tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Use of tumor diameter to estimate the growth kinetics of cancer and sensitivity of screening tests.
Authors: N Yamaguchi, T Yanagawa, T Yoshimura, N Kohrogi, K Tanaka, Y Nakamura, T Okubo
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

A statistical method has been developed that is useful for studying the relationship between the growth kinetics of malignant tumors and the detection probability either through symptoms or by screening. Mathematical models that describe the distribution of pathological variables in malignant tumors, detected after various histories of screening, are derived and parameters for detection probabilities and the growth kinetics are then estimated by the maximum likelihood procedure. By this method the probabilities of detection through symptoms as well as by screening can be estimated as functions of pathological variable(s) such as tumor size. The growth rate of tumor can also be estimated from the distribution of pathological variables. The present method was applied to gastric cancer in Japan, where an annual screening program for the disease exists. The detection probability for the indirect X-ray used as the screening test was estimated to be 0.323 x (diameter)2/[1 + 0.323 x (diameter)2]. The doubling time of gastric cancer was estimated to be 2.90 months.
Lower oesophageal sphincter response to pentagastrin in chagasic patients with megaoesophagus and megacolon.
Authors: W Padovan, R A Godoy, R O Dantas, U G Meneghelli, R B Oliveira, L E Troncon
Journal: Gut (1980)

Intraluminal manometric studies were performed in 14 chagasic patients with megaoesophagus, 10 chagasic patients with megacolon, and 15 control subjects. Basal lower oesophageal sphincter pressure was 20.27+/-1.16 mmHg (mean+/-SEM) in controls as compared wtih 15.16+/-1.53 mmHg in chagasics with megaoesophagus and 14.38+/-1.50 mmHg in chagasics with megacolon. Dose-response studies to intravenous pentagastrin showed that the chagasic patients exhibited a lower sensitivity to the stimulant than did the controls, as demonstrated by shifting of the dose-response curve to the right and higher individual values of the dose for half maximal contraction (D50). No difference was noted between the calculated maximal contraction (Vmax) of oesophageal sphincter of controls and chagasics. These data are compatible with the hypothesis of an interaction between pentagastrin and cholinergic nervous excitation on oesophageal sphincteric smooth muscle.
NSAID-Induced Gastrointestinal Damage
Authors: G. David Champion, Pao Hsii Feng, Takeshi Azuma, David E. Caughey, Ka Ho Chan, Sadao Kashiwazaki, Hwa-Chang Liu, Achmad R. Nasution, Masashi Nobunaga, Surawut Prichanond, Tito P. Torralba, Visitsunthorn Udom, Deesomchok Utis, Soo Ray Wang, Woon Sing Wong, Dah-Jung Yang, Myung Chul Yoo
Journal: Drugs (1997)
Mechanisms of Action of Chloramphenicol
Authors: Austin S. Weisberger
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Dr. Morton A. Levy, Chief Resident in Medicine, Jewish Hospital of St. Louis, and Instructor in Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine: A 61-year-old white woman was hospitalized on Nov 1, 1965, because of multiple subcutaneous hemorrhages. She was well until March 30, 1965, when she was first treated by her private physician with chloramphenicol (1 gm daily for three days) for a urinary tract infection. She was seen again on April 2 and administration of chloramphenicol was continued for another three days; the urinary tract symptoms disappeared. In June, urinary tract symptoms recurred, and another three-day course of chloramphenicol therapy was instituted. Several days after completing this third course of chloramphenicol therapy, the patient noted spontaneous bruising and ecchymoses on all extremities after minimal trauma. In July, the following laboratory values were obtained: hematocrit, 35%; hemoglobin, 11.4 gm/100 ml; white blood cell count, 5,450/ cu mm; and differential cell
Surgical Reflections: Images in Paint and Prose
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1993)

In this 20th year since art by Joseph R. Wilder, MD, first appeared on<i>JAMA</i>'s cover, Joe Wilder and fellow surgeon Seymour I. Schwartz, MD, have teamed to produce a book whose title says it all:<i>Surgical Reflections: Images in Paint and Prose</i>. Wilder, professor of surgery emeritus, Mount Sinai Medical Center, City University of New York, NY, scholar, and athlete, of course provides the "paint." Schwartz, professor and chair, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, NY, College of Medicine and Dentistry, author of more than 400 articles and editorials, longtime editor-in-chief of<i>Contemporary Surgery</i>and the<i>Year Book of Surgery</i>, and a key figure in publication of six textbooks, provides the prose. The collaboration works. Schwartz, whose fascination for "the right word, correctly spelled, in a grammatically acceptable sentence" is—he says—"characteristic of a precise personality, that which is generally demanded of a surgeon," offers engaging essays. Wilder provides
The NIH and Numbers: A Vital Concern's Concern
Authors: Bernadine Healy, G.A. Keyworth
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

Congress approved the funding of 6500 new research grants in 1985, but the Office of Management and Budget proposed to stretch the process out and keep the number of new grants this year at its present level. A compromise figure is now being discussed, but in the context of these actions we are hearing that the National Institutes of Health, our vital 40-year-old biomedical research concern, is in a crisis. The NIH's present situation has been described as slow strangulation. Without the anticipated increase of nearly 20 per cent next year from the present 5493 grants (the number funded in . . .
A SIMPLIFIED FORMULA FOR ESTIMATION OF EJECTION FRACTION FROM SPECKLE TRACKING ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC GLOBAL STRAIN: COMPARISON WITH CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE
Authors: Antonia Delgado-Montero, Toshinari Onishi, Samir Saha, Daniel Ludwig, Tetsuari Onishi, David Schwartzman, John Gorcsan
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Expression of nucleoside-metabolizing enzymes in myelodysplastic syndromes and modulation of response to azacitidine
Authors: A Valencia, E Masala, A Rossi, A Martino, A Sanna, F Buchi, F Canzian, D Cilloni, V Gaidano, M T Voso, O Kosmider, M Fontenay, A Gozzini, A Bosi, V Santini
Journal: Leukemia (2013)

The nucleoside analog azacitidine (AZA) is used in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), but 30–40% of patients fail to respond or relapse after treatment. Hence, to identify new molecular alterations that allow for identification of patients unlikely to respond to AZA could impact the utility of this therapy. We determined the expression levels of genes involved in AZA metabolism: UCK1, UCK2, DCK, hENT1, RRM1 and RRM2 using quantitative PCR in samples from 57 patients with MDS who received AZA. Lower expression of UCK1 was seen in patients without a response to AZA (median 0.2 vs 0.49 for patients with response to AZA, P=0.07). This difference in UCK1 expression was not influenced by aberrant methylation of the UCK1 promoter. In addition, the seven polymorphic loci found in the coding sequence were not associated with UCK1 gene expression nor AZA response. Silencing of UCK1 by siRNA leads to blunted response to AZA in vitro. The univariate analysis revealed that patients expressing lower than median levels of UCK1 had a shorter overall survival (P=0.049). Our results suggest that expression level of UCK1 is correlated with clinical outcome and may influence the clinical response to AZA treatment in patients with MDS.
Obtaining Clinical Data on the Appropriateness of Medical Care in Community Practice
Authors: Jacqueline Kosecoff
Journal: JAMA (1987)

We sought the voluntary cooperation of a randomly selected sample of community physicians and hospitals in five states for a study of how appropriately they performed coronary angiography, carotid endarterectomy, and upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy. Ninety percent of 913 sampled physicians (n = 819) consented to a review of up to 20 of their 1981 Medicare patients' records. These physicians represented seven different specialties and subspecialties and performed 4988 procedures, 92% of the desired sample. Only three of 230 hospitals did not participate. We attribute our method's success primarily to the formation of a network to connect the branches of the profession, respect for office and hospital practice routine, confidentiality, and the development of carefully designed medical record abstraction systems. We conclude that, with effort, cooperative research among disparate segments of the medical community can become a reality even if the topic studied is relatively sensitive.
Big battles and small victories
Authors: E. Davies
Journal: BMJ (2012)

In 1912, the BMJ did not publish a single article on obesity. Fifty years later, in 1962, we published just three. By 1987 that figure was seven, and with 2012 now drawing to a close we have so far published 25 articles on the subject this year alone.

There are of course myriad confounders and influences on these figures that I have conveniently ignored, but there can be little doubt that obesity is a particularly …
Time for radical reform
Authors: Kieran Walshe, Lawrence Benson
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Changes to UK professional regulation have lacked strategic direction.The current reviews offer an opportunity for fundamental reform that can regain public confidence Despite substantial reform of the regulatory systems for UK healthcare professionals over the past decade, 1 public and political faith in the professions and their regulators is lower than ever before.In part this results from authoritative criticism in several public inquiries 2 -most notably the Bristol and Shipman inquiry reports. 3 4But another factor has been the constant litany of apparent failure to deal with incompetence, serious dishonesty, sexual misconduct, and unchecked wrongdoing such as the cases of Richard
Chronic headache: the role of deformity of the nasal septum.
Authors: N Koch-Henriksen, N Gammelgaard, T Hvidegaard, P Stoksted
Journal: BMJ (1984)

To ascertain a possible causal relation between chronic headache and nasal stenosis arising from deformity of the nasal septum 79 people suffering from both symptoms were observed over one year. On entry to the study they were randomly allocated to either an operative or a control group. The patients in the operative group underwent nasal reconstructive surgery, and the control patients were observed without treatment. Comparison of the two groups showed a considerable decrease in headache after operation. These findings support the suggestion of a causal relation between chronic headache and nasal stenosis and indicate that a nasal origin should be borne in mind in cases of otherwise unexplained chronic headache.
Abstract 3667: Reduction of in vivo tumor growth and angiogenesis by a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody to SEMA4D
Authors: Alan S. Jonason, Terrence L. Fisher, Sebold Torno, Holm Bussler, Laurie A. Winter, Renee Kirk, Alan Howell, Jeff Caplan, Patrick Kenney, Christine Reilly, Maria Scrivens, He Huang, Leslie Croy, Elizabeth E. Evans, Mark Paris, Raymond Watkins, Maurice Zauderer, John E. Leonard, Ernest S. Smith
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D; CD100) has been implicated in several key mechanisms of tumor progression, including neovascularization, tumor invasion, and metastasis. SEMA4D binding to its receptor plexin-B1 (PLXNB1) on endothelial cells transactivates MET and promotes formation of new blood vessels and tumor growth in vivo. SEMA4D is over-expressed in a wide array of tumor types, and is also produced by recruited inflammatory cells present in the tumor microenvironment. Several recent papers have shown that in an environment lacking SEMA4D, the ability of mouse cancer cells to originate tumor masses and metastases is severely impaired. Furthermore, SEMA4D produced by tumor-associated macrophages has been shown to support tumor angiogenesis and growth. In addition to its effects on endothelial cells, SEMA4D has a direct effect on tumor invasive growth and migration. A recent clinical study in soft tissue sarcomas correlates strong SEMA4D expression in tumors with a higher mitotic count and poor prognosis. SEMA4D binding to PLXNB1 on tumor cells results in MET transactivation and migration of tumor cells. It has been further reported that overexpression of PLXNB1 and MET in breast and ovarian cancers is a negative prognostic factor. Tumors co-expressing PLXNB1 and MET were characterized as having a higher grade and an increased frequency of metastases. Collectively, these results suggest that expression of SEMA4D, either by tumor cells or by tumor associated inflammatory cells, functions as a crucial factor in tumor neovascularization, and that expression of the SEMA4D and/ or its high affinity receptor in tumors may further induce tumor growth rate and metastatic potential. Antibody neutralization of SEMA4D thus may represent a new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. We selected a humanized IgG4 antibody that binds with high affinity to rat, mouse, primate, and human SEMA4D, and utilized several in vitro functional assays to demonstrate that this antibody blocks SEMA4D – PLXNB1 interactions. Using syngeneic, xenograft and orthotopic tumor models we demonstrated that antibody mediated neutralization of SEMA4D in vivo inhibits tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis. This humanized antibody has successfully completed IND-enabling toxicology testing and we anticipate the initiation of human clinical trials in early 2011. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3667. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3667
How trivial is the “trivial neuron doctrine”?
Authors: Steven G. Daniel
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

I argue that Gold &amp; Stoljar's “trivial neuron doctrine” is not in fact trivial. Many familiar positions in the philosophy of mind run afoul of it, and it is unclear that even those whom Gold &amp; Stoljar identify as adherents of the trivial neuron doctrine can be comfortably described as such.
Environmental and toxicological aspects of insect growth regulators.
Authors: J E Wright
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1976)

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are a class of new chemicals that interfere with maturation and reproduction in insects. Proposed hypotheses on the biochemical mechanism of action are presented herein. The environmental aspects as metabolism in soils, plants, insects, and animals suggest strongly that these chemicals undergo rapid degradation and metabolism to innocuous metabolites. The toxicological properties determined for registration of the IGR methoprene, isopropyl (E,E)-11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate, reflected no significant effects against any of the species tested. Toxicological evaluations in swine, sheep, hamsters, rats, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, and cattle revealed no clinical signs of toxicosis. Additionally, teratological studies in swine, sheep, hamsters, rats, and rabbits also resulted in no observable effects in the animals at the levels administered.
Watching the next generation
Authors: Kevin Barraclough
Journal: BMJ (2006)

I am visiting my old university town with my daughter for an open day. It is hot and summery and buzzing with future expectations. Parents, students, and tourists are wandering around in a haze of tension and sun cream.

I look at what the prospective students are expected to know now and at what their curriculum proposes teaching them, and I am astonished. The level of understanding required has progressed so far …
Intractable Localized Pruritus as the Sole Manifestation of Intramedullary Tumor in a Child
Authors: Razieh Soltani-Arabshahi, Sheryll Vanderhooft, C. David Hansen
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2013)

<h3>Importance</h3>Persistent localized pruritus is a rare manifestation of central nervous system tumors. Delayed diagnosis can lead to devastating complications.<h3>Observations</h3>We report an otherwise healthy 19-month-old girl who presented with signs of localized intractable pruritus of 6 months' duration on the left side of the neck, shoulder, and arm, resistant to systemic antihistamines and topical corticosteroids. Findings from skin biopsy, viral culture for varicella-zoster virus, and skin prick test to common food and animal allergens were nondiagnostic. Neurologic examination results were unremarkable. After several months of localized intractable pruritus, magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine with and without contrast was performed, which revealed an intramedullary spinal cord tumor extending from just above the foramen magnum to C6. The tumor was surgically resected and found to be a ganglioglioma. Within a week after the surgery her pruritus completely resolved.<h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3>We recommend a detailed neurologic examination in any case of persistent localized pruritus, in the absence of primary dermatologic causes. Given the challenges of performing a reliable neurologic examination in children, neuroimaging might be considered in children with intractable localized pruritus of unknown etiology of the head and neck or upper extremity, even in the absence of focal neurologic deficits.
Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: John P. Bilezikian, Shonni J. Silverberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

A 60-year-old woman is noted incidentally to have a calcium level of 10.8 mg per deciliter (normal range, 8.4 to 10.2 mg per deciliter). The parathyroid hormone level is 84 pg per milliliter (normal range, 10 to 65). She has never had a kidney stone or a fracture, and she feels well. Her urinary calcium excretion is normal. Her bone density is within 0.5 SD of the peak bone mass at the lumbar spine and the hip and is 1.0 SD below the peak bone mass at the forearm. How should her case be managed?
Folic Acid and Xanthine Oxidase
Authors: KURT A. OSTER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

Comments and Corrections1 March 1977Folic Acid and Xanthine OxidaseKURT A. OSTER, M.D.KURT A. OSTER, M.D.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-86-3-367 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In the September 1976 issue (Ann Intern Med 85:333-335), Lockard and associates state, "....there is a need for the development of additional xanthine oxidase inhibitors...."This problem could have been solved as early as 1948, when Kalckar and Klenow (1) wrote:"Effect of Pteroylglutamic Acid on Xanthopterin and Xanthine Oxidase—Milk xanthopterin oxidase is strongly inhibited by the addition of minute amounts of synthetic pteroylglutamic acid (PGA). Thus, in a sample containing oxidase and xanthopterin (0.06 micromole per ml.) the rate of oxidation was reduced to less than 5 per cent of the original activity by the presence...References1. KALCKAR H and KLENOW H: Milk xanthopterin oxidase and pteroylglutamic acid. J Biol Chem 172:349-350, 1948 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. OSTER K: Evaluation of serum cholesterol reduction and xanthine oxidase inhibition in the treatment of atherosclerosis, in Myocardial Metabolism, Vol. 3, edited by DHALLA NS. Baltimore, University Park Press, 1973, pp. 73-80 Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: KURT A. OSTER, M.D. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byGoutFolate, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12 Intake in Relation to HyperuricemiaEffects of Combined Enalapril and Folic Acid Therapy on the Serum Uric Acid Levels in Hypertensive Patients: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel-controlled Clinical TrialGoutA case-control study of the association of diet and obesity with gout in TaiwanHomogenized bovine milk xanthine oxidase: a critique of the hypothesis relating to plasmalogen depletion and cardiovascular diseaseHypouricemia—a transient biochemical phenomenon of total parenteral nutritionTight binding inhibitors of xanthine oxidaseInhibition of buttermilk xanthine oxidase by folate analogues and derivativesFolic Acid, Xanthine Oxidase, and Uric AcidBERNARD PLOUVIER, M.D., BERNARD DEVULDER, M.D.Xanthine Oxidase and Folic AcidJOHN PLACHETKA 1 March 1977Volume 86, Issue 3 Page: 367-367 Keywords Folic acid ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 March 1977 PDF downloadLoading ...
Endoscopic treatment of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis - medium term outcome
Authors: A. Ignjatovic, J. Landy, S. Thomas-Gibson, A. Hart, B. Saunders
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Until recently a finding of low grade dysplasia within a segment of colitis was an indication for colectomy. However, recent literature suggests that well-circumscribed lesions could be managed by endoscopic resection and continued surveillance. The authors aim to evaluate the medium term outcomes of patients with colitis who have had an endoscopic resection of dysplasia within the segment of colitis. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients who had a surveillance colonoscopy for colitis between 2003 and 2008 and had an endoscopic resection of a dysplastic lesion were retrospectively identified from the endoscopic database. Those who had a follow-up &gt;24 months were included. Colonoscopy and histopathology reports and clinical notes were reviewed. <h3>Results</h3> 19 patients (16 male; median age 69, IQR 60.5–73) meeting the criteria were included. 17 had pancolitis and 2 distal colitis, with median disease duration of 27 years (IQR 18.5–33.5). Median lesion size was 8 mm (IQR 6.5–20) and 17/18 lesions were sessile (Is=11, IIa=7). Two were removed with ESD and the 17/19 with EMR technique. Histology revealed LGD in 16 lesions, HGD in 3. 6 lesions were histologically favoured to be DALMs rather than ALMs. Median follow-up was 33 months (IQR 27–43). No cancers were detected in that time and overall 4/19 patients had recurrence at the site of previous resection with median time to recurrence of 6 months (IQR 3–10.75). All recurrences were treated by endoscopic resection. One patient was found to have HGD 16 months later and underwent restorative pan-proctocolectomy in which no cancer was found. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Endoscopically resectable well-circumscribed dysplastic lesions within the segment of colitis may be adequately treated by endoscopic resection and close endoscopic surveillance. Longer term follow-up and larger numbers of patients are necessary to confirm this.
Abortion act in practice.
Authors: E. F. Richard
Journal: BMJ (1969)

JoxruOkidney is potentially dangerous, since the method of sterilization with 2% fornalin does not reach any reasonable bacterial standard.The tendency of life today is to move towards the use of dis- posable equipment, and the Kfil is really oldfashioned and clumsy.We have had over a year's experience now with the Lucas monitor/dialysate proportion- ing system and been very pleased with its operation, granting, of course, that the machine is well and properly understood.Recently we have also been very pleased with the performance of the Baxter "Ultraflo " coil used in the newest model of the Travenol R.S.P. machine, and it seemed obvious to marry the two together.Thus we have built a container capable of holding the " Ultraflo" coil, providing a continuous flow of dialysate through the coil at high rates of flow and under an adjustable negative pressure so as -to make use of the Lucas monitor system.This prototype canister, made of Perspex, is functioning well, producing perfectly normal dialyses with good end biochemical figures, and achieving these results within a period of between six and eight hours.