tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The malignant conversion step of mouse skin carcinogenesis.
Authors: S H Yuspa, H Hennings, D Roop, J Strickland, D A Greenhalgh
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

Multiple benign squamous papillomas commonly precede the development of an occasional squamous cell carcinoma in mouse skin carcinogenesis. The incidence of carcinomas can be enhanced by treating papilloma-bearing mice with mutagens such as urethane, nitroquinoline-N-oxide, or cisplatinum. This observation suggests that a genetic change is required for malignant conversion. The malignant phenotype is characterized by a marked reduction in the transcription of specific epidermal differentiation markers, a pattern which is useful for the early diagnosis of malignant conversion. Cells expressing a benign phenotype can be obtained by introducing the v-rasHa oncogene into cultured epidermal cells by a replication-defective retrovirus. Alternatively, benign tumor cells can be cultured from papillomas induced by chemical carcinogens in vivo or from carcinogen-treated mouse epidermis. In all cases, the benign phenotype in vitro is characterized by an altered biological response to changes in extracellular calcium, an important determinant of the differentiation state of cultured normal keratinocytes. Transfection of cloned plasmid DNA into benign tumor cells has revealed that transforming constructs of the fos oncogene induce malignant conversion, whereas myc and adenovirus E1A oncogenes do not. The fos carcinomas do not express differentiation-specific epidermal markers and secrete proteases such as transin and urokinase, a set of characteristics previously noted for chemically induced skin carcinomas. Cultured normal epidermal cells, exposed to the v-ras and the v-fos oncogenes simultaneously, are malignantly transformed. Alone, the fos oncogene does not detectably alter the phenotype of normal keratinocytes. These studies indicate that a limited number of genes is involved in epidermal carcinogenesis.
Bone marrow necrosis: Clinicopathologic analysis of 20 cases and review of the literature
Authors: Semra Paydas, Melek Ergin, Fikri Baslamisli, Sinan Yavuz, Suzan Zorludemir, Berksoy Sahin, Filiz A. Bolat
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2002)

Abstract Bone marrow necrosis (BMN) is a relatively uncommon clinicopathologic entity. The etiology is diverse, and malignancy, especially hematopoietic in origin, is the most common underlying disease of BMN. In this retrospective analysis, cases with BMN were re‐evaluated for etiology, histopathologic details, and clinical manifestations. In the last 8 years, 23 cases of BMN were detected among the 1,083 bone marrow (BM) biopsies, and the prevalence was found to be 2.2%. Three of these 23 cases with BMN were children, and 20 cases were in adults. Sixteen of these cases (80%) had underlying malignant disease, and four (20%) had nonmalignant disease. Among the malignant cases, three cases had acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), four had relapsed Hodgkin's disease (R‐HD), one had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), two had chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), two had non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), three had disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) associated with metastatic solid tumor, and one had myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative syndrome (MDS/MPS). Among the nonmalignant cases, two had tuberculosis infection, one had anti‐phospholipid syndrome (APS), and one had a history of drug ingestion. The most common symptoms were bone pain, fever, fatigue, and jaundice. The most common laboratory findings were variable and associated with underlying disease, but anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and high LDH and alkaline phosphatase levels were detected in the majority of the cases, as was also seen in other series. BMN was graded according to the extent of necrosis in the BM biopsy, and necrosis was extensive in 12 cases, moderate in five cases, and mild in three cases. Increased reticulin was found in 16 cases; four cases had severe, eight had moderate, and four had mild fibrosis, and this was found to be an interesting accompanying finding in BMN. In conclusion malignancy is the most common cause of BMN but some nonmalignant conditions such as tuberculosis and APS may be the underlying cause of BMN. Am. J. Hematol. 70:300–305, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Role of Medical Schools in Graduate Medical Education
Authors: Michael E. Whitcomb
Journal: JAMA (1994)

THIS ISSUE ofThe Journalcontains a considerable amount of information about the country's graduate medical education (GME) system and about the resident physicians enrolled in GME programs (Appendix II, page 725). The data in Appendix II document clearly the size and complexity of the GME enterprise and the fact that both the total number of resident physicians and the number on duty in first-year positions increased in 1993. The unremitting growth in the aggregate number of resident physicians enrolled in GME programs, in association with what is viewed as an imbalance in the specialty mix of those programs, has led policymakers once again to express concerns about the adverse impact the GME system has on the size and specialty composition of the physician workforce. These concerns are not new nor are the strategies being proposed to address them. See also p 725. During the past 20 years, the federal
Avidity of antibodies against released proteins of Yersinia spp: comparison of patients with or without reactive arthritis.
Authors: R Lahesmaa-Rantala, J Heesemann, O P Lehtonen, K Granfors, A Toivanen
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1989)

The avidity of IgM, IgG, and IgA class antibodies against virulence plasmid encoded proteins of yersinia, so called released proteins (RPs), was studied in the serum samples of 22 patients with yersinia triggered reactive arthritis and 22 with uncomplicated yersiniosis. The avidity of anti-RP antibodies did not differ significantly between the patient groups, even though the total amount of IgA class anti-RP antibodies was significantly higher in patients with arthritis than in those with uncomplicated yersiniosis at the early stage of infection. Earlier results with whole bacterial extracts or lipopolysaccharide as the antigens have shown an increased avidity of IgA class anti-yersinia antibodies in patients with yersinia triggered reactive arthritis. This phenomenon was not observed in antibody response against RPs, and thus production of these proteins seems unimportant at later stages of infection for the yersinia organisms stimulating the persisting and maturing antibody response in the yersinia triggered reactive arthritis.
First quality accounts show wide range of priorities among foundation trusts
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The first set of quality accounts produced by foundation trusts shows that a wide range of priorities and indicators are being used across the United Kingdom. A review of foundation trusts’ experiences, however, shows that only a few managed to fully engage with patients and other stakeholders to develop priorities in the first year.

The review, carried out by the Foundation Trust Network, states that the bundle of priorities selected by individual trusts is extremely diverse with over 200 metrics used to measure quality improvement. It notes that across the country there are several metrics in use by only one trust. Greater commonality, however, is seen in the areas most often selected for quality improvements in 2009-10.

Toby Lambert, policy director at Monitor, the independent regulator of foundation trusts, told the BMJ that the first set of quality reports from foundation trusts shows a bit of a mixed …
Atopic disorders in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: M Rudwaleit
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2002)

The prevalence of atopic disorders in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is unknown. AS and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) exhibit divergent T helper (Th) cell cytokine patterns.To test the hypothesis that Th2 polarised atopic disorders may be decreased in Th1 polarised RA but increased in AS, which is characterised by an impaired Th1 cytokine pattern, by assessing the prevalence of atopic disorders in AS and RA.2008 subjects (380 patients with AS, 728 patients with RA, 900 controls) from Berlin, Germany, were considered in this cross sectional study. A questionnaire incorporating questions from the European Community Respiratory Health Service (ECRHS) and the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) protocol was mailed to all subjects. Disease severity was assessed by the modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (mHAQ).1271 (63.3%) people responded to the questionnaire. The prevalence of any atopic disorder was 24.6% (61/248) in patients with AS, 20.7% (111/536) in controls, and 13.1% (64/487) in patients with RA (p=0.0009 for AS v RA; p=0.001 for controls v RA). Hay fever was reported by 40/248 (16.1%) patients with AS, 82/536 (15.3%) controls, and 42/487 (8.6%) patients with RA (p=0.002 for AS v RA; p=0.001 for controls v RA). Atopic dermatitis was reported by 19/248 (7.7%) patients with AS, 26/536 (4.9%) controls, and 14/487 (2.9%) patients with RA (p=0.003 for AS v RA), and asthma by 18/248 (7.3%) patients with AS, 35/536 (6.5%) controls, and 21/487 (4.3%) patients with RA. The differences were related neither to age nor to drugs. Disease severity was less in atopic patients with RA who had the atopic disorder before the onset of RA (median mHAQ 0.75) than in patients in whom RA preceded the atopic disorder (median mHAQ 1.75; p=0.027).Atopic disorders are decreased in RA but only slightly and non-significantly increased in AS. This may imply that atopy confers some protection from RA but only little if any susceptibility to AS. It may further indicate that the cytokine deviation towards an impaired Th1 pattern in AS is less strong than the cytokine deviation towards Th1 in RA, a finding which may affect future therapeutic approaches.
THE DEGREE OF GLYCEMIC CONTROL IS ASSOCIATED WITH EXTENSIVE SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND IMPAIRED SR-BI MEDIATED EFFLUX IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Kiyoko Uno, My-Ngan Duong, Preethi Mani, Kathy Wolski, Xing Chen, Li Ruliang, Yu Kataoka, Rishi Puri, Andrea Lavoie, Soo Hyun Kim, Stephen Nicholls
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Human hepatocellular carcinoma: Cross-reactive and idiotypic antigens associated with malignant transformation of epithelial cells
Authors: Karl H. Wiedmann, Ludwik K. Trejdosiewicz, Jennifer Southgate, Howard C. Thomas
Journal: Hepatology (1987)

Monoclonal antibodies were isolated following immunization with the HBsAg and alpha-fetoprotein-secreting human hepatoma PLC/PRF/5 ("Alexander") cell line. Three antibodies (K-PLC1, K-PLC2 and K-PLC3) showed evidence of carcinoma-associated reactivity by indirect immunofluorescence. Antibodies K-PLC2 and K-PLC3 reacted only with PLC/PRF/5 cells, but not with any other normal or malignant cell type tested, including the Hep/G2 hepatoma cell line. The reactivity of these antibodies was not removed by absorption with homogenates of either normal liver or a primary hepatocellular carcinoma. These results suggest that K-PLC2 and K-PLC3 identify PLC/PRF/5 idiospecific determinants. Following surface iodination of PLC/PRF/5 cells, immunoprecipitation and analysis on polyacrylamide gels, these specific determinants were found to be of 200,000 and 76,000 daltons, respectively. On the other hand, antibody K-PLC1, although unreactive by immunofluorescence on the majority of normal cell types, including those of lymphoid organs and bone marrow liver cells and most epithelia, was weakly positive on some normal ductal secretory epithelia and was positive on vascular endothelium. However, K-PLC1 reacted strongly with all carcinoma specimens tested, and with most carcinoma-derived cell lines, indicating a large increase in K-PLC1 antigen expression by epithelial cells after malignant transformation. Absorption of K-PLC1 with normal liver homogenate had no affect, but absorption with a hepatocarcinoma homogenate abolished its activity. The K-PLC1 antigen could not be immunoblotted or immunoprecipitated and resolved on polyacrylamide gels; yet it showed the properties of a phospholipid, namely resistance to proteases, extractability with organic solvents and sensitivity to phospholipase C.
Markers of cell death-activation in lymphocytes of vertically HIV-infected children naive to highly active antiretroviral therapy: The role of age
Authors: Alessandra Viganò, Marcello Pinti, Milena Nasi, Laura Moretti, Fiorella Balli, Cristina Mussini, Dorella Bricalli, Natascia Sala, Roberto Bugarini, Stefano Vella, Nicola Principi, Andrea Cossarizza
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2001)
Massive Hydrothorax Compacting Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: SERGE LEPAGE, GUY BISSON, JEAN VERREAULT, G??RARD E. PLANTE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

Massive hydrothorax occurring during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is a rare complication that may appear at any time during the course of the treatment. Most of the time, it is right-sided and is more frequent in female patients. A case is presented that was investigated by peritoneopleural scintigraphy. A rapid accumulation of the radiopharmaceutical over the right hemithorax was observed. To explain that finding, a macroscopic diaphragmatic defect was suspected. Different therapeutic approaches are presented.
THE RELATIVE PREVALENCE OF HUMAN AND BOVINE TYPES OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN BONE AND JOINT TUBERCULOSIS OCCURRING IN CHILDREN
Authors: John Fraser
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1912)

The all important point revealed by the investigation is the fact that a large proportion of bone and joint tuberculosis occurring in children in Edinburgh owes its origin to infection by the bovine bacillus. The bovine bacillus is introduced into the system practically by one route only, that of ingestion, and the medium with which it is ingested is cow's milk. It is not my intention to criticize in any way the existing conditions of milk supply. I have furnished proof of what is actually occurring and no one will deny that the evil is a remediable one. In those cases in which the human bacillus was present, a considerable proportion showed a definite history of pulmonary tuberculosis affecting a co-resident, and every fact went to prove that the infection had been a direct one from patient to child. A complete distinction can be drawn between human and bovine bacilli, and the distinction is best secured by subjecting the organism to a series of tests such as I have detailed. The subject is one which ought to be investigated in a series of different localities. It is possible that the locus may be a factor in the explanation of the difference between the above results and those of other observers.
Meningomyelocele: the price of treatment.
Authors: C D Lightowler
Journal: BMJ (1971)

This study was originally carried out to compare the manage ment of patients with meningomyelocele at the London Hospital with that at Sheffield Children's Hospital (where a particular clinical interest in this problem exists) with a view to improving the arrangements at the former. It soon became apparent that to set up a service along the lines of that in Sheffield would be extremely expensive and would place immense demands on the diagnostic and therapeutic facilities of a hospital whose re sources were already stretched to the maximum. It was therefore decided to assess, if possible, the cost to the taxpayer of a nationwide service in England and Wales. Many of these calculations are nothing more than educated estimates, but they do serve to show at least the minimum cost. In the last decade of the nineteenth century 153 babies in every 1,000 live births died in the first year of life. In 1965 this figure had been reduced to 19 deaths per 1,000 live births.12 Of these 19 deaths 21% were due to congenital abnormalities, and 0*5 per 1,000 of these were meningomyeloceles. Until about 14 years ago 94% of infants with a meningomyelocele died early of meningitis, progressive hydrocephalus, or the complications of paraplegia. Of the remainuer 4% lived as permanent invalids in chairs and 2% managed some form of life after multiple opera tions.1 Thus absence of treatment brought with it the inheritance of survivors whose mental and physical abilities left much to be desired, but who represented only 6% of affected children. These figures were produced by a policy of treatment which would now be regarded as treatment by neglect. An ethically acceptable minimum of treatment now produces a 30% survival rate at three years.3 Many of these survivors will be severely disabled, and about half will need almost permanent institutional care. The remainder all need special educational facilities and a great deal of surgical treatment. The use of antibiotics, bypass procedures for the hydroce phalus (which occurs in about half of these patients), and closure of the spinal defect within the first 24 hours of life have greatly improved the expectation of life. At 2 years 70% of these patients will be alive and 40% will survive to adult life, a good proportion achieving some independence.1 Figures based on the experience of the Sheffield Children's Hospital serve to indicate the size of the resulting therapeutic problem.2 These figures are for all patients with spina bifida cystica, and are therefore optimistic. Nevertheless, as 86*5% of such patients in Sharrard's study3 had meningomyeloceles these figures are a reasonable parallel, though not totally accurate. For every 100 patients 30 die. Of the remainder 15 have no urinary complications, 25 require operation resulting in satisfactory urinary function, 25 have satisfactory urinary function with
The Cause of Death
Authors: John Hitchcock
Journal: JAMA (1974)

To the Editor.—  The EDITORIAL by Hugh H. Hussey, MD, (The Cause of Death) (229:75, 1974) would have benefited greatly from the editorial by Samuel Vaisrub, MD, (The Whole Truth) sharing the same page, had Dr. Hussey enjoyed a bit of prerecognition.  Dr. Hussey notes correctly that the true cause of death is not to be found on the official death certificate. However, he does not give us the whole truth.  In his first illustrative case, a 65-year-old woman, on a day when rain was freezing on the pavement, slipped and broke her right hip. The fracture was treated promptly and acceptably, but on the eighth hospital day she was observed by her roommate to be gasping for breath. Five minutes later she died. Permission for a postmortem examination was denied, and the attending physician listed pulmonary embolism as the prime cause of death. The editorial suggested that the true
THE PHYSIOLOGIC ACTION, USES AND ABUSES OF ALCOHOL IN THE CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCE OF THE ACUTE INFECTIONS
Authors: JOSEPH L. MILLER
Journal: JAMA (1910)

by the addition of lead to the metal.Analysis of "Eu¬ phos" glass by Dr. Werder in Aarau showed that it was an iron glass containing lead.Sir William Crookes has recently made some valu¬ able experiments on the diathermancy and permeabil¬ ity of glasses to visible and ultra-violet rays for the Royal Society Committee.Various green glasses long used in the Palm House at Kew Gardens, specially adopted because of their impermeability to infra-red rays, were examined.One of these, a very dark green glass, originally used in the ferneries, is remarkable for the short length of spectrum if transmits.It is opaque at; the red end to rays longer than 579 microns and at the ultra-violet end to all rays shorter than 468 mi¬ crons.On account of its color and the amount of light which it absorbs it is unsuitable as a protective glass.An almost colorless glass, tinged with didymium, is remarkable.It is opaque at the red end to rays longer than 656 microns just transmitting the hydrogen nil.At the ultra-violet end it is opaque to rays shorter than 398 microns.Sir William Crookes suggests that further experiments should be carried out to include glasses tinted with other colored rare earths, as well as such metals as nickel, cobalt, chromium, uranium: etc., and also containing colorless oxids.It is noteworthy in this connection that Eder and Valentin found that ordinary tobalt glass is scarcely more absorptive of ulti'a-violet rays than ordinary flint or crown glass.It would ap¬ pear that the almost colorless didymium glass best meets the requirements for protecting the eyes against the action of ultra-violet rays. CONCLUSIONIn any case there can be no doubt that the problem will be solved with relative ease.Much remains, how¬ ever, to be accomplished in the direction of determin¬ ing with greater accuracy the physiologic and pathologic potency of these rays.If I have succeeded in arousing some interest in the subject and directing the attention of others able and qualified to extend the researches, my remarks, scattered and disjointed as they are, will not have been wholly vain.
Accuracy of inpatient oxygen administration.
Authors: A A Jeffrey, S Ray, N J Douglas
Journal: Thorax (1989)

The accuracy of supplemental oxygen delivery was assessed in two medical units. Only 90 of 206 patients (44%) were receiving oxygen as prescribed. The ward oxygen rotameters were inaccurate at normal clinical flow rates, the range of flows being delivered as a percentage of the indicated flow varying from 15% at 8 l/min to 40% at 1 and 2 l/min.
John Andrews Byrne
Authors: Sheena Blenkinsopp
Journal: BMJ (2005)

invented the Swan-Ganz cardiac catheter and was at the forefront of advances in cardiology for 40 years.A former president of the American College of Cardiology, Swan was an intellectual maverick who had vision, compassion, and wit.His cardiac catheter, made with a student of his called Willie Ganz, revolutionised heart surgery at its invention in 1968.It enabled bedside monitoring in critically ill patients by measuring heart output and capillary pressure in the lungs.This hugely improved the survival of patients with heart attacks, serious burns, acute respiratory failure, and many other conditions.Swan was born in Sligo Town, Ireland, the son of two general practitioners, and educated at Castle Knock School.From there he went to St Vincent's College, Dublin, but his studies were soon interrupted by meningitis and he lapsed into a coma.Penicillin was not yet available, but his mother gave him sulfa drugs, which saved his life.He recovered completely, both as a scholar and as a middle weight boxer.At St Thomas' Hospital Medical School his fellow students regarded him as a genius, and indeed, he was allowed to take his MRCP exams after six months instead of the usual two years.After six months as a casualty surgeon he did two years' war service with the Royal Air Force, mainly stationed at a military hospital in Iraq.Returning to St Thomas', he spent three years as physiology lecturer and was awarded a PhD for his early work on cardiac catheterisation and pharmacology, researching under Henry Barcroft, a historic figure in heart physiology.