead of recognizing the sobering fact that a tragedy in the Soviet Union could have happened here, it was often too easy for us in the United States to distance ourselves from the disaster by calling up dehumanizing stereotypes and fallacious assumptions. When the Chernobyl reactor accident was first announced, the American press and media reacted with anti-Soviet sensationalism, not always based on verified information. Americans reassured themselves that the Soviets had less technological sophistication than we. The public and the press repeated the technical phrase that the graphite-core reactor did not have a containment vessel, with the implication that this unacceptable risk showed the Soviet lack of concern for human life. There was
Law for the Physician
Authors: George E. Hall
Journal: JAMA (1967)

The last six years have produced nearly as many worthwhile text-books on the general subject of law and medicine as were produced in the preceding quarter of a century. Consequently, it is becoming more and more difficult to find something different in each succeeding offering. Nearly all of them provide a physician with a good basic understanding of medical licensure, malpractice, expert testimony, and civil procedure. But this book has several additional merits. It is new enough to include some of the medicolegal problems connected with the Medicare law. It contains a more extensive discussion of the medicolegal problems of organ transplants than any of the other recent books. The chapter on organ transplants contains suggested medicolegal forms for a physician to use when requesting a kidney transplant, removing a kidney for transplantation, or performing an autopsy and when requesting removal of specific organs after death for scientific purposes. Dr.
The Harveian Lecture ON SOME NEW THERAPEUTIC METHODS IN DERMATOLOGY: Delivered before the Harveian Society of London
Authors: M. Morris
Journal: BMJ (1905)

AFTER thanking the Society for the honour of being invited to give the lecture, Mr. Morris proceeded as follows:]Probably in no province of medical practice has greater progress been made recently than in dermatology.Measured by years, it is little more than a century since John Hunter classified skin diseases into those that mercury could cure, those that sulphur could cure, and those that the devil himself could not cure, and only about half as long since Erasmus Wilson treated them according to the general formula: arsenic inside and zinc ointment outside.The dermatologist of the present day looks upon these primitive methods with something of the pity which moved that scientific warrior, Major Dugald Dalgetty, when he found hiimself among men who fought with bows and arrows.But the very abundance and complexity of our therapeutic armaments tend to make the effective use of them in particular cases a matter of some difficulty.My purpose on this occasion is not to describe these modern methods in detail or to discuss fully the theories as to their mode of action which have been advanced.It will, I think, be more profitable to pass in rapid review the most important of them, and, while briefly indicating the special advantages
Thrombotic microangiopathy complicating pegylated interferon treatment of hepatitis C infection
Authors: Deena Iskander, Melissa Wickremasinghe, Barbara J. Bain
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2011)

A 69-year-old man with Type II diabetes mellitus and essential hypertension was found to have hepatitis C infection. Apart from a low serum albumin, his liver and renal function and blood count were normal. He was started on subcutaneous peginterferon alfa-2a (180 and subsequently 135 μg weekly) and oral ribavirin (200 mg bd). After 2 months, he presented to our hospital with chest pain and increasing dyspnea. He was afebrile, and a chest radiograph showed extensive bilateral reticulonodular opacification, confirmed on computed tomography. Bronchoscopy showed no evidence of bacterial, viral, or fungal infection on culture and PCR studies and a diagnosis of interferon-induced pneumonitis were made. Lung function deteriorated, and by day 7 he was significantly hypoxic and required noninvasive ventilation. High dose methylprednisolone was commenced with some improvement in respiratory function. However, by day 10, hemoglobin concentration had dropped from 10.6 g/dl to 6.6 g/dl with the platelet count being stable at 117 × 109/l. A 2-unit blood transfusion was given. By day 13 renal function had deteriorated significantly (creatinine 183 μmol/l) and urine tested positive for blood and protein; urinary protein was 5.9 g in 24 hr. Complement components C3 and C4 were normal, and no cryoglobulin was detected. Bilirubin, which had been 4 μmol/l on admission, had risen to 39 μmol/l. Lactate dehydrogenase was 2,505 iu/l. A blood film had been normal on admission but now showed numerous red cell fragments (image). The patient remained afebrile throughout and without neurological impairment. A diagnosis of hemolytic uremic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (HUS/TTP) was made. Despite plasma exchange the patient continued to deteriorate and died on day 14 from admission. An assay of ADAMTS13 activity was subsequently found to be 76% (normal range 60–123%). Thrombotic microangiopathy (both atypical HUS and TTP) is a recognized complication of interferon therapy for hepatitis C infection; both interferon alpha and pegylated interferon alpha have been implicated. TTP has also been described, although rarely, in untreated hepatitis C infection. Some previously reported patients have had a reduction of ADAMTS13 and an ADAMTS13 inhibitor. In others, no assay was done. In our patient, ADAMTS13 was normal, and strict criteria for a diagnosis of TTP were therefore not met. The final diagnosis was thrombotic microangiopathy secondary to interferon therapy for hepatitis C infection.
The rise of atopy and links to infection
Authors: J M. Hopkin
Journal: Allergy (2002)

Atopy is the state of allergy to common environmental antigens. Genetic and environmental factors promote the disorder. The impressive rise in prevalence, mainly centred on socio‐economically developed communites around the world, emphasizes the potent action of environmental factors in moulding this immune disorder which is characterized by inadequately restrained Th‐2 immune mechanisms and IgE production. Reversing the epidemiological trend depends on our identifying the major environmental inputs and acting against these. As yet, the nature of these environmental factors remains to be clarified. Candidate factors include changes in diet, chemical air pollution and microbial exposures in developed countries. This article limits its scope to changing microbial exposures as a potential mechanism. (a) It records epidemiological data that have associated atopic status with less natural exposure to pathogens, parasites and commensal micro‐organisms, but with more exposure to certain antibiotics and public health immunizations in early life. (b) It records studies in mice that support the concept that certain microbial exposures can inhibit experimental allergy. (c) It considers potential immune mechanisms for such an action, including the possibility that certain natural infections promote immune regulatory processes that can restrain atopy. It is concluded that the hypothesis that changing patterns of microbial exposure may have promoted the rise in atopy is viable, and that exciting possibilities for reversing the rise of atopy may be derived from further studies.
Airways hyperreactivity and cellular accumulation in a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in the mouse. Modulation by capsaicin-sensitive nerves.
Authors: T L Buckley, F P Nijkamp
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of capsaicin-sensitive nerves in a pulmonary delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. Mice (Balb/c) were skin-sensitized with dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB; 0.5%, 100 microliters) on two consecutive days and challenged intranasally 5 days later with dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (0.6%, 50 microliters). Sensitized mice exhibited tracheal hyperreactivity to carbachol 24 and 48 h after challenge; however, no hyperreactivity was observed 2 h after challenge. At 24 h, but not at 48 h, hyperreactivity was associated with antigen-specific lymphocyte accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Capsaicin pretreatment, resulting in the depletion of sensory neuropeptides, virtually abolished hyperreactivity to carbachol 24 and 48 h after challenge in sensitized mice. Although at 24 h after challenge the lymphocyte population was elevated in the BALF collected from capsaicin-pretreated mice, this accumulation was not antigen-specific. Additionally, there was an increase in polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation (neutrophils and eosinophils) in the BALF collected from capsaicin-pretreated mice at this time point, but this increase was more profound in the sensitized group. In summary, tracheal hyperreactivity and cellular accumulation are prominent features of the lymphocyte-associated DTH reaction induced by DNFB in the mouse lung. Evidence presented in this report highlights the possible importance of sensory neuropeptides in pulmonary inflammation and airways hyperreactivity.