tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ACCIDENTAL INJECTION OF BILE DUCTS WITH PETROLATUM AND BISMUTH PASTE
Authors: Adolph Reich
Journal: JAMA (1918)

Miss J. de M. had a pelvic operation two years before consulting me. A few days after the operation she was taken with pain over the region of the liver, and a swelling, which appeared in the midaxillary line, was incised and discharged pus, leaving a persistent fistula between the tenth and eleventh ribs. She asked to be relieved of this fistula. In order to know the direction of this fistula, I injected about 2 ounces of petrolatum paste and bismuth with a melting point of 110 F. Immediately there was considerable pain in the pit of the stomach, the following day the patient's temperature was 102 by mouth, the urine was dark brown, she was jaundiced, and she could not hold anything on her stomach. Figure 1 shows the bile ducts filled with the paste down to the duodenum. The treatment consisted of local hot applications, morphin for the
A systems approach to the brain basis of emotion also needs developmental and locationist views – the case of Tourette's Syndrome
Authors: Aribert Rothenberger
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2012)

Abstract The closeness of somatosensory phenomena and emotional states can be critically extended into a clinical perspective by referring to Tourette's Syndrome (TS). Two examples are discussed in this commentary: (1) the neurodevelopmental approach to the pre- and post-tic sensorimotor urges, and (2) the TS treatment with deep brain stimulation. It is shown that in TS, both views (locationist and constructionist) need to be combined along the lifespan in order to get a more realistic picture of the brain basis of emotion.
An aquaporin-2 water channel mutant which causes autosomal dominant nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is retained in the Golgi complex.
Authors: S M Mulders, D G Bichet, J P Rijss, E J Kamsteeg, M F Arthus, M Lonergan, M Fujiwara, K Morgan, R Leijendekker, P van der Sluijs, C H van Os, P M Deen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Mutations in the aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channel gene cause autosomal recessive nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). Here we report the first patient with an autosomal dominant form of NDI, which is caused by a G866A transition in the AQP2 gene of one allele, resulting in a E258K substitution in the C-tail of AQP2. To define the molecular cause of NDI in this patient, AQP2-E258K was studied in Xenopus oocytes. In contrast to wild-type AQP2, AQP2-E258K conferred a small increase in water permeability, caused by a reduced expression at the plasma membrane. Coexpression of wild-type AQP2 with AQP2-E258K, but not with an AQP2 mutant in recessive NDI (AQP2-R187C), revealed a dominant-negative effect on the water permeability conferred by wild-type AQP2. The physiologically important phosphorylation of S256 by protein kinase A was not affected by the E258K mutation. Immunoblot and microscopic analyses revealed that AQP2-E258K was, in contrast to AQP2 mutants in recessive NDI, not retarded in the endoplasmic reticulum, but retained in the Golgi compartment. Since AQPs are thought to tetramerize, the retention of AQP2-E258K together with wild-type AQP2 in mixed tetramers in the Golgi compartment is a likely explanation for the dominant inheritance of NDI in this patient.
Using the nicotine patch to stop smoking
Authors: S. H. Swartz
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To the Editor.  —In their meta-analysis of transdermal nicotine patch clinical trials, Dr Fiore and colleagues 1 reviewed the efficacy of this therapy compared with placebo patches, with a major emphasis on the relationship of  with patch use. Studies were categorized by intensity levels of counseling, and quit rates between low counseling and high counseling studies were compared. The authors report, [t]here was no indication that low-intensity or high-intensity  resulted in greater efficacy of the nicotine patch in relation to placebo patch, and subsequently advocate a minimal  approach with initial transdermal nicotine patch use. There are several problems inherent in using this meta-analysis to arrive at such a conclusion, including two potential sources of bias.  First, performing a subgroup analysis for  intensity requires comparisons between studies, not across studies. Subjects in this meta-analysis were not randomly exposed to  of varying intensity. Given the likelihood that
Cranial Nerve Paralysis after Cerebrospinal Fever
Authors: J. F. K. Hutton
Journal: BMJ (1944)

Cranial Nerve Paralysis following Cerebrospinal FeverThe chief interest in the case described lies in the picking out of two different cranial nerves on opposite sides and the escape of closely adjacent nerves. CASE RECORDA coolie aged 20 was admitted to hospital at 5.30 p.m. on Dec. 19, 1943.He was semiconscious, 'extremely restless, and resistant to examination.A history of headache and fever of one day's duration was obtained from his companions.On examination the temperature was 102.6 F., there was marked nuchal rigidity, but Kernig's sign was absent.The pupils were equal and circular and reacted sluggishly to light; there was no strabismus.Heart and lungs and abdomen, nil abnormal.Urine, nil abnormal.Lumbar
Endosonography-Guided Biopsy of Mediastinal and Pancreatic Tumors
Authors: M. Hünerbein, M. Dohmoto, W. Haensch, P. M. Schlag
Journal: Endoscopy (1998)

Although endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) allows sensitive imaging of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, it remains difficult to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions on the basis of ultrasound morphology. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of EUS-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of submucosal and extraluminal tumors.EUS-guided biopsy was carried out in 50 patients with upper GI-tract lesions. All patients were examined using a flexible echoendoscope with a 5/7.5 MHz curved array transducer. A specially designed biopsy device (type Vilmann) with a fine needle (diameter 0.8 mm) was used for EUS-guided biopsy.EUS-guided biopsy was performed for evaluation of mediastinal lesions (n = 15), pancreatic tumors (n = 26) and submucosal (n = 5) or stenotic tumors of the esophagus (n = 4). Fine-needle aspiration yielded diagnostic tissue samples in 44 of 50 patients (88%). Histology demonstrated benign lesions in 20 of 44 patients and malignant tumors in the other 24 patients. EUS-guided biopsy failed in only six patients (12%): in four patients it was impossible to advance the needle into very hard pancreatic tumors; non-representative biopsy material was obtained in two further cases. The results of EUS-guided biopsy were validated by surgery (n = 21), autopsy (n = 3) or clinical follow-up (n = 20). After a mean follow-up of 16 months there is no evidence of malignancy in any of the patients with benign histology. The sensitivity and specificity of EUS-guided biopsy in the diagnosis of malignancy were 88% and 100%, respectively. None of the patients experienced complications related to endosonographic biopsy.EUS-guided biopsy with the Vilmann needle device is a safe and accurate method for tissue sampling of extraluminal lesions. This technique considerably improves the diagnostic value of endosonography.
Use of Alternative Thresholds Defining Insulin Resistance to Predict Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Martin K. Rutter, Peter W.F. Wilson, Lisa M. Sullivan, Caroline S. Fox, Ralph B. D’Agostino, James B. Meigs
Journal: Circulation (2008)

The performance characteristics of surrogate insulin resistance (IR) measures, commonly defined as the top 25% of the measure's distribution, used to predict incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have not been critically assessed in community samples.
Alcohol and Breast Cancer
Authors: Saxon Graham
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1987)

OF the approximately 17 cohort and case–control studies that have investigated an association between alcohol intake and breast cancer, all but three have shown an increase in risk. Impetus for these investigations was provided by the 1977 case–control study of Williams and Horm.1 In rather quick succession, other case–control studies in France, Italy, and the United States reported the same findings. For the most part, these studies were based on large numbers of cases and controls, and most were not limited to patients in single hospitals. As in most case–control studies, alcohol intake was ascertained at the time of diagnosis, . . .
Influence of systolic blood pressure on clinical outcomes in elderly heart failure patients treated with nebivolol: data from the <scp>SENIORS</scp> trial
Authors: Manuel Montero‐Perez‐Barquero, Marcus Flather, Michael Roughton, Andrew Coats, Michael Böhm, Dirk J. Van Veldhuisen, Daphne Babalis, Alain Cohen Solal, Luis Manzano
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2014)
Points: Dual posts in the NHS and the Third World
Authors: C J Burns-Cox
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Dietary potassium stimulates the surface expression of ROMK channels in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron, but the mechanism by which this occurs is incompletely understood. Here, a high-potassium diet increased the transcription of microRNA (miR) 802 in the cortical collecting duct in mice. In addition, high-potassium intake decreased the expression of caveolin-1, whose 3′ untranslated region contains the seed sequence of miR-802. <i>In vitro</i>, expression of miR-802 suppressed the expression of caveolin-1, and conversely, downregulation of endogenous miR-802 increased the expression of caveolin-1. Sucrose-gradient centrifugation suggested that caveolin-1 closely associated with ROMK channels, and immunoprecipitation showed that caveolin-1 interacted with the N terminus of ROMK. Expression of caveolin-1 varied inversely with the expression of ROMK1 in the plasma membrane, and caveolin-1 inhibited ROMK1 channel activity. Removal of the clathrin-dependent endocytosis motif from ROMK1 failed to abolish the effect of caveolin-1 on ROMK1 channel activity. Last, expression of miR-802 increased ROMK1 channel activity, an effect blocked by coexpression of caveolin-1. Taken together, miR-802 mediates the stimulatory effect of a high-potassium diet on ROMK channel activity by suppressing caveolin-1 expression, which leads to increased surface expression of ROMK channels in the distal nephron.
Abstract 5390: Development of a high-throughput screening assay to identify UHRF1 inhibitors via time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET)
Authors: David A. Walker, Nicolas Wyhs, Hugh Giovinazzo, Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian, William G. Nelson
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Aberrant DNA methylation of gene promoters can be involved in silencing tumor suppressor genes in cancer. The protein ubiquitin-like containing PHD and ring finger domains 1 (UHRF1) is an essential component in the cellular machinery for DNA methylation maintenance and can couple DNA methylation and other epigenetic histone modifications. UHRF1 is thought to bind newly synthesized hemimethylated DNA and recruit DNA methyltransferases to copy the methylation pattern to the daughter DNA strand. Interfering with the ability of UHRF1 to bind methylated DNA can lead to the re-expression of epigenetically silenced genes including tumor suppressors, which positions UHRF1 as a target for anticancer drug development. We have created a high-throughput, time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET)-based assay to screen for inhibitors capable of disrupting the interaction between the UHRF1 SRA domain and hemi-methylated DNA. The assay measures the degree of TR-FRET between a 5′-fluorescein (FAM) labeled hairpin oligonucleotide and a terbium-conjugated antibody bound to the 6xHis-tag of the UHRF1_SRA domain polypeptide. In 384-well plate format, the assay achieved a Z' factor of 0.74. We successfully screened the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC) for inhibitors of UHRF1_SRA binding to hemimethlylated DNA, and validated 6 hit compounds in a dose-response series. These include: aurintricarboxylic acid, NF449, 6-hydroxy-DL-DOPA, NF023, PPNDS and mitoxantrone. Additionally, we observed a decrease in methylation one week after treatment of DU145 cells with mitoxantrone at a concentration near its IC50 from the TR-FRET binding assay. This suggests that mitoxantrone, a known DNA topoisomerase II poison and general DNA intercalator, may interfere with methylation maintenance. In summary, we have established a novel method to identify small molecule inhibitors of the UHRF1-methylated DNA interface, and have shown that one hit compound, mitoxantrone, can perturb methylation maintenance near its IC50 for inhibition of SRA domain binding to methylated DNA. Citation Format: David A. Walker, Nicolas Wyhs, Hugh Giovinazzo, Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian, William G. Nelson. Development of a high-throughput screening assay to identify UHRF1 inhibitors via time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5390. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5390
Acute Peripheral Arterial Occlusion
Authors: Edward A. Edwards
Journal: JAMA (1973)

Sudden cessation of major arterial flow in the extremities may be caused by physical obstruction of the arterial lumen or by reduction in effective flow when vascular volume or perfusion pressure is critically decreased or when the resistance in small arteries or venules is markedly increased (Table 1). Arterial obstruction is probably most frequently encountered in patients who have had an arterial puncture or cannulation for left atrioventricular catheterization, arteriography, or physiological monitoring. In a collective study of 12,367 patients who had cardiac catheterization, Braunwald and Swan<sup>1</sup>noted an arterial complication rate of only 0.3%. This low incidence of complications probably represents only truly disastrous events and contrasts sharply with the experience of others. In catheter procedures, the loss of the peripheral pulse per se, irrespective of symptoms of ischemia, has been encountered in about 30% of the cases.<sup>2-5</sup>Intra-arterial injection of hypertonic or otherwise irritating material, including concentrated
Suicide, sport and medicine
Authors: Dominic Malcolm, Andrea Scott
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2012)

Dave Duerson (American football), Sammy Wanjiru (athletics), Hideki Irabu (baseball), Peter Roebuck (cricket), Derek Boogaard, Rick Rypien and Wade Belak (ice hockey), Jeret Peterson (freestyle skiing), Gary Speed (soccer). The list of suicides in sport in 2011 is extensive, and while a death by suicide is always tragic, in the case of sport it seems doubly so. Sport is good for us and something we should enjoy. Sport makes us mentally and physically strong, yet we think of suicide as an act of weakness. How can a professional athlete be depressed when they have the best job in the world? But suicide is a fact of sporting life and sports medicine has a role to play in its prevention.

Epidemiological work suggests that the prominence of suicides in sport is actually quite predictable. Sport is dominated by young men and studies show a 4:1 ratio of male to female suicides.1 Although suicide rates increase with age, suicide is the third leading cause of deaths among 18 to 24-year-olds in the USA.2 Suicide is often also linked to occupational contingencies that are common …
Th17-stimulating Protein Vaccines Confer Protection against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Pneumonia
Authors: Weihui Wu, Jin Huang, Biyan Duan, David C. Traficante, Haeyeon Hong, Martina Risech, Stephen Lory, Gregory P. Priebe
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

New vaccine approaches are needed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which continues to be a major cause of serious pulmonary infections. Although Th17 cells can protect against gram-negative pathogens at mucosal surfaces, including the lung, the bacterial proteins recognized by Th17 cells are largely unknown and could be potential new vaccine candidates.We describe a strategy to identify Th17-stimulating protein antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to assess their efficacy as vaccines against pneumonia.Using a library of in vitro transcribed and translated P. aeruginosa proteins, we screened for Th17-stimulating antigens by coculturing the library proteins with splenocytes from mice immunized with a live-attenuated P. aeruginosa vaccine that is protective via Th17-based immunity. We measured antibody and Th17 responses after intranasal immunization of mice with the purified proteins mixed with the Th17 adjuvant curdlan, and we tested the protective efficacy of vaccination in a murine model of acute pneumonia.The proteins PopB, FpvA, FptA, OprL, and PilQ elicited strong IL-17 secretion in the screen, and purified versions of PopB, FpvA, and OprL stimulated high IL-17 production from immune splenocytes. Immunization with PopB, which is a highly conserved component of the type III secretion system and a known virulence factor, elicited Th17 responses and also enhanced clearance of P. aeruginosa from the lung and spleen after challenge. PopB-immunized mice were protected from lethal pneumonia in an antibody-independent, IL-17-dependent manner.Screening for Th17-stimulating protein antigens identified PopB as a novel and promising vaccine candidate for P. aeruginosa.
CLOSED DRAINAGE IN THE TREATMENT OF EMPYEMA
Authors: J. D. McEachern
Journal: BMJ (1931)

Hippocrates taught that in cases of empyema the operation to drain away the purulent effusion 'should not be performed before the fifteenth day after the onset of the illness.He also advocated irrigation of the cavity.His teachings therefore foreshadowed two principlesin the modern treatment of this disease.PRINCIPLES OF MODERN TREATMENT Delay before Operating.-Empyema is not to be re-
Melanoma Survival Disadvantage in Young, Non-Hispanic White Males Compared With Females
Authors: Christina S. Gamba, Christina A. Clarke, Theresa H. M. Keegan, Li Tao, Susan M. Swetter
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2013)

Worse survival among patients with melanoma has been demonstrated in middle-aged and older men compared with women, but few studies have explored survival differences by sex in adolescents and young adults, in whom melanoma is the third most common cancer. Focusing on sex disparities in survival among younger individuals may provide further evidence of biological rather than behavioral factors that affect melanoma outcome.To determine whether long-term survival varies between white male and female adolescents and young adults with melanoma (15 to 39 years of age at diagnosis) in the United States.Population-based cohort with a mean follow-up of 7.5 years of 26,107 non-Hispanic white adolescents and young adults with primary invasive melanoma of the skin diagnosed from January 1, 1989, through December 31, 2009, and reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results network of cancer registries.Melanoma-specific survival.There were 1561 melanoma-specific deaths in the study population. Although adolescent and young adult males accounted for fewer overall melanoma cases (39.8%) than females, they comprised 63.6% of melanoma-specific deaths. Adolescent and young adult males were 55% more likely to die of melanoma than age-matched females after adjustment for tumor thickness, histologic subtype, presence and extent of metastasis, and anatomical location (hazard ratio, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.39-1.73). Males were also more likely to die within each age range assessed (eg, 15-24, 25-29, 30-34, and 35-39 years), and even those with thin melanomas (≤1.00 mm) were twice as likely to die as age-matched females (hazard ratio, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.57-2.42). Adjustment for health insurance and socioeconomic status in a subanalysis did not significantly alter these results.Male sex is associated with worse survival among white adolescents and young adults with melanoma after controlling for thickness and other prognostic factors. Continued public health efforts are necessary to raise awareness of the outcome of melanoma in young men. Further investigation of possible biological mechanisms that account for these sex differences is merited.
Effect on Postpartum Hemorrhage of Prophylactic Oxytocin (10 IU) by Injection by Community Health Officers in Ghana: A Community-Based, Cluster-Randomized Trial
Authors: Cynthia K. Stanton, Samuel Newton, Luke C. Mullany, Patience Cofie, Charlotte Tawiah Agyemang, Edward Adiibokah, Seeba Amenga-Etego, Niamh Darcy, Sadaf Khan, Deborah Armbruster, John Gyapong, Seth Owusu-Agyei
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2013)

Oxytocin (10 IU) is the drug of choice for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Its use has generally been restricted to medically trained staff in health facilities. We assessed the effectiveness, safety, and feasibility of PPH prevention using oxytocin injected by peripheral health care providers without midwifery skills at home births.This community-based, cluster-randomized trial was conducted in four rural districts in Ghana. We randomly allocated 54 community health officers (stratified on district and catchment area distance to a health facility: ≥10 km versus <10 km) to intervention (one injection of oxytocin [10 IU] one minute after birth) and control (no provision of prophylactic oxytocin) arms. Births attended by a community health officer constituted a cluster. Our primary outcome was PPH, using multiple definitions; (PPH-1) blood loss ≥500 mL; (PPH-2) PPH-1 plus women who received early treatment for PPH; and (PPH-3) PPH-2 plus any other women referred to hospital for postpartum bleeding. Unsafe practice is defined as oxytocin use before delivery of the baby. We enrolled 689 and 897 women, respectively, into oxytocin and control arms of the trial from April 2011 to November 2012. In oxytocin and control arms, respectively, PPH-1 rates were 2.6% versus 5.5% (RR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.27-0.88); PPH-2 rates were 3.8% versus 10.8% (RR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.18-0.63), and PPH-3 rates were similar to those of PPH-2. Compared to women in control clusters, those in the intervention clusters lost 45.1 mL (17.7-72.6) less blood. There were no cases of oxytocin use before delivery of the baby and no major adverse events requiring notification of the institutional review boards. Limitations include an unblinded trial and imbalanced numbers of participants, favoring controls.Maternal health care planners can consider adapting this model to extend the use of oxytocin into peripheral settings including, in some contexts, home births.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01108289 Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
Skin eosinophilia in patients with allergic asthma, patients with nonallergic asthma, and healthy controlsII: 20-hydroxy-leukotriene B4 is a potent in vivo and in vitro eosinophil chemotactic factor in nonallergic asthma
Authors: P BRUIJNZEEL, E STORZ, E VANDERDONK, C BRUIJNZEELKOOMEN
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1993)
PROTECTIVE HEALTH MEASURES ON THE UNITED STATES-MEXICO BORDER
Authors: J. W. TAPPAN
Journal: JAMA (1926)

Protection of the health of the United States on our southern border seems, at first sight, a stupendous task and one beset with difficulties which are well nigh insurmountable. The boundary line, extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean, runs for the greater part of its length through an extremely wild and desert country. The Rio Grande River, a meandering stream, easily crossed, and unguarded for long distances between ports of entry, forms its eastern half. The western half, marked by monuments only, is for the most part an imaginary line running through the desert. It is also practically unguarded between ports of entry. Situated on the American side at various cities or settlements are sixteen legalized ports of entry. Eight of these are at cities or towns of fair size; seven are at small villages or settlements and one is merely a "port of entry" on