tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Blood Metallothionein Transcript as a Biomarker for Metal Sensitivity: Low Blood Metallothionein Transcripts in Arsenicosis Patients from Guizhou, China
Authors: Jie Liu, Min-Liang Cheng, Qin Yang, Ke-Ren Shan, Jun Shen, Yushu Zhou, Xinjiang Zhang, Anna L. Dill, Michael P. Waalkes
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

BackgroundBecause metallothionein (MT) is a metal-binding protein that protects against metal intoxication, it could be a biomarker for individual sensitivity to metal toxicity.ObjectiveWe assessed the use of bloodborne MT transcript as a reflection of tissue MT levels and examined the potential role of MT in arsenic toxicity in an environmentally exposed human population.MethodRodents were treated with zinc or nonmetallic MT inducers for 4 days, and the blood and tissues were collected for MT transcript analysis by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and MT protein determination by the cadmium–hemoglobin assay. Blood and buccal cell samples were collected from arsenicosis patients and healthy subjects residing in Guizhou, China, and total RNA was isolated for MT transcript analysis.ResultsThere was a positive correlation between blood MT-1 and MT-2 transcripts and corresponding hepatic or renal MT transcript levels in rats and mice. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between blood MT-1 and MT-2 transcript and tissue MT protein levels in these animals. A positive correlation also occurred between human blood MT and buccal cell MT transcript levels. MT-1A and MT-2A were the major isoform transcripts in human blood and buccal cells, and significantly lower MT levels were seen in arsenicosis patients compared with healthy subjects.ConclusionsBlood MT transcript appears to be a useful biomarker of tissue MT levels. Arsenicosis patients in Guizhou show significantly lower MT transcript levels in blood, which may have predisposed this population to arsenic intoxication.
Esophageal varices and early esophageal cancer: can we perform endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR)?
Authors: M. Ciocîrlan, M. Chemali, M.-G. Lapalus, C. Lefort, J. Souquet, B. Napoléon, T. Ponchon
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

We present four patients (# 1 – 4) with esophageal varices due to alcoholic liver cirrhosis diagnosed between June 2006 and July 2007 with early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Cancers were treated by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR).
How Evidence-Based Are the Recommendations in Evidence-Based Guidelines?
Authors: Finlay A McAlister, Sean van Diepen, Rajdeep S Padwal, Jeffrey A Johnson, Sumit R Majumdar
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

Treatment recommendations for the same condition from different guideline bodies often disagree, even when the same randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence is cited. Guideline appraisal tools focus on methodology and quality of reporting, but not on the nature of the supporting evidence. This study was done to evaluate the quality of the evidence (based on consideration of its internal validity, clinical relevance, and applicability) underlying therapy recommendations in evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.A cross-sectional analysis of cardiovascular risk management recommendations was performed for three different conditions (diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypertension) from three pan-national guideline panels (from the United States, Canada, and Europe). Of the 338 treatment recommendations in these nine guidelines, 231 (68%) cited RCT evidence but only 105 (45%) of these RCT-based recommendations were based on high-quality evidence. RCT-based evidence was downgraded most often because of reservations about the applicability of the RCT to the populations specified in the guideline recommendation (64/126 cases, 51%) or because the RCT reported surrogate outcomes (59/126 cases, 47%).The results of internally valid RCTs may not be applicable to the populations, interventions, or outcomes specified in a guideline recommendation and therefore should not always be assumed to provide high-quality evidence for therapy recommendations.
A DISTINCTIVE SUBSTANCE ASSOCIATED WITH THE BROWN-PEARCE RABBIT CARCINOMA
Authors: John G. Kidd
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1940)

The serologically active substance of the Brown-Pearce tumor, a complement-fixing antigen, differs notably from certain other tissue antigens (the Wassermann, Forssman, and organ- and species-specific tissue haptens, for example) in the fact that it is not effective after alcoholic extraction of the tissue containing it. Like many of the proteins and viruses it is in-activated upon heating to 65°C. for 30 minutes; and, like them as well, its activity is lost upon treatment with acid (to pH 4.5 or lower) or alkali (to pH 11.5 or higher). Filtration and centrifugation experiments disclosed the fact that the antigen of the Brown-Pearce tumor passed readily through collodion membranes with average pore diameters of 383 mµ and more, but was retained completely by those with average pore diameters of 348 mµ and less. It was thrown down completely or almost completely upon centrifugation at 20,000 R.P.M. for one hour. The findings indicate that the Brown-Pearce tumor antigen has a large and nearly uniform particle size and weight,—as large as that of many of the viruses. They differentiate it sharply from the generality of "soluble antigens.rdquo; Upon direct comparison, the complement-fixing antigen of the Brown-Pearce tumor was found to be similar in a number of its general traits to the serologically active substance of the virus-induced papillomas of rabbits, which in turn is intimately associated or identical with the virus responsible for the papillomas. Extracts of the Brown-Pearce tumor containing the serologically active substance in quantity have given rise to no lesions, however, upon injection into normal or tarred rabbits. The significance of the findings is discussed.
Complement factor H variants I890 and L1007 while commonly associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome are polymorphisms with no functional significance
Authors: Agustín Tortajada, Sheila Pinto, Jorge Martínez-Ara, Margarita López-Trascasa, Pilar Sánchez-Corral, Santiago Rodríguez de Córdoba
Journal: Kidney International (2011)
Angiotensin II Induces Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2- and Calcineurin/Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cell-Dependent Transcriptional Activation in Vascular Myocytes
Authors: Etsu Suzuki, Hiroaki Nishimatsu, Hiroshi Satonaka, Kenneth Walsh, Atsuo Goto, Masao Omata, Toshiro Fujita, Ryozo Nagai, Yasunobu Hirata
Journal: Circulation Research (2002)

It is well known that angiotensin II (Ang II) is implicated in the phenotypic modulation and hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). To study the mechanisms by which Ang II contributes to the pathological changes of VSMCs, we examined whether Ang II stimulated myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2)- and calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT)-dependent transcriptional activation of genes in VSMCs. Ang II increased the DNA binding activity of MEF2A and its expression at the protein level. Ang II induced c-jun promoter activity, and this increase was inhibited by dominant-negative mutants of MEF2A and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 but not by calcineurin inhibitors. Ang II stimulated NFAT DNA binding activity and NFAT-dependent gene transcription, and these effects of Ang II were inhibited by calcineurin inhibitors. Furthermore, Ang II induced the promoter activity of the nonmuscle-type myosin heavy chain B gene, which we used as a marker of the dedifferentiated state of VSMCs, and this increase was inhibited by calcineurin inhibitors but not by the dominant-negative mutants of MEF2A or mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6. Finally, Ang II increased protein synthesis, and this increase was inhibited by infection with an adenovirus construct that expresses the dominant-negative mutant of MEF2A but not by calcineurin inhibitors. These results suggest that Ang II stimulates the MEF2- and calcineurin/NFAT-dependent pathways and that these pathways have distinct roles in VSMCs.
Evaluating cumulative risk assessment for environmental justice: a community case study.
Authors: Mary A Fox
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

A key feature of cumulative risk assessment (CRA) is the ability to estimate differential health risks from environmental exposures within populations. Identifying populations at increased risk from environmental exposures is the first step toward mitigating such risks as required by the fair treatment mandate of environmental justice. CRA methods remain under development except for a limited application in pesticide regulations. The goals of this research were to advance CRA methods and to test their application in a community case study. We compared cumulative risk and health assessments for South and Southwest Philadelphia communities. The analysis found positive correlations between cumulative risk and mortality measurements for total mortality in Whites and non-Whites when we conducted the risk assessment using a multi-end point toxicological database developed for this project. Cumulative risk scores correlated positively with cause-specific mortality in non-Whites. Statistically significant increases in total and respiratory mortality rates were associated with incremental increases in the hazard ratio cumulative risk scores, with ranges of 2-6% for total and 8-23% for respiratory. Regression analyses controlled for percent non-White population and per capita income, indicating that risk scores represent an environmental effect on health independent of race and income. This case study demonstrated the successful application of CRA at the community level. CRA adds a health dimension to pollutant concentrations to produce a more comprehensive understanding of environmental inequities that can inform decision making. CRA is a viable tool to identify high-risk areas and to guide surveillance, research, or interventions.
Standard of Care: The Law of American Bioethics
Authors: Walter Gunn
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Until the early 1960s, the interaction of law and medicine was episodic and primarily focused on forensic pathology and criminal cases. Then, mainly in the 1970s, came the great and disturbing brouhaha of medical malpractice and the need for tort reform, which continues to this day. At about the same time there arose increasingly perplexing problems of medical ethics. The 1970s and 1980s were the setting for the complex reproductive issues of abortion, in vitro fertilization, and surrogate motherhood, as well as the frustrating and expensive series of cases involving brain death and withdrawal of ventilatory and other life-support mechanisms. Physicians were (and are) often puzzled, since there seem to be no straightforward answers to these problems, and frustrated because hospital "ethics committees" often generate more talk than action and lawyers and judges get involved without providing much in the way of sensible solutions. George Annas works at the Boston
Some Logical Faults in the Concept of Eczema
Authors: G. H. Findlay
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1964)

Journal Article Some Logical Faults in the Concept of Eczema Get access G. H. Findlay G. H. Findlay Pretoria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 76, Issue 3, 1 March 1964, Pages 147–149, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1964.tb14495.x Published: 01 March 1964
Abstract 1742: Cell-Type Specific CD40(L) Signaling in Atherosclerosis: Role of Platelet and Leukocyte CD40(L) on Plaque Development
Authors: Dirk Lievens, Imke C Munnix, Linda Beckers, Marjo M Donners, Randy J Noelle, Menno P de Winther, Johan W Heemskerk, Mat J Daemen, Esther Lutgens
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Although absence of CD40(L) signaling reduces atherosclerosis and induces a stable plaque phenotype, the CD40(L) expressing plaque cell-type(s) responsible for these phenomena are unknown. Here we ...
Hypertriglyceridemia in patients with chronic renal failure: Possible mechanisms
Authors: Berthil H.C.M.T. Prinsen, Monique G.M. de Sain-van der Velden, Eelco J.P. de Koning, Hein A. Koomans, Ruud Berger, Ton J. Rabelink
Journal: Kidney International (2003)
A LABORATORY TEST OF "HOXTN" AS A CLAIMED CANCER "CURE"
Authors: C. C. Little
Journal: JAMA (1935)

One of the difficulties in connection with various claims that substances which are cures for cancer have been discovered is to obtain an adequate experimental test of these substances on cancer in laboratory animals. This brief communication records such tests of a substance called "Hoxin," advanced by Mr. Harry Hoxey of Philadelphia as a cure for cancer. This substance is used for treatment in two forms: (<i>a</i>) as a solution administered orally for internal cancer; (<i>b</i>) as a powder placed directly in contact with external cancer. The laboratory material used consisted of mice inoculated with a malignant tumor, No. 15091a, reported on by Cloudman.<sup>1</sup> <h3>INTERNAL TREATMENT</h3><h3>Experiment 1.</h3> —Thirty mice were inoculated subcutaneously with tumor 15091a, Nov. 13, 1934. Beginning on the same day they were given, as the sole liquid element in their diet, a solution of "Hoxin" designated as of "X" strength. On the sixth
The End-Stage Renal Disease Program: Here Are Some of the Data
Authors: Christopher R. Blagg
Journal: JAMA (1987)

Some 13 years ago, implementation of the Medicare End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Program provided access to long-term dialysis and kidney transplantation for almost all patients in need in the United States. Since then the number of dialysis patients in this country has increased from 12 000 to more than 80000, and some 8000 kidney transplants were done last year. The annual cost of this program to Medicare is approaching $2 billion, and there are also significant expenditures from private insurance, Medicaid, various state funds, and from patients themselves. In 1973 the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the American College of Surgeons, and the Research Triangle Institute were responsible for successful transplant and dialysis registries, but in 1974 these were replaced by the ESRD Medical Information System, which was the responsibility of the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA). The history of this registry has been an ongoing catalog of misfortune,<sup>1,2</sup>
A Third Cataractous Family.
Authors: John L. Dickey
Journal: JAMA (1899)

Wheeling, W. Va., Feb. 25, 1899. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —There is no known reason why cataract should be classed among the hereditary diseases. But cases occasionally occur which cause us to pause and think, though they may really belong to the realm of coincidence and not heredity. In theNew York Medical Journalof Feb. 8, 1896, I reported "A Cataractous Family," in which the mother, three daughters, and probably two sons, had double cataract at about the age of 40 years. The only other member of the family, a sister, is about 57 and has no symptom of the family failing. In theJournal of the American Medical Association, of Oct. 22, 1898, I reported "Another Cataractous Family," in which my patient, aged 67 years, had double cataract; his father had double cataract when he died, at 68; a sister had double cataract and had been operated on when
AN APPARATUS FOR THE EVACUATION OF AIR IN SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX
Authors: Elliott P. Smart
Journal: JAMA (1934)

Spontaneous pneumothorax is a serious accident often leading to death from asphyxia. Usually a complication of pulmonary tuberculosis, especially after artificial pneumothorax has been instituted, it may also result from emphysema, congenital cysts of the lung, or traumatic injuries. It is particularly dangerous when the collapse of the lung is sudden and severe, or when a valvelike flap at the site of rupture causes a flow of air from the lung into the pleural cavity but prevents its escape, thus building up a positive pressure, and in instances of bilateral pneumothorax, induced or spontaneous. The resulting asphyxia demands the immediate and continued withdrawal of air from the chest. Simple aspiration with an ordinary syringe and needle, or the insertion of a cannula into the chest, may avail at times, but repeated or even continuous aspiration is often required. Several such cases developing at the Olive View Sanatorium led to the
Distinct Sets of Genetic Alterations in Melanoma
Authors: John A. Curtin, Jane Fridlyand, Toshiro Kageshita, Hetal N. Patel, Klaus J. Busam, Heinz Kutzner, Kwang-Hyun Cho, Setsuya Aiba, Eva-Bettina Bröcker, Philip E. LeBoit, Dan Pinkel, Boris C. Bastian
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Exposure to ultraviolet light is a major causative factor in melanoma, although the relationship between risk and exposure is complex. We hypothesized that the clinical heterogeneity is explained by genetically distinct types of melanoma with different susceptibility to ultraviolet light.We compared genome-wide alterations in the number of copies of DNA and mutational status of BRAF and N-RAS in 126 melanomas from four groups in which the degree of exposure to ultraviolet light differs: 30 melanomas from skin with chronic sun-induced damage and 40 melanomas from skin without such damage; 36 melanomas from palms, soles, and subungual (acral) sites; and 20 mucosal melanomas.We found significant differences in the frequencies of regional changes in the number of copies of DNA and mutation frequencies in BRAF among the four groups of melanomas. Samples could be correctly classified into the four groups with 70 percent accuracy on the basis of the changes in the number of copies of genomic DNA. In two-way comparisons, melanomas arising on skin with signs of chronic sun-induced damage and skin without such signs could be correctly classified with 84 percent accuracy. Acral melanoma could be distinguished from mucosal melanoma with 89 percent accuracy. Eighty-one percent of melanomas on skin without chronic sun-induced damage had mutations in BRAF or N-RAS; the majority of melanomas in the other groups had mutations in neither gene. Melanomas with wild-type BRAF or N-RAS frequently had increases in the number of copies of the genes for cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and cyclin D1 (CCND1), downstream components of the RAS-BRAF pathway.The genetic alterations identified in melanomas at different sites and with different levels of sun exposure indicate that there are distinct genetic pathways in the development of melanoma and implicate CDK4 and CCND1 as independent oncogenes in melanomas without mutations in BRAF or N-RAS.
The Taxes of Sin: Do Smokers Pay Their Way?-Reply
Authors: Willard G. Manning
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Rufleth's concern about the additional costs from neonatal intensive care units is well taken. By omitting maternity costs from our calculations, we omitted the extra costs of neonatal care caused by women's smoking during pregnancy. However, the magnitude of the omission is small and does not alter our overall conclusions on cigarette taxes. Women who smoke during pregnancy have babies whose birth weights average 200 g lower, and smokers are twice as likely to have low—birth-weight babies as nonsmokers.<sup>1</sup>Low birth weight is one of the strongest predictors of use of a neonatal intensive care unit. A recent report on neonatal intensive care<sup>2</sup>indicates that between 150 000 and 200 000 infants are treated annually in neonatal intensive care units; 50% to 80% are low—birth-weight babies, at an average cost of $12 000 to $39 000. If we use the midpoint of each range, the
Treatment of systemic lupus erythematouss.
Authors: M Mason, A M Brownjohn, J Harris, J Woodland
Journal: BMJ (1973)

it has alone the theoretical advantage of inducing immnune tolerance,' has a suppressive effect on experimental autoimmune disease,2 and is more effective than other alkylating agents in suppressing antibody production.3Accepting the fact that patients may be too few for a controlled trial, I feel that patients given treatment of this type should have frequent scientific assessment of the activity of their disease.In the case of S.L.E.one might expect a record of frequent estimations of a2-globulins, complement components, cryoglobulins, serum DNA, and RNA antibodies, as well as L.E. cells and antinuclear factor.
Active Bleeding in Hematoma of the Abdominal Rectus Muscle Shown by Tc-99m Red Blood Cell Scintigraphy: Compared With CT
Authors: Wei-Jen Shih, George Shih, Wen-Sheng Huang
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

A patient with cirrhosis of the liver complicated with left rectus muscle hematoma following paracentesis underwent consecutive noncontrast CT images and a novel Tc-99m red blood cell (RBC) bleeding scan. Six liters of clear yellow fluid were withdrawn. Progressive enlargement of a left rectus muscle hematoma was diagnosed by 3 consecutive CT scans and confirmed by a Tc-99m RBC bleeding scan. Although consecutive CT scans showed progressive enlargement of the hematoma, the radionuclide study showed an active bleeding site.
Mutagenesis by metal-induced oxygen radicals.
Authors: T M Reid, D I Feig, L A Loeb
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

To assess the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to metal-induced mutagenesis, we have determined the spectrum of mutations in the lacZ alpha gene after exposure of M13mp2 DNA to Fe2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+. With iron and copper ions, mutations are clustered and are predominantly single-base substitutions. Fe, Cu, and phorbol ester-stimulated neutrophils also produced tandem double CC-->TT mutations. This mutation may provide a marker for the role of oxidative damage in carcinogenesis. Mutagenesis by Ni2+ required the complexing of the metal to a tripeptide and the addition of H2O2. To assess the contribution of ROS in mammalian cells, we determined the spectrum of mutations produced when purified DNA polymerases-alpha and -beta synthesized DNA using a template that had been damaged by ROS. The mutation spectra produced by the two polymerases indicates that these enzymes substitute different nucleotides opposite the same lesions.