tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Rethinking breast cancer risk and the environment: the case for the precautionary principle.
Authors: D L Davis, D Axelrod, L Bailey, M Gaynor, A J Sasco
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

The World Health Organization recently reported that breast cancer has become the most common cancer in women throughout the world. Known risk factors account for less than half of all cases of breast cancer, and inherited germ line mutations occur in at most only 10% of all cases. Cumulative exposure to estradiol and other hormones links many of the established risk factors for breast cancer. This paper reviews epidemiologic and toxicologic evidence on breast cancer risks and presents a comprehensive construct of risk factors intended to focus on the identification of those factors that can be controlled or modified. We attempt to provide a framework for interpreting the etiologic interplay of endogenous metabolic changes and environmental changes in the etiology of breast cancer. The construct we develop distinguishes between those risk factors that are directly causal, such as ionizing radiation and inherited germ cell defects, those vulnerability factors that extend the time period during which the breast undergoes development, and those contributing factors that increase total hormonal stimulation of the breast. Some hormonally active compounds, such as those in soy and broccoli and other phytoestrogen-containing foods, can be protective against breast cancer, while others, such as some environmental contaminants, appear to increase the risk of the disease by increasing levels of harmful hormones. Efforts to explain patterns of breast cancer should distinguish between these different risk factors. Identification of vulnerability and contributing risk factors can foster the development of public policy to reduce the burden of this prevalent cancer. Prudent precautionary principles suggest that reducing exposure to avoidable or modifiable risk factors should receive high priority from the public and private sectors.
What to do about orchestrated email campaigns
Authors: T. Delamothe, F. Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Authors, editors, publishers, advertisers, and shareholders should ignore them

Karl Sabbagh’s article in our Analysis section (doi:10.1136/bmj.a2066) examines emails sent to the BMJ’ s acting editor, Kamran Abbasi,1 in response to a BMJ article criticising Israel.2 In the article published in 2004, Derek Summerfield asked whether the death of an Arab weighed the same as that of a US or Israeli citizen. Behind this question was his claim that the Israeli army had killed more unarmed Palestinian civilians since September 2000 than the number of people who died on 11 September 2001. In addition, he alleged that the pattern of injuries suggested that Israeli soldiers had been routinely authorised to shoot Palestinian children in situations of minimal or no threat—a charge that was later corroborated by Israeli soldiers.3

Based on his analysis of emails, Sabbagh concludes that the BMJ was the target of an orchestrated campaign to silence criticism of Israel. And that is certainly how it felt. As well as almost 1000 emails to the editor, the BMJ ’s website received hundreds of electronic responses to the article itself as well as feedback generally critical of the journal’s decision to publish it. The feedback messages began in earnest three days after publication and then streamed in, almost in alphabetical order of the senders’ names. Their wording was …
Pulmonary blastoma in an adult presenting as a chronic loculated effusion: a diagnostic problem.
Authors: N K Chin, C N Lee, Y S Lee, W C Tan
Journal: Thorax (1994)

A 33 year old woman posed a diagnostic problem for two years with recurrent left sided chest pain and radiographic features suggestive of a loculated effusion. Diagnosis was finally made at thoracotomy which revealed an encapsulated cystic mass. Histological examination confirmed a rare monomorphic pulmonary blastoma.
Philippines on verge of blood supply crisis
Authors: A. Easton
Journal: BMJ (1998)

An “unparalleled medical disaster” has been temporarily averted in the Philippines after its Supreme Court put a stop to the forced closure of the country's commercial blood banks.

The Philippine Association of Blood Banks said that the planned closures would be a disaster because private banks still provide as much as 70% of the country's blood supply. According to law, all of …
Surgical site infection: An observer-blind, randomized trial comparing electrocautery and conventional scalpel
Authors: Regiane Ladislau Rongetti, Paulo de Tarso Oliveira e Castro, Renê Aloisio da Costa Vieira, Sérgio Vicente Serrano, Mariana Fabro Mengatto, José Humberto Tavares Guerreiro Fregnani
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2014)
The phase-dependency of the cardiac chronotropic responses to vagal stimulation as a factor in sympathetic-vagal interactions.
Authors: T Yang, M N Levy
Journal: Circulation Research (1984)

We determined the effects of the timing of repetitive bursts of vagal stimulation on the positive chronotropic responses of the heart to trains of cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation in open-chest anesthetized dogs. Trains of sympathetic stimulation alone, at frequencies of 2 and 4 Hz, decreased the cardiac cycle length by 176 +/- 19 msec (mean +/- SE) and 190 +/- 22 msec, respectively. When bursts of vagal stimuli were given once each cardiac cycle and they were placed at their least effective time in the cycle, sympathetic stimulation at frequencies of 2 and 4 Hz decreased cardiac cycle length by only 107 +/- 8 and 120 +/- 8 msec, respectively. However, when the bursts of vagal stimuli were delivered at their most effective time in each cycle, the same levels of sympathetic stimulation elicited much larger reductions in cardiac cycle length (285 +/- 32 and 330 +/- 32 msec, respectively). Therefore, the effects of sympathetic stimulation were significantly attenuated by the vagal stimuli when the vagal bursts were relatively ineffective. Conversely, the chronotropic effects of the sympathetic stimulation were exaggerated substantially when the vagal stimulus bursts were initially positioned at their most effective time in the cardiac cycle. This latter response is contrary to the characteristic "accentuated antagonism," wherein the effect of any given level of sympathetic stimulation is diminished as the level of vagal activity is increased. This vagally mediated enhancement of the positive chronotropic response to sympathetic stimulation occurs because the phase dependency of the response of the automatic cells to the bursts of vagal stimulation is altered by the increased sympathetic activity.
Variation in Surgical Rates: Fact vs. Fantasy
Authors: James P. Logerfo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

Few data raise such profound questions about the role of elective surgical care and safeguards for its appropriate application in developed countries than the marked variation in rates of elective operations found among either developed nations, or smaller geographic regions within single countries, or enrollee groups of differing medical-insurance plans.1 2 3 My purpose is to explore some general questions raised by the observations of varying rates of any type of elective procedure, and the specific issues brought into focus by the article on tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in Manitoba by Noralou Roos and her colleagues elsewhere in this issue of the Journal . . .
Doctors' religious beliefs influence their views on end of life care
Authors: A. Cole
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Doctors who describe themselves as very or extremely non-religious are almost twice as likely as religious doctors to take measures to hasten the death of a dying patient, new research says. They are also more likely to discuss end of life options with the patient and to support legislation on assisted dying.

The research, in the Journal of Medical Ethics (doi:10.1136/jme.2010.036194), also showed that doctors in hospital specialties were 10 times more likely to take measures to hasten a patient’s death than their colleagues in palliative care.

The author, Clive …
P419Involvement of arginase and Rho kinase in the cardioprotecive effect of remote ischemic perconditioning in vivo
Authors: A Kiss, Y Tratsiakovich, AT Gonon, J Pernow
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Aims: It is well established that remote ischemic perconditioning (RIPerc) effectively protects from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. The signaling events underlying the cardioprotective effect seem to involve nitric oxide (NO) but the exact mechanism remains unclear. We have recently demonstrated that IR injury is critically dependent on increased arginase activity resulting in reduced bioavailability of NO. The objective of this study was to investigate whether (1) oxidative/nitrosative stress-mediated RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway contributes to arginase upregulation following IR and (2) the inhibition of this pathway is involved as a cardioprotective mechanism of RIPerc. Methods: Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to 30 min left coronary artery ligation and 2 h reperfusion were randomized to: 1) no intervention (controls, n=10), 2) RIPerc induced by bilateral femoral artery occlusion during the last 15 min of myocardial ischemia (n=10), 3) RIPerc and administration of the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; n=6), 4) administration of the ROCK inhibitor hydroxyfasudil (20 min prior to ischemia iv; n=7), or 5) administration of the peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst FeTPPS (10 min prior to reperfusion iv; n=6). Results: Infarct size (as a percentage of the area at risk) was significantly smaller in animals subjected to RIPerc (42±4%) compared to the controls (69±2%; P<0.001). The cardioprotective effect of RIPerc was abolished by the administration of L-NMMA. Administration of hydroxyfasudil (49±3%) or FeTPPS (51±4%) also reduced infarct size (P<0.01). Furthermore, RIPerc markedly attenuated arginase activity, ROCK activity, generation of peroxynitrite and enhanced phosphorylated eNOS (ser1177) expression (P<0.05 vs. control). Similarly, rats treated with FeTPPS attenuated both ROCK and arginase activity (P<0.05 vs. control). Conclusion: These findings suggest that arginase is affected by peroxynitrite/ROCK signaling cascade in the setting of myocardial IR. RIPerc protects from IR injury via mechanism that involves inhibition of this pathway resulting in enhanced NOS activity.
Renal Clearances of Urinary Proteins in Patients After Renal Transplantation.
Authors: Freddy F. Revilla
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

s1 May 1969Renal Clearances of Urinary Proteins in Patients After Renal Transplantation.Freddy F. Revilla, M.D., Carlos Marchena, M.D., E. Lovell Becker, M.D., F.A.C.P.Freddy F. Revilla, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Carlos Marchena, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, E. Lovell Becker, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-70-5-1095_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptAcute rejection crisis in patients after renal homotransplantation is defined by measuring the renal clearances of seven proteins and the clearance of fibrinogen. Glomerular selectivity of protein excretion was repeatedly measured by an immunochemical precipitation method in 10 patients. The clearance of these proteins (molecular weight, 40,000 to 840,000) was expressed as percent of transferrin clearance. The clearance of fibrinogen, or its fragments, or both, was also determined. For the first 15 days after renal transplantation, creatinine clearance is normal for one kidney. However, there is reduced renal protein selectivity and increased fibrinogen clearance. These alterations may be secondary to... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: New York, New York PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1969Volume 70, Issue 5Page: 1095-1096KeywordsCreatinineExcretionFibrinogenHomotransplantationProteinsRenal transplantation Issue Published: 1 May 1969 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Abstract 2959: The tumor suppressor CHD5 is an epigenetic regulator of neuronal cell fate
Authors: Alea A. Mills, Dong-Woo Hwang
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Genomic lesions affecting the 1p36 chromosomal region are prevalent in variety of human malignancies, yet the tumor suppressor in this region had not been identified. We used chromosome engineering to create a series of mouse models with lesions spanning the 1p36-analagous region. These gain and loss-of-function models allowed us to pinpoint a potent tumor suppressive interval that when deleted predisposes to cancer and when duplicated causes excessive tumor suppression. We identified Chromodomain Helicase DNA-binding domain protein 5 (CHD5) as the causative gene in the region, defined CHD5 as an inducer of the tumor suppressive network encoded at the Cdkn2 locus, and demonstrated that CHD5 is frequently deleted in human glioma. It is now appreciated that CHD5 is mutated in cancers of the breast, ovary, colon, and prostate, as well as in melanoma, glioma, and neuroblastoma, and furthermore, that robust CHD5 expression is a favorable indicator of patient survival following anti-cancer therapy. Although ample evidence from human studies indicates that CHD5 plays a pivotal role in cancer, the mechanism responsible for tumor suppression is not well understood. CHD5 belongs to the CHD family of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling proteins, yet CHD5's role in modulating chromatin and the consequence of CHD5 deficiency in vivo was unknown. We discovered that CHD5's tumor suppressive function is dependent on its dual plant homeodomains (PHDs)_motifs that bind specifically marked histones. The PHDs of CHD5 preferentially bind unmodified histone 3 (H3), an interaction essential for CHD5's ability to inhibit proliferation, to modulate transcription, and to suppress tumorigenesis in vivo. We recently defined CHD5 as a regulator of chromatin-mediated dynamics essential for neuronal differentiation. Whereas neural stem cells (NSCs) normally have the capacity to differentiate into neurons, NSCs from Chd5-deficient mice retain stem-like characteristics and differentiate into astrocytes at the expense of neurons. We discovered that H3K27me3_a repressive chromatin mark implicated in cancer_is depleted by CHD5 deficiency. We show that CHD5 rescues the de-differentiated phenotype of CHD5 deficient NSCs, while re-establishing global levels of H3K27me3. Our findings define CHD5 as a dosage-sensitive tumor suppressor, identify CHD5 as a member of a newly appreciated class of H3-binding PHD-containing proteins, and reveal a critical role for CHD5 in dictating stem cell fate. This provides new insight into the epigenetic mechanisms responsible for CHD5's tumor suppressive role that when perturbed, set the stage for cancer. Citation Format: Alea A. Mills, Dong-Woo Hwang. The tumor suppressor CHD5 is an epigenetic regulator of neuronal cell fate. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2959. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2959
Antibiotic Treatment of Renal Carbuncle
Authors: MARTIN SCHIFF
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

Renal carbuncles in seven young males were successfully treated with long-term administration of penicillinase-resistant antibiotics. Selective renal arteriography provided an accurate means of diagnosis and permitted a trial of medical therapy. All patients experienced a prompt and sustained clinical remission; surgical exploration was thus obviated in all but one instance, in which post-treatment radiographic changes persisted.
Do Everything You Can
Authors: Donald J. Sherrard
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

Letters and Corrections1 July 1990Do Everything You CanDonald J. Sherrard, MDDonald J. Sherrard, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-113-1-84_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editors: The article by Ralston and colleagues (1) on cancer-associated hypercalcemia advocates the "do everything you can" approach to patient care. Yet their data make a strong argument to do nothing or, at least, to do no harm.The investigators (1) do not discuss the quality of life restored to these patients. Pain, the commonest serious complaint among my patients, was not reduced. Nausea, the other major patient complaint that the investigators comment on, was reduced by half (from 20% to 10% of patients). Most patients are not particularly bothered by polyuria and anorexia without nausea. Central nervous...Reference1. RalstonGallacherPatelCampbellBoyle SSUJI. Cancer-associated hypercalcemia: morbidity and mortality. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112:499-504. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Veterans Affairs Medical Center Seattle, WA 98108 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 July 1990Volume 113, Issue 1Page: 84-84KeywordsHypercalcemiaNauseaPatient advocacyQuality of life Issue Published: 1 July 1990 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Many roads, one destination for T cell progenitors
Authors: Howard T. Petrie, Paul W. Kincade
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2005)

The thymus manufactures new T cells throughout life but contains no self-renewing potential. Instead, replenishment depends on recruitment of bone marrow-derived progenitors that circulate in the blood. Attempts to identify thymic-homing progenitors, and to assess the degree to which they are precommitted to the T cell lineage, have led to complex and sometimes conflicting results. As described here, this probably reflects the existence of multiple distinct types of T cell lineage progenitors as well as differences in individual experimental approaches.
268 THE EFFECT OF LOCAL PH AND PLASMA MEMBRANE POTENTIAL ON TRANSPORT FUNCTION OF HUMAN AND RAT ORGANIC ANION-TRANSPORTING POLYPEPTIDES ISOFORMS INVOLVED IN LIVER DRUG UPTAKE
Authors: P. Martinez-Becerra, O. Briz, M.R. Romero, R.I.R. Macias, M.J. Perez, J.M. Fernandez-Abalos, M.E. Gonzalez-Sanchez, J.J. Garcia Marin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Liquid Protein Diets and Electrolyte Deficiency
Authors: Michael J. Moore
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The Journal had two articles (240:115, 1978; 240:120, 1978) and an editorial (240:144, 1978) referring to patients who followed 300-calorie, protein hydrolysate diets and experienced remarkably similar illnesses: syncopal episodes, hypotension, prolonged Q-T interval, and low QRS voltage. In addition, three of the four died of arrhythmias. The hospital's normal values were not listed for potassium and magnesium, but Singh et al (240:115, 1978) mentioned that the electrolyte levels were marginally depressed. Comment was made that one patient received magnesium orally while in an intensive care unit. Another received one ampul of magnesium and died 2 1/2 days later without receiving any more. This patient had also taken a parenteral-mineral preparation containing magnesium, which can vary from 0.15 to 100 mg, depending on the particular one selected. There was no explanation for the omission of the milliequivalents of these items, but it is unlikely that the patients
A Nursing Home in Your Future?
Authors: Robert L. Kane, Rosalie A. Kane
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

The article by Kemper and Murtaugh1 in this issue of the Journal employs a familiar algorithm to suggest the dire consequences of the aging of a society. Generally, the age- and sex-specific rates of elderly people today are multiplied by projections of their numbers in the future. Such a model predicts hordes of disabled older persons needing nursing homes. Indeed, using similar logic, many people have warned of an impending shortage of nursing home beds and have suggested that we start building now.This approach to forecasting evokes two responses. The first is to challenge the statistics, but if anything, . . .
Restriction Site-Associated DNA Sequencing (RAD-seq) Reveals an Extraordinary Number of Transitions among Gecko Sex-Determining Systems
Authors: Tony Gamble, Jessi Coryell, Tariq Ezaz, Joshua Lynch, Daniel P. Scantlebury, David Zarkower
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2015)

Sex chromosomes have evolved many times in animals and studying these replicate evolutionary "experiments" can help broaden our understanding of the general forces driving the origin and evolution of sex chromosomes. However this plan of study has been hindered by the inability to identify the sex chromosome systems in the large number of species with cryptic, homomorphic sex chromosomes. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) is a critical enabling technology that can identify the sex chromosome systems in many species where traditional cytogenetic methods have failed. Using newly generated RAD-seq data from 12 gecko species, along with data from the literature, we reinterpret the evolution of sex-determining systems in lizards and snakes and test the hypothesis that sex chromosomes can routinely act as evolutionary traps. We uncovered between 17 and 25 transitions among gecko sex-determining systems. This is approximately one-half to two-thirds of the total number of transitions observed among all lizards and snakes. We find support for the hypothesis that sex chromosome systems can readily become trap-like and show that adding even a small number of species from understudied clades can greatly enhance hypothesis testing in a model-based phylogenetic framework. RAD-seq will undoubtedly prove useful in evaluating other species for male or female heterogamety, particularly the majority of fish, amphibian, and reptile species that lack visibly heteromorphic sex chromosomes, and will significantly accelerate the pace of biological discovery.
Perioperative Treatment With Aspirin or Clonidine and Risk of Acute Kidney Injury—Reply
Authors: P. J. Devereaux, Daniel I. Sessler, Amit X. Garg
Journal: JAMA (2015)

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