tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
What the Clinician Should Know About the Major Histocompatibility Complex
Authors: John N. Goldman
Journal: JAMA (1981)

THE MAJOR histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a closely linked group of genes that provide the code for the structure of cell surface antigens and several plasma proteins, as well as for factors that regulate immune responses to a variety of antigens. The MHC plays a major role in tissue transplantation and in a wide variety of diseases in man. Because of its important relationships to clinical medicine and because of a number of unique properties of the MHC itself, this group of genes has received an enormous amount of attention in recent years. This is underscored by the fact that the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology this year was awarded to three investigators (Drs Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, and George Snell) for work related to the MHC. It is the purpose of this brief review to outline major aspects of the MHC in man and experimental animals and to
Effects of temperature and sodium on myocardial and hepatocellular fatty acid uptake.
Authors: K Vyska, W Stremmel, W Meyer, G Notohamiprodjo, K Minami, H Meyer, R Körfer
Journal: Circulation Research (1994)

Fatty acid influx into human myocardium was studied in 15 patients during the cooling phase of cardiopulmonary bypass at myocardial temperatures of 37 degrees to 25 degrees C. The fitting of the data to a functional relation, developed in this study, revealed fatty acid influx to be a temperature-dependent saturable process corresponding to a Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) at 37 degrees C of 0.26 +/- 0.084 mumol/g, a maximal fatty acid influx velocity (Vmax) at 37 degrees C of 0.28 +/- 0.045 mumol/g per minute, activation energy for fatty acid binding to the putative carrier (E) of 23.8 +/- 5.6 kcal/mol, and a free energy for conformational change of the carrier (U) of 10.9 +/- 8.0 kcal/mol. In short-term cultured hepatocytes, Km increased in the absence of Na+ from 171 +/- 48 to 301 +/- 71 nmol/L, and Vmax of [3H]oleate decreased from 1063 +/- 69 to 847 +/- 68 pmol/min per milligram protein. The fitting of these data to a functional relation revealed a transmembrane potential-dependent component of parameters E and U to be -0.479 and -0.374 kcal/mol, respectively. It is proposed that for fatty acid influx a protonated fatty acid form is preferred that consists of a Na+ complex with the mesomeric form of nondissociated fatty acid from which Na+ and H+ are released during collision with the carrier.
The Reciprocal Dance between Cancer and Development
Authors: Lewis A Chodosh
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Cellular proliferation is indispensable for the development of every multicellular organism and tissue; ironically, however, the genetic program that controls proliferation is frequently subverted during the process of carcinogenesis. Indeed, the very reliance of multicellular organisms on proliferation for normal development renders them susceptible to cancer.The effects of ovarian hormones on the breast aptly illustrate the relation between development and carcinogenesis. Estrogens and progesterone, which are essential for the development of the mammary gland, regulate the proliferation and differentiation of mammary epithelium during puberty and pregnancy. Yet, ovarian hormones also have a preeminent role in the development of breast . . .
Cost Containment and Labor-Intensive Tests
Authors: Martin F. Shapiro
Journal: JAMA (1984)

We conducted an analysis of the use of the leukocyte differential count to determine (1) the services ordering the largest numbers of tests, (2) the proportion of differentials that were clinically justifiable and useful, and (3) the potential for real cost savings as opposed to reduction in charges if unjustified differentials could be eliminated. The sources of all laboratory requisitions during three nonconsecutive weeks were determined; criteria for test justifiability were established; an audit of a random sample of medical records was conducted on two services obtaining the most tests; and a time-motion study was undertaken in the hospital hematology laboratory. Forty-seven percent of differentials were obtained on medical and surgical inpatients and only 10% in the medical clinics. Forty-eight percent and 62% of differentials on the medical and surgical services, respectively, were unjustifiable, making up 26% of all differentials done in the hospital laboratory. Test results appear to have affected patient management in less than 3% of patients; no unjustified test altered a patient's diagnosis or therapy. Elimination of only "unjustified" medical and surgical differentials would permit a reduction of 1.8 full-time equivalent positions from the hospital laboratory. The leukocyte differential is overused, only occasionally useful, and amenable to real cost reduction. (<i>JAMA</i>1984;252:231-234)
Corticosteroids in Septic Shock
Authors: Simon Finfer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

As the balance of evidence regarding corticosteroid treatment for septic shock shifts once again toward the negative, the study by Sprung et al.1 in this issue of the Journal elicits a strong feeling of déjà vu. Will the historical fate of high-dose corticosteroids, which were largely abandoned when the benefit observed in early studies could not be replicated in larger trials,2,3 now befall “physiologic-dose” corticosteroids?The rationale for therapy with corticosteroids at a physiologic dose (i.e., 200 to 300 mg of hydrocortisone per day) originated in the observations that patients with septic shock who had a reduced response to . . .
ARTHRITIS DEFORMANS: OBSERVATIONS ON ITS ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT: (Preliminary Communication.)
Authors: L. S. Ashcroft, L. Cunningham, T. P. McMurray, H. S. Pemberton
Journal: BMJ (1925)

MKEMORANDA.[MBa 13 be necessarv.An important matter in the after-care of these cases is warmth and free ventilation.If I quote the notes of two cases I thisnk it may he sufficient.CASE I.I was sent for on July 1st to see Mrs. F., aged 82.She com- plained of pain in the left eyeball and along the superior maxilla, and almost complete blindness of the left eye.There was ptosis of the lid, and the eyeball could only be moved slightly outward and downwards; the pupil was contracted.I reterred her to Mr. Potts, who reported well marked optic neuritis, central scotoma, paralysis of the third nerve, and slight proptosis; he
Multiple Hospitalizations for Patients With Diabetes
Authors: H. Joanna Jiang, Daniel Stryer, Bernard Friedman, Roxanne Andrews
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

OBJECTIVE—To describe the extent to which hospitalizations for patients with diabetes reflect multiple stays by the same individuals and to examine how multiple hospitalizations vary by patient demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project complete discharge data for five states (California, Missouri, New York, Tennessee, and Virginia) in 1999, we identified 648,748 nonneonatal, nonmaternal patients who had one or more hospitalizations listing diabetes. Multiple hospitalizations were measured as percent of patients with multiple stays, percent of total stays represented by multiple stays, and average number of stays per patient. Total hospital costs were also examined. Stratified analysis and regression were performed to assess differences by age, sex, race/ethnicity, payer, location, and income. RESULTS—Among patients with diabetes who had been hospitalized, 30% had two or more stays accounting for &amp;gt;50% of total hospitalizations and hospital costs. Controlled for patient age, sex, and clinical characteristics, the likelihood of having multiple hospitalizations was higher for Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks compared with non-Hispanic whites, as well as for patients covered by Medicare or Medicaid and those living in low-income areas. The prevalence of diabetes complications and multiple conditions differed by age, race/ethnicity, and payer among patients with multiple stays. CONCLUSIONS—Multiple hospitalizations are common among patients with diabetes but vary by age, race/ethnicity, payer, and income, with those populations traditionally considered to be more vulnerable experiencing higher likelihoods of multiple stays. Significant opportunities exist to reduce the proportion of multiple hospitalizations for patients with diabetes. Clinical and policy interventions to improve the quality of care and outcomes for these patients should be designed accordingly and have the potential to pay major dividends.
Two thousand Pakistani women in four years were victims of "honour" killings, study says
Authors: R. Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2009)

One in five homicides in Pakistan may be so called honour killings, a new report says.

Over four years around 2000 women were killed, with husbands, brothers, and other close relatives the main perpetrators, says the report in the European Journal of Public Health (doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp021).

The study found that the victims were mostly adult married women and that the main reason for the homicide was alleged extramarital relationships, accounting for 1759 (92%) of the 1902 deaths where a reason was given. In 116 of events (6%), however, the reason given for the killing was that the woman had made her own …
BRAIN-ASSOCIATED STEM CELL ANTIGEN: AN ANTIGEN SHARED BY BRAIN AND HEMOPOIETIC STEM CELLS
Authors: Edward S. Golub
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1972)

There is an antigen on mouse brain tissue which is shared by the hemopoietic colony-forming unit or stem cell of the mouse. Treatment of bone marrow or fetal liver cells with anti-brain antisera inhibits expression of colony-forming units. The anti-stem cell antibody is not absorbed by thymus cells and thus can be distinguished from the anti-thymocyte antibody which these antisera also contain.
The Epidemiologic Necropsy
Authors: Harry Robinson
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article by McFarlane et al<sup>1</sup>entitled "The `Epidemiological Necropsy'" presents the startling finding that there may be a substantial reservoir of undetected lung cancer cases. If this is verified, it has serious implications for the validity of case-finding by the Cancer Registry in Connecticut and by other registries that use the same methods. It therefore is important to be absolutely sure that no hidden factors are present that may have inadvertently introduced bias into this study. The authors point to a fear of demographic and clinical bias that has inhibited investigators from using necropsy data in the past. They were wise to do this: the claim is that demographic bias has been eliminated in their study by using a standard population with gender and age as adjustment variables and that clinical bias has been avoided by eliminating previously diagnosed cases of lung cancer. Despite the
Firearm Injury Prevention
Authors: Lindy Rachal
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Letters15 August 1998Firearm Injury PreventionLindy Rachal, MDLindy Rachal, MDHouston, TX 77004Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-129-4-199808150-00019 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:I am angered and appalled by the recent articles on firearms [1, 2]. Once again the liberal tendencies of ACP have become apparent in its attempt to turn a political issue into a medical one. The papers are flawed not only by biased and nonfactual data but by the political agendas of their authors. Because no room was provided for rebuttal, I therefore give you my positions on firearms.Position 1: To not only continue to provide financial support for progun organizations but to increase that funding at every possible opportunity. At the same time, to promulgate ...References1. Cassel CK, Nelson EA, Smith TW, Schwab CW, Barlow B, Gary NE. Internists' and surgeons' attitudes toward guns and firearm injury prevention. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 128:224-30. Google Scholar2. Firearm injury prevention. American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 128:236-41. Google Scholar3. Kopel D, ed. Guns: Who Should Have Them? Prometheus Books; 1995:235-6. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Lindy Rachal, MDAffiliations: Houston, TX 77004 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 August 1998Volume 129, Issue 4Page: 336KeywordsFirearm injuriesPatient advocacySafetySportsViolent crime ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 August 1998 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Metabolic clearance and production rates of human luteinizing hormone in pre- and postmenopausal women
Authors: Peter O. Kohler, Griff T. Ross, William D. Odell
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1968)

Metabolic clearance rates and production rates of human luteinizing hormone (HLH) were determined in pre- and postmenopausal women by the constant infusion technique. Highly purified HLH-(131)I was infused into the fasting subjects at a constant rate. Serial plasma samples were obtained and the radioactive hormone was precipitated by a double antibody technique. Plasma HLH-(131)I levels reached equilibrium by 4 hr after the infusion started. Metabolic clearance rates were: 24.4 +/- 1.8 (mean +/- SE) ml/min in five normal premenopausal women; 23.3 +/- 1.1 ml/min in five normal women taking norethinodrel and mestranol; and 25.6 +/- 4.1 ml/min in four postmenopausal women. Endogenous plasma HLH levels measured in the same subjects by radioimmunoassay immediately before infusion were 32.0 +/- 9.6 mU/ml in the normal women, 16.8 +/- 3.2 mU/ml in the women on oral contraceptives, and 99.2 +/- 23.2 mU/ml in the postmenopausal women. The corresponding HLH production rates were: 734 +/- 170 mU/min in the normal women: 387 +/- 86 mU/min in the women on norethinodrel and mestranol; and 2400 +/- 410 mU/min in the postmenopausal women. The metabolic clearance rate did not change after ovariectomy in one women, but the production rate rose from 583 to 1420 mU/min. Based on previously reported bioassay values for pituitary content and urinary excretion of HLH, the estimated turnover of HLH in the pituitary is about once per day and less than 5% of the total HLH produced appears in the urine in a biologically active form.
New Advocates of Adequate Treatment Say Have No Fear of Pain or of Prosecution
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1999)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Predictors of contrast induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with and without chronic renal failure
Authors: Ioannis Lakovou, G. Dangas, A.J. Lansky, M. Negoita, I. Hjazi, D. Ashby, J. Forman, M. Guiry, R. Brandwein, M. Losquadro, T. Limpijankit, G.W. Stone, J.W. Moses, M.B. Leon, R. Mehran
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Effects of Serotonin Antagonists in Normal Subjects and Patients with Carcinoid Tumors
Authors: ROLAND SCHNECKLOTH, IRVINE H. PAGE, F. DEL GRECO, A. C. CORCORAN
Journal: Circulation (1957)

The pathogenesis of flushing attacks in patients with malignant carcinoid tumors is attributed to the direct pharmacologic effect of excessive amounts of circulating serotonin. It was hoped that potent serotonin antagonists might relieve symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome in the inoperable patient. The nature of flushing attacks was studied in carcinoid patients and the influence thereon of 3 serotonin antagonists, a benzyl analog of serotonin, bromo-lysergic acid diethylamide, and chlorpromazine. The systemic, subjective, and vascular effects of these antagonists in normal subjects were also investigated.
Supraventricular Tachycardia Initiated by Sinus Beats
Authors: BRUCE N. GOLDREYER, MELVIN B. WEISS, ANTHONY N. DAMATO
Journal: Circulation (1971)

In the present report, A-V dissociation with concealed retrograde conduction into the A-V node, caused SINUS beats to exhibit antegrade A-V nodal conduction delay sufficient to result in episodes of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). In this patient, atrial ectopic premature depolarizations were never observed. The primary role of A-V nodal conduction delay in the genesis of paroxysmal SVT is substantiated by this unusual electrophysiological observation.
Injection Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Larry I. Lipshultz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

In this issue of the Journal, Linet and Ogrinc report that intracavernous-injection therapy with alprostadil (a synthetic prostaglandin E1) can produce good results in men with erectile dysfunction (impotence).1 It should be emphasized that the proper treatment of such men requires individualized evaluation and depends on the cause of their erectile dysfunction. The first step in management of erectile dysfunction is a comprehensive investigation that begins with a thorough medical history and physical examination. The causes are diverse and may be hormonal, psychological, vasculogenic, or neurogenic. Medications, especially antihypertensive and psychotropic drugs, can also cause impotence. Commonly, serum . . .
The Future of Psychoanalytic Therapy
Authors: JUDD MARMOR
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1973)

The author believes that in the years ahead psychoanalysis will move increasingly toward an open-system biosocial perspective incorporating aspects of field theory, communications and information theory, and general systems theory. There are important implications in this for therapy: while long-term psychoanalytically oriented therapy along classical lines will still be needed for some patients, the analyst should make use of some of the newer techniques (including behavior therapy) that aid in amelioration of symptoms. The author also believes that changes are needed in the training of psychoanalysts; integrating psychoanalytic institutes within academic settings would be especially useful because the services of other behavioral scientists would be readily available to aid in the training of analytic candidates.
Cardiac response is greater for colloid than saline fluid loading after cardiac or vascular surgery
Authors: Joanne Verheij, Arthur van Lingen, Albertus Beishuizen, Herman M. T. Christiaans, Jan R. de Jong, Armand R. J. Girbes, Willem Wisselink, Jan A. Rauwerda, Marinus A. J. M. Huybregts, A. B. Johan Groeneveld
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2006)
Impact of 10- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in children aged under 16 years in Germany, 2009 to 2012
Authors: S Weiss, G Falkenhorst, M van der Linden, M Imöhl, R von Kries
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2015)

Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
Clostridium difficile toxin B is more potent than toxin A in damaging human colonic epithelium in vitro.
Authors: M Riegler, R Sedivy, C Pothoulakis, G Hamilton, J Zacherl, G Bischof, E Cosentini, W Feil, R Schiessel, J T LaMont
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Toxin A but not toxin B, appears to mediate intestinal damage in animal models of Clostridium difficile enteritis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the electrophysiologic and morphologic effects of purified C. difficile toxins A and B on human colonic mucosa in Ussing chambers. Luminal exposure of tissues to 16-65 nM of toxin A and 0.2-29 nM of toxin B for 5 h caused dose-dependent epithelial damage. Potential difference, short-circuit current and resistance decreased by 76, 58, and 46%, respectively, with 32 nM of toxin A and by 76, 55, and 47%, respectively, with 3 nM of toxin B, when compared with baseline (P < 0.05). 3 nM of toxin A did not cause electrophysiologic changes. Permeability to [3H]mannitol increased 16-fold after exposure to 32 nM of toxin A and to 3 nM of toxin B when compared with controls (P < 0.05). Light and scanning electron microscopy after exposure to either toxin revealed patchy damage and exfoliation of superficial epithelial cells, while crypt epithelium remained intact. Fluorescent microscopy of phalloidin-stained sections showed that both toxins caused disruption and condensation of cellular F-actin. Our results demonstrate that the human colon is approximately 10 times more sensitive to the damaging effects of toxin B than toxin A, suggesting that toxin B may be more important than toxin A in the pathogenesis of C. difficile colitis in man.
Medicaid Prior-Authorization Programs and the Use of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors
Authors: Michael A. Fischer, Sebastian Schneeweiss, Jerry Avorn, Daniel H. Solomon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Over the past five years, selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (coxibs) have accounted for a growing proportion of prescriptions for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). To control these expenses, many state Medicaid programs have implemented prior-authorization requirements before coxibs can be prescribed. We evaluated the effect of such programs on the use of coxibs by Medicaid beneficiaries.We surveyed state Medicaid agencies to determine whether prescription of coxibs required prior authorization and, if so, the criteria for authorization. For each program, we compared these criteria with evidence-based recommendations for prescribing of coxibs. Using data for all filled prescriptions in 50 state Medicaid programs from 1999 through the end of 2003, we calculated the proportion of defined daily doses of NSAIDs accounted for by coxibs. Time-series analyses were used to measure the changes in prescription patterns after the implementation of each prior-authorization program.By 2001, coxibs accounted for half of all NSAID doses covered by Medicaid. This proportion varied widely according to the state in 2003, from a low of 11 percent to a high of 70 percent of all NSAID doses. Twenty-two states implemented prior-authorization programs for coxibs during the study period. Overall, the implementation of such programs reduced the proportion of NSAID doses made up by coxibs by 15.0 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 10.9 to 19.2 percent), corresponding to a decrease of 10.28 dollars (95 percent confidence interval, 7.56 dollars to 13.00 dollars) in spending per NSAID prescription. The effect of such programs was not influenced by the degree to which a prior-authorization program incorporated evidence-based prescribing recommendations.The use of coxibs and spending on NSAIDs varies widely by state and declined substantially after the implementation of prior-authorization programs. Determining whether these reductions are clinically appropriate will have important implications for the development of rational drug-reimbursement policies.