tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Induction of Rapid Atherogenesis by Perivascular Carotid Collar Placement in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient and Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Deficient Mice
Authors: Jan H. von der Thüsen, Theo J.C. van Berkel, Erik A.L. Biessen
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Perivascular collar placement has been used as a means for localized atherosclerosis induction in a variety of experimental animal species. In mice, however, atherosclerosis-like lesions have thus far not been obtained by this method. The aim of this study was the development of a mouse model of rapid, site-controlled atherogenesis.Silastic collars were placed around the carotid arteries of apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) and LDL receptor-deficient (LDLr-/-) mice. The development of collar-induced lesions was found to occur predominantly in the area proximal to the collar and to be dependent on a high-cholesterol diet. Lesions were evident in apoE-/- mice after 3 weeks and in LDLr-/- mice after 6 weeks and were overtly atherosclerotic in appearance. Lumen stenosis reached 85% in apoE-/- mice and 61% in LDLr-/- mice 6 weeks after collar insertion. Expression levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were increased both proximal and distal to the collar, whereas endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression was downregulated at the proximal site.We propose that this model of collar-induced acceleration of carotid atherogenesis is of hemodynamic cause. It may serve as a substrate for sequential mechanistic studies concerned with the underlying cause and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The rapidity of lesion development will also aid the efficient screening of new potentially antiatherogenic chemical entities and the evaluation of therapies with limited duration of effectiveness, such as adenoviral gene therapy.
Body Size and Risk for Clinical Fractures in Older Women
Authors: Karen L. Margolis, Kristine E. Ensrud, Pamela J. Schreiner, Holly K. Tabor
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Background: Small body size predicts hip fractures in older women. Objective: To test the hypothesis that small body size predicts the risk for other clinical fractures. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Population-based listings in four areas of the United States. Patients: 8059 ambulatory nonblack women 65 years of age or older. Measurements: Weight, weight change since 25 years of age, body mass index, lean body mass and percent body fat, and nonspine fractures during 6.4 years of follow-up. Results: Compared with women in the highest quartile of weight, women in the lowest quartile had relative risks of 2.0 (95% CI, 1.5 to 2.8) for hip fractures, 2.3 (CI, 1.1 to 4.7) for pelvis fractures, and 2.4 (CI, 1.5 to 3.9) for rib fractures. Adjustment for total-hip bone mineral density eliminated the elevated risk. Results were similar for other body size measures. Smaller body size was not a risk factor for humerus, elbow, wrist, ankle, or foot fractures. Conclusions: Total body weight is useful in the prediction of hip, pelvis, and rib fractures when bone mineral density has not been measured. *For investigators in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group, see Appendix.
Regional Distribution of Catecholamines in the Dog Heart
Authors: EVANGELOS T. ANGELAKOS, Ronald W. Millard
Journal: Circulation Research (1965)

The concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E) and dopamine (DA) were determined in dog hearts, each divided into a total of 18 parts. The concentration of NE was found to be significantly (three times) higher in the atria than in the ventricles while smaller differences existed within various subdivisions. In particular, the left atrial body had a lower concentration than other atrial tissue. The same was true of the left ventricular apex as compared to the base. No significant differences in NE were observed between the average concentrations in epicardial vs. endocardial layers of left ventricle, nor in the S-A or A-V node areas vs. surrounding tissues. The concentration of DA was also higher in atria than in ventricles. However there was no consistent correlation between NE and DA concentrations in the various atrial and ventricular parts. In the ventricles, DA was higher in left than in right ventricle and still higher in the A-V node region. In the atria DA was highest in the S-A node region and least in the atrial body. Both right and left atrial appendages contained high DA concentrations especially in their upper parts. In these parts and in the S-A node region the DA concentration was nearly equal to or slightly higher than that of NE. In most other areas DA was one-fifth to one-tenth the NE concentration. By contrast E was present in very low concentrations amounting on the average to less than 5% the amount of NE in the same tissue. No distinct pattern of E distribution in various parts of the heart could be established. It is concluded that no sample of the heart can be considered as representative of the entire organ, and that the catecholamine content of the entire heart cannot be taken as reflecting the concentrations in various specific areas.
Diagnosis and Management of Liver Disease
Authors: I T Gilmore
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Ed Ralph Kirsch, Simon Robson, Charles Trey Chapman and Hall, £29.95, pp 327 ISBN 0412575701

Patients with liver disease occupy only a small fraction of the working week of a general physician, even one specialising in gastroenterology. This gives limited opportunity for the physician to gain expertise, yet patients often present with compelling and dramatic symptoms, such as variceal haemorrhage, that need rapid and accurate management. As a result, clinicians are often uneasy dealing with liver disease, where there have been rapid advances both in understanding …
Cardiac Effects of Isoproterenol, Norepinephrine and Epinephrine in Complete A-V Heart Block During Experimental Acidosis and Hyperkalemia
Authors: SANTIAGO V. GUZMAN, ANTONIO C. DELEON, JAMES W. WEST, SAMUEL BELLET
Journal: Circulation Research (1959)

Acidosis was found to diminish the effectiveness of various sympathomimetic amines (isoproterenol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) in increasing the idioventricular rate in dogs with experimentally induced complete A-V heart block. This diminution was correlated with the degree of acidosis (metabolic and respiratory). Hyperkalemia without significant pH change had no such effect.
Mood changes in puerperium, and plasma tryptophan and cortisol concentrations.
Authors: S L Handley, T L Dunn, J M Baker, C Cockshott, S Gould
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Eighteen women aged 18-31 years were studied daily during the second to fifth postpartum days to assess mood changes and plasma tryptophan and cortisol concentrations. Psychiatric rating scales, clinical interviews, and published biochemical methods were used. Over the period plasma free tryptophan concentrations tended to rise and plasma cortisol concentrations to decline. There was a positive correlation between plasma free tryptophan concentrations and mood state.
Infected pulmonary sequestration caused by Mycobacterium kansasii
Authors: S H Lin
Journal: Thorax (2005)

VEGF in idiopathic ILDSimler et al raise an interesting possibility of the prognostic value of plasma VEGF in interstitial lung disease. 1 Meyer et al 2 in a previous study did not find any difference in serum VEGF165 levels in patients with diffuse parenchymal lung disease.It would have been interesting to know the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid levels of VEGF in these patients as Meyer et al 2 and Koyama et al 3 have shown reduced BAL fluid VEGF levels in interstitial lung disease.This might simply reflect damage to the alveolar epithelium (a known major source) in this disease or, indeed, VEGF may have an important role in the pathogenesis of interstitial disease.Interestingly, VEGF receptor blockade has been shown to lead to an induction of apoptosis and an emphysema-like histological appearance in rats but with no evidence of fibrosis or inflammatory cells. 4 In addition, it is interesting to speculate on the cellular source of the increased plasma levels of VEGF in the more fibrotic patients.Could this represent alveolar-capillary membrane damage with leakage of intra-alveolar VEGF which is known to be compartmentalised and hence lower BAL fluid levels as described in the previous studies? 5Or does it represent an inflammatory cell source of systemic VEGF correlating with an inflammatory response that is here associated with a poorer outcome?Or is there some other mechanism?Finally, Koyama et al 3 have shown that smokers also have reduced BAL fluid levels of VEGF and this may be of relevance (if intrapulmonary VEGF is postulated as having a role in this disease), given that the patients with desquamative interstitial pneumonia had all smoked compared with 50% of those with non-specific interstitial pneumonia and only 20% of the controls.
Abstract 18326: p38MAPK is a Novel Negative Regulator for Smooth Muscle Differentiation
Authors: Xiaochun Long, Sarah Cowan, Joseph Miano
Journal: Circulation (2011)

p38MAPK belongs to members of the MAPK family which can be activated by various environmental stressors and inflammatory cytokines. While more and more studies have defined the critical roles of p38MAPK in different biological processes involving cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis, its actual contribution to smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation is largely unexplored. Using the mouse complete carotid artery ligation model, we found both total p38 and phosphorylated p38 to be predominantly located in the neointima of the vessel wall where SMCs undergo hyper-proliferation and SMC differentiation is compromised, suggesting a negative regulatory role of p38MAPK in SMC differentiation. To test this hypothesis, we applied siRNA studies in primary human coronary artery SMC (HCASM) cultures and examined SMC contractile gene expression. Depletion of p38MAPK evoked a dramatic increase in SMC contractile gene expression. The stimulatory effect of SMC contractile gene expression upon knockdown of p38MAPK was reproduced in a variety of SMC culture models including human aortic SMCs, rat aortic SMCs, PAC1 cells and primary human myofibroblasts. Consistent with the siRNA studies, cotransfecting p38 with its upstream kinase MKK3 or MMK6 abolished promoter activity of several SMC-restricted genes, while little effect was found with the dominant negative mutants of p38. Furthermore, adenovirus carrying the constitutively active MKK6 completely abrogated TGF-beta1 induced SMC differentiation as assessed by Western blotting and immunfluorescence mirocsopy, indicating that phosphorylated p38 is required for the repressive effect of p38MAPK in SMC differentiation. Interestingly, in HCASMs, we found myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTFA) was mainly located in the nucleus when the endogenous p38MAPK was knocked down; conversely, over-expression of constitutively active MKK6 was found to shift the majority of MRTFA to the cytoplasm of HCASMs, suggesting that phosphorylated p38MAPK is able to block nuclear import of MRTFA in SMCs. Taken together, our studies revealed an unexpected role for p38MAPK in the negative regulation of SMC differentiation.
Hemocyanin Suggests a Close Relationship of Remipedia and Hexapoda
Authors: B. Ertas, B. M. von Reumont, J.-W. Wagele, B. Misof, T. Burmester
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2009)

The Remipedia are enigmatic crustaceans from anchialine cave systems, first described only 30 years ago, whose phylogenetic affinities are as yet unresolved. Here we report the sequence of hemocyanin from Speleonectes tulumensis Yager, 1987 (Remipedia, Speleonectidae). This is the first proof of the presence of this type of respiratory protein in a crustacean taxon other than Malacostraca. Speleonectes tulumensis hemocyanin consists of multiple distinct (at least three) subunits (StuHc1–3; Hc, hemocyanin). Surprisingly, the sequences are most similar to hexapod hemocyanins. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the S. tulumensis hemocyanin subunits StuHc1 and StuHc3 associate with the type 1 hexapod hemocyanin subunits, whereas StuHc2 associates with the type 2 subunits of hexapods. Together, remipede and hexapod hemocyanins are in the sister-group position to the hemocyanins of malacostracan crustaceans. Hemocyanins provide no indication of a close relationship of Myriapoda and Hexapoda but support Pancrustacea (Crustacea + Hexapoda). Our results also suggest that Crustacea are paraphyletic and that Hexapoda may have evolved from a Remipedia-like ancestor. Thus, Remipedia occupy a key position for the understanding of the evolution of hexapods, which are and have been one of the world's most speciose lineage of animals.
Heart disease and stroke statistics--2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association.
Authors: Véronique L. Roger, Alan S. Go, Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, Emelia J. Benjamin, Jarett D. Berry, William B. Borden, Dawn M. Bravata, Shifan Dai, Earl S. Ford, Caroline S. Fox, Heather J. Fullerton, Cathleen Gillespie, Susan M. Hailpern, John A. Heit, Virginia J. Howard, Brett M. Kissela, Steven J. Kittner, Daniel T. Lackland, Judith H. Lichtman, Lynda D. Lisabeth, Diane M. Makuc, Gregory M. Marcus, Ariane Marelli, David B. Matchar, Claudia S. Moy, Dariush Mozaffarian, Michael E. Mussolino, Graham Nichol, Nina P. Paynter, Elsayed Z. Soliman, Paul D. Sorlie, Nona Sotoodehnia, Tanya N. Turan, Salim S. Virani, Nathan D. Wong, Daniel Woo, Melanie B. Turner
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e3

1.  About These Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e7

2.  American Heart Association's 2020 Impact Goals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e10

3.  Cardiovascular Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e21

4.  Subclinical Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e45

5.  Coronary Heart Disease, Acute Coronary Syndrome, and Angina Pectoris . . . . . . . . .e54

6.  Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e68

7.  High Blood Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .e88

8.  Congenital Cardiovascular Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e97

9.  Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e102

10. Disorders …
Partner reduction and the prevention of HIV/AIDS
Authors: David Wilson
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The most effective strategies come from within communities 

In an era of increasingly complex HIV/AIDS analyses and responses, Shelton et al reaffirm the simple truth that without multiple sexual partnerships, an HIV epidemic would not occur and that by extension partner reduction is the most obvious, yet paradoxically neglected, approach to the prevention of HIV (p 891).1 They note that in the ABC model for preventing AIDS/HIV (abstinence, or deferred sexual inception—A, be faithful, or partner reduction—B, and condom use—C), sexual deferral and condom use have persuasive advocates but partner reduction does not.

Their analysis of the vital part played by partner reduction in reducing HIV infection in Western gay communities, Uganda, and Thailand is timely. We face a crisis in HIV prevention. The successes in Uganda and Thailand occurred 15 years ago, and in the intervening period no national declines of similar clarity or scope have occurred. Similarly, in HIV prevention research, the heady days of the Mwanza sexually transmitted infections trial were succeeded by the disappointing findings (albeit explicable) in the more ambitious Rakai sexually transmitted infections trial, the Masaka triplet IEC (information, education, and communication) and sexually transmitted infections trial, and most distressingly, the recent Mwanza adolescent trial.2–5 Shelton et al's analysis may help …
Distribution of methotrexate in rat tissues
Authors: P.C.H. NEWBOLD
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1974)

Journal Article Distribution of methotrexate in rat tissues Get access P.C.H. NEWBOLD P.C.H. NEWBOLD Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Medical School, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QL Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 90, Issue 6, 1 June 1974, Pages 669–677, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1974.tb06696.x Published: 01 June 1974 Article history Accepted: 04 September 1973 Published: 01 June 1974
Iatrogenic Pneumothorax Following Pneumonectomy
Authors: Roland S. Summers
Journal: JAMA (1972)

To the Editor.—  Although usually well tolerated, pneumothorax may be lethal in patients with only one lung.1Because pneumothorax may occur during various diagnostic procedures, one should be fully prepared to manage this complication in patients with compromised pulmonary function.  Report of Cases.—Case 1.—  A 56-year-old woman was hospitalized in 1972 because of progressive dyspnea. In 1952, following an upper-respiratory tract infection, a diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome was made, with numerous exacerbations and remissions in the intervening years. In 1967, bronchoscopy was performed because of a poorly resolving pneumonia; malignant cells were found and a left pneumonectomy was performed. The diagnosis was Hodgkin's disease and cobalt therapy was administered. In 1969, she was hospitalized again for increasing dyspnea. Electromyographic studies were compatible with a myasthenia-like syndrome (Lambert-Eaton), presumably due to a malignant neoplasm superimposed on the residue of the Guillain-Barre syndrome.  At the time of her present
Letter: Penicillamine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: J Percy, A S Russell
Journal: BMJ (1973)

sounds and cannot be silenced until the oxygen runs out of the cylinder or pipeline completely.The button can be reset when a full cylinder is installed or pipeline pressure re-established.The patient failsafe system consists of pipelines connected from the oxygen regulators to each of the other gas regulators, the oxygen pressure acting in place of the usual spring.When oxygen fails the regulators shut off.At the same time as the supply of gases is cut of from the patient an inspiratory valve (which is normally kept closed by these gases) is allowed to vent to atmosphere, en- suring that the patient can still breathe.-I
Attacks on refugee camps escalate humanitarian crisis in South Sudan
Authors: P. Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Khartoum’s bombing of refugee camps in South Sudan has led to a withdrawal of aid workers and widespread concerns of an escalating humanitarian crisis. The attacks have drawn international condemnation amid fears of a return to full scale war between north and south.

Sudan initially denied the latest attack, prompting the US ambassador to the United Nations, Susan Rice, to tell the UN Security Council: “This is not the only such bombing in recent days, but it is incontrovertible. And the fact that the representative of the government of Sudan came to the council and blatantly lied is quite disturbing to the United States and to many other members of …
Joint protection and rehabilitation in chronic rheumatic disorders
Authors: G. Hopkins
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1987)

This study was not planned in a double blind fashion, so it is not possible to ascertain the degree of bias in the interpretation of the ultrasound scan.Ultrasound scanning could be used as a readily available, low cost, high safety and high accuracy method in suspected Achilles tendon injuries and in the immediate and late post-operative periods of surgically treated injuries for follow-up purposes.
186 PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS: SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF LOW DOSAGE OF ENOXAPARIN
Authors: A.M. Pellicelli, P. Guarascio, C. D'Ambrosio, A.E. Lusi, R. Villani, L. Fondacaro, G. Cerasari, G. Liotta, G. Vennarecci, R. Santoro, G.M. Ettorre, A. Andreoli
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
The Provision of Health Services:A Challenge for the Future
Authors: IVAN L. BENNETT
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

Burgeoning costs of Medicare and Medicaid have focused attention upon the paradox of the economics of medical care. The anachronistic practices of "cost-reimbursement" and "multiple pricing" for hospital services and the need for a surrogate "profit" incentive to increase productivity in this nonprofit sector are discussed. It is the responsibility of both administrators and physicians to understand these economic facts and to support political efforts to achieve reform. Without basic restructuring of health economics, continuing increase in costs and concomitant erosion of the profession's image are predictable and inevitable. The joint endeavor by medicine and government that is absolutely essential to solve the nation's health problems will be possible only if our profession learns to understand and respect the constraints within which political decisions can be taken in today's complex and changing society.
Hyperinsulinemia in African-American Adolescents Compared With Their American White Peers Despite Similar Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Tamara S. Hannon, Fida Bacha, Yan Lin, Silva A. Arslanian
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

African-American (AA) children are hyperinsulinemic and insulin resistant compared with American white (AW) children. Previously, we demonstrated that insulin secretion relative to insulin sensitivity was approximately 75% higher in AA compared with AW children, suggesting that hyperinsulinemia in AA children is not merely a compensatory response to lower insulin sensitivity. The aim of the present investigation was to assess whether glucose-stimulated insulin response is higher in AA versus AW adolescents who have comparable in vivo insulin sensitivity.
The Glioma-Polyposis Syndrome
Authors: Fred A. Baughman, Carl F. List, John R. Williams, James P. Muldoon, Joseph M. Segarra, James S. Volkel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

FAMILIAL polyposis of the colon may be associated with osteomas, fibromas and sebaceous cysts in the Gardner syndrome,1 with endocrine adenomatosis2 and with brain tumors.3 The association with brain tumors was reported by Turcot et al.3 in 1959. To our knowledge the family reported herein (Fig. 1) is the second example of this syndrome.Case ReportCase 1. D.F. (B.M.H. 49262), a 12-year-old girl, was hospitalized on August 8, 1965, 2 weeks after a seizure involving the right arm and leg. She also complained of frontal headache and diarrhea. Her father, who was 47, and her mother, who was 41, . . .
Calcium Metabolism and the Bone
Authors: Smith Freeman
Journal: JAMA (1961)

This book represents a complete, up to date discussion of calcium metabolism and its relation to the skeleton in health and disease. The subject matter is carefully organized, well documented by an extensive bibliography, and has a sufficiently complete index to make points of interest readily accessible to the reader. This book, as the author states in the introduction, is primarily intended for the clinician or specialist who is interested in the diagnosis and management of disorders involving calcium metabolism. However, the clinical findings presented are related to a background of old and recent research, so that the reader whose interests are primarily academic may still encounter many points of interest concerning calcium metabolism. This book is divided into 3 sections. The first provides a physiological and biochemical basis for the current concepts of calcium metabolism in relation to bone. The second section is concerned with diseases that alter the
Polygenic control of autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice
Authors: S. Ghosh, S.M. Palmer, N.R. Rodrigues, H.J. Cordell, C.M. Hearne, R.J. Cornall, J.-B. Prins, P. McShane, G.M. Lathrop, L.B. Peterson, L.S. Wicker, J.A. Todd
Journal: Nature Genetics (1993)