tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cortical Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Qian Li, Zhong-Ming Qian, Gordon W. Arbuthnott, Ya Ke, Wing-Ho Yung
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2013)

High-frequency electrical stimulation that targets the subthalamic nucleus has proved to be beneficial in alleviating the motor symptoms in many patients with Parkinson disease. The mechanism of action for this paradigm of deep brain stimulation is still not fully understood, and this is, in part, attributed to the fact that there are diverse cellular elements at the stimulation site that could bring about local and distal effects. Recent studies in both human and animal models strongly suggest that the activity in the cortex, especially in the motor cortical areas, is directly altered by deep brain stimulation by signals traveling in an antidromic fashion from the subthalamic nucleus. Herein, we discuss the evidence for this proposition, as well as the mechanism by which antidromic activation desynchronizes motor cortical activity. The implications of these new findings for the pathogenesis and treatment of Parkinson disease are highlighted.
THE KOTTMANN REACTION AS APPLIED TO PSYCHIATRIC CASES
Authors: Theophile Raphael, George J. Smith
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1924)

In conclusion, on the basis of the application of the Kottmann reaction so called to a large series of psychiatric cases it appears that evidence and of an essentially direct type has been adduced as to the fundamental significance of the physiologic substrate and specifically, at least by inference, through this work, of the thyroid unit of the endocrine chain as regards the mediation of affective and feeling reaction on the psychic level and by corollary emphasizing importance of the psychogenic factor in cases showing actual clinical or medical endocrinopathy. This study is admittedly preliminary and it is only in the hope stimulating further investigation over this avenue of approach that formal presentation is made.
Radioimmunotherapy with yttrium-90-ibritumomab tiuxetan as part of a reduced- intensity conditioning regimen for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in patients with advanced non-Hodgkin lymphoma: results of a phase 2 study
Authors: Wolfgang A. Bethge, Thoralf Lange, Christoph Meisner, Stephanie von Harsdorf, Martin Bornhaeuser, Birgit Federmann, Michael Stadler, Lutz Uharek, Matthias Stelljes, Stefan Knop, Gerald Wulf, Rudolf Trenschel, Vladan Vucinic, Helmut Dittmann, Christoph Faul, Wichard Vogel, Lothar Kanz, Donald Bunjes
Journal: Blood (2010)
Phantom Infection in Asymptomatic Vessels
Authors: MICHAEL J. TSAPAKOS, BRUCE R. LINE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

Tc-99m autologous-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy is widely used to detect sites of abscess and infection. The authors report two cases in which persistent tracer uptake was found in patent, non-infected, asymptomatic vessels. One was in a lower extremity varicosity in a patient being screened for inflammatory disease of the opposite ankle. The other was in a prosthetic aorta-to-right common femoral artery by-pass graft, that was found to be noninfected by intraoperative swab biopsy. Persistent uptake in patent, noninfected vessels has not previously been reported. The cause of this persistent margination of radiolabeled white blood cells is unknown. These cases suggest the need to consider a noninfectious etiology for white cell localization in varicosities and by-pass grafts.
Big ET-1 infusion in man causes renal ET-1 release, renal and splanchnic vasoconstriction, and increased mean arterial blood pressure
Authors: G. Ahlborg, A. Ottosson-Seeberger, A. Hemsen, J. M Lundberg
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Objective: The aim was to study the vascular effects of big endothelin-1 (big ET-1) infusion and its possible conversion to ET-1. Methods: Six healthy subjects were given an intravenous infusion of big ET-1 in a dose of 8 pmol·kg−1·min−1 for 20 min. Blood samples were taken before, during, and up to 3 h after the infusion from arterial, hepatic, and renal vein catheters for the determination of splanchnic and renal blood flows, as well as ET-1-like immunoreactivity (ET-l-LI) from these vascular beds. Results: Intravenous infusion of big ET-1 was followed by a doubling of arterial ET-l-LI from 4.17(SEM 0.39) to 8.42(0.49) pmol·litre−1 (p < 0.001) and a significant increase in the renal release of ET-l-LI from 1.50(0.18) to 8.68(0.64) pmol·min−1 (p < 0.001) but no splanchnic release. Big ET-1 infusion also caused a decrease in heart rate from 57(4) to 45(3) beats·min−1 (p < 0.001) and an increase in mean arterial pressure from 86(1.3) to 106(3.2) mm Hg (p < 0.001), which lasted for at least 2 h. Renal blood flow fell from 1.38(0.06) to 0.83(0.04) litre·min−1 (p < 0.001) while splanchnic blood flow fell from 1.34(0.11) to 0.83(0.05) litre·min−1 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Big ET-1 infusion causes a drop in heart rate, an increase in mean arterial pressure and decreases in splanchnic and renal blood flows. Arterial plasma ET-1 levels doubled and big ET-1 infusion also induced a significantly increased renal, but not splanchnic, release of ET-l-LI, suggesting a unique renal handling of circulating big ET-1. When the results of the infusion of big ET-1 are compared with our previous experiments using ET-1 infusion, more marked haemodynamic changes (as reflected in the increase in mean arterial pressure, the drop in heart rate, and the duration of renal vasoconstriction) are seen despite lower arterial plasma ET-l-LI levels. Cardiovascular Research 1994;28:1559-1563
Evolution of high-level ethambutol-resistant tuberculosis through interacting mutations in decaprenylphosphoryl-β-D-arabinose biosynthetic and utilization pathway genes
Authors: Hassan Safi, Subramanya Lingaraju, Anita Amin, Soyeon Kim, Marcus Jones, Michael Holmes, Michael McNeil, Scott N Peterson, Delphi Chatterjee, Robert Fleischmann, David Alland
Journal: Nature Genetics (2013)
CULTIVATION EXPERIMENTS ON THE GLOBOID BODIES OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Wilson G. Smillie
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1918)

The globoid bodies, identical in morphological and cultural characteristics with the organisms described by Flexner and Noguchi, have been obtained in twenty-two cultures from the tissues of seven monkeys suffering from experimental poliomyelitis. Twenty of the strains were cultivated from the central nervous organs, all being obtained from the cerebrum except one, which was cultivated from the cervical portion of the spinal cord. Two strains were cultivated from the spleen. None of the cultivated strains inoculated produced typical poliomyelitis in monkeys. The recovery of a strain of the globoid bodies from the inoculated monkey is as difficult as is the original cultivation of the organisms from animals inoculated with the ordinary virus of poliomyelitis. Nothing in this study has served to implicate the streptococcus in the pathology of the poliomyelitic process; the streptococcus is, however, encountered as a common contaminant or secondary invader, especially in animals which have been etherized while moribund, or which had died some hours previous to the autopsy. When the infected and paralyzed animals are killed while still strong, secondary invading bacteria, including the streptococcus, tend to be absent from the tissues. A modified, perhaps improved, but alternative method has been devised for the cultivation of the globoid bodies and other microorganisms demanding a high degree of anaerobiosis.
The future of healthcare systems
Authors: R. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Extrapolation of current trends is a poor way to think about the future, particularly at times of great change. The best method, according to Ian Morrison, former president of the Institute for the Future in California, seems to be to bring together a diverse group of people knowledgeable about the subject of interest, provide them with good data, and ask them to imagine a series of possible scenarios. Earlier this year Andersen Consulting, the world's largest management consulting firm, invited 25 people from different parts of health care and from 10 countries to Singapore to consider how the world's healthcare systems might develop.

The group was particularly interested in what part “managed care” might play. The World Bank has argued that it has much to offer internationally, and many American managed care organisations have already begun to operate outside the United States. One of the main conclusions of the meeting was that the whole system of managed care (if there is such a thing) had little to offer but that the many tools of managed care (see box) had much to offer most healthcare systems.

#### Some tools of managed care

   Telemedicine

   Greater use of non-doctors

Although every healthcare system is different, they can be grouped into four “archetypes.” Socialised medicine (as in Britain or Sweden) covers everybody, has a single payer, and usually has those who provide care salaried or capitated (paid so much for every person for whom they provide care). Socialised insurance (as in Australia, Canada, or France) also covers everybody and has a single payer but pays those who provide care a fee for each service. Mandatory insurance (as in Germany, Brazil, Japan, Malaysia, and …
Reducing Black Neonatal Mortality-Reply
Authors: Nancy J. Binkin
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> We thank Dr Sepkowitz for his perceptive comments on the bias that may have occurred in our neonatal mortality calculations because we excluded infants with unknown birth weight or gestational age. As he points out, the incidence of missing data on birth weight, gestational age, or both is highest among low-birth-weight, premature babies, who are at high risk of neonatal mortality. Furthermore, these infants with unrecorded data appear to be at even higher risk of mortality than other infants of the same weight or gestational age. Had we been able to include these infants in our neonatal mortality calculations, Dr Sepkowitz suggests that the true mortality rates would have been higher than those we reported, especially in the low-birth-weight, low-gestational-age cells. He further suggests that because of different rates of missing data for whites and blacks, the differences we noted between white and black mortality could have been
Minor physical anomalies are not increased in the offspring of mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: P N Bonaminio, R de Regnier, E Chang, N Day, S Manzi, R Ramsey-Goldman
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

<b>Objective:</b> To determine the incidence and type of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) in infants born to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). <b>Methods:</b> Each trimester, pregnant women with SLE were assessed for disease activity, prescribed drug use, and exposure to tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs through a self reported questionnaire. Infant examinations were performed on 30/39 (77%) live births in women with SLE and the incidence of MPAs determined. <b>Results:</b> 2/30 (7%) patients had three or more MPAs; 4 (13%) had two; 7 (23%) had one; and 17 (57%) had none. One in three women reported alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use. Facial anomalies were the most common MPAs. The relative risk and 95% confidence interval for any MPA were 2.05 (0.99 to 4.26) for tobacco use; 1.95 (0.92 to 4.11) for alcohol use; 1.36 (0.165 to 11.23) for maternal disease flare; 0.63 (0.27 to 1.47) for prednisone use; and 0.72 (0.21 to 2.44) for aspirin use. <b>Conclusion:</b> 13/30 (43%) infants had minor anomalies—a similar incidence to that of the general population. Counselling for preventable self reported exposure is advisable in addition to counselling specifically for lupus management during pregnancy.
Effects of alpha-thalassemia and sickle polymerization tendency on the urine-concentrating defect of individuals with sickle cell trait.
Authors: A K Gupta, K A Kirchner, R Nicholson, J G Adams, A N Schechter, C T Noguchi, M H Steinberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

A defect in urine concentrating ability occurs in individuals with sickle cell trait (HbAS). This may result from intracellular polymerization of sickle hemoglobin (HbS) in erythrocytes, leading to microvascular occlusion, in the vasa recta of the renal medulla. To test the hypothesis that the severity of the concentrating defect is related to the percentage of sickle hemoglobin present in erythrocytes, urinary concentrating ability was examined after overnight water deprivation, and intranasal desmopressin acetate (dDAVP) in 27 individuals with HbAS. The HbAS individuals were separated into those who had a normal alpha-globin genotype (alpha alpha/alpha alpha), and those who were either heterozygous (-alpha/alpha alpha) or homozygous (-alpha/-alpha) for gene-deletion alpha-thalassemia, because alpha-thalassemia modulates the HbS concentration in HbAS. The urinary concentrating ability was less in the alpha alpha/alpha alpha genotype than in the -alpha/alpha alpha or -alpha/-alpha genotypes (P less than 0.05). After dDAVP, the urine osmolality was greater in patients with the -alpha/-alpha genotype than with the -alpha/alpha alpha genotype (882 +/- 37 vs. 672 +/- 38 mOsm/kg H2O) (P less than 0.05); patients with the -alpha/alpha alpha genotype had greater concentrating ability than individuals with a normal alpha-globin gene arrangement. There was an inverse linear correlation between urinary osmolality after dDAVP and the percentage HbS in all patients studied (r = -0.654; P less than 0.05). A linear correlation also existed for urine concentrating ability and the calculated polymerization tendencies for an oxygen saturation of 0.4 and O (r = -0.62 and 0.69, respectively). We conclude that the severity of hyposthenuria in HbAS is heterogeneous. It is determined by the amount of HbS polymer, that in turn is dependent upon the percentage HbS, which is itself related to the alpha-globin genotype.
Heparin: Metabolism, Physiology and Clinical Application.
Authors: David I. Abramson
Journal: JAMA (1963)

The author attempts to compile the literature on heparin which has appeared in the past 20 years. The bibliography at the end of each chapter is generally extensive and up to date. The book, however, would have benefited by more careful editing of the contents. There are typographical errors, mistakes in grammar, and repetition of references in the same listings. The book is divided into two parts: the chemistry, biochemistry and physiology of heparin and the clinical application of this drug. The chapters in the first part deal with such subjects as the chemistry and metabolism of heparin, the actions and functions of this drug, and its role as a lipid-clearing agent. Discussion of the clinical usage of heparin includes the effects of this agent on thrombo-embolic and atherosclerotic diseases and a number of other conditions. The indices are adequate, the format pleasing. The volume may help research workers and
NOD2 prevents emergence of disease-predisposing microbiota
Authors: Thomas Secher, Sylvain Normand, Mathias Chamaillard
Journal: Gut Microbes (2013)

The gut flora is composed of a huge number of diverse, well-adapted symbionts that interact with epithelial lining throughout the host's entire life. Not all commensals have the same ability to maintain quiescent, protective inflammation. Importantly, instability in the composition of gut microbial communities (referred to as dysbiosis) has been linked to loss of gut barrier in the context of common human illnesses with increasing socio-economic impacts, such as Crohn disease and colorectal cancer. Our recent findings suggest that disease-predisposing dysbiosis can now be intentionally manipulated by targeting the major Crohn disease-predisposing NOD2 gene. That knowledge will not only add a new dimension to the often overlooked microbiology of Crohn disease and colorectal cancer, but will also have a broad impact on biomedical sciences worldwide.
Pathology of Bone
Authors: David C. Dahlin
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Because of the untimely death of Dr. Collins, his book, which had been planned for 24 chapters, is restricted to 12 chapters. The bulk of the uncompleted portion would have dealt with dysplasias and neoplasms of bone, and hence discussions of these subjects have been omitted. Chapter 11, dealing with infectious diseases of bone, was completed by Dr. O. G. Dodge, who prepared the entire text for publication and wrote the final chapter, on Paget's disease. The first three chapters give an account of the structure, chemistry, development, repair, and pathologic formation of bone. The author's depth of knowledge in pathology and physiology has produced an especially accurate and lucid account in these sections, perhaps most notably in his discussion of fracture repair. This same type of treatment continues in subsequent sections dealing with a wide variety of metabolic diseases, including conditions associated with vitamin lack or excess, various deficiency
Republished research: Effectiveness of intervention on physical activity of children: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials with objectively measured outcomes (EarlyBird 54)
Authors: Brad Metcalf, William Henley, Terence Wilkin
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Study question How effective are physical activity interventions at increasing the activity of children?

Summary answer Physical activity interventions achieve a small to negligible increase in total activity, with a small improvement in the time spent at moderate or vigorous intensities amounting to around four more minutes walking or running per day.

What is known and what this paper adds Physical activity interventions have little effect on the prevention of childhood obesity, but the reasons for this have been unclear. The finding that physical activity interventions have little …
Dermcidin is constitutively produced by eccrine sweat glands and is not induced in epidermal cells under inflammatory skin conditions
Authors: S. Rieg, C. Garbe, B. Sauer, H. Kalbacher, B. Schittek
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2004)

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important effector molecules of innate immunity, protecting epithelial surfaces of multicellular organisms. In human skin two classes of AMPs-the beta-defensins and the cathelicidins-are produced by keratinocytes primarily under inflammatory conditions. In contrast, dermcidin (DCD), a recently discovered AMP with broad-spectrum activity, is expressed in eccrine sweat glands and transported via sweat to the epidermal surface.To investigate whether DCD expression is induced under inflammatory conditions in epidermal keratinocytes.Lesional skin of the inflammatory skin diseases atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and lichen planus was analysed by immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal anti-DCD antiserum. We also examined whether DCD RNA expression is induced in cultured human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, melanocytes and melanoma cells.Whereas DCD was constitutively expressed in eccrine sweat glands of all skin biopsies, we found that, independent of the type of the inflammatory skin lesion, DCD protein expression was not induced in human epidermal keratinocytes. In contrast, beta-defensin 2 was expressed in epidermal keratinocytes of inflammatory human skin, but not in keratinocytes of healthy human skin. Upon stimulation of the cultured cells with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, lipopolysaccharide or H2O2, DCD mRNA expression was not detected in primary keratinocytes, fibroblasts and melanocytes, but was detected in MeWo and SKMEL28 melanoma cells.These results indicate that, unlike human cathelicidins and beta-defensins which are inducible peptides that primarily function in response to injury and inflammation, DCD is exclusively part of the constitutive innate defence of human skin. By modulating surface colonization, DCD may help to prevent local and systemic invasion of pathogens.
The White Blood Cell Count as a Risk Factor
Authors: Eugene L. Gottfried
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The clinical value of a laboratory test depends on more than just a statistically significant difference between two test groups. Grimm et al<sup>1</sup>may have overemphasized the prognostic importance of the white blood cell count for coronary heart disease. The unwary may be misled into believing that a blood cell count can actually identify persons at risk. When the test groups are large, even minor differences may be statistically significant. For example, in one study of about 1,300 healthy subjects,<sup>2</sup>there was a small but highly significant sex difference in the platelet count (<i>P</i>&lt;.0001). Even so, there are better ways than a platelet count to separate the girls from the boys!
Mushroom Toxins — A Brief Review of the Literature
Authors: Robert W. Buck
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

Deaths from mushroom poisoning are uncommon in this country chiefly because gathering wild mushrooms for the table is the hobby of only a few enthusiasts, but also because the great bulk of fungi are harmless. A few are deadly.Of 24 fatal cases recorded in American literature since 1924 and in personal communications, 11 were due to the bulb agarics with white, amyloid-staining spores (Amanita verna and its subspecies and American phenotypes of A. phalloides),† 7 to the ascomycete Gyromitra esculenta, 1 to the panther mushroom A. pantherina, whose white spores do not take the amyloid . . .
Aneurism in the Groin and Ham of the Same Side; Ligature of the External Iliac Artery; Gangrene; Amputation of Thigh: Recovery
Authors: T. Diver
Journal: BMJ (1874)

THIE BRITISII MEDICAL _'OURNAL.3I bifurcation of the trachea being easily seen by the latter.Oni examina- tion, the left vocal cord was seen to be tense antd absolutely m71otionless.During ordinary respiration, the right cord showed very slight move-
Progress in Cardiology 9
Authors: Irwin R. Callen
Journal: JAMA (1981)

This is the ninth annual volume of<i>Progress in Cardiology</i>, the first having appeared in 1972. It embodies eight chapters from cardiologists and scientists here and abroad. Chapter 1 is a review by Dr M. F. Oliver of Edinburgh, Scotland, appraising six clinical trials reducing cholesterol levels in apparently healthy individuals. This review suggests the use of clofibrate or a diet that is low in cholesterol and high in unsaturated fat, or both, may create other problems while reducing cholesterol levels. Dr J. G. Sloman and co-workers, of Australia, discuss the approach to the late phase of acute myocardial infarction in the second chapter. In chapter 3, Dr B. N. Chiang and colleagues, of Taiwan, discuss the value of a combination of crosssectional echocardiography and radionuclide ventriculography in the diagnosis of ventricular aneurysm. Drs Fleming and Newsom of Cambridge, England, summarize advances in diagnosis and therapy, including prophylaxis of infective