tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Meta-analysis: Statin Therapy Does Not Alter the Association Between Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Increased Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Haseeb Jafri, Alawi A Alsheikh-Ali, Richard H Karas
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

Background: Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are associated with an increased risk for myocardial infarction (MI). Although statins reduce the risk for MI, most cardiovascular events still occur despite statin treatment. Purpose: Using meta-analysis of large randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) of statins to determine whether statins alter the relationship between HDL-C level and MI. Data Sources: MEDLINE search to February 2010, ClinicalTrials.gov, and reference lists from eligible studies. Study Selection: English-language RCTs of statin-treated patients versus control participants with 1000 or more person-years of follow-up and reported HDL-C levels and MI. Data Extraction: Two independent investigators extracted data from eligible RCTs. Data Synthesis: Twenty eligible RCTs were identified (543 210 person-years of follow-up and 7838 MIs). After adjustment for on-treatment LDL-C levels, age, hypertension, diabetes, and tobacco use, there was a significant inverse association between HDL-C levels and risk for MI in statin-treated patients and control participants. In Poisson meta-regressions, every 0.26-mmol/L (10-mg/dL) decrease in HDL-C was associated with 7.1 (95% CI, 6.8 to 7.3) and 8.3 (CI, 8.1 to 8.5) more MIs per 1000 person-years in statin-treated patients and control participants, respectively. The inverse association between HDL-C levels and MI did not differ between statin-treated patients and control participants (P = 0.57). Limitation: The observed associations may be explained by unmeasured confounding and do not imply causality in the relationship between HDL-C level and cardiovascular risk. Conclusion: Statins do not alter the relationship between HDL-C level and cardiovascular risk, such that low levels of HDL-C remain significantly and independently associated with increased risk despite statin treatment. The remaining risk seen in statin-treated patients may be partly explained by low HDL-C levels or other factors associated with low levels of HDL-C. Primary Funding Source: None.
Immunoreactivity of transforming growth factor alpha in the normal adult gastrointestinal tract.
Authors: D M Thomas, M M Nasim, W J Gullick, M R Alison
Journal: Gut (1992)

The immunolocalisation of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) in the normal human oesophagus and the gastrointestinal tract was elucidated using two different antibodies - Ab2, a monoclonal antibody reacting with part of the human TGF alpha molecule, and 26T a rabbit affinity purified polyclonal antibody raised against part of the rat TGF alpha peptide. There have been conflicting reports on the distribution of this growth factor in the gut. The results clearly showed that this peptide regulatory factor is confined to the luminal surface and foveolae in the stomach, restricted to the villous epithelium in the small intestine, and in the colon was seen in the upper one third of the crypt. This pattern indicates that the distribution of this peptide regulatory factor is within the differentiated compartment and indicates a role in differentiation besides its well known proliferative effects.
Rebhi Mohamed Hamed Eltreki
Authors: D. Vasey
Journal: BMJ (2002)

A pioneer in the care of people with learning disabilities Gwyn Roberts improved the quality of life for people with learning difficulties.While he desired change for the benefit of his patients and their families, he was always realistic about what could be achieved.Despite his dry humour, he was a quiet and contemplative person, in many ways understated and at times troubled by self doubt.However, he will be remembered as a leader and an enabler who made a lasting impression in his field.After qualifying in psychiatry at Whitchurch Hospital, Gwyn worked at Great Ormond Street Hospital, researching inborn errors of metabolism.After further research and clinical experience in Oxford, he moved to Cambridge in 1965 to commission the Ida Darwin Hospital, in its day a progressive establishment for the care of children and adults with learning disabilities.Using a multidisciplinary approach, Gwyn helped change attitudes and set new standards for these most vulnerable of people.Perhaps his greatest gift was his gentle, unpatronising manner with patients and their families.
Immunochemical, Serologic, and Immunologic Properties of Major Antigens Isolated from the Legionnaires' Disease Bacterium
Authors: K. H. WONG
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Two antigens were isolated from each of three strains of the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium. One antigen was serotype-specific; the other cross-reacted with strains of LD bacteria of different serotypes. The serotypic antigens contained all the major branched-chain fatty acids characteristic of LD bacteria and were a lipid-protein-carbohydrate complex. Electrophoresis resolved the serotypic antigen of Knoxville 1 strain into four protein bands and one glycoprotein band with molecular weights ranging from 0.5 to 7.2 x 103. The specificity of the serotypic antigens was established by immunofluorescent staining, and double gel diffusion confirmed the absence of cross-reactions between the serotypic antigens of different types and the partial identity of the serotypic antigens from serologically related strains. The cross-reacting antigens formed precipitin bands with all the homologous and heterologous sera tested. Induction of immunity by vaccination with serotypic antigens was shown in three animal models using guinea pigs and mice. Passive-transfer of immunity (IgG) was also shown in mice and guinea pigs. These observations raise the possibility of a vaccine for protection against infection of LD bacteria.
Timing of Iodine-123 Scintigraphy Following Use of Recombinant Human Thyrotropin in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Warren Yan, Paul J. Roach, George J. Bautovich, Diana L. Learoyd, Bruce G. Robinson
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2007)

A 34-year-old female with a history of multifocal papillary thyroid carcinoma underwent a rhTSH-stimulated iodine-123 (I-123) scan at 6 months postthyroidectomy to determine both thyroid remnant uptake and breast uptake prior to I-131 ablation. Assessment occurred 6 months after cessation of breast feeding. Imaging at 4 hours after I-123 administration showed no uptake in the thyroid bed; however, imaging at 24 hours revealed a single focal area of residual functioning thyroid tissue in the thyroid bed, a finding confirmed on post-I-131 ablation scanning. This suggests that scanning should be delayed until at least 24 hours after radioiodine administration, when using rhTSH-stimulated I-123 scintigraphy.
Studies on human antihemophilic factor. Evidence for a covalently linked subunit structure.
Authors: M E Switzer, P A McKee
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

When purified antihemophilic factor (Factor VIII) was rechromatographed on 4% agarose in 0.15 M NaCl or 1.0 M NaCl, a single protein peak, containing both procoagulant activity and von Willebrand factor activity, as defined by ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation, was eluted in the void volume. Purified Factor VIII immediately lost about 30% of its procoagulant activity when dissolved in 0.25 M CaCl2, and when rechromatographed on 4% agarose in 0.25 M CaCl2, the protein peak and von Willebrand factor activity remained coincident in the void volume; however, most of the remaining procoagulant activity was eluted after the void volume. The elution position of Factor VIII procoagulant activity from 4% agarose in 0.25 M CaCl2, and hence its apparent molecular weight, varied with the protein concentration applied to the column; at low protein concentrations it was eluted close to the inner volume. Yet on Sephadex G-200 in 0.25 M CaCl2, the protein and procoagulant activity were eluted together in the void volume. These observations suggested that the Factor VIII procoagulant activity was not eluting according to size or shape, but was adsorbing to some extent to the agarose. Isolated activity peak material from the 0.25 M CaCl2 columns contained protein and had a typical ultraviolet spectrum. Even at high concentrations, the protein contained no thrombin, Factors IX, X, or Xa activity, or detectable phospholipid. In addition to Factor VIII procoagulant activity, which could be inactivated by a human antibody to Factor VIII, the activity peak protein also contained von Willebrand factor activity. Like native Factor VIII and the void volume protein, the activity peak contained protein that did not enter a sodium dodecyl sulfate 5% polyacrylamide gel in the absence of reducing reagent. After reduction of disulfide bonds, several subunits ranging from 195,000 to 30,000 daltons were observed. These results indicate that the protein in the shifted Factor VIII procoagulant activity peak is large and that its anomalous elution pattern from 4% agarose in 0.25 M CaCl2 results from interaction with the agarose. The Factor VIII-like properties of the activity peak protein and its electrophoretic pattern on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels suggest that it is a species of Factor VIII modified by proteolytic cleavage. These results allow an interpretation that is different from the recently proposed "carrier protein-small active subunit" hypotheses for the structure-function relationships of the Factor VIII molecule.
Smoking and Pneumococcal Infection
Authors: John V.L. Sheffield, Richard K. Root
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

Smoking kills. Tobacco use was responsible for approximately one fifth of all deaths in the United States in 1990, with deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, cancer (especially of the lung), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among those attributable in part to smoking.1 In this issue of the Journal, Nuorti and colleagues2 present convincing evidence that adds invasive pneumococcal disease to the grim list of diseases associated with smoking. Invasive pneumococcal disease is defined as pneumococcal bacteremia, meningitis, or infection at other normally sterile sites. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, accounting for approximately 500,000 hospitalizations and . . .
Oncologists’ Attitudes and Practices Regarding Banking Sperm Before Cancer Treatment
Authors: Leslie R. Schover, Kimberly Brey, Alan Lichtin, Larry I. Lipshultz, Sima Jeha
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2002)

The goal of this study was to survey oncologists in three different practice settings to determine their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding referring patients to bank sperm before cancer treatment.A postal survey about knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding banking sperm before cancer treatment was sent to 718 oncology staff physicians and fellows at two cancer centers and at sites in a Community Clinical Oncology Program.The return rate was 24% and did not differ by institution, oncologic specialty, or sex. Fellows were significantly more likely to participate (37%) than staff physicians (20%). Ninety-one percent of respondents agreed that sperm banking should be offered to all men at risk of infertility as a result of cancer treatment, but 48% either never bring up the topic or mention it to less than a quarter of eligible men. Neither greater knowledge about sperm banking nor seeing large numbers of eligible men yearly increased the likelihood of discussing the option. Barriers cited included lack of time for the discussion, perceived high cost, and lack of convenient facilities. Oncologists reported they would be less likely to offer sperm banking to men who were homosexual, HIV-positive, had a poor prognosis, or had aggressive tumors. Oncologists overestimated the costs of sperm banking and the number of samples needed to make cryopreservation worthwhile.Sperm banking should be offered as an option to all men at risk of infertility because of their cancer treatment. Clearer practice standards could help oncologists increase their knowledge about sperm banking and avoid dependence on biased patient selection criteria.
Alternative pathways of T lymphocyte activation.
Authors: F H Bach, B J Alter
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

Data presented in this paper suggest that there may be two alternative pathways which T lymphocytes can use in generating a cytotoxic response to alloantigens in vitro. First, there is the pathway taken when stimulator and responder cells differ by an entire H-2 complex where Ly1+2- helper T lymphocytes respond to I region encoded lymphocyte defined differences and provide help to the Ly1-2+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes responsive primarily to K/D region encoded cytotoxicity defined determinants. Second, there is the pathway taken when stimulator and responder cells differ by only K or D region differences without an I region encoded difference; under these conditions, an Ly1+2+ cell, which does not appear to play a significant role in the development of a cytotoxic response to an entire H-2 difference, appears to play a pivotal role.
A Risk-Adjusted, Composite Outcomes Score and Resource Utilization Metrics for Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Authors: Joseph W. Kaempf, John A. F. Zupancic, Lian Wang, Gary L. Grunkemeier
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2015)

It is difficult for neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) to determine the overall efficacy of multiple continuous quality improvement (CQI) projects aimed at reducing very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infant morbidities. It is challenging to know whether a NICU is becoming more proficient, and it is not usually apparent whether concurrent resource use is changing.To develop a risk-adjusted composite score of the major morbidities in VLBW infants and a companion metric that accounts for resource use to enhance the ability to measure overall progress in CQI and to identify proficient NICUs.This retrospective investigation used individual patient-level demographic and outcomes data from 8 NICUs who were long term CQI collaborators within the Vermont Oxford Network, a large international quality improvement organization dedicated to improving the care of premature infants. Study participants were infants who weighed 401 to 1500 g born from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2011, at each of the 8 participating NICUs.Risk-adjusted, composite VLBW infant morbidity and resource utilization score.A total of 15,961 infants (mean [SD] gestational age, 28.2 [3.0] weeks; mean [SD] birth weight, 1020 [306] g) were analyzed. Concurrent with multiple shared CQI projects over 12 years, the group benefit metric improved 38% from 80 in 2000 to 110 in 2011 (P < .001). The entire member VON benefit metric improved 28% from 72 in 2000 to 92 in 2011 (P < .001). The group value metric improved 25% from 1.2 in 2000 to 1.5 in 2011 (P < .001). The entire member VON value metric improved 18% from 1.1 in 2000 to 1.3 in 2011 (P < .001). Significant inter-NICU variation in both composite scores was noted in the 8 member CQI group. Hospital length of stay increased in the 8 NICUs 64 to 71 days (P <.001), and a similar increase was noted in the entire member VON, 65 to 68 days (P < .001).We have created the first, to our knowledge, web-based tool for NICUs to calculate their own composite morbidity and resource utilization scores that estimate NICU CQI proficiency. In our structured group CQI over 12 years, both metrics revealed significant improvement, but increases in length of stay (resource use) blunted value improvement. Why some NICUs improve their scores more successfully than others remains a crucial challenge. Future CQI efforts should explore strategies that cost-efficiently reduce intertwined VLBW infant morbidities, emphasizing whole cultures of proficient care rather than the traditional emphasis on single-morbidity reduction.
THE INDUSTRIAL PHYSICIAN AND THE GENERAL PRACTITIONER
Authors: C. O. SAPPINGTON
Journal: JAMA (1930)

The scientific origin of industrial hygiene is usually dated from the publication of a treatise on diseases of occupation entitled De Morbis Artificium Diatriba in the year 1700 by Prof. Bernardo Ramazzini of the University of Padua. Since that time great strides have been made in the study of diseases of occupation and the many ramifications of industrial health work. Mention might well be made of some of the outstanding events showing the importance of the development of industrial medicine.  According to Dr. Harry Mock, the first physical examinations of which there is any record were done by Dr. Frank Fulton of Providence, R. I., in 1906. These examinations were made free of charge for the purpose of discovering tuberculous workmen. In 1909, Dr. Mock began examining employees of Sears, Roebuck & Company, in Chicago, and this practice was speedily followed by other pioneers in the field of industrial medicine.
The Relation of Water and Sodium Excretion to Blood Pressure in Human Subjects
Authors: D. M. GREEN, H. G. WEDELL, M. H. WALD, B. LEARNED
Journal: Circulation (1952)

High sodium loads were administered intravenously to a group of subjects whose blood pressures covered a wide range. Despite large individual variations, the water and sodium excretion of the group were found to be significantly and directly correlated with blood pressure.
Trichloroethylene and Alcohol: A Straight Flush
Authors: Stephen Pardys
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor. —</h3> Trichloroethylene (CHCl= CCl<sub>2</sub>) is used industrially as a solvent for rubber and tar, degreasing metals, dry cleaning, extraction of oils and fats from vegetables, cleaning of photographic film, and gas purification. It has been used medically as an anesthetic (Trilene) and in angina pectoris, trigeminal neuralgia, and wound cleaning. Cardiac arrhythmias and hepatic and renal abnormalities have been wellrecognized manifestations of acute toxicity.<sup>1,2</sup>Alcohol intolerance, the most common side effect of chronic exposure, has received little attention outside the industrial hygiene literature.<sup>3</sup> <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 28-year-old male mechanical engineer had several months' history of alcohol intolerance characterized by rapid postimbibition development of facial flushing, a sensation of increased pressure in his head, lacrimation, tachypnea, and blurred vision. These manifestations were observed within 12 minutes after the patient drank 85 ml (3 oz) of bourbon whiskey. Further inquiry revealed repeated exposure to
Effects of ethylene glycol monomethyl (EGME) and monoethyl (EGEE) ethers on the immunocompetence of allogeneic and syngeneic mice bearing L1210 mouse leukemia.
Authors: D P Houchens, A A Ovejera, R W Niemeier
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1984)

The effect of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGEE) on cell-mediated immunity was evaluated by an allograft rejection assay. Allogeneic B6C3F1 (C57BL/6 X C3H) mice were given oral doses of 600, 1200, or 2400 mg/kg/administration of EGEE or 300, 600, 1200 mg/kg/administration of EGME on days -12 through -8 or cyclophosphamide (Cy) at 180 mg/kg by the IP route on day -1. Untreated controls were given oral doses of water on days -12 through -8 and -5 through -1. On day 0, the mice were challenged with 1 X 10(2), 3 X 10(3), and 1 X 10(5) or 3 X 10(6) L1210 cells by the IP route. Syngeneic CD2F1 (Balb/c X DBA/2) mice were challenged with 1 X 10(5) L1210 cells on day 0 and were treated on days 1 to 5 and 8 to 12 with the same dosages of EGME and EGEE used for the B6C3F1 mice. Water-treated syngeneic mice died with a median survival time (MST) of 8.0 days. There was no effect on the MST of syngeneic mice treated with either EGME or EGEE, indicating no direct antitumor effect of the compounds. All allogeneic mice receiving either water or Cy and challenged with 3 X 10(6) tumor cells, died with ascites. However, when mice were treated with EGME or EGEE and challenged with 3 X 10(6) tumor cells, no more than one animal per group died. This would indicate that there was a prophylactic action of the compounds or that the immune system was stimulated. Blood smears of allogeneic mice were made for differential counts the last day of drug dosing, the day of death where possible, and on survivors at day 43 post-tumor implantation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
How long should treatments be continued?
Authors: J. C. Craig, A. C. Webster, C. Loy
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Data from randomised trials and cohort studies are needed to answer this question 

To make evidence based decisions, clinicians and patients need to know the answers to three questions about an intervention. Does it do more good than harm? How intense should treatment be? For how long should it be given? In the linked study (doi:10.1136/bmj.c4024), Chen and colleagues tackle the third question by assessing relapse rates after a first episode of psychosis in patients who either continued or discontinued antipsychotic drugs after at least one year of treatment.1 

Because of the explosion of randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews of trials in the past 50 years,2 we have high quality evidence on the effects of many interventions. These days, almost all issues of major general and specialist journals will include at least one randomised controlled trial that will provide reasonable certainty about the effects of a treatment. Implicit in the design will be the dose or intensity of the intervention evaluated, which is informed by previous phase I and II studies and may be the subject of specific phase III trials.

In comparison, we know little about how long interventions should be given, both for common acute conditions like respiratory or urinary tract infections,3 4 and for chronic conditions like mental illness, cardiovascular illness, and chronic …
HIV/AIDS in U.S. Communities of Color
Authors: Thomas Monson
Journal: JAMA (2010)

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hreat simulation, dreams, and domain-specificity
Authors: Todd K. Shackelford, Viviana A. Weekes-Shackelford
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

According to Revonsuo, dreams are the output of a evolved “threat simulation mechanism.” The author marshals a diverse and comprehensive array of empirical and theoretical support for this hypothesis. We propose that the hypothesized threat simulation mechanism might be more domain-specific in design than the author implies. To illustrate, we discuss the possible sex-differentiated design of the hypothesized threat simulation mechanism. [Revonsuo]