tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Indium-111 Pentetreotide Imaging of Carcinoid Tumor of the Thymus
Authors: Camilo G. Borrero, Barry McCook, James M. Mountz
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2005)

Introduction: Carcinoid tumors are relatively rare and can occur in the thorax, abdomen, or pelvis. Indium-111 pentetreotide scanning is useful for the identification of these tumors. In this report, we present imaging findings and discussion pertaining to a 43-year-old man who presented with Cushing's syndrome resulting from a thymic carcinoid tumor. The imaging is of interest because there is not only marked uptake of In-111 pentetreotide in the thymic carcinoid tumor, but also within the adrenal glands attributable to elevated tumor-derived ACTH. Method: Planar and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images of the chest and abdomen were obtained 15 minutes after the injection of 6.6 mCi of In-111 pentetreotide. Further planar and SPECT images were obtained approximately 4 and 24 hours after injection of the radiopharmaceutical. Correlation of In-111 pentetreotide SPECT was made with laboratory results and CT evaluation of the chest and abdomen. Results: Initial clinical workup for Cushing's syndrome included a contrast-enhanced brain magnetic resonance image that showed a small pituitary lesion thought to represent a microadenoma. Normal inferior petrosal venous sinus sampling for ACTH suggested there was an ectopic ACTH source. Subsequent CT of the chest identified a 3 × 3-cm enhancing mediastinal mass. Avid uptake within the mass on In-111 pentetreotide images suggested that the underlying cause of Cushing's syndrome was ACTH production from a thymic carcinoid. Increased uptake of In-111 pentetreotide was also noted within hyperplastic adrenal glands. Surgical resection and histologic evaluation established the diagnosis of a moderately differentiated thymic carcinoid tumor. Conclusion: This case illustrates the complementary ability of In-111 pentetreotide planar and SPECT imaging and CT to diagnose an ACTH-producing thymic carcinoid tumor leading to adrenal hyperplasia and Cushing's syndrome.
COMMENTS ON THE INTERNSHIP
Authors: W. C. RAPPLEYE
Journal: JAMA (1933)

The importance of practical experience in the training of physicians has been recognized since the beginning of history and in every part of the world. The earliest efforts to control medical licensure and education developed requirements for this phase of the preparation of the physician. The edict of Frederick II in 1224, which was merely an elaboration of that promulgated by Roger II of Sicily in 1140, provided that no physician could be licensed until he had completed the examinations conducted by the masters at Salerno and had practiced under a recognized physician for one year. The medical training in Great Britain and France from the beginning has been developed around clinical clerking and other practical experience in the wards of the hospitals and in district dispensary teaching in such institutions as the University of Edinburgh. The long period of training in Sweden, Holland and Denmark is designed to permit
Gas in the Intestinal Wall
Authors: William B. Seaman
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In regard to two recent reports of pneumatosis intestinalis in patients with scleroderma that were submitted by Meihoff et al (<b>204</b>:854, 1968) and Atlas (<b>205</b>: 939, 1968), I would like to point out that gas within the wall of the bowel may be seen in a variety of conditions characterized by intestinal distention and/or ulcerative disease. The latter is not essential and it is probable that the mucosal ischemia associated with distention for long periods may result in varying degrees of mucosal necrosis, which also permits gas to enter the wall of the gut. Rigler and Pogue (<i>Amer J Roentgen</i><b>94</b>:402, 1965) pointed out the high frequency of intramural gas with mucosal necrosis and indeed pointed out that intramural gas was a fairly reliable sign of mucosal necrosis. The first case of intramural gas within the small-bowel wall occurring in patient with scleroderma was reported by
Activation of murine kupffer cell tumoricidal activity by liposomes containing lipophilic muramyl dipeptide
Authors: Nigel C. Phillips, John Rioux, Ming-Sound Tsao
Journal: Hepatology (1988)

The ability of liposomes containing a lipophilic muramyl dipeptide, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine-glycerol dipalmitate, to induce Kupffer cell tumoricidal activity has been investigated. Liposomal N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine-glycerol dipalmitate was 16-fold more potent than liposomal N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and 2,400-fold more potent than N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine in inducing Kupffer cell tumoricidal activity in vitro. A single i.v. injection of liposomes containing N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine-glycerol dipalmitate was capable of inducing Kupffer cell tumoricidal activity as measured against B16-melanoma cells after Kupffer cell isolation. Maximal cytotoxic activity was obtained with 1 microgram muramyl dipeptide-glycerol dipalmitate encapsulated within liposomes: doses of 10 or 100 micrograms inhibited tumoricidal activity. Kupffer cells from mice treated with liposomes containing N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine-glycerol dipalmitate remained cytotoxic for at least 6 days after injection. Liposomal N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine was significantly less potent than liposomal N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine-glycerol dipalmitate in inducing Kupffer cell tumoricidal activity in situ. N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine was capable of inducing Kupffer cell tumoricidal activity in vitro: its failure to induce tumoricidal activity in situ at doses of 1,000 micrograms demonstrates the utility of liposomal carriers for the in vivo activation of Kupffer cells by muramyl dipeptides.
Imiquimod in basal cell carcinoma: how does it work?
Authors: R. Dummer, M. Urosevic, W. Kempf, K. Hoek, J. Hafner, G. Burg
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Imiquimod is a topical immune response modifier that binds to Toll-like receptor-7 and -8, inducing interferon-alpha. We treated superficial basal cell carcinomas (BCC) with imiquimod 5% cream daily for 5-8 days. The BCC lesions were biopsied before treatment and following imiquimod treatment, when the lesion showed the signs of erosion. We applied histology, immunohistochemistry and gene array technology (Affymetrix) to gain further insight into the mode of action of imiquimod. Our findings demonstrate that imiquimod-induced BCC regression is associated with a strong activity of the innate immune response, mediated by cells of macrophage-monocyte origin and is associated with the induction of apoptosis.
Effects of polyenylphosphatidylcholine on cytokines, nitrite/nitrate levels, antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation in rats with sepsis
Authors: Semra Demirbilek, Mehmet Özcan Ersoy, Savaş Demirbilek, Abdurrahman Karaman, Melih Akın, Mehmet Bayraktar, Nihayet Bayraktar
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2004)
Prospective study of the yield of physical examination compared with chest radiography in penetrating thoracic trauma.
Authors: S R Thomson, W K Huizinga, A Hirshberg
Journal: Thorax (1990)

A prospective study was conducted on 102 patients (84 male), with a median age of 27 years, who had sustained a penetrating chest wound to evaluate the ability of physical examination in comparison with chest radiography to determine management of these injuries. Knife wounds accounted for 92% of the injuries. Fifty three patients had a small collection of air or fluid in their pleural cavity that was not drained. Fifty six hemithoraces had a large collection of fluid or air and were treated by tube thoracostomy. Physical examination at presentation detected large collections of air and fluid correctly and predicted appropriate management (sensitivity 96%, specificity 94%). Residual collections of air or fluid or both were also predicted correctly by clinical examination. Seven small collections increased in size and required intubation. Routine pre-extubation radiographs were found to be of little value in management and their routine use is not recommended. Four patients required late thoracotomy for decortication. By using a policy of selective intubation, frequent clinical reassessment, and chest radiography when relevant, experienced trauma surgeons can manage most penetrating pleural injuries with an acceptably low complication rate.
A METHOD FOR FIXING FILMS OF HUMAN BLOOD CELLS DURING THE AMEBOID MOVEMENT OF LEUCOCYTES AND THROMBOCYTES
Authors: M. A. Van Herwerden
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1920)

Feeding embryonated eggs of Heterakis papillosa to brooder chickens led to a disease of both ceca, characterized by the presence of a core consisting of fecal matter, coagulated blood, and emigrated cells from the mucosa. The walls of the ceca were thickened as a result of cell invasion and multiplication, invasion and multiplication of Amoeba meleagridis or allied parasites, and more rarely hemorrhage and edema. The respective parts played by Heterakis papillosa and the protozoa in starting the lesions and the source of the protozoa remain to be defined. The invasion of the liver by the protozoa was insignificant.
812 THE ROLE OF CHOLESTEROL ON SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE (SVR) IN THE TREATMENT OF GENOTYPE-1 INFECTED HEPATITIS C (CHC) PATIENTS WITH PEGINTERFERON-ALFA-2A (PEG) AND RIBAVIRIN (RBV)
Authors: S. Mauss, E. Zehnter, D. Hueppe, K. Kaiser, K. Boeker, T. Lutz, R. Heyne, C. John, G. Moog, A. Schober, R. Pfaff, A. Zipf, S. Racky, J. Lohmeyer, B. Bokemeyer, B. Kallinowski, T. Witthoeft, U. Alshuth
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Increased gene copy number of VAMP7 disrupts human male urogenital development through altered estrogen action
Authors: Mounia Tannour-Louet, Shuo Han, Jean-Francois Louet, Bin Zhang, Karina Romero, Josephine Addai, Aysegul Sahin, Sau Wai Cheung, Dolores J Lamb
Journal: Nature Medicine (2014)
Abstract 4622: Determination of pyranocoumarin compounds decursin, decursinol angelate and decursinol simultaneously in mouse plasma and tumor tissue by liquid-liquid extraction and HPLC
Authors: Li Li, Jinhui Zhang, Yong Zhang, Ahmad Ali Shaik, Lei Wang, Chengguo Xing, Sung-Hoon Kim, Junxuan Lü
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Pyranocoumarin compound decursin and its isomer decursinol angelate (DA) are the major chemical components of the root of Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN, Korean Angelica), a major traditional medicinal herb. Recently, AGN has been shown to exhibit anti-tumor activities by our collaborative team. Decursinol has been identified as a major metabolite of decursin and DA in vivo by us and others, but another group has published very controversial results. To better define the mechanisms of in vivo action for AGN, pharmacokinetic studies are essential. In this study, we set up a practical method for the concurrent analysis of decursin, DA and decursinol in mouse plasma and tumor tissues by liquid-liquid extraction and HPLC-UV. In brief, plasma or tumor homogenate (0.1-0.2 ml) spiked with 1μg chrysin as internal standard (IS) was extracted directly with ethyl acetate. After extraction, decursin, DA and decursinol were quantitated by HPLC with UV detection at 330 nm. The method was validated in terms of recovery, lower limit of quantitation and linear range. The extraction efficiency for spiked decursin/DA and decursinol at 1 µg/ml was 90.1±3.2 % and 90.3±1.8% in mouse plasma, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) was approximately 0.25 μg/mL for decursin/DA, and 0.2 μg/mL for decursinol in mouse plasma. The linear range of the method was 0.25 -25 µg/ml and 0.2-50 µg/ml in mouse plasma for decursin/DA and decursinol, respectively. In a pilot pharmacokinetic study, male C57BL/6 mice were given a single dose of 4.8 mg decursin/DA (∼240mg/kg) per mouse either by gavage or intraperitoneal injection in 0.2 mL vehicle of ethanol:PEG400:Tween80:5% glucose (3:6:1:20). Maximum plasma concentrations for decursin/DA and decursinol were found to be 34.2 and 324 µM respectively when D/DA was administered via intraperitoneal injection and to be 1.7 and 60.7 µM via gavage. These findings further confirmed that decursinol was one of the major metabolites of decursin/DA in vivo. In athymic nude mouse xenograft study, the mice were given intraperitoneal injection of decursin/DA at a dose of 1mg (∼40mg/kg) daily, 5 days per week, for 7 weeks. The decursin/DA and decursinol concentration was 1.5 and 10μg/g, respectively, in the tumor tissue. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4622. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4622
Autoimmunity and persistent RAS-mutated clones long after the spontaneous regression of JMML
Authors: M Takagi, J Piao, L Lin, H Kawaguchi, C Imai, A Ogawa, A Watanabe, K Akiyama, C Kobayashi, M Mori, K Ko, M Sugimoto, S Mizutani
Journal: Leukemia (2013)
Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in California
Authors: Chris Collett
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Borland et al<sup>1</sup>present data from a survey of reported workplace exposures to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) among nonsmoking Californian adults. Exposure was assessed by the question, "During the past 2 weeks has anyone smoked in the area in which you work?" Information was also obtained about the type of smoking policies at the respondent's workplace. The authors concluded that "the only way to protect nonsmokers' health is with a smoke-free worksite." This conclusion does not appear to be justified by the reported data. The mere presence of a smoker within a nonsmoker's workplace for an undetermined length of time during the 2 weeks prior to a survey does not warrant a conclusion that smoking should be prohibited. Borland et al neither determine the actual level of exposure to ETS nor assess the working conditions of the population being studied. Instead, the authors simply categorize the
Prostaglandin hydroperoxidase-catalyzed activation of certain N-substituted aryl renal and bladder carcinogens
Authors: T. V. Zenser, S. M. Cohen, M. B. Mattammal, R. W. Wise, N. S. Rapp, B. B. Davis
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

Certain carcinogens are thought to induce renal and bladder cancer following metabolic activation. We propose a model system for this activation and provide supporting experimental evidence. This model proposes that renal and bladder carcinogens' entry into the urinary tract is facilitated, that carcinogens are activated by the prostaglandin hydroperoxidase activity of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase (PES), and that activation results in covalent binding to nucleic acids which can initiate carcinogenesis. Benzidine and the 5-nitrofuran HMN were shown to inhibit uptake of organic anions and cations, respectively. Carcinogen binding to DNA was dependent upon specific unsaturated fatty acid substrates and prevented by specific inhibitors of PES, i.e., aspirin. Activation with organic peroxides or H(2)O(2) was inhibited by antioxidants but not aspirin. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) metabolized benzidine but not ANFT. Acetaminophen and the 5-nitrofurans ANFT and HMN prevented PES (14)C-benzidine metabolism. However, only acetaminophen inhibited HRP metabolism of benzidine. The only aerobic metabolism we have observed of 5-nitrofurans is PES-catalyzed. Aspirin (0.5% in the diet) inhibited rat bladder hyperplastic lesions induced by feeding 0.1% or 0.2% FANFT for 6 or 12 weeks. Aspirin reduced bladder prostaglandin synthesis and PES metabolism of FANFT. After one year of an ongoing long-term study, gross examination reveals bladder tumors in 85% of the rats fed 0.2% FANFT and in only 37% of the rats fed FANFT plus 0.5% aspirin.
Potent and Selective CRTH2 Antagonists are Efficacious in Models of Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis (AR) and Atopic Dermatitis (AD)
Authors: L.L. Carter, Y. Shiraishi, Y. Shin, L. Burgess, C. Eberhardt, A.D. Wright, N. Klopfenstein, M. McVean, A. Gomez, D. Chantry, A. Cook, K. Takeda, E.W. Gelfand
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
War and Children
Authors: Isaiah D. Wexler, David Branski, Eitan Kerem
Journal: JAMA (2006)

CHILDREN ENSURE THE SURVIVAL OF SOCIETY. ADULTS are entrusted with their well-being, including the daunting challenge of protecting children against the violence of war. War continues to evolve in response to geopolitical transformations with large-scale wars being replaced by regional conflicts and international terrorism. Modern versions of war disproportionately affect civilian populations including children. According to the United Nations Children’s Fund, the proportion of civilian casualties of war has increased from 5% to 90% during the past 2 decades, with children accounting for at least one half of the casualties, and more than 1.5 million children have died as a result of violence between the years 1990-2003. During the violent civil war in Rwanda, 300 000 children were brutally killed over a 90-day period. Similar catastrophic situations are found today in the Darfur region of Sudan and the Congo.
Air Pollution and Lung Function in Dutch Children: A Comparison of Exposure Estimates and Associations Based on Land Use Regression and Dispersion Exposure Modeling Approaches
Authors: Meng Wang, Ulrike Gehring, Gerard Hoek, Menno Keuken, Sander Jonkers, Rob Beelen, Marloes Eeftens, Dirkje S. Postma, Bert Brunekreef
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2015)

There is limited knowledge about the extent to which estimates of air pollution effects on health are affected by the choice for a specific exposure model.We aimed to evaluate the correlation between long-term air pollution exposure estimates using two commonly used exposure modeling techniques [dispersion and land use regression (LUR) models] and, in addition, to compare the estimates of the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and lung function in children using these exposure modeling techniques.We used data of 1,058 participants of a Dutch birth cohort study with measured forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurements at 8 years of age. For each child, annual average outdoor air pollution exposure [nitrogen dioxide (NO2), mass concentration of particulate matter with diameters ≤ 2.5 and ≤ 10 μm (PM2.5, PM10), and PM2.5 soot] was estimated for the current addresses of the participants by a dispersion and a LUR model. Associations between exposures to air pollution and lung function parameters were estimated using linear regression analysis with confounder adjustment.Correlations between LUR- and dispersion-modeled pollution concentrations were high for NO2, PM2.5, and PM2.5 soot (R = 0.86-0.90) but low for PM10 (R = 0.57). Associations with lung function were similar for air pollutant exposures estimated using LUR and dispersion modeling, except for associations of PM2.5 with FEV1 and FVC, which were stronger but less precise for exposures based on LUR compared with dispersion model.Predictions from LUR and dispersion models correlated very well for PM2.5, NO2, and PM2.5 soot but not for PM10. Health effect estimates did not depend on the type of model used to estimate exposure in a population of Dutch children.
Outdoor Air Pollution, Preterm Birth, and Low Birth Weight: Analysis of the World Health Organization Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health
Authors: Nancy L. Fleischer, Mario Merialdi, Aaron van Donkelaar, Felipe Vadillo-Ortega, Randall V. Martin, Ana Pilar Betran, João Paulo Souza
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2014)

Inhaling fine particles (particulate matter with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm; PM2.5) can induce oxidative stress and inflammation, and may contribute to onset of preterm labor and other adverse perinatal outcomes.We examined whether outdoor PM2.5 was associated with adverse birth outcomes among 22 countries in the World Health Organization Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health from 2004 through 2008.Long-term average (2001-2006) estimates of outdoor PM2.5 were assigned to 50-km-radius circular buffers around each health clinic where births occurred. We used generalized estimating equations to determine associations between clinic-level PM2.5 levels and preterm birth and low birth weight at the individual level, adjusting for seasonality and potential confounders at individual, clinic, and country levels. Country-specific associations were also investigated.Across all countries, adjusting for seasonality, PM2.5 was not associated with preterm birth, but was associated with low birth weight [odds ratio (OR) = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.39 for fourth quartile of PM2.5 (> 20.2 μg/m3) compared with the first quartile (< 6.3 μg/m3)]. In China, the country with the largest PM2.5 range, preterm birth and low birth weight both were associated with the highest quartile of PM2.5 only, which suggests a possible threshold effect (OR = 2.54; CI: 1.42, 4.55 and OR = 1.99; CI: 1.06, 3.72 for preterm birth and low birth weight, respectively, for PM2.5 ≥ 36.5 μg/m3 compared with PM2.5 < 12.5 μg/m3).Outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were associated with low birth weight but not preterm birth. In rapidly developing countries, such as China, the highest levels of air pollution may be of concern for both outcomes.
Changes in pulmonary vascular tone during exercise. Effects of nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition, L-arginine infusion, and NO inhalation.
Authors: T Koizumi, R Gupta, M Banerjee, J H Newman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent endogenous vasodilator. Its role in the normal and stressed pulmonary circulation is unclear. To better understand the importance of endogenous NO in normal physiological responses, we studied the effects of altered NO availability on the change in pulmonary vascular tone that accompanies exercise. In paired studies we measured blood flow and pressures in the pulmonary circulation at rest and during treadmill exercise at a speed of 4 mph with and without (a) N omega-nitro-L-arginine, 20 mg/kg intravenously, a selective inhibitor of NO synthase; (b) L-arginine, 200 mg/kg intravenously, substrate for NO synthase; (c) combination of the inhibitor and substrate; and (d) inhalation of NO > 30 ppm, to determine if endogenous release of NO elicits maximal vasodilation. In addition, we sought to determine the site of NO effect in the pulmonary circulation by preconstriction with either U-44619 or hypoxia (fraction of inspired O2 = 0.12) using a distal wedged pulmonary catheter technique. NO synthase inhibition raised pulmonary vascular tone equally at rest and exercise. L-Arginine reversed the effects of NO synthase inhibition but had no independent effect. NO inhalation did not reduce pulmonary vascular tone at rest or enhance the usual reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance with exercise. The effect of NO synthase inhibition was in pulmonary vessels upstream from small veins, suggesting that endogenous NO dilates primarily small arteries and veins at rest. We conclude that, in sheep, endogenous NO has a basal vasodilator function that persists during, but is not enhanced by, exercise.
Bleeding peptic ulcers.
Authors: P Dykes, R N Allan, R P Walt
Journal: BMJ (1991)

Peptic ulcer is the most common cause of acute hemorrhage in the upper gastrointestinal tract, accounting for about 50 percent of cases1–14. There are approximately 150,000 hospitalizations per year in the United States for evaluation and treatment of bleeding ulcers (based on 1985 estimates and excluding federal hospitals)15. Although hospitalization and surgery for uncomplicated ulcers have decreased in the United States and Europe over the past 20 to 30 years, the number of hospital admissions for hemorrhage associated with ulcers has remained relatively unchanged15–17. It is noteworthy that the incidence of bleeding ulcers appears to . . .