tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Low-Density Lipoprotein e (LDL) Distribution Shown by ^99mTechnetium-LDL Imaging in Patients with Myeloproliferative Diseases
Authors: Shankar Vallabhajosula
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Study Objective: To image and identify by noninvasive methods the sites of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) catabolism in patients with myeloproliferative disease in whom chronic hypocholesterolemia was previously reported. Study Design: The 99mTechnetium-LDL (Tc-LDL) distribution in patients with myeloproliferative diseases was compared with that in normal subjects. The Tc-LDL distribution was also compared with the distribution and organ uptake of a macrophage-seeking radiotracer, 99mTc-sulfur colloid (Tc-SC). Setting: Major metropolitan referral center and institutional practice. Patients: Three normal subjects, two patients with polycythemia vera, two with post polycythemia myeloid metaplasia, and one with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. The patients were being managed with hydroxyurea or phlebotomy. Intervention: Ten mCi of Tc-LDL (homologous) was injected intravenously. Measurements and Main Results: Gamma camera images of Tc-LDL biodistribution and organ uptake were obtained 4 hours after injection of the tracer. In normal subjects, the Tc-LDL was predominantly taken up by the liver, with relative nonvisualization of spleen and central or peripheral marrow. Patients with myeloproliferative disease showed marked splenic uptake of Tc-LDL. Peripheral bone marrow uptake extended to the lower tibia in two patients with post-polycythemia myeloid metaplasia. Splenic and bone marrow uptake paralleled that of Tc-SC. Hypercellularity of central and peripheral marrow at the sites of Tc-LDL uptake was confirmed by biopsy specimens. The Tc-LDL uptake, however, was not correlated with collagen fibrosis. Conclusions: These results indicate that spleen and bone marrow are sites of LDL catabolism in patients with myeloproliferative disease and suggest the role of macrophages in the hypocholesterolemia and accelerated LDL catabolism of myeloproliferative disease.
Violence and Brain Disease
Authors: Frank Ervin
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The letter by Drs. Mark, Sweet, and me some years ago, "Role of Brain Disease in Riots and Urban Violence" (201:895, 1967), has been widely misinterpreted and misquoted in a context personally offensive. The effect confuses an important issue, which deals with the nature and understanding of acts of personal violence. I understand personal violence to be attack directed at another individual in vis-à-vis confrontation, possibly resulting in physical injury. Legally, such acts would be assault, homicide, and other crimes. Although the majority of such nonlethal attacks never come under legal surveillance, they do constitute the "crimes of violence" with which society is much concerned. Criminology literature customarily includes in this category armed robbery, which is probably not relevant to this discussion. Several features are prominent in these acts of personal violence. They are common and constitute a major source of morbidity and mortality, especially in
Induction of platelet-derived growth factor A-chain and c-myc gene expressions by angiotensin II in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells.
Authors: A J Naftilan, R E Pratt, V J Dzau
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

Recently, angiotensin II (Ang II) has been shown to cause hypertrophy of cultured quiescent rat aortic smooth muscle (RASM) cells. This observation along with the demonstration of angiotensinogen mRNA in the vessel wall has led us to postulate a role for vascular angiotensin in hypertensive blood vessel hypertrophy. To investigate further the possible molecular mechanisms, we examined the effect of Ang II on the expression of two genes known to be involved with cellular growth response. Near-confluent RASM cells were made quiescent by 48-h exposure to a defined serum-free medium. Ang II (10(-6) to 10(-11) M) resulted in an induction of the protooncogene c-myc mRNA within 30 min which persisted for 6 h. Interestingly, 6 h after the addition of Ang II, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A-chain mRNA expression was elevated, peaked in 9 h, and persisted for 11 h. This was accompanied with a 15-20-fold increase in PDGF concentration in the culture medium. These effects were dose-dependent and were blocked by saralasin. Whereas the inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide resulted in a stabilization of c-myc mRNA, cycloheximide abolished the elevation of the PDGF A-chain mRNA. Taken together, our data show that exposure of RASM cells to Ang II results in the sequential activation of c-myc and PDGF A-chain mRNA expressions. This sequential activation of protooncogene and growth factor gene may be an important mechanism in angiotensin-induced smooth muscle growth and hypertrophy.
(10) Venous lakes—treattnent by infrared coagulation
Authors: G.B. Colver, J.A.A. Hunter
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1987)

Venous lakes are formed from dilated venules lined with endothelium, and occur most commonly on the lips and ears. They are quite common after middle age. Treatment is usually sought for cosmetic reasons or because of bleeding after minor trauma. Such lesions have been destroyed with cautery, cryosurgery and more recently, with an argon laser. We have treated 10 lesions with an infrared coagulator (MBB AT Model IRK 151) using a pulse duration of 1·125 s. Each treatment has been successful and has given excellent cosmetic results. This method has two advantages over others. Firstly, the solid light guide enables the operator to compress the lesion prior to coagulation: it becomes a thin fiat structure emptied of blood, and less energy is required to destroy it. Secondly, the coagulator has an electronic timer which enables exactly the same energy to be applied on each occasion, making this procedure reproducible even by an inexperienced operator. The technique and clinical results are described and illustrated.
Peptido-Leukotrienes Are Potent Agonists of von Willebrand Factor Secretion and P-Selectin Surface Expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Authors: Yvonne H. Datta, Mario Romano, Brian C. Jacobson, David E. Golan, Charles N. Serhan, Bruce M. Ewenstein
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background The peptido-leukotrienes (LTs) and lipoxins (LX) are produced by platelets through the transcellular conversion of leukocyte-derived LTA 4 at sites of vascular inflammation and injury, such as during coronary artery balloon angioplasty. We studied the actions of these eicosanoids on vascular endothelium. Methods and Results We found that stimulation of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EC) with LTC 4 and LTD 4 resulted in the release of high-molecular-weight multimers of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion, as measured by ELISA. Neither LXA 4 nor LXB 4 stimulated vWF release. LTC 4 and LTD 4 also stimulated a rapid increase in the surface expression of P-selectin indicated by increased binding of anti–P-selectin monoclonal antibody–coated beads. Fluorescence cytometry detected prolonged peaks of [Ca 2+ ] i in EC in response to concentrations of thrombin and LTD 4 that induce near-maximal vWF secretion. In contrast, concentrations of LTC 4 that induce similar levels of vWF secretion produced only asynchronous oscillations of [Ca 2+ ] i in most EC and rarely induced prolonged peaks of [Ca 2+ ] i . Depletion of external Ca 2+ had no apparent impact on LT-stimulated [Ca 2+ ] i transients and vWF secretion, implicating an intracellular pool as the source of this response. Staurosporine, sphingosine, and H-7 each had only modest effects on peptido-LT–induced vWF secretion, suggesting that protein kinase C is not a primary mediator of peptido-LT–induced exocytosis. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and platelet-activating factor had no effect on peptido-LT–mediated vWF secretion. Conclusions Through the induction of vWF secretion and P-selectin surface expression, peptido-LTs are likely to play an important role in the interrelated processes of hemostasis and inflammation.
Hib vaccine efficacy trials continue; data needed about use in younger children
Authors: C. Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1989)

PREVENTING Haemophilus influenzae type b by vaccination in the very young is going to have to wait a bit.  Although several new conjugate vaccines have been licensed for use in children 18 months of age and older ( JAMA . 1989;261:1152-1153), it appears that additional data from ongoing trials will be needed before these and similar vaccines can be licensed for use in children younger than 18 months.  Several trials are in progress in the United States among infant populations to study the efficacy of newer, more potent versions of H influenzae vaccines that may be successful in protecting children as young as 2 months of age. Children less than 18 months old appear to be the most susceptible to this disease, with about two thirds of cases occurring in this age group. An estimated 20 000 cases of H influenzae occur in the United States each year, with 12 000 cases
Ultraviolet Phototherapy of Uremic Pruritus
Authors: BARBARA A. GILCHREST
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

The beneficial effect of sunburn-spectrum ultraviolet (UVB) phototherapy on uremic pruritus was studied. Seven patients were treated twice weekly for 4 weeks with UVB to one half of the body and placebo phototherapy to the other half. All patients noted generalized improvement without localization of benefit to the UVB side, suggesting a systemic effect of UVB. A comparison of three schedules varying from one to three treatments weekly showed that the percentage of patients responding was not influenced by frequency of UVB exposure, although patients treated more intensively improved faster. In three patients, improvement was delayed until 2 weeks after completion of a course of six treatments over 2 weeks, indicating a delayed onset of benefit in at least some patients. Overall 32 of 38 patients improved after a course of six or eight UVB exposures. Pruritus has recurred in 15 patients after a mean remission of 3 months. Sixteen patients are known to remain in remission for a mean of at least 10.6 months after the first or second course of treatment. The present evidence indicates a systemic mechanism of action for the long-lasting relief of uremic pruritus afforded by UVB phototherapy.
The Supracondylar Process Congenitalis of the Femur
Authors: Samuel L. Cohen
Journal: JAMA (1979)

To the Editor.—  Not infrequently in the roentgenographic examination of the distal femur has there been identified a so-called exostosis of the medial distal femoral shaft. The congenital supracondylar process of the distal humerus is well known and has been described both in radiologic human literature and has been documented in the comparative anatomy books.1,2  In my opinion, the so-called exostosis of the medial distal femoral shaft is a similar congenital variant.  In comparative anatomic studies of the various mammalian animals, there are documented distal femoral medial and lateral epicondylar processes. The medial is the insertion of the semimembranosus muscle.3-5  Research of the human medial literature fails to find any mention that these exostoses of the distal femur are congenital and are related to similar comparative anatomic structures. This process is asymptomatic, and, therefore, no surgical, pathological, or gross anatomic knowledge of this process is known to be described.
False-Negative Radionuclide Cisternography in Massive Communicating Hydrocephalus: Value of the Vertex View and CT Correlation
Authors: K METIN KIR, ARTHUR Z. KRASNOW, ALI T. ISITMAN, FARROKH DEHDASHTI, ROBERT S. HELLMAN, B DAVID COLLIER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

Radionuclide cisternography evaluates cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, while CT and magnetic resonance imaging provide better information about central nervous system anatomy. This article describes two cases of patients with hydrocephalus. Their radionuclide cysternography studies were initially felt to be normal. After correlation with CT scans, massively enlarged ventricles were discovered. Tracer activity had refluxed into the ventricles, simulating normal cerebrospinal fluid rise over the convexities. When radionuclide cisternography studies in patients with excessively enlarged ventricles are interpreted, correlation with other anatomic imaging studies, such as CT and magnetic resonance imaging, is essential. A vertex view acquired during cisternography may also be helpful in correlation with transaxial plane images obtained by CT and magnetic resonance imaging.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SANITARIA FOR PULMONARY DISEASES IN THE VICINITY OF OUR GREAT CITIES.Read before the Section for Clinical Medicine. Pathology and Hygiene. of the Massachusetts Medical Society, Suffolk District Medical Society, December 16, 1891.
Authors: VINCENT Y. BOWDITCH
Journal: JAMA (1892)

The treatment of pulmonary diseases in sanitaria established for the purpose, has been for a number of years a well-recognized method in Europe, especially in Germany, and during the past few years, the foundation and success of institutions in various parts of the United States, shows that the hopes of those who originated the idea were not in vain, and that much more can be done now than heretofore in combating the ravages of consumption. To Hermann Brehmer should be given the credit of having established the first institution of the sort, about thirty-two years ago, in Görbersdorf, a little village of Silesia, situated in a well-sheltered mountain valley about 1,600 feet above the level of the sea, where phthisis was never known to arise, and where Brehmer himself recovered his health. He conceived the idea of establishing there an institution to be devoted to the treatment of pulmonary diseases
Potential mechanisms of human natural killer cell expansion in vivo during low-dose IL-2 therapy
Authors: Todd A. Fehniger, Eric M. Bluman, Michelle M. Porter, Ewa Mrózek, Megan A. Cooper, Jeffrey B. VanDeusen, Stanley R. Frankel, Wendy Stock, Michael A. Caligiuri
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2000)

The continuous, in vivo infusion of low-dose IL-2 selectively expands the absolute number of human natural killer (NK) cells after 4–6 weeks of therapy. The mechanism responsible for this expansion is unknown and was examined in this study. NK cells cultured at low concentrations of IL-2, comparable to those found during in vivo therapy, proliferate for 6 days and then exit the cell cycle. However, NK cells in vivo did not traverse the S/G2/M phase of the cell cycle during low-dose IL-2 therapy. Low concentrations of IL-2 delay programmed cell death of NK cells but have the same effect on resting T cells that do not expand in vivo. When CD34+ bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells are cultured for 21 days with low concentrations of IL-2, they differentiate into CD56+CD3− NK cells, not T cells. Thus, the selective expansion of human NK cells during continuous in vivo infusion of low-dose IL-2 likely results from enhanced NK-cell differentiation from bone marrow progenitors, combined with an IL-2–dependent delay in NK-cell death, rather than proliferation of mature NK cells in the periphery.
Meta-analysis: Ventilation Strategies and Outcomes of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Christian Putensen
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2009)

Trials have provided conflicting results regarding the effect of different ventilatory strategies on the outcomes of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury.To determine whether ventilation with low tidal volume (Vt) and limited airway pressure or higher positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) improves outcomes for patients with ARDS or acute lung injury.Multiple computerized databases (through March 2009), reference lists of identified articles, and queries of principal investigators. No language restrictions were applied.Randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) reporting mortality and comparing lower versus higher Vt ventilation, lower versus higher PEEP, or a combination of both in adults with ARDS or acute lung injury.Using a standard protocol, 2 reviewer teams assessed trial eligibility and abstracted data on quality of study design and conduct, population characteristics, intervention, co-interventions, and confounding variables.4 RCTs tested lower versus higher Vt ventilation at similar PEEP in 1149 patients, 3 RCTs compared lower versus higher PEEP at low Vt ventilation in 2299 patients, and 2 RCTs compared a combination of higher Vt and lower PEEP ventilation versus lower Vt and higher PEEP ventilation in 148 patients. Lower Vt ventilation reduced hospital mortality (odds ratio, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.58 to 0.96]; P = 0.02) compared with higher Vt ventilation at similar PEEP. Higher PEEP did not reduce hospital mortality (odds ratio, 0.86 [CI, 0.72 to 1.02]; P = 0.08) compared with lower PEEP using low Vt ventilation. Higher PEEP reduced the need for rescue therapy to prevent life-threatening hypoxemia (odds ratio, 0.51 [CI, 0.36 to 0.71]; P < 0.001) and death (odds ratio, 0.51 [CI, 0.36 to 0.71]; P < 0.001) in patients receiving rescue therapies.Pooling according to similar ventilatory strategies resulted in few RCTs analyzed in each group. The benefit of low Vt is derived from only 1 study.Available evidence from a limited number of RCTs shows better outcomes with routine use of low Vt but not high PEEP ventilation in unselected patients with ARDS or acute lung injury. High PEEP may help to prevent life-threatening hypoxemia in selected patients.
Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Poses Challenge
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1992)

AS THE NUMBER of reports of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis mounts, the Public Health Service is becoming increasingly concerned. Since a report from hospitals in New York and Florida (<i>JAMA</i>. 1991; 266:1483-1485), additional outbreaks are reported from at least 13 states. "We don't yet know the extent of it," says Dixie E. Snider, Jr, MD, director, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga. Federal officials met there with health authorities from 46 states. What is happening in New York apparently is the tip of what one expert calls a "fairly scary issue." Samuel W. Dooley, MD, the division's assistant director for science, says: "There are dramatic changes in tuberculosis in the United States and worldwide. The principal factor is the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic." About 5% to 10% of normally healthy persons infected with the tuberculosis bacillus go on to develop active disease, says the division's Donald E. Klopanoff.
Major Role for Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 and the Endothelin System in Promoting Myocardial Infarction and Hypertension in an Animal Model of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Elise Belaidi, Marie Joyeux-Faure, Christophe Ribuot, Sandrine H. Launois, Patrick Levy, Diane Godin-Ribuot
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2009)
Conversion of amylase-secreting rat pancreatic AR42J cells to neuronlike cells by activin A.
Authors: H Ohnishi, N Ohgushi, S Tanaka, H Mogami, R Nobusawa, H Mashima, M Furukawa, T Mine, O Shimada, H Ishikawa
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

When AR42J cells, an amylase-secreting pancreatic exocrine cell line, were treated with activin A, cells extended neuritelike processes, and, concomitantly, amylase-containing vesicles disappeared. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that these processes had neurite-specific cytoskeletal architectures: neurofilaments and microtubule bundles with cross-bridges of microtubule-associated protein 2. In addition to such morphological changes, activin-treated cells exhibited a marked increase in cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in response to depolarizing concentration of potassium. Moreover, activin-treated AR42J cells expressed mRNA for alpha 1 subunit of the neuroendocrine/beta cell-type voltage-dependent calcium channel. In naive AR42J cells, a sulfonylurea compound, tolbutamide, did not affect free calcium concentration, while it induced a marked elevation of free calcium in activin-treated cells. Single channel recording of the membrane patch revealed the existence of ATP-sensitive potassium channel in activin-treated cells. These results indicate that activin A converts amylase-secreting AR42J cells to neuronlike cells. Given that pancreatic endocrine cells possess neuronlike properties and express ATP-sensitive potassium channel as well as neuroendocrine/beta cell-type voltage-dependent calcium channel, activin treatment of AR42J cells may provide an in vitro model system to study the conversion of pancreatic exocrine cells to endocrine cells in islets.
Elizabeth Christina Buchanan
Authors: C. Ennis
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Elizabeth Christina Buchanan (“Tina”) was born on the Isle of Barra. She started her career as a pathologist, but her interest lay in clinical practice and, drawn to her island roots, she worked first as an associate and later as a single handed dispensing doctor on the island of Islay, Argyll.

In 1998 she moved to London, the home of her long …
Protective Efficacy and Safety of Three Antimalarial Regimens for the Prevention of Malaria in Young Ugandan Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Victor Bigira, James Kapisi, Tamara D. Clark, Stephen Kinara, Florence Mwangwa, Mary K. Muhindo, Beth Osterbauer, Francesca T. Aweeka, Liusheng Huang, Jane Achan, Diane V. Havlir, Philip J. Rosenthal, Moses R. Kamya, Grant Dorsey
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2014)

Grant Dorsey and colleagues investigate the efficacy of three antimalarial drugs for preventing malaria in children living in Uganda, an area of high transmission intensity. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Increasing Use of Computerized Recordkeeping Leads to Legislative Proposals for Medical Privacy
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1996)

THE PRIVACY OF patients' medical records is increasingly a matter of public concern. Replacing personal data on paper with computerized recordkeeping poses an undeniable threat to the traditional confidentiality of physicians' and hospitals' information systems. At least 2 legislative proposals that are being considered or about to be considered by the US Congress deal directly with attempts to ensure privacy of identifiable health information. Another 4 bills would prohibit discrimination on genetic grounds in health insurance and employment. Regardless of the strengths or weaknesses of these legislative proposals, they reflect rising public worry that people's medical records may surface in the hands of someone other than their physician and to their disadvantage. In recent months, popular magazine articles have relayed stories of insurance companies denying coverage on the grounds that review of a patient's medical record shows a potential health problem. That some of these coverage denials exhibit a certain
Tetracycline Mediated-Suppression of IgE Secretion by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) in Allergic Asthmatics with History of Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) Infection
Authors: M.S. Dzhindzhikhashvili, R. Joks, T. Smith-Norowitz, M.R. Hammerschlag, H.G. Durkin, S. Kohlhoff
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)