tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The First Prospective Controlled Trial Comparing Wireless Capsule Endoscopy with Push Enteroscopy in Chronic Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: C. Ell, S. Remke, A. May, L. Helou, R. Henrich, G. Mayer
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

In chronic gastrointestinal bleeding (CGB), bleeding sites located in the small bowel are difficult to detect with conventional radiological or scintigraphic techniques. Push enteroscopy (PE) is at present considered to be the most effective diagnostic procedure. The aim of this prospective trial was to compare the efficacy of wireless capsule endoscopy (CE) with PE.Between April and October 2001, 65 patients with CGB were referred to our unit. Complete conventional diagnostic work-up (including small-bowel enteroclysis, angiography, and scintigraphy), as well as PE and CE, were performed in 32 patients.On average, the patients had been suffering from CGB for 29 +/- 24 months (6 - 126); the lowest hemoglobin level varied between 3.0 and 9.9 g/dl (mean 5.9 +/- 1.4); 17 +/- 18 blood units (0 - 60) were transfused. Each patient underwent 6 +/- 7 (range 1 - 38) hospitalizations, with a mean of 14 +/- 9 diagnostic procedures before CE was used. Conventional diagnostic procedures revealed relevant pathological findings in five of the 32 patients (16 %). Definite bleeding sites diagnosed by PE in nine patients (28 %) included angiodysplasia (seven patients), small-bowel cancer (one patient) and lymphoma (one patient). CE detected the definite source in 21 of the 32 patients (66 %) ( P < 0.001). Definite bleeding sources included angiodysplasia (17 patients), malignant stenoses (two patients) and inflammatory small-bowel disease (two patients). Questionable bleeding sources were seen on PE in three additional patients (9 %), and using CE in a further seven patients (22 %). Both CE and PE were safe and were not associated with any morbidity.In the present trial in patients with CGB, wireless CE had the highest diagnostic yield and was significantly superior to PE. CE can help reduce the number of diagnostic procedures and could become the initial diagnostic choice in patients with CGB and negative upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy.
Psoriasis and smoking: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: A.W. Armstrong, C.T. Harskamp, J.S. Dhillon, E.J. Armstrong
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease associated with increased cardiovascular comorbidity. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and prior studies have suggested that patients with psoriasis are more likely to be active smokers. Smoking may also be a risk factor in the development of psoriasis. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the prevalence of smoking among patients with psoriasis, and we reviewed the contribution of smoking to the incidence of psoriasis. A total of 25 prevalence and three incidence studies were identified. The meta-analysis of prevalence studies included a total of 146 934 patients with psoriasis and 529 111 patients without psoriasis. Random effects meta-analysis found an association between psoriasis and current smoking [pooled odds ratio (OR) 1·78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·52-2·06], as well as between psoriasis and former smoking (pooled OR 1·62, 95% CI 1·33-1·99). Meta-regression analysis did not reveal any sources of study heterogeneity, but a funnel plot suggested possible publication bias. A subset of studies also examined the association between moderate-to-severe psoriasis and smoking, with a pooled OR of 1·72 (95% CI 1·33-2·22) for prevalent smoking. The three incidence studies found an association between smoking and incidence of psoriasis, with a possible dose-effect of smoking intensity and duration on psoriasis incidence. These findings suggest that smoking is an independent risk factor for the development of psoriasis, and that patients with established psoriasis continue to smoke more than patients without psoriasis.
New method for typing Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin based on sulphur-35 methionine labelled proteins: its application in an outbreak.
Authors: J R Stephenson, S J Crook, S Tabaqchali
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of sulphur-35 methionine labelled cellular proteins of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin was used as a typing method during an outbreak on a cardiothoracic ward. This showed that the outbreak strain was indistinguishable from the epidemic strain of methicillin resistant S aureus prevalent in London. In contrast, 44 epidemiologically separate strains of S aureus gave individually distinct radiolabelled protein profiles. This method permitted rapid confirmation that an epidemic strain was responsible and indicated the need for urgent control measures.
ABO-INCOMPATIBLE BONE-MARROW TRANSPLANTATION: REMOVAL OF RED BLOOD CELLS FROM DONOR MARROW AVOIDING RECIPIENT ANTIBODY DEPLETION
Authors: H.A Blacklock, H.G Prentice, J.P.M Evans, C.B.T Knight, M.J.M.L Gilmore, G.R.P Hazlehurst, D.D.F Ma, A.V Hoffbrand
Journal: The Lancet (1982)
Mechanisms contributing to increased synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in endothelial cells by constituents of platelets and their implications for thrombolysis.
Authors: S Fujii, W E Hopkins, B E Sobel
Journal: Circulation (1991)

We recently hypothesized that after pharmacologically induced coronary thrombolysis, increased activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) retards recanalization, contributes to early reocclusion, or both. This hypothesis was based on the increased elaboration of PAI-1 that we observed in cultured liver cells exposed to growth factors releasable from platelets activated at sites of thrombosis in vivo. PAI-1 released locally is particularly likely to attenuate lysis of thrombi that are targets of thrombolytic drugs. Accordingly, the present study was performed to determine whether synthesis of PAI-1 by endothelial cells is augmented by products of platelets. Lysates from platelets (0.5-8.0 x 10(4)/mm3 media, i.e. less than 10% of the concentration of platelets in blood) increased synthesis and release of PAI-1 into both the extracellular matrix and conditioned media (by 2.8-fold and 3.3-fold within 6 and 24 hours, respectively). Synthesis of neither tissue-type plasminogen activator nor overall protein increased. Increased synthesis of PAI-1 was confirmed by immunoprecipitation of [35S]PAI-1 after metabolic labeling of cells. The increased elaboration of PAI-1 was consistent with increased transcription as reflected by the observed increase in PAI-1 mRNA of 2.2-fold in 4 hours. Effects of platelet lysates were simulated by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), known to be present in platelet alpha-granules and released with platelet activation. Antibody to TGF-beta reduced the stimulation of PAI-1 synthesis by TGF-beta, as expected, by 82%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
344 PRECLINICAL PROFILES OF IDX136 AND IDX316, TWO NOVEL MACROCYCLIC HCV PROTEASE INHIBITORS
Authors: L.B. Lallos, J.P. Bilello, M.A. Soubasakos, J. Gillum, M. La Colla, M. Liuzzi, J. Mc Carville, M. Seifer, S.S. Good, M. Larsson, J. Selden, C. Parsy, D. Surleraux, D.N. Standring
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
ARTERIAL STIFFENING IS ASSOCIATED WITH CEREBRAL MICROVASCULAR DAMAGE IN UNTREATED HYPERTENSION
Authors: Dimitris Tousoulis, Emmanouel Androulakis, Evaggelos Chatzistamatiou, Nikolaos Papageorgiou, George Moustakas, George Hatzis, Costas Tentolouris, Costas Tsioufis, Ioannis Kallikazaros, Christodoulos Stefanadis
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Clinical Tuberculosis: Essentials of Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Frank M. MacDonald
Journal: JAMA (1967)

This many authored book is relatively short for its large subject. It essays the presentation of the dianosis and treatment of tuberculosis. It includes material also on anonymous mycobacteria and on the pathogenesis, pathology, epidemiology, and control of tuberculosis. Although most clinical forms of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis are presented, tuberculous otitis is omitted. The chapers average ten pages in length; many of them are of a few pages only. Their quality and value vary greatly. Some chapters merit special attention, being written by authors doing work of particular interest in their fields. D. T. Smith presents stimulating material on the problems of tuberculin testing, principally based on his own work. Unfortunately, nowhere in the book does a simple recommendation appear of the practical details of doing a simple tuberculin test—this deficiency is also apparent in some other areas where clear recommendations are not made. Chapman and Corpe present a
Raised Intracranial Pressure in Emphysema
Authors: E. K. Westlake, M. Kaye
Journal: BMJ (1954)

The cerebrospinal-fluid pressure is usually normal in emphysema, but during intercurrent acute respiratory infections symptoms and signs of raised intracranial pressure-headache, blurred vision, papilloedema-not infrequently develop (Simpson, 1948).The observa- tions recorded in this paper throw light on the aetiology of the raised intracranial pressure found in these circumstances.The relationship of intracranial hyper- tension to mental disturbance occurring during oxygen therapy is discussed.Experimental Subjects and Method Lumbar puncture was performed in a series of 12 emphysematous patients (including 3 with papilloedema) suffering from an acute respiratory infection: in 8 immedi- ately following admission to hospital, and in 4 after 4 to 80 hours of oxygen therapy in a tent.In these four patients relief of anoxia was maintained during lumbar puncture
Evidence-Based Recommendations for Information and Care Planning in Cancer Care
Authors: Anne Walling, Karl A. Lorenz, Sydney M. Dy, Arash Naeim, Homayoon Sanati, Steven M. Asch, Neil S. Wenger
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

The practice of oncology is characterized by challenging communication tasks that make it difficult to ensure optimal physician-patient information sharing and care planning. Discussions of diagnosis, prognosis, and patient goals are essential processes that inform decisions. However, data suggest that there are deficiencies in this area. We conducted a systematic review to identify the evidence supporting high-quality clinical practices for information and care planning in the context of cancer care as part of the RAND Cancer Quality-Assessing Symptoms, Side Effects, and Indicators of Supportive Treatment Project. Domains of information and care planning that are important for high-quality cancer care include integration of palliation into cancer care, advance care planning, sentinel events as markers for the need to readdress a patient's goals of care, and continuity of care planning. The standards presented here for information and care planning in cancer care should be incorporated into care pathways and should become the expectation rather than the exception.
Regulating doctors: should we swallow Dame Janet's medicine?
Authors: Jonathan Osborne, Bridget Osborne
Journal: BMJ (2005)

H arold Shipman's murderous trail has forever altered the relationship between doctors and patients in this country. A cunning and determined psychopath outwitted his patients, professional colleagues, and the police, and evaded the attention of the General Medical Council (GMC). He succeeded because his crimes were monstrous and incomprehensible to his peers and even to the necessarily jaundiced eye of the police.

Harold Shipman would, of course, have passed any appraisal of fitness to practise with flying colours. Many of his patients, despite all evidence to the contrary, remained desperately loyal to “Dr Fred,” believing that he was the best doctor in the area. His bedside manner was exemplary and the quality of his clinical notes of a high standard. The only straw in the wind that could have been taken more seriously was his previous brush with the GMC for misuse of opiates. The GMC's inability to continue to monitor the situation has resulted in a number of recommendations in Dame Janet Smith's Shipman inquiry report, Safeguarding Patients: Lessons from the Past—Proposals for the Future , namely better monitoring of prescribing, tighter controls on controlled drugs, and revising the rules on certification of death (http://www.the-shipman-inquiry.org.uk/fifthreport.asp). All these place sensible checks in the system, which will pick up an abnormal pattern earlier.

The public, quite rightly, wish to know that …
DYSTOCIA FROM RETRODISPLACEMENT OF LEFT FOREARM COMPLICATED BY PRENATAL SUBGLENOID DISLOCATION OF THE LEFT SHOULDER
Authors: P. L. Thibaut
Journal: JAMA (1933)

This case is reported because of its rarity. DeLee<sup>1</sup>states that approximately twenty-five cases have been reported, the majority by European obstetricians. All the cases, beginning with that of Sir J. Y. Simpson<sup>2</sup>in 1850, occurred in women who had already borne children, multiparas being more prone to irregular action of the uterus than primiparas. This anomaly of attitude involved one arm in all but two cases; in these, both arms were retrodisplaced. Delivery was spontaneous in two of the cases. A few forceps extractions were performed, with or without injury to the fetus. Version proved the method of choice in the majority of the cases. In one case, forcible extraction with Tarnier forceps caused decapitation of the child. In all cases diagnosed before delivery, an attempt at reduction of the position was made, and, in most instances, was successful. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> Mrs. E. H., aged 23,
[574] COMPARISON OF EFFICACY OF TREATMENT WITH PEGINTERFERON ALFA PLUS RIBAVIRIN AMONG PATIENTS CHRONICALLY INFECTED WITH NON 2/3 HCV GENOTYPES WITH LOW AND HIGH VIREMIA
Authors: H. Berak, A. Kolakowska-Rzadzka, M. Wasilewski, J. Kowalska, J.J. Stanczak, K. Bardadin, A. Horban
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
UK campaign calls for 20-30% cut in sugar content of foods
Authors: I. Torjesen
Journal: BMJ (2014)

A group of high profile scientists and doctors has launched a campaign calling for a 20-30% cut in the sugar content of processed foods to halt the rise in obesity.

The Action on Sugar campaign is pushing for a 20-30% reduction in the sugar content of food items, such as ready meals, cereals, soft drinks, yoghurt, ketchup, and even bread. The campaign says that this reduction would cut the average calorie intake by around 100 kcal (418 kJ) per day, and by even more in people particularly prone to obesity. This would be sufficient to halt or even reverse rising obesity and reduce the effect of obesity associated disease, such as diabetes, doctors behind the …
Thalidomide stimulates vessel maturation and reduces epistaxis in individuals with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Authors: Franck Lebrin, Samly Srun, Karine Raymond, Sabrina Martin, Stieneke van den Brink, Catarina Freitas, Christiane Bréant, Thomas Mathivet, Bruno Larrivée, Jean-Léon Thomas, Helen M Arthur, Cornelis J J Westermann, Frans Disch, Johannes J Mager, Repke J Snijder, Anne Eichmann, Christine L Mummery
Journal: Nature Medicine (2010)
JAMA falls foul of fabricated suicide story
Authors: Deborah Josefson
Journal: BMJ (2001)

An essay published in JAMA 's Piece of my Mind section, has stirred controversy after it was revealed that the events depicted in it were fictional.

The essay was written by a medical student, Shetal Shah, and appeared last October ( JAMA 2000;284:1897-8). In his essay, Mr Shah described an encounter with a 97 year old Inuit man, a toothless elderly member of the Siberian Yupik tribe, who, feeling useless, came to say goodbye to the young medical student before committing suicide by walking off into a frozen tundra in the morning fog.

In a letter to JAMA , Dr Michael Swenson, a physician with Norton …
ABC of emergency radiology. The skull.
Authors: D A Nicholson, P A Driscoll, D W Hodgkinson, W S Forbes
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Patients with a skull fracture or other serious head injury should be admitted to hospital Many thousands of skull radiographs are requested each year by doctors treating patients with head injuries.Unfortunately, most are taken when direct consultation with a radiologist is not possible.This chapter describes an effective system by which non-radiologists can analyse skull radiographs.To do this it is important to consider certain anatomical points so that normal features can be recognised. Important anatomical considerationsFIG 1-Normal lateral skull radiograph and line diagram showing typical appearances of occipital and coronal sutures.Several vascular markings are seen, including a stellate venous lake in the parietal bone and normal soft tissue adenoids. AdultsThe shape of the skull varies among races and these variations can be incorrectly interpreted as abnormalities-for example, natives from the Causes of intracranial calcification Middle East classically have a short high broad vault with parietal bossing Normal and flattening of the occiput. Pineal glandThe cranium can be divided into the vault (calvaria) and the skull base. Choroid plexusesThe calvaria is divided into inner and outer tables by the intervening Dural (commonly faix) diploetic space, and the skull base is divided into anterior, middle, and Vascular (carotid arteries) posterior fossae.Straight lines can be caused by vascular markings from Basal ganglia meningeal vascular grooves, venous diploetic channels, and occasionally Abnormal subcutaneous or periosteal vessels.These lines can be difficult to Tumours (craniopharyngioma, distinguish from fractures.meningioma, glioma, etc)Arteriovenous malformation (15%)The pmeal gland, which lies at the apex of the tentonum, may become Aneurysms (1%) calcified and up to 1 cm in diameter without any abnormality.NormalVault or sinus osteoma calcification can also be identified in various other structures.Hyperostosis frontalis interna is irregular, corrugated calcification (more common in women) of the inner table of the frontal bone, which in most patients is an incidental finding.
CORRELATIVE MR AND SCINTIGRAPHIC THYROID IMAGING
Authors: B Eisenberg, M G Velchik, W B Gefter, C E Spritzer, F H Sterling, H Y Kressel, A Alavi
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1987)

Eisenberg, B; Velchik, M G; Gefter, W B; Spritzer, C E; Sterling, F H; Kressel, H Y; Alavi, A Author Information
Patient and provider barriers to effective management of gout in general practice: a qualitative study: Figure 1
Authors: Karen Spencer, Alison Carr, Michael Doherty
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2012)

<h3>Objectives</h3> To explore patient and provider illness perceptions and barriers to effective management of gout in general practice. <h3>Design and setting</h3> A qualitative study involving semistructured face-to-face interviews with patients and health professionals from 25 Nottinghamshire general practices and one central National Health Service hospital. <h3>Participants</h3> Twenty gout sufferers and 18 health professionals (six general practitioners, five hospital physicians, seven practice nurses). <h3>Results</h3> A number of key themes emerged suggesting that several factors impact on patients9 access to recommended treatments. The main barriers were patient experiences and lay beliefs of their condition which affected seeking advice and adherence to treatment. There was universal lack of knowledge and understanding of the causes and consequences of gout and that it can be treated effectively by lifestyle change and use of urate lowering therapy (ULT). All participants associated gout with negative stereotypical images portrayed in Victorian cartoons. Many viewed it as self-inflicted or part of ageing and only focused on managing acute attacks rather than treating the underlying cause. The main provider barriers that emerged related to health professionals9 lack of knowledge of gout and management guidelines, reflected in the suboptimal information they gave patients and their reluctance to offer ULT as a 'curative' long-term management strategy. <h3>Conclusion</h3> There are widespread misconceptions and lack of knowledge among both patients and health professionals concerning the nature of gout and its recommended management, which leads to suboptimal care of the most common inflammatory joint disease and the only one for which we have 'curative' treatment.
Dietary acrylamide may not cause cancer
Authors: D. Singh
Journal: BMJ (2003)

High levels of the presumed carcinogen acrylamide in foods such as chips, crisps, and bread do not seem to raise the risk of cancers of the large bowel, bladder, and kidney, a study into the effects of the chemical has said ( British Journal of Cancer 2003:88,84-9).

Acrylamide was classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1994, largely based on evidence from animal models where in which there is a dose-response relation between the chemical and cancer at multiple sites.

In April 2002, public health doctors and the public became alarmed …
Preventive Medicine for the Doctor in His Community: An Epidemiological Approach
Authors: Gaylord W. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1966)

This is the third and somewhat revised edition of a text that first appeared in 1953, and was quite extensively revised and expanded in the second edition of 1958. As in previous editions, the two authors, who have enunciated a basic philosophy of preventive medicine and set a pattern for its performance, have been joined by over 20 collaborators who contribute over half of the book. As in the second edition, the text is divided into three parts. In the first, "Basic Principles," the authors set forth their concept of preventive medicine and outline three essential approaches, viz, primary prevention (health promotion and specific protection), secondary prevention (early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and disability limitations), and tertiary prevention (rehabilitation). Part two on application of principles, is a series of 12 chapters written by collaborating authors, and applying the foregoing principles to a variety of problems, ranging from the classical field of
Insertion of chest drains: summary of a safety report from the National Patient Safety Agency
Authors: T. Lamont, M. Surkitt-Parr, J. Scarpello[A], M. Durand, C. Hooper, N. Maskell
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Chest drains are often used in the medical management of pleural effusions and pneumothorax. However, the real risks of chest drains are not fully recognised.1 Over three years (January 2005 to March 2008) healthcare staff reported 12 deaths and 15 cases of severe harm from chest drain insertion to the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) in England and Wales. True rates of harm to patients are likely to be substantially higher, given that healthcare staff are known to under-report incidents (as is the case with other voluntary reporting systems).2 Incidents were reported to the agency from a range of settings, including general wards, accident and emergency departments, medical admission units, and intensive care. A typical incident report reads: “Right-sided chest drain inserted into patient. Couldn’t find complete chest drain kit on ward. Tip of drain seen within right lobe of liver. No record of ultrasound performed. Liver injury incurred and patient sent to ITU [intensive therapy unit].” This summary is based on a safety report (known as a “rapid response report” or “RRR”) from the NPSA on the risks of chest drain insertion, with key actions for staff. ### Problems identified by the National Patient Safety Agency Problems included:
Different versions of Glasgow coma scale in British hospitals: The 14 point scale may be worth defending
Authors: D. J McAuley
Journal: BMJ (2004)

EDITOR—Wiese surveyed the use of different versions of the Glasgow coma scale in British hospitals.1 When passing on information about any scale the parameters of the scale must be declared. The Glasgow coma scale should include a numerator and denominator to avoid confusion: saying 14/14 or 14/15, for …