tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Assisted conception. I--General principles
Authors: Paula Rowell, Peter Braude
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Although many assisted conception technologies exist—and have a bewildering array of acronyms—their principal aim is similar. They all aim to bring sperm and the egg close to each other to promote the chances of fertilisation and, ultimately, achieve a pregnancy.

View this table:

Acronyms used in assisted conception



The three main types of assisted conception are intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilisation, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Intrauterine insemination —Prepared sperm are deposited in the uterus at a time when ovulation is likely or assisted

In vitro fertilisation —Fertilisation is aided by mixing eggs and sperm in the laboratory

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection —A single sperm is injected directly into the egg cytoplasm to achieve fertilisation.

Each of these assisted conception techniques requires three procedures: pharmacological stimulation of the ovary to promote the production of more than one egg (superovulation); laboratory preparation of the semen sample to yield a highly motile, morphologically normal population of sperm for insemination or injection (sperm preparation); and techniques to aid the union of sperm and egg (assisted fertilisation).

Multifollicular development can be achieved by using oral antioestrogens, such as clomifene citrate or tamoxifen. However, more often multifollicular development requires injected preparations containing the pituitary hormone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).

FSH used to be obtained from extracts of urine collected from postmenopausal women, which were then purified to various degrees to remove contaminating proteins and luteinising hormone. The extracts provided a preparation of human menopausal gonadotrophins marketed as human menotropins—for example, Merional, Menogon, Menopur. Variation within batches of gonadotrophins, and the increasing unacceptability of injecting biologically derived substances, has led to the more widespread use of recombinant products. These include Gonal-F (follitropin α) and Puregon (follitropin β). Although chemically pure, and …
The Dysraphic States: From Syringomyelia to Anencephaly
Authors: Oscar Sugar
Journal: JAMA (1973)

The variety of malformations encompassed by Gardner's use of the term "dysraphic states" includes anencephaly, encephalocele, meningocele, myelocele, syringomyelia, hydromyelia, and diastematomyelia. To support his contention that a single cause for these disorders is more probable than multiple causes, he proposes that they all be explained on the basis of inadequate escape of cerebrospinal fluid at various stages of embryonal and fetal development. To buttress this contention, he calls on a remarkable experience with more than 100 cases of syringomyelia and many other cases of dysraphism, relevant embryology of the nervous system, and almost 175 references. An initial chapter on embryology emphasizes many of the new findings by Padget culled from the serial sections of monkey and human embryos at the Carnegie Institution. The part on hydrodynamic mechanisms lays stress on the pulsating action of the choroid plexus in dissecting the subarachnoid spaces and in pushing the normally distended embryonic
C-Reactive Protein Upregulates Angiotensin Type 1 Receptors in Vascular Smooth Muscle
Authors: Chao-Hung Wang, Shu-Hong Li, Richard D. Weisel, Paul W.M. Fedak, Aaron S. Dumont, Paul Szmitko, Ren-Ke Li, Donald A.G. Mickle, Subodh Verma
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Background— Accumulating evidence suggests that C-reactive protein (CRP), in addition to predicting vascular disease, may actively facilitate lesion formation by inciting endothelial cell activation. Given the central importance of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT 1 -R) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, we examined the effects of CRP on AT 1 -R expression and kinetics in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells. In addition, the effects of CRP on VSM migration, proliferation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were evaluated in the presence and absence of the angiotensin receptor blocker, losartan. Lastly, the effects of CRP (and losartan) on neointimal formation were examined in vivo in a rat carotid angioplasty model. Methods and Results— The effects of human recombinant CRP (0 to 100 μg/mL) on AT 1 -R transcript, mRNA stability, and protein expression were studied in cultured human VSM cells. AT 1 -R binding was assessed with 125 I-labeled angiotensin II (Ang II). VSM migration was assessed with wound cell migration assays, whereas VSM proliferation was determined with [ 3 H]-incorporation and cell number. The effects of CRP (and losartan) on Ang II–induced ROS production were evaluated by 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence. Lastly, the effects of CRP (and losartan) on neointimal formation, VSM cell migration, proliferation, and matrix formation were studied in vivo in a rat carotid artery balloon injury model. CRP markedly upregulated AT 1 -R mRNA and protein expression and increased AT 1 -R number on VSM cells. CRP promoted VSM migration and proliferation in vitro and increased ROS production. Furthermore, CRP potentiated the effects of Ang II on these processes. In the rat carotid artery angioplasty model, exposure to CRP resulted in an increase in cell migration and proliferation, collagen and elastin content, and AT 1 -R expression, as well as an increase in neointimal formation; these effects were attenuated by losartan. Conclusions— CRP, at concentrations known to predict cardiovascular events, upregulates AT 1 -R–mediated atherosclerotic events in vascular smooth muscle in vitro and in vivo. These data lend credence to the notion that CRP functions as a proatherosclerotic factor as well as a powerful risk marker.
Noninvasive hemodynamic measurements of superior mesenteric artery in the prediction of portal pressure response to propranolol
Authors: Tadashi Iwao, Oho Kazuhiko, Sakai Teruhiro, Sato Masahiro, Nakano Ryohichi, Yamayaki Makoto, Toyonaga Atsushi, Tanikawa Kyuichi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1998)
Azathioprine Treatment of Immunological Renal Disease
Authors: Donald A. Adams
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Observations over 2 to 14 months in 19 adults with various unrelenting renal diseases considered to have immunological basis suggest that azathioprine (Imuran) combined with high doses of prednisone may have value in treating certain of these disorders. Good results occurred in steroid-resistant or steroid-intolerant nephrotic syndrome, particularly with minimal pathological glomerular changes. In lupus nephritis, the condition of three of four patients improved when steroids alone had been ineffective. In subacute and chronic glomerulonephritis a few patients experienced improvement, but the condition of most was unchanged or worse. Where steroidal side effects were a problem, azathioprine allowed a reduction or discontinuance of steroids, with continuing favorable results. Hematological and gastrointestinal symptoms were the major side effects encountered, and were not severe except in patients with advanced renal failure.
No obvious reason for HBV double hit
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Complete clinical recovery from active hepatitis B (HBV) viral infection is no guarantee that the disease will not recur if the experience of a group of investigators at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is any guide. Of 25 patients seen at the NIH's Clinical Center with a history of chronic HBV infection, all of whom were deemed to have made a complete recovery, eight subsequently redeveloped active disease—apparently spontaneously. The finding adds yet another element of mystery to the still-unfolding story of HBV. "It is a new and distinct phenomenon that may have serious implications concerning the prognosis and progression of liver disease in these patients," Gary L. Davis, MD, told the annual meeting of the American Gastroenterological Association in Washington, DC. Davis is with the Liver Diseases Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Md. Reactivation of hepatitis B has been
Echocardiographic Correlates of Acute Heart Failure, Cardiogenic Shock, and In-Hospital Mortality in Tako-Tsubo Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Rodolfo Citro, Fausto Rigo, Antonello D'Andrea, Quirino Ciampi, Guido Parodi, Gennaro Provenza, Raffaele Piccolo, Marco Mirra, Concetta Zito, Roberta Giudice, Marco Mariano Patella, Francesco Antonini-Canterin, Eduardo Bossone, Federico Piscione, Jorge Salerno-Uriarte
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2014)
Allergen Component Resolved Diagnostics in Multi-Sensitized Patients with Respiratory Symptoms
Authors: S. Bonini, F. Bonifazi, E. Maggi, B. Mascialino, G. Melioli, M. Mussap, G. Passalacqua, R.E. Rossi, A. Vacca, G.W. Canonica
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
Supplemental Oxygen and Risk of Surgical Wound Infection
Authors: Stefan Suttner, Joachim Boldt, Swen Piper
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
PTU-031 Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) in Pregnancy without Radiation
Authors: B Krishnan, V Sehgal, K Besherdas, N van Someren
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of gallstone formation, which in turn causes cholangitis and pancreatitis. The prevalence of gallstones in pregnancy has been reported as 3.3 – 12.2%. Cholecystectomy is the second most common non-obstetric surgical procedure in pregnancy, exceeded only by appendicectomy. ERCP is the first-line treatment of choice for cholangitis and pancreatitis caused by choledocholithiasis. However, the use of ERCP in pregnancy is limited because of the primary concern of foetal safety in relation to exposure to ionising radiation. A clear-cut safe radiation dose for ERCP in pregnancy is still unknown. There have been only a few studies of non-radiation ERCP during pregnancy. Our aim is to present our experience with pregnant patients who underwent ERCP without using radiation, and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this therapeutic pathway for ERCP during pregnancy. <h3>Methods</h3> A retrospective analysis of ERCPs in pregnant women in a single centre in North London (Chase Farm Hospital) between January 2005 and November 2011 was performed. The unit policy of ERCP in pregnant women is to perform the procedure in the left lateral position using midazolam/pethidine combination. Guidewire cannulation of the bile duct is adopted with bile aspiration and/or visualisation of bile oozing around the guide wire used as confirmation of biliary cannulation. Bile duct clearance after sphincterotomy is then performed. No fluoroscopy is used during the procedure, but was available if required. Confirmation of successful therapeutic ERCP was made by laboratory and clinical improvement of the patients. <h3>Results</h3> Out of 2255 procedures, 4 (0.17%) were performed on pregnant women. The mean age was 31 years (range 29–36), the mean gestation was 16.75 weeks (range 4–30), with two patients in their first, one in their second and third trimesters each. The indications for ERCP were cholangitis and pancreatitis (two), cholangitis (one) and choledocholithiasis on ultrasonography (one). In two cases, precut papillotomy with a needle-knife was used, since the stone was impacted. Sphincterotomy was used in two cases. Stones were removed by balloon or basket trawls and no stents were placed. After ERCP, jaundice resolved in all cases. Post-ERCP complications, premature birth, abortion or intrauterine growth retardation were not observed. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Our series showed that in experienced hands, successful therapeutic ERCPs with wire-guided cannulation can be performed safely without radiation in pregnant women with strong indications. We would recommend use of this technique (wire-guided cannulation without radiation) if ERCP is required during pregnancy. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared
In-111-labeled Leukocytes in the Diagnosis of Rejection and Cytomegalovirus Infection in Renal Transplant Patients
Authors: LEE A. FORSTROM, MERLE K. LOKEN, ANTHONY COOK, ROBERT CHANDLER, JEFFREY McCULLOUGH
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1981)

lndium-111-labeled (ln-111) leukocytes have been shown to be useful in the localization of inflammatory processes, including renal transplant rejection. Using previously reported labeling methods, 63 studies with this agent have been performed in 53 renal transplant patients. Indications for study included suspected rejection or cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Studies were performed in 33 men and 20 women, with ages ranging from 6 to 68 years. Autologous cells were normally used for labeling, although leukocytes obtained from ABO-compatible donors were used in three subjects. Rectilinear scanner and/or scintillation camera images were obtained at 24 hours after intravenous administration of 0.1 to 0.6 mCi of ln-111-leukocytes. There was abnormal uptake of ln-111-leukocytes in the transplanted kidney in 11 of 15 cases of rejection. In three additional cases of increased transplant uptake, CMV infection was present in two. Abnormal lung uptake was present in 13 of 14 patients with CMV infection. In four additional cases, increased lung uptake was associated with other pulmonary inflammatory disease. Increased lung activity was not seen in patients with uncomplicated transplant rejection. These results suggest that ln-111-leukocyte imaging may be useful in the differential diagnosis of rejection versus CMV infection in renal transplant patients.
Investing in Health Care Reform
Authors: Karen Davis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Indicating that health care reform is integral to his policy agenda, President Barack Obama has moved swiftly to incorporate elements of reform into his economic recovery bill and signed reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). Enactment of comprehensive reform, however, is likely to hinge on the development of a plan that is affordable to families, employers, and taxpayers. It will need to combine expanded health insurance coverage with investments designed to improve care and slow spending growth if it is to be sound and sustainable in the long term.The Commonwealth Fund Commission on a High Performance . . .
FIVE CASES OF MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM.
Authors: O. M. GILBERT
Journal: JAMA (1906)

In order that we may call to mind the nature of a Meckel's diverticulum, it will be necessary to recall briefly the method of development of the alimentary canal. When the three blastodermic layers have formed a longitudinal axis and the mesoderm has partially segmented to form the celom or the body cavity, the infolding process begins from all directions, but as the embryo is by this time much elongated, approximation takes place laterly much sooner than from above and below, i. e., from headward and tailward. Also the splanchnopleuric or inner laver approximates much more rapidly than the somatopleuric or outer layer. As a consequence of the almost complete approximation of the inner layer, the incomplete alimentary canal is formed and a narrowly constricted communication remains between it and the general vitellin cavity from which the embryo draws its nourishment until the allantois is formed. Then the vitellin cavity
Prediction of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia by Postnatal Age in Extremely Premature Infants
Authors: Matthew M. Laughon, John C. Langer, Carl L. Bose, P. Brian Smith, Namasivayam Ambalavanan, Kathleen A. Kennedy, Barbara J. Stoll, Susie Buchter, Abbot R. Laptook, Richard A. Ehrenkranz, C. Michael Cotten, Deanne E. Wilson-Costello, Seetha Shankaran, Krisa P. Van Meurs, Alexis S. Davis, Marie G. Gantz, Neil N. Finer, Bradley A. Yoder, Roger G. Faix, Waldemar A. Carlo, Kurt R. Schibler, Nancy S. Newman, Wade Rich, Abhik Das, Rosemary D. Higgins, Michele C. Walsh
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)

Benefits of identifying risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely premature infants include providing prognostic information, identifying infants likely to benefit from preventive strategies, and stratifying infants for clinical trial enrollment.To identify risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and the competing outcome of death, by postnatal day; to identify which risk factors improve prediction; and to develop a Web-based estimator using readily available clinical information to predict risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death.We assessed infants of 23-30 weeks' gestation born in 17 centers of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network and enrolled in the Neonatal Research Network Benchmarking Trial from 2000-2004.Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was defined as a categorical variable (none, mild, moderate, or severe). We developed and validated models for bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk at six postnatal ages using gestational age, birth weight, race and ethnicity, sex, respiratory support, and Fi(O(2)), and examined the models using a C statistic (area under the curve). A total of 3,636 infants were eligible for this study. Prediction improved with advancing postnatal age, increasing from a C statistic of 0.793 on Day 1 to a maximum of 0.854 on Day 28. On Postnatal Days 1 and 3, gestational age best improved outcome prediction; on Postnatal Days 7, 14, 21, and 28, type of respiratory support did so. A Web-based model providing predicted estimates for bronchopulmonary dysplasia by postnatal day is available at https://neonatal.rti.org.The probability of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely premature infants can be determined accurately using a limited amount of readily available clinical information.
Effects of antibiotics on cellular viability in porcine heart valve tissue
Authors: J.-F. HU, L. GILMER, R HOPKINS, L. WOLFINBARGER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1989)

The purpose of this study was to find an antibiotic disinfecting solution for cardiovascular tissues which would allow maximal cellular viability while maintaining antibacterial and antifungal activity. Cellular viability of porcine heat valves sterilised using antibiotics was assessed by radiolabelled proline transport assays. The results show that storage of valve tissues in RPMI 1640 tissue culture medium (4 degrees C) alone decreases the cellular viability by 50%, 60% and 90% within 12, 24, and 72 h, respectively. Amphotericin B was shown to be the toxic component of the antibiotic sterilising solution recommended by Strickett and coworkers, accounting for all the observed antibiotic toxicity. It reduced the cellular viability by 100% within 12 h of storage at 4 degrees C. Our study also showed that streptomycin is responsible for the loss of cellular viability in the antibiotic medium utilised by O'Brien's group. The results show that after storage of valve tissues for 12 h in O'Brien's antibiotic solution, the cellular viability was reduced by 60%, and after 24 h by 90%. Cefoxitin, lincomycin, polymyxin B, vancomycin and penicillin had no apparent effects on viability of cells in the cardiovascular tissues utilised in this study. In conclusion, heart valve tissue may be sterilised effectively using selective antibiotics without causing significant damage to cellular viability.
Synaptic activity becomes excitotoxic in neurons exposed to elevated levels of platelet-activating factor
Authors: M. J. Bellizzi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

Neurologic impairment in HIV-1–associated dementia (HAD) and other neuroinflammatory diseases correlates with injury to dendrites and synapses, but how such injury occurs is not known. We hypothesized that neuroinflammation makes dendrites susceptible to excitotoxic injury following synaptic activity. We report that platelet-activating factor, an inflammatory phospholipid that mediates synaptic plasticity and neurotoxicity and is dramatically elevated in the brain during HAD, promotes dendrite injury following elevated synaptic activity and can replicate HIV-1–associated dendritic pathology. In hippocampal slices exposed to a stable platelet-activating factor analogue, tetanic stimulation that normally induces long-term synaptic potentiation instead promoted development of calcium- and caspase-dependent dendritic beading. Chemical preconditioning with diazoxide, a mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel agonist, prevented dendritic beading and restored long-term potentiation. In contrast to models invoking excessive glutamate release, these results suggest that physiologic synaptic activity may trigger excitotoxic dendritic injury during chronic neuroinflammation. Furthermore, preconditioning may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing excitotoxic injury while preserving physiologic plasticity.
Teachers and Teaching in US Medical Schools
Authors: Christine McGuire
Journal: JAMA (1983)

In essence, this book is a report of the findings from the first and, to date, only comprehensive, nationwide survey of the professional characteristics, instructional beliefs, and educational practices of medical faculty, but it is far more than that. The description of the design and administration of the study is instructive to all researchers in this area as an exemplar of the exacting attention to detail essential for obtaining meaningful results. The provocative juxtaposition of data from the study with observations and data from many other sources on the social, political, and economic context of medical education and health care provision highlights the import of each. The authors' persuasive logic and thoughtful discussion of the implications of their meticulously presented findings lead inexorably to the conclusions and recommendations they urge. The wide-ranging but discriminating and well-organized bibliographies provided at the end of each chapter are exceedingly useful to those who