tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Changes in 99mTc-ECD SPECT and Magnetic Resonance Angiography With Sporadic Hemiplegic Migraine in a Child
Authors: Kaori Koyano, Yukihiko Konishi, Hitoshi Okada, Takashi Kusaka, Susumu Itoh
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2014)

Sporadic hemiplegic migraine is rare in childhood. We followed a patient with 99mTc-ECD (99mTc-ethyl cysteinate dimer) SPECT and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). At the age of 8 years, he developed left hemiplegia. The MRA showed vasoconstriction of the posterior right middle cerebral artery. Hemiplegia disappeared in a few hours, and the MRA normalized. At the age of 10 years, right hemiplegia was observed, disappearing completely after a few days. During this second migraine attack, MRA demonstrated left middle cerebral artery vasoconstriction, and SPECT revealed decreased left hemisphere blood flow. Findings normalized as the patient recovered.
Noninvasive Arrhythmia Risk Stratification in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Wolfram Grimm, Michael Christ, Jennifer Bach, Hans-Helge Müller, Bernhard Maisch
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Arrhythmia risk stratification with regard to prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy is a completely unsolved issue in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC).Arrhythmia risk stratification was performed prospectively in 343 patients with IDC, including analysis of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and size by echocardiography, signal-averaged ECG, arrhythmias on Holter ECG, QTc dispersion, heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, and microvolt T-wave alternans. During 52+/-21 months of follow-up, major arrhythmic events, defined as sustained ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or sudden death, occurred in 46 patients (13%). On multivariate analysis, LV ejection fraction was the only significant arrhythmia risk predictor in patients with sinus rhythm, with a relative risk of 2.3 per 10% decrease of ejection fraction (95% CI, 1.5 to 3.3; P=0.0001). Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia on Holter was associated with a trend toward higher arrhythmia risk (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 0.9 to 3.3; P=0.11), whereas beta-blocker therapy was associated with a trend toward lower arrhythmia risk (RR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3 to 1.2; P=0.13). In patients with atrial fibrillation, multivariate Cox analysis also identified LV ejection fraction and absence of beta-blocker therapy as the only significant arrhythmia risk predictors.Reduced LV ejection fraction and lack of beta-blocker use are important arrhythmia risk predictors in IDC, whereas signal-averaged ECG, baroreflex sensitivity, heart rate variability, and T-wave alternans do not seem to be helpful for arrhythmia risk stratification. These findings have important implications for the design of future studies evaluating prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in IDC.
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Fletcher McDowell
Journal: JAMA (1961)

This book contains the communications of the Houston Neurological Society Compendium on the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, (1959). Three major varieties of cerebrovascular disease are covered—occlusive arterial disease, primary intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage and aneurysm. The list of contributors is outstanding, each an expert in one or more fields related to cerebrovascular disease. This book provides an excellent review of the problems and progress in cerebrovascular disease. It will be mainly of interest to the specialist in this field, but it will also serve as an excellent text for anyone who wishes to be brought up to date in this rapidly expanding field.
Blood Lead Levels in South African Inner-City Children
Authors: Yasmin von Schirnding, Debbie Bradshaw, Richard Fuggle, Morris Stokol
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1991)

Little is known about childhood lead absorption in South Africa. In this study a cross-sectional analytic survey was carried out to determine the blood lead levels and associated risk factors for inner-city, first-grade schoolchildren. Blood lead analyses, hematological and anthropometric measurements were conducted, and a pretested questionnaire was administered to parents to identify risk factors for lead exposure. In a detailed environmental study, daily air and dust samples were collected over a period of 1 year from several sites in the study area, contemporaneously with the blood and questionnaire surveys. Spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric lead were determined. It was found that 13% of mixed race children, but no white children, had blood lead levels greater than or equal to 25 micrograms/dL, the U.S. action level. Air lead levels averaged around 1 microgram/m3, and dust lead levels ranged from 410 to 3620 ppm. Environmental lead levels were significantly elevated near heavy traffic, where Environmental Protection Agency standards were exceeded mainly during winter months. Baseline exposure was of significance in influencing blood lead levels of children attending schools in direct proximity to heavy traffic, where blood lead levels were elevated irrespective of other influencing factors. Primary and secondary preventive measures are urgently needed in South Africa to reduce environmental lead exposure. At the time of the study, South Africa had one of the highest levels of lead in gasoline in the Western World, namely, 0.836 g/L. Although levels have subsequently been reduced, this is typical of the situation in many African countries today.
Mineralocorticoid deficiency in HIV infection.
Authors: C. E. Murphy, R. G. Ratnavel, A. C. Davidson
Journal: BMJ (1989)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Objective</h3> Scalp high frequency oscillations (HFOs) are a promising biomarker of epileptogenicity in infantile spasms (IS) and many other epilepsy syndromes, but prior studies have relied on visual analysis of short segments of data due to the prevalence of artifacts in EEG. Therefore, we set out to develop a fully automated method of HFO detection that can be applied to large datasets, and we sought to robustly characterize the rate and spatial distribution of HFOs in IS. <h3>Methods</h3> We prospectively collected long-term scalp EEG data from 13 subjects with IS and 18 healthy controls. For patients with IS, recording began prior to diagnosis and continued through initiation of treatment with adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The median analyzable EEG duration was 18.2 hours for controls and 83.9 hours for IS subjects (∼1300 hours total). Ripples (80-250 Hz) were detected in all EEG data using an automated algorithm. <h3>Results</h3> HFO rates were substantially higher in patients with IS compared to controls. In IS patients, HFO rates were higher during sleep compared to wakefulness (median 5.5/min and 2.9/min, respectively; <i>p</i> =0.002); controls did not exhibit a difference in HFO rate between sleep and wakefulness (median 0.98/min and 0.82/min, respectively). Spatially, the difference between IS patients and controls was most salient in the central/posterior parasaggital region, where very few HFOs were detected in controls. In IS subjects, ACTH therapy significantly decreased the rate of HFOs. <h3>Discussion</h3> Here we show for the first time that a fully automated algorithm can be used to detect HFOs in long-term scalp EEG, and the results are accurate enough to clearly discriminate healthy subjects from those with IS. We also provide a detailed characterization of the spatial distribution and rates of HFOs associated with infantile spasms, which may have relevance for diagnosis and assessment of treatment response.
Reduced capacity and affinity of skeletal muscle for insulin-mediated glucose uptake in noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Effects of insulin therapy.
Authors: A D Baron, M Laakso, G Brechtel, S V Edelman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

We have estimated the capacity and affinity of insulin-mediated glucose uptake (IMGU) in whole body and in leg muscle of obese non-insulin-dependent diabetics (NIDDM, n = 6) with severe hyperglycemia, glycohemoglobin (GHb 14.4 +/- 1.2%), lean controls (ln, n = 7) and obese nondiabetic controls (ob, n = 7). Mean +/- SEM weight (kg) was 67 +/- 2 (ln), 100 +/- 7 (ob), and 114 +/- 11 (NIDDM), P = NS between obese groups. NIDDM were also studied after 3 wk of intensive insulin therapy, GHb post therapy was 10.1 +/- 0.9, P less than 0.01 vs. pretherapy. Insulin (120 mu/m2 per min) was infused and the arterial blood glucose (G) sequentially maintained at approximately 4, 7, 12, and 21 mmol/liter utilizing the G clamp technique. Leg glucose uptake (LGU) was calculated as the product of the femoral arteriovenous glucose difference (FAVGd) and leg blood flow measured by thermodilution. Compared to ln, ob and NIDDM had significantly lower rates of whole body IMGU and LGU at all G levels. Compared to ob, the NIDDM exhibited approximately 50% and approximately 40% lower rates of whole body IMGU over the first two G levels (P less than 0.02) but did not differ at the highest G, P = NS. LGU was 83% lower in NIDDM vs. ob, P less than 0.05 at the first G level only. After insulin therapy NIDDM were indistinguishable from ob with respect to whole body IMGU or LGU at all G levels. A significant correlation was noted between the percent GHb and the EG50 (G at which 1/2 maximal FAVGd occurs) r = 0.73, P less than 0.05. Thus, (a) insulin resistance in NIDDM and obese subjects are characterized by similar decreases in capacity for skeletal muscle IMGU, but differs in that poorly controlled NIDDM display a decrease in affinity for skeletal muscle IMGU, and (b) this affinity defect is related to the degree of antecedent glycemic control and is reversible with insulin therapy, suggesting that it is an acquired defect.
Impacted nail in duodenum: endoscopic removal with a novel magnetic foreign body retriever
Authors: S. Nijhawan, S. Kumpawat, P. Ashdhir, N. Behl, A. Jha, R. Rai
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

A 2-year-old boy presented with history of vomiting for 7 days. He had esophageal atresia for which he had undergone restorative surgery in early infancy. Abdominal radiography revealed a nail around 5 cm in length lodged in the duodenum with the head lying proximally ([Fig. 1]). Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a smooth stricture at mid esophagus which was dilated to 9 mm with a wire-guided Savary dilator. The endoscope could be negotiated thereafter and a nail was seen impacted in the duodenal bulb. The endoscope could not be passed into the duodenum because of the impacted nail. The endoscope was removed and reintroduced after a magnetic retrieval instrument had been attached to its tip ([Fig. 2]) [1] [2]. Once the endoscope reached the antrum, the magnet was advanced further into the duodenal bulb under fluoroscopic guidance. The nail head stuck to the magnet immediately. The endoscope was then withdrawn up to the esophagus, where the nail disengaged from the magnet. The endoscope was taken out and the magnetic retrieval instrument removed. The endoscope was then reintroduced, the head of the nail was held with a snare, and the nail was retrieved with the sharp end trailing.
1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D increases hepatocyte cytosolic calcium levels. A potential regulator of vitamin D-25-hydroxylase.
Authors: D T Baran, M L Milne
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) has been demonstrated to inhibit hepatic 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25 OHD) production. Changes in cytosolic calcium have been shown to regulate cellular processes. Using the fluorescent dye Quin 2, we have investigated the effects of 1,25(OH)2D and 24,25(OH)2D on cytosolic calcium levels in hepatocytes. 1,25(OH)2D exposure for 5 min increases cytosolic calcium levels by 24% at a concentration of 100 pg/ml, 39% at a concentration of 1 ng/ml, and 50% at a concentration of 2 ng/ml. The latter increment occurs in both the presence and absence of extracellular calcium, indicating that 1,25(OH)2D is mobilizing intracellular calcium pools. 24,25(OH)2D, 10 ng/ml, does not increase cytosolic calcium levels while the calcium ionophore A23187, 3 microM, increases levels by 52%. Calcium inhibits hepatic 25 OHD synthesis in liver homogenates in a dose-dependent fashion, which can be prevented by chelation of calcium with EGTA. 1,25(OH)2D and A23187 decrease hepatocyte 25 OHD synthesis. The inhibitory effect of A23187 can be prevented by chelation of extracellular calcium. The data demonstrate that 1,25(OH)2D increases hepatocyte cytosolic calcium, and that these increments in cytosolic calcium may regulate some of the hepatic actions of the vitamin D metabolite.
A TRAUMATIC HEMATOMA INFECTED WITH BACILLUS WELCHII
Authors: IVAN C. HALL
Journal: JAMA (1927)

This case is interesting because of (1) the long period after injury before infection declared itself; (2) the prompt reduction of fever on cleansing of the wound, and (3) the marked effect of gentian violet on a secondary staphylococcic infection. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> G. S., a well developed, well nourished woman, aged 17, was admitted to the Colorado General Hospital, Feb. 14, 1927. Three weeks previously she had injured her left leg above the knee in a coasting accident, the toboggan having run into a post. Her clothing was badly torn and the skin of her leg above the knee was deeply lacerated but the muscles were not torn. The leg was very painful and by the time she got to a physician it was swollen from hip to knee and was black and blue. The physician said she had broken a blood vessel. There were sharp pains in the
Case fatality rates after hospital admission for stroke: Authors' reply
Authors: S. Roberts
Journal: BMJ (2003)

TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis, TWEAK, is a typical member of the TNF ligand family. Thus, it is initially expressed as a type II transmembrane protein from which a soluble variant can be released by proteolytic processing. In this study, we show that membrane TWEAK is superior to soluble variant of TWEAK (sTWEAK) with respect to the activation of the classical NF-κB pathway, whereas both TWEAK variants are potent inducers of TNFR-associated factor-2 depletion, NF-κB–inducing kinase accumulation and p100 processing, hallmarks of activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway. Like other soluble TNF ligands with a poor capability to activate their corresponding receptor, sTWEAK acquires an activity resembling those of the transmembrane ligand by oligomerization or cell surface-immobilization. Blockade of the Fn14 receptor inhibited NF-κB signaling irrespective of the TWEAK form used for stimulation, indicating that the differential activities of the two TWEAK variants on classical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling is not related to the use of different receptors.
ESTRIN IN HIGH CONCENTRATION YIELDED BY A FIBRO-ADENOMA OF THE BREAST
Authors: Dean Lewis
Journal: JAMA (1934)

Diffuse and localized hypertrophy of the breast occurs relatively frequently in both the male and the female. In gynecomastia the hypertrophy may be unilateral or bilateral, but it is usually diffuse. The unilateral type is the more common. The localized change (the so-called fibro-adenoma) is the most common form in the female breast. Diffuse hypertrophy of one or both breasts, known as virginal hypertrophy, is most frequently bilateral. Gynecomastia, fibro-adenoma, and virginal hypertrophy are in almost all instances benign. In extremely rare instances a fibrosarcoma is supposed to have developed in or from a preexisting clinically benign fibro-adenoma. Histologically these benign lesions are characterized by an increase in the length and diameter of the ducts, an increase in the number of layers of epithelium lining the ducts, and a proliferation of the periductal connective tissue. The histologic picture is essentially an exaggeration of that observed in the normal female breast
Transgenic mouse model of pharmacologic induction of fetal hemoglobin: Studies using a new ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, didox
Authors: B. S. Pace, H. L. Elford, G. Stamatoyannopoulos
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1994)

Abstract Evaluation of pharmacologic agents that stimulate fetal hemoglobin production has been done mainly in baboons and macaques. We investigated whether results in transgenic mice can predict the stimulation of fetal hemoglobin in primates, by testing γ globin induction in response to a new rlbonucleotide reductase inhibitor, Didox. A transgenic mouse line carrying the human Aγ gene linked to a locus control region cassette was used. Treatment of transgenic mice with Didox resulted in induction of γ gene expression as documented by an Increase in F reticulocytes and F cells and an elevation of γ/γ + β biosynthetic ratio. Similarly, administration of Didox to a baboon in the nonanemic and chronically anemic state resulted In induction of γ gene expression as shown by increases in F reticuiocytes, F cells, and Hb F. These results suggest that the μLR‐Aγ transgenic mice can be used to screen new pharmacologic compounds for γ globin inducibillty. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Your money where your mouse is
Authors: Janice Hopkins Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The Terri Schiavo case shows how the internet is becoming a battleground over ethical issues 

T here was a revolution in Central Asia, an upheaval in Lebanon, deadly shootings at a high school in Minnesota, and a disastrous explosion at a Texas oil refinery. But day after day the lead story in the august New York Times and the distinguished Washington Post was about one 41 year old woman in Florida who had been in a persistent vegetative state for 15 years—Terri Schiavo.

Should US president George W Bush, a born again Christian who advocates “a culture of life,” decide that she should live, or die after removal of a percutaneous gastrostomy tube providing water and nutrition? Or should Congress, the federal courts, the president's devout Catholic brother, Jeb Bush (who is governor of Florida), the Florida state courts, …
To ablate or not to ablate? HSCs in the T cell driver’s seat
Authors: Claudio Anasetti, James J. Mulé
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

The combination of the induction of lymphopenia and vaccination and/or T cell transfer is garnering much attention for cancer treatment. Preclinical studies have shown that the induction of lymphopenia by chemotherapy or radiation can enhance the antitumor efficacy of several distinct, cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches. The mechanism(s) by which such enhancement is achieved are being intensively studied, yet there is much opportunity for improvement. The animal studies reported by Wrzesinski and colleagues in this issue of the JCI are a promising and timely step in this direction (see the related article beginning on page 492). The authors have evaluated both the effect of increasing the intensity of lymphodepletion and the influence of HSC transfer on the in vivo function of adoptively transferred CD8(+) T cells. We discuss their results in light of the evolving field and their implications for advancing cell-based immunotherapies for cancer.
Interphase nucleolar organiser regions and survival in squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus: a 10 year follow up study of 138 cases.
Authors: D A Boldy, J G Ayres, J Crocker, J A Waterhouse, M Gilthorpe
Journal: Thorax (1991)

BACKGROUND: Good prognostic indicators for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung would help to determine the most appropriate treatment for individual patients. METHODS: A silver colloid technique that shows interphase nucleolar organiser regions (AgNORs) has been applied to representative paraffin sections from 138 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus treated by surgical resection of the primary tumour at East Birmingham Hospital in 1977. Of the 138 patients, 23 (17%) were alive 10 years after their operation. RESULTS: The mean (SD) AgNOR count per cell was significantly higher for all grades of malignancy (well differentiated 10.5 (2.6), moderately differentiated 10.7 (3.2), and poorly differentiated 12.7 (4.5)) than for normal pseudostratified columnar epithelium from non-affected areas (2.3 (0.78)). There was a trend for AgNOR counts to be higher in poorly differentiated tumours, but a wide range of AgNOR counts was observed in all histological grades. AgNOR counts did not predict clinical outcome, irrespective of the stage of the disease, and did not relate to DNA ploidy or the percentage of cells in the proliferation phase of the cell cycle. Nine of 47 patients (19%) with tumours classified as DNA diploid and eight of 63 patients (13%) with DNA aneuploid tumours were alive 10 years after operation. Principal component analysis identified the clinicopathological stage of disease as the variable best related to survival. The percentage of patients surviving 10 years was 30% for stage I, 20% for stage II, 10% for stage IIIa, 9% for stage IIIb, and none for stage IV. CONCLUSION: The AgNOR technique is not of prognostic value in postoperative patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus.
The effect of an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody on bleomycin-induced lymphokine production and lung injury.
Authors: S K Sharma, J A MacLean, C Pinto, R L Kradin
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

Acute lung injury was produced in C57BL/6 mice by the intratracheal (i.t.) administration of bleomycin (BLM). Following injection of 0.1 U BLM, CD3+ lymphocytes and the production of the T-helper-1 (Th1) lymphokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were increased in lung and lymph nodes. The production of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 by lung lymphocytes was decreased. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a rat antimurine CD3 (YCD3) monoclonal antibody (mAb) blocked the accumulation of pulmonary CD3+ cells for up to 14 d and effectively suppressed IL-2 and IL-4 but not IFN-gamma production by lung lymphocytes throughout the protocol. Secretion of all of the above lymphokines by lymph node cells was inhibited by YCD3 treatment. Administration of YCD3 diminished pulmonary fibrosis and increased survival (p < 0.01) following BLM administration compared with mice treated with an isotype-matched control mAb. Initiating treatment with YCD3 at Days 5-7 following BLM also decreased pulmonary fibrosis and significantly reduced mortality (p < 0.02). We conclude that BLM yields a potentially lethal fibroinflammatory response in the lung that is markedly diminished by antagonizing the functional activities of CD3+ cells in vivo.