tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Onset of Rheumatoid Arthritis After Thyroidectomy
Authors: SOHAN L. Dua
Journal: JAMA (1974)

To the Editor.—  Although conflicting articles stressing the relationship of rheumatoid arthritis to thyroidectomy exist in the literature,1,2onset of typical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis as a sequel to thyroidectomy was first observed by Traut1in his three patients and has not been reported since. This letter describes a patient with Graves disease in whom rheumatoid arthritis developed soon after she had undergone subtotal thyroidectomy.  Report of a Case.—  In 1968, a 35-year-old woman complained of headache, nervousness, and excessive sweating. At that time, her condition was diagnosed as hyperthyroidism, and she was treated medically until March 1973, when a subtotal thyroidectomy was performed because of inadequate response to the medical treatment. She was subsequently given substitutional thyroid hormone therapy. Within the next 12 weeks, joint pains developed in both hands, and gradually progressed to involve most of the patient's joints, leading to weakness and inability to walk. Morning stiffness,
Early Chronic Bronchitis
Authors: R. N. Johnson
Journal: BMJ (1966)

B~ifTJ 1481 today, the other representing a deviant or pathological group which has now been eliminated.The facts as they stand, therefore, seem to allow two possible conclusions: (1) children are maturing sooner (or, more strictly, girls are menstruating earlier), or (2) children are healthier than they used to be.The social implications of these alternatives are by no means the same.-Iam, etc.,
Misuse of ADHD drugs by young people is rising, US poisons data show
Authors: M. Day
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The misuse by young people in the United States of drugs to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has risen by more than 75% in eight years, a study indicates.

Researchers at the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, who made the discovery, called on prescribers and parents to be aware of the potential for the drugs to be misused ( Pediatrics doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0931).

They analysed the American Association of Poison Control Center’s national poison data system for the years 1998 to 2005, looking at all cases involving 13-19 year olds who intentionally misused ADHD drugs. These drugs often include mixed …
Origin of platelet-derived growth factor in megakaryocytes in guinea pigs.
Authors: A Chernoff, R F Levine, D S Goodman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

Growth factor activity, as determined by the stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA of quiescent 3T3 cells in culture, was found in lysates of guinea pig platelets and megakaryocytes. Quantitative dilution studies demonstrated that, of the cells present in the guinea pig bone marrow, only the megakaryocyte possessed quantitatively significant growth factor activity. The amount of activity present in one megakaryocyte was equivalent to that present in 1,000-5,000 platelets, a value approximately comparable to the number of platelets shed from a single megakaryocyte. It is suggested that guinea pig platelet-derived growth factor has its origin in the megakaryocyte.
Botulinum toxin: a new ally of an old adversary.
Authors: R. C. Humphry
Journal: BMJ (1989)

<b>Objective:</b> Musician’s focal dystonia is usually considered to be task specific but secondary motor disturbances have been reported as well. We carried out a detailed evaluation of the incidence of these secondary motor problems in 101 patients. <b>Method:</b> Symptoms were assessed using clinical histories, neurological examinations and observation of instrumental manoeuvres. Results: 53.5% of patients reported secondary motor disturbances in activities other than playing their main instrument, with the onset delayed, in some cases, by up to 12 years from the awareness of dystonic symptoms. 46.5% suffered from simple, 19.8% from complex, and 33.7% from progressive, cramps. Plucked string players (guitarists) mainly suffered from simple cramps while keyboardists more frequently displayed the progressive form. In all patients symptoms were focal, and the type of cramp was unrelated to the severity of the perceived symptoms. Those patients playing a second instrument similar to their main instrument showed symptoms which worsened to a higher degree than those playing either only one instrument, or whose second instrument was different. <b>Conclusions:</b> Longer follow-up assessments may reveal secondary motor symptoms that are not visible over shorter examination periods. Therefore, a throughout evaluation of everyday life motor activities should be considered in any clinical and treatment protocol. We speculate that the avoidance of movements that are similar to the main affected task may be of help in limiting symptoms. Consequently, focal dystonia may be considered more movement than task-specific.
The certainty of death and the uncertainty of treatments
Authors: Kamran Abbasi
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2013)

What is the purpose of depicting death in public health campaigns? Are corpses and rotting flesh the ultimate deterrents? And what happens next? When such graphic images fail to dissuade people from smoking, drinking and overeating, what next? The Grim Reaper does not discriminate, say Estelle Noonan and colleagues, although any number of public health doctors interested in the social determinants of health might choose to disagree.1

Still, we must remember to die and prepare for it, a contemplation urged upon us by memento mori, an artistic tradition dating back to the Middle Ages symbolizing death and the physical changes that accompany it. But the use of memento mori in public health campaigns to make us think twice about abusing our bodies with cigarettes, alcohol and unhealthy foods, argue the authors, give the impression that death is somehow preventable. The only certainty in life is death. It will come to all of us, whether or not we see a horrific public health campaign where the spiritual is now secondary to the corporeal; sin replaced by risk.

While death is certain, the effects of treatments are particularly uncertain and randomised controlled trials are now the gold standard for evaluating them. Iain Chalmers recounts the important role of the Medical Research Council, celebrating its hundredth anniversary this year, in developing the science of randomised controlled trials.2 Anniversaries tend to be rare in medical journals, although this issue includes two. The second is the 10th anniversary of the James Lind Alliance, whose purpose is to provide a forum for health professionals and patients to identify clinical uncertainties and agree priorities for research.3 The Royal Society of Medicine has been a partner organisation since the beginning.

This issue of JRSM covers the art of death, memento mori. It also covers the clinical trial or the science of hope. Whichever grips you more powerfully in a month that offers an opportunity for reflection, you might be interested to find out more about the art, science and mystique of the Kola nut.4
Shall We Continue to Sterilize Milk for Infants.
Authors: Benjamin Lee
Journal: JAMA (1895)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Your editorial under the title "Overdone Sterilization," in the issue of December 14, appears to me very timely. As an early, consistent and persistent advocate of the germ theory, in connection with many diseases, I yet feel that we are too much in danger at the present time of forgetting that there are other causes of disease than microorganisms. The possibility that the exclusive use of sterilized milk as a food for infants, while it would avoid the dangers arising from the occasional presence of the bacteria of typhoid fever, tuberculosis and other infections, may prove a serious obstacle to assimilation and nutrition and thus lead to the development of rachitis, scurvy and other allied conditions of mal-nutrition, as suggested in the recent article of Dr. Starr, to which you refer, was pointed out by me in a paper read before the meeting of the American Orthopedic
Iodothiouracil in Treatment of Toxic Goitre
Authors: H.-J. B. Galbraith, D. F. E. Nash, A. W. Spence
Journal: BMJ (1954)

In 1948 Barrett, Goodman, and Dittmer synthesized several organic combinations of halogens with thio uracil, of which 5-iodo-2-thiouracil proved most suitable for clinical trial. Because of the avidity of the hyper thyroid gland for iodine, the concentration of thiouracil in the gland might be expected to be greater after administration of iodothiouracil than after an equiva lent dose of uniodinated thiouracil ; a lower dosage could then be used, and the frequency of toxic effects would thus be reduced. It was also thought that the concurrent administration of iodine might diminish the hyperplasia and vascularity of the thyroid gland otherwise induced by the thiouracil ; a reduction in the duration of pre-operative treatment would thus be possible and the technical difficulties of excision would be minimized.
TOXIC NEURITIS OF THE EIGHTH CRANIAL NERVE
Authors: ARTHUR B. DUEL
Journal: JAMA (1924)

I am presenting this paper to call attention to a few striking points in the clinical aspects of infection of one or both branches of the eighth cranial nerve by toxic products carried in the blood stream from any part of the body.  The actual pathologic changes in the nerve itself are still a fertile field for further investigation, as Fraser1of Edinburgh has pointed out. However, we know as much about the nature of the pathologic process in the eighth cranial nerve as we do, for instance, in neuritis of the sciatic, the musculospiral and the facial nerves, or in the optic, the olfactory and the hypoglossal nerves. In the first three, poisoning from toxins produced from bacteria in distant abscesses throughout the body and conveyed to the nerve produces pain, because these are sensory nerves. In the last three, the same pathologic process produces, in one instance,
Chromosome Changes in Hematologic Malignancies
Authors: R. A. Larson, H. M. Golomb, J. D. Rowley
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1981)

Evidence has now accumulated that chromosome changes are among the critical events that lead to malignant transformation of cells. More sophisticated analysis of clinical and cytogenetic parameters will lead to identification of additional subtypes of hematologic neoplasms such as t(15;17) APL or Ph1-positive CML. This differentiation has both diagnostic and prognostic importance. Cytogenetic studies currently in progress may reveal etiologic factors in malignant transformation; occupational exposure to potential mutagens, previous cytotoxic therapy, ethnic background, or a family history of cancer may correlate with specific chromosome abnormalities and specific subtypes of leukemia and lymphoma. As our knowledge of the human gene map increases, we expect to be able to relate changes in the affected chromosomes to biochemical abnormalities in the malignant cell. This will improve our understanding of how selected cells gain a proliferative advantage through malignant transformation, and it will aid in the precise classification of these diseases and thus lead to the design of more specific forms of therapy.
Measurement of Walking Distance and Speed in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Alexis Le Faucheur, Pierre Abraham, Vincent Jaquinandi, Philippe Bouyé, Jean Louis Saumet, Bénédicte Noury-Desvaux
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Background— The maximal walking distance (MWD) performed on a treadmill test remains the “gold standard” in estimating the walking capacity of patients who have peripheral arterial disease with intermittent claudication, although treadmills are not accessible to most physicians. We hypothesized that global positioning system (GPS) recordings could monitor community-based outdoor walking and provide valid information on walking capacity in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Methods and Results— We studied 24 patients (6 women) with arterial claudication (median [25th to 75th percentile] values: 57 years old [48 to 67 years], 169 cm tall [164 to 172 cm], weight 81 kg [71 to 86 kg], and ankle-brachial index 0.64 [0.56 to 0.74]). MWD on the treadmill was 184 m (144 to 246 m), which was compared with the results of self-reported MWD, the distance score from the Walking Impairment Questionnaire, MWD observed during a 6-minute walking test, and MWD measured over a GPS-recorded unconstrained outdoor walk in a public park. Self-reported MWD, Walking Impairment Questionnaire distance score, 6-minute walking test score, and GPS-measured MWD were 300 m (163 to 500 m), 28% (15% to 47%), 405 m (338 to 441 m), and 609 m (283 to 1287 m), respectively. The best correlation with MWD on the treadmill test was obtained with the MWD measured by the GPS (Spearman r =0.81, P &lt;0.001). Conclusions— Outdoor walking capacity measured by a low-cost GPS is a potentially innovative way to study the walking capacity of patients with peripheral arterial disease. It opens new perspectives in the study of walking capacity for vascular patients with claudication under free-living conditions or for physicians who do not have a treadmill.
INDICATIONS FOR INTUBATION.
Authors: H. M. McCLANAHAN
Journal: JAMA (1898)

The conclusions deduced from a study of the symptoms of laryngeal diphtheria, as stated in this paper, are the result of personal observations at the bedside. My sole object in presenting them to the distinguished members of this Section is to elicit their candid criticisms, that, profiting by their large experience, I may be the better qualified to decide when to act, when to defer and when to desist. When called into the presence of a little patient suffering from laryngeal diphtheria, the decision of the question whether to intubate or not is a very grave one, and we can only rightly measure our responsibility when we realize that a human life may be sacrificed by an erroneous decision. Aside from the symptoms, our decision will be modified by two circumstances, namely: the previous treatment and the environment of the patient. Before the discovery of antitoxin, the majority of cases
Myocyte degeneration and cell death in hibernating human myocardium
Authors: Ernst R. Schwartz, Jutta Schaper, Juergen vom Dahl, Carsten Altehoefer, Beate Grohmann, Friedrich Schoendube, Florence H. Sheehan, Rainer Uebis, Udalrich Buell, Bruno J. Messmer, Wolfgang Schaper, Peter Hanrath
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Proteomic analysis and molecular characterization of tissue ferritin light chain in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kang-Sik Park, Hoguen Kim, Nam-Gyun Kim, Sang Yun Cho, Kun-Ho Choi, Je Kyung Seong, Young-Ki Paik
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

To investigate a molecular basis for iron depletion in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 19 cases of HCC were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Results were compared with those of paired adjacent nontumorous liver tissues. Comparative analysis of the respective spot patterns in 2DE showed that tissue ferritin light chain (T-FLC), an iron-storage protein, was either severely suppressed or reduced to undetectable levels in HCC, which was further supported by Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. In contrast, transferrin receptor (TfR) was shown to be overexpressed in the same HCC samples. Interestingly, the relative levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of T-FLC in HCC, which were measured by a real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), exhibited almost the same levels as those in normal tissues, suggesting that the translational or posttranslational modification of T-FLC may be the cause of T-FLC suppression in HCC. Furthermore, with PCR-based loss of heterozygosity analysis, only 1 of 19 HCCs showed chromosomal deletions at 19q13.3-q13.4 where T-FLC is located, indicating that the suppression of T-FLC is unlikely due to structural genomic changes with HCC. In conclusion, both proteomic and genomic evidence support not only a basis for the suppression of T-FLC in HCC but also provide a new clue to the unresolved question of iron depletion during hepatocarcinogenesis.
Enzymatic basis for bioenergetic differences of alveolar versus peritoneal macrophages and enzyme regulation by molecular O2.
Authors: L M Simon, E D Robin, J R Phillips, J Acevedo, S G Axline, J Theodore
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1977)

Alveolar macrophages (AM) and peritoneal macrophages (PM) originate from common precursor cells, but function in different O2 environments. In the present studies, the impact of different O2 tensions on cell metabolism has been quantitatively determined, an enzymatic basis for these differences established, and a mechanism which regulates enzymatic differences demonstrated. O2 consumption and lactate production were compared in rabbit AM and PM in air and nitrogen. In air, AM demonstrate significantly greater O2 utilization. In nitrogen, (where glycolysis is the major source of energy provision) lactate production is two- to threefold greater in the PM. A comparison of several enzymes of energy metabolism in AM and PM indicate that one basis for the differences in cell energetics is a difference in activity of key enzymes of both the oxidative phosphorlyative and the glycolytic sequences. Exposure of cultivated AM to hypoxic conditions results in changes in the activity of these enzymes such that the AM closely resembles the PM. A key enzyme in oxidative phosphorylation (cytochrome oxidase) shows decreased activity and reaches values similar to those found in the PM. A key enzyme in glycolysis (pyruvate kinase) shows increased activity to values resembling those found in the PM. These alterations in enzyme pattern occur in isolated cell systems, suggesting that molecular O2 modifies the intrinsic cellular regulation of some enzymes of energy metabolism. Alterations in O2 tension may lead to alterations of the rate of biosynthesis and (or) the rate of biodegradation of key enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. In turn, the alteration of enzyme patterns leads to a more suitable bioenergetic pattern as a function of O2 availability.
Exciting Potential of DNA Vaccines Explored
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1995)

A TOTALLY new step in vaccine development is nearing clinical trials and, if successful, is headed for clinical practice. The new work may open the way to preventing diseases such as hepatitis C, tuberculosis, malaria, and those caused by the herpes simplex and human papilloma viruses—and even by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, influenza is likely to be the first candidate for clinical trial, although it may share primacy with a test of a vaccine against HIV, or perhaps hepatitis B, according to some authorities. The technology has opened the way to what Maurice R. Hilleman, PhD, director, Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, West Point, Pa, calls "the future of vaccinology." The new approach involves delivering the gene sequences of the desired antigen into the host by inserting the gene for the antigen via a nonreplicating plasmid vector (<i>JAMA</i>. 1994;271:929-931). This is in distinction to the current approach, which
Kentucky seeks $1bn from Purdue Pharma for misrepresenting addictive potential of oxycodone
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Purdue Pharma, the company whose opioid painkiller Oxycontin (a brand of oxycodone) has had a key role in the burgeoning epidemic of prescription drug addiction in the United States, has said that its future viability is threatened by a lawsuit brought by the state of Kentucky.

“This is a billion dollar case,” said the company’s lawyer, John Famularo, submitting an affidavit in Pike County Court from chief financial officer Edward Mahoney that claimed a recent ruling would cripple Purdue’s operations and “jeopardize Purdue’s long term viability.”

But Kentucky’s attorney general, Jack Conway, told the Lexington Herald-Leader that the company would have to make a “very, very significant” settlement offer, close to the $1bn (£0.6bn; €0.8bn) demanded, to have the case dropped. Kentucky charged that Purdue misrepresented the addictive potential of oxycodone, claiming it had low potential for misuse, when the company knew that crushing the pills could easily produce a substantial dose of fast acting opioid.1 

“I want to hold them accountable …
Swedish doctors extend series of strikes
Authors: M. Dolley
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Doctors in Sweden have started a strike, which they plan to extend to the whole country. They are protesting at moves to reduce the number of doctors providing family care and to cut pay for accident and emergency work. These moves are proposed as part of a restructuring of the health service aimed at reducing costs and improving efficiency.

The strike is organised by the Swedish Medical Association (SMA), which represents 95% of all doctors in the country. The SMA's president, Dr Robert Leth, told the BMJ that it had support from almost all of its 24000 members. …
The Interrelationship Between Ethnicity and Gestational Diabetes in Fetal Macrosomia
Authors: Caril J Homko, Eyal Sivan, Paul Nyirjesy, E Albert Reece
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

OBJECTIVE To determine the possibility of an ethnic influence on the development of macrosomia (birth weight &amp;gt; 90th percentile for gestational age) in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We prospectively followed all African-American and Latino women enrolled in the Temple diabetes-in-pregnancy program. GDM was diagnosed in 103 African-American and 36 Latino women during the study period (1991–1994) according to the criteria of Carpenter and Coustan. All women were treated according to our previously published protocols. Data were collected on gestational weight gain, previous history of macrosomia, body mass index (BMI), and level of maternal glycemic control. RESULTS Insulin therapy was required in 53 women (37.5%) to maintain fasting blood glucose levels at &amp;lt; 95 mg/dl and 2-h postprandial levels at &amp;lt; 120 mg/dl. Macrosomia developed in 50% of the neonates of Latino women versus 19% of neonates of African-American women (relative risk 2.68; 95% confidence interval 1.57–4.59). Potential confounding factors were not significantly different between the Latino and African-American women: mean blood glucose 96.6 ± 15.7 vs. 96.5 ± 22.4 mg/dl; BMI 29.0 ± 5.5 vs. 31.5 ± 8.2 kg/m2; pregnancy weight gain 29.2 ± 12.7 vs. 30.9 ± 20.5 lb; and parity 1.8 ± 1.5 vs. 1.6 ± 1.4, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that Latino women with GDM are at higher risk for having macrosomic infants in comparison with African-American women. This ethnic variation in fetal growth may be due to varying influences of in utero growth promoters among these populations as well as underlying genetic factors.