tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of bile acid independent bile flow with bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate
Authors: M V St-Pierre, J Dufour, I M Arias
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

The second messenger, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), mediates the actions of nitric oxide, natriuretic peptides, and microbial toxins on cellular contractility and electrolyte movement. Because both hepatocellular contractility and electrolyte secretion participate in bile formation, we investigated the actions of cGMP on this process in intact liver. In rat liver perfused with 8-bromo-cyclic GMP (bcGMP) at 0.5 and 3 micromol/min, bile flow increased by 5% and 31%, respectively. The biliary excretion of the bile acid, taurocholate ([3H]-labeled; 1 micromol/min) and of the organic anion, bromosulfophthalein ([35S]-labeled; tracer dose), was unchanged. The paracellular and transcytotic pathways of biliary excretion, assessed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP), were unaffected. BcGMP was concentratively secreted into bile and the accompanying 30% increase in the biliary clearance of erythritol suggested that the choleresis was primarily osmotic in nature. Unlike cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which stimulates bile acid dependent bile flow and transcytosis, bcGMP increased bile acid independent bile flow mainly as a result of its concentrative biliary secretion.
Pathogenesis and Immunity in Pertussis
Authors: Jerry J. Eller
Journal: JAMA (1989)

This is a 482-page authoritative text with 31 contributors who are among the most active investigators in the field of pertussis from six countries including the United Kingdom (16), Canada (2), France (2), Norway (1), Japan (5), and the United States (5). In 21 chapters the authors comprehensively present relevant new information concerning all aspects of pertussis. Each chapter begins with a brief introduction for the nonspecialist and concludes with a bibliography that contains the most recently published literature and often key historical references. There is an excellent blending of scientific information with practical clinical and vaccine applications. The first half of the book reviews the microbiology of<i>Bordetella pertussis</i>, including growth characteristics of the microorganism and its products. The combined technologies of transposon mutagenesis and recombinant DNA technology have catapulted our understanding of both the pathogenesis of pertussis and the molecular organization of the genes determining virulence. Most of
Protective Environment for Marrow Transplant Recipients
Authors: C. DEAN BUCKNER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Laminar air flow isolation and decontamination procedures were evaluated in a prospective randomized study in patients with aplastic anemia or acute leukemia undergoing marrow transplantation from HLA-matched siblings. Patients transplanted in the laminar air flow group had significantly less septicemia and major local infections than did patients in the control group. Nineteen of 46 laminar air flow patients and six of 44 control patients are alive at present. In patients with aplastic anemia the survival was 13 of 17 in the laminar air flow group compared with four of 17 in the control group. In patients with acute leukemia the survival was six of 29 in the laminar air flow group versus two of 27 in the control group. These differences were not statistically significant. Death in both the laminar air flow and control groups was predominantly due to interstitial pneumonitis or recurrent leukemia, which were unaffected by isolation and decontamination.
IMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHOTHERAPY DERIVED FROM CURRENT RESEARCH ON THE NATURE OF HYPNOSIS
Authors: MARTIN T. ORNE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1962)

We have applied to psychotherapy some hypotheses that arose from our current research on hypnosis. Whether or not there exists a valid analogy between the therapeutic process and the hypnotic state, the specific hypotheses may be potentially fruitful in our inquiries about the nature of the therapeutic process. Any conclusions about their validity will of course have to await concrete results of research. Some of the methodological considerations and tools we have developed to deal with problems in the study of hypnosis may be useful in testing similar hypotheses about psychotherapy.
Regifting conference bags
Authors: M. B Taylor
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To inform initiatives to reduce overuse, we compared neuroimaging appropriateness in a large Medicare cohort with a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) cohort. <h3>Methods:</h3> Separate retrospective cohorts were established in Medicare and in VA for headache and neuropathy from 2004 to 2011. The Medicare cohorts included all patients enrolled in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) with linked Medicare claims (HRS-Medicare; n = 1,244 for headache and 998 for neuropathy). The VA cohorts included all patients receiving services in the VA (n = 93,755 for headache and 183,642 for neuropathy). Inclusion criteria were age over 65 years and an outpatient visit for incident neuropathy or a primary headache. Neuroimaging use was measured with Current Procedural Terminology codes and potential overuse was defined using published criteria for use with administrative data. Increasingly specific appropriateness criteria excluded nontarget conditions for which neuroimaging may be appropriate. <h3>Results:</h3> For both peripheral neuropathy and headache, potentially inappropriate imaging was more common in HRS-Medicare compared with the VA. Forty-nine percentage of all headache patients received neuroimaging in HRS-Medicare compared with 22.1% in the VA (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and differences persist when analyzing more specific definitions of overuse. A total of 23.7% of all HRS-Medicare incident neuropathy patients received neuroimaging compared with 9.0% in the VA (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), and the difference persisted after excluding nontarget conditions. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Overuse of neuroimaging is likely less common in the VA than in a Medicare population. Better understanding the reasons for the more selective use of neuroimaging in the VA could help inform future initiatives to reduce overuse of diagnostic testing.
Systemic lysis protects against the effects of platelet activation during coronary thrombolysis.
Authors: D J Fitzgerald, M Hanson, G A FitzGerald
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Systemic lysis may protect against the platelet activation and ongoing thrombosis associated with coronary thrombolysis. To address this hypothesis, we compared urokinase and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) given intravenously in a chronic, canine model of coronary thrombosis. T-PA 10 micrograms/kg per min induced reperfusion in 55 +/- 7 min but complete reocclusion occurred in 9/10 animals. Reocclusion was prevented by combining t-PA with 7E3, an antibody to the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa which abolished ex vivo platelet aggregation. A similar time to reperfusion was seen with urokinase 750-1,000 U/kg per min. In contrast to t-PA, complete reocclusion occurred in only 1/20 cases (P less than 0.001 vs. t-PA), despite evidence of continued platelet activation in vivo and platelet aggregation ex vivo. Furthermore, this did not reflect a difference in the clearance of the two plasminogen activators. However, plasma fibrinogen was undetectable after urokinase in contrast with t-PA. Furthermore, in animals treated with prourokinase 20 micrograms/kg per min, reocclusion (4/7) correlated with the degree of systemic lysis. To determine whether platelet activation modified the response to urokinase, it was combined with 7E3. 7E3 0.8 mg/kg reduced the time to reperfusion with t-PA (30 +/- 5, n = 6; P = 0.025), but not with urokinase (56 +/- 8 vs. 62 +/- 6, P = ns). Systemic lysis protects against the propensity of continued thrombosis during coronary thrombolysis to delay reperfusion and induce reocclusion. This may modify the requirement for adjunctive antiplatelet therapy.
Ethical Issues in Studies in Thailand of the Vertical Transmission of HIV
Authors: Praphan Phanuphak
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

This article, written by a resident of Thailand, argues that placebo-controlled trials of treatments to prevent maternal-fetal transmission of HIV infection are sometimes justified in settings where treatment is otherwise totally unavailable because at least half of those involved would likely benefit. However, different developing countries have different levels of resources, and efforts should be made to perform equivalency studies as an alternative to placebo-controlled trials, especially those involving zidovudine, which is a standard of care in developed countries. When placebo-controlled trials of short-course zidovudine began in Thailand in 1994, zidovudine was not being routinely offered to patients because of financial constraints and a lack of the necessary treatment infrastructure. As time passed, situations changed (in 1996 efforts began to procure zidovudine for impoverished mothers), and a trial that seemed ethical in 1994 could be considered unethical in 1997. Thus, in 1997, one placebo-controlled trial of short-term zidovudine therapy was terminated early but another, sponsored by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is slated for completion in 1998. This decision to complete the trial led to local and international controversy because the affected women were not informed about treatment options. Another unjustified and unethical study sponsored by the US Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Lampang seeks to determine the natural history of perinatal HIV infection and only recently offered women and newborns zidovudine treatment.
Mid-diastolic aortic valve opening in severe acute aortic regurgitation.
Authors: W F Weaver, C S Wilson, T Rourke, C C Caudill
Journal: Circulation (1977)

A case of severe acute aortic regurgitation is reported. Echocardiographic findings included mid-diastolic opening of the aortic valve, premature closure of the mitral valve, diastolic shuddering of the anterior mitral leaflet, probable demonstration of the flail aortic cusp in the left ventricular outflow tract, and increased left atrial and left ventricular dimensions. Correlation with hemodynamic, angiographic and surgical evidence is made.
Latent adenoviral infection in follicular bronchiectasis.
Authors: E D Bateman, S Hayashi, K Kuwano, T A Wilke, J C Hogg
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

The follicular form of bronchiectasis originally described by Whitwell (1) has been associated with adenoviral infection. The present study compares resected lungs from 16 patients with follicular bronchiectasis (in 10 of whom a nonviral etiology was identified) with those from eight patients with a nonfollicular histologic pattern. DNA isolated from sections of 45 paraffin-embedded lung samples was subjected to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers for the E1A region of the adenovirus genome and the human HLA DQ alpha gene. In situ hybridization (ISH) was performed on separate sections cut from the same blocks using a probe for the entire adenovirus 5 genome. E1A was demonstrated in six of eight patients (75%) with non-follicular bronchiectasis (non-FB) and in four of 16 (25%) with follicular bronchiectasis (FB) (p < 0.03, Fisher's exact test). The optical density ratio for the E1A product of PCR (ratio of E1A product from specimen to that from 1 pg adenovirus DNA) was significantly lower in FB than in non-FB (0.057 +/- 0.054 versus 0.365 +/- 0.223 [mean +/- SEM], p < 0.05). Moreover, the duration of symptoms of bronchiectasis in patients without E1A in bronchial specimens was significantly shorter than that of patients with positive E1A PCR products (3.09 +/- 1.44 versus 14.41 +/- 3.33 yr; p < 0.05). By ISH, adenovirus was demonstrated in three patients with FB and in two with non-FB (17.2 and 18.8% of tissue blocks, respectively; NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
CHARACTERIZATION OF A LYMPHOCYTE FACTOR WHICH ALTERS MACROPHAGE FUNCTIONS
Authors: Carl F. Nathan, Heinz G. Remold, John R. David
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1973)

As reported previously, antigenically stimulated guinea pig lymphocytes elaborate a soluble factor which activates macrophages in the sense of promoting increased adherence, spreading, phagocytosis, and glucose oxidation through the hexose monophosphate pathway. Further studies on the characteristics and kinetics of this substance were carried out. The activating factor could not be distinguished from a previously characterized lymphocyte mediator, migration inhibitory factor (MIF), on the basis of Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, CsCl density gradient centrifugation, or sensitivity to neuraminidase. It was, however, shown to be distinct from two other lymphocyte mediators, chemotactic factor for macrophages and lymphotoxin. The kinetics of activation were further studied. The data suggest that the 3 day period required by macrophages to manifest a response to the activating factor consists of two stages. In the first, requiring 1-2 days, the macrophages are refractory to the influence of activating factor, but undergo changes which render them receptive. In the second, they respond to activating factor with increased cell adherence and glucose oxidation. Once macrophages have been activated, the effect persists in the absence of activating factor for 24 h. Finally, it was shown that activation in unfractionated supernatants followed the same time-course as that in more purified fractions. The data suggests that the activating factor is the same as MIF and that, in vitro, macrophages respond to this substance with migration inhibition before they become sensitive to its activating influence.
237 Long-term beta-blockade shortens QT interval prolongation in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: A. Zambruni, E. Savelli, A. Berzigotti, G. Magini, E. Mirici Cappa, M.C. Cantarini, E. Caraceni, M. Domenicali, A. Di Micoli, E. Felline, S. Lorenzini, M. Zoli, M. Bernardi, E. Trevisani
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
OPTIMAL PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACH TO HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA COMBINED WITH LOW HDL-CHOLESTEROL: EFFECTS OF FENOFIBRATE 160 MG VS NIACIN 1500 MG ON APOLIPOPROTEIN B/A1 RATIO, LIPID PROFILE, GLUCOSE METABOLISM, AND INFLAMMATION
Authors: Jin Wi, Sang-Hak Lee, Young-Guk Ko, Seok-Min Kang, Donghoon Choi, Jong-Won Ha, Myeong-Ki Hong, Yangsoo Jang, Namsik Chung, Won-Heum Shim, Seung-Yun Cho
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Genomic Sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Parasites from Senegal Reveals the Demographic History of the Population
Authors: Hsiao-Han Chang, Daniel J. Park, Kevin J. Galinsky, Stephen F. Schaffner, Daouda Ndiaye, Omar Ndir, Souleymane Mboup, Roger C. Wiegand, Sarah K. Volkman, Pardis C. Sabeti, Dyann F. Wirth, Daniel E. Neafsey, Daniel L. Hartl
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2012)

Malaria is a deadly disease that causes nearly one million deaths each year. To develop methods to control and eradicate malaria, it is important to understand the genetic basis of Plasmodium falciparum adaptations to antimalarial treatments and the human immune system while taking into account its demographic history. To study the demographic history and identify genes under selection more efficiently, we sequenced the complete genomes of 25 culture-adapted P. falciparum isolates from three sites in Senegal. We show that there is no significant population structure among these Senegal sampling sites. By fitting demographic models to the synonymous allele-frequency spectrum, we also estimated a major 60-fold population expansion of this parasite population ∼20,000-40,000 years ago. Using inferred demographic history as a null model for coalescent simulation, we identified candidate genes under selection, including genes identified before, such as pfcrt and PfAMA1, as well as new candidate genes. Interestingly, we also found selection against G/C to A/T changes that offsets the large mutational bias toward A/T, and two unusual patterns: similar synonymous and nonsynonymous allele-frequency spectra, and 18% of genes having a nonsynonymous-to-synonymous polymorphism ratio >1.
Can quantum probability provide a new direction for cognitive modeling?
Authors: Emmanuel M. Pothos, Jerome R. Busemeyer
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Abstract Classical (Bayesian) probability (CP) theory has led to an influential research tradition for modeling cognitive processes. Cognitive scientists have been trained to work with CP principles for so long that it is hard even to imagine alternative ways to formalize probabilities. However, in physics, quantum probability (QP) theory has been the dominant probabilistic approach for nearly 100 years. Could QP theory provide us with any advantages in cognitive modeling as well? Note first that both CP and QP theory share the fundamental assumption that it is possible to model cognition on the basis of formal, probabilistic principles. But why consider a QP approach? The answers are that (1) there are many well-established empirical findings (e.g., from the influential Tversky, Kahneman research tradition) that are hard to reconcile with CP principles; and (2) these same findings have natural and straightforward explanations with quantum principles. In QP theory, probabilistic assessment is often strongly context- and order-dependent, individual states can be superposition states (that are impossible to associate with specific values), and composite systems can be entangled (they cannot be decomposed into their subsystems). All these characteristics appear perplexing from a classical perspective. However, our thesis is that they provide a more accurate and powerful account of certain cognitive processes. We first introduce QP theory and illustrate its application with psychological examples. We then review empirical findings that motivate the use of quantum theory in cognitive theory, but also discuss ways in which QP and CP theories converge. Finally, we consider the implications of a QP theory approach to cognition for human rationality.
Pharmacokinetics in Clinical Practice
Authors: Milo Gibaldi
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Important concepts of pharmacokinetics, such as the biologic half-life, clearance, and bioavailability of drugs, can be utilized to describe and predict the time course of drug concentrations in plasma as a function of dose and frequency of drug administration. In quantitative terms, they can serve to characterize the individuality of the patient, including the effects of disease, with respect to drug absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism.
The Measurement of Liver Circulation by Means of the Colloid Disappearance Rate
Authors: ERNEST L. DOBSON, GEORGE F. WARNER, CAROLINE R. FINNEY, MURIEL E. JOHNSTON
Journal: Circulation (1953)

A method for calculating the liver blood flow by means of the rate of disappearance of colloidal chromic phosphate from the blood has been reviewed. This method has been applied to the study of liver circulation in a group of 29 fasting normal men. The significance of the colloid disappearance rate constant as a physiologic expression of the liver blood flow has been discussed and the average value obtained for this constant in normal young men was 0.287 ± 0.007 min.–1 Extra hepatic colloid localization, hepatic efficiency for colloid removal, speed of mixing, and type and time of sampling have been discussed.
Clinical Outcome After Surgical Correction of Mitral Regurgitation Due to Papillary Muscle Rupture
Authors: Antonio Russo, Rakesh M. Suri, Francesco Grigioni, Véronique L. Roger, Jae K. Oh, Douglas W. Mahoney, Hartzell V. Schaff, Maurice Enriquez-Sarano
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Background— Papillary muscle rupture (PMR) is an infrequent but catastrophic complication of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Although always considered, surgical treatment is often denied because of high operative mortality. Moreover, the effects of surgery for PMR on long-term outcome, particularly compared with expected outcome after MI, are undefined. Methods and Results— Fifty-four consecutive patients (age, 70±8 years; 74% male) underwent mitral surgery for post-MI PMR from January 1980 through December 2000. Severe presentation (cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, or cardiac arrest) was noted in 91% preoperatively. Performance of coronary artery bypass graft was associated with lower operative mortality (odds ratio, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.83; P =0.011), whereas there was a trend for lower mortality after surgery after 1990 (odds ratio, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.06 to 1.3). Thus, operative mortality (overall, 18.5%) decreased from 67% up to 1990 without coronary artery bypass graft to 8.7% after 1990 with coronary artery bypass graft. Overall 5-year survival was 65±7%, and survival free of congestive heart failure was 52±7%. Five-year survival of 30-day operative survivors was 79±4%, identical ( P =0.24) to that of matched controls with MI (similar age, sex, ejection fraction, MI location, and MI year). Survival free of congestive heart failure was similar in PMR cases and MI controls (10-year survival, 28±8% versus 36±6%; P =0.46). Conclusions— Surgery for post-MI PMR involves a notable operative mortality, but there are recent trends for lower operative risk, particularly with associated coronary artery bypass graft. Long term after surgery, outcome is restored to that of similar MI without PMR. These encouraging observations emphasize the importance of prompt diagnosis and aggressive therapeutic approach for patients incurring PMR after MI.
H CHAIN SUBGROUPS OF MYELOMA PROTEINS AND NORMAL 7S γ-GLOBULIN
Authors: Howard M. Grey, Henry G. Kunkel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1964)

Through the use of a variety of antisera to isolated myeloma proteins, four subgroups of 7S γ-globulin type proteins were readily distinguished. The first, the Vi subgroup, consisted of ten of 64 myeloma proteins studied. The second, the We group, contained the majority of myeloma proteins. The third, the Ge subgroup, included three of 50 myeloma proteins. The fourth remains ill-defined and appears heterogeneous. Counterparts for both the Vi and the Ge subgroup, were found in the Fr II γ-globulin and in the normal γ-globulin of all of a large number of individual sera studied. The unique antigenic character of both groups was localized to the H chains, although different determinants were involved for different antisera. An essential role of intact disulfide bonds was apparent with certain rabbit antisera. In addition to the special antigenic characteristics, the Ge subgroup showed in each instance a fast mobility for the F fragments produced by papain which was not found for other myeloma proteins.