tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
STUDIES IN ROENTGEN RAY DIAGNOSIS OF CHEST DISEASES.
Authors: JAMES E. TALLEY
Journal: JAMA (1906)

<h3>I.</h3> The use of the Roentgen ray as an aid in the diagnosis of chest diseases has by no means received the attention that it justly merits. No doubt its neglect has been principally due to the fact that the expense is still a factor, and at the same time the danger from burns, which lately has been so grossly magnified, has deterred many who would have otherwise given their sanction, if not direct co-operation. When the<i>x</i>-ray first came to be used, it seemed as if it was to be generally adopted for routine examinations in diseases of the chest, mainly through the use of the fluoroscope, but during the excitement many methods of examination were advised that consisted of so much detail that it served more to repel than to attract those who were only passively interested. For instance, methods were advised to measure the density of
Corrigendum: A copy number variation morbidity map of developmental delay
Authors: Gregory M Cooper, Bradley P Coe, Santhosh Girirajan, Jill A Rosenfeld, Tiffany H Vu, Carl Baker, Charles Williams, Heather Stalker, Rizwan Hamid, Vickie Hannig, Hoda Abdel-Hamid, Patricia Bader, Elizabeth McCracken, Dmitriy Niyazov, Kathleen Leppig, Heidi Thiese, Marybeth Hummel, Nora Alexander, Jerome Gorski, Jennifer Kussmann, Vandana Shashi, Krys Johnson, Catherine Rehder, Blake C Ballif, Lisa G Shaffer, Evan E Eichler
Journal: Nature Genetics (2014)
Phenotypic characterization and ontogeny of mesodermal-derived and endocrine epithelial components of the human thymic microenvironment.
Authors: B F Haynes, R M Scearce, D F Lobach, L L Hensley
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1984)

Using murine monoclonal antibodies TE-4 and TE-7 raised against human thymic stroma, we identified two distinct and mutually exclusive thymic microenvironment components: the thymic endocrine epithelium (TE-4+) and mesodermal-derived fibrous stroma (TE-7+). TE-4-reactive epithelium did not react with antibody TE-7, contained thymosin alpha 1 and keratin, and expressed other known markers of thymic endocrine epithelium (A2B5 and p19). Moreover, TE-4+ thymic epithelial cells strongly expressed class I (HLA-A, -B and -C) and class II (Ia-like) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. In contrast, TE-7+ thymic fibrous stroma did not react with antibody TE-4, did not contain thymosin alpha 1 nor keratin, and did not express the thymic endocrine epithelium markers A2B5 and p19. TE-7+ thymic stromal cells weakly expressed class I and did not express class II MHC antigens. Both TE-4+ and TE-7+ thymic microenvironment compartments were identifiable in thymus from 7 wk gestation through adult life. At 7 wk fetal gestation, TE-7+ stroma surrounded a cylindrical TE-4+, A2B5+ thymic epithelial rudiment. Between 10 and 15 wk fetal gestation, TE-7+ thymic stroma surrounded early thymic lobules. By 15 wk fetal gestation, antibody TE-4 defined subcapsular cortical and medullary zones of endocrine thymic epithelium, while antibody TE-7 bound to interlobular fibrous septae, vessels, and thymic fibrous capsule. While otherwise specific for endocrine thymic epithelium, antibody TE-4 reacted with the basal layer of squamous epithelium in skin, tonsil, conjunctiva, and upper esophagus.
<i>Bcl-2</i>/Adenovirus E1B 19 kDa Interacting Protein-3 Knockdown Enables Growth of Breast Cancer Metastases in the Lung, Liver, and Bone
Authors: David Manka, Zachary Spicer, David E. Millhorn
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract The mouse breast cancer cell lines 4T1, 4T07, and 67NR are highly tumorigenic but vary in metastatic potential: 4T1 widely disseminates, resulting in secondary tumors in the lung, liver, bone, and brain; 4T07 spreads to the lung and liver but is unable to establish metastatic nodules; 67NR is unable to metastasize. The Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein-3 (Bnip-3) was recently shown to be absent after hypoxia in pancreatic cancer cell lines whereas its overexpression restored hypoxia-induced cell death. We found that Bnip-3 expression increased after 6 hours of hypoxia in all cell lines tested but was highest in the nonmetastatic 67NR cells and lowest in the highly metastatic 4T1 cells. Hypoxia-induced expression of Bnip-3 in the disseminating but nonmetastatic 4T07 cells was intermediate compared with 4T1 and 67NR cells. Cleaved caspase-3, a key downstream effector of cell death, increased after 6 hours of hypoxia in the 67NR and 4T07 cells by 1.9- and 2.5-fold, respectively. Conversely, cleaved caspase-3 decreased by 45% in the highly metastatic 4T1 cells after hypoxia. Small interfering RNA oligonucleotides targeting endogenous Bnip-3 blocked cell death and increased clonigenic survival after hypoxic challenge in vitro and increased primary tumor size and enabled metastasis to the lung, liver, and sternum of mice inoculated with 4T07 cells in vivo. These data inversely correlate the hypoxia-induced expression of the cell death protein Bnip-3 to metastatic potential and suggest that loss of Bnip-3 expression is critical for malignant and metastatic evasion of hypoxia-induced cell death. (Cancer Res 2005; 65(24): 11689-93)
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate prevents the glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of insulin gene expression in rodent islet cells.
Authors: J Philippe, E Giordano, A Gjinovci, P Meda
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Dexamethasone negatively regulates insulin gene expression in HIT-15 cells. In vivo, however, an excess of glucocorticoids results in an increase in insulin biosynthesis and peripheral hyperinsulinemia. To resolve this contradiction, we have studied the effects of dexamethasone in primary rat islet cells. We show here that dexamethasone decreases insulin mRNA levels in single islet cells, as in HIT-15 cells, but does not affect these levels in reaggregated islet cells and increases them in intact islets of Langerhans. Because cAMP is an important regulator of insulin gene expression and intracellular cAMP content may be decreased in single beta cells, we investigated whether cAMP could prevent the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on insulin mRNA levels. In the presence of cAMP analogues, the inhibitory action of dexamethasone was not only prevented, but insulin mRNA increased to levels comparable to those observed when cAMP analogues were used alone. We conclude that the insulin gene is negatively regulated by dexamethasone in single islet cells, but that other factors such as cAMP prevent this effect when the native environment of islet cells is preserved. Our results indicate that insulin gene regulation is influenced by cell to cell contacts within the islet, and that intracellular cAMP levels might be influential in this regulation.
IFN-γ stimulates osteoclast formation and bone loss in vivo via antigen-driven T cell activation
Authors: Yuhao Gao, Francesco Grassi, Michaela Robbie Ryan, Masakazu Terauchi, Karen Page, Xiaoying Yang, M. Neale Weitzmann, Roberto Pacifici
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2006)

T cell–produced cytokines play a pivotal role in the bone loss caused by inflammation, infection, and estrogen deficiency. IFN-γ is a major product of activated T helper cells that can function as a pro- or antiresorptive cytokine, but the reason why IFN-γ has variable effects in bone is unknown. Here we show that IFN-γ blunts osteoclast formation through direct targeting of osteoclast precursors but indirectly stimulates osteoclast formation and promotes bone resorption by stimulating antigen-dependent T cell activation and T cell secretion of the osteoclastogenic factors RANKL and TNF-α. Analysis of the in vivo effects of IFN-γ in 3 mouse models of bone loss — ovariectomy, LPS injection, and inflammation via silencing of TGF-β signaling in T cells — reveals that the net effect of IFN-γ in these conditions is that of stimulating bone resorption and bone loss. In summary, IFN-γ has both direct anti-osteoclastogenic and indirect pro-osteoclastogenic properties in vivo. Under conditions of estrogen deficiency, infection, and inflammation, the net balance of these 2 opposing forces is biased toward bone resorption. Inhibition of IFN-γ signaling may thus represent a novel strategy to simultaneously reduce inflammation and bone loss in common forms of osteoporosis.
Significance of adventitial inflammation of the coronary artery in patients with unstable angina: results at autopsy.
Authors: K Kohchi, S Takebayashi, T Hiroki, M Nobuyoshi
Journal: Circulation (1985)

A quantitative analysis of adventitial inflammation of the coronary artery with intimal lesions is described in 12 patients who suffered coronary death and had had unstable angina (crescendo angina) at rest (group 1). After autopsy in these patients we examined epon-embedded cross sections by light and electron microscopy, paying particular attention to the adventitia, and compared these results with those in six patients who had had angina but died of noncardiac causes (group 2) and those in 22 patients who did not have angina (group 3). Of the 132 segments from group 1 patients, 39 (30%) were narrowed 76% to 100% by atherosclerotic plaque (group 2, 27%; group 3, 1%), and 23 (17%) had occlusive thrombi. Of the 264 sections (two from each segment) from group 1 that were examined, 98 (37%) (group 2, 15%; group 3, 9%) revealed clustered infiltration of inflammatory cells in the adventitia, half of which were associated with vascular nerve involvement. These findings in the adventitia may be related to the vasospastic component of unstable angina.
The support of bone marrow stromal cell differentiation by airbrushed nanofiber scaffolds
Authors: Wojtek Tutak, Sumona Sarkar, Sheng Lin-Gibson, Tanya M. Farooque, Giri Jyotsnendu, Dongbo Wang, Joachim Kohn, Durgadas Bolikal, Carl G. Simon
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
The Science of Photomedicine
Authors: Alan N. Moshell
Journal: JAMA (1983)

This timely book is designed to be of interest to researchers and clinicians in the fields of photobiology, dermatology, and radiology, while also being useful as a general reference for practicing physicians. In its preface, the authors state this book describes the paradigms, experimental data, technical procedures, and science which form the basis of photobiology in medicine. That these goals have largely been achieved is a tribute to the skills of the editors and the 35 contributing authors.  The 23 chapters are grouped into six sections, progressing from basic science to applications. The reader is thus provided with information in a logical sequence that facilitates the understanding of normal and abnormal photobiologic processes in man and the rationale for photoprotection and phototherapy.  Each chapter is written by a different author. Given the broad scope of the book and its relatively small size, it is to be expected that each chapter
Prognostic factors and jaw and renal complications among multiple myeloma patients treated with zoledronic acid
Authors: James R. Berenson, Ori Yellin, John Crowley, Adel Makary, Donald S. Gravenor, Hank H. Yang, Gargi H. Upadhyaya, Ian W. Flinn, Harry Staszewski, Natasha M. Tiffany, Shamel Sanani, Charles M. Farber, Neil Morganstein, Vanessa Bolejack, Youram Nassir, James D. Hilger, Ashkan Sefaradi, Albert Shamouelian, Regina A. Swift
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2010)

Few studies have evaluated prognostic factors among patients with multiple myeloma (MM) since new therapies have become available. Monthly zoledronic acid (ZOL) has been incorporated into many treatment regimens to reduce skeletal-related events (SREs), but outcomes among patients receiving this bisphosphonate have not been well-defined. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine baseline and on-treatment prognostic factors in these patients. Data were collected from the date of diagnosis on 300 consecutive MM patients treated with ZOL. Median duration of ZOL was 18 months (range 1-121 months). The skeletal morbidity rate was 0.116 events per patient year. Five-year overall survival (OS) was 69%. Risk factors for shortened OS included SREs, increased serum creatinine, and International Staging System (ISS) Stage II or III. Thirty-four (11%) patients showed worsening renal function. In 28 of these patients, ZOL was discontinued and restarted in half of these patients following a brief delay. Only 5 of the 34 patients showed worsening of their renal function. Fourteen patients (4.7%) developed osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). All patients with ONJ are in remission or with stable disease except one patient who died of a myocardial infarction while in remission. Only two patients showed some worsening of ONJ despite of ongoing monthly ZOL. Overall, these results suggest that skeletal complications are an important prognostic factor for MM. Although ONJ and renal deterioration may infrequently occur with ZOL, most patients do not experience worsening of these conditions with ongoing treatment with this bisphosphonate.
Counting end of life decisions
Authors: C. Seale
Journal: BMJ (2009)

In the editorial accompanying the report from Van den Block and colleagues, Byock points out that only 22 cases of euthanasia or physician assisted suicide occurred (1.3% of all 1690 non-sudden deaths).1 2 But if the 26 cases of “life ending without a patient request” are included (unfortunately translated as …
Acute Anuric Renal Failure Secondary to Tuberculous Aortitis of the Thoracic Aorta
Authors: Alvin L. Sellers
Journal: JAMA (1976)

ACUTE anuric renal failure may result when the blood supply to the kidneys is sharply reduced. This is most frequently associated with prolonged shock caused by hemorrhage or trauma. Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta may result in occlusion to blood flow to distal organs, and resulting anuria and paraplegia have been described.<sup>1</sup> In the case reported here, the sudden, simultaneous onset of anuric renal failure and pulseless lower extremities resulted from virtual occlusion of the thoracic aorta caused by tuberculous aortitis with false aneurysm formation.
Levels and sources of stress in medical students.
Authors: J Firth
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Levels of stress, as measured by the general health questionnaire, were assessed in 318 medical students in their fourth year at three British universities. Mean scores were higher than those in other groups within the general population, and the estimated prevalence of emotional disturbance was 31.2%, a proportion similar to that reported in medical students in the United States. There were no differences in prevalence or in mean scores of stress between the sexes. Twelve (4%) students reported high intake of alcohol, and almost half of the students had increased their intake in the past two years. The four categories most commonly cited in answers to an open ended question on recent stressful events were talking to psychiatric patients, effects on personal life, presenting cases, and dealing with death and suffering. Relationships with consultants raised the strongest negative feelings, with 102 (34%) students finding these particularly stressful. Stress among medical students should be acknowledged and attempts made to alleviate it.
Evolution of High Mobility Group Nucleosome-Binding Proteins and Its Implications for Vertebrate Chromatin Specialization
Authors: Rodrigo González-Romero, José M. Eirín-López, Juan Ausió
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2014)

High mobility group (HMG)-N proteins are a family of small nonhistone proteins that bind to nucleosomes (N). Despite the amount of information available on their structure and function, there is an almost complete lack of information on the molecular evolutionary mechanisms leading to their exclusive differentiation. In the present work, we provide evidence suggesting that HMGN lineages constitute independent monophyletic groups derived from a common ancestor prior to the diversification of vertebrates. Based on observations of the functional diversification across vertebrate HMGN proteins and on the extensive silent nucleotide divergence, our results suggest that the long-term evolution of HMGNs occurs under strong purifying selection, resulting from the lineage-specific functional constraints of their different protein domains. Selection analyses on independent lineages suggest that their functional specialization was mediated by bursts of adaptive selection at specific evolutionary times, in a small subset of codons with functional relevance—most notably in HMGN1, and in the rapidly evolving HMGN5. This work provides useful information to our understanding of the specialization imparted on chromatin metabolism by HMGNs, especially on the evolutionary mechanisms underlying their functional differentiation in vertebrates.
Mild hypertension in people at low risk
Authors: Stephen A Martin, Marcy Boucher, James M Wright, Vikas Saini
Journal: BMJ (2014)

#### Summary box

Measurement of blood pressure is an iconic part of modern medicine. Over the past century, life insurers, public health organisations, and prospective studies, including the Framingham Heart Study, have established the relation between increased blood pressure and long term morbidity and mortality.1

About …
Abstract 1187: Inactivation of p53 in HPV-infected lung cancer is correlated with p53 codon 72 genotypes and HPV 16/18 E6 protein expression but not with HPV 16/18 DNA
Authors: Ya-Wen Cheng, Nan-Yung Hsu
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background. A polymorphism at codon 72 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene is a possible determinant for cancer risk, particularly for carcinomas associated with HPV infection. We recently reported that high-risk HPV 16/18 E6 protein was associated with p53 protein degradation in lung cancer. The present study addressed the relationship between the different p53 genotypes and HPV oncoprotein expression with respect to p53 protein degradation in 319 primary lung cancer patients. Methods. The p53 codon 72 polymorphisms, HPV 16/18 infection, HPV 16/18 E6 and p53 protein expression were determined for all patients by PCR-RFLP, nested-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. Results. The presence of HPV 16/18 DNA and E6 protein was inversely correlated with p53 expression. The frequency of p53 protein degradation in HPV 16/18 E6-positive/Arg/Arg lung cancer tumours was also much higher than in the HPV 16/18 E6-negative/Arg/Arg, HPV 16/18 E6-positive/Arg/pro+pro/pro, and HPV 16/18 E6-negative/Arg/pro+pro/pro groups. After adjusting for polymorphism, HPV 16/18 E6 protein, HPV 16/18 DNA, gender, smoking habit and tumor type, the major contributors to p53 degradation in lung cancer patients were p53 codon72 polymorphism and HPV 16/18 E6 oncoprotein expression. This correlation was not found for HPV 16/18 DNA infection. Conclusion. These results suggested that the involvement of HPV 16/18 E6 protein in the p53 inactivation that contributes to HPV-infected lung tumourigenesis is correlated with the p53 codon 72 genotype. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1187. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1187
51 Early hepatitis B viral dynamics and end of treatment virological response (ETVR) in chronic hepatitis B/ HBeAg (−) patients receiving 1528 0689V 2 pegylated interferon alpha-2b and/or lamivudine
Authors: T. Vassiliadis, V. Sypsa, K. Mimidis, N.C. Tassopoulos, D. Chrysagis, I. Ketikoglou, M. Raptopoulou, C. Haida, A. Hatzakis
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
Comprehensive assessment of exposure to identify health consequences of e-waste
Authors: Weidong Qu, Yuxin Zheng, Melvin E Andersen, Weiwei Zheng, Stephen M Rappaport
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2014)

Electronic waste (e-waste) is an emerging environmental health issue in regions of Asia and Africa. Kristen Grant and colleagues (December issue) reviewed possible associations between exposures to e-waste and adverse health consequences in southeast China. We agree with Grant and colleagues that well designed epidemiological studies are needed to explore weak associations reported in ecological investigations. However, comprehensive exposure assessment is equally important to establish causal associations. E-waste includes diverse chemical classes, ranging from metals to persistent organic pollutants that contaminate air, water, residential dust, and food. Thus, people living near e-waste and workers in recycling facilities are exposed to myriad chemical species. To associate eff ects with chemicals or small subsets of pollutants ignores the diversity of exposures that might cause or contribute to diseases. The exposome represents all exposures received by an individual from both exogenous and endogenous sources and thus offers a comprehensive view of non-genetic factors in studies of causes of disease. Exposome-wide association studies measure thousands of chemicals in blood from healthy people and those with a disease, test for disease associations, and identify useful biomarkers of exposure that can be targeted in subsequent investigations to locate exposure sources, establish mechanisms of action, and confirm causality. Cohorts of patients— including repositories of blood and other biospecimens—in affected regions are needed for exposomewide association studies and followup studies of e-wastes. Comprehensive exposure information will allow us to move from precautionary interpretation of ecological studies to informed public-health responses that confront the true hazards of e-wastes.
PATHOLOGY OF THE TROPHOBLAST
Authors: Ernst T. Krebs
Journal: JAMA (1946)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> During the past four years my associates and I have been conducting an intensive study of the biologic and morphologic properties of the mammalian trophoblast. And although we have attempted to classify and systematize from the available literature the consensus on the subject, we realize that there must be a considerable body of unpublished data on this greatly neglected component of the mammalian life cycle. We should therefore be grateful for any such data that the readers ofThe Journalare able to supply on the human trophoblast. The following list, I believe, represents the consensus on the mammalian trophoblast. I should welcome any questions or criticisms of, or additions to, these data: The trophoblast is segregated from the "embryo-forming cells" during the early cleavage stages of the conceptus and does not form the definitive embryonic cells nor can such cells ever form trophoblast. The trophoblast
Increased sensitivity of gastric acid secretion to gastrin in cirrhotic patients with portacaval shunt.
Authors: H J Lenz, T Struck, H Greten, M A Koss, V E Eysselein, J H Walsh, J I Isenberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

We studied acid secretory responses to exogenous pentagastrin and to exogenous and endogenous gastrin in 12 stable cirrhotic subjects with portacaval shunt, 12 unshunted cirrhotics, and 12 normal subjects. Basal and stimulated serum gastrin concentrations as well as basal and maximum acid outputs were similar in the three groups. At low doses of either exogenous pentagastrin or gastrin-17 (G17), cirrhotics with portacaval shunt secreted significantly greater amounts of gastric acid than unshunted subjects. After low doses of intragastric peptone, cirrhotics with portacaval shunt secreted significantly more acid than unshunted cirrhotics and normal subjects. At each measured serum gastrin concentration after either exogenous G17 or intragastric peptone meals, cirrhotics with portacaval shunt secreted more acid than the unshunted control groups and their dose-response curve was significantly shifted to the left. Thus, in cirrhotic patients with portacaval shunt, gastric acid secretion is abnormally sensitive to both exogenously administered or endogenously released gastrin.