tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Identifying appropriate tasks for the preregistration year: modified Delphi technique
Authors: J. Stewart, C. O'Halloran, P. Harrigan, J. A Spencer, J R. Barton, S. J Singleton
Journal: BMJ (1999)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To identify the tasks that should constitute the work of preregistration house officers to provide the basis for the development of a self evaluation instrument. <b>Design:</b> Literature review and modified Delphi technique. <b>Setting:</b> Northern Deanery within the Northern and Yorkshire office NHS executive. <b>Subjects:</b> 67 educational supervisors of preregistration house officers. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Percentage of agreement by educational supervisors to tasks identified from the literature. <b>Results:</b> Over 61% of communication items, 70% of on call patient care items, 75% of routine patient care items, 45% of practical procedure items, and over 63% of self management items achieved over 95% agreement that they should be part of the house job of preregistration house officers. Poor agreement was found for the laboratory and clinical investigations that house officers could perform with or without supervision. <b>Conclusions:</b> The tasks of house officers were identified but issues in using this method and in devising a universally acceptable list of tasks for preregistration house officers were apparent. <h3>Key messages</h3> More than 100 activities were identified as potential tasks for house officers, and 11 personal abilities were identified as self management skills The ability of preregistration house officers to perform all of the tasks independently would be restricted by their experiences and therefore may depend on the specialty in which they work The deliberation over what are and are not "shared tasks" was evident; some educational supervisors wanted the house officer to be capable of, but not practise, some tasks whereas others did not believe these tasks were within the remit of the house officer The Delphi technique is a useful method for gaining the autonomous opinions of individuals from a large group of geographically distant members
Estimating the population at risk
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Risk factors for cancers of the upper digestive tract have been investigated using different study designs. These include a population based case-control study in Golestan province, northern Iran, which investigated the association between tea drinking habits and the risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. In total, 300 cases of histologically confirmed oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma and 571 matched neighbourhood controls were identified. Participants were asked about their tea drinking habits in face to face interviews. Drinking hot tea, compared with drinking lukewarm or warm tea, was found to be strongly associated with increased risk of oesophageal cancer.1

In a study in Denmark, researchers used a population based prospective cohort design to examine the association between different types of alcoholic drink and cancers of the upper digestive tract (oropharyngeal and oesophageal). Participants were assessed at baseline for alcohol intake and smoking habits. Cohort members were 15 117 men and 13 063 women aged 20-98 years, who were followed for a mean of 13.5 years (range 2-19 …
Acute Hyperoxic Lung Injury Does Not Impede Adenoviral-mediated Alveolar Gene Transfer
Authors: PHILLIP FACTOR, MICHAEL MENDEZ, GÖKHAN M. MUTLU, VIDAS DUMASIUS
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

The transfer of protective genes to the alveolar epithelium can attenuate lung injury if accomplished before its onset. The pathobiology of acute lung injury (ALI) includes formidable hurdles to gene transfer, including alveoli filled with fluid, inflammatory cells, and cytokines, all of which may impair gene transfer after the onset of injury. We tested the hypothesis that adenovectors could efficiently transduce injured alveoli by exposing adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats to 100% oxygen for 48 or 60 h before endotracheal instillation of either 1 × 109 or 4 × 109 plaque-forming units of an adenovirus that expresses an Escherichia coli lac Z gene (ad β -gal) in a surfactant-based vehicle (Survanta). X-gal staining 72 h postinfection revealed transgene expression in all segments of room air control and hyperoxic lungs infected with either dose of ad β -gal. Net transgene expression in hyperoxic lungs was not different from room air controls despite the presence of pulmonary edema and severe histologic injury. These findings show that adenovectors can efficiently transduce the alveoli of acutely injured, edematous lungs. The data indicate that the pathophysiologic processes of ALI do not impair adenoviral-mediated alveolar gene transfer and provide support for the development of gene therapies for ALI.
Drugs of Dependence Though Not of Abuse: Fenfluramine and Imipramine
Authors: I. Oswald, S. A. Lewis, D. L. F. Dunleavy, V. Brezinova, M. Briggs
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Measures of subjective feeling used by five patients indicated that depression of mood occurred about four days after fenfluramine withdrawal. An experiment in which another 11 patients took fenfluramine 80 mg for 28 days confirmed the depression, maximal on the fourth withdrawal day. It also indicated that in the first week of administration there was some mood elevation, but with feelings of impaired ability to concentrate. The drug reduced appetite and weight. A comparison is drawn with imipramine, which was found to induce initial and withdrawal changes of subjective experience (of dreaming) in six volunteers. It is suggested that certain mood-influencing drugs may not be drugs of abuse because of some unpleasant initial effects, though they can be drugs of dependence.
IMAGING OF T-CELL LYMPHOMA BY RADIOLABELLED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
Authors: PaulA. Bunn, JorgeA. Carrasquillo, AndrewM. Keenan, RobertW. Schroff, KennethA. Foon, SuMing Hsu, AdiF. Gazdar, JamesC. Reynolds, Patricia Perentesis, StevenM. Larson
Journal: The Lancet (1984)
Ramifications of screening for breast cancer: Definition of overdiagnosis is confusing in follow-up of Malmö trial
Authors: Per-Henrik Zahl, Jan Mæhlen
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Ramifications of screening for breast cancerSee Research p 689 in 4 cancers detected by mammography are pseudocancersEditor-In this issue Zackrisson et al report on follow-up data from the Malmö mammographic screening trial and conclude that the rate of overdiagnosis of breast cancer was 10%. 1 They do not, however, calculate the risk we believe is most relevant to women considering mammography: What is the chance that a screen detected cancer represents overdiagnosis?After 15 years of follow-up, there were 1320 diagnosed in the screened group and 1205 in the control group (table 1).The excess detection of 115 cancers associated with screening led to their conclusion of an overdiagnosis rate of 10% (115/1205).However, because the intervention had stopped 15 years earlier and yet breast cancer cases continue to accumulate in both groups, the approach understates the risk of overdiagnosis.A more relevant denominator is the number of cancers found in the screened group at the end of the trial-741 (table 2).This addresses the question: Were I found to have cancer after being randomised to screening, how likely is it to represent overdiagnosis?As shown in the figure, using this denominator the risk of overdiagnosis is 15% (115/741).However, many of the cancers detected in the screened group are not detected by screening.They are instead clinically detected (either during the interval between screening examinations or among nonattenders).The most relevant denominator is the number of screen detected cancers found at the end of the trial.This addresses the question: Were I found to have cancer by a mammogram, how likely is it to represent overdiagnosis?Although this denominator is not reported by Zackrisson et al, the original BMJ article describing Malmö reported that 64% of the cancers detected in the screened group were detected by screening mammography. 2Thus one can deduce that the number of screen detected cancers at the end of the trial was about 475.As shown in the figure, using this denominator the risk of overdiagnosis is 24% (115/475).
Nasal reactivity to capsaicin in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis during and after the pollen season
Authors: Ml Kowalski, A Dietrich‐miłobędzki, B Majkowska‐wojciechowska, M Jarzębska
Journal: Allergy (1999)

We aimed to study the participation of neurogenic mechanisms in nasal allergic inflammation by assessing the effect of neurogenic stimulation on the secretory and cellular responses of nasal mucosa in patients with allergic rhinitis.A group of patients suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis was challenged intranasally with incremental doses of capsaicin (0.3, 3, 12 microg) during and after the pollen season. Clinical symptoms after provocations were monitored, and unilateral nasal lavages were obtained. The nasal lavage fluid (NAL) was assayed for concentration of total protein, albumin, lactoferrin, and number of leukocytes, following by differential count.Capsaicin challenge during the pollen season produced greater congestion (P < 0.01) and rhinorrhea (P < 0.05) than after the season. The intensity of burning sensation (pain) was similar on both occasions. Capsaicin failed to increase albumin content in NAL both during and after the season. Total protein was increased only after the highest dose of capsaicin (P < 0.03) after the season. The number of eosinophils in basal lavages was higher during the season. During the season, the total number of leukocytes at least doubled in 7/12 patients and the percentage of eosinophils increased in 6/12 patients after the capsaicin challenge.Our study demonstrated that during the symptomatic period the nasal mucosa of allergic patients is more susceptible to neurogenic stimulation, showing enhanced secretory and inflammatory (cellular) responses.
The Philosophical Basis of Peer Review and the Suppression of Innovation
Authors: David F. Horrobin
Journal: JAMA (1990)

Peer review can be performed successfully only if those involved have a clear idea as to its fundamental purpose. Most authors of articles on the subject assume that the purpose of peer review is quality control. This is an inadequate answer. The fundamental purpose of peer review in the biomedical sciences must be consistent with that of medicine itself, to cure sometimes, to relieve often, to comfort always. Peer review must therefore aim to facilitate the introduction into medicine of improved ways of curing, relieving, and comforting patients. The fulfillment of this aim requires both quality control and the encouragement of innovation. If an appropriate balance between the two is lost, then peer review will fail to fulfill its purpose. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1990;263:1438-1441)
Lack of Benefit for Intravenous Thrombolysis in Patients With Myocardial Infarction Who Are Older Than 75 Years
Authors: David R. Thiemann, Josef Coresh, Steven P. Schulman, Gary Gerstenblith, William J. Oetgen, Neil R. Powe
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —The benefit of intravenous thrombolytic therapy in elderly patients with myocardial infarction is uncertain. There are no randomized trials of thrombolytic efficacy or observational studies of clinical effectiveness that focus specifically on the elderly. Methods and Results —To determine whether thrombolytic therapy for elderly patients is associated with a survival advantage in a large observational database, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of 7864 Medicare fee-for-service patients aged 65 to 86 years with the primary discharge diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction who were admitted with clinical and ECG indications for thrombolytic therapy and no absolute contraindications. The study included all US acute care nongovernment hospitals without on-site angioplasty capability. Using proportional-hazards methods, we found that in a comprehensive multivariate model, there was a significant interaction ( P &lt;0.001) between age and the effect of thrombolytic therapy on 30-day mortality rates. For patients 65 to 75 years old, thrombolytic therapy was associated with a survival benefit, consistent with randomized trials. Among patients aged 76 to 86 years, thrombolytic therapy was associated with a survival disadvantage, with a 30-day mortality hazard ratio of 1.38 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.71, P =0.003). For these patients, there was no benefit from thrombolytic therapy in any clinical subgroup. Conclusions —In nationwide clinical practice, thrombolytic therapy for patients &gt;75 years old is unlikely to confer survival benefit and may have a significant survival disadvantage. Reperfusion research that is focused on elderly patients is urgently needed.
Mutational and structural analysis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma using whole-genome sequencing
Authors: Ryan D. Morin, Karen Mungall, Erin Pleasance, Andrew J. Mungall, Rodrigo Goya, Ryan D. Huff, David W. Scott, Jiarui Ding, Andrew Roth, Readman Chiu, Richard D. Corbett, Fong Chun Chan, Maria Mendez-Lago, Diane L. Trinh, Madison Bolger-Munro, Greg Taylor, Alireza Hadj Khodabakhshi, Susana Ben-Neriah, Julia Pon, Barbara Meissner, Bruce Woolcock, Noushin Farnoud, Sanja Rogic, Emilia L. Lim, Nathalie A. Johnson, Sohrab Shah, Steven Jones, Christian Steidl, Robert Holt, Inanc Birol, Richard Moore, Joseph M. Connors, Randy D. Gascoyne, Marco A. Marra
Journal: Blood (2013)
Endothelial Dysfunction and Collagen Accumulation
Authors: Antoine Lafont, Eric Durand, Jane L. Samuel, Bruno Besse, Faouzi Addad, Bernard I. Lévy, Michel Desnos, Claude Guérot, Chantal M. Boulanger
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Constrictive remodeling plays a prominent role in restenosis after balloon angioplasty, but its regulation remains unclear. Because endothelial dysfunction and changes in extracellular matrix have been reported after angioplasty, this study was designed to simultaneously evaluate endothelial function and collagen and elastin changes after restenosis and arterial remodeling.Atherosclerosis was induced in femoral arteries of 22 New Zealand White rabbits by air-desiccation and a high-cholesterol diet. One month later, angioplasty was performed. Histomorphometry and in vitro assessment of endothelial function were performed 4 weeks after angioplasty. Restenosis correlated with constrictive remodeling (r=0.60, P=0.01) but not with neointimal growth (r=-0.06, P=0.79). Restenosis correlated with an impaired relaxation to acetylcholine (ACh; r=0.61, P=0.02) but not with the response to the endothelium-independent vasodilator sodium nitroprusside (r=-0.25, P=0.40). Restenosis correlated positively with collagen accumulation (r=0.69, P=0.004) and inversely with elastin density (r=-0.48, P=0.05). Relaxations to ACh were significantly more decreased in arteries with constrictive remodeling than in those with enlargement remodeling (3.7+/-7.9% versus 35.5+/-15.0%, P=0.04). Neointimal collagen density was significantly higher in arteries with constrictive remodeling than in those with enlargement remodeling (34.5+/-4.5% versus 18.2+/-4.7%, P=0.03). Endothelial function and collagen and elastin density were independent predictors of restenosis in the study.These results demonstrate that the severity of restenosis after angioplasty correlated with both defective endothelium-dependent relaxation and increased collagen density.
Dietary, Environmental, and Hereditary Factors in the Development of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: M. Lipkin
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1979)

Recent studies have attempted to identify factors that are associated with the de velopment of colorectal cancer both in population groups with genetic predis position to neoplasia and in individuals in the general population who are at high risk.Environmental and dietary elements suspected of inducing or promoting colon carcinogenesis and abnormalities ob served in colonic cell development are under investigation.Colorectal cancer poses a major health problem in the United States and many other countries, and is currently responsible for a high proportion of the malignant neoplasms found in the United States.Recent fig ures have indicated over 112,000 new cases annually in the United States, and high mortality.'The proportion of indi viduals who survive the disease varieswith the stage at which it is detected, success being higher with earlier detec tion.
Abstract 1159: Increased ceramide synthase 5 expression is associated with lymphovascular invasion, metastasis and poor survival in colorectal cancer.
Authors: Seán Fitzgerald, Katherine M. Sheehan, Anthony O'Grady, Dermot Kenny, Richard O'Kennedy, Elaine W. Kay, Gregor Kijanka
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background: Ceramide synthase 5 (CerS5) is multi-pass transmembrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. Functioning as a bona fide (dihydro)ceramide synthase, CerS5 regulates the levels of short ceramide species. Ceramides are bioactive lipids implicated in proliferation, senescence, angiogenesis and death of normal and cancerous cells. We aimed to investigate CerS5 expression in colorectal cancer tissue and to evaluate the prognostic significance of CerS5 in colorectal cancer patients. Methods: CerS5 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays constructed from 125 colorectal cancer patients. The associations between CerS5 staining and the clinicopathological factors were examined using the Spearman rank correlation test. Patient survival was examined using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard modeling, categorized according to high or low CerS5 staining intensity. Results: Immunohistological staining revealed an overexpression of membranous CerS5 in 63 out of 125 (50.4%) colorectal carcinomas. CerS5 overexpression significantly correlated with lymphovascular invasion and metastatic disease in matched tumor cases (P = 0.036 &amp; P = 0.037, respectively). Patients with CerS5 overexpressing tumors had a significantly lower overall 5-year survival (OS, P = 0.029) and 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS, P = 0.047). Cox multivariate analysis showed that the increased CerS5 expression was an independent predictor of OS (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.604; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.010-2.548, P = 0.045) and RFS (HR = 1.592; CI 1.036-2.447, P = 0.034). Conclusions: We found an increased expression of ceramide synthase 5 (CerS5) in 50% of investigated colorectal carcinomas, which was associated with lymphovascular invasion, metastasis and poor survival in colorectal cancer patients. Our study identifies CerS5 as a novel independent prognostic biomarker for patients with colorectal cancer. Citation Format: Seán Fitzgerald, Katherine M. Sheehan, Anthony O'Grady, Dermot Kenny, Richard O'Kennedy, Elaine W. Kay, Gregor Kijanka. Increased ceramide synthase 5 expression is associated with lymphovascular invasion, metastasis and poor survival in colorectal cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1159. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1159
Detection of Tracheoesophageal Fistula Caused by Ingestion of a Caustic Substance by Esophageal Scintigraphy
Authors: Meryem Kaya, Mustafa Inan, Deniz Bedel
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2005)

A 4-year-old boy was referred for scintigraphic evaluation of esophageal transit 24 hours after he had ingested sodium hydroxide. After oral administration of Tc-99m sulfur colloid, scintigraphy showed marked and prolonged retention of the radioactive bolus in the middle and lower thirds of the esophagus. Three weeks after ingestion of the caustic substance, repeat scintigraphy was requested to evaluate esophageal transit and gastric-emptying. In this presentation, a tracheoesophageal fistula was a consequence of sodium hydroxide ingestion and was identified with radionuclide scintigraphy before there was clinical and radiologic detection.
PHOSPHATE BINDER USE IN HEMODIALYSIS SUBJECTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORES ABOVE 100
Authors: Ronney S. Shantouf, Naser Ahmadi, Sadiah Iqbal, Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh, Ferdinand Flores, Nazanin Noori, Jennie Jing, Csaba P. Kovesdy, Matthew J. Budoff
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Porphyria cutanea tarda in a patient with acute leukemia
Authors: Janice P. Dutcher, Michael Fisher, Morton Spivack, Peter H. Wiernik
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1986)

Abstract A 20‐year‐old woman with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in remission was treated postremission with intermittent courses of intensive chemotherapy. She required blood and platelet transfusions following therapy, and oral contraceptives were used to suppress her menses while she was thrombocytopenic. One and one‐half years after treatment began, she developed blisters on her hands, hypertrichosis, and dark urine. The diagnosis of porphyria cutanea tarda was made. This report discusses the possible precipitating cause(s) and the subsequent treatment of both her porphyria and her leukemia.
Additional pathways of S-conjugate formation during the interaction of thiols with nitrosoarenes bearing pi-donating substituents.
Authors: D Gallemann, P Eyer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

During the well-established reaction pathways of nitrosoarenes interacting with thiols, a reactive N-(thiol-S-yl)-arylamine cation was implicated in the so-called rearrangement reaction which transforms the semimercaptal to the sulfinamide. In the case of nitrosoarenes with pi-donating substituents, this cationic transition state includes resonance structures bearing the positive charge in 2 and 4 position, thereby facilitating the attack of nucleophiles to the aromatic ring. Investigating the reaction products of 4-nitrosophenetol and reduced glutathione in chemical systems and human red cells, some glutatione S-conjugates were detected other than the already known sulfenamide and sulfinamide. Three of them were separated by HPLC and identified by mass spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, and UV-visible spectroscopy, by determination of pKa values and chemical behavior. The hitherto unknown conjugates are 4-ethoxy-2-(glutathione-S-yl)-aniline, N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-N'-(glutathione-S-yl)-benzoquinonediimine, and 4-amino-4'-ethoxy-2-(glutathione-S-yl)-diphenylamine. In preliminary experiments, some of these conjugates were shown to be highly active in producing ferrihemoglobin. Considerations on the formation pathways of these metabolites lend further support to the electrophilic N-(glutathione-S-yl)arylamine cation as a reactive intermediate that may be implicated in nitrosoarene toxicity.
Content Analysis of Follow-Up Interviews with Inpatient/ Outpatient Group Psychotherapy Patients
Authors: Gereon Heuft, Wolfgang Senf
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1993)

In the follow-up project of the psychosomatic clinic at the University of Heidelberg, 45 patients were interviewed who had begun group psychotherapy in a closed group over 2.5 years with an inpatient treatment period of 3 months. The follow-up interviews carried out 2–5 years after the end of the outpatient treatment period are studied by content analysis. It could be demonstrated that the content of the two main categories 'Beginning' and 'End' of the inpatient period differs very much. Two patterns of 'beginners' could be distinguished. The importance of the evaluation of the former patients' spontaneous report as involved experts for psychotherapy research is discussed.