tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Association of Type 2 Hemadsorption (Parainfluenza 1) Virus and Asian Influenza a Virus with Infectious Croup
Authors: Andrew J. Vargosko, Robert M. Chanock, Robert J. Huebner, Alia H. Luckey, Hyun Wha Kim, Christine Cumming, Robert H. Parrott
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

CROUP is one of the most dramatic, frightening dangerous syndromes in pediatrics. In some cases when treatment is not available, death results.In the fall of 1957 a study to isolate new viruses and to associate these agents with clinical illness, including croup, was initiated by the Virus Section, Research Foundation of the Children's Hospital of the District of Columbia, and the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health. The patients were separated into two major categories in the study: those with severe respiratory-tract illness requiring hospitalization; and those with mild respiratory-tract illness seen in the Out Patient Department. . . .
Points from Letters: Hang-glider Injuries
Authors: D. L. Hadley
Journal: BMJ (1975)

autonomy, heads of departments may be able, for example, to finance replacement equipment from money saved during periods when there are unfilled posts in a department.It might also make more sense to use cheaper analytical methods and reagents.Such. a policy might enable a measure of Mr. Crossman's redeployment of money to take place without crippling the existing service.However, only departmental man- agers can make their services more efficient.It cannot be properly or safely done by remote administrators making arbitrary and swingeing cuts based on ill-conceived ideas or inadequate information.If financial stringency is to be the com- pulsory order of the day it should be applied impartially throughout the N.H.S.Let us renmember that few ordinary doctors have ever been convinced of the need for the new enlarged administration required to run the Health Service reorganization.In some areas of activity the region now wields more power than it did before 1 April 1974, and the area is left like a castrato tenor warbling in- effectually between the baritone soloist at the district and the bass obligato at the region.The new management system has yet to prove both its own effectiveness and cost- benefit to the community.Perhaps some of these less than essential gentlemen should recll Cromwell's famous assessment of the Rump
Silent Decisions or Veiled Paternalism? Physicians Are Not Experts in Judging Character
Authors: Alexander A. Kon
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2007)

silent decisions, physicians would almost certainly be subject to liability for failing to disclose material risks or treatment alternatives. One of the clinical scenarios provided by the authors illustrates the danger inherent in their approach to silent decisions. They would remain “silent” on the possibility of providing oral isotretinoin for a sexually-active 19-yearold with severe acne who does not want to use long-term contraceptives and who has become pregnant twice in the past year despite receiving what they note should be effective short-term contraception (Whitney and McCullough 2007, 33). The medication, which can cause severe birth defects to a fetus, is highly effective in cases of severe acne. The authors seem to believe that keeping “silent” on the potentially devastating effects of the prescription drug on a pregnant woman’s fetus will prevent the young woman from placing herself into a potentially harmful situation. The unspoken assumption is that unless the physician tells the patient about the medication, she will remain blissfully ignorant of its existence. But teenage girls talk. They also share acne medications. If not warned of the potential danger of isotretinoin—in an open honest discussion regarding why her physician is not prescribing the clearly useful drug for her acne—there is a real risk the teenager will learn of the medication from a friend and unwittingly use it to improve her appearance. The deliberate attempt to withhold information that the “average reasonable individual” in the patient’s condition would find material to her decision-making about the drug would backfire if the sexually active young woman becomes pregnant while experimenting with how much more effective a friend’s isotretinoin might be than her tube of benzoyl peroxide. The treating physician would face potential liability for that non-disclosure, even if the physician could raise the defense that the young woman’s use of isotretinoin was not under a physician’s direction. “Physician silence,” as this example illustrates, not only is not “golden,” it can be positively harmful to the patient’s health.
Assessment of Comorbidity in the Diagnosis of Psychosomatic and Neurotic Disorders: Results from the ICD-10 Field Trials with the Diagnostic Criteria for Research in Germany
Authors: H.J. Freyberger, W. Schneider, C.P. Malchow
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1995)

Operational diagnostic systems like ICD-10, Chapter V (F) are introducing the concept of comorbidity covering the symptomatology of patients with multiple descriptive diagnoses. Focusing on this concept, the relevance of rater variables in the diagnostic assessment with ICD-10 is studied. Based on data from the German ICD-10 Research Criteria Study in 11 centres of psychosomatic medicine, diagnostic ratings of 129 clinicians for 20 patients are discussed. Significant differences concerning the agreement of the clinicians with expert main diagnoses are correlated with their familiarity with DSM-III-R, the age of the clinicians and subjective ratings of the diagnostic process. Clinicians with a greater familiarity with DSM-III-R and ICD-10 and older diagnosticians with more professional experience in psychosomatic medicine show a better ability to cover comorbidity in their diagnostic assessments. Furthermore, behavioural therapists are assessing comorbidity more adequately than psychoanalytic therapists.
Morphometric analysis of intestinal mucosa. V. Quantitative histological and immunocytochemical studies of rectal mucosae in gluten sensitivity.
Authors: A Ensari, M N Marsh, D E Loft, S Morgan, K Moriarty
Journal: Gut (1993)

To study changes in rectal mucosa that might be attributable to the effects of gluten, rectal biopsy specimens from untreated and treated gluten sensitised subjects were analysed morphometrically and by immunohistochemical techniques and were compared with a series of disease control mucosae. Although morphometry showed increased populations of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and mast cells in the mucosae of untreated patients, which were reduced (except for mast cells) by dietary gluten restriction, immunohistochemical techniques were far more sensitive in defining these changes. There were highly significant increases in CD3+ and gamma delta+ lymphocytes within both the lamina propria and the epithelium while neutrophils (CD15+ cells) were not at all prominent. Activated (CD25+) lymphocytes expressing interleukin (IL)-2 receptors were increased in lamina propria, usually subjacent to basal lamina, although a few IL-2R+ intraepithelial lymphocytes were found: other IL-2R+ cells were deemed to be macrophages (CD68+). These results clearly indicate that in untreated, gluten sensitised subjects the rectal mucosa shows a lymphoplasmacytoid reaction that is responsive to gluten restriction. The absence of neutrophilia suggests that this lesion is not a conventional inflammatory type proctitis, but rather one presumed to be induced by gluten antigen(s) present in the faecal stream--that is, a cell mediated form of response.
First patient to receive complete face transplant can leave hospital
Authors: L. Eaton
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The world’s first patient to undergo a complete face transplantation has recovered enough to be discharged from hospital, four months after his 24 hour surgery.

The operation took place at the Vall d’Hebron University Hospital in Barcelona at the end of March and involved a team of more than 30 medical professionals, working in two hour shifts ( BMJ 2010;340:c2303, doi:10.1136/bmj.c2303).

The patient, Oscar (whose surname was not given out by the hospital), spoke for the first time about his transplant at a press conference on 26 July, when he thanked the hospital team and the donor. It had, he said, given him the chance of a normal life.

He is making good progress, having regained the …
Case 23-1962
Authors: John E. Gary
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

Presentation of CaseA seventy-two-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of swelling of the left knee.Two and a half years previously the patient fell, striking the left knee. Moderate pain and swelling developed; an x-ray examination was negative. The symptoms regressed gradually. Six months later slowly progressive, relatively painless swelling in the left knee began, causing minimal debility and discomfort only when he went up and down stairs. X-ray films of the knee taken one year before entry were abnormal, and an operation was recommended at that time, but he refused. Shortly before admission the swelling was . . .
Isolated recombinant domain of von Willebrand factor displaying increased sensitivity to ristocetin
Authors: Tomohiro Hayashi, Jerry Ware, Kenji Niiya, Nobuo Sakuragawa
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1996)

Type 2B von Willebrand disease is characterized by an abnormal von Willebrand factor molecule with increased affinity for the platelet glycoprotein (GP) lb-IX receptor. A diagnostic feature of type 2B von Willebrand disease is a characteristic loss of von Willebrand factor high molecular weight multimers. In vitro, the soluble interaction of normal von Willebrand factor with platelets can be initiated with exogenous modulators, the most common being the antibiotic ristocetin. The variant molecules resulting in type 2B von Willebrand disease can sustain binding to platelets at subnormal levels of ristocetin. We characterized the von Willebrand factor gene of an individual with type 2B von Willebrand disease and identified a nucleotide transition resulting in an Arg543→Trp amino-acid substitution within the GP lb-IX binding domain of von Willebrand factor. In this study we demonstrate that a recombinant plasmid capable of expressing the isolated GP lb-IX binding domain of von Willebrand factor, and containing the Arg543→Trp amino-acid substitution, secretes a dimeric molecule that supports platelet agglutination using subnormal levels of ristocetin. These results demonstrate that the mutation at position 543 increases the affinity between the variant molecule and platelet GP lb-IX as an intrinsic feature of the isolated von Willebrand factor domain. Thus, structural perturbations within the GP lb-IX binding domain that are independent of the von Willebrand factor multimeric structure can sufficiently increase the affinity of von Willebrand factor to sustain platelet aggregation, using subnormal levels of ristocetin. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cadmium uptake and metabolism in cultured cells.
Authors: A Glennås, H E Rugstad
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1984)

Cultured cells have been made resistant to otherwise lethal concentrations of the toxic Cd ion, probably by induction of metallothionein (MT) synthesis and binding of Cd to the MT. One human epithelial cell line (HE) and two enzyme-deficient mutants of mouse fibroblasts (L-cells) (Cl 1D and A9) and their Cd-resistant substrains with a high content of MT, have been used to study cellular Cd uptake and metabolism. For cell survival of "wild type" cells, the critical level of intracellular Cd is determined to be around 6 nmole Cd/mg cell protein. Resistant cells can tolerate Cd levels several times above this concentration, if the major part of Cd is bound to MT. The technique of perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy (PAC) has been applied to living Cd-resistant cells. It was shown that greater than 66% of Cd in the resistant strains was bound to MT, and that MT is apparently freely suspended in the cell cytoplasm. Chelating agents differ in toxicity and Cd-releasing effect on the cells, but apparently remove the non-MT-bound Cd pool. After various periods of Cd omission, either in vitro or in vivo, growing the cells as tumors in athymic nude mice, the stability of Cd resistance in these cells seems to be dependent on the capacity of cells for de novo synthesis of MT shortly after re-exposure to the metal.
The relationship of excitability to conduction velocity in canine Purkinje tissue.
Authors: J Peon, G R Ferrier, G K Moe
Journal: Circulation Research (1978)

The relationship between interelectrode conduction time and "take-off" potential (TOP) was studied with microelectrode techniques in isolated canine false tendons. Conduction of regular or test beats initiated during phase 4 dopolarization or late phase 3 repolarization speeded as TOP decreased. Similarly, beats initiated during digitalis-induced oscillatory after potentials demonstrated more rapid conduction at lower TOP. Because of the frequency-coupled nature of the oscillations, conduction times became rate dependent. Phenytoin antagonized digitalis oscillations and reversed speeding of conduction attributable to the oscillations. No uniform relationship between speed of conduction and maximum upstroke velocity of the action potential could be demonstrated in the above experiments or when speed of conduction was varied by changes in concentration of K+ or Ca2+. However speed of conduction could be demonstrated to vary directly with changes in excitability as measured by intracellular current injection.
Introductory Lecture on the Influence of Human Progress on Medical Education
Authors: W. Aitken
Journal: BMJ (1872)

IT is proverbially difficult to make a beginning.Indeed, " the difficulty of the first address, on any new occasion, is felt by every man in his transactions with the world, and confessed by the settled and regular forms of salutation which necessity has introduced into all languages."Twice eacls year these seats are filled by new comers; and, on such
Monetary value of a human life
Authors: J S Robertson
Journal: BMJ (1978)

<h3>Abstract</h3> In our previous paper (Bijsterbosch et al., 2018), we showed that network-based modelling of brain connectivity interacts strongly with the shape and exact location of brain regions, such that cross-subject variations in the spatial configuration of functional brain regions are being interpreted as changes in functional connectivity. Here we show that these spatial effects on connectivity estimates actually occur as a result of spatial overlap between brain networks. This is shown to systematically bias connectivity estimates obtained from group spatial ICA followed by dual regression. We introduce an extended method that addresses the bias and achieves more accurate connectivity estimates. <h3>Impact statement</h3> We show that functional connectivity network matrices as estimated from resting state functional MRI are biased by spatially overlapping network structure.
Initial Cholecystectomy vs Sequential Common Duct Endoscopic Assessment and Subsequent Cholecystectomy for Suspected Gallstone Migration
Authors: Pouya Iranmanesh, Jean-Louis Frossard, Béatrice Mugnier-Konrad, Philippe Morel, Pietro Majno, Thai Nguyen-Tang, Thierry Berney, Gilles Mentha, Christian Toso
Journal: JAMA (2014)

<h3>Importance</h3> The optimal management of treatment for patients at intermediate risk of a common duct stone (including increased liver function tests but bilirubin &lt;4 mg/dL and no cholangitis) is a matter of debate. Many stones migrate spontaneously into the duodenum, making preoperative common duct investigations unnecessary. <h3>Objective</h3> To compare strategies of cholecystectomy first vs a sequential endoscopic common duct assessment and cholecystectomy for the management of patients with an intermediate risk of a common duct stone. The main objective was to reduce the length of stay and the secondary objectives were to reduce the number of common duct investigations, morbidity, and costs. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> Interventional, randomized clinical trial with 2 parallel groups performed between June 2011 and February 2013, with a patient follow-up of 6 months. The trial comprised a random sample of 100 adult patients admitted to Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland, for acute gallstone-related conditions with an intermediate risk of a common duct stone. Fifty patients were randomized to each group. <h3>Interventions</h3> Cholecystectomy first with intraoperative cholangiogram for the study group and endoscopic common duct assessment and clearance followed by cholecystectomy for the control group. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Length of initial hospital stay (primary end point), number of common duct investigations and morbidity and mortality within 6 months after initial admission, and quality of life at 1 and 6 months after discharge (EQ-5D-5L [EuroQol Group, 5-level] questionnaire). <h3>Results</h3> Patients who underwent cholecystectomy as a first step had a significantly shorter length of hospital stay (median, 5 days [interquartile range {IQR}, 1-8] vs median, 8 days [IQR, 6-12];<i>P</i> &lt; .001), with fewer common duct investigations (25 vs 71;<i>P</i> &lt; .001), no significant difference in morbidity or quality of life. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Among patients at intermediate risk of a common duct stone, initial cholecystectomy compared with sequential common duct endoscopy assessment and subsequent surgery resulted in a shorter length of stay without increased morbidity. If these findings are confirmed, initial cholecystectomy with intraoperative cholangiogram may be a preferred approach. <h3>Trial Registration</h3> Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01492790.
Dental Lesions Causing Abnormalities on Skeletal Scintigraphy
Authors: KENNETH P. LYONS, JERALD L. JENSEN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1979)

The dental lesions of periodontitis, periodontal cysts, and tooth extraction were studied by Tc-99m phosphate scintigraphy of the jaws. Inflamed apical periodontal lesions caused a localized area of increased concentration of radiotracer regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms. Scintigrams may be positive up to eight months after dental extractions but tend to return to normal thereafter unless complications arise.
Abstract 3331: CD24 promotes HER2 signaling pathways and CD24 inhibition sensitizes anti-HER2 therapy in breast cancer
Authors: Yoshimi Arima, Mari Hosonaga, Hideyuki Saya
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-overexpressing breast cancers are treated with HER2-targeted agents such as trastuzumab and lapatinib, which suppress HER2-initiated activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. CD24 is a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane protein and its overexpression is correlated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. It has been reported that CD24 tends to be highly expressed in the HR-HER2+ breast cancer subgroup, which is negative for the hormone receptors (HRs) and positive for HER2. To determine the relationship between CD24 and HER2, we overexpressed HER2 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, which were negative for CD24 and HER2. We found that the expression of CD24 was increased by the overexpression of HER2. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the expression of CD24 was higher in the HER2-positive fraction than in the HER2-negative fraction. Conversely, in BT474 cells which express both CD24 and HER2, CD24 knockdown reduced the expression of HER2, while the knockdown of HER2 did not affect the expression of CD24. Furthermore, the knockdown of CD24 decreased the phosphorylation of Akt, which is known as a downstream molecule of PI3K and is related to cell survival. Accordingly, CD24 plays an important role in the regulation of the HER2-initiated signaling pathway. Based on these findings, we speculated that the expression of CD24 promotes a resistance to HER2-targeted therapies, leading to tumor progression in HER2-overexpressing cancers. We found that the knockdown of CD24 enhanced the sensitivity to lapatinib treatment. Consequently, we suggest using an anti-CD24 therapy to enhance the HER2-targeted therapy. Citation Format: Yoshimi Arima, Mari Hosonaga, Hideyuki Saya. CD24 promotes HER2 signaling pathways and CD24 inhibition sensitizes anti-HER2 therapy in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3331. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3331
FAS Promoter Polymorphism: Outcome of Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia. A Children's Oncology Group Report
Authors: Parinda A. Mehta, Robert B. Gerbing, Todd A. Alonzo, James S. Elliott, Tiffany A. Zamzow, Michelle Combs, Emily Stover, Julie A. Ross, John P. Perentesis, Soheil Meschinchi, Beverly J. Lange, Stella M. Davies
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: FAS is a cell surface receptor involved in apoptotic signal transmission. Deregulation of this pathway results in down-regulation of apoptosis and subsequent persistence of a malignant clone. A single nucleotide polymorphism resulting in guanine-to-adenine transition in the FAS promoter region (position -1377) is thought to reduce stimulatory protein 1 transcription factor binding and decrease FAS expression. Previous work has shown increased risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adult patients with a variant allele at this site. The same authors have shown that the presence of an adenine residue rather than a guanine residue at −1,377 bp significantly attenuates transcription factor stimulatory protein 1 binding and may contribute to a reduction in FAS expression and ultimately to the enrichment of apoptosis-resistant clones in AML. We hypothesized that FAS genotype by altering susceptibility to apoptosis might affect outcome of childhood AML therapy. Experimental Design: Four hundred forty-four children treated for de novo AML on a uniform protocol were genotyped for FAS 1377. Results: There were no significant differences in overall survival, event-free survival, treatment-related mortality, or relapse rate between patients with FAS 1377GG genotype versus 1377GA/1377AA genotypes. Conclusions: FAS 1377 genotype does not alter outcome of de novo AML in children.