tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Threatening miscarriages and new advice on anti-D immunoglobulin.
Authors: C B Everett
Journal: BMJ (1991)

primary care setting is the cornerstone of community psychiatry."4This should particularly be true in the United Kingdom with its tradition of comprehensive general practice.Current plans for future psychiatric services include community services devolving from psychiatric hospital units.True community and primary care initiatives are the exception.Though the Griffiths report envis- aged primary care doctors taking on the role of key worker for patients with chronic mental illness,' in one survey only 16% of general practitioners said that they would agree to act as key workers while the rest said that they would prefer community psychiatric nurses to do so."It should be possible for general practitioners to be funded to establish registers of patients with chronic mental illness and to provide much of the care they require-social and welfare needs as well as physical care.Much of this work could be done by practice based community psychiatric nurses, again if funding was provided.Psychiatrists could
Hazards of Manipulative Treatment in Lumbo-sacral Disk Protrusions
Authors: R. Hafner
Journal: BMJ (1952)

ICBRTrA 361 other forms of metabolic alkalosis is, of course, well recognized.The P.A.S. could hardly have produced the observed electrolyte changes, because salicylate causes a respiratory alkalosis, with low alkali reserve, but the addi- tion of a mild respiratory alkalosis to the metabolic alkalosis caused by the liquorice would favour the occurrence of tetany.It is understood that difficulty has been found in pro- dtucing electrolyte abnormalities experimentally with some preparations of liquorice, and it is possible that there may be a variation in the D.C.A.-like activity of different batches of liquorice extract.It is interesting that the urinary chloride concentration, estimated by the Fantus test, remained very high (4-8 g. per litre) throughout the last week, contrary to what one might expect from the combined effects of hypochloraemia, alkalosis, and D.C.A.-like liquorice.In fact, this is often found in hypokalaemia, as Fourman (1951) points out. SummaryA patient receiving sodium para-aminosalicylate for tuberculous meningitis developed a metabolic alkalosis, from which she died.Liquorice, used as a flavouring agent with the P.A.S., appears to have been responsible.I am grateful to Dr. N.
Eastern Cape tightens law on circumcision to stem casualties
Authors: Pat Sidley
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Legislation regulating the practice of circumcision in the Eastern Cape, one of South Africa's nine provinces, has been enacted to help stem the tide of casualties of young men who have either died or been maimed after botched circumcisions.

The Eastern Cape is home to the Xhosa group of people, the group to which Nelson Mandela and president Thabo Mbeki belong. It is one of the tribes in southern Africa that perform the ritual of circumcision as boys reach the age of 18 years as part of a rite admitting them to manhood.

However, after many years …
Clinical Pacing Post-Conditioning During Revascularization After AMI
Authors: Johannes Waltenberger, Marloes Gelissen, Sebastiaan C Bekkers, Jindra Vainer, Vincent van Ommen, Filip Eerens, Alexander Ruiters, Alexa Holthuijsen, Paqui Cuesta, Racho Strauven, Eric Mokelke, Anton Gorgels, Frits W Prinzen
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2014)
Coronary Drug Project
Authors: Cesar A. Caceres
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The data on "Clofibrate and Niacin in Coronary Heart Disease" (231:360-381, 1975) is extensive and requires considerable time to analyze in respect to the conclusions made by the Coronary Drug Project (CDP) Research Group. The evidence presented by ECG data regarding infarction during the study term is particularly noteworthy since, as presented, it appears to be at odds with the negative recommendations given by the CDP regarding both of the medications under evaluation. On review of the ECG and clinical data in the CDP report, there is an apparently larger percentage of subjects receiving placebo that had myocardial infarction during the study than of those receiving clofibrate and niacin. This difference is statistically significant (P&lt;.005) but was not highlighted in the CDP report. The CDP's Table 11 provides data from a group of subjects with ECG pattern worsening during the study (line A of our Table). A
Lack of association of cytomegalovirus with adenocarcinoma of the colon.
Authors: H Hart, W A Neill, M Norval
Journal: Gut (1982)

Tumor specimens from patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum were examined for the presence of cytomegalovirus (CMV), and specimens of normal mucosa from the same patients were studied in parallel. Frozen sections of 14 specimens were made and the presence of CMV mRNA assayed by in situ hybridisation using 3H-labelled CMV-DNA as a probe. Nine of these sections were also tested for cytomegalovirus antigens by immunofluorescence. No viral nucleic acids or antigens were detected. In addition to these direct approaches, the specimens were disaggregated and 19 were successfully cultured in various media over several months without yielding virus on any occasion. Areas containing epithelial cells were found in some cultures, foci of bipolar cells in others, while, in several, fibroblastic cells predominated. To ensure that any virus-containing cells were not lost by this method, the disaggregated tumour and normal intestinal cells were directly co-cultivated and also fused with human embryo lung cells, which are permissive for cytomegalovirus replication. The resulting cultures were examined over two to three months for the presence of cytomegalovirus, and in no instance was virus found, despite attempted induction by iododeoxyuridine. Two fusion cultures became contaminated with cytomegalovirus, strain AD-169, which was being handled in the laboratory at the same time. The strain was identified by the pattern of viral DNA fragments produced by restriction endonuclease cleavage. Thus the accidental passage of virus in the heterokaryons did not alter its DNA and would further indicate the absence of any cytomegalovirus genomes in the adenocarcinoma cells.
Neonatal antigen-presenting cells are functionally more quiescent in children born under traditional compared with modern environmental conditions
Authors: Joanne G. Lisciandro, Susan L. Prescott, Marie G. Nadal-Sims, Catherine J. Devitt, Peter C. Richmond, William Pomat, Peter M. Siba, Patrick G. Holt, Deborah H. Strickland, Anita H.J. van den Biggelaar
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Sclerosing Cholangitis
Authors: Lloyd G. Bartholomew, James C. Cain, Lewis B. Woolner, David C. Utz, Deward O. Ferris
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

SCLEROSING cholangitis is a rare clinical entity. We found only 20 unequivocal cases reported in the past forty years.1 2 3 A number of other reported cases do not meet the criteria for this entity. These criteria are as follows: progressive icterus, with confirmatory evidence of obstruction, and exclusion of localized strictures from previous operations; typical surgical findings of diffuse sclerosis of the common duct, with pathological evidence of a chronic inflammatory fibrous process but without evidence of a malignant neoplasm; and a follow-up period long enough to exclude sclerosing carcinoma of the bile ducts.The rarity of this syndrome and the . . .
Anticorruption measures and awareness increase in aid programmes, report finds
Authors: P. Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Humanitarian agencies have become more aware of the risks of corruption in aid programmes and have taken steps to deal with them in the past few years, a new report has found.

“Noble ambitions do not immunise the business of aid delivery during crises from corrupt abuse,” warns the two year study by three organisations working in this area, the Overseas Development Institute, the Feinstein International Center, and Transparency International. They monitored perceptions of corruption among staff at all levels of seven well known aid agencies working in seven different countries. Emergency health care, food aid, and procurement were seen as areas at particularly high risk of abuse.

The analysis found that agencies now have …
Impact of a Specific Echocardiographic Report Comment Regarding Endocarditis Prophylaxis on Compliance With American Heart Association Recommendations
Authors: Gregory P. Sanders, Susan B. Yeon, Jason Grunes, Todd B. Seto, Warren J. Manning
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background — There is substantial underuse and overuse of antibiotic prophylaxis. Current American Heart Association (AHA) recommendations are heavily dependent on echocardiographic data that may not be familiar to referring physicians. We sought to determine the impact of a specific prophylaxis report comment on compliance with AHA recommendations. Methods and Results — Using a standardized electronic reporting system, physicians interpreting ≈50% of echocardiograms included a concluding comment classifying endocarditis risk and stating whether prophylaxis was indicated. The remaining reports were identical in format/content but did not include such comments. Of 1461 eligible outpatients during a 6-month period, 969 (66.3%) responded to a mail survey regarding prophylaxis instructions. Overall, 50% reported taking prophylaxes. Compliance with AHA recommendations was greater among those with a comment (73.2% versus 65.4% for those receiving versus those not receiving comments, respectively; P =0.011), with particular improvement among moderate-risk patients (69.5% versus 59.9%, P =0.024). Conclusions — An echocardiographic report statement regarding endocarditis risk and need for prophylaxis is a simple low-cost intervention that improves compliance with AHA recommendations. Interpreting physicians should become familiar with AHA recommendations and include a concluding statement addressing prophylaxis.
Highly restricted expression of the thymus leukemia antigens on intestinal epithelial cells.
Authors: M Wu, L van Kaer, S Itohara, S Tonegawa
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1991)

The TL region of the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse contains dozens of tandemly arranged class I genes, including those encoding the thymus leukemia (TL) antigens. TL antigens have been thought to be expressed only on the surface of some T lineage cells, namely immature thymocytes of some mouse strains (TL+ strains), some leukemia cells, and activated T cells. While the function of TL antigens is unknown, recent studies have implicated the products of at least some TL region class I genes as molecules that present antigens to gamma/delta T cells. Since some gamma/delta T cells are known to be specifically associated with certain epithelial tissues, we have investigated the expression of some TL region class I genes in a variety of epithelium-containing tissues. Our results show that the TL antigen gene of C57BL/6 mice, T3b, and the TL antigen genes of BALB/c mice, T3d (previously T3c) and T18d (previously T13c), are highly expressed in the epithelium of the small intestine. In the case of T3b, we further show, using a T3 product-specific antibody, that its product is expressed on the surface of the columnar epithelial cells. In addition, we demonstrated that two other TL region class I genes of C57BL/6 origin, T9b and T21b, are also expressed nearly exclusively in intestinal epithelial cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the products of these TL region class I genes are recognized by gamma/delta T cell receptors of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, a subset of gamma/delta T cells that is localized in the intestinal epithelium and has a restricted V gamma repertoire. Finally, our study indicates that the relative levels of expression of the two homologous TL antigen genes, T3d and T18d, differ widely between the thymus and the intestine.
Does Abortion Increase Breast Cancer Risk?
Authors: T. Parkins
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1993)

Abortion may increase the risk of breast cancer. Leon Bradlow, M.D., director of the Laboratory of Biochemical Endocrinology and the Strang-Cornell Cancer Research Laboratory in New York, believes that pregnancy protects against breast cancer through the differentiation of breast cells during the second half of pregnancy. Since estrogen, which increases breast cancer risk, is secreted during the first half of pregnancy in order to stimulate breast growth, abortion at that time will expose the mother to high concentrations of estrogen when cells are undifferentiated. Bradlow believes the public should be made aware of studies showing this. Louise Brinton, M.D., of the National Cancer Institute's Division of Cancer Etiology, disagrees because there are many studies that show no link between breast cancer and abortion. Malcolm Pike, M.D., who did the first study linking the two in 1981 (Women less than 33 years of age who had an abortion were 2.4 times more likely to get breast cancer.), declined comment because he had not studied recent data. Holly Howe, Ph.D., of the New York State Department of Health, examined data from fetal death certificates and breast cancer incidence records (1451 women between 1976 and 1980), to find that women (40 years of age) whose pregnancies had been terminated had a relative risk of breast cancer ranging from 1.5 to 1.9. An unpublished study by Janet Daling, M.D., of the Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center in Seattle, shows a 50% to 90% increase in risk for women who had an abortion before the age of 18. Lynn Rosenberg, M.D., of the Slone Epidemiology Unit of the Boston University School of Medicine, based on a study of 3200 women with breast cancer and 4844 controls, found no relationship between abortion and risk. Brinton is currently conducting a study on breast cancer risk that includes abortion evaluation.
Resistance to BRAF Inhibitors: Unraveling Mechanisms and Future Treatment Options
Authors: Jessie Villanueva, Adina Vultur, Meenhard Herlyn
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has emerged as a central target for melanoma therapy due to its persistent activation in the majority of tumors. Several BRAF inhibitors aimed at curbing MAPK pathway activity are currently in advanced stages of clinical investigation. However, their therapeutic success is limited by the emergence of drug resistance, as responses are transient and tumors eventually recur. To develop effective and long-lasting therapies for melanoma patients, it is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Here, we briefly review recent preclinical studies that have provided insight into the molecular mechanisms of resistance to BRAF inhibitors and discuss potential strategies to treat drug-resistant melanomas. Cancer Res; 71(23); 7137–40. ©2011 AACR.
Abstract 1380: Engineered toxin bodies with specific activity against EGFR and HER2 expressing cells
Authors: Kari Grant, John Higley, Jack Higgins, Lee Robinson, Bill Null, Keng Zhu, Jason Kim, Casey Cunningham, Eric Poma
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Antibody approaches that abrogate signaling from the HER2 or EGFR receptors have been proven effective in patients with breast or colorectal cancer, respectively. These antibodies do not have an effect however in colorectal patients with KRAS mutations or breast cancer patients that lack HER2 gene amplification as signal interruption is not sufficient to induce cell death. Here we identify several novel compounds that specifically recognize and kill HER2 and EGFR expressing cells irrespective of receptor signaling. These compounds were identified from a screen of a novel biologic library derived from a de-immunogenized Shiga-like toxin 1 A subunit (SLT1A); SLT1A has no intrinsic binding ability of its own but can drive internalization, retrograde transport to the cytosol, and enzymatic inhibition of ribosome activity. This modified library of engineered toxin bodies (ETBs) was created through the insertion of random amino acids near the C-terminus of the SLT1A scaffold to confer binding ability to SLT1A while preserving the therapeutic PK and ADME profile of the scaffold. HER2 and EGFR specific ETBs have been identified that exhibit potent cell-kill activity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1380. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1380
New Chemotherapeutic Agents... Bleomycin and Adriamycin
Authors: S. K. Carter, R. H. Blum
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1974)

Myers Company, bleomycin has re cently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for widespread use.Originally isolated from Strepto myces verticillus by Umezawa in Japan,1'2 bleomycin is composed of sul fur-containing polypeptides that sepa rate by paper chromatography into two large fractions and 11 subfractions.Available evidence suggests that bleo mycin acts primarily by inhibiting DNA synthesis and, to a lesser extent, RNA and protein synthesis. ResponseRateInitial Japanese research found bleo mycin effective against malignant lym phomas and all squamous cell carci nomas including tumors of the head and neck, lung, esophagus, uterine cervix and penis.3-5Further studies in the United States confirmed bleomycin's clinical activity against lymphomas, squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck and testes,6 but unfortunately
The Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene and Alcoholism-Reply
Authors: David Goldman, Susan Lucas-Derse, Michael Dean, Gerald L. Brown, Annabel M. Bolos
Journal: JAMA (1991)

In Reply.—  Blum et al 1 evaluated a D 2 receptor polymorphism in 35 alcoholics and 35 nonalcoholics. Their subjects were dead and therefore were not psychiatrically interviewed. We 2 compared 40 interviewed alcoholics with 127 non-diagnosed population controls and reanalyzed two families by genetic linkage. We also tested a second marker at the D 2 locus. Both letters address only our population study and the Taq I restriction fragment length polymorphism data.  Blum et al did not provide data for age of onset, severity, presence or absence of antisocial personality, or family history of alcoholism. These factors correlate with increased genetic risk for alcoholism. In our alcoholics, none of these variables was associated with either D 2 polymorphism. Also, both families with early-onset alcoholism provided evidence against linkage.  As Noble and Blum state, it may be of interest that the Al allele was present in more of our severe
SUGGESTIONS ON THE LIMITATIONS AND TREATMENT OF JUVENILE CRIMINALS.
Authors: DANIEL R. BROWER
Journal: JAMA (1898)

The growth of the criminal class is nearly three times greater than the growth of the population. Such is a reasonable deduction from the publication of the Eleventh Census of the United States, and this blot on our civilization demands treatment. It is a great question—one that can not be settled by the courts and the church. It contains within it many problems that can only be solved by the wise physician. Crime has a physical basis; biologic conditions are directly and indirectly important factors in determining human action. Conditions more or less pathologic exercise a most important rôle in the production of crime. It requires but a glance at the inmates of a reformatory or penitentiary to satisfy oneself that criminals are physically inferior, exhibiting on every side stigmata of degeneracy. They have features that differentiate them from their more fortunate brethren. They come into the world—at least 30
The effect of community and family interventions on young people's physical activity levels: a review of reviews and updated systematic review
Authors: Esther M F van Sluijs, Susi Kriemler, Alison M McMinn
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background Next to the school environment, the family and community environment are key for young people's behaviour and for promoting physical activity (PA). Methods A review of reviews was conducted, after which a literature search was conducted (in PubMed, Scopus and PsychInfo) from August 2007 (search date of the most recent review) to October 2010. Inclusion criteria were study population aged 18 years or younger, controlled trial, no PA control condition, PA promotion intervention and reported analyses of a PA-related outcome. Methodological quality was assessed, and data on intervention details, methods and effects on primary and secondary outcomes (PA, body composition and fitness) were extracted. Results Three previous reviews were reviewed, including 13 family-based and three community-based interventions. Study inclusion differed for each review, but all concluded that the evidence was limited, although the potential of family-based interventions delivered in the home and including self-monitoring was highlighted. A further six family-based and four community-based interventions were included in the updated review, with a methodological quality score ranging from 2 to 10 and five studies scoring 6 or higher. Significant positive effects on PA were observed for one community-based and three family-based studies. No distinctive characteristics of the effective interventions compared with those that were ineffective were identified. Conclusions The effect of family- and community-based interventions remains uncertain despite improvements in study quality. Of the little evidence of effectiveness, most comes from those targeted at families and set in the home. Further detailed research is needed to identify key approaches for increasing young people's PA levels in family and community settings.
Isobel Quita Barber
Authors: J. Taylor
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Background: Collagenase and hyaluronidase are enzymes which degrade the extracellular matrix and increase the uptake and improve the distribution of therapeutic macromolecules in tumours. The purpose of the present work was to investigate whether collagenase or hyaluronidase had any effects on transient perfusion and/or changes in vascular areas. Materials and Methods: The effects were studied in human osteosarcomas in BALB/c nu/nu mice growing orthotopically around and infiltrating the femurs, and in dorsal skinfold chambers using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results: Both collagenase and hyaluronidase reduced the number of vessels that closed, but only collagenase increased the number of vessels which opened up, i.e. both enzymes improved the perfusion but collagenase to a greater extent than hyaluronidase. Conclusion: Destroying the structural protein network seems to be more efficient than degrading the gel of hyaluronan with respect to increase perfusion.