tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE OWEN-DYER BILLS FOR INCREASED RANK OF MEDICAL OFFICERS
Authors: Louis Livingston Seaman
Journal: JAMA (1918)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The bills now pending before Congress for increased rank and authority for the medical officers of our Army are of as grave importance as any measures that have been presented since the American nation entered the present war, for on their adoption or rejection may depend the final issues of the conflict, especially if the war is greatly prolonged. When it is remembered that the Medical Department of the Army has to combat a foe that in all the great wars of history, excepting the Russo-Japanese, has caused 80 per cent, of the entire mortality—never less than four times, and often twenty times, as many as the artillery, infantry, shells and all other methods of physical destruction combined—then the responsibility and importance of the medical officer in war will be appreciated. The department that he represents has never had the necessary authority to enable it to reduce
Screening for human T cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus among blood donors in Sweden: cost effectiveness analysis
Authors: E. Tynell, S. Andersson, E. Lithander, M. Arneborn, J. Blomberg, H. B. Hansson, A. Krook, M. Nomberg, K. Ramstedt, A. Shanwell, A. Bjorkman
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To analyse the cost effectiveness of a national programme to screen blood donors for infection with the human T cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus. <b>Design:</b> Three models for calculating the costs and benefits of screening were developed. The first model analysed the cost of continuously testing all donations; the second analysed the cost of initially testing new blood donors and then retesting them after five years; the third analysed the cost of testing donors only at the time of their first donation. Patients who had received blood components from donors confirmed to be infected with the virus were offered testing. <b>Setting:</b> Sweden. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Prevalence of infection with the virus among blood donors, the risk of transmission of the virus, screening costs, and the outcome of infection. <b>Results:</b> 648 497 donations were tested for the virus; 1625 samples tested positive by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. 6 were confirmed positive by western blotting. The prevalence of infection with the virus was 2/100 000 donors. 35 patients who had received blood infected with the virus were tested; 3 were positive. The cost of testing every donation was calculated to be $3.02m (£1.88m); this is 18 times higher than the cost of testing new donors only, and only 1 additional positive donor would be discovered in 7 years. Regardless of the model used, screening was estimated to prevent only 1 death every 200 years at a minimum cost of $36m (£22.5m). <b>Conclusion:</b> Based on these estimates the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare decided that only new blood donors would be screened for infection with the virus. <h3>Key messages</h3> The human T cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus is primarily sexually transmitted; it may also be transmitted through blood transfusions Infection with the virus may cause adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma or tropical spastic paraparesis Many countries including Sweden have begun screening blood donors for the virus; however a low prevalence of infection in non-endemic areas a low risk of developing adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma in people infected with the virus a long incubation period and the older age of most transfusion recipients make screening costly Three models of screening were compared: testing every donation, testing new donors and then retesting them after five years, and testing new donors only Regardless of the model used screening in Sweden would only prevent one death every 200 years at a minimum cost of $36m (£22.5m)
Effect of abortion on obstetric patterns.
Authors: A F Pentecost
Journal: BMJ (1977)

I read with interest the interview with Professor R.W. Beard (July 23, p. 251) and in particular the remarks made by the interviewer, corroborated by Professor Beard regarding the effect of abortion on obstetric patterns. Professor Beard implies that in Sheffield the availability of easy terminations of pregnancy has reduced the number of low-birth-weight babies and he goes on to point out how very difficult it is to deal with a woman who comes in at 26 weeks with ruptured membranes. Surely it is an established fact that 1 or more terminations of pregnancy are liable to result in more women coming in at 26 weeks with ruptured membranes, and this would exacerbate the precise problem mentioned by Professor Beard. I would suggest that the effect on living standards which is so reasonably desired, and which might be expected to reduce the number of small-for-dates babies, is more likely to be accomplished by a sensible sterilization campaign rather than the potentially damaging short-term solution of termination of pregnancy in young women.
THE EARLY AND MOST PRACTICAL ASSISTANCE IN CORRECTING THE COMMONEST TYPE OF STRABISMUS OR SQUINT
Authors: Frederick Kingsley
Journal: JAMA (1927)

In my experience, I find the most common type of strabismus the monolateral (one-sided convergent squint). In correcting this condition, I have found the method described here of value. The directions are arranged in the order in which they are to be followed from birth. 1. Beginning at birth, or as soon after as the squint appears, the mother or nurse is instructed, when holding the child in her arms, to hold it in such a position that at the sound of her voice or a touch of her hand the child rotates the affected eye in an outward direction (that is, in the opposite direction to which the eye is turned in the convergent squint). 2. The crib or cot in the nursery should be in such a position that when the nurse or mother enters, the child, at the sound of the voice, or at the touch, will turn
Treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with a new aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359)
Authors: ARJA-LEENA KARINIEMI, SAKARI STUBB, ALLAN LASSUS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1980)

An oral aromatic retinoid Ro 10‐9359 controlled the skin symptoms and the pruritus of a patient with disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP).
Oseltamivir: the real world data
Authors: N. Freemantle, L. J. Shallcross, D. Kyte, T. Rader, M. J. Calvert
Journal: BMJ (2014)

To coincide with the publication of an updated systematic review by the Cochrane group the <i>BMJ</i> invited <b>Nick Freemantle and colleagues</b> to consider the current status of observational studies of oseltamivir and their influence on policy and practice
Development of autoimmune hepatitis following liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: David E. Jones, Oliver F. James, Bernard Portmann, Alastair D. Burt, Roger Williams, Mark Hudson
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Two patients undergoing liver transplantation for classical end-stage primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) are described, who went on to develop de novo autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in the transplanted liver. The presentation, in both instances, was with malaise and lethargy. Markedly elevated serum transaminases were found, together with a raised serum IgG and/or globulin fraction and histological features on liver biopsy typical of AIH. Both cases had had changes in their immunosuppressive therapy before the onset of AIH episodes, and both rapidly responded to reinstitution of steroid therapy. The finding, in each case, of a coincidental multiple HLA class I allele match between the recipient and their liver donor suggests that HLA class I-restricted mechanisms may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AIH
Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: 18-month follow-up of the HIVNET 012 randomised trial
Authors: J Brooks Jackson, Philippa Musoke, Thomas Fleming, Laura A Guay, Danstan Bagenda, Melissa Allen, Clemensia Nakabiito, Joseph Sherman, Paul Bakaki, Maxensia Owor, Constance Ducar, Martina Deseyve, Anthony Mwatha, Lynda Emel, Corey Duefield, Mark Mirochnick, Mary Glenn Fowler, Lynne Mofenson, Paolo Miotti, Maria Gigliotti, Dorothy Bray, Francis Mmiro
Journal: The Lancet (2003)
Nephrogenous Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate as a Parathyroid Function Test
Authors: Arthur E. Broadus, Jane E. Mahaffey, Frederic C. Bartter, Robert M. Neer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1977)

Nephrogenous cyclic AMP (NcAMP), total cyclic AMP excretion (UcAMP), and plasma immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH), determined with a multivalent antiserum, were prospectively measured in 55 control subjects, 57 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (1 degrees HPT), and 10 patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism. In the group with 1 degrees HPT, NcAMP was elevated in 52 patients (91%), and similar elevations were noted in subgroups of 26 patients with mild (serum calcium </=10.7 mg/dl) or intermittent hypercalcemia, 19 patients with mild renal insufficiency (mean glomerular filtration rate, 64 ml/min), and 10 patients with moderate renal insufficiency (mean glomerular filtration rate, 43 ml/min). Plasma iPTH was increased in 41 patients (73%). The development of a parametric expression for UcAMP was found to be critically important in the clinical interpretation of results for total cAMP excretion. Because of renal impairment in a large number of patients, the absolute excretion rate of cAMP correlated poorly with the hyperparathyroid state. Expressed as a function of creatinine excretion, UcAMP was elevated in 81% of patients with 1 degrees HPT, but the nonparametric nature of the expression led to a number of interpretive difficulties. The expression of cAMP excretion as a function of glomerular filtration rate was developed on the basis of the unique features of cAMP clearance in man, and this expression, which provided elevated values in 51 (89%) of the patients with 1 degrees HPT, avoided entirely the inadequacies of alternative expressions. Results for NcAMP and UcAMP in nonazotemic and azotemic patients with hypoparathyroidism confirmed the validity of the measurements and the expressions employed.
1003 INTRAHEPATIC HBV STATUS AFTER 10 YEAR OF SUSTAINED VIRAL SUPPRESION BY LAM: ANALYSIS OF CCCDNA SEQUENCE AND EXPRESSION
Authors: L. Belloni, G. Brancaccio, L. Cimino, G. Stornaiuolo, L. Andreana, R. De Iaco, M. Guido, M. Levrero, G. Gaeta
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
TORTICOLLIS AND ADENOID GROWTHS.
Authors: J. E. SCHADLE
Journal: JAMA (1896)

Hypertrophied lymphoid tissue at the vault of the pharynx, according to my research on the subject, has not heretofore been recognized in its pathologic relation to torticollis. That an intimate relationship does exist is, I believe, quite clearly demonstrated by the clinical features and satisfactory results obtained in the following dispensary case sent to me by my colleague, Dr. Gillette. In his note of reference Dr. Gillette says: "I refer this case to you, as I think it bears some resemblance to one which I sent you some months ago, and upon which you operated. The boy is about 3 years old and was under my care some three months since for rickets, from which he had a good recovery. The mother informs me that about six weeks ago he seemed to be suffering from a 'slight cold,' and she observed that he did not hold his head straight. A
Incidence and Significance of Enterogastric Reflux During Morphine-Augmented Cholescintigraphy
Authors: ELIZABETH OATES, DWIGHT M. ACHONG
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

One hundred fourteen patients with suspected acute cholecystitis underwent morphine-augmented cholescintigraphy. The 115 studies were reviewed first to determine the incidence of enterogastric reflux under these conditions. Overall, enterogastric reflux was observed in 85/115 (74%), occurring only after intravenous morphine sulfate in the majority (59%, 50/85). Noted prior to morphine in 41% (35/85), the degree of enterogastric reflux increased noticeably directly following drug administration in over half of these cases. Surgical diagnoses were established in 73/114 (64%) patients as follows: 56 (77%) acute cholecystitis, 15 (20%) chronic cholecystitis, and 2 (3%) another entity (normal gallbladder and tumor encasement). These pathologically proven cases were examined more closely to address the diagnostic significance of enterogastric reflux during morphine-augmented cholescintigraphy. Enterogastric reflux was demonstrated in the majority of not only those with acute cholecystitis (48/56, 86%), but also those with chronic cholecystitis (12/15, 80%). A frequent but nonspecific finding, enterogastric reflux appears to be a pathophysiologic phenomenon that may be enhanced synergistically, at least to some degree, in patients requiring morphine-augmented cholescintigraphy.
Selective iNOS Inhibition Is Superior to Norepinephrine in the Treatment of Rat Endotoxic Shock
Authors: ANNE ROSSELET, FRANÇOIS FEIHL, MICHÈLE MARKERT, ALEX GNAEGI, CLAUDE PERRET, LUCAS LIAUDET
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

S-methyl-isothiourea (SMT) is a potent inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS) with relative selectivity towards the inducible isoform (iNOS). We compared SMT and norepinephrine for the treatment of experimental endotoxic shock. Anesthetized rats challenged intravenously with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 10 mg/kg, were treated after 1 h with a 4-h infusion of norepinephrine (titrated to maintain blood pressure within baseline values), SMT at low dose (0.1 mg · kg− 1 · h− 1), or at high dose (1 mg · kg− 1 · h− 1), or an equivalent volume of saline (2 ml · kg− 1 · h− 1). In saline-treated animals, LPS increased plasma nitrate and produced hypotension, low cardiac output (CO), lactic acidosis, and signs of liver and kidney dysfunction. Norepinephrine maintained blood pressure (BP) and reduced the fall in CO, without affecting lactic acidosis, organ dysfunction, and nitrate accumulation. The latter was dose-dependently blunted by SMT. Treatment with this agent prevented hypotension, through systemic vasoconstriction with the high dose and a maintained CO with the low dose. Low, but not high, dose SMT blunted lactic acidosis. Both doses reduced the signs of renal, but not liver, dysfunction. In additional studies, we obtained evidence that, in contrast with the high dose, SMT at low dose did not interfere with the function of constitutive NOS. These findings suggest a potential advantage of selective iNOS inhibition over standard adrenergic support in the therapy of septic shock.
DERMOID TUMORS OF THE CORNEA.
Authors: ALBERT RUFUS BAKER
Journal: JAMA (1896)

Although a number of cases of dermoid tumors of the cornea have been reported from time to time it has seemed to me that a brief report of the only two cases that have come under my observation might be of sufficient interest to claim your attention. <h3>Case 1.</h3> —July 1880, Mr. M. G., aged 24, a peculiar growth from the cornea of left eye, protruding between the lids, preent since birth, pedunculated, occupying the entire palpebral opening, measuring about one inch in length by one-half inch in breath, and rather thickly studded with stiff black hair. Being pressed together by the eyelids, the tumor presented upon superficial inspection the appearance of a small hair brush instead of an eye. The eyeball was entirely concealed by the growth, but by opening the lids widely and pushing it downward some clear cornea could be seen, and fingers counted. Patient declined operation
126 HEMOGLOBIN DECLINE IS ASSOCIATED WITH SVR AMONG HCV GENOTYPE 1-INFECTED PERSONS TREATED WITH PEGINTERFERON (PEG)/RIBAVIRIN (RBV): ANALYSIS FROM THE IDEAL STUDY
Authors: M. Sulkowski, M. Shiffman, N. Afdhal, R. Reddy, J. McCone, W. Lee, S. Herrine, S. Harrison, W. Deng, C. Brass, K. Koury, S. Noviello, J. Albrecht, J. McHutchison
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
The Effect of Angiocardiography on the Heart as Measured by Electrocardiographic Alterations
Authors: WILLARD J. ZINN, DAVID C. LEVINSON, VARNER JOHNS, GEORGE C. GRIFFITH
Journal: Circulation (1951)

Six consecutive patients studied by angiocardiography or aortography ranging in age from 1½ to 68 years were checked by a direct-writer type of electrocardiograph during the procedure. The clinical entities consisted of pulmonary stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, aneurysm of the ascending aorta, ventricular septal defect (2 cases), and atrial septal defect associated with complete transposition of the great vessels. Following angiocardiography immediate T-wave depression was noted. This was followed within three minutes by the development of short bursts of ventricular tachycardia lasting up to 27 minutes after dye injection. A different and much less spectacular picture followed aortography. None of these cases showed visible distress.
Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to autologous hepatocytes in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency.
Authors: M Mondelli, G Mieli-Vergani, A L Eddleston, R Williams, A P Mowat
Journal: Gut (1984)

To investigate the possible role of cell mediated cytotoxicity in the pathogenesis or perpetuation of liver damage associated with alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from 13 children with PiZZ phenotype who had had liver disease in infancy were incubated with autologous hepatocytes in a microcytotoxicity assay. There was a clear trend for cytotoxicity to increase with age and thus significantly increased cytotoxicity was found in four cases older than 2 years, while intermediate values were recorded in three children between 6 months and 2 years and normal values in children younger than 6 months. Fractionation of PBL into T and non-T-enriched subsets showed that both were involved in the cytotoxic reaction. A purified liver membrane lipoprotein preparation (LSP) inhibited both T and non-T-cell cytotoxicity suggesting that LSP is a major target antigen in this system. Control experiments performed in infants with neonatal hepatitis syndrome, but with normal Pi phenotype, showed consistently increased cytotoxicity values. Cell-mediated immune reactions directed against autologous hepatocytes develop late in the course of the liver disease associated with AAT deficiency. While this reaction cannot be involved in the pathogenesis of the initial liver lesion, it may contribute to perpetuation of liver damage.
Brown adipose tissue–specific insulin receptor knockout shows diabetic phenotype without insulin resistance
Authors: Carmen Guerra, Paloma Navarro, Angela M. Valverde, Monica Arribas, Jens Brüning, Leslie P. Kozak, C. Ronald Kahn, Manuel Benito
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

Although insulin regulates metabolism in both brown and white adipocytes, the role of these tissues in energy storage and utilization is quite different. Recombination technology using the Cre-loxP approach allows inactivation of the insulin receptor in a tissue-specific manner. Mice lacking insulin receptors in brown adipocytes show an age-dependent loss of interscapular brown fat but increased expression of uncoupling protein-1 and -2. In parallel, these mice develop an insulin-secretion defect resulting in a progressive glucose intolerance, without insulin resistance. This model provides direct evidence for not only a role for the insulin receptors in brown fat adipogenesis, the data also suggest a novel role of brown adipose tissue in the regulation of insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis.
Cellular Immunity to Sperm in Infertile Women-Reply
Authors: Patricia M. McShane
Journal: JAMA (1986)

In Reply.—  We appreciate the interest of Dr Haas in our work and agree that it does not identify the nature of the epitope that was responsible for inducing the cellular response in our infertile patients. However, we continue to conclude that this determinant was of spermatic origin since the presence of contaminating nonsperm cells should have been identified by our search for Ia-positive material in our test antigen preparation and led to alloreactive responses in our in vitro assays. Ia-driven responses probably account for the data obtained by Rodriguez-Cordoba and Arnaiz-Villena, and the absence of such findings increases the likelihood that the abnormal reactivity in our study was elicited by spermatozoa.  Identification of the spermatic antigens should be given a high priority in order to afford the potential of antigen-specific immunotherapy for these women in the future.
SEGMENTING TERTIAN MALARIAL PARASITES ON RED CORPUSCLES SHOWING LITTLE OR NO LOSS OF HEMOGLOBIN SUBSTANCE. EVIDENCE OF MIGRATION
Authors: Mary R. Lawson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1920)

1. Malarial parasites destroy more than one red corpuscle, migrating to another as soon as one is destroyed. 2. Pigmented segmenting parasites attached to red corpuscles whose hemoglobin is intact or nearly so are prima facie evidence of migration. 3. Infected corpuscles in tertian infections may be enlarged as a result of the large size of the attached parasite as well as by parasitic action. 4. The young parasites resulting from the segmenting bodies attached to healthy red corpuscles usually attach themselves independently to the infected corpuscle and remain there until the corpuscle is destroyed.
ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THE TERMINAL-SPINED AND LATERAL-SPINED EGGS OF BILHARZIA
Authors: R. T. Leiper
Journal: BMJ (1916)

EDICAL JOU3IAL4! disputed problems of the past fifty years-namely, the problem of so-called parasyphilis, since it was this very idea thlat prompted iue to undertake to search for Treponema pallidum, in one form or another in the brains of gencral ilaralytics and in the spinal cord from cases of tabes dorsalis."And again, " I was led by the observation tllat Treponem^a pa7lidam sometimes assumes a granular form in cultures to re-study sections of paretic brains stained for the pallidmnm."
THE APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY OF BILE SECRETION AND BILE SALT THERAPY
Authors: A. C. IVY
Journal: JAMA (1941)

Numerous questions arise in the mind of the clinician and physiologist regarding the regulation of bile salt output and the rational therapeutic use of bile salts in hepatic and biliary tract disease. My associates and I have sought to answer some of these questions by studies on animals, since patients with a total bile fistula are scarce and none have been available to us. In addition, there are certain questions which cannot be answered by clinical observation.  FOOD  It has been clearly established that protein stimulates the formation of bile and bile salt production.1The situation with regard to fat and sugar is not so clear. There is no evidence showing that fat and sugar increase bile salt production; the available evidence is to the contrary. When sugar is given to a fasting biliary fistula animal that is receiving no bile salts enterally, cholic acid and bile volume output