tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A MECHANICAL LARYNX
Authors: E. I. McKesson
Journal: JAMA (1927)

This instrument enables a patient whose larynx has been removed because of carcinoma to speak with a voice approaching the normal in volume and quality. A neck piece is held in place by means of the collar, to which it is attached by an ordinary collar button. A rubber tube connects the neck piece with the trumpet, and a tube from the trumpet conducts the sound into the mouth. To speak, the neck piece is pressed gently against the neck, and air is blown through the trumpet, setting up a sound resembling the normal voice. This sound is conducted into the mouth, where it is formed into words. Some training and practice are required to produce the consonants, while the vowels are easily elicited at once. Practice is required to obtain inflection. The general idea is old, but this instrument embodies several new principles which have resulted in a more
Transcultural Psychiatry in the Caribbean: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: ERIC D. WITTKOWER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1970)

The author surveys cultural psychiatric research in the Caribbean Islands. After an ethnographic introduction to the area, he deals with observations concerning the frequency, distribution, and symptomatology of mental disorders, reasons for differences in disorders between the Caribbean and other cultural areas and among Caribbean subcultures, and special problems encountered by psychiatrists practicing or doing research in this area. Disorders of special interest are alcoholism and possession states. The author outlines problems that offer themselves for future research.
The Second Sickness: Contradictions of Capitalist Health Care.
Authors: Howard Waitzkin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

Chapter 1 List of Figures and Tables Chapter 2 Preface to the Second Edition Chapter 3 Preface to the First Edition and Acknowledgments Part 4 I: Medicine, Social Structure, and Social Pathology Chapter 5 1. Health Care, Social Contradictions, and the Dilemmas of Reform Chapter 6 2. Social Structures of Medical Oppression Chapter 7 3. The Social Origins of Illness: A Neglected History Part 8 II: Problems in Contemporary Health Care Chapter 9 4. Technology, Health Costs, and the Structure of Private Profit Chapter 10 5. Social Medicine and the Community Chapter 11 6. The Micropolitics of the Doctor-Patient Relationship Part 12 III: Policy, Practice, and Social Change Chapter 13 7. Medicine and Social Change: Lessons from Chile and Cuba Chapter 14 8. Conclusion: Health Praxis, Reform, and Political Struggle Chapter 15 Notes Chapter 16 Selected Bibliography Chapter 17 Index Chapter 18 About the Author
The Therapeutic Potential of Fetal and Neonatal Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Eliane Gluckman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

The transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells is being used to treat thousands of adults and children with life-threatening hematologic diseases. In the absence of a suitable HLA-identical sibling donor, possible alternatives are mismatched related or matched unrelated donors. But with cells from these donors, major and minor histocompatibility differences, which often go unrecognized by current matching tests, are a frequent cause of post-transplantation complications, graft failure, graft-versus-host disease, and delayed immune reconstitution. In the absence of a perfectly matched donor, several means of circumventing the HLA barrier are possible. Some of these depend on the special hematologic and immunologic . . .
Advances and Retreats in the Protection of Children
Authors: Richard D. Krugman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

Much of our ability to recognize child abuse depends on the findings of diagnostic radiology. Although the physical abuse of children has been recognized in various forms for many centuries,1 modernday awareness of the problem can be traced to Caffey's 1946 article, "Multiple Fractures in the Long Bones of Infants Suffering from Chronic Subdural Hematoma."2 This paper led to increased medical, social, and legal interest in the traumatic injuries deliberately inflicted on children. Attention to the problem has escalated dramatically since the appearance in 1962 of "The Battered-Child Syndrome,"3 a multidisciplinary paper by Kempe et al. This paper used a . . .
WAR PSYCHOSES OCCURRING IN CASES WITH A DEFINITE HISTORY OF SHELL SHOCK
Authors: R. Eager
Journal: BMJ (1918)

This rule requires qlualification.It meanls electricity and miassage in unskilled hands, and not in those of the skilled physician, to whom electricity is most useful in.demonstrating to thet patient that his muscles will act i! he has confidence ad will makce ibb effotiz
The effects of isoproterenol and ouabain on oxygen consumption, lactate production, and the activation of phosphorylase in coronary artery smooth muscle.
Authors: R J Paul
Journal: Circulation Research (1983)

In previous work, oxidative metabolism in vascular smooth muscle was found to be correlated with isometric force; aerobic lactate production, however, was found to be substantial and correlated with Na-K transport processes (Paul et al., 1979; Paul, 1980). In this work, the role of glycogen phosphorylase in this unusual functional compartmentalization of of vascular energy metabolism was investigated. Isometric force, oxygen consumption, lactate production, and the level of phosphorylase activity were measured in porcine coronary arterial segments. For comparison with previous studies, phosphorylase activity was also measured in rabbit aorta. Added potassium chloride induced a contracture in which oxygen consumption, lactate production, and phosphorylase activity all increased. Ouabain also induced a contracture, and an increase in oxygen consumption and phosphorylase activity. However, lactate production was inhibited. Isoproterenol, when added to a potassium chloride-induced contracture, elicited a relaxation in isometric force, and oxygen consumption returned to basal levels; however, lactate production and phosphorylase activity remained at the previously elevated levels. Isoproterenol alone had only marginal effects on all parameters studied. The results indicate that the role of phosphorylase in vascular metabolism is complex and unlikely to be a rate-limiting factor for the observed aerobic glycolysis. The high levels of phosphorylase activity observed in the absence of actomyosin interaction support a mechanism of beta-adrenergic relaxation in which the sensitivity of actin-myosin interaction to calcium ion is decreased.
Fas-mediated cytotoxicity by freshly isolated natural killer cells.
Authors: H Arase, N Arase, T Saito
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1995)

The expression of Fas ligand on natural killer (NK) cells and Fas-mediated cytotoxicity by NK cells was investigated. Fas ligand mRNA was expressed in freshly isolated NK cells but not in T cells. Furthermore, the Fas ligand was detected on the cell surface of NK cells by staining with soluble Fas molecule. We analyzed the cytolytic activity of NK cells against thymocyte targets from normal and lpr mice, and found that the NK cells killed thymocytes from normal mice but not from lpr mice. On the other hand, splenic T cells did not show any cytotoxicity against either of the thymocyte targets. Similarly, NK cells exhibited cytotoxicity against transfectants expressing Fas antigen but not against parental cells or transfectants expressing a mutant Fas antigen with deleted cytoplasmic region. These results demonstrated that NK cells express Fas ligand and possess the capability of killing target cells expressing Fas antigen on their surface. This finding suggests that NK cells play an important role by eliminating Fas-expressing cells either constitutively or inducibly in peripheral lymphoid organs.
Electro-encephalography during Pathological Sleep
Authors: W. G. Walter, G. M. Griffiths, S. Nevin
Journal: BMJ (1939)

IMEDICAL JOURNAL is a worth-while procedure, the next step is to apply it to doubtful cases of arthritis of other joints.Valls describes cases of disease in the elbow and wrist with positive findings in the epitrochlear gland.In September, 1938, I obtained a positive result from an inguinal gland in a case of disease in the ankle and from an external iliac gland in a case of hip disease.Mlr.H. Osmond Clarke tells me that he has had considerable experience of this last investigation: I confirm his opinion that it is a justi- fiable procedure, for a gland can be removed extraperiton- eally through a very small incision. SummaryThe diagnosis of tuberculous disease of a joint at an early stage is often a difficult problem.A positive diag- nosis, at any rate in disease of the knee, may often be obtained by pathologicalexamination of the regional lymph glands.A negative finding cannot be accepted as conclusive.The merit of the method is its simplicity and safety.
Hydrogen peroxide release from mouse peritoneal macrophages: dependence on sequential activation and triggering.
Authors: C F Nathan, R K Root
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1977)

Using a specific and sensitive fluorometric assay, the H2O2 release from as few as 2 X 10(5) mouse peritoneal macrophages could be detected continuously and quantitated. It is emphasized that the assay measured H2O2 release, not production. Induction of H2O2 release required sequential application of two stimuli: the administration of an activating agent to the mice from 4 days to 10 wk before all harvest, and the exposure of the cells in vitro to a triggering agent. BCG was most effective as an activating agent, resulting in peritoneal macrophages which could be triggered to release H2O2 almost as copiously (8 nmol/10(6) macrophages per 5 min) as mouse peritoneal PMN (9 NMOL/10(6) PMN per 5 min). Casein and C. parvum could also serve as activators, but thioglycollate and FCS were ineffective after single injections. PMA was a potent triggering agent, resulting in a maximal rate of H2O2 release after a latency of about 40 s for cells in suspension. Other triggering agents included the ionophore A23187, concanavalin A in the presence of cytochalasin B, and phagocytosis. H2O2 release could be attributed to macrophages and PMN in peritoneal cell suspensions or in preparations of adherent peritoneal cells, but not to lymphocytes. Indirect evidence suggested that the H2O2 detected was formed from superoxide anion. These observations appear to justify renewed interest in the idea that H2O2 may be important in macrohpage antimicrobial and antitumor mechanisms.
Field Dependency, Brain Asymmetry and Psychophysiological Differences
Authors: Albert J. Silverman
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1979)

Field dependent individuals differ psychologically from field independent subjects. They use more primitive defense mechanisms, and are more responsive to social forces around them than field independent subjects. Psychophysiological differences exist between these groups which will be reviewed. Obesity and alcoholism are also related to field dependency, as well as other psychosomatic disorders. Our series of experiments show that field dependent subjects are less left cerebrally dominant, and show most elements (in subclinical form) of a left cerebral lobe (Gerstmann's) syndrome. Implications for psychosomatic medicine are noted in the psychophysiological differences seen.
Increased Dermal Mast Cell Populations in Progressive Systemic Sclerosis: A Link in Chronic Fibrosis?
Authors: ROBERT A. HAWKINS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

Dermal collagen deposition is the hallmark of the early indurative phase of progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). This process, however, tends to remit in late stages of the disease. Because mast cells are believed to participate in the development of fibrotic processes, we measured the density of the cutaneous mast cell population in clinically involved and uninvolved skin of a group of patients with scleroderma. Mast cell counts in clinically involved skin of patients with early stages of scleroderma (111 ±28 [SD] cells/mm2) were significantly greater than those in clinically uninvolved skin of the same patients (58 ±26 cells/mm2) and also greater than those of normal controls (50 ±14 cells/ mm2). Mast cell counts in clinically involved and uninvolved skin of patients with late scleroderma were normal. When mast cell density was analyzed by depth of dermis, an 85% increase was noted in involved papillary dermis and a 152% increase in involved reticular dermis in patients with early scleroderma when compared with densities in controls. These results suggest that mast cells may be important in the pathogenesis of the early cutaneous lesions of progressive systemic sclerosis, perhaps by promoting fibrosis.
ACCURATE CARDIAC FUNCTION ASSESSMENT DURING TIMING BOLUS PHASE OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY: VALIDATION STUDY
Authors: Naser Ahmadi, Vahid Nabavi Larijani, Fereshteh Hajsadeghi, Michael Baskett, Ajay Bahandari, Sulekha Ramayya, Danielle Katz, Michael Katz, Shahin Moshrefi, Ferdinand Flores, Ramin Ebrahimi, Matthew Budoff
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
SCLEROSING OBSTRUCTIVE PERITONITIS, BETA-BLOCKERS, AND CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
Authors: Nils Grefberg, Per Nilsson, Thomas Andreen, D. Hauglustaine, J. Monballyu, J.Van Meerbeek, P. Goddeeris, J. Lauwerijns, P. Michielsen
Journal: The Lancet (1983)
Treatment of neutropenia-related fungal infections with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-elicited white blood cell transfusions: a pilot study
Authors: MC Dignani, EJ Anaissie, JP Hester, S O’Brien, SE Vartivarian, JH Rex, H Kantarjian, DB Jendiroba, B Lichtiger, BS Andersson, EJ Freireich
Journal: Leukemia (1997)
Health in the Developing World
Authors: Edem Ekwo
Journal: JAMA (1975)

To the Editor.—  Dr. Tavassoli's article (230:1527, 1974), which stresses the inability of modern medicine to improve the health of people in the developing world, demonstrates the important point that physicians acquire knowledge in the fields of history, sociology, and social anthropology, and must increasingly apply this knowledge to health care provision. The author cites the following reasons for the failure: (1) much of modern medicine is irrelevant; (2) medical progress is too far removed from the greater number of the population for them to be impressed, and they may even distrust it or hold it in contempt; (3) training does not suit the needs and the problems and physicians, so the trained tend to migrate; (4) there is lack of infrastructure; and (5) the majority of the population is rural, widely scattered, and not easily reached by modern technology. He sees further hope in the Chinese system of pyramidal
Acute Hypoxia Enhances Spontaneous Lymph Node Metastasis in an Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Cervical Carcinoma
Authors: Rob A. Cairns, Richard P. Hill
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract An orthotopic mouse model of cervical carcinoma has been used to investigate the relationship between acute (cyclic) hypoxia and spontaneous lymph node metastasis in vivo. The human cervical carcinoma cell line ME-180 was stably transfected to express the fluorescent protein DsRed2, which allowed the in vivo optical monitoring of tumor growth and metastasis by fluorescent microscopy. The surgically implanted primary tumors metastasize initially to local lymph nodes and later to lung, a pattern consistent with the clinical course of the disease. The effect of acute hypoxia on the growth and spread of these tumors was examined by exposing tumor-bearing mice to treatment consisting of exposure to 12 cycles of 10 min 7% O2 followed by 10 min air (total 4 h) daily during tumor growth. After 21 days, the tumors were excised, lymph node and lung metastases were quantified, and the hypoxic fraction and relative vascular area of the primary tumors were assessed by immunohistochemical staining for the hypoxic marker drug EF5 [2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) acetamide] and the vascular marker CD31, respectively. In untreated mice, the primary tumor size was directly correlated with lymph node metastatic burden. The acute hypoxia treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the size of the primary tumors at the time of excision. However, the mice in the acute hypoxia group had an increased number of positive lymph nodes (2–4) as compared with control mice (1–3). Lung metastasis was not affected. The acute hypoxia treatment also decreased the relative vascular area in the primary tumors but did not affect the hypoxic fraction. These results suggest that fluctuating oxygenation in cervical carcinoma tumors may reduce tumor growth rate, but it may also enhance the ability of tumor cells to metastasize to local lymph nodes.
A Three‐Layer Immunoradiometric Assay for Determination of IgG Subclass Antibodies in Human Sera (“IgG Subclass RAST”)
Authors: R. Djurup, I Søndergaard, C. G. M. Magnusson, B. Weeke
Journal: Allergy (1984)

We report the development of a three‐layer immunoradiometric assay (TIRA) for measurement of IgG antibodies of all four subclasses in human sera. The first layer consists of diluted human serum, the second layer is monoclonal mouse antibodies to human IgG subclasses., and the third layer is 125 I‐labelled rabbit anti‐mouse IgG. Monoclonal anti‐IgG1. anti‐IgC3 and anti‐IgG4 reacted only with their complementary IgG subclass, whereas the anti‐lgG2 showed slight cross‐reactivity to immunoglobins of other subclasses and classes and to light chain proteins. The observed cross‐reactivity was found to be without importance, when the TIRA was applied to measurement of IgG subclass antibodies. Equipotency was established by use of appropriate dilutions of the monoclonal antibodies, and the assay was calibrated by use of human reference serum. The TIRA therefore permits reliable inter‐individual and intra‐individual comparisons of the IgG antibody response in all four subclasses. Von‐sped fie binding obtained with pooled normal human serum was below 0.33′#. Inter‐assay coefficient of variation was between 18 and 27%, The TIRA was applied to measurement of IgG subclass antibodies to timothy grass pollen in sera from grass pollen allergies undergoing immunotherapy.
Contribution of adenosine A2 receptors and cyclic adenosine monophosphate to protective ischemic preconditioning of sinusoidal endothelial cells against storage/reperfusion injury in rat livers
Authors: Masahiro Arai, Ronald G. Thurman, John J. Lemasters
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

A brief period of liver ischemia decreases sinusoidal endothelial cell killing after cold liver storage and improves graft survival after liver transplantation, a phenomenon called ischemic preconditioning. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of sinusoidal endothelial cell protection after ischemic preconditioning. Livers were preconditioned by 5 minutes of ischemia and 5 minutes of reperfusion. Subsequently, livers were stored for 30 hours in cold University of Wisconsin (UW) solution and reperfused briefly with physiological buffer containing Trypan blue. Ischemic preconditioning decreased sinusoidal endothelial cell killing after storage/reperfusion, as assessed by Trypan blue staining of nonparenchymal cells. Adenosine A 2 receptor blockade prevented the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning. By contrast, adenosine A 1 receptor blockade did not prevent protective ischemic preconditioning. Other rat livers were treated with adenosine A 1 and A 2 receptor agonists or dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (DB-cAMP) before storage. The adenosine A 2 receptor agonist, CGS-21680, and DB-cAMP decreased sinusoidal endothelial cell killing to the same extent as ischemic preconditioning, but the adenosine A 1 receptor agonist, 2-chloro- N 6 -cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), had no effect. The adenosine A 2 agonist and prostaglandin E 2 , another agent that preconditions sinusoidal endothelial cells against storage/reperfusion injury, but not the adenosine A 1 agonist, increased cAMP levels in cultured sinusoidal endothelial cells. In conclusion, an adenosine A 2 receptor pathway coupled to increased cAMP mediates sinusoidal endothelial cell protection by ischemic preconditioning.
INTRASPINAL THERAPY OF NEUROSYPHILIS
Authors: ROBERT R. KIERLAND
Journal: JAMA (1941)

A great number of articles in the literature from 1910 until the early 1930's attest the value of intraspinal methods in the treatment of neurosyphilis. However, since the advent and ensuing favor of various other measures, this method of therapy gradually has been discarded by many syphilotherapists and we think unjustifiably so. In appraisal of the methods of treatment dealt with in three papers from the Cooperative Clinical Group,<sup>27</sup>it must be remembered that the various forms of supplemental therapy in general were used only after routine therapy had failed and many of the patients had more than one type of supplemental treatment. The conclusions that were reached in the aforementioned papers, therefore, do not constitute a true comparative evaluation of the symptoms of treatment but rather constitute contrast of one method with another when simpler methods failed to produce the desired clinical and serologic results. For example, a comparison
Oxidant damage of the lipids and proteins of the erythrocyte membranes in unstable hemoglobin disease. Evidence for the role of lipid peroxidation.
Authors: T P Flynn, D W Allen, G J Johnson, J G White
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1983)

Since unstable hemoglobins have been considered a source of reactive oxygen radicals, and oxidative membrane damage a prehemolytic event, we examined the erythrocyte membranes of six patients (three splenectomized) with hemoglobin Köln disease. In the hydrogen peroxide stress test, the patients' erythrocytes generated more than twice the malonyldialdehyde (a lipid peroxidative product) than control erythrocytes. Fluorescence spectra of lipid extracts of the patients' erythrocytes showed an excitation maximum at 400 nm and an emission maximum of 460 nm, characteristic of malonyldialdehyde lipid adducts. Two types of membrane polypeptide aggregates were found in the erythrocytes of the splenectomized patients. The first, which were dissociable by treatment with mercaptoethanol, contained disulfide-linked spectrin, band 3 and globin. The second, not dissociable by mercaptoethanol, had an amino acid composition similar to that of erythrocyte membranes and spectrin (unlike globin) and like that of aggregates produced by the action of malonyldialdehyde on normal erythrocyte membranes. Atomic absorption spectroscopy of hemoglobin Köln erythrocytes showed no increase in calcium content implying that these cross-links were not due to calcium-stimulated transglutaminase. Using a micropipette technique, we demonstrated that erythrocytes containing membrane aggregates from splenectomized patients were less deformable while aggregate-free erythrocytes from non-splenectomized patients had normal deformability. We conclude that the erythrocyte membranes in hemoglobin Köln disease show evidence of lipid peroxidation with production of malonyldialdehyde, and that the nondissociable membrane aggregates formed in this disease are likely cross-linked by malonyldialdehyde. Because the erythrocytes containing membrane aggregates from splenectomized patients with unstable hemoglobin disease show decreased membrane deformability, we hypothesize that this abnormality results in premature erythrocyte destruction in vivo.
Incomplete T-cell receptor–β peptides target the mitochondrion and induce apoptosis
Authors: Nir Shani, Hila Rubin-Lifshitz, Yifat Peretz-Cohen, Ketty Shkolnik, Vera Shinder, Michal Cohen-Sfady, Yaron Shav-Tal, Mira Barda-Saad, Dov Zipori
Journal: Blood (2008)