tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Inpatient deaths from acute myocardial infarction, 1982-92: analysis of data in the Nottingham heart attack register
Authors: N. Brown, T. Young, D. Gray, A. M Skene, J. R Hampton
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To assess longitudinal trends in admissions, management, and inpatient mortality from acute myocardial infarction over 10 years. <b>Design:</b> Retrospective analysis based on the Nottingham heart attack register. <b>Setting:</b> Two district general hospitals serving a defined urban and rural population. <b>Subjects:</b> All patients admitted with a confirmed acute myocardial infarction during 1982-4 and 1989-92 (excluding 1991, when data were not collected). <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Numbers of patients, background characteristics, time from onset of symptoms to admission, ward of admission, treatment, and inpatient mortality. <b>Results:</b> Admissions with acute myocardial infarction increased from 719 cases in 1982 to 960 in 1992. The mean age increased from 62.1 years to 66.6 years (P&lt;0.001), the duration of stay fell from 8.7 days to 7.2 days (P&lt;0.001), and the proportion of patients aged 75 years and over admitted to a coronary care unit increased significantly from 29.1% to 61.2%. A higher proportion of patients were admitted to hospital within 6 hours of onset of their symptoms in 1989-92 than in 1982-4, but 15% were still admitted after the time window for thrombolysis. Use of ß blockers increased threefold between 1982 and 1992, aspirin was used in over 70% of patients after 1989, and thrombolytic use increased 1.3-fold between 1989 and 1992. Age and sex adjusted odds ratios for inpatient mortality remained unchanged over the study period. <b>Conclusions:</b> Despite an increasing uptake of the "proved" treatments, inpatient mortality from myocardial infarction did not change between 1982 and 1992. <h3>Key messages</h3> During 1982-92 major changes in management of myocardial infarction in an unselected population have been guided by the results of randomised trials Adjusted odds ratios for deaths in hospital from acute myocardial infarction did not change over this period despite an overall fall in recorded deaths from ischaemic heart disease in Nottingham The use of existing treatments needs to be optimised and new management strategies need to be introduced if inpatient mortality from myocardial infarction is to be reduced
Histological Evidence of Tumour Rejection After Active Immunotherapy in Human Malignant Disease
Authors: G. Taylor, J. L. I. Odili
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Active immunotherapy with multiple doses of tumour homogenate incorporated in complete Freund adjuvant was used to treat 12 patients with advanced malignant disease. Evidence of some tumour destruction was observed in 10. Improvement in general clinical condition and the disappearance of symptoms referable to tumour occurred in seven of the patients. The duration of improvement varied considerably. Histological evidence of lymphocytic infiltration, necrosis, and fibrous replacement of tumour tissue is presented.
THE ANTIRICKETTSIAL EFFECT OF THIONINE DYES
Authors: Osler L. Peterson, John P. Fox
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1947)

Methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue (TB) when administered in maximum tolerated oral doses to mice and to cotton rats are highly effective in preventing the usual lethal outcome of intraperitoneally induced infections with R. orientalis. This activity is manifest even when dye administration is delayed until a systemic infection has been well established. Methylene blue is also effective in cerebral infections in mice. The toxicity of MB, however, limits parenteral (subcutaneous) administration of the dye to dosage levels which are much less effective than the maximum tolerated oral levels. The inability of mice to tolerate an adequately effective parenteral dose of MB suggests that the properties of the dye responsible for its toxicity may be separated from those upon which its antirickettsial effect depends. The relationship between the response of mice to oral treatment with MB and such factors as the size of the infecting dose and the times of initiation and of withdrawal of treatment may be summarized as follows: 1. With a constant infecting dose, the time of initiation of treatment largely determines the degree of therapeutic effect. 2. The interval after infection beyond which further treatment does not increase the survival rate depends not upon the previous duration of treatment but upon the size of the infecting dose. Paradoxically, treatment can be discontinued sooner after a massive infecting dose than after a smaller one.
Evaluating perinatal mortality rates: effects of referral and case mix.
Authors: M Clarke, E S Mason, J MacVicar, D G Clayton
Journal: BMJ (1993)

OBJECTIVE--To evaluate perinatal mortality rates as a method of auditing obstetric and neonatal care after account had been taken of transfer between hospitals during pregnancy and case mix. DESIGN--Case-control study of perinatal deaths. SETTING--Leicestershire health district. SUBJECTS--1179 singleton perinatal deaths and their selected live born controls among 114,362 singleton births to women whose place of residence was Leicestershire during 1978-87. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Crude perinatal mortality rates and rates adjusted for case mix. RESULTS--An estimated 11,701 of the 28,750 women booked for delivery in general practitioner maternity units were transferred to consultant units during their pregnancy. These 11,701 women had a high perinatal mortality rate (16.8/1000 deliveries). Perinatal mortality rates by place of booking showed little difference between general practitioner units (8.8/1000) and consultant units (9.3-11.7/1000). Perinatal mortality rates by place of delivery, however, showed substantial differences between general practitioner units (3.3/1000) and consultant units (9.4-12.6/1000) because of the selective referral of high risk women from general practitioner units to consultant units. Adjustment for risk factors made little difference to the rates except when the subset of deaths due to immaturity was adjusted for birth weight. CONCLUSION--Perinatal mortality rates should be adjusted for case mix and referral patterns to get a meaningful result. Even when this is done it is difficult to compare the effectiveness of hospital units with perinatal mortality rates because of the increasingly small subset of perinatal deaths that are amenable to medical intervention.
Ectopic expression of TAL-1 protein in Ly-6E.1-htal-1transgenic mice induces defects in B- and T-lymphoid differentiation
Authors: Nicolas Goardon, Annette Schuh, Iman Hajar, Xiaoqian Ma, Hélène Jouault, Elaine Dzierzak, Paul-Henri Roméo, Leı̈la Maouche-Chrétien
Journal: Blood (2002)
Sulfonation and Molecular Action
Authors: Charles A. Strott
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2002)

The sulfonation of endogenous molecules is a pervasive biological phenomenon that is not always easily understood, and although it is increasingly recognized as a function of fundamental importance, there remain areas in which significant cognizance is still lacking or at most minimal. This is particularly true in the field of endocrinology, in which the sulfoconjugation of hormones is a widespread occurrence that is only partially, if at all, appreciated. In the realm of steroid/sterol sulfoconjugation, the discovery of a novel gene that utilizes an alternative exon 1 to encode for two sulfotransferase isoforms, one of which sulfonates cholesterol and the other pregnenolone, has been an important advance. This is significant because cholesterol sulfate plays a crucial role in physiological systems such as keratinocyte differentiation and development of the skin barrier, and pregnenolone sulfate is now acknowledged as an important neurosteroid. The sulfonation of thyroglobulin and thyroid hormones has been extensively investigated and, although this transformation is better understood, there remain areas of incomplete comprehension. The sulfonation of catecholamines is a prevalent modification that has been extensively studied but, unfortunately, remains poorly understood. The sulfonation of pituitary glycoprotein hormones, especially LH and TSH, does not affect binding to their cognate receptors; however, sulfonation does play an important role in their plasma clearance, which indirectly has a significant effect on biological activity. On the other hand, the sulfonation of distinct neuroendocrine peptides does have a profound influence on receptor binding and, thus, a direct effect on biological activity. The sulfonation of specific extracellular structures plays an essential role in the binding and signaling of a large family of extracellular growth factors. In summary, sulfonation is a ubiquitous posttranslational modification of hormones and extracellular components that can lead to dramatic structural changes in affected molecules, the biological significance of which is now beginning to be appreciated.
GPs may offer dialysis to kidney patients under new framework
Authors: J. Bryan
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Patients with kidney failure could be offered dialysis at their GP's surgery, so that one of the five key standards set out in the new national service framework for renal services can be met.

The first part of the framework, which was published last week, recommends flexible options for dialysis that are suited to patients' needs and lifestyle.

Around 30 000 patients in England have established renal failure, about half of whom have had a transplant and half are on dialysis. Dr Steve Smith, president of the British Renal Society, …
Abstract LB-381: Biochemical characterization of recombinant β-glucosyltransferase and analysis of global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in unique genomes
Authors: Jolyon Terragni
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) is an enzymatic oxidative product of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Ten Eleven Translocation (TET) family of enzymes catalyze the conversion of 5-mC to 5-hmC. Phage encoded glucosyltransferases are known to glucosylate 5-hmC, which can be utilized to detect and analyze the 5-hmC an epigenetic mark in the mammalian epigenome. Here we have performed a detailed biochemical characterization and steady-state kinetic parameter analysis of T4 phage β-glucosyltransferase (β-GT). Recombinant β-GT glucosylates 5-hmC DNA in a non-processive manner and binding to either 5-hmC DNA or uridine diphosphoglucose (UDP-glucose) substrates is random, with both binary complexes being catalytically competent. Product inhibition studies with β-GT demonstrated that UDP is a competitive inhibitor to UDP-glucose and a mixed inhibitor to 5-hmC DNA. Similarly, the glucosylated-5-hmC (5-ghmC) DNA is a competitive inhibitor to 5-hmC DNA and mixed inhibitor to UDP-glucose. 5-hmC DNA binds ∼10 fold stronger to the β-GT enzyme when compared to its glucosylated product. The numbers of 5-hmC on target sequences influenced the turnover numbers for recombinant β-GT. Furthermore, we have utilized recombinant β-GT to estimate global 5-hmC content in a variety of genomic DNAs. Most of the genomic DNAs derived from vertebrate tissue/cell-lines contained 5-hmC. DNA from mouse, human and bovine brains displayed 0.5 to 0.9% of the total nucleotides as 5-hmC, which was higher compared to other tissues. A comparison between cancer and healthy tissue genomes suggested a lower percentage of 5-hmC in cancer, which may reflect the global hypomethylation of 5-mC observed during oncogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-381. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-381
The use of scientific information in setting ambient air standards.
Authors: B C Jordan, H M Richmond, T McCurdy
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1977, requires periodic review and revision of all national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to insure that they are based on the latest scientific information. This article presents an overview of how EPA currently reviews and establishes NAAQS. The role of scientific information and expertise in the process is illustrated by a review of several key issues faced in the development of the proposed revisions to the carbon monoxide NAAQS. Finally, a risk analysis framework being developed within EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards for possible future use in NAAQS reviews is described. The principal objective of the risk analysis framework is to provide more formal treatment of uncertainties in the scientific data base.
Health beliefs and folk models of diabetes in British Bangladeshis: a qualitative study
Authors: T. Greenhalgh, C. Helman, A M.'m. Chowdhury
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To explore the experience of diabetes in British Bangladeshis, since successful management of diabetes requires attention not just to observable behaviour but to the underlying attitudes and belief systems which drive that behaviour. <b>Design:</b> Qualitative study of subjects9 experience of diabetes using narratives, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and pile sorting exercises. A new qualitative method, the structured vignette, was developed for validating researchers9 understanding of primary level culture. <b>Subjects:</b> 40 British Bangladeshi patients with diabetes, and 10 non-Bangladeshi controls, recruited from primary care. <b>Result:</b> Several constructs were detected in relation to body image, cause and nature of diabetes, food classification, and knowledge of complications. In some areas, the similarities between Bangladeshi and non-Bangladeshi subjects were as striking as their differences. There was little evidence of a fatalistic or deterministic attitude to prognosis, and most informants seemed highly motivated to alter their diet and comply with treatment. Structural and material barriers to behaviour change were at least as important as “cultural” ones. <b>Conclusion:</b> Bangladeshi culture is neither seamless nor static, but some widely held beliefs and behaviours have been identified. Some of these have a potentially beneficial effect on health and should be used as the starting point for culturally sensitive diabetes education.
The Economic Burden of Angina in Women With Suspected Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Leslee J. Shaw, C. Noel Bairey Merz, Carl J. Pepine, Steven E. Reis, Vera Bittner, Kevin E. Kip, Sheryl F. Kelsey, Marian Olson, B. Delia Johnson, Sunil Mankad, Barry L. Sharaf, William J. Rogers, Gerald M. Pohost, George Sopko
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Coronary angiography is one of the most frequently performed procedures in women; however, nonobstructive (ie, < 50% stenosis) coronary artery disease (CAD) is frequently reported. Few data exist regarding the type and intensity of resource consumption in women with chest pain after coronary angiography.A total of 883 women referred for coronary angiography were prospectively enrolled in the National Institutes of Health--National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute--sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE). Cardiovascular prognosis and cost data were collected. Direct (hospitalizations, office visits, procedures, and drug utilization) and indirect (out-of-pocket, lost productivity, and travel) costs were estimated through 5 years of follow-up. Among 883 women, 62%, 17%, 11%, and 10% had nonobstructive and 1-vessel, 2-vessel, and 3-vessel CAD, respectively. Five-year cardiovascular death or myocardial infarction rates ranged from 4% to 38% for women with nonobstructive to 3-vessel CAD (P < 0.0001). Five-year rates of hospitalization for chest pain occurred in 20% of women with nonobstructive CAD, increasing to 38% to 55% for women with 1-vessel to 3-vessel CAD (P < 0.0001). The volume of repeat catheterizations or angina hospitalizations was 1.8-fold higher in women with nonobstructive versus 1-vessel CAD after 1 year of follow-up (P < 0.0001). Drug treatment was highest for those with nonobstructive or 1-vessel CAD (P < 0.0001). The proportion of costs for anti-ischemic therapy was higher for women with nonobstructive CAD (15% versus 12% for 1-vessel to 3-vessel CAD; P = 0.001). For women with nonobstructive CAD, average lifetime cost estimates were $767,288 (95% CI, $708,480 to $826,097) and ranged from $1,001,493 to $1,051,302 for women with 1-vessel to 3-vessel CAD (P = 0.0003).Symptom-driven care is costly even for women with nonobstructive CAD. Our lifetime estimates for costs of cardiovascular care identify a significant subset of women who are unaccounted for within current estimates of the economic burden of coronary heart disease.
1160-165 Angiotensin II receptor 1 blocker improves not only hypertension but also ventricular arrhythmogenicity
Authors: Chikashi Suga, Kazuo Matsumoto, Ritsushi Kato, Toshimasa Tosaka, Atsushi Sakamoto, Madoka Nozawa, Yurika Hotta, Osami Komoto, Shigeyuki Nishimura, Hiroshi Suga
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Glibenclamide and cardiac function during ischaemia
Authors: A. Mitani
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1992)

Journal Article Glibenclamide and cardiac function during ischaemia Get access Atsuo Mitani Atsuo Mitani Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 26, Issue 11, November 1992, Pages 1154–1155, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/26.11.1154 Published: 01 November 1992
Doxorubicin cardiomyopathy is associated with a decrease in calcium release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in a chronic rabbit model.
Authors: D A Dodd, J B Atkinson, R D Olson, S Buck, B J Cusack, S Fleischer, R J Boucek
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

Doxorubicin is a highly effective cancer chemotherapeutic agent that produces a dose-dependent cardiomyopathy that limits its clinical usefulness. Clinical and animal studies of morphological changes during the early stages of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy have suggested that the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the intracellular membrane system responsible for myoplasmic calcium regulation in adult mammalian heart, may be the early target of doxorubicin. To detect changes in the calcium pump protein or the calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor) of the sarcoplasmic reticulum during chronic doxorubicin treatment, rabbits were treated with intravenous doxorubicin (1 mg/kg) twice weekly for 12 to 18 doses. Pair-fed controls received intravenous normal saline. The severity of cardiomyopathy was scored by light and electron microscopy of left ventricular papillary muscles. Developed tension was measured in isolated atrial strips. In subcellular fractions from heart, [3H]ryanodine binding was decreased in doxorubicin-treated rabbits (0.33 +/- 0.03 pmol/mg) compared with control rabbits (0.66 +/- 0.02 pmol/mg; P < 0.0001). The magnitude of the decrease in [3H]ryanodine binding correlated with both the severity of the cardiomyopathy graded by pathology score (light and electron microscopy) and the decrease in developed tension in isolated atrial strips. Bmax for [3H]ryanodine binding and the amount of immunoreactive ryanodine receptor by Western blot analysis using sequence-specific antibody were both decreased, consistent with a decrease in the amount of calcium release channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum in doxorubicin-treated rabbits. In contrast, there was no decrease in the amount or the activity of the calcium pump protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in doxorubicin-treated rabbits. Doxorubicin treatment did not decrease [3H]ryanodine binding or the amount of immunoreactive calcium release channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle. Since the sarcoplasmic reticulum regulates muscle contraction by the cyclic uptake and release of a large internal calcium pool, altered function of the calcium release channel could lead to the abnormalities of contraction and relaxation observed in the doxorubicin cardiomyopathy.
Editorial: The new seduction
Authors: R. H. Moser
Journal: JAMA (1974)

In an earlier communication (<i>JAMA</i>227:1045, 1974) Weldon J. Walker reported the very real declining incidence of death from ischemic heart disease that has occurred in the United States since 1963. The Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health (1964) appeared to be the watershed—relating cigarette smoking to the increasing morbidity and mortality from coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, peptic ulcer, and bronchial carcinoma. Well, it would seem that except for the latter disease, all others have declined since then. And this happy revelation can be correlated with less cigarette smoking and improved dietary habits (lower caloric consumption and less ingestion of saturated fats) by many Americans in the vulnerable age groups. Elsewhere in this issue (page 1529), Walker takes up his battered lance once again to demand an end to federal subsidies, loans, and tax breaks to industries that support cigarette production. He believes that it is
Melanoma in Leicestershire: effect of the 2-week wait system on presentation
Authors: M.J. Sladden, N.J. Mortimer, T.A. Chave, J.E. Osborne
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Journal Article Melanoma in Leicestershire: effect of the 2‐week wait system on presentation Get access M.J. Sladden, M.J. Sladden Department of Dermatology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, U.K. E‐mail: m.sladden@doctors.org.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar N.J. Mortimer, N.J. Mortimer Department of Dermatology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, U.K. E‐mail: m.sladden@doctors.org.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T.A. Chave, T.A. Chave Department of Dermatology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, U.K. E‐mail: m.sladden@doctors.org.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J.E. Osborne J.E. Osborne Department of Dermatology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, U.K. E‐mail: m.sladden@doctors.org.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 154, Issue 5, 1 May 2006, Page 1017, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07222.x Published: 01 May 2006
The Medical Response to Nuclear War
Authors: Jane M. Orient
Journal: JAMA (1985)

To the Editor.—  Most of the Aug 2, 1985, issue of JAMA served as a sounding board for Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR), and it would be impossible to respond adequately in a letter. However, I would at least like to correct the record with respect to the views of Doctors for Disaster Preparedness (DDP).  Day and Waitzkin 1 state that spokespersons for DDP have argued for a continuing  arms buildup. No references are cited for this assertion, and indeed there are none to be found. Doctors for Disaster Preparedness does not take a stand on armament proposals, only on medical preparedness.  As an individual , I have argued for reducing the effective size of the Soviet arsenal by means of active defenses. 2 To call this form of prevention a nuclear arms buildup would be an Orwellian inversion. Because greater survivability would diminish the number of American warheads needed