tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Einführung in die Geschichte der Hämatologie
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1975)

The study of the blood might serve as the focal point for the entire subject of medical history, from dim concepts of ancient myths to the most modern immunological and genetic theories. The importance of technique is apparent when the crude inferences drawn from blood-letting yield to information derived from microscopy, including methods for quantitative study and immunochemistry and genetics. The interaction between observation and theory, such as is seen in cell theory, blood chemistry, immunology, genetics, and their interrelations, are fascinating indeed. The entire subject should be absorbing to both historian and clinician. The present volume, unfortunately, does not fulfill the a priori expectations. Multiple authors take up different phases of the subject. The first section (by Schrenk) discusses the magical, symbolic, and mythologic aspects connected with the blood; while in a second chapter Schipperges presents the doctrines of blood in ancient and medieval medicine. Rothschuh analyzes the crucial
Researchers shed light on rotavirus
Authors: D. Carnell
Journal: BMJ (1996)

The structure and function of the rotavirus, one of the commonest causes of childhood diarrhoea, became clearer this week with the publication of two papers and a commentary in Scienc (5 April 276:104-7, 101-3, 46-8).

Rotavirus infections are currently estimated to cause the deaths of up to 870000 children each year, mainly in the developing world.

Researchers trying to make antibodies to the rotaviral protein NSP4 serendipitously observed that it …
Editorial: The new orchestration
Authors: S. Vaisrub
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Reflecting on the nature of the relationships between organs, Lord Russell Brain<sup>1</sup>made the following comment: Transaction is the characteristic feature of our present epoch in medicine. Many of the most important things that happen in the body can no longer be explained simply as the result of interaction of two or more organs, but require the conception of a dynamic transaction which itself integrates the activities of the organs.... In these processes the constituents are themselves affected by what goes on. We are dealing, therefore, not with the interaction of unchanging objects like billiard balls, but with events that can only be expressed in transactional terms. In other words, though physiology and pathology have to take account of what is happening in individual organs, the transaction as a whole is the more important and unifying factor. It is 20 some years since these lines had been written. We
Large Carotid Sheath Parathyroid Adenoma Localized by Tc-99m Sestamibi
Authors: BUDDHIWARDHAN OJHA, HONG-GANG LIU, JAMES M. MOUNTZ
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2001)

The use of Tc-99m sestamibi to localize parathyroid adenomas is well established. Its greatest value is in the detection of adenomas in presurgical candidates to localize one or more adenomas in the parathyroid glands or to identify ectopic parathyroid adenomas. The authors describe a patient who had long-standing hyperparathyroidism with a history of end-stage renal disease, hypertension, and peptic ulcers with gastrointestinal bleeding. The scan showed a large ectopic parathyroid adenoma in the left retrosternocleidomastoid region. At surgery, the adenoma was located between the jugular vein and the carotid artery, within the carotid sheath.
Informed consent for trial of elective ventilation will not be forthcoming
Authors: E. V Tregillus
Journal: BMJ (1995)

These are not sufficient arguments for an editorial in the BMJ to recommend one class of ,3 blockade and should be accompanied by the proviso that measurements of blood pressure are only a sur- rogate: it is the prevention of cerebrovascular accidents and myocardial infarctions that matters.As a doctor treating patients with hypertension or ischaemic heart disease most days of the week, I tend to use low doses of the most j3I selective lipophilic agent, bisoprolol, for hypertension and the highest affinity non-selective agent, timolol, for ischaemic heart disease.These drugs have been selected on the basis of theoretical arguments and surrogate measures on which Cleophas and Kalmansohn and I agree.As a clinical pharmacologist unhappy at such evidence, I set up the East Anglian comparison of the two classes of drug in ischaemic heart disease that I mentioned in my editorial and included them in a long term randomised comparison of antihypertensive drugs that started in 1986.
Prolonged Observations on the Liver Function Tests in Infectious Hepatitis.
Authors: G. Thomas Strickland
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

s1 May 1969Prolonged Observations on the Liver Function Tests in Infectious Hepatitis.G. Thomas Strickland, M.D., Donald O. Castell, M.D., Richard A. Kronmal, Ph.D.G. Thomas Strickland, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Donald O. Castell, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Richard A. Kronmal, Ph.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-70-5-1071_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptMilitary personnel hospitalized with infectious hepatitis at most U. S. Naval Hospitals are discharged only after complete resolution of all clinical and laboratory abnormalities. A unique opportunity to follow closely the course of infectious hepatitis is thus provided. Standard liver function tests were followed from 7 to 256 (mean, 66) days after onset of illness in 215 patients admitted to Great Lakes and Bethesda Naval Hospitals.In all patients, mean-total and direct bilirubin concentrations reached normal levels by the seventh and eleventh weeks, respectively. Alkaline phosphates returned to normal by the ninth week. Sulfobromophthalein (BSP) retention at 45 min was... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: G. Thomas Strickland, M.D.; Donald O. Castell, M.D.; Richard A. Kronmal, Ph.D.Affiliations: Bethesda, Maryland PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1969Volume 70, Issue 5Page: 1071-1072KeywordsArmed forcesAttentionBilirubinClinical laboratoriesInfectious hepatitisLiver function testsPhosphatesResearch laboratories ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1969 PDF downloadLoading ...
617. Tumor Lysates Prepared from Cells Infected with a Fusogenic Oncolytic HSV Stimulates Potent Antitumor Immunity Against Primary and Metastatic Murine Mammary Carcinoma
Authors: Xinping Fu, Lihua Tao, Xiaoliu Zhang
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

BACKGROUND: In our previous studies, we demonstrated that tumor destruction by a fusogenic oncolytic herpes simplex virus (Synco-2D) induced potent antitumor immunity against an otherwise nonimmunogenic murine mammary tumor (Nakamori et al, Mol. Ther., 9:658). We hypothesize that the unique mechanism of tumor cell destruction and the strong inflammatory environment induced by Synco-2D infection may act as a potent adjuvant, which will enable cell lysates prepared in vitro to function as a safe and effective vaccine for cancer immunotherapy. METHODS: We used a mouse model of primary and metastatic breast cancer established from 4T1 cells to evaluate the therapeutic effect of vaccinations with cell lysates. 24 hours after 0.1 pfu of fusogenic oncolytic herpes simplex virus (Synco-2D) or a non-fusogenic HSV (Baco-1) infection, the 4T1 cells were harvested and processed with 3 times of freezing/thawing and centrifugation. The cell lysate was collected and used as tumor vaccine. The uninfected 4T1 cell lysate was used as controls. Animal procedure: Day 1, 2 × 105 4T1 cells were implanted into the right MFP and flank. Day 7 and 14: Mice were vaccinated with cell lysates (1X106 cell lysates/100μl) intradermally. Day 21: Mice were rechallenged with 4T1 cells to the left MFP. Day35: All mice that were still alive were euthanized, and metastatic tumor nodules counted. During observation, the primary tumor size were measured. RESULTS: Synco-2D cell lysate induced a statistically significantly enhanced antitumor immunity, as compared to the nonfusogenic Baco-1 virus and uninfected 4T1 cells. Firstly, Administration of Synco-2D cell lysate lead to inhibition of growth of the established and vascularized primary tumors, the non-fusogenic HSV (Baco-1) could not stop the continuous growth of primary tumors. In light with prevention and eradication of metastatic tumors, Synco-2D showed the best results with only 1.5 and 1.2 metastatic nodules in the lungs and intestines, Baco-1 had limited effect with 23 and 8.3 metastatic nodules, and the only tumor cell lysate was not able to prevent tumor metastasis at all with 34 and 100 metastatic nodules (p<0.01). After 4T1 cells were rechallenged at Day21, most of animals with Synco-2D lysate vaccine had no tumor growth, but not in the Baco-1 and the only cell lysate. Mice immunized with Synco-2D cell lysate also had a mean survival time that was greater than Baco-1-infected cell lysates and 4T1 cell lysates (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: We conclude that cell lysates prepared from tumor cells infected with the fusogenic Synco-2D virus could provide an effective and safe source of a potential vaccine for cancer immunotherapy.
Genetic control of the immune response in mice to a Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite vaccine. Widespread nonresponsiveness to single malaria T epitope in highly repetitive vaccine.
Authors: M F Good, J A Berzofsky, W L Maloy, Y Hayashi, N Fujii, W T Hockmeyer, L H Miller
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1986)

Different H-2 congenic strains of mice were immunized with a P. falciparum sporozoite vaccine currently being tested in humans, or with different segments of the vaccine molecule. Specific IgG production or lymph node cell proliferation in response to different antigens was then determined. Only four of seven strains (representing three of eight possible different class II restriction molecules) responded to the vaccine. Of those restriction molecules, only one, I-Ab, was associated with a response to a malaria-encoded T epitope [contained within NP(NANP)3NA], while the other two molecules (E alpha dE beta d and E alpha kE beta s) were associated with a T cell response to a nonmalarial epitope(s) carboxyterminal to the malaria sequence and encoded by a tetracycline resistance gene, read out of frame. If an analogous situation applies in humans, natural boosting by sporozoites will be very restricted. This has serious implications for the effectiveness of the vaccine, since constant high levels of antisporozoite antibodies and possibly antibody-independent T cell effector functions are required for immunity.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Jonas A. Cooper, Joel D. Cooper, Joshua M. Cooper
Journal: Circulation (2006)

A t least 350 000 people will suffer cardiac arrest each year in the United States, 1 every 90 seconds. 1 Many will then undergo cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by bystanders and emergency medical services in a desperate attempt to restore life.Numerous studies report that the majority of these efforts will not succeed.Prolonged anoxia, the inability to restore spontaneous circulation, neurological devastation, and other complications combine to limit survival.Nonetheless, thousands will surmount these obstacles and resume normal lives.CPR is a triumph of medicine but also is frequently performed in vain.It is a young science; the term "CPR" was first publicized less than 50 years ago.The roots of resuscitation, however, extend back centuries, with a gradual course of evolution that has been periodically impeded by rejection of inadequate techniques, curiously slow adoption of proven interventions, and even a cyclic process of abandonment and subsequent rediscovery.Examining the history of resuscitation is an essential first step to understanding and following the evolution to modern practices.A detailed review of more current observations, inventions, and clinical trials, in the context of the disappointing statistics of conventional CPR, will elucidate the rationale behind the most recently published resuscitation guidelines, as well as provide fuel for future research.Although components of life support apply to the predominantly asphyxia-related arrests seen in pediatrics, the focus of this review is on resuscitation after cardiopulmonary arrest in the adult.
Hepatitis E Virus and Chronic Hepatitis in Organ-Transplant Recipients
Authors: Nassim Kamar, Janick Selves, Jean-Michel Mansuy, Leila Ouezzani, Jean-Marie Péron, Joëlle Guitard, Olivier Cointault, Laure Esposito, Florence Abravanel, Marie Danjoux, Dominique Durand, Jean-Pierre Vinel, Jacques Izopet, Lionel Rostaing
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is considered an agent responsible for acute hepatitis that does not progress to chronic hepatitis. We identified 14 cases of acute HEV infection in three patients receiving liver transplants, nine receiving kidney transplants, and two receiving kidney and pancreas transplants. All patients were positive for serum HEV RNA. Chronic hepatitis developed in eight patients, as confirmed by persistently elevated aminotransferase levels, serum HEV RNA, and histologic features of chronic hepatitis. The time from transplantation to diagnosis was significantly shorter and the total counts of lymphocytes and of CD2, CD3, and CD4 T cells were significantly lower in patients in whom chronic disease developed.
Cardiac Surgery in Infants Less than Six Weeks of Age
Authors: L. HENRY EDMUNDS, NOEL H. FISHMAN, GEORGE A. GREGORY, MICHAEL A. HEYMANN, JULIEN I.E. HOFFMAN, SAUL J. ROBINSON, BENSON B. ROE, ABRAHAM M. RUDOLPH, PAUL STANGER
Journal: Circulation (1972)

Sixty-one critically ill infants with congenital heart disease had operative treatment within 6 weeks of birth. Anatomic and physiologic diagnoses were established preoperatively by cardiac catheterization and angiography in all. A variety of palliative or corrective operations was performed to relieve specific hemodynamic burdens. Thirty-seven (61%) survived hospitalization, but 18 had one or more postoperative complications. At the present time, 29 (48%) are alive 9-45 months after operation. Although operative mortality and morbidity rates are high, none of these patients was expected to survive early infancy without operation.
Duration of recurrent ileitis after ileocolonic resection correlates with presurgical extent of Crohn's disease.
Authors: G R D'Haens, A E Gasparaitis, S B Hanauer
Journal: Gut (1995)

Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum recurs in a predictable sequence proximal to the ileocolonic anastomosis after surgical resection. To confirm the suspicion that the duration of recurrent ileitis correlates with the extent of presurgical disease, this study investigated 23 consecutive patients with recurrent Crohn's disease symptoms who had undergone ileocaecal resections between 1982 and 1992 at our institution and had both preoperative and postoperative small bowel follow through studies available for comparison. All films were reviewed by a blinded gastrointestinal radiologist using uniform criteria. Symptomatic recurrence was reported at a mean (SEM) of 29 (25) months after resection. Presurgical length of inflammation averaged 26 (15) (8-57) cm and at recurrence 24 (14) (7-55) cm. The correlation coefficient (r) between pre and postsurgical extent of ileal disease was 0.70 (p < 0.0001). Seven patients had sequential small bowel series after 20 (10) (7-36) months without intervening surgery. The extent of measured inflammation between examinations correlated with r = 0.995 (p < 0.0001), showing the consistency of the measurement process. The close correlation between the duration of postoperative recurrence with the extent of presurgical disease is another example of individual patterns of recurrent Crohn's disease and is an additional factor to be considered when contemplating surgical resections.
Speed, frugality, and the empirical basis of Take-The-Best
Authors: Mike Oaksford
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

This commentary questions the claim that Take-The-Best provides a cognitively more plausible account of cue utilisation in decision making because it is faster and more frugal than alternative algorithms. It is also argued that the experimental evidence for Take-The-Best, or non-integrative algorithms, is weak and appears consistent with people normally adopting an integrative approach to cue utilisation.
Management of invasive candidiasis and candidemia in adult non-neutropenic intensive care unit patients: Part I. Epidemiology and diagnosis
Authors: Benoît P. Guery, Maiken C. Arendrup, Georg Auzinger, Élie Azoulay, Márcio Borges Sá, Elizabeth M. Johnson, Eckhard Müller, Christian Putensen, Coleman Rotstein, Gabriele Sganga, Mario Venditti, Rafael Zaragoza Crespo, Bart Jan Kullberg
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2008)

Invasive candidiasis and candidemia are frequently encountered in the nosocomial setting, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU).To review the current management of invasive candidiasis and candidemia in non-neutropenic adult ICU patients based on a review of the literature and a European expert panel discussion.Candida albicans remains the most frequently isolated fungal species followed by C. glabrata. The diagnosis of invasive candidiasis involves both clinical and laboratory parameters, but neither of these are specific. One of the main features in diagnosis is the evaluation of risk factor for infection which will identify patients in need of pre-emptive or empiric treatment. Clinical scores were built from those risk factors. Among laboratory diagnosis, a positive blood culture from a normally sterile site provides positive evidence. Surrogate markers have also been proposed like 1,3 beta-D: glucan level, mannans, or PCR testing. Invasive candidiasis and candidemia is a growing concern in the ICU, apart from cases with positive blood cultures or fluid/tissue biopsy, diagnosis is neither sensitive nor specific. The diagnosis remains difficult and is usually based on the evaluation of risk factors.
Abstract 1838: nc886, a putative tumor suppressive non-coding RNA in gastric cancer.
Authors: Seon-Young Kim, Jong Lyul Park, Yong Sung Kim, Kwang Soo Lee, Sung Ho Jeon, Yong Sun Lee
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract nc886, a novel type of non-coding RNA, was originally recognized as a microRNA precursor (pre-miRNA) or a vault RNA (vtRNA), but it has been shown to be barely processed into mature microRNAs and be mostly dissociated from the vault complex. So far, nc886’s best studied role is as a cellular RNA ligand and regulator of PKR (Protein Kinase RNA-activated). When nc886 is suppressed, PKR is activated and this activation leads to apoptosis through the canonical PKR-eIF2α cell death pathway. Given that the expression of nc886 was found to be suppressed in a variety of cancer cells, nc886/PKR's such role is thought to be critical in eliminating pre-cancerous cells during certain stages of tumorigenesis. Thus, nc886 plays a sentinel role against tumorigenesis by controlling PKR activity in some cells. We have found that nc886 is decreased also in gastric cancer. Our measurement of nc886 in 88 specimens from gastric cancer patients indicates that nc886 tends to be decreased in tumors relative to the adjacent normal tissues. Also, DNA methylation of the nc886 locus exhibits an anti-correlation to nc886 level, and therefore epigenetic silencing is likely to be the mechanism for the decrease of nc886 in gastric cancer. Moreover, hypermethylation of the nc886 promoter region is associated with poor survival of gastric cancer patients. All our data indicates a putative tumor suppressive role for nc886 and the possibility of a clinical application for nc886 as a prognostic marker for gastric cancer. Citation Format: Seon-Young Kim, Jong Lyul Park, Yong Sung Kim, Kwang Soo Lee, Sung Ho Jeon, Yong Sun Lee. nc886, a putative tumor suppressive non-coding RNA in gastric cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1838. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1838
A TRANSMISSIBLE AVIAN NEOPLASM. (SARCOMA OF THE COMMON FOWL.)
Authors: Peyton Rous
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1910)

In this paper is reported the first avian tumor that has proved transplantable to other individuals. It is a spindle-celled sarcoma of the hen, which thus far has been propagated into its fourth tumor generation. This was accomplished by the use of fowls of pure blood from the small, intimately related stock in which the growth occurred. Market-bought fowls of similar variety have shown themselves insusceptible, as have fowls of mixed breed, pigeons and guinea-pigs. The percentage of successful transplantations has been small, but in the individuals developing a tumor its growth has been fairly rapid. Young chickens are more susceptible than adults. The reinoculation of negative fowls has never resulted in a growth. Throughout, the sarcoma has remained true to type. It is infiltrative and destructive. Metastasis has been observed once (to the heart). Experiments to determine whether the growth may be transmitted by cell-fragments have not yet been made. Repeated bacteriological examinations have yielded negative results. In its general behavior, so far as tested, this avian tumor closely resembles the typical mammalian neoplasms that are transplantable.
Postischemic free radical production in the venous blood of the regionally ischemic swine heart. Effect of deferoxamine.
Authors: G W Mergner, W B Weglicki, J H Kramer
Journal: Circulation (1991)

We tested the hypothesis that secondarily produced free radicals can be detected in venous coronary effluent without the need for direct exposure of postischemic tissue to the spin trapping agent alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN).The left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) of pigs was ligated for 15, 30, 40, or 60 minutes, and the tissue was subsequently reperfused for 60 minutes. Venous effluent (6.5 ml) from the risk area was withdrawn sequentially at 1.5-minute intervals during reperfusion. The effluent blood was immediately infused (4.5 ml/min) with an isotonic saline solution containing 120 mM PBN: Preischemic control effluent samples were collected in an identical fashion. Plasma from each sample was extracted in organic solvent and subsequently analyzed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Another group of pigs received an infusion of the metal chelator deferoxamine mesylate (25 mg/kg/hr) into the right atrium starting 1 hour before the 40-minute ligation and continuing throughout ligation and reperfusion. We were able to demonstrate the postischemic production of ESR signals for PBN adduct(s) from untreated hearts having spectral characteristics similar to an alkoxyl adduct (PBN-RO.; hyperfine splitting constants for beta-hydrogen [alpha H] = 2.0-2.25 G; nitrogen [alpha N] = 13.5-13.75 G). The reperfusion time course of PBN adduct production had a unique pattern: 1) multiple low-level bursts during the initial 15 minutes of reperfusion, and 2) a prominent PBN adduct signal during a relatively late time (20-25 minutes) of reperfusion. Total postischemic PBN adduct production rose with increasing duration (15-60 minutes) of ischemia and was associated with a progressive elevation of total lactate dehydrogenase in the effluent. Infusion of deferoxamine markedly diminished PBN adduct production as well as total release of lactate dehydrogenase.These data suggest the potential feasibility of using an ex vivo ESR spin trapping technique in blood-perfused models of cardiovascular injury and that chelatable free iron contributes to the production of alkoxyl radicals.