tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Region-Specific Growth Effects in the Developing Rat Prostate Following Fetal Exposure to Estrogenic Ultraviolet Filters
Authors: Luke Hofkamp, Sarahann Bradley, Jesus Tresguerres, Walter Lichtensteiger, Margret Schlumpf, Barry Timms
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors is a potential risk factor for humans. Many of these chemicals have been shown to exhibit disruption of normal cellular and developmental processes in animal models. Ultraviolet (UV) filters used as sunscreens in cosmetics have previously been shown to exhibit estrogenic activity in in vitro and in vivo assays. We examined the effects of two UV filters, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) and 3-benzylidene camphor (3-BC), in the developing prostate of the fetal rat.Pregnant Long Evans rats were fed diets containing doses of 4-MBC and 3-BC that resulted in average daily intakes of these chemicals corresponding to the lowest observed adverse effects level (LOAEL) and the no observed adverse effects level (NOAEL) doses in prior developmental toxicity studies. Using digital photographs of serial sections from postnatal day 1 animals, we identified, contoured, and aligned the epithelial ducts from specific regions of the developing prostate, plus the accessory sex glands and calculated the total volume for each region from three-dimensional, surface-rendered models.Fetal exposure to 4-MBC (7.0 mg/kg body weight/day) resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in tissue volume in the prostate and accessory sex glands. Treated males exhibited a 62% increase in the number of ducts in the caudal dorsal prostate. Increased distal branching morphogenesis appears to be a consequence of exposure in the ventral region, resulting in a 106% increase in ductal volume.4-MBC exposure during development of the male reproductive accessory sex glands exhibited classical growth effects associated with estrogenic endocrine disruptors. The different regional responses suggest that the two developmental processes of ductal outgrowth and branching morphogenesis are affected independently by exposure to the environmental chemicals.
My last car, I promise
Authors: J. O. Drife
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Dear Colleagues,



A hospital is like a goldfish bowl and you have all noticed that I am driving a new car. Mindful of my accountability as medical director, I am writing to explain why.

Some people have suggested that I changed surreptitiously. They point out that this car has the same maker, colour, and number plate as my old one, and say that if I had just resisted the temptation to wash ‘n’ wax for the first time in seven years nobody would have noticed. I deny this. If I had wanted to deceive you I would have worked out how …
The phylogeny and ontogeny of behavior
Authors: B. F. Skinner
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1984)

Abstract Responses are strengthened by consequences having to do with the survival of individuals and species. With respect to the provenance of behavior, we know more about ontogenic than phylogenic contingencies. The contingencies responsible for unlearned behavior acted long ago. This remoteness affects our scientific methods, both experimental and conceptual. Until we have identified he variables responsible for an event, we tend to invent causes. Explanatory entities such as “instincts,” “drives,” and “traits” still survive. Unable to show how organisms can behave effectively under complex circumstances, we endow them with special abilities permitting them to do so. Behavior exhibited by most members of a species is often accepted as inherited if all members were not likely to have been exposed to relevant ontogenic contingencies. When contingencies are not obvious, it is perhaps unwise to call any behavior either inherited or acquired, as the examples of churring in honey guides and following in imprinted ducklings show. Nor can the relative importance of phylogenic and ontogenic contingencies be argued from instances in which unlearned or learned behavior intrudes or dominates. Intrusions occur in both directions. Behavior influenced by its consequences seems directed toward the future, but only past effects are relevant. The mere fact that behavior is adaptive does not indicate whether phylogenic or ontogenic processes have been responsible for it. Examples include the several possible provenances of imitation, aggression, and communication. The generality of such concepts limits their usefulness. A more specific analysis is needed if we are to deal effectively with the two kinds of contingencies and their products.
Interleukin-10 Gene Expression in Acute Virus-induced Asthma
Authors: Terry V. Grissell, Heather Powell, Darren R. Shafren, Michael J. Boyle, Michael J. Hensley, Peter D. Jones, Bruce F. Whitehead, Peter G. Gibson
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Virus-induced asthma is characterized by marked neutrophil influx and eosinophil degranulation, suggesting a mode of immunopathogenesis different from that of allergen-induced asthma.This study compared induced sputum cytokine responses in subjects with severe asthma exacerbation and respiratory virus infection with those of patients with stable asthma, healthy control subjects, and virus-infected nonasthmatic subjects.Subject infection status and pulmonary history were established on the basis of common cold and asthma questionnaires, and lung function and atopy tests were performed. Respiratory virus infection was diagnosed by cell culture and direct polymerase chain reaction, using induced sputum. The induced sputum cellular profile was examined and cytokine gene expression was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.A respiratory virus was detected in 78% of subjects with acute asthma. Specific viruses detected were rhinovirus (83%), influenza (15%), enterovirus (4%), and respiratory syncytial virus (2%). Virus-infected subjects with acute asthma or no asthma had increased RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha messenger RNAs compared with other groups. Interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA was significantly increased in virus-infected acute asthma and reduced on recovery from acute asthma. IL-5, eotaxin, and IL-8 mRNA transcripts were similar across groups.Asthma exacerbation triggered by respiratory virus infection is characterized by increased IL-10 gene expression that may explain the suppressed eosinophil influx in acute asthma. Airway neutrophilia due to respiratory virus infection is associated with chemokine gene expression involving RANTES and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha.
Agranulocytosis Induced by Trimeprazine
Authors: Philip S. Brachman, Thomas W. McCreary, Ralph Florence
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

PHENOTHIAZINE derivatives have long been known to have serious toxic effects in a small number of susceptible persons. Among these reactions are hepatic damage, epileptic seizures, Parkinson's disease, various skin disorders and hematopoietic depression.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 It is the purpose of this report to call attention to the hematotoxic potentialities of a new member of this pharmacologic family, trimeprazine. The drug has been under clinical trial for nearly two years and has recently been released to the medical profession. It shares a number of the useful properties of the phenothiazine drugs, and has been found to be particularly effective as an antipruritic . . .
Glucose Response to Intense Aerobic Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Franck Mauvais-Jarvis, Eugène Sobngwi, Raphaël Porcher, Jean Pierre Garnier, Patrick Vexiau, Alain Duvallet, Jean-François Gautier
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

In patients with type 1 diabetes, hypoglycemia or degradation in blood glucose control may occur during and after physical exercise (1–3). This may be avoided in patients with good glycemic control by decreasing insulin doses and/or ingesting carbohydrate. Although most sport activities involve intense muscle exercise, current recommendations are based on studies on moderate exercise (4). We therefore investigated the effect of a drastic reduction in insulin dose before a 60-min high-intensity cycle exercise in 12 subjects with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes (age 32 ± 7 years, BMI 23 ± 7 kg/m2, HbA1c 7.2 ± 3.8%, and V o2max 40 ± 27 ml · min−1 · kg−1 [mean ± SD]). Six patients were treated with three daily injections (regular insulin in the morning and at noon and mixed …
Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses.
Authors: S C Cannegieter, F R Rosendaal, E Briët
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND Patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses may experience valve thrombosis and subsequent systemic embolism for which they are treated with oral anticoagulant therapy. It is essential to know reliable estimates of the risks and benefits of this therapy in order to answer a number of clinical questions rationally. We sought to obtain more precise estimates of the risks and benefits by combining the data from individual studies by using meta-analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS We searched for studies in which the incidences were reported of embolic or bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses. They were collected from the Medline and Current Contents database and by cross-references between 1970 and 1992. Since most studies vary greatly in many respects, we used a number of inclusion criteria, thus selecting comparable studies of acceptable quality only. The influence of antithrombotic therapy, valve position, and valve type was analyzed by univariate and by multivariate analysis with Poisson regression techniques. Forty-six studies were found, including 13,088 patients studied for 53,647 patient-years. We found an incidence of major embolism in the absence of antithrombotic therapy of 4 per 100 patient-years. With antiplatelet therapy this risk was 2.2 per 100 patient-years, and with coumarin therapy it was reduced to 1 per 100 patient-years. This risk varied with the type and the site of the prosthesis. A prosthesis in mitral position increased the risk almost twice as compared with the aortic position. Tilting disc valves and bileaflet valves showed a lower incidence of major embolism than caged ball valves. An incidence of major bleeding was found in patients treated with coumarin derivatives of 1.4 per 100 patient-years. The incidence of bleeding became significantly higher with the addition of antiplatelet therapy, although this did not decrease the risk of thromboembolism any further. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a reference for future studies and give adequate risk estimates for clinical decision making.
Immigrants and overseas visitors are to be charged for using A&amp;E in England
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Immigrants and temporary visitors to England will not be charged to see a GP but will have to pay for using hospital accident and emergency services and some primary care services, the government has said in what it calls a clampdown on misuse of the NHS.

No one will be turned away in an emergency, the Department of Health has said. And it will introduce a new system for identifying and recording patients who should be charged for NHS services.

Non-UK residents will also be charged for maternity services and prescriptions and will be charged at a higher rate for services that are subsidised, such as optical and dental care. The health department is also considering charging for minor surgery carried out by a GP and for physiotherapy that has been referred through a GP.

Research published by the government in October found that the cost of treating migrants and visitors could be as high as £2bn (€2.4bn; …
THE MORTALITY AND MANAGEMENT OF PNEUMONIA.
Authors: EDWARD F. WELLS
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Pneumonia continues, in our country at least, the greatest medical problem of the day. Its prevalence and its fatality are markedly increasing, and this at a time when there is a growing, if not as yet a distinctly expressed opinion, within as well as outside the profession, that this situation is needless and should not exist. Under these circumstances it may be well for us, at the end of another pneumonia season, to review the pertinent past, take stock of the present, and as carefully as possible scan the future for some promise of relief. Pneumonia is ubiquitous, and in temperate regions is the severest and deadliest of the commoner diseases, and is productive of more deaths than any other. It is responsible for an annual morbidity of about 0.7 per cent., a mortality rate of about 0.13 per cent., and it causes
The Ontario Air Pollution Study: identification of the causative agent.
Authors: D V Bates, R Sizto
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1989)

Previously published data from the Ontario Air Pollution study are reviewed. It has been shown that there is a consistent association in summer between hospital admissions for respiratory disease in Southern Ontario, and daily levels of SO4, O3, and temperature. No association exists for a group nonrespiratory conditions. Multiple regression analyses are presented that show all environmental variables account for 5.6% of the variability in respiratory admissions and that if temperature is forced into the analysis first, it accounts for 0.89% of the variability only. Distribution plots of standardized residuals are presented. In June of 1983, there were an exceptional number of ozone episodes (defined as occasions when ozone was greater than 82 ppb for 3 or more hours in a calendar day) in this region. A separate analysis of hospital admissions for acute respiratory diseases for the month of June for several years shows no demonstrable excess in June of 1983; previously regional analyses have indicated that ozone is associated with increased levels in July and August over a 9-year period. It has also been found that daily SO4 data collected at one monitoring site in the center of the region are not correlated with respiratory admissions, whereas the SO4 values collected every sixth day, on different days of the week, at 17 stations in the region had the highest correlation with respiratory admissions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Electrical stimulation and insulin tests used with bilateral selective vagotomy
Authors: D. Hollanders
Journal: Gut (1971)

Completeness of vagotomy has been assessed by use of the electrical stimulation test and the insulin test in 50 patients suffering from chronic duodenal ulceration. A positive result from either was taken as evidence of incomplete vagotomy. The electrical stimulation test provided such evidence more often than the insulin test.No early positive insulin test result was encountered in any vagotomy performed with the aid of the electrical stimulation test. The number of late positive insulin results increased as the postoperative interval lengthened. It is believed that the routine use of the electrical test in this study increased the incidence of adequate nerve section.
Association of prenatal maternal or postnatal child environmental tobacco smoke exposure and neurodevelopmental and behavioral problems in children.
Authors: B Eskenazi, R Castorina
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

We review the potential neurodevelopmental and behavioral effects of children's prenatal and/or postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Children's exposure to ETS has been assessed in epidemiologic studies as a risk factor for a variety of behavioral and neurodevelopmental problems including reduced general intellectual ability, skills in language and auditory tasks, and academic achievement, and behavioral problems such as hyperactivity and decreased attention spans. We review 17 epidemiologic studies that have attempted to separate the effects of maternal active smoking during pregnancy from passive ETS smoke exposure by the pregnant mother or the child. Based on the available data, we found that ETS exposure could cause subtle changes in children's neurodevelopment and behavior. However, studies to date are difficult to interpret because of the unknown influence of uncontrolled confounding factors, imprecision in measurements of smoking exposure, and collinearity of pre- and postnatal maternal smoking. Although some evidence suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy may be associated with deficits in intellectual ability and behavioral problems in children, the impact of prenatal or postnatal ETS exposure remains less clear.
The surface morphology of human B lymphocytes as revealed by immunoelectron microscopy.
Authors: R J Lejonc, M F Gourdin, P Mannoni, B Dreyfus, F Reyes
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1975)

Surface immunoglobulins (sIg) were detected on human lymphocytes by immunoelectron microscopy with peroxidase-conjugated antibodies. Blood, marrow, and thymus cells from normal individuals and patients with lymphoproliferative disorders were examined. Samples were fixed before exposure to specific reagents. Normal lymphocyts with detectable sIg, i.e. B lymphocytes, were characterized by a villous surface; nonlabeled blood lymphocytes and thymocytes were smooth cells. Intermediate cells were also found which in sections appeared moderately villous and labeled, thus identified as B lymphocytes. Further evidence for a relationship between villous surface and sIg was given by the finding of a few lymphocytes with polar concentration of labeled microvilli. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients, most cells exhibited a villous surface with parallel variations of the number of microvilli and of anti-immunoglobulin-binding capacity. However, some labeled smooth blastic cells were also observed. On the other hand, abnormal lymphocytes from Sézary's syndrome which could exhibit segments of villous membrane had no detectable sIg. This study confirms that in most cases human B lymphocytes have a characteristic surface appearance and that the detection of sIg in normal lymphocytes correlates with the presence of microvilli.
The Golden Opportunity of a Great National Medical Association.
Authors: Leartus Connor
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Detroit, Mich., May, 1894. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —They only gain the largest success who improve every opportunity. The medical profession of the United States has presented for its acceptance or rejection, the opportunity of a generation. This opportunity is the report of the Committee on Revision of the Constitution, By-Laws and Code of Ethics of theAmerican Medical Association. The adoption or rejection of the main features of the majority report, will profoundly influence the activities of the medical profession of the United States far into the future. To a few of these features we desire to direct attention. As to membership: At present, most members of theAssociationare dummies, viz: They can pay their dues and talk, but can not vote. Yet in the management of the affairs of theAssociation, votes are the only things which count. It matters not that a member has attended and worked
Use of GLP-1 analogues needs great caution
Authors: J. S. Yudkin, R. Lehman, H. M. Krumholz
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues (GLP-1) for type 2 diabetes are being increasingly recommended for use as third line treatment for obese patients with type 2 diabetes. However, such recommendations ignore Wilding and Hardy’s caution: “Data on long term effects of GLP-1 analogues on vascular complications are not yet available from current trials.”1 In other words, we currently have no idea whether their use is beneficial or harmful in relation …
Uniparental disomies, homozygous deletions, amplifications, and target genes in mantle cell lymphoma revealed by integrative high-resolution whole-genome profiling
Authors: Sílvia Beà, Itziar Salaverria, Lluís Armengol, Magda Pinyol, Verónica Fernández, Elena M. Hartmann, Pedro Jares, Virginia Amador, Luís Hernández, Alba Navarro, German Ott, Andreas Rosenwald, Xavier Estivill, Elias Campo
Journal: Blood (2008)
Hyperlipoproteinemia
Authors: D. F. BROWN, K. DAUDISS
Journal: Circulation (1973)

The prevalence of five types of hyperlipoproteinemia identified by Fredrickson, Levy, and Lees has been identified in 1301 male and female blood donors, aged 18-64 years. No patients with type I or V hyperlipoproteinemia were encountered, and only three patients with type III hyperlipoproteinemia were discovered. Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia was the most prevalent disorder in this population and was significantly more prevalent in males than females-261/1000 vs 81/1000, respectively. The prevalence rate of type II hyperlipoproteinemia in male and female subjects was 87/1000 and 104/1000, respectively. Subjects with type IV, but not those with type II hyperlipoproteinemia, were significantly more obese than normal. High-density lipoprotein levels were lower than normal in patients with type IV and with type II hyperlipoproteinemia irrespective of sex, while in normal subjects high-density lipoproteins were significantly higher in females. Densitometry of stained electrophoretically separated lipoproteins correlated highly with lipid content of these fractions but was not considered sufficiently accurate for use as a quantitative technic.
An Attempt to Shut Down Discourse About a Controversial Practice Will Not Benefit Patients, Human Subjects, the Bioethics Community, or the Research Community
Authors: Anne Tamar-Mattis
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2010)

The article by McCullough, Chervenak, Brent, and Hippen (2010) is strongly worded, but fails to address the most significant ethical questions raised by Dreger and colleagues in their Letter of Con...
A low molecular weight binding protein for organic anions (Z protein) from human hepatic cytosol: Purification and quantitation
Authors: Kazuaki Kamisaka, Hidenori Maezawa, Tooru Inagaki, Kenichi Okano
Journal: Hepatology (1981)

Human Z protein from liver was purified to homogeneity. The protein has a molecular weight of 11,000 an an isoelectric point of pH 5.8. Circular dichroism spectra of Z protein-bilirubin (unconjugated and diglucuronide) complexes revealed two ellipticity extrema, a negative peak at 460 nm, and a positive peak at 410 nm. Human serum albumin had a higher affinity for bilirubin than did Z protein. Fluorescence studies showed the approximate association constants of this protein and bilirubin, bromosulfophthalein, and indocyanine green were 10(6) M-1, 10(5) M-1, and 10(6) M-1, respectively. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that Z protein was localized in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, proximal tubular epithelium, and epithelial cells of the small intestine. Radioimmunoassay studies were done to assess the amount of Z protein in controls and in various liver diseases. The highest concentrations of Z protein were found in the liver, kidney, heart muscle, and small intestine, in that order. In cases of acute and chronic hepatitis, hepatic Z protein concentrations were generally decreased, whereas serum Z protein concentrations were increased. In contrast, both serum and hepatic Z protein concentrations were decreased in cases of constitutional hyperbilirubinemia.
1003 A prospective assessment of “a la carte” regimen of PEG interferon alpha 2B and ribavirin combination in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC)
Authors: C DARONDEL, J MOUSSALLI, V THIBAUT, S NAVEAU, A SIMON, M MUNTEANU, F IMBERTBISMUT, D MESSOUS, R MORRA, C BLOT
Journal: Hepatology (2003)