tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Improvement in Stroke Mortality in Canada and the United States, 1990 to 2002
Authors: Quanhe Yang, Lorenzo D. Botto, J. David Erickson, Robert J. Berry, Christie Sambell, Helen Johansen, J.M. Friedman
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Background— In the United States and Canada, folic acid fortification of enriched grain products was fully implemented by 1998. The resulting population-wide reduction in blood homocysteine concentrations might be expected to reduce stroke mortality if high homocysteine levels are an independent risk factor for stroke. Methods and Results— In this population-based cohort study with quasi-experimental intervention, we used segmented log-linear regression to evaluate trends in stroke-related mortality before and after folic acid fortification in the United States and Canada and, as a comparison, during the same period in England and Wales, where fortification is not required. Average blood folate concentrations increased and homocysteine concentrations decreased in the United States after fortification. The ongoing decline in stroke mortality observed in the United States between 1990 and 1997 accelerated in 1998 to 2002 in nearly all population strata, with an overall change from −0.3% (95% CI, −0.7 to 0.08) to −2.9 (95% CI, −3.5 to −2.3) per year ( P =0.0005). Sensitivity analyses indicate that changes in other major recognized risk factors are unlikely to account for the reduced number of stroke-related deaths in the United States. The fall in stroke mortality in Canada averaged −1.0% (95% CI, −1.4 to −0.6) per year from 1990 to 1997 and accelerated to −5.4% (95% CI, −6.0 to −4.7) per year in 1998 to 2002 ( P ≤0.0001). In contrast, the decline in stroke mortality in England and Wales did not change significantly between 1990 and 2002. Conclusions— The improvement in stroke mortality observed after folic acid fortification in the United States and Canada but not in England and Wales is consistent with the hypothesis that folic acid fortification helps to reduce deaths from stroke.
B Lymphocytes in Untreated Patients with Malignant Lymphoma and Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Kazimiera J. Gajl-Peczalska, John A. Hansen, Clara D. Bloomfield, Robert A. Good
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

B and T lymphocytes in 37 untreated patients with malignant lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease were studied. B cells in the peripheral blood were investigated with respect to surface immunoglobulins and in a few patients with respect to intracytoplasmic immunoglobulins by means of immunofluorescence. T cell function was studied by direct phytohemagglutinin (PHA) microtest (from the same sample of whole blood), mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), and by delayed hypersensitivity to various antigens. In the 13 patients with Hodgkin's disease the histologic subtype was nodular sclerosis in nine, lymphocyte predominant in two, mixed cellularity in two. Only one of these patients had disseminated disease (stage IV); he showed impaired cellular immunity, a very low percentage of B cells and low levels of serum immunoglobulins. Of the remaining patients with Hodgkin's disease, with one exception, normal percentages but rather low absolute numbers of B lymphocytes per mm(3) of blood were found. One patient with a low percent and low absolute number of B lymphocytes showed very high serum IgG. Of 24 patients with non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma, seven (29%) showed monoclonal B cell proliferation in the peripheral blood (five mukappa, two gammakappa). By morphologic criteria, 14 patients had involvement of bone marrow, five of these had involvement of peripheral blood. Four of the latter five patients showed marked increases in percentages and absolute numbers of B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood reflecting the monoclonal proliferation. In three additional patients monoclonal proliferation of lymphocytes was found by immunofluorescence although the blood smears appeared morphologically normal. Serum immunoglobulin abnormalities without monoclonal B cell proliferation in the peripheral blood were observed in six patients.
Liver transplantation using fatty livers: Always feasible?
Authors: Lucas McCormack, Philipp Dutkowski, Ashraf Mohammad El-Badry, Pierre-Alain Clavien
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)

Steatotic liver grafts represent the most common type of "extended criteria" organs that have been introduced during the last two decades due to the disparity between liver transplant candidates and the number available organs. A precise definition and reliable and reproducible method for steatosis quantification is currently lacking and the potential influence of the chemical composition of hepatic lipids has not been addressed. In our view, these shortcomings appear to contribute significantly to the inconsistent results of studies reporting on graft steatosis and the outcome of liver transplantation. In this review, various definitions, prevalence and methods of quantification of liver steatosis will be covered. Ischemia/reperfusion injury of the steatotic liver and its consequences on post-transplant outcome will be discussed. Selection criteria for organ allocation and a number of emerging protective strategies are suggested.
Itching from Ventilator-Borne Fiberglass Particles
Authors: Arthur Bobroff
Journal: JAMA (1963)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —One day towards the end of April, 1962, a white man aged 27, an office worker, presented himself, complaining of intense bodily itching during the previous 2 weeks. He declared that no eruptions or visible alterations had ever been manifest on the skin during this time, and that no insects or other parasites had been detected. His wife, who shared his bed, never itched; neither did their kindergarten-aged son, who slept in the next room. When I examined him, skin of the entire body was perfectly normal save for a few scratch marks about the shoulders and hips. Clothing was clean; no evidence of parasitic infestation could be found. The patient continued with his story: The itching was felt only during working hours. It set in on the way to the office in the morning and distressed and distracted him all day. If he withdrew to the
Treatment of Hyperthyroidism-Reply
Authors: Richard L. Landau
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> I plead guilty to nostalgia and to the "archaic calumny" that radioactive iodine therapy is "usually reserved for patients older than 30 or 40 years of age." Moreover, I plead guilty to the crime of equating the practice of the University of Chicago endocrine group with the practice of endocrinologists across the country. We are gifted by having a very talented thyroid surgeon, and we help preserve his talent by providing him with appropriate referral material. A clear advantage to thyroid surgery is the low incidence of posttreatment hypothyroidism. I attempted to state a brief, conservative opinion for general medical readership. I agree that it was not precise and not based on scientific fact but on prejudice and fear.<i>Cancer</i>is a bad word for the public as well as many physicians. DeGroot and colleagues,<sup>1</sup>in their just-published book,<i>The Thyroid and Its Diseases</i>, state, "The question
Cord Complications During Pregnancy and Labour
Authors: J. Morgan
Journal: BMJ (1948)

RHEUMATOID DISEASE" RDIJSHRNAL SummaryThe widespread systemic nature of certain cases of rheuma- toid arthritis has been noted.It is suggested that " rheumatoid disease " is a preferable term whose principal clinical manifestation is "arthritis."Three cases of joint and lung lesions are recorded, and it is suggested that they are among the clinical manifestations of "rheumatoid disease."We are greatly indebted to Dr. J. N. Cumings for help on the pathological side, for the photomicrographs, and for his close study of the histology of Cases I and 2; to Dr. A. Signy for much helpful criticism; to Professor Robert Platt for kindly allowing us to include Case 2; and lo Dr. G. Batten for help on the radiological side.
Practical Endoscopy Training Using a New Gastrointestinal Phantom
Authors: M. Classen, H. Ruppin
Journal: Endoscopy (1974)

A new gastrointestinal phantom is described that is suitable for the basic training in endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract and the cannulation of the papilla of Vater. Its important characteristics are the true-to-life, plastic imitation of the inside of the hollow organs and the excellent smooth-sliding property, so that the use of all flexible oesophagoscopes, gastroscopes and duodenoscopes presently available can be practised. The incorporation of the training on the phantom into the endoscopic training programme as a whole is discussed.
Pathology: A Dynamic Introduction to Medicine and Surgery
Authors: Emil Bogen
Journal: JAMA (1961)

This new and comprehensive textbook of pathology emphasizes the dynamic course of tissue changes in disease rather than the static morphological appearances usually presented. It is printed in small but clear type, with a few original tables, but without a single drawing or photograph to illustrate the gross or microscopic changes which may be encountered. The simple paper binding and the absence of illustrations make possible a handy and relatively inexpensive product with slight loss in durability and ease of reading. The terse and staccato simple sentence style produces a somewhat dogmatic didactic effect which is lightened by incidental personal remarks or rare glints of humor. There are 4 introductory chapters on general pathological processes, 4 longer discussions of the various infections, 4 chapters on noninfective disorders, and 4 chapters on diseases related to pregnancy, infancy, or neoplasms. These are followed by 14 chapters on the special pathology of the
Series Introduction: The transcription factor NF-κB and human disease
Authors: Albert S. Baldwin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

Beginning with its discovery in 1986 and continuing through the present, the transcription factor NF-κB has attracted widespread interest based on its unusual regulation, the variety of stimuli that activate it, the diverse genes and biological responses that it controls, the striking evolutionary conservation of structure and function among family members, and its apparent involvement in a variety of human diseases (Table ​(Table1).1). Importantly, and consistent with the last point, NF-κB has been shown to be the target of several anti-inflammatory and anticancer drugs.
Effect of Perindopril on Large Artery Stiffness and Aortic Root Diameter in Patients With Marfan Syndrome
Authors: Anna A. Ahimastos, Anuradha Aggarwal, Kellie M. D’Orsa, Melissa F. Formosa, Anthony J. White, Ravi Savarirayan, Anthony M. Dart, Bronwyn A. Kingwell
Journal: JAMA (2007)

ARFAN SYNDROME (MFS) is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder caused by mutations in FBN1, the gene encoding fibrillin 1. Fibrillin 1 is a key component of extracellular matrix elastic fibers and also a negative regulator of the cytokine transforming growth factor ␤ (TGF-␤), which contributes to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation and extracellular matrix degeneration. 1The main clinical manifestations of MFS involve the skeletal, ocular, and cardiovascular systems.Progressive aortic stiffening, dilatation, and rupture are the most serious complications and the most common cause of premature death.Based on a single trial 2 of propranolol in 32 patients with MFS and 38 controls, ␤-blockers are currently the standard treatment for MFS.The rationale for the use of ␤-blockers includes reduction in the rate of pressure change in the aortic root (ie, left ventricular ejection) and heart rate, and therefore aortic wall stress.However, ␤-blockers may not directly address the underlying pathobi-
Dermatology in Primary Care I and II
Authors: Michael B. Brodin
Journal: JAMA (1997)

I first tried installing Dermatology in Primary Care on my 3-year-old laptop with external CD-ROM but did not get very far. This is because I did not have the requisite Soundblaster 8 bit compatible device driver that is needed to hear the theme from the fourth movement (La Réjouissance) of Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks, which ushers in the opening graphic. Although I like Handel very much, I really did not much care if I heard it or not and so tried to find if there was a way to let me bypass the music; dermatology, after all, is primarily a visual specialty. There was no such option. Luckily, my youngest daughter has the Soundblaster on her computer and was kind enough to let me use it to produce this review. On this machine installation was a snap, and I was up and running perfectly, although the Handel sounded
Inflammation and drug hepatotoxicity: Aggravation of injury or clean-up mission?
Authors: Hartmut Jaeschke, Cathleen Cover, Mary Lynn Bajt, Hartmut Jaeschke, Kevin Mullen, Darius Moradpour
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

BACKGROUND & AIMS Inflammatory mediators released by nonparenchymal inflammatory cells in the liver have been implicated in the progression of acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity. Among hepatic nonparenchymal inflammatory cells, we examined the role of the abundant natural killer (NK) cells and NK cells with T-cell receptors (NKT cells) in APAP-induced liver injury. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were administered a toxic dose of APAP intraperitoneally to cause liver injury with or without depletion of NK and NKT cells by anti-NK1.1 monoclonal antibody (MAb). Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, liver histology, hepatic leukocyte accumulation, and cytokine/chemokine expression were assessed. RESULTS Compared with APAP-treated control mice, depletion of both NK and NKT cells by anti-NK1.1 significantly protected mice from APAP-induced liver injury, as evidenced by decreased serum ALT level, improved survival of mice, decreased hepatic necrosis, inhibition of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), Fas ligand (FasL), and chemokines including KC (Keratinocyte-derived chemokine); MIP-1 alpha (macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha); MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1); IP-10 (interferon-inducible protein); Mig (monokine induced by IFN-gamma) and decreased neutrophil accumulation in the liver. Hepatic NK and NKT cells were identified as the major source of IFN-gamma by intracellular cytokine staining. APAP induced much less liver injury in Fas-deficient (lpr) and FasL-deficient (gld) mice compared with that in wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS NK and NKT cells play a critical role in the progression of APAP-induced liver injury by secreting IFN-gamma, modulating chemokine production and accumulation of neutrophils, and up-regulating FasL expression in the liver, all of which may promote the inflammatory response of liver innate immune system, thus contributing to the severity and progression of liver injury downstream of the metabolism of APAP and depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) in hepatocytes.
"Terminal sedation" different from euthanasia, Dutch ministers agree
Authors: T. Sheldon
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The Dutch ministers of health and justice have rejected a call from the attorney general, Joan de Wijkerslooth, for “terminal sedation” to be covered by the same legal controls as euthanasia. Dutch doctors have welcomed, however, the distinction drawn between euthanasia and terminal sedation, in which a dying patient is given pain relief that induces a permanent coma.

Terminal sedation and the withdrawal of artificial feeding and hydration …
CONDITIONS GOVERNING THE GROWTH OF DISPLACED NORMAL TISSUE
Authors: C. V. Craster
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1912)

We are unwilling to draw any very definite conclusions from the experiments, partly because they show a survival of implanted skin of so much shorter duration than that which seems to occur in the case of spontaneous implantation cysts, and partly because the method of reëxposing the submerged grafts is rather a crude way of testing their vitality. Nevertheless, the following points seem clear: 1. The repeated transplantation of a piece of skin from one animal to another confers no exceptional power of growth upon that skin. 2. The repeated implantation of skin into one animal decreases, if anything, its receptivity for such grafts. 3. The burial of skin in the interior of the body causes, after a time, a change in the skin of such a nature that it cannot resume its normal function as an external covering tissue, even when its circulation \ is well maintained and it is buried in the body of the same animal. The experiments do not determine how long the cells of the skin actually remain alive, and indeed it is conceivable that the mere maceration of the protective horny layer puts the skin, when reëxposed, into the position of a moist tissue, such as the intestinal mucosa, so that it readily dries up and succumbs. Nor do the experiments throw any light upon the possible existence of cytolytic substances in the circulating fluids, although, naturally, the idea of such an action has always been present in our minds in observing the gradual loss of vitality in the transplanted tissues.
Iron, Arthritis, and Anemia
Authors: VIRGIL F. FAIRBANKS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Editorial Notes1 February 1971Iron, Arthritis, and AnemiaVIRGIL F. FAIRBANKS, M.D., F.A.C.P.VIRGIL F. FAIRBANKS, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-74-2-292 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptIn the May 1970 issue of the Australasian Annals of Medicine, Muirden described his studies of the iron content of synovial membranes in 81 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (1). The conclusions drawn from these studies are that heavy synovial deposits of ferritin and hemosiderin are probably the rule in rheumatoid arthritis and that the intensity of these deposits correlates strongly with the occurrence and severity of anemia.The association of iron-laden synovia with arthropathy was first described in osteoarthrosis deformans, but whether synovial hemosiderosis is a common occurrence in this disease has not been clearly established. The intensive synovial deposition...References1. MUIRDEN K: The anaemia of rheumatoid arthritis: the significance of iron deposits in the synovial membrane. Aust Ann Med 2:97-104, 1970 Google Scholar2. HAMILTONWILLIAMSBARLOW ERK: The arthropathy of idiopathic haemochromatosis. Quart J Med 37:171-182, 1968 MedlineGoogle Scholar3. HAURANIBURKEMARTINEZ FWE: Defective reutilization of iron in the anemia of inflammation. J Lab Clin Med 65: 560-570, 1965 MedlineGoogle Scholar4. CARTWRIGHT G: The anemia of chronic disorders. Seminars Hemat 3:351-375, 1966 MedlineGoogle Scholar5. WARDLEATTAN EJ: An electron microscope study of bone marrow in rheumatoid disease. Brit J Haemat 13:194-201, 1967 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minn. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited bySupplement: 21st rheumatism review 1 February 1971Volume 74, Issue 2Page: 292-293KeywordsAnemiaFerritinOsteoarthritisRheumatoid arthritisSynovial fluid Issue Published: 1 February 1971 PDF downloadLoading ...
A Lecture on the Acute Necrosis of Growing Bones
Authors: T. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1863)

PASSINe by the carious affections of bones for the presetit, I wish to speak of the acute necrosis of the long bones of children.This disease, from its fre- quent connection with general pvyemia and various local nmanifestations of general blood-poisoning, has attracted the attention of several physicians and morbid anatomists ; and has of late been ably in- vestigated in its pathological bearings by Mr. Stone, Dr. Bristowe, Dr. Wilks, and Dr. Kirkes ; yet, since it has until quite recently met with so little recognition in the standard surgical works of the day, I shall venture to tell you all I know of the disease.Through the kindness of friends, from published accounts, and from my own experience, I have col- lected twenty-three cases of this disease ; and, as no description of mine can so clearly convey to your minds a notion of its character as an account of a case, I will relate to you some instances of the dis- ease.CASE i.
Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma
Authors: Steven A. Rosenberg, James C. Yang, Douglas J. Schwartzentruber, Patrick Hwu, Francesco M. Marincola, Suzanne L. Topalian, Nicholas P. Restifo, Mark E. Dudley, Susan L. Schwarz, Paul J. Spiess, Maria R. Parkhurst, Yutaka Kawakami, Claudia A. Seipp, Jan H. Einhorn, Donald E. White
Journal: Nature Medicine (1998)
NCDs and the UN summit
Authors: F. Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2011)

In September the United Nations will hold its first ever high level summit on non-communicable diseases. Richard Smith has been keeping BMJ readers up to speed on developments via his blog (http://bit.ly/kiAkr0) and it’s clear that the build up to this important meeting is gaining pace. Since the summit was announced last year, questions about who and what should be included have been hotly debated. The need to prioritise against a huge potential list of conditions has led to a focus on four main disease groups that share causative factors: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and common cancers. The summit won’t address mental health, as some …
Developments at <i>The JEM </i>
Authors: Jennifer Bell
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2003)

What does The Journal of Experimental Medicine look for in a paper? As the new Executive Editor of the Journal, I expect to be asked this question repeatedly. The Journal is known for its strengths in specific arenas, including immunology and inflammation, microbial pathogenesis, oncology, stem cell biology, hematopoiesis, as well as connective tissue and vascular biology. However, we welcome the submission of any biomedical research paper that meets our essential criteria—that is, the findings must be of broad interest and provide important insight into the mechanisms of a pathological process or potential new approaches to the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease. Biological and physiological significance has always been emphasized in The JEM, and as one of the Journal's new advisors recently said, “The JEM has a history of publishing top quality science, even though it may not be fashionable. The papers set trends rather than follow them.”
Impairment of antipyrine clearance in humans by propranolol.
Authors: D J Greenblatt, K Franke, D H Huffman
Journal: Circulation (1978)

The effect of propranolol on antipyrine clearance in humans was evaluated in six healthy volunteers who received single 1.4 to 1.5 g doses of intravenous antipyrine on two occasions. The first (control) antipyrine trial was without concurrent drug administration; the second trial was done during treatment with therapeutic doses of propranolol (40 mg every 4 to 6 hours). Antipyrine elimination half-life (t1/2), volume of distribution (Vd), and total clearance were determined after each trial. In all subjects isoproterenol sensitivity decreased markedly during propranolol treatment, indicating a high degree of beta blockade produced by the drug. Mean antipyrine t1/2 during the propranolol treatment period was significantly prolonged, and total clearance significantly reduced, over the control values. Twenty-four-hour urinary excretion of 4-hydroxyantipyrine, the major metabolite of antipyrine, likewise was reduced from 23.6% of the dose on the control trial to 14.8% of the dose during propranolol coadministration (0.1 less than P less than 0.2). Vd however, was nearly identical during both trials (0.62 L/kg). Thus propranolol prolongs the half-life and reduces the clearance or biotransformation rate of antipyrine, a drug whose clearance is independent of hepatic blood flow. Propranolol may influence the activity of hepatic microsomal enzymes responsible for drug hydroxylation.