tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Blood Volume Changes in Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease and Polycythemia Rubra Vera
Authors: DAVID VÉREL
Journal: Circulation (1961)

The blood volume has been measured in 12 adult patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease and in 12 patients with polycythemia rubra vera by radioactive isotopes. In congenital heart disease the total blood volume was found to be within normal limits provided the red cell volume had not risen so high as to make an increase in total blood volume inevitable. In polycythemia rubra vera the total blood volume increased rapidly once a hematocrit level of 55 per cent had been exceeded. Increasing polycythemia in congenital heart disease was found to be associated with the predictable fall in plasma volume, and a formula for estimating the plasma volume from the predicted normal blood volume and the hematocrit is presented. It is suggested that the low plasma volume that may be found in very polycythemic patients may be partly responsible for their known tendency to postoperative hemorrhage.
England needs more second opinion psychiatrists to safeguard patients' rights
Authors: L. Eaton
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The shortage of second opinion doctors to make decisions under the Mental Health Act is a major concern for the Department of Health, England’s national director for mental health, Louis Appleby, has admitted.

Speaking at a conference of mental health trust managers in Birmingham on 12 November, Professor Appleby called on them to try to recruit more doctors whose role it is to give a second opinion, if requested to do so, before a patient is sectioned under the act.

“We need your help in getting this right,” he said. “We need 40 more doctors. If every organisation here produced a second opinion doctor, the problem would …
Sleep disorders in children and adolescents
Authors: Suresh Kotagal, Paul Pianosi
Journal: BMJ (2006)

A recent telephone survey of 1125 adolescents aged 15-18 from France, Great Britain, Germany, and Italy found that about 20% were sleepy in the daytime, 25% had insomnia symptoms, and 4% met established criteria for an insomnia disorder.1 2 Sleep-wake disorders are common and have an important impact on the quality of life of children, but if they are promptly recognised and treated the outcome is favourable. Alertness is the inherent ability of the brain to sustain attention and wakefulness with little or no external stimulation;3 sleepiness results from impaired daytime alertness.

To review issues pertaining to childhood sleep-wake function, we selected Cochrane reviews and key original articles pertaining to sleep neurobiology and childhood sleep-wake disorders, and used our own clinical experience in writing this review.

Whether a person is awake or asleep at any given time depends on the net balance between the circadian drive, which facilitates wakefulness, and the homeostatic drive, which facilitates sleep.4–6

The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus is the circadian timekeeper (biological clock); it receives photic input from the retina and regulates the timing and length of sleep. The hypocretin (orexin) neurons located in the dorsolateral hypothalamus, and their projections to the ventral forebrain and brainstem, serve as the major wakefulness promoting system.

Serum levels of melatonin, a sleep inducing hormone produced by the pineal gland, rise just before sleep onset. Around adolescence, the timing of release of melatonin shifts to a later time at night, rendering teenagers incapable of falling asleep before about 10 30 pm.

As a general rule in a school age child, habitually falling asleep while travelling in a car or train for less than 30 minutes or while reading or watching television, or regularly napping on return home from school in the afternoon should raise …
Implications of reversibility testing on prevalence and risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a community study
Authors: A Johannessen
Journal: Thorax (2005)

The Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) has defined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a post-bronchodilator ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) of <0.7. In the first general population based study to apply post-bronchodilator values, the prevalence and predictors of GOLD defined COPD were assessed and the implications of beta2 agonist reversibility testing examined.Based on a random population sample, 2235 subjects (77%) aged 26-82 years performed spirometric tests before and 15 minutes after inhaling 0.3 mg salbutamol.The prevalence of GOLD defined COPD was 7.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.9 to 8.0). This estimate was 27% lower than COPD defined without bronchodilatation. One percent of the population had severe or very severe COPD. Compared with women, men had 3.1 (95% CI 2.1 to 4.8) times higher odds for COPD. Subjects with a smoking history of more than 20 pack years had an odds ratio (OR) of 6.2 (95% CI 3.4 to 11.0) for COPD relative to never-smokers, while subjects older than 75 years had an OR of 18.0 (95% CI 9.2 to 35.0) relative to those below 45 years. Subjects with primary education only had an OR of 2.8 (95% CI 1.4 to 5.3) compared with those with university education. Subjects with body mass index (BMI) <20 kg/m2 were more likely than subjects with BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2 to have COPD (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.3). The adjusted proportion of COPD attributable to smoking was 68%.These results indicate that community programmes on prevention of COPD should focus on anti-smoking, nutritional aspects, and socioeconomic conditions. The effect of beta2 reversibility testing on prevalence estimates of COPD was substantial.
Dispatcher-Assisted Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Survival in Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Thomas D. Rea, Mickey S. Eisenberg, Linda L. Culley, Linda Becker
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) improves survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and dispatcher-delivered instruction in CPR can increase the proportion of arrest victims who receive bystander CPR before emergency medical service (EMS) arrival. However, little is known about the survival effectiveness of dispatcher-delivered telephone CPR instruction.We evaluated a population-based cohort of EMS-attended adult cardiac arrests (n=7265) from 1983 through 2000 in King County, Washington, to assess the association between survival to hospital discharge and 3 distinct CPR groups: no bystander CPR before EMS arrival (no bystander CPR), bystander CPR before EMS arrival requiring dispatcher instruction (dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR), and bystander CPR before EMS arrival not requiring dispatcher instruction (bystander CPR without dispatcher assistance). In this cohort, 44.1% received no bystander CPR before EMS arrival, 25.7% received dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR, and 30.2% received bystander CPR without dispatcher assistance. Overall survival was 15.3%. Using no bystander CPR as the reference group, the multivariate adjusted odds ratio of survival was 1.45 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21, 1.73) for dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR and 1.69 (95% CI, 1.42, 2.01) for bystander CPR without dispatcher assistance.Dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR seems to increase survival in cardiac arrest.
CTACK /CCL27 expression in psoriatic skin and its modification after administration of etanercept
Authors: A. Campanati, G. Goteri, O. Simonetti, G. Ganzetti, K. Giuliodori, D. Stramazzotti, D. Morichetti, M.L. Bernardini, B. Mannello, G. Fabris, A. Offidani
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2007)

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha upregulates the expression of a cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine (CTACK/CCL27), that promotes migration of cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen-positive lymphocytes into the skin. The role of CTACK/CCL27 in pathogenesis of psoriasis has recently been documented but no data are available at the present time on its modification in psoriatic cutaneous tissue after administration of etanercept.To evaluate modifications of CTACK/CCL27 expression in skin of patients with psoriasis after administration of etanercept and their relation with disease activity.Twenty-two patients with moderate to severe psoriasis underwent clinical, histological and immunohistochemical evaluations of disease activity at baseline and at 12 and 24 weeks after starting treatment with etanercept.All selected patients experienced an improvement of Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score (P < 0.001) and Dermatology Life Quality Index score (P < 0.001) during the treatment. Skin histological abnormalities showed statistically significant modifications during treatment (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical expression of CTACK/CCL27 decreased significantly (P < 0.001) and its relation with final PASI score was statistically significant (P < 0.05); the pattern of distribution of CTACK/CCL27 immunoreactivity significantly moved from diffuse and predominantly suprabasal to basal (P < 0.001) and the restoration of basal distribution of CTACK/CCL27 was also significantly related to clinical improvement of cutaneous disease (P < 0.001).Etanercept induces a clinical and histological improvement of psoriatic disease, promoting a reduction in CTACK/CCL27 cutaneous immunostaining and favouring the restoration of physiological CTACK/CCL27 epidermal expression. Moreover, CTACK/CCL27 reduction in cutaneous expression during administration of etanercept could be considered a favourable prognostic marker.
Experts urge commissioners to invest in self management courses for patients with chronic disease
Authors: T. Richards
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Clinical commissioning groups in England should recognise the value to patients and the potential cost savings to the NHS of increasing investment in self management courses for patients with long term conditions, a meeting convened by the Expert Patients Programme agreed last week.

The programme (www.expertpatients.co.uk), which was set up and financed by the Department of Health 10 years ago and contracted out to a social entrepreneur in 2004, is now run by a not for profit community interest group that deploys a large number of volunteers with experience of living with long term conditions. The self management courses aim …
Trp53R172H and KrasG12D cooperate to promote chromosomal instability and widely metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in mice
Authors: Sunil R. Hingorani, Lifu Wang, Asha S. Multani, Chelsea Combs, Therese B. Deramaudt, Ralph H. Hruban, Anil K. Rustgi, Sandy Chang, David A. Tuveson
Journal: Cancer Cell (2005)
Angiotensin II stimulates expression of the chemokine RANTES in rat glomerular endothelial cells. Role of the angiotensin type 2 receptor.
Authors: G Wolf, F N Ziyadeh, F Thaiss, J Tomaszewski, R J Caron, U Wenzel, G Zahner, U Helmchen, R A Stahl
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Glomerular influx of monocytes/macrophages (M/M) occurs in many immune- and non-immune-mediated renal diseases. The mechanisms targeting M/M into the glomerulus are incompletely understood, but may involve stimulated expression of chemokines. We investigated whether angiotensin II (ANG II) induces the chemokine RANTES in cultured glomerular endothelial cells of the rat and in vivo. ANG II stimulated mRNA and protein expression of RANTES in cultured glomerular endothelial cells. The ANG II-induced RANTES protein was chemotactic for human monocytes. Surprisingly, the ANG II-stimulated RANTES expression was transduced by AT2 receptors because the AT2 receptor antagonists PD 123177 and CGP-42112A, but not an AT1 receptor blocker, abolished the induced RANTES synthesis. Intraperitoneal infusion of ANG II (500 ng/h) into naive rats for 4 d significantly stimulated glomerular RANTES mRNA and protein expression compared with solvent-infused controls. Immunohistochemistry revealed induction of RANTES protein mainly in glomerular endothelial cells and small capillaries. Moreover, ANG II- infused animals exhibited an increase in glomerular ED-1- positive cells compared with controls. Oral treatment with PD 123177 (50 mg/liter drinking water) attenuated the glomerular M/M influx without normalizing the slightly elevated systolic blood pressure caused by ANG II infusion, suggesting that the effects on blood pressure and RANTES induction can be separated. We conclude that the vasoactive peptide ANG II may play an important role in glomerular chemotaxis of M/M through local induction of the chemokine RANTES. The observation that the ANG II- mediated induction of RANTES is transduced by AT2 receptors may influence the decision as to which substances might be used for the therapeutic interference with the activity of the renin-angiotensin system.
Linking visual cortex to visual perception: An alternative to the Gestalt Bubble
Authors: Stephen Grossberg
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Lehar's lively discussion builds on a critique of neural models of vision that is incorrect in its general and specific claims. He espouses a Gestalt perceptual approach rather than one consistent with the “objective neurophysiological state of the visual system” (target article, Abstract). Contemporary vision models realize his perceptual goals and also quantitatively explain neurophysiological and anatomical data.
Decreased type VI adenylyl cyclase mRNA concentration and Mg2+-dependent adenylyl cyclase activities and unchanged type V adenylyl cyclase mRNA concentration and Mn2+-dependent adenylyl cyclase activities in the left ventricle of rats with myocardial infarction and longstanding heart failure
Authors: Isabelle Espinasse, Vadim Iourgenko, Christine Richer, Michèle Heimburger, Nicole Defer, Marie-Claude Bourin, Françoise Samson, Eric Pussard, Jean-François Giudicelli, Jean-Baptiste Michel, Jacques Hanoune, Jean-Jacques Mercadier
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

Objective: To address the effect of longstanding left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and failure on LV adenylyl cyclase (AC) gene expression, mRNA concentrations of the main cardiac AC isoforms were measured in the non-infarcted area of LV from rats with myocardial infarction (MI), without (H) or with (F) LV failure, and in control (C) rats. Basal, GTP- and forskolin-stimulated Mg2+- and Mn2+-dependent AC activities were also measured in F and C rats. Methods: Two- and six months after MI, steady-state AC mRNA concentrations were assessed by Northern blot analysis and RNase protection assay with isoform-specific cDNA and cRNA probes, respectively. AC activities were assessed on LV microsomal fractions using standard procedures. Results: Types V and VI, and types IV and VII were the major and minor AC mRNA isoforms in both the LVs of F and C rats. Two months after MI, no difference in LV type V or VI mRNA to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA ratios was observed in rats with H or F compared to C. Six months after MI, no difference in LV type V mRNA concentration was observed between the three rat groups, whether this level was normalized to GAPDH, poly-(A+) or 18S RNAs. In contrast, a 35% decrease in the type VI mRNA to poly-(A+) RNA ratio and a 29% decrease in the type VI mRNA to 18S RNA ratio was observed only in rats with F compared to C (p<0.05 vs. C for the two comparisons). Two- and six months after MI, basal and forskolin-stimulated Mg2+-dependent AC activities were decreased by 30–35% in F rats compared to C (p<0.05), whereas Mn2+-dependent activities were unchanged. Conclusion: Longstanding LV hypertrophy and failure resulting from MI in rats is not associated with altered expression of the most abundant, type V, AC mRNA isoform, whereas that of type VI is decreased. The lack of change in Mn2+-dependent AC activities in the LV of F rats suggests that this decrease has no functional consequence on overall AC activity and that decreased Mg2+-dependent activities are related to alterations occurring upstream.
Antibiotic Therapy of Staphylococcal Endocarditis
Authors: MICHAEL L. LEVIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Letters1 September 1979Antibiotic Therapy of Staphylococcal EndocarditisMICHAEL L. LEVIN, M.D.MICHAEL L. LEVIN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-91-3-492_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: I read with interest the article in the May issue "Single or Combination Therapy of Staphylococcal Endocarditis in Intravenous Drug Abusers" (1). I am particularly concerned that there was no mention of serumcidal or mean bactericidal concentration. We, too, have been concerned as to whether acute staphylococcal endocarditis could be better treated with single-drug or combination-drug therapy. In our experience, two recent cases in addicts were treated initially with a combination of semisynthetic penicillin and an aminoglycoside. Serumcidal studies pretherapy of 1:8 with demonstration of synergism using a combination of a semisynthetic penicillin and aminoglycoside prompted us...Reference1. ABRAMSSKLAVERHOFFMANGREENMAN BATR. Single or combination therapy of staphylococcal endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers. Ann Intern Med. 1979; 90:789-91. LinkGoogle Scholar1. SKLAVERHOFFMANGREENMAN ATR. Staphylococcal endocarditis in addicts. South Med J. 1978; 71:638-43. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. ABRAMSSKLAVERHOFFMANGREENMAN BATR. Single or combination therapy of staphylococcal endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers. Ann Intern Med. 1979;90:789-91. LinkGoogle Scholar3. DURACKPELLETIERPETERSDORF DLR. Chemotherapy of experimental streptococcal endocartidis: II. Synergism between penicillin and streptomycin against penicillin-sensitive streptococci. J Clin Invest. 1974; 53:829-33. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. LERNERWEINSTEIN PL. Infective endocarditis in the antibiotic era. N Engl J Med. 1966;274:323-31. CrossrefGoogle Scholar5. WEINSTEIN L. The Editor's notebook. Infect Dis Practice. 1979; 2:6. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Sinai Hospital of Baltimore Baltimore, MD 21215 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 September 1979Volume 91, Issue 3Page: 492-493KeywordsAddictsAntibioticsAttentionEndocarditisPenicillin Issue Published: 1 September 1979 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Identification of 6-hydroxy-trans,trans-2,4-hexadienoic acid, a novel ring-opened urinary metabolite of benzene.
Authors: S A Kline, J F Robertson, V L Grotz, B D Goldstein, G Witz
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

We studied the in vivo metabolism of benzene in mice to ring-opened compounds excreted in urine. Male CD-1 mice were treated intraperitoneally with benzene (110-440 mg/kg), [14C]benzene (220 mg/kg) or trans, trans-muconaldehyde (MUC; 4 mg/kg), a microsomal, hematotoxic metabolite of benzene. Urine, collected over 24 hr, was extracted and analyzed by HPLC with a diode-array detector and by scintillation counting. In addition to trans,trans-muconic acid, previously the only known ring-opened urinary benzene metabolite, a new metabolite, 6-hydroxy-trans,trans-2,4-hexadienoic acid, was detected in urine of mice treated with either benzene or MUC. We identified the new metabolite based on coelution of metabolites and UV spectral comparison with authentic standards in unmethylated and methylated urine extracts. Results presented here are consistent with the intermediacy of MUC in the in vivo metabolism of benzene to ring-opened metabolites.
Rhythmicity in the EEG and global stabilization of the average level of excitation in the cerebral cortex
Authors: M. N. Zhadin
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract The network model of EEG formation has revealed a unified mechanism for disparate EEG phenomena: for various reactions as well as for ontogenetic and phylogenetic differences. EEG rhythmicity was shown to be an external manifestation of the functioning of the intracortical stabilizing system which provides normal informational operations in the cerebral cortex.
Prevention of dementia in randomised double-blind placebo-controlled Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial
Authors: Françoise Forette, Marie-Laure Seux, Jan A Staessen, Lutgarde Thijs, Willem H Birkenhäger, Marija-Ruta Babarskiene, Speranta Babeanu, Alfredo Bossini, Blas Gil-Extremera, Xavier Girerd, Tovio Laks, Emil Lilov, Valentine Moisseyev, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Hannu Vanhanen, John Webster, Yair Yodfat, Robert Fagard
Journal: The Lancet (1998)
The Incompetent Doctor: Behind Closed Doors
Authors: A. Pollock
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Marilynn M Rosenthal Open University Press, pounds sterling12.99, pp 167 ISBN 0 335 19109 6

Marilynn Rosenthal spent several years in England and in Sweden questioning doctors, managers, and patients, and The Incompetent Doctor is full of anecdotes (some of them repeated) that result from this research.

Naturally Rosenthal wants to …
Anatomy and physiology in delivery: can we define our targets?
Authors: H. Chrystyn
Journal: Allergy (1999)

Studies have shown that the receptors for beta-agonists, inflammatory markers, and mast cells are distributed throughout the airways. Thus topical delivery of drug for the management of asthma requires an even spread throughout the lungs. Particles of 2-5 microm in diameter have the greatest potential to be deposited throughout the lungs during inhalation, by impaction and sedimentation. Inhaled products, therefore, are formulated such that almost half of the dose emitted during inhalation contains particles less than 5 microm in diameter. This is known as the fine-particle dose. Studies in adults (volunteers and asthmatic patients), using radiolabeling techniques, have shown that although the amount of drug deposited in the airways (total lung dose) from different inhaled products varies, the percentages of this amount distributed throughout the central, intermediate, and peripheral zones are fairly consistent. All that varies, therefore, is the density of the spread. Studies in children indicate that lung deposition is lower than in adults. Nevertheless, all factors which affect lung deposition in adults do so also in children. The lower lung deposition in children indicates the use of adult doses, and the importance of inhaler device and of inhalation technique. The even distribution of inhaled drug throughout the required therapeutic areas highlights the importance of the total lung dose.
Imaging Neural Activity Using Thy1-GCaMP Transgenic Mice
Authors: Qian Chen, Joseph Cichon, Wenting Wang, Li Qiu, Seok-Jin R. Lee, Nolan R. Campbell, Nicholas DeStefino, Michael J. Goard, Zhanyan Fu, Ryohei Yasuda, Loren L. Looger, Benjamin R. Arenkiel, Wen-Biao Gan, Guoping Feng
Journal: Neuron (2012)
Positron Emission Tomography in Well Differentiated Fetal Adenocarcinoma of the Lung
Authors: Douglas E. Paull, Jazbieh Moezzi, Neil Katz, Alex G. Little, Samuel A. Adebonojo
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

A 47-year-old woman with a 20 pack-year history of cigarette smoking presented with a chest x-ray demonstrating a left upper lobe lung density. Computed tomography of the chest showed a 3-cm lobulated mass in the apical left upper lobe. The lesion demonstrated intense focal uptake on FDG-PET scanning. The patient underwent left upper lobectomy. Pathology demonstrated the histologic and immunohistochemical findings of a well differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma (WDFA). The intense FDG-PET uptake and abundant glycogen stores associated with WDFA may be the result of its embryonic derivation and differential expression of glucose transporter proteins.