Urinary tract infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: A.G Mowat, T.E Hothersall, J.C Gould
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1970)

<h3></h3> Pain management after total hip arthroplasty (HA) is achallenge with « fast track surgery » programs: how can we provide the best analgesia and make our patients walk quickly after surgery? Different techniques are available today for analgesia after HA, with many studies being published. HA can be performed in emergency (old polypathologic patients) or as a scheduled surgery. The surgical approach can be anterior or postero-lateral: no differences have been found today between those 2 techniques in terms of orthopedic outcomes. Pain management is different between primary HA and HA reintervention. We will not speak about anesthesia and about hip fracture here. Pain management after HA is highly related to the possibility to prescribe an efficient multimodal analgesia: - for patients who have no contra-indications to paracetamol, NSAID, nefopam…: what is the place for local infiltration (LA) or regional anesthesia (RA)? - for older patients who can not receive NSAIDs and present a high risk of morphin side-effects = what are the different RA and LA techniques today? <h3>RA techniques</h3> The innervation of the hip depends on the lumbar plexus (femoral and obturator nerves) for the anterior surface, and the sacral plexus (sciatic nerve) for the posterior surface. <i>Sciatic Nerve Block:</i> The risk of injury to the sciatic nerve during hip surgery is known and relatively common (1 to 3%): the realization of a sciatic nerve block should not be systematic, but reserved for patients with a favorable benefit/risk ratio. <i>Femoral Nerve Block:</i> The block of the femoral nerve can not provide the whole analgesia of the hip (only anterior). Old studies showed that femoral nerve block was only providing a better analgesia than placebo in the first 4 hours.<sup>3</sup> Most of those studies were retrospective and using ‘blind’ puncture or neurostimulation. More recent studies found that femoral nerve block was not better that infiltration for the 24 first hours, and even had more side effects.<sup>2</sup> Moreover, the motor blockade associatyed is a limitation to early deambulation for patients after HA.<sup>8</sup> <i>Fascia Iliaca Comportment Block (FICB):</i> FICB provides is an analgesic option for HA. The evidence supporting FICB is still not well established. A recent meta analysis showed that FICB could be used to reduce pain up to 24 h, total morphine consumption, and length of hospital stay (but no difference was found after 24 hours).<sup>5</sup> Nevertheless, a similar meta analysis showed that this superiority was probably shorter and limited to the 12 first postoperative hours.<sup>6</sup> However, when compared with spinal analgesia, a recent study showed that it was less effective for the morphine consumption of the first 24 hours<sup>4</sup> and no difference was found between FICB and femoral nerve block in a meta analysis.<sup>7</sup> <i>Lumbar Posterior Block (LBP):</i> LBP used to be considered as a gold standard for HA, but its risks of neurological and hemorragic complications still remind.<sup>9</sup> In a recent meta-analysis about all pain techniques after HA (including RA techniques, infiltration, IV morphine and NSAID), the authours found no differences between all techniques for analgesia after HA from H12 to H24. The only interesting differences found were a positive difference for the first 12 hours for spinal anesthesia patients, and for lumbar plexus block for the first 48 hours.<sup>1</sup> But, a study showed that it was as efficient as a femoral block,<sup>8</sup> which is definitely a less dangerous RA technique. <i>Obturator Nerve Block:</i> Although some teams associate it with femoral nerve block and have good results, a recent study showed that the obturator nerve block alone did not provide a significant reduction in postoperative opioid consumption versus placebo,<sup>13</sup> although it did not reduce the ability to deambulate for the patients. <i>Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Block:</i> It seems to moderately reduce pain scores after THA,<sup>14</sup> but those trials did not include a systematic good multimodal analgesia. An other study confirmed that when this multimodal analgesia was provided, there was no added analgesic effect of a LFCN-block when combined with paracetamol and ibuprofen after THA by the posterior approach.<sup>15</sup> <i>Quadratus Lumborum Block (QLB)</i>: It was recently discovered in cadaveric studies, that injecting from transmuscular QLB can spread to the lumbar plexus. A recent study suggests that transmuscular QLB provides similar analgesia to LPB following HA for the first 24 hours.<sup>16</sup> Many studies are nowadays published, showing its efficiency.<sup>20</sup> Three techniques of QLB have been described: the QLB 3 (performed between the lumbar square and the psoas muscle next to L4) seems to be appropriate and successfull for HA analgesia by some teams.<sup>17 18</sup> We must however remain cautious about this recent technique, which requires to be studied in order to find a place in the therapeutic strategy.<sup>19</sup> <i>Pericapsular Nerve Group (Peng) Block:</i> This technique was described in 2018<sup>20</sup> and is actually an ulttrasound guided infiltration realised by the anesthesiologist (not the surgeon) before the surgery starts. It seems to be efficient but no comparative study has been published yet. <h3>Infiltrations</h3> Surgical infiltration involves injecting a large volume of products around the acetabulum, joint capsule and into adjacent muscles. The results on postoperative analgesia and morphine consumption are contrasted. We speak here about periarticular infiltration (PAI) and not wound infiltration, which does not reduce morphine consumption compared with placebo.<sup>22</sup> Surgical infiltration has been of great interest since 2008 and the description of the technique by Kerr,<sup>23</sup> with 3 injections of a total volume of 50 to 70 ml. Many authors have since taken over and modified the technique, and the literature is wide and disparate. Some meta-analyzes found a significant decrease in early postoperative pain at rest and mobilization as well as a decrease in morphine consumption; but this effect is no longer found after 24 hours<sup>24</sup> and is not clinically important (a few miligrams of morphine only). Some papers showed that periarticular Infiltration (PAI) seems to be almost as efficient as posterior lombar plexus block<sup>11</sup> and femoral nerve block.<sup>2 25</sup> However, other meta-analyzes found no difference in efficacy on postoperative pain between infiltration and balanced multimodal analgesia.<sup>12</sup> <h3>Conclusion</h3> Compared to systemic analgesia alone, there is moderate–quality evidence that peripheral nerve blocks reduce postoperative pain.<sup>10</sup> Local infiltration is as efficient as some RA techniques and allows the patient to deambulate. Good systemic multimodal analgesia (when no contra indications) seems to be as efficient as RA ou infiltration for a primary hip surgery. RA should be used for patients with CI to systemic analgesics and with complicated surgeries. <h3>References</h3> Liu P, Wu Y, Liang Z, Deng Y, Meng Q.Oct Comparing the efficacy of pain managements after total hip arthroplasty: A network meta-analysis. <i>J Cell Biochem</i> 2019 Mar;120(3):4342–4354. Kuchálik J, Magnuson A, Lundin A, Gupta A. Local infiltration analgesia or femoral nerve block for postoperative pain management in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. A randomized, double-blind study.). <i>Scand J Pain</i> 2017 Jul;16:223–230. Fournier R, Van Gessel E, Gaggero G, Boccovi S, Forster A, Gamulin Z. Postoperative analgesia with «3-in-1» femoral nerve block after prosthetic hip surgery. <i>Can J Anaesth</i> 1998;45:34–8 Kearns R, Macfarlane A, Grant A, Puxty K, Harrison P, Shaw M, Anderson K, Kinsella J. A randomised, controlled, double blind, non-inferiority trial of ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca block vs. spinal morphine for analgesia after primary hip arthroplasty. <i>Anaesthesia</i> 2016 Dec;71(12):1431–1440. Zhang XY, Ma JB. The efficacy of fascia iliaca compartment block for pain control after total hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. <i>J Orthop Surg Res</i> 2019 Jan 25;14(1):33. Gao Y, Tan H, Sun R, Zhu J. Fascia iliaca compartment block reduces pain and opioid consumption after total hip arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>Int J Surg</i> 2019 May;65:70–79. Wang X, Sun Y, Wang L, Hao X. Femoral nerve block versus fascia iliaca block for pain control in total knee and hip arthroplasty: A meta-analysis from randomized controlled trials. <i>Medicine (Baltimore)</i>. 2017 Jul;96(27):e7382. Ilfeld BM, Mariano ER, Madison SJ, Loland VJ, Sandhu NS, Suresh PJ, Bishop ML, Kim TE, Donohue MC, Kulidjian AA, Ball ST. Continuous femoral versus posterior lumbar plexus nerve blocks for analgesia after hiparthroplasty: a randomized, controlled study. <i>Anesth Analg</i> 2011 Oct;113(4):897–903. Njathi CW, Johnson RL, Laughlin RS, Schroeder DR, Jacob AK, Kopp SL. Complications After Continuous Posterior Lumbar Plexus Blockade for Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2017 Jul/Aug;42(4):446–450. Guay J, Johnson RL, Kopp S. Nerve blocks or no nerve blocks for pain control after elective hip replacement (arthroplasty) surgery in adults. <i>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</i> 2017 Oct 31;10. Johnson RL, Amundson AW, Abdel MP, Sviggum HP, Mabry TM, Mantilla CB, Schroeder DR, Pagnano MW, Kopp SL. Continuous Posterior Lumbar Plexus Nerve Block Versus Periarticular Injection with Ropivacaine or Liposomal Bupivacaine for Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Three-Arm Randomized Clinical Trial. <i>J Bone Joint Surg Am</i> 2017 Nov 1;99(21):1836–1845. Lunn TH, Husted H, Solgaard S, Kristensen BB, Otte KS, Kjersgaard AG, Gaarn-Larsen L, Kehlet H. Intraoperative local infiltration analgesia for early analgesia after total hip arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. 2011 Sep-Oct;36(5):424–9. Nielsen ND, Runge C, Clemmesen L, Børglum J, Mikkelsen LR, Larsen JR, Nielsen TD, Søballe K, Bendtsen TF. An Obturator Nerve Block does not Alleviate Postoperative Pain after Total Hip Arthroplasty: a Randomized Clinical Trial. <i>RAPM</i> 2019 Jan 23. Thybo KH, Mathiesen O, Dahl JB, Schmidt H, Hägi-Pedersen D. Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block after total hip arthroplasty: a randomised trial. <i>Acta Anaesthesiol Scand</i> 2016 Oct;60(9):1297–305. Thybo KH, Schmidt H, Hägi-Pedersen D. Effect of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve-block on pain after total hip arthroplasty: a randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. <i>BMC Anesthesiol</i> 2016 Mar 23;16:21. Adhikary SD, Short AJ, El-Boghdadly K, Abdelmalak MJ, Chin KJ. Transmuscular quadratus lumborum versus lumbar plexus block for total hip arthroplasty: A retrospective propensity score matched cohort study. <i>J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol</i> 2018 Jul-Sep;34(3):372–378. Ueshima H, Yoshiyama S, Otake H. The ultrasound-guided continuous transmuscular quadratus lumborum block is an effective analgesia for total hip arthroplasty. <i>J Clin Anesth</i> 2016;31:35. La Colla L, Ben-David B, Merman R. Quadratus Lumborum Block as an Alternative to Lumbar Plexus Block for Hip Surgery: A Report of 2 Cases. <i>A A Case Rep</i> 2017;8:4–6. Ueshima H, Otake H, Lin JA. Ultrasound-Guided Quadratus Lumborum Block: An Updated Review of Anatomy and Techniques. <i>Biomed Res Int</i> 2017;2017:2752876. He J, Zheng XQ, Luo CH, Huang ZX, He WY, Wang HB, Yang CX. [Effects and safety of quadratus lumborum block in analgesia after hip arthroplasty]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2018 Feb 27;98(8):565–569. Girón-Arango L, Peng PWH, Chin KJ, Brull R, Perlas A. Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) Block for Hip Fracture. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018 Nov;43(8):859–863. Villatte G, Engels E, Erivan R, Mulliez A, Caumon N, Boisgard S, Descamps S. Effect of local anaesthetic wound infiltration on acute pain and bleeding after primary total hip arthroplasty: the EDIPO randomised controlled study. <i>Int Orthop</i> 2016 Nov;40(11):2255–2260. . Kerr DR, Kohan L. Local infiltration analgesia: a technique for the control of acute postoperative pain following knee and hip surgery: a case study of 325 patients. <i>Acta Orthop</i> 2008;79:174–83. Yin JB, Cui GB, Mi MS, Du YX, Wu SX, Li YQ, et al. Local infiltration analgesia for postoperative pain after hip arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>J Pain</i> 2014;15:781–99. Zhang LK, Ma JX, Kuang MJ, Ma XL. Comparison of Periarticular Local Infiltration Analgesia With Femoral Nerve Block for Total Knee Arthroplasty: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. <i>J Arthroplasty</i> 2018 Jun;33(6):1972–1978.