tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Identification of two cis-encoded HLA-DQ molecules that carry distinct alloantigenic specificities.
Authors: J P Johnson, R Wank
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1984)

The monoclonal antibodies Genox 3.53, S1, and R1 define polymorphic epitopes localized to DQ molecules. All three antibodies showed a strong association with the HLA-DR antigens 1, 2, and w6 when tested on a panel of 68 unrelated individuals, suggesting that they all recognized the DQw1 allospecificity. However, segregation analysis and binding studies with a panel of HLA-D/DR homozygous cells indicated that these monoclonal antibodies defined two different alloantigens. Cells homozygous for DR 1, 2, or w6 expressed the epitopes defined by all three antibodies (i.e., S1, R1, and Ge) while cells homozygous for DR4 and DRw8 expressed only the S1 and R1 epitopes. Sequential immunoprecipitation analyses in S1+/R1+/Ge+ individuals, in which the three epitopes were shown by segregation analysis to be encoded by the same chromosome, revealed two distinct DQ-like molecules. While R1 and S1 appeared to reside on the same molecule, the epitope defined by Genox 3.53 was on a different molecule. Identical results were obtained with DR1-, DR2-, or DRw6-bearing cells. Thus it appears that DQw1-bearing individuals express two cis-encoded DQ-like molecules that carry distinct alloantigenic specificities.
Some Diagnostic Applications of Combined Radioisotope Scanning of Adjacent Organs
Authors: Philip M. Johnson
Journal: JAMA (1965)

INFORMATION PORTRAYAL is the purpose of radioisotope scanning. The area of interest is displayed on the photoscan either as a "positive" density, due to its accumulation of gamma radioactivity, or as a "negative" density outlined by radioactivity concentrated in surrounding tissues. This information is often of clinical value, but may be incomplete or inconclusive. The yield of useful information is usually increased by correlation of the photoscan with a radiogram of the same area. The validity of such a correlation hinges on avoidance of a number of technical pitfalls associated with both methods. These pitfalls include factors which may magnify, minify, distort, or obscure the recorded outline of the area examined. When the photoscan and radiogram are compared by superimposition, new problems may arise. For example, superimposition of a spleen scan may demonstrate an apparently ectopic or accessory spleen if the radiogram was exposed during maximal expiratory elevation of the
The goldfish as a model for studying neuroestrogen synthesis, localization, and action in the brain and visual system.
Authors: G V Callard, A Kruger, M Betka
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

Organizational and activational effects of estrogen (E) in the central nervous system (CNS) are exerted directly by circulating E and indirectly after aromatization of circulating androgen to E in the brain itself. Understanding an environmental chemical's ability to disrupt E-dependent neural processes, therefore, requires attention to both pathways. Because aromatase (Aro) is highly expressed in teleost brain, when compared to mammals and other vertebrates, fish are technically advantageous for localization and regulation studies and may also provide a model in which the functional consequences of brain-derived (neuro-)E synthesis are exaggerated. Recently, Aro was immunolocalized in cell bodies and fiber projections of second- and third-order neurons of the goldfish retina and in central visual processing areas. Authentic Aro enzyme activity was verified biochemically, suggesting a heretofore unrecognized role of sex steroids in the visual system. Initial studies show that in vivo treatment with aromatizable androgen or E increases calmodulin synthesis and calmodulin protein in retina and also affects retinal protein and DNA. Whether there are related changes in the processing of visual information that is essential for seasonal reproduction or in the generative and regenerative capacity of the goldfish visual system requires further investigation.
NARCOTIC ADDICTION — A SYSTEMIC DISEASE CONDITION
Authors: ERNEST S. BISHOP
Journal: JAMA (1913)

Slatisf¡es show that insanity is increasing al a rapid ''ate.Syphilis has been found to exist in eases not thought of heretofore, Paresis, incurable as ii stands to-day, is culling oil' more and more men al Ihe height "I their careers, and we stand helplessly by seeing' the patienl slowly fail and die in such a depleted condition that words fail to convey the horrible pit-lure except to those who have come in contad with this dreadful scourge.Since dan. 1, lull, there have been admitted to my service in I ho hospital eighty-eight eases of general paresis among' the male patients.'Of this number thirty-six have died, ten have been paroled by request, and those remaining are constantly losing-ground.At present liiere are but two ways of working toward 'be eradication of (his disease.'The one with which we can accomplish the most is the education of the public in knowledge of the future evils of syphilis and how they may be prevented by immediate treatment.The «idler rests with those who are devoting their finie to scientific research, and who will sooner or later discover the intermediate process or toxin which is causing' this disease, and give to the world a curative drug.
Use of Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy for Rectal Cancer Among the Elderly: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Alfred I. Neugut, Aaron T. Fleischauer, Vijaya Sundararajan, Nandita Mitra, Daniel F. Heitjan, Judith S. Jacobson, Victor R. Grann
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2002)

Combined adjuvant fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy with radiation is now the standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer in the United States. We investigated the use of these treatments for stages II and III rectal cancer among the elderly and the effectiveness of these treatments on a population-based scale.The linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results-Medicare database was used to identify 1,807 Medicare beneficiaries > or = 65 years of age with stage II or III rectal cancer who underwent surgical resection between 1992 and 1996. We excluded members of a health maintenance organization in the 12 months before or 4 months after their diagnosis and those who died within 4 months of diagnosis. We used multivariate analysis to identify factors associated with combined 5-FU and radiation therapy, and propensity score methodology to determine survival benefit for those treated.We found that 37% of patients received both adjuvant 5-FU and radiation therapy, 11% 5-FU alone, and 14% radiation alone. Decreasing age, increasing lymph node positivity, comorbid conditions, and nonblack race were associated with increased probability of treatment with 5-FU and radiation. Combined chemotherapy/radiation therapy was associated with improved survival for stage III (relative risk, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.56 to 0.90), but not for stage II rectal cancer (relative risk, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.70 to 1.14).The association of combined treatment with improved survival in node-positive disease was similar to that observed in other studies. In the absence of data from well-designed randomized controlled trials, our observational data support efforts on the part of clinicians to make appropriate referrals and provide combined treatment for elderly patients with stage III rectal cancer.
Distinct Genetic and Immunological Features in Patients With Onset of IDDM Before and After Age 40
Authors: Tobias Lohmann, Jochen Sessler, Hans-Joachim Verlohren, Sabine Schröder, Julia Rötger, Karsten Dãhn, Nils Morgenthaler, Werner A Scherbaum
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

OBJECTIVE Young age at onset is a relevant parameter associated with a rapid progression of IDDM. Our major aim was to define differences between IDDM patients with age at diagnosis &amp;gt; 40 years and adult IDDM with onset at a younger age. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The correlation between islet-related antibodies (islet cell antibodies [ICAs] and antibodies [Abs] to GAD and the tyrosine phosphatase IA2), T-cell responses to GAD peptides and HLA class II isotypes was investigated in 23 IDDM patients 12–38 years of age at onset (group 1), 24 patients with IDDM &amp;gt; 40 years of age at onset (group 2), and 12 healthy control subjects. ICAs were measured by indirect immunofluorescence, and GAD-Ab and IA2-Ab were measured by immunoprecipitation tests. T-cell responses against GAD peptides, which had been identified as typical for IDDM, were tested by 5-day proliferation assays. HLA class II alleles were typed by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS ICAs and GAD-Abs were more prevalent in IDDM patients than in control subjects (P &amp;lt; 0.001), but only IDDM group 1 had IA2-Abs (P &amp;lt; 0.001 compared with IDDM group 2 and control subjects). Moreover, antibody combinations differed between IDDM patients of groups 1 and 2. T-cell responses to GAD peptides were seen in 67% of IDDM group 1 and in 71% of IDDM group 2 (P &amp;lt; 0.02 compared with control subjects). IDDM patients of group 1 were more frequently DR4+/DQ8+ and less frequently DR2+/DQ0602+ compared with IDDM patients of group 2 (P &amp;lt; 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data provide strong evidence for humoral and cellular autoimmunity in adult IDDM patients with onset both before and after 40 years of age. However, late-onset differs from young-onset IDDM with respect to Ab profiles, especially a lack of IA2-Ab, and HLA class II types. These findings have consequences for the diagnostic strategy for identifying slow-onset IDDM in individuals after 40 years of age.
Aortic aneurysm after patch aortoplasty repair of coarctation: A prospective analysis of prevalence, screening tests and risks
Authors: Burt I. Bromberg, Robert H. Beekman, Albert P. Rocchini, A.Rebecca Snider, Estelle R. Bank, Kathleen Heidelberger, Amnon Rosenthal
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1989)
Treatment of Migraine
Authors: F. A. Herrero
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In a letter in the Nov 6, 1972, issue ofThe Journal, Dr. C. D. Magill reports the treatment of migraine headache with a cold pack unit (222:703, 1972). As reported by Dr. Magill, this cold pack unit is beneficial in cases of typical migraine headache that are not responsive to propoxyphene. As a neurologist, I think it would be more advisable to start the treatment of a typical migraine headache with an ergotamine preparation. These ergotamine compounds, when administered early, are very effective in relieving the pain of an acute attack of migraine in the majority of cases. To reduce the frequency of the attacks of migraine, a combined therapy of ergotamine, tranquilizers, and systematic psychotherapy would be more indicated than a neck cold pack unit.
Long term cognitive dysfunction in older people after non-cardiac surgery
Authors: A. Selwood
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Outcomes from various studies differ, and no definite conclusion is possible 

Half of all people reaching the age of 65 subsequently have one or more operations,1 but despite substantial research on short term cognitive dysfunction within the first week after the operation little research has been undertaken into the potential long term effects on cognition. The exception is cardiac surgery, where cognitive dysfunction has been well documented and has usually been attributed to the adverse effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on the brain.2 3 Various risk factors for long term (defined as three months or more) postoperative cognitive dysfunction have been investigated, including type of anaesthetic agent, general versus regional anaesthesia, use of anticholinergic agents such as atropine, or the physiological effects of the anaesthetic such as hypoxia, hypotension, or hyper-ventilation.

The multicentre International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction (ISPOCD1) compared 1218 patients aged 60 years and older undergoing major surgery with a control group (n = 321) of a similar age.4 At three months after …
US spends more than 16bn on alternative remedies
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Four out of 10 Americans are using alternative medicine–everything from acupuncture and biofeedback to herbs and magnets–and they're not telling their doctors, according to studies published in JAMA (1998;280:1549-640) and other, specialist journals of the American Medical Association.

“There is no ‘alternative medicine,' only scientifically proven medicine,” said Dr George Lundberg, editor of JAMA . “In God we trust; all others must have data,” he said, quoting his colleague Dr Claude Organ, editor of the Archives of Surgery .

A JAMA survey of its readers showed that American doctors wanted scientific information about alternative medicine. Patients were …
Human T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus Type III / Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus Antibody
Authors: Janine Jason
Journal: JAMA (1985)

We studied the human T-lymphotropic retrovirus type III /lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) antibody status of 234 factor VIII concentrate recipients, 36 factor IX concentrate recipients, 69 long-term recipients of frozen packed red blood cells, and 47 persons not receiving routine transfusion therapy. Factor VIII concentrate recipients had a significantly higher rate of seropositivity (74%) than any other group. Factor IX concentrate recipients had a significantly higher rate (39%) than recipients of frozen packed red blood cells (4%) or nontransfused persons (4%). In factor VIII concentrate recipients, HTLV-III/LAV seropositivity was significantly associated with more severe hemophilia, greater factor dosage, elevated immunoglobulin and immune complex levels, lower T-helper lymphocyte numbers, and lower ratios of T-helper to T-suppressor lymphocytes. For factor IX concentrate recipients, seropositivity was associated with more severe hemophilia. Antibody-positive factor IX concentrate recipients had a lower rate of seropositivity to HTLV-III/LAV p41 membrane antigen than did antibody-positive factor VIII concentrate recipients, but factor VIII and factor IX concentrate recipients had similar rates of seropositivity to core antigens. We conclude that both factor VIII and factor IX concentrates may transmit HTLV-III/LAV. For factor VIII recipients, HTLV-III/LAV seropositivity is associated with altered immune test results. (<i>JAMA</i>1985;253:3409-3415)
Pulmonary Emphysema
Authors: Theodore H. Noehren
Journal: JAMA (1962)

The increasing incidence of pulmonary emphysema demands a greater concern by physicians for the effective medical assistance available to these patients. At least 23 different measures of treatment are available. The list includes antibiotics, bronchodilators, mechanical assistance, steroids, atmospheric control, breathing exercises, surgery, respiratory stimulants, thyroid depressants, active immunization programs, pneumoperitoneum, venesection, control of coincident diseases, assistance with emotional problems, and education of patients. Judicious selections from this list may produce excellent results. Furthermore, improvement in this disease does not need to be great, as measured by objective pulmonary function tests, to have subjectively gratifying effects. Fundamental to the whole program, however, is the physician, who must have a genuine interest in the patient and his disease.
THE RELATIONS OF THE OS UTERI TO STERILITY IN WOMEN.Read before the Kings County Medical Association,
Authors: J. R. VANDERVEER
Journal: JAMA (1892)

It has been facetiously said that facts alone are more unreliable than statistics. However that may be, according to the late Dr. Matthews Duncan, the comparative fertility of the human female "increases gradually from the commencement of the child-bearing period of life until about the age of thirty years is reached, and that then it still more gradually declines," and "that it is greater in the decade of years following the climax of about thirty years than in the decade of years preceding the climax." The same author states that 15 per cent, of married women, between the ages of 15 and 45 years, are found to be sterile; others claim the proportion to be one in 8.5, one in 10, etc. Sterility chargeable upon the female alone during the period of reproduction is rare in the domestic animals, and when existant is usually caused by some obstruction, congenital or
A FEW PARAGRAPHS ABOUT TOBACCO AMBLYOPIA.
Authors: WILLIAM B. MEANY
Journal: JAMA (1898)

It is hard to say why tobacco has been selected as the general agent for inciting what is called toxic amblyopia. Is it not a fact that various toxic agents are said to be attended by varying degrees of amblyopia, and that some writers, apparently eager to ignore the effects of alcohol, have taken up the consideration of central and peripheral lesions of the optic nerve, clearly due to prolonged local disturbances of the vasomotor system, from various kinds of excesses and mechanical obstruction to nutrition, even including tuberculosis, to set forth an exaggerated view of the by no means well-established toxic effect of tobacco? In Turkey where tobacco is inordinately used by both sexes and among all classes, the so-called tobacco amblyopia, according to competent observers, is almost unknown, and yet the daily consumption of tobacco by this portion of the Mussulmanic race is enormous. Carefully made assays show
Myopathy in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: BOY FRAME
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

In contrast to tne frequent occurrence of subjective muscle weakness and fatigue, objective muscle weakness and atrophy simulating polymyopathy have infrequently been reported in hyperparathyroidism but may be one of the early and dominant features of this endocrine abnormality. In three such cases reported, two patients had electromyograms suggestive of a myopathy, and one had increased creatinuria that was normal after corrective parathyroid surgery. In one of the patients a muscle biopsy in the preoperative period demonstrated evidence of myositis. Surgical correction of uncomplicated hyperparathyroidism produced prompt improvement in the muscle syndrome due to hyperparathyroidism.
Case of the Induction of Premature Labour
Authors: E. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1857)

curred to the late Mr. Avery at Charing Cross Hospital, and more recently to Mr. Adams, of the London Hospital.Another case in which the artery pursued this unusual course, and was the occasion of fatal hremorrhage after the operation, occurred some years ago at St. George's Hospital.In that case, how- ever, it appeared probable that the artery had been laid open by sloughing after the operation, as the fatal bleeding did not come on till after the establishment of that process.
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)-deficient mice reveal an auxiliary receptor function for IgD in antigen-mediated recruitment of B cells.
Authors: J Roes, K Rajewsky
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

To assess the role of immunoglobulin D (IgD) in vivo we generated IgD-deficient mice by gene targeting and studied B cell development and function in the absence of IgD expression. In the mutant animals, conventional and CD5-positive (B1) B cells are present in normal numbers, and the expression of the surface markers CD22 and CD23 in the compartment of conventional B cells indicates acquisition of a mature phenotype. As in wild-type animals, most of the peripheral B cells are resting cells. The IgD-deficient mice respond well to T cell-independent and -dependent antigens. However, in heterozygous mutant animals, B cells expressing the wild type IgH locus are overrepresented in the peripheral B cell pool, and T cell-dependent IgG1 responses are further dominated by B cells expressing the wild-type allele. Similarly, in homozygous mutant (IgD-deficient) animals, affinity maturation is delayed in the early primary response compared to control animals, although the mutants are capable of generating high affinity B cell memory. Thus, rather than being involved in major regulatory processes as had been suggested, IgD seems to function as an antigen receptor optimized for efficient recruitment of B cells into antigen-driven responses. The IgD-mediated acceleration of affinity maturation in the early phase of the T cell-dependent primary response may confer to the animal a critical advantage in the defense against pathogens.
Clinically important changes in individual and composite measures of rheumatoid arthritis activity: thresholds applicable in clinical trials
Authors: Michael M Ward, Lori C Guthrie, Maria I Alba
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

<h3>Objective</h3> Thresholds of minimal clinically important improvement (MCII) are needed to plan and interpret clinical trials. We estimated MCIIs for the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) activity measures of patient global assessment, pain score, Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ), Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28), Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), and Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI). <h3>Methods</h3> In this prospective longitudinal study, we studied 250 patients who had active RA. Disease activity measures were collected before and either 1 month (for patients treated with prednisone) or 4 months (for patients treated with disease modifying medications or biologics) after treatment escalation. Patient judgments of improvement in arthritis status were related to prospectively assessed changes in the measures. MCIIs were changes that had a specificity of 0.80 for improvement based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. We used bootstrapping to provide estimates with predictive validity. <h3>Results</h3> At baseline, the mean (±SD) DAS28-ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) was 6.16±1.2 and mean SDAI was 38.6±14.8. Improvement in overall arthritis status was reported by 167 patients (66.8%). Patients were consistent in their ratings of improvement versus no change or worsening, with receiver operating characteristic curve areas ≥0.74. MCIIs with a specificity for improvement of 0.80 were: patient global assessment −18, pain score −20, HAQ −0.375, DAS28-ESR −1.2, DAS28-CRP (C-reactive protein) −1.0, SDAI −13, and CDAI −12. <h3>Conclusions</h3> MCIIs for individual core set measures were larger than previous estimates. Reporting the proportion of patients who meet these MCII thresholds can improve the interpretation of clinical trials in RA.
Elevated nitric oxide concentrations in isolated lower airway gas of asthmatic subjects.
Authors: A F Massaro, S Mehta, C M Lilly, L Kobzik, J J Reilly, J M Drazen
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

Previous studies have raised the possibility that the measurement of nitric oxide (NO.) concentrations in expired air may represent a noninvasive measure of lower airway inflammation. To address the question of whether the elevated NO. recovered in mixed expired air from asthmatic subjects is a reflection of the pulmonary airway microenvironment or merely nasopharyngeal contamination, mixed expired NO. determinations were performed in five normal and five asthmatic subjects before and after orotracheal intubation (thereby isolating the lower airway gas from ambient air contamination or gas conditioned in the nasopharynx). The mixed expired NO. concentrations determined in patients with asthma were significantly elevated (p < 0.05 or less) above those of normal subjects in both the pre- and postintubation samples. After intubation, mixed expired NO. levels were 4.7 +/- 1.3 ppb and 13.2 +/- 2.0 ppb in normal and asthmatic individuals, respectively; the difference in these values was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Lower airway gas, sampled through the bronchoscope during a breathhold, was found to contain NO. concentrations of 7.0 +/- 1.2 ppb and 40.5 +/- 5.6 ppb at the tracheal carina of normal and asthmatic individuals, respectively. The asthmatic values were significantly (p < 0.01) elevated above those found in normal subjects. These findings indicate that the difference in mixed expired NO. of normal subjects and asthmatics reflects a difference in NO. concentration present in the lower airway.