tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
L1 expression as a predictor of progression and survival in patients with uterine and ovarian carcinomas
Authors: Mina Fogel, Paul Gutwein, Sabine Mechtersheimer, Svenja Riedle, Alexander Stoeck, Asya Smirnov, Lutz Edler, Alon Ben-Arie, Monica Huszar, Peter Altevogt
Journal: The Lancet (2003)
Treatment of Thromboembolic Diseases
Authors: Irving S. Wright
Journal: JAMA (1960)

Oral and parenteral anticoagulants are available and effective in the treatment of thromboembolic diseases. Discontinuing therapy is inviting recurrence in certain cases. Reports on anticoagulant therapy should include answers to pertinent questions: 1. How were the patients selected? 2. Were "control" and "treated" series selected by unbiased random sampling? 3. Who actively controlled the anticoagulant therapy?
Abstract 4873: IKKα bridges central tolerance to innate immunity and inflammation
Authors: Feng Zhu, Zhisong Chen, Jami Willette-Brown, Dakshayani Lomada, Sean R. Davis, Timothy Back, Teizo Yoshimura, Zhonghe Sun, Xiaolin Wu, Robert Wiltrout, Ellen Richie, Ulrich Siebenlist, Giorgio Trichieri, Yinling Hu
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract IKKα has emerged as a tumor suppressor in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of skin, head and neck, and lung. Our recent studies indicate that inflammation is involved in lung SCCs in kinase-dead knock-in IkkαKA/KA mice. However, how IKKα prevents inflammation has not been fully understood yet. In the present studies, we showed that IkkαKA/KA mice developed reduced thymic medullary regions, systemic inflammation, and severe skin damage, indicating that IKKα plays an essential role linking central tolerance to innate immunity and inflammation. In line with previous studies of the role of NF-κB pathway in thymic medulla formation and the establishment of central tolerance, we found that NF-κB pathway was inactivated in the presence of kinase inactive form of IKKα in thymic epithelial cells. Depleting the lymphocytes, thymus, T cells, macrophages, and/or reintroducing transgenic IKKα into the skin or thymus rescued the severe skin phenotypes. Transferring IkkαKA/KA T cells, but not wild-type T cells, reconstituted the severe skin phenotypes and SCCs in the lungs and forestomach of IkkαKA/KA/Rag-/- mice. We found that the self-reactive T cells provided TGFβ signaling, which enhanced the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in keratinocytes. As a result, increased level of MCP-1 led to robust recruitment of macrophages to the skin, resulting in skin inflammation and hyperproliferation. This study reveals an important IKKα/TGFβ/MCP-1 signaling axis that orchestrates central tolerance and inflammation in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Citation Format: Feng Zhu, Zhisong Chen, Jami Willette-Brown, Dakshayani Lomada, Sean R. Davis, Timothy Back, Teizo Yoshimura, Zhonghe Sun, Xiaolin Wu, Robert Wiltrout, Ellen Richie, Ulrich Siebenlist, Giorgio Trichieri, Yinling Hu. IKKα bridges central tolerance to innate immunity and inflammation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4873. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4873
Prolonged Exposure to Particulate Pollution, Genes Associated with Glutathione Pathways, and DNA Methylation in a Cohort of Older Men
Authors: Jaime Madrigano, Andrea Baccarelli, Murray A. Mittleman, Robert O. Wright, David Sparrow, Pantel S. Vokonas, Letizia Tarantini, Joel Schwartz
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

Background: DNA methylation is a potential pathway linking environmental exposures to disease. Exposure to particulate air pollution has been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and lower blood DNA methylation has been found in processes related to cardiovascular morbidity.Objective: We hypothesized that prolonged exposure to particulate pollution would be associated with hypomethylation of repetitive DNA elements and that this association would be modified by genes involved in glutathione metabolism and other host characteristics.Methods: DNA methylation of the long interspersed nucleotide element–1 (LINE-1) and the short interspersed nucleotide element Alu were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction pyrosequencing in 1,406 blood samples from 706 elderly participants in the Normative Aging Study. We estimated changes in repetitive element DNA methylation associated with ambient particles (particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter), black carbon (BC), and sulfates (SO4), with mixed models. We examined multiple exposure windows (1–6 months) before DNA methylation measurement. We investigated whether this association was modified by genotype and phenotype.Results: An interquartile range (IQR) increase in BC over a 90-day period was associated with a decrease of 0.31% 5-methylcytosine (5mC) (95% confidence interval, 0.12–0.50%) in Alu. An IQR increase in SO4 over a 90-day period was associated with a decrease of 0.27% 5mC (0.02–0.52%) in LINE-1. The glutathione S-transferase mu-1–null genotype strengthened the association between BC and Alu hypomethylation.Conclusion: Prolonged exposure to BC and SO4 particles was associated with hypomethylation of two types of repetitive elements.
Correction of E.S.R. in Anaemia
Authors: J. C. F. Poole, G. A. C. Summers
Journal: BMJ (1952)

When red cells are mixed with their own plasma in varying proportions the sedimentation rate of the more dilute suspensions is greater than that of the more con- centrated ones.This observation was first made by F?ahraeus (1921), and has often been repeated.On the basis of such observations, attempts have been made to allow for the effects of anaemia on the erythrocyte sedi- mentation rate (E.S.R.) by various correction charts and factors.Among these may be mentioned the correction charts of Gram (1928Gram ( , 1929) ) and of Rourke and Ernstene (1930), which were based on experimental dilution of the blood of anaemic patients.The correc- tion chart of Wintrobe and Landsberg (1935) has gained considerable popularity; a slide-rule method for cor- rection based on this chart has even been devised (Best, 1950).The Wintrobe and Landsberg chart is based on dilution experiments with normal blood.Any such correction chart is valid only if we assume that the E.S.R. is determined by certain properties of the plasma and by the concentration of red cells sus- pended in it, but not by the shape, size, specific gravity, or any other property of the cells: -in other words, it is assumed that any sample of red cells suspended in a given plasma at a given concentration would show the same sedimentation rate.This assumption does not appear justified, and Hynes and Whitby (1938) have shown how Wintrobe's correction chart must be modi- fied to fit in with observed facts.For example, in many cases of anaemia a much slower rate is found than would be expected when normal blood is diluted to a level equivalent to that of the anaemic haematocrit reading.Bonniger and Hermann (1923) noted this effect in chlorosis, and it seems to be particularly marked in sickle-cell anaemia (Bunting, 1939, and other workers).Westergren (1924) states that he hag often found the E.S.R. lower than he would have expected from the reduced haemoglobin level.On the other hand, Newham and Martin (1928) maintained that the size and specific gravity of the cells do not affect the E.S.R., and this has been accepted by Wintrobe and Landsberg (1935) and restated by Cutler, Park, and Herr (1938).Some authors have even gone so far as to deny that the number of red cells present influences the sedimen- tation rate : Fahraeus (1929), observing this slowing effect, believed that some compensatory mechanism was at work in anaemia.Bouton (1938), on finding that the red-cell count and the E.S.R. can fluctuate independently in the course of a disease, dismissed the idea that the red cells could have any important effect on the E.S.R. Cutler, Park, and Herr (1938) made a careful study of the formation of red-cell aggregrates, interchanging cells and plasma between normal and anaemic subjects, and
STUDIES ON INDIFFERENT STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: C. H. Hitchcock
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1928)

Serological study of a large number of strains of indifferent streptococci has revealed the existence of a large homogeneous group to which the designation Type I has been applied. It is recognized that members of Type I are not necessarily identical, and that further division into subtypes may be feasible. All strains of Type I ferment inulin and salicin. The remaining strains are referred to as belonging to Group X. They are distinguished only by their failure to react strongly with Type I serum. While at present this group must be regarded as quite heterogeneous, further work may reveal the presence of other as yet undefined types now included within its limits. The organisms of this group vary in their fermentative reactions with both inulin and salicin.
Insulin Sensitivity Is an Important Determinant of Renal Health in Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Petter Bjornstad, David M. Maahs, David Z. Cherney, Melanie Cree-Green, Amy West, Laura Pyle, Kristen J. Nadeau
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains the most common cause of end-stage renal disease and is a major cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes. Insulin sensitivity is an important determinant of renal health in adults with type 2 diabetes, but limited data exist in adolescents. We hypothesized that measured insulin sensitivity (glucose infusion rate [GIR]) would be associated with early markers of DN reflected by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) in adolescents with type 2 diabetes.Type 2 diabetic (n = 46), obese (n = 29), and lean (n = 19) adolescents (15.1 ± 2.2 years) had GIR measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. ACR was measured and GFR was estimated by the Bouvet equation (combined creatinine and cystatin C).Adolescents with type 2 diabetes had significantly lower GIR, and higher eGFR and ACR than obese or lean adolescents. Moreover, 34% of type 2 diabetic adolescents had albuminuria (ACR ≥30 mg/g), and 24% had hyperfiltration (≥135 mL/min/1.73 m2). Stratifying ACR and eGFR into tertiles, adolescents with type 2 diabetes in the highest tertiles of ACR and eGFR had respectively lower GIR than those in the mid and low tertiles, after adjusting for age, sex, Tanner stage, BMI, and HbA1c (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04). GIR, but not HbA1c, LDL, or systolic blood pressure, was also associated with eGFR after adjusting for sex and Tanner stage (β ± SE: -2.23 ± 0.87; P = 0.02).A significant proportion of adolescents with type 2 diabetes showed evidence of early DN, and insulin sensitivity, rather than HbA1c, blood pressure, or lipid control, was the strongest determinant of renal health.
Who can we blame?
Authors: C. Essex
Journal: BMJ (1997)

A gynaecologist friend of mine, exonerated at an inquest, was accused by relatives of murdering their sister. She was deeply upset at this slur, particularly as she had done everything correctly and to the best of her ability. This grievance was echoed by all the doctors who spoke in Lawsuits and Liniment. Conversely, all the relatives interviewed felt that somebody was to blame for their spouse or child being handicapped. These three programmes gave a commendably balanced, albeit superficial, view of the patients' and the doctors' views of difficulties surrounding litigation in the health service.

The implied culprits were all doctors. Do only doctors make mistakes in patient care? Are doctors the only ones who make decisions and do anything wrong by commission or omission? The …
Inhibitory effect of penciclovir, the active metabolite of famciclovir, on the priming of hepadnavirus reverse transcription
Authors: F ZOULIM
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

A cell culture system for the evaluation of compounds which inhibit HBV replication (Korba and Milman, Antiviral Res. 15:217, 1991) has been developed into a standardized assay. Toxicity of test compounds was assessed by the uptake of neutral red dye under culture and treatment conditions which were identical to those used for the antiviral assays. A total of 667 separate cultures of 2.2.15 cells were evaluated for this study. In 86 untreated cell cultures, representing 15 experiments over a 24-month period, the levels of extracellular HBV virion DNA and intracellular HBV DNA forms were found to vary by less than 2.5-fold overall. Virion DNA in serum and intracellular viral DNA replication intermediates [RI] are the two most reliable and commonly followed markers of hepadnavirus replication in patients and experimental animals. In these assays, levels of extracellular HBV virion DNA and intracellular HBV RI were well correlated in 2.2.15 cells. Less correlation was observed between the levels of HBV virion DNA and the 3.2-kb episomal HBV genomes present in the cells. A threshold level of 22–37 intracellular replicating HBV genomes appeared to be required before virions were detected in the culture medium. The activities of several 2′-substituted and 3′-substituted deoxynucleoside analogs against HBV replication were compared using this standardized assay. Dideoxycytosine [ddC] and dideoxyguanosine [ddG] were the most selective 2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides against HBV in 2.2.15 cells. Substitution of fluorine at the 2′ position abolished the antiviral activity of ddC, but enhanced the selective antiviral activities of dideoxythymidine and dideoxyuracil. Several 2′-fluorinated pyrimidine arabinosyl furanosides, reported to be potent (but toxic) inhibitors of hepadnaviruses in vivo, demonstrated relatively low selective antiviral activities in 2.2.15 cells. The current data base allows for validation of any given set of test evaluations through statistical analysis of both the positive and the negative treatment controls present in each experiment; thus, relevant comparisons of the selectivity of anti-HBV activities for different compounds examined in future experiments can be made.
General Principles of Criminal Law
Authors: Angela Roddey Holder
Journal: JAMA (1974)

PRIOR to examination of the specific procedures involved in criminal law, several basic philosophical principles that affect all the proceedings in a criminal case should be noted. <h3>Presumption of Innocence</h3> One basic assumption that is made at all stages of a criminal case is that the accused is presumed innocent until a verdict is given by a jury (or a judge in the case of a nonjury trial). While most persons charged with a criminal offense eventually plead guilty either to the offense as charged or to a lesser one, until such time as the final disposition of the case is made, the "accused" is just that; he is not a "criminal." This assumption is responsible for most of the constitutional guarantees regarding the rights of an accused. The founding fathers who wrote the Bill of Rights wished to ensure that the rights of persons accused were protected, and that
IMPAIRED AORTIC DISTENSIBILITY AS WELL AS INCREASED THICKNESS OF AORTIC AND CORONARY WALL, AND CAROTID INTIMA MEDIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM(FROM THE MULTI-ETHNIC STUDY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS [MESA])
Authors: Naser Ahmadi, Cuilian Miao, Songshou Mao, Khurram Nasir, Craig Johnson, Joseph F. Polak, David Bluemke, Gregory Hundley, Joao A. Lima, Matthew Budoff
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
The Validity of Gestational Age Estimation by Menstrual Dating in Term, Preterm, and Postterm Gestations
Authors: Michael S. Kramer
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Despite recognition that estimation of gestational age (GA) based on maternal recollection of the last normal menstrual period (LNMP) is fraught with error, it is not generally appreciated that the magnitude and direction of this error vary as a function of the LNMP estimate. Early second-trimester (16 to 18 weeks) ultrasound determinations of the fetal biparietal diameter were used as the "gold standard" to test the validity of LNMP-based GA estimates in 11 045 women. The large majority of deliveries occurring at or near term showed LNMP estimates that were valid within plus or minus seven days of the ultrasound estimate. As the LNMP GA deviated progressively toward earlier or later GAs, however, the discrepancies became quite marked, especially for postterm dates. The positive predictive values of the LNMP GA estimates decreased dramatically from term (.949) to preterm (.775) to postterm (.119) deliveries. These systematic errors in menstrual GA estimates have profound implications for unnecessary induction, dysfunctional labor and cesarean section, and resultant neonatal and maternal morbidity. (<i>JAMA</i>1988;260:3306-3308)
Risk Reduction for the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Among Intravenous Drug Users
Authors: Don C. Des Jarlais, Samuel R. Friedman, William Hopkins
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

Intravenous drug users are the second largest risk group for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and a bridge to two other groups: children and heterosexual partners. In the absence of effective treatment or vaccines, control of the epidemic among drug users will rely on efforts to reduce needle sharing. However, the traditional image of intravenous drug users leads one to expect little or no risk reduction. We review characteristics of AIDS as a disease that impede efforts at risk reduction among drug users and report on current risk reduction among intravenous drug users in New York City. There has been a sustained increase in the demand for new, unused needles, as shown in the emergence of "resealed" needles and in interviews with persons selling needles in illicit drug-purchasing areas.
Book: The Medical Millennium: 1000 Pioneers Who Have Contributed to the Development of Medicine Over the Last 1000 Years Dates in Medicine. A chronological record of medical progress over three millennia
Authors: I. Loudon
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Helen S J Lee Parthenon Publishing, £25, pp 113 ISBN1 85070 466 X Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img> Ed Anton Sebastian Parthenon Publishing, £35, pp 435 ISBN 1 85070 095 Rating: 0 Quite apart from the Millennium Dome, our daft obsession with a date containing three zeros has a lot to answer for—including these two books, which have been “inspired” by the millennium. The Medical Millennium consists of 1000 names in alphabetical order from Peter of Abano (1250-1316) to Yvunge Zotterman (1898-1982), who wrote an autobiography called Touch, Tickle and Pain . For each name, dates of birth and death are given, followed by a potted biography of 20-30 words. Having to find 1000 names has led to there being some unlikely people included, and the book would have been much better with fewer names and longer entries. However, most of the entries are sensibly written, and there seem to be few mistakes—apart from James Harvey for William Harvey in the … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Hemoglobin Components in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Liliana A. Trivelli, Helen M. Ranney, Hong-Tien Lai
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

An increase in a minor hemoglobin component closely resembling hemoglobin AIc in which one or more hexoses are bound to the beta-polypeptide chains was observed in a previous study of diabetic patients. In the present study the proportions of chromatographically rapid (fast) minor components of hemoglobin, 75 to 80 per cent of which is accounted for by hemoglobin AIc, were quantified by a modified Chromatographic method in 20 normal and 100 diabetic subjects. Mean values for the proportions of fast hemoglobin components (glycohemoglobin) in diabetes showed a nearly twofold increase over values found in normal subjects. The increased proportions of these fast components did not appear to be related to the age of the patients, or to the duration, therapy or complications of diabetes. The increase in proportions of glycohemoglobin in diabetes mellitus appears to be another example of increased glycoproteins in this disorder.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus in Mice
Authors: Tong Xu, Jian Qiao, Lihong Zhao, Guirong Wang, Guimei He, Kai Li, Yong Tian, Mingyu Gao, Jianlin Wang, Huiyu Wang, Changgui Dong
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by avian influenza H5N1 viral infection has been reported in many humans since this virus was found to infect humans in Hong Kong in 1997, but no studies regarding an animal model of ARDS with H5N1 viral infection have been found in the literature. Here we present a mouse model of ARDS induced by H5N1 virus.Six- to 8-wk-old BALB/c mice were inoculated intranasally (50 micro l) with 1 x 10(2) 50% mouse infectious doses of A/Chicken/Hebei/108/2002 (H5N1) virus. Lung injury was assessed by observation of lung water content and histopathology. Arterial blood gas, white blood cell count in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum were measured at the indicated time points.Our data showed that H5N1 viral infection in mice resulted in typical ARDS, which was characterized by the following features: (1) about 80% of mice (13 of 16) dead on Days 6 to 8 postinoculation; (2) highly edematous lungs and dramatically increased lung wet:dry weight ratios and lung wet weight:body weight ratios; (3) inflammatory cellular infiltration, alveolar and interstitial edema, and hemorrhage in lungs; (4) progressive and severe hypoxemia; and (5) significant increase in neutrophils, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 in BALF.These results suggested that we successfully established a mouse model of ARDS with H5N1 viral infection, which may benefit further investigation into the pathogenesis of human ARDS induced by H5N1 virus.
Gitelman's variant of Barter's syndrome, inherited hypokalaemic alkalosis, is caused by mutations in the thiazide-sensitive Na–Cl cotransporter
Authors: David B. Simon, Carol Nelson-Williams, Margaret Johnson Bia, David Ellison, Fiona E. Karet, Antonio Morey Molina, Ivar Vaara, Fujihiko Iwata, Howard M. Cushner, Marianne Koolen, Francisco J. Gainza, Hillel J. Gitelman, Richard P. Lifton
Journal: Nature Genetics (1996)
THE USE OF ADRENALINE IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL PRACTICE
Authors: W. M. Beaumont
Journal: BMJ (1928)

The service of adrenaline in medical and surgical practice is apt to be overlooked. And yet tho information to be gained from its instillation in the eye is often of great value in estimating the integrity of the sympathetic system. The supposed danger of producing glaucoma was founded on a series of five cases in which that disease was thought to be aggravated by the instillation of adrenaline;1 Sub sequent investigations have not confirmed the accusation. On the other hand, it has been advocated that adrenaline is not only harmless, but also that it is useful in glaucoma. Graiidel?ment in 19Q42 insisted that by the use of it glaucoma may be cured without operation if the disease has not advanced too far. Sydney Stephenson in 19Q83 recorded that adrenaline had shown itself of service in the treatment of glaucoma. 0. Loewi in 1907 proposed that the mydriatic response to epincphr.ine should be used as a diagnostic sign in Basedow's disease and in pancreatic insufficiency. Coope4 also supports the value of the response in the case of acute pancreatitis. According to Watanabe and Kato the sensitiveness appears to be somewhat increased in chronic nephritis. Meltzer and Auer in 1903 pointed out that an increase of excitability to epinephrine occurred in degenerating structures of the car vessels.