tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Prolonged Cortisone Administration
Authors: W. S. C. Copeman, O. Savage, C. Dodds, J. H. Glyn, M. E. Fearnley
Journal: BMJ (1954)

After three years' experience at the West London Hos- pital in the treatment of a series of cases of rheumatoid arthritis with cortisone, we feel that it may be of interest to summarize our results to date.In a previous publica- tion (Copeman et al., 1950) we reported a short study of .theeffect of cortisone and other steroids in rheuma- toid arthritis, and described certain methods for clini- cal assessment.We later published a longer study of the effects of continuous cortisone administration in the same disease (Copeman et al., 1952).The present paper is a continuation of those studies.This report is on 20 cases of rheumatoid arthritis, 14 of which have received cortisone for more than two years, and all for at least a year continuously (Table I).9 TABLE I.-Duration of Cortisone Treatment Months: 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29125 22 18 17 16 Total No. of cases 2 3 1 2 1 2 112 1 2 20All the patients selected had previously suffered from active rheumatoid arthritis for at least two and a half years, and the majority for much longer, the average duration of the disease before cortisone treatment being 6.8 yeaTs.None of them were able to carry out their normal occupations, and all were regarded as severe cases.They had lost their independence, and described themselves as " crippled."These patients had been under observation and treatment for some time, and the more standard methods, such as adequate rest, salicylates, and gold salt injections, had failed to suppress the progress of their disease.From this series of 20 cases 17 have now been returned to a working life in their various spheres, although, as the analysis in this report will show, the actual degree of functional improvement varies from case to case.
Refractory Iron-deficiency Anaemia Treated with Intravenous Iron
Authors: L. S. P. Davidson, R. H. Girdwood
Journal: BMJ (1948)

Determination of the serum iron has been carried out on, 92 healthy females receiving an adequate diet.The five highest values were 194, 166, 154, 146, and 143 y per 100 ml.; while the three lowest values were 68 y.The serum-iron concentration was found to be lower in menstruating women than in those not menstruating.The theory that the lower serum-iron value in menstruating women was due to loss of iron month after month is con- sidered to be proved by the results obtained.
Pregnancy and Thyrotoxicosis
Authors: P. Hawe, H. H. Francis
Journal: BMJ (1962)

The association of thyrotoxicosis and pregnancy has received little attention in the general medical literature.It is uncommon but important because the interaction of the two conditions may lead to serious consequences for the mother and for the child.The clinical data presented in this paper result from ' l~~~odine) IS elevated and level of free increased cardiac thyroxine is restored.
Relation of Electrolyte Disturbances to Cardiac Arrhythmias
Authors: CHARLES FISCH
Journal: Circulation (1973)

While a number of electrolytes play a role in the genesis of the transmembrane action potential (AP), the changes in the action potential most clearly related to arrhythmias are dependent to a large extent on K + . Potassium gradient is a major determinant of the magnitude of transmembrane resting potential (TRP), and secondarily the rate of rise (dV/dt) of phase 0, and consequently the speed of conduction. The cell membrane conductance for K + , or a decrease therein, is most likely the major determinant of spontaneous slow depolarization during phase 4. Thus K + has a pronounced effect on both conduction and automaticity. Furthermore, these electrophysiologic properties are altered within levels of K + encountered in clinical medicine, a situation which, with rare exceptions, is not seen with Ca ++ , Mg ++ , or Na – . These latter ions affect the action potential and induce experimental arrhythmias at concentrations which are unphysiologic and frequently incompatible with life. Consequently, of all the electrolytes, disturbed K + metabolism accounts for the vast majority of clinical arrhythmias. For the same reasons, with the exception of the ability of Na + and Ca ++ to reverse the K + -induced depression of conduction, K + is the only electrolyte with clinacally significant antiarrhythmic properties.
Prophylaxis of Venereal Diseases.
Authors: Frank L. Truitt
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Detroit, Mich., March 9, 1905. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —It was with the greatest interest that I read the articles inThe Journal, March 4, on the relation of venereal diseases to society, and I am heartily in sympathy with any movement which will assist in diminishing their prevalence. In my opinion much could be accomplished toward the desired end by publishing such articles as those by Drs. Morrow, Kelly and Bulkley, in the newspapers. There is no reason why the tender sensibilities of certain over-modest individuals should be any more shocked by these articles than by the advertisements of various "quacks," which appear each day. The publishers might decline to print them, unless paid to do so, but the cost of even a paid publication would be small, compared to the educational benefit derived from it. It is all right to print these articles in medical journals, but these publications
NOTE ON THE BATH TREATMENT OF TYPHOID FEVER.
Authors: SIMON BARUCH
Journal: JAMA (1891)

In the article "Has progress been made in the Medicinal Treatment of Typhoid Fever?" Dr. T. J. Happel, after reviewing the various methods of medicinal treatment, goes out of his way to attack the Brand Treatment (which certainly is not a "medicinal" treatment). I feel called upon to say a word in defence of the bath treatment which he dismisses so summarily. "The bathing must be begun early," says the author (p. 811) in quoting the directions I gave in a review before the Academy of Medicine, "even before a diagnosis can possibly be made. I would suggest that the longer before a diagnosis can be made, the bathing is begun, the greater the per cent.<i>me judice</i>, of cures, because the greater the number of febriculæ and simple continued fever cases you are apt to have to treat." It does not seem to have occurred to this gentleman that
The effect of topical steroids on cutaneous oxygen tension
Authors: M. HARIA, R.C. O'NEILL, S. WRIGHT
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1992)

The precise mode of action of topically applied steroids is unknown. We have applied clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment (Dermovate; Glaxo Pharmaceuticals) under occlusion to the forearm skin of 10 healthy volunteers for 6 h and monitored transcutaneous oxygen tension at the site for 19 h after its removal. Compared to the ointment base, the steroid-treated area was significantly hypoxic up to 13 h after application. The profound hypoxia present at the site of application of clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment may account for some of its anti-inflammatory effects, and its atrophogenicity.
Endoscopy-Assisted Capsule Endoscopy in Patients with Swallowing Disorders
Authors: E. Tóth, F. T. Fork, P. Almqvist, H. Thorlacius
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

Capsule endoscopy (CE) has greatly facilitated the diagnosis of small-bowel lesions in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding [1]. It was recently reported by Hollerbach et al. [2] that endoscopically assisted video capsule endoscopy facilitates the investigation of the small bowel in patients with functional gastric outlet obstruction. Swallowing difficulties, which are not uncommon in elderly patients, may also make it difficult to carry out CE [3]. To avoid this, we have successfully tested a modified approach to CE in these patients.
The Tactile Circumferential Discriminator: A new, simple screening device to identify diabetic patients at risk of foot ulceration
Authors: L Vileikyte, G Hutchings, S Hollis, A J M Boulton
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the tactile circumferential discriminator (TCD) (Tacticon Medical Enterprises, West Chester, PA), a new, simple, handheld quantitative sensory testing device, in the identification of patients at potential risk of neuropathic ulceration. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Patients with diabetes (n = 133) attending the Manchester Diabetes Centre or diabetic foot clinic seen within a 5-week period were assessed using the TCD, monofilaments, and vibration perception threshold (VPT) measured over the hallux. The sensitivity and specificity of each method in the identification of “high-risk” patients were compared. RESULTS The TCD was easy to use, and there was a highly significant correlation between the results obtained compared with both filaments and VPT (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Similarly, in the identification of patients at risk of ulceration, the TCD agreed with VPT in 75.2% of cases and with the monofilaments in 78.9%. In the identification of the 37 foot ulcer patients, TCD was highly sensitive (100%) but less specific (58.3%) than VPT (86.5%; 79.2%) and the monofilaments (91.9%; 76.0%). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the TCD is a simple and reliable new technique for population screening for neuropathy and foot ulcer risk.
THE QUINOTOXIN MYTH
Authors: T. SOLLMANN
Journal: JAMA (1921)

Some writers, especially in chemical and pharmaceutical journals, have attributed the toxic effects of quinin to the formation of a more toxic substance, "quinotoxin," or quinicin, as it is more properly called. This may be formed from quinin under suitable conditions, especially in the presence of free organic acids. It has been assumed that these conditions would arise in the stomach, and, also, that prescriptions containing quinin and an organic acid would be dangerously incompatible. An examination of the data on which these assumptions were based reveals that these fears are not justified by the facts; that at most insignificant traces of quinotoxin could be formed in the body or be present in such prescriptions, and that the formation of considerable quantities would not be dangerous. The error arose originally from exaggerated conceptions of the toxity of quinotoxin, and was fostered by unproved assumptions as to the amounts that might
The complexity of human sharing
Authors: Eric Alden Smith
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

Although an excellent review, the target article displays a bias in favor of reciprocity-based explanations and against alternatives. Tolerated scrounging is more subtle and pervasive than portrayed here. Costly signaling need not be limited to public displays and generalized sharing. The theoretical basis for extensive sharing and other forms of collective action remains unresolved, and standard reciprocity-based explanations are insufficient.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Authors: Thomas F. O'Brien, Maria C. Michaelides, Albert H. Coons
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1963)

The in vitro anamnestic antibody response of popliteal lymph node fragments to additions of antigen closely resembles the in vivo anamnestic antibody response in its sensitivity to antigen, in the time course of antibody production, and in the sequence of appearance and the morphology of the antibody containing cells. Most of the cells responsible for antibody synthesis remain in the explant and do not migrate, although a few can be found in the outgrowing sheet of cells. The smallest concentration of bovine serum albumin which stimulates an anamnestic response in vitro is about 1 x 10–9 gm/ml.
Improved pharmacological therapy of chronic heart failure in primary care: a randomized Study of NT‐proBNP Guided Management of Heart Failure – SIGNAL‐HF (Swedish Intervention study – Guidelines and NT‐proBNP AnaLysis in Heart Failure)
Authors: Hans Persson, Hans Erntell, Björn Eriksson, Gunilla Johansson, Karl Swedberg, Ulf Dahlström
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2010)
Genetic Variants in Cell Cycle Control Pathway Confer Susceptibility to Lung Cancer
Authors: Wei Wang, Margaret R. Spitz, Hushan Yang, Charles Lu, David J. Stewart, Xifeng Wu
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: To test the hypothesis that common sequence variants of cell cycle control genes may affect lung cancer predisposition. Experimental Design: We explored lung cancer risk associations of 11 polymorphisms in seven cell cycle genes in a large case-control study including 1,518 Caucasian lung cancer patients and 1,518 controls. Results: When individuals with variant-containing genotypes were compared with homozygous wild-type carriers, a significantly increased lung cancer risk was identified for polymorphisms in p53 intron 6 [rs1625895; odds ratio (OR), 1.29; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.08-1.55] and in p27 5′ untranslated region (UTR; rs34330; OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.01-1.60). Compared with homozygous wild-types, the homozygous variant genotypes of STK15 F31I and CCND1 G870A were associated with a significantly altered lung cancer risk with ORs of 0.58 (95% CI, 0.37-0.90) and 1.26 (95% CI, 1.03-1.53), respectively. To assess the cumulative effects of all the investigated polymorphisms on lung carcinogenesis, we conducted a combined analysis and found that compared with low-risk individuals with few adverse alleles, individuals with more adverse alleles had an increased risk in a significant dose-dependent manner (Ptrend = 0.041). This pattern was more evident in ever smokers (Ptrend = 0.037), heavy smokers (Ptrend = 0.020), and older subjects (Ptrend = 0.011). Higher-order gene-gene interactions were evaluated using the classification and regression tree analysis, which indicated that STK15 F31I and p53 intron 6 polymorphisms might be associated with lung carcinogenesis in never/light-smokers and heavy smokers, respectively. Conclusions: Our results suggest that cell cycle gene polymorphisms and smoking may function collectively to modulate the risk of lung cancer.
Superparamagnetic iron oxide–enhanced magnetic resonance images of hepatocellular carcinoma: Correlation with histological grading
Authors: Yasuharu Imai, Takamichi Murakami, Shigeyuki Yoshida, Masahiro Nishikawa, Masahiko Ohsawa, Koh Tokunaga, Masaru Murata, Kunitaka Shibata, Shinichiro Zushi, Masanori Kurokawa, Takeshi Yonezawa, Sumio Kawata, Manabu Takamura, Hiroaki Nagano, Masato Sakon, Morito Monden, Kenichi Wakasa, Hironobu Nakamura
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been used for the detection of hepatic tumors. However, little is known about this technique in relation to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to investigate whether SPIO-enhanced MR imaging can be useful in assessing histological grades of HCC. The authors studied histologically proven tumors including 31 HCCs and 6 dysplastic nodules. The ratio of the Kupffer-cell count in the tumorous tissue relative to that in the nontumorous tissue (Kupffer-cell-count ratio) decreased as HCCs became less well differentiated. The ratio of the intensity of the tumorous lesion to that of the nontumorous area on SPIO-enhanced MR images (SPIO intensity ratio) correlated inversely with Kupffer-cell-count ratio in HCCs and dysplastic nodules (r = -.826, P <.001) and increased as the degree of differentiation of HCCs decreased, indicating that the uptake of SPIO in HCCs decreased as the degree of differentiation of HCCs declined. All of the dysplastic nodules and some well-differentiated HCCs showed hypointense or isointense enhancement, relative to the surrounding liver parenchyma, indicating greater or similar uptake of SPIO in the tumor when compared with nontumorous areas. These results suggest that SPIO-enhanced MR imaging reflects Kupffer-cell numbers in HCCs and dysplastic nodules, and is useful for estimation of histological grading in HCCs, although uncertainties persist in differentiating dysplastic nodules from well-differentiated HCCs.
Morality of the Ambulance Ride
Authors: A. B. Stewart
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase or (HUMAN)SULT2A1 catalyzes the sulfonation of procarcinogen xenobiotics, hydroxysteroids, and bile acids and plays a dynamic role in hepatic cholesterol homeostasis. The treatment of primary cultured human hepatocytes with a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα)-activating concentration of ciprofibrate (10<sup>-</sup><sup>4</sup> M) increased (HUMAN)SULT2A1 mRNA, immunoreactive protein, and enzymatic activity levels by ∼2-fold. By contrast, expression of (RAT)SULT2A3, the rat counterpart to (HUMAN)SULT2A1, was induced by treatment of primary hepatocyte cultures with an activator of the pregnane X receptor, but not PPARα. In HepG2 cells, transient transfection analyses of luciferase reporter constructs containing upstream regions of the (HUMAN)SULT2A1 gene implicated a candidate peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) at nucleotides (nt) -5949 to -5929 relative to the transcription start site. Site-directed mutagenesis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay studies confirmed that this distal PPRE (dPPRE), a direct repeat nuclear receptor motif containing one intervening nt, represented a functional PPRE. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that the (HUMAN)SULT2A1 dPPRE was also a functional element in the context of the human genome. These data support a major role for the PPARα transcription factor in the regulation of hepatic (HUMAN)SULT2A1. Results also indicate that important species differences govern the transactivation of SULT2A gene transcription by nuclear receptors.
An insulin-like growth factor II-producing histiocytoma associated with hypoglycemia: Analysis of the peptide, its gene expression, and glucose transporter isoforms
Authors: Taro Wasada, Naomi Hizuka, Mikio Yamamoto, Kosuke Haruki, Koji Ikejiri, Yoshitomo Oka, Tomoichiro Asano, Motohiko Aiba, Yukimasa Hirata
Journal: Metabolism (1992)
Multiple genetic alterations, 4q28, a new suppressor region, and potential gender differences in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Christine Hammond, Lennox Jeffers, Brian I. Carr, Daniela Simon
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Primary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) of different etiologies were studied to determine the rate of alteration of several genetic regions previously associated with the HCC phenotype. The focus of our study was to identify the frequency of genetic alterations within individual HCCs and their distribution among male and female cases. Genetic differences were evaluated between DNA isolated from tumor (T) and corresponding non–tumor (N) tissue using short tandem repeat (STR)–microsatellites and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses. Twenty–eight HCC cases were studied with polymorphic markers from different parts of the genome. Three or more loci were identified with genetic alterations from 28 loci tested in 63% of HCC cases. The highest frequency of alteration occurred in the chromosome regions 1p36, 13q14, 17p13, and the 4q28 region identified in HCCs for the first time. High loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 1p36, 4q28, 13q14, and 17p13 regions indicates important HCC suppressors within the regions. The study documents no association between cause and specific genetic change or their frequency in HCCs analyzed. The data document a significant gender distortion for genetic alteration in chromosome 13q14 and 17p13 regions and a concordant gender alteration rate in the 1p36 and 4q28 regions. An overall higher frequency of genetic alterations was identified in male cases. Future study with an extended number of HCC cases should substantiate the frequency of alteration between genders and identify tentative suppressors in the 1p36 and 4q28 regions.
A soluble multimeric recombinant CD2 protein identifies CD48 as a low affinity ligand for human CD2: divergence of CD2 ligands during the evolution of humans and mice.
Authors: A R Arulanandam, P Moingeon, M F Concino, M A Recny, K Kato, H Yagita, S Koyasu, E L Reinherz
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

To search for possible ligands of CD2 distinct from CD58 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3), we have produced a soluble pentameric CD2-immunoglobulin (Ig) fusion protein (spCD2) linking the 182-amino acid human CD2 extracellular segment with CH2-CH3-CH4 domains of human IgM heavy chain, thus enhancing the micromolar affinity of the CD2 monomer through multimeric interaction. Using quantitative immunofluorescence and standard stringency wash conditions, we observed that the binding of spCD2 to human B lymphoblastoid JY cells and red blood cells is virtually inhibited by anti-CD58 TS2/9 monoclonal antibody, even though these cells express levels of CD48 and CD59 comparable to CD58. Consistent with these results, spCD2 did not show any binding to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with human CD48 or CD59. However, binding studies on CD48-, CD58-, or CD59-transfected CHO cells with spCD2 under low stringency wash conditions revealed that human CD48 is a low affinity ligand of human CD2 compared with CD58 (Kd approximately 10(-4) vs. approximately 10(-6) M, respectively). The findings are noteworthy given that in the murine system CD48 is the major ligand for CD2. No detectable binding was observed to CD59-transfected CHO cells despite a report suggesting that CD59 may bind to the human CD2 adhesion domain. Importantly, in cell-cell adhesion assays between CD2+ Jurkat T cells and CD48- or CD59-transfected CHO cells, there was no conjugate formation, whereas binding of Jurkat T cells to CD58-transfected CHO cells was readily detected. Collectively, our findings provide evidence for a conservation of the CD2-CD48 interaction in the human species that may be of limited, if any, functional significance. Given the importance of the CD2-CD48 interaction in the murine system and CD2-CD58 interaction in humans, it would appear that there has been a divergence of functional CD2 ligands during the evolution of humans and mice.
Perivascular infiltration in normal skin of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: association with rheumatoid factors and HLA-DR antigens.
Authors: H.J Bernelot Moens, H.J Ament, T.M Vroom, T.E Feltkamp, J.K van der Korst
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1988)

The relation between immunohistological findings in biopsy specimens of apparently normal skin, HLA antigens, and rheumatoid factors (RF) was studied in 120 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), selected for treatment with D-penicillamine. Perivascular infiltration (PVI) of more than three mononuclear cells was present in 77 (68%) of 114 patients, accompanied usually by the presence of IgM or C3, or both, in immunofluorescence studies. The number of perivascular cells was associated significantly with the titre of circulating RF. A weak relation of both perivascular cellular infiltration and RF with HLA-DR3 and DR4 did not reach statistical significance. It is concluded that the histological presence of perivascular inflammation is associated mainly with deposition of RF. It is suggested that the first is merely an epiphenomenon of the latter. PVI was not prognostic for the occurrence of the clinical syndrome of rheumatoid vasculitis. For practical purposes skin biopsies do not appear to be useful in the evaluation of individual patients with RA.
NOTES ON TROPICAL DYSENTERY.
Authors: JOHN HERR MUSSER
Journal: JAMA (1901)

Professor Flexner has made such exhaustive remarks on the subject that it remains for me only to present the clinical history of a case. I trust I may be permitted to state also the impressions I received from consideration of the combined clinical and pathological features of the case. The impressions were new to me. partly because of ignorance and partly because it was the first opportunity I had of observing the clinical course and the pathological findings. I had seen tropical dysentery, and associated it with the group of symptoms we are accustomed to see in our climate; or with the more severe types seen during our civil war. with which we were made familiar by the writings of Woodward and others; or with the amebic form, for our more precise knowledge of which we are indebted as much to our colleagues, Councilman, Lafleur, Osler and Flexner, as to